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-4638997333434191967 | Institute for the Study of War | Institute for the Study of War - wikipedia Institute for the Study of War Institute for the Study of War Abbreviation ISW Motto On the Front Lines of Military Thinking . Formation 2007 Type Public Policy Think Tank Legal status U.S. 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Headquarters 1400 16th Street NW Location Washington , D.C. President Kimberly Kagan Website www.understandingwar.org iswresearch.blogspot.com The Institute for the Study of War ( ISW ) is a United States -- based think tank founded in 2007 by Kimberly Kagan . ISW describes itself as a non-partisan think tank providing research and analysis regarding issues of defense and foreign affairs . Others have described ISW as `` a hawkish Washington '' group favoring an `` aggressive foreign policy '' . Though it had produced reports on the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War , `` focusing on military operations , enemy threats , and political trends in diverse conflict zones '' . The non-profit organization is supported by grants and contributions from large defense contractors , including Raytheon , General Dynamics , DynCorp and others . It is headquartered in Washington , D.C. Contents 1 Political stance and influence 2 Research 2.1 Afghanistan Project 2.2 Iraq Project 2.2. 1 The `` Surge '' 2.2. 2 Iraq in 2011 2.3 Middle East Security Project 2.3. 1 Syria 2.3. 2 Libya 2.3. 3 Iran 3 References 4 External links Political stance and influence ( edit ) General David Petraeus speaking at an ISW event discussing progress of the Iraq War , January 2010 . ISW hosts General Raymond Odierno to discuss the future of Iraq and the 2010 Iraqi elections , February 2010 The Institute for the Study of War and its President , Kimberly Kagan , were some of the first and strongest supporters of the controversial ' surge ' strategy in Iraq . On May 25 , 2010 Kagan participated in a briefing on Capitol Hill focusing on Iraq 's political crisis that included remarks from Iraq 's Ambassador Samir Sumaidaie and Kenneth Pollack , Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution . Kagan also participated in a Brookings Institution event entitled `` Prospects for Afghanistan 's Future : Assessing the Outcome of the Afghan Presidential Election '' alongside Michael O'Hanlon . Kagan also helped produce the documentary The Surge : the Untold Story with ISW Chairman , U.S Army General Jack Keane ( ret . ) and LTG James Dubik ( ret . ) describing the battle of Iraq and how the United States won the war . ISW President Kagan has conducted eight battlefield circulations of Iraq since starting ISW for the MNF - I Commanding General , three of which were in Afghanistan for CENTCOM United States Central Command and ISAF International Security Assistance Force . She participated formally on the Joint Campaign Plan Assessment Team for Multi-National Force -- Iraq U.S. Mission -- Iraq in October 2008 , and as part of the Civilian Advisory Team for the CENTCOM strategic review in January 2009 . Kagan served in Kabul as a member of General Stanley McChrystal 's strategic assessment team , composed of civilian experts , during his strategic review in June and July 2009 . She returned to Afghanistan in the summer of 2010 to assist General David Petraeus with key transition tasks following his assumption of command in Afghanistan . Kagan also serves on the Academic Advisory Board at the Afghanistan - Pakistan Center of Excellence at CENTCOM . Research ( edit ) ISW research is divided into three main categories : the Iraq Project , the Afghanistan Project , and the Middle East Security Project . Afghanistan Project ( edit ) The ISW 's Afghanistan Project monitors and analyzes the effectiveness of Afghan and Coalition operations to disrupt enemy networks and secure the population , while also evaluating the results of Afghanistan 's 2010 Presidential election . The Afghanistan Project remains focused on the main enemy groups in Afghanistan , specifically : the Quetta Shura Taliban , the Haqqani network , and Hizb - i Islami Gulbuddin . Specific attention is paid to understanding the ethnic , tribal , and political dynamics within these areas and how these factors are manipulated by the enemy and misunderstood by the Coalition . In 2010 , ISW researchers testified before the United States Congress in regards to understanding the problems of corruption and use of local powerbrokers in ISAF 's Afghanistan strategy . Iraq Project ( edit ) Kimberly Kagan in Iraq , 2008 The Iraq Project at the ISW produces fully documented reports that monitor and analyze the changing security and political dynamics within Iraq . The `` Surge '' ( edit ) Institute for the Study of War President Kagan is noted for her support of the Surge strategy in Iraq and has argued for a restructured American military strategy more generally . The Surge : the Untold Story , co-produced by ISW provides a historical account of U.S. military operations in Iraq during the Surge of forces during 2007 and 2008 . As a documentary , it offers audiences a look into the story of the Surge in Iraq , as told by U.S. military commanders and diplomats as well as Iraqis . The video documents the Iraq Surge as part of a population - centric counterinsurgency approach and features many of the top commanders and others responsible for its implementation -- including Gen. Jack Keane ( Ret . ) , Gen. David Petraeus , Amb . Ryan Crocker , Gen. Raymond Odierno , Gen. Nasier Abadi ( Iraq ) , Col. Peter Mansoor ( Ret . ) , Col. J.B. Burton , Col. Ricky Gibbs , Col. Bryan Roberts , Col. Sean MacFarland , Col. James Hickey , Col. David Sutherland , Col. Steven Townsend , Lt. - Col. James Crider , and Lt. James Danly ( Ret . ) The Surge : The Untold Story was nominated for several awards and in 2010 was a winner of a Special Jury Award at the WorldFest film festival in Houston . It also won honors as the best documentary part of the Military Channel 's Documentary Series at the GI Film Festival in Washington , D.C. Iraq in 2011 ( edit ) Since the end of military operations in Iraq and after a general withdrawal of US forces there , ISW now focuses its research on the security and political dynamic now taking place there . ISW takes the view point that both Iraqi and U.S. military personnel believe that the Iraqi Security Forces will need additional training beyond 2011 , but the mechanism for security this continued partnership is still uncertain . Middle East Security Project ( edit ) The Institute for the Study of War launched its Middle East Security Project in November 2011 . The project seeks : to study the national security challenges and opportunities emerging from the Persian Gulf and wider Arab World ; to identify ways the United States and Gulf States can check Iran 's growing influence and contain the threat posed by its nuclear ambitions ; to explain the shifting balance of power within the Middle East caused by recent upheaval , and assess the responses of the United States and Arab States to address these changes as they emerge . The Project currently is focused on Syria and Iran and also produced a series of reports during the Libyan Revolution . Syria ( edit ) ISW has chronicled the resistance to President Bashar al - Assad through a number of reports including : The Struggle for Syria in 2011 Syria 's Armed Opposition Syria 's Political Opposition Syria 's Maturing Insurgency Notable among these reports , Syria 's Political Opposition was authored by disgraced former Institute for the Study of War staff member Elizabeth O'Bagy . Libya ( edit ) ISW released four reports on the conflict that overthrew Muammar Gaddafi between September 19 , 2011 and December 6 , 2011 . The series was entitled `` The Libyan Revolution '' with each of the four parts focused on different stages in the struggle in order to chronicle the revolution from start to finish . Iran ( edit ) The Middle East Security Project has released reports on the status of the Iranian military as well as the influence that Iran has on its neighbors in the region . These reports include `` Iran 's Two Navies '' and `` Iranian Influence in the Levant , Egypt , Iraq , and Afghanistan '' which was co-written with the American Enterprise Institute . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://swampland.time.com/2013/09/17/the-rise-and-fall-of-elizabeth-obagy/ ^ Jump up to : Civilian analysts gained Petraeus 's ear while he was commander in Afghanistan , By Rajiv Chandrasekaran , The Washington Post , December 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Institute for the Study of War . December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.understandingwar.org/our-supporters Jump up ^ `` About '' . Right Web . June 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's Political Crisis with Kimberly Kagan and Samir Sumaidaie '' . Institute for the Study of War . May 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Prospects for Afghanistan 's Future : Assessing the Outcome of the Afghan Presidential Election '' . Brookings Institution . August 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Surge : the Untold Story '' ( never - before - seen interviews ) `` . Institute for the Study of War . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Bios '' . Institute for the Study of War . November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan Project '' . Institute for the Study of War . November 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony '' . CSPAN . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Surge : The Untold Story '' . Small Wars Journal . November 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` World Fest '' . WorldFest . June 2010 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` GI Film Festival '' . GI Film Fest . May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Study_of_War&oldid=849887890 '' Categories : Think tanks established in 2007 Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who funds the institute for the study of war | [
"The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is a United States–based think tank founded in 2007 by Kimberly Kagan. ISW describes itself as a non-partisan think tank providing research and analysis regarding issues of defense and foreign affairs. Others have described ISW as \"a hawkish Washington\" group[1] favoring an \"aggressive foreign policy\".[2] Though it had produced reports on the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War, \"focusing on military operations, enemy threats, and political trends in diverse conflict zones\".[3] The non-profit organization is supported by grants and contributions from large defense contractors,[2] including Raytheon, General Dynamics, DynCorp and others.[4] It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.[5]\n"
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8790746629885606400 | St. Louis | St. Louis - Wikipedia St. Louis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. city . For other uses , see Saint Louis . St. Louis Independent city City of St. Louis From top left : Forest Park Jewel Box , MetroLink at Lambert - St. Louis International Airport , Apotheosis of St. Louis at the St. Louis Art Museum , the Gateway Arch and the St. Louis skyline , Busch Stadium , and the St. Louis Zoo Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Gateway to the West , The Gateway City , Mound City , The Lou , Rome of the West , River City St. Louis Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates : 38 ° 37 ′ 38 '' N 90 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 38.62722 ° N 90.19778 ° W / 38.62722 ; - 90.19778 Coordinates : 38 ° 37 ′ 38 '' N 90 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 38.62722 ° N 90.19778 ° W / 38.62722 ; - 90.19778 Country United States State Missouri County None ( Independent city ) Metro Greater St. Louis Founded 1764 Incorporated 1822 Named for Louis IX of France Government Type Mayor -- council government Mayor Lyda Krewson ( D ) President , Board of Aldermen Lewis Reed Comptroller Darlene Green Area Independent city 66 sq mi ( 170 km ) Land 61.9 sq mi ( 160 km ) Water 4.1 sq mi ( 11 km ) Urban 923.6 sq mi ( 2,392.2 km ) Metro 8,458 sq mi ( 21,910 km ) Elevation 466 ft ( 142 m ) Highest elevation 614 ft ( 187 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Independent city 319,294 Estimate ( 2016 ) 311,404 Rank US : 61st MO : 2nd Midwest : 11th Density 4,800 / sq mi ( 1,900 / km ) Urban 2,150,706 ( US : 20th ) Metro 2,811,588 ( US : 20th ) CSA 2,916,447 ( US : 19th ) Demonym ( s ) St. Louisan Time zone CST ( UTC − 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC − 5 ) ZIP Codes ( Almost all of 63101 - 63199 ) ( show ) 63101 - 63141 , 63143 - 63147 , 63150 - 63151 , 63155 - 63158 , 63160 , 63163 - 63164 , 63166 - 63167 , 63169 , 63171 , 63177 - 63180 , 63182 , 63188 , 63190 , 63195 , 63197 - 63199 Area code 314 Interstates Airports St. Louis Lambert International Airport MidAmerica St. Louis Airport Waterways Mississippi River Website stlouis-mo.gov St. Louis ( / seɪnt ˈluːɪs / ) is an independent city and major U.S. port in the state of Missouri , built along the western bank of the Mississippi River , on the border with Illinois . The city had an estimated 2016 population of 311,404 , and is the cultural and economic center of the Greater St. Louis area ( home to 2,916,447 people ) , making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the 19th - largest in the United States . Prior to European settlement , the area was a major regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River . In the 1870 Census , St. Louis was ranked as the 4th - largest city in the United States . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries . In 1904 , it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics . The economy of metropoltian St. Louis relies on service , manufacturing , trade , transportation of goods , and tourism . Its metro area is home to major corporations , including Anheuser - Busch , Express Scripts , Centene , Boeing Defense , Emerson , Energizer , Panera , Enterprise , Peabody Energy , Ameren , Post Holdings , Monsanto , Scottrade , Edward Jones , Go Jet , Purina and Sigma - Aldrich . Nine of the ten Fortune 500 companies based in Missouri are located within the St. Louis metropolitan area . This city has also become known for its growing medical , pharmaceutical and research presence . St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams : the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League . The city is commonly identified with the 630 - foot ( 192 m ) tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mississippian culture and early exploration 1.2 City founding ( French and Spanish Louisiana period ) 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 1.5 21st century 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.2 Landmarks 2.3 Architecture 2.4 Neighborhoods 2.5 Topography 2.6 Climate 2.7 Flora and fauna 3 Demographics 3.1 Bosnian population 4 Economy 4.1 Major companies and institutions 5 Education 5.1 Colleges and universities 5.2 Primary and secondary schools 6 Culture 7 Sports 7.1 Professional sports 7.2 Amateur sports 7.3 Chess 8 Parks 9 Government 9.1 Local and regional government 9.2 State and federal government 9.3 Crime 10 Media 11 Transportation 11.1 Roads and highways 11.2 Light rail and St. Louis City / County Metro Subway ( SLCS ) 11.3 Airports 11.4 Port authority 11.5 Railroad service 11.6 Bus service 11.7 Taxi 12 Notable residents 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of St. Louis and Timeline of St. Louis Mississippian culture and early exploration ( edit ) Historical affiliations Kingdom of France 1690s - 1763 Kingdom of Spain 1763 -- 1800 French First Republic 1800 -- 1803 United States 1803 -- present Artists conception of the Mississippian culture Cahokia Mounds Site in Illinois , directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis . The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture , which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River . Their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds , active from 900 AD to 1500 AD . Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries , the city was nicknamed as the `` Mound City . '' These mounds were mostly demolished during the city 's development . Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan - speaking Osage people , whose territory extended west , and the Illiniwek . European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673 , when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley . Five years later , La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane . The home of Auguste Chouteau in St. Louis . Chouteau and Pierre Laclède founded St. Louis in 1764 . The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country ( also known as Upper Louisiana ) on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia , Kaskaskia , and Fort de Chartres . Migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River ( e.g. Kaskaskia ) founded Ste . Genevieve in the 1730s . In early 1764 , after France lost the 7 Years ' War , Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded what was to become the city of St. Louis . ( French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to Great Britain and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain ; France and Spain were 18th - century allies and both were Catholic nations . ) The early French families built the city 's economy on the fur trade with the Osage , as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River . The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe . French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city . From 1762 to 1803 European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin , called Louisiana , was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War , St. Louis was attacked by British forces , mostly Native American allies , in the Battle of St. Louis . City founding ( French and Spanish Louisiana period ) ( edit ) A map of St. Louis , Illinois in 1780 . From the archives in Seville , Spain The founding of St. Louis began in 1763 . Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur - trading post farther up the Mississippi River . Before then , Laclede had been a very successful merchant . For this reason , he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area . Though they were originally only granted rights to set - up a trading post , Laclede and other members of his expedition quickly set up a settlement . Some historians believe that Laclede 's determination to create this settlement was the result of his affair with a married woman Marie - Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau in New Orleans . Laclede on his initial expedition was accompanied by his young stepson , Auguste Chouteau . Some historians still debate which of the two men was the true founder of St. Louis . The reason for this lingering question is that all the documentation of the founding was loaned and subsequently destroyed in a fire . In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War , St. Louis was attacked by British forces , mostly Native American allies , in the Battle of St. Louis . For the first few years of St. Louis 's existence , the city was not recognized by any of the governments . Though originally thought to be under the control of the Spanish government , no one asserted any authority over the settlement , and thus St. Louis had no local government . This led Laclede to assume a position of civil control , and all problems were disposed in public settings , such as communal meetings . In addition , Laclede granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside . In hindsight , many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as `` the golden age of St. Louis . '' A map depicting the town of St. Louis in the 1790s , then part of Spanish Louisiana By 1765 , the city began receiving notifications and visits from representatives and military actives from members of the English , French , and Spanish governments . The Indians in the local area expressed dissatisfaction to being under the command and control of British forces . One of the great Ottawa chieftains , Pontiac , was angered by the change of power and potential for the British to come into their lands . He desired to fight against them , but many of the St. Louis inhabitants refused . St. Louis was transferred to the French First Republic in 1800 ( although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials ) , then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase . St. Louis became the capital of , and gateway to , the new territory . Shortly after the official transfer of authority was made , the Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson . The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory . There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean , but the party had to go overland in the Upper West . They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805 . They returned , reaching St. Louis on September 23 , 1806 . Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition . Many other explorers , settlers , and trappers ( such as Ashley 's Hundred ) would later take a similar route to the West . 19th century ( edit ) An illustrated map by F. Graf entitled Saint Louis in 1896 South Broadway after a May 27 , 1896 , tornado The city elected its first municipal legislators ( called trustees ) in 1808 . Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1818 , improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets . Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821 . St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822 , and continued to develop largely due to its busy port and trade connections . Slaves worked in many jobs on the waterfront as well as on the riverboats . Given the city 's location close to the free state of Illinois and others , some slaves escaped to freedom . Others , especially women with children , sued in court in freedom suits , and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits . About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War . Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s , and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 in 1840 , to 77,860 in 1850 , to more than 160,000 by 1860 . By the mid-1800s , St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans . Settled by many Southerners in a slave state , the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the American Civil War . In 1861 , 28 civilians were killed in a clash with Union troops . The war hurt St. Louis economically , due to the Union blockade of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River . The St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union Navy . After the war , St. Louis profited via trade with the West , aided by the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge , named for its architect . Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge , the first in the mid-west over the Mississippi River . The bridge connects St. Louis , Missouri to East St. Louis , Illinois . The Eads Bridge became an iconic image of the city of St. Louis , from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch Bridge was constructed . The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede 's Landing , to the north , and the grounds of the Gateway Arch , to the south . Today the road deck has been restored , allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river . The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993 . An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily . On August 22 , 1876 , the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city . Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century . Major corporations such as the Anheuser - Busch brewery and Ralston - Purina company were established . St. Louis also was home to Desloge Consolidated Lead Company and several brass era automobile companies , including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company ; St. Louis is the site of the Wainwright Building , an early skyscraper built in 1892 by noted architect Louis Sullivan . 20th century ( edit ) The Government Building at the 1904 World 's Fair In 1904 , the city hosted the 1904 World 's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics , becoming the first non-European city to host the Olympics . Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are Forest Park and associated structures within its boundaries : the St. Louis Art Museum , the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri History Museum , as well as Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens . In the aftermath of emancipation of slaves following the Civil War , social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis . Starting in the 1910s , many property deeds included racial or religious restrictive covenants against new immigrants and migrants . In the first half of the 20th century , St. Louis was a destination for many African Americans in the Great Migration from the rural South seeking better opportunities . During World War II , the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories , and restrictive covenants were prohibited in 1948 by the Shelley v. Kraemer U.S. Supreme Court decision , which case originated as a lawsuit in St. Louis . In 1964 civil rights activists protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions , where they were underrepresented . The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In the first part of the century , St. Louis had some of the worst air pollution in the United States . In April , 1940 the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states . The city hired inspectors to ensure only hard anthracite was burned . by 1946 the city had reduced air pollution by about three - quarters . View of the Arch ( completed 1965 ) from Laclede 's Landing , the only remaining section of St. Louis 's commercial riverfront . De jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s , and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s , leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement . Students have been bussed mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes , although the city has created magnet schools to attract students . St. Louis , like many Midwestern cities , expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization , which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South . It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census . Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city 's population , as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs . The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the relatively small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city , and it lost much of its tax base . During the 19th and 20th century , most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city ; however , St. Louis was unable to do so . In the 21st century , the city of St. Louis contains only 11 % of its total metropolitan population , while among the top 20 metro areas in the United States , the central cities contain an average of 24 % of total metropolitan area population . Although small increases in population have taken place in St. Louis during the early 2000s , overall the city lost population from 2000 to 2010 . Immigration has continued , with the city attracting Vietnamese , Latinos from Mexico and Central America , and Bosnians , the latter forming the largest Bosnian community outside of Bosnia . Several urban renewal projects were built in the 1950s , as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing . Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems , of which Pruitt - Igoe became a symbol of failure . It was torn down . Since the 1980s , several revitalization efforts have focused on downtown St. Louis . 21st century ( edit ) Urban revitalization continued in the new century . Gentrification has taken place in the Washington Avenue Historic District . In 2006 , St. Louis received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal . In 2013 the US Census Bureau estimated that St. Louis had a population of 318,416 . On December 20 , 2011 a 24 - year - old African American man from St. Louis , Missouri was shot and killed by a white police officer . When the police officer was found not guilty in September 2017 , several riots erupted . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of St. Louis Cityscape ( edit ) Westward view of St. Louis skyline , September 2008 . Landmarks ( edit ) Further information : Landmarks of St. Louis Name Description Photo Gateway Arch At 630 - foot ( 192 m ) , it is the world 's tallest arch and tallest man - made monument in the Western Hemisphere , . Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States , it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial . St. Louis Art Museum Built for the 1904 World 's Fair , with a building designed by Cass Gilbert , the museum houses paintings , sculptures , and cultural objects . The museum is located in Forest Park , and admission is free . Missouri Botanical Garden Founded in 1859 , the Missouri Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States and a National Historic Landmark . It spans 79 - acres in the Shaw neighborhood , including a 14 - acre ( 5.7 ha ) Japanese garden and the Climatron geodesic dome conservatory . Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis Completed in 1914 , it is the mother church of the Archdiocese of St. Louis and the seat of its archbishop . The church is known for its large mosaic installation ( which is one of the largest in the Western Hemisphere ) , burial crypts , and its outdoor sculpture . City Hall Located in Downtown West , City Hall was designed by Harvey Ellis in 1892 in the Renaissance Revival style . It is reminiscent of the Hôtel de Ville , Paris . Central Library Completed in 1912 , the Central Library building was designed by Cass Gilbert . It serves as the main location for the St. Louis Public Library . City Museum City Museum is a play house museum , consisting largely of repurposed architectural and industrial objects , housed in the former International Shoe building in the Washington Avenue Loft District . Old Courthouse Built in the 19th century , it served as a federal and state courthouse . The Dred Scott case was tried at the courthouse in 1846 . St. Louis Science Center Founded in 1963 , it includes a science museum and a planetarium , and is situated in Forest Park . Admission is free . It is one of only two science centers in the United States which offers free general admission . St. Louis Symphony Founded in 1880 , the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra is the second - oldest symphony orchestra in the United States , preceded only by the New York Philharmonic . Its principal concert venue is Powell Symphony Hall . Union Station Built in 1894 , it was the city 's main passenger intercity train terminal . Once the world 's largest and busiest train station , it was converted in the early 1980s into a hotel , shopping center , and entertainment complex . Today , it also continues to serve local rail ( MetroLink ) transit passengers , with Amtrak service nearby . St. Louis Zoo Built for the 1904 Worlds Fair , it is recognized as a leading zoo in animal management , research , conservation , and education . It is located in Forest Park , and admission is free . Architecture ( edit ) Further information : Architecture of St. Louis and List of tallest buildings in St. Louis Wainwright Building ( 1891 ) , an important early skyscraper designed by Louis Sullivan . A cluster of skyscrapers is located just west of the Gateway Arch and the Mississippi River . Many houses in Lafayette Square are built with a blending of Greek Revival , Federal and Italianate styles The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial , residential , and monumental architecture . St. Louis is known for the Gateway Arch , the tallest monument constructed in the United States at 630 feet ( 190 m ) . The Arch pays homage to Thomas Jefferson and St. Louis 's position as the gateway to the West . Architectural influences reflected in the area include French Colonial , German , early American , and modern architectural styles . Some notable post-modern commercial skyscrapers were built downtown in the 1970s and 1980s , including the One US Bank Plaza ( 1976 ) , the AT&T Center ( 1986 ) , and One Metropolitan Square ( 1989 ) , which is the tallest building in St. Louis . One US Bank Plaza , the local headquarters for US Bancorp , was constructed for the Mercantile Bancorporation in the Structural expressionist style , emphasizing the steel structure of the building . During the 1990s , St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area , the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse ( completed in 2000 ) . The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit . The most recent high - rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers : the Park East Tower in the Central West End and the Roberts Tower located in downtown . Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period , and most reflect the common residential styles of the time . Among the earliest is the Basilica of St. Louis , King of France ( locally referred to as the Old Cathedral ) . The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style . Other religious buildings from the period include SS . Cyril and Methodius Church ( 1857 ) in the Romanesque Revival style and Christ Church Cathedral ( completed in 1867 , designed in 1859 ) in the Gothic Revival style . Only a few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century . The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico . However , this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s . The Old St. Louis County Courthouse ( locally known as the Old Courthouse ) was completed in 1864 and was notable for having an early cast iron dome and for being the tallest structure in Missouri until 1894 . Finally , a customs house was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1852 , but was demolished and replaced in 1873 by the U.S. Customhouse and Post Office . Because much of the city 's early commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront , many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch . The city 's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast - iron warehouses called Laclede 's Landing . Now popular for its restaurants and nightclubs , the district is located north of Gateway Arch along the riverfront . Other industrial buildings from the era include some portions of the Anheuser - Busch Brewery , which date to the early 1860s . St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century . The largest and most ornate of these is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis , designed by Thomas P. Barnett and constructed between 1907 and 1914 in the Neo-Byzantine style . The St. Louis Cathedral , as it is known , has one of the largest mosaic collections in the world . Another landmark in religious architecture of St. Louis is the St. Stanislaus Kostka , which is an example of the Polish Cathedral style . Among the other major designs of the period were St. Alphonsus Liguori ( locally known as The Rock Church ) ( 1867 ) in the Gothic Revival and Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis ( 1900 ) in Richardsonian Romanesque . By the 1900 census , St. Louis was the fourth largest city in the country . In 1904 , the city hosted a world 's fair at Forest Park called the Louisiana Purchase Exposition . Its architectural legacy is somewhat scattered . Among the fair - related cultural institutions in the park are the St. Louis Art Museum designed by Cass Gilbert , part of the remaining lagoon at the foot of Art Hill , and the Flight Cage at the St. Louis Zoo . The Missouri History Museum was built afterward , with the profit from the fair . But 1904 left other assets to the city , like Theodore Link 's 1894 St. Louis Union Station , and an improved Forest Park . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Further information : Neighborhoods of St. Louis French style houses in Lafayette Square The Delmar Loop is a neighborhood which is on the border of the city and St. Louis County The city is divided into 79 government - designated neighborhoods . The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing , although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic - district development . Several neighborhoods are lumped together in categories such as `` North City , '' `` South City , '' and `` The Central West End . '' The following is a list of neighborhoods of the city of St. Louis , Missouri . Carondelet 21 Soulard 41 Cheltenham 61 Carr Square Patch 22 Benton Park 42 Clayton / Tamm 62 Columbus Square Holly Hills 23 McKinley Heights 43 Franz Park 63 Old North St. Louis Boulevard Heights 24 Fox Park 44 Hi - Pointe 64 Near North Riverfront 5 Bevo Mill 25 Tower Grove East 45 Wydown / Skinker 65 Hyde Park 6 Princeton Heights 26 Compton Heights 46 Skinker / DeBaliviere 66 College Hill 7 Southampton 27 Shaw 47 DeBaliviere Place 67 Fairground 8 St. Louis Hills 28 Botanical Heights 48 West End 68 O'Fallon 9 Lindenwood Park 29 Tiffany 49 Visitation Park 69 Penrose 10 Ellendale 30 Benton Park West 50 Wells / Goodfellow 70 Mark Twain / I - 70 Industrial 11 Clifton Heights 31 Gate District 51 Academy 71 Mark Twain 12 The Hill 32 Lafayette Square 52 Kingsway West 72 Walnut Park East 13 Southwest Garden 33 Peabody / Darst / Webbe 53 Fountain Park 73 North Point 14 North Hampton 34 LaSalle Park 54 Lewis Place 74 Baden 15 Tower Grove South 35 Downtown 55 Kingsway East 75 Riverview 16 Dutchtown 36 Downtown West 56 Greater Ville 76 Walnut Park West 17 Mount Pleasant 37 Midtown 57 The Ville 77 Grand Center 18 Marine Villa 38 Central West End 58 Vandeventer 78 Hamilton Heights 19 Gravois Park 39 Forest Park Southeast 59 JeffVanderLou 79 North Riverfront 20 Kosciusko 40 Kings Oak 60 St. Louis Place Topography ( edit ) Rivers in the St. Louis area . According to the United States Census Bureau , St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles ( 170 km ) , of which 62 square miles ( 160 km ) is land and 4.1 square miles ( 11 km ) ( 6.2 % ) is water . ( Not shown on simple maps of the city , the land at its airport is owned by the city , served by its fire department and others , and is an exclave of St. Louis . ) The city is built primarily on bluffs and terraces that rise 100 -- 200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River , in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri - Mississippi confluence . Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad , shallow valleys . Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains . Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area , and parts of the city are karst in nature . This is particularly true of the area south of downtown , which has numerous sinkholes and caves . Most of the caves in the city have been sealed , but many springs are visible along the riverfront . Coal , brick clay , and millerite ore were once mined in the city . The predominant surface rock , known as St. Louis limestone , is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction . Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis ( separating it from St. Louis County ) is the River des Peres , practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground . Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s . The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993 . The city 's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River , which separates Missouri from Illinois . The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County , except for a few areas where the river has changed its course . The Meramec River forms most of its southern line . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Geography of St. Louis § Climate The Captains ' Return statue inundated by the Mississippi River , 2010 . St. Louis lies in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type ( Köppen Dfa and Cfa , respectively ) , with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature . The city experiences hot , humid summers , and chilly to cold winters . It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot , humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico . The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert -- St. Louis International Airport , is 57.1 ° F ( 13.9 ° C ) . Both 100 and 0 ° F ( 38 and − 18 ° C ) temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year . Average annual precipitation is about 41.0 inches ( 1,040 mm ) , but annual precipitation has ranged from 20.59 in ( 523 mm ) in 1953 to 61.24 in ( 1,555 mm ) in 2015 . St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average . Especially in the spring , these storms can often be severe , with high winds , large hail and tornadoes . Lying within the hotbed of Tornado Alley , St. Louis reigns as one of the most frequently tornadic metropolitan areas , and has an extensive history of particularly damaging tornadoes . Severe flooding , such as the Great Flood of 1993 , may occur in spring and summer ; the ( often rapid ) melting of thick snow cover upstream either the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers can contribute to springtime flooding . ( show ) Climate data for St. Louis , Missouri ( Lambert -- St. Louis Int'l ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1874 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 77 ( 25 ) 85 ( 29 ) 92 ( 33 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 108 ( 42 ) 115 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 104 ( 40 ) 94 ( 34 ) 86 ( 30 ) 76 ( 24 ) 115 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 64.1 ( 17.8 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 86.7 ( 30.4 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 94.8 ( 34.9 ) 98.5 ( 36.9 ) 99.3 ( 37.4 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 85.7 ( 29.8 ) 75.6 ( 24.2 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 100.4 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 85.1 ( 29.5 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 66.2 ( 19 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 27.6 ( − 2.4 ) 36.6 ( 2.6 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 38.1 ( 3.4 ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 4.2 ( − 15.4 ) 8.0 ( − 13.3 ) 18.4 ( − 7.6 ) 31.5 ( − 0.3 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 22.4 ( − 5.3 ) 7.5 ( − 13.6 ) − 1.8 ( − 18.8 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 18 ( − 28 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 47 ( 8 ) 32 ( 0 ) 21 ( − 6 ) ( − 17 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.40 ( 61 ) 2.24 ( 56.9 ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 4.72 ( 119.9 ) 4.28 ( 108.7 ) 4.11 ( 104.4 ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 3.13 ( 79.5 ) 3.33 ( 84.6 ) 3.91 ( 99.3 ) 2.84 ( 72.1 ) 40.96 ( 1,040.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 4.3 ( 10.9 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.7 ( 1.8 ) 4.4 ( 11.2 ) 17.7 ( 45 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 8.9 8.0 10.3 11.3 11.9 10.0 8.9 8.2 7.4 8.7 9.6 9.4 112.6 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.7 3.4 1.7 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 3.7 14.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 73.0 72.0 68.3 63.5 66.5 67.1 68.0 70.0 71.6 68.7 72.2 75.8 69.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 161.2 158.3 198.3 223.5 266.5 291.9 308.9 269.8 236.1 208.4 140.9 129.9 2,593.7 Percent possible sunshine 53 53 53 56 60 66 68 64 63 60 47 44 58 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Flora and fauna ( edit ) Tower Grove Park in spring The Missouri Botanical Garden Before the founding of the city , the area was mostly prairie and open forest . Native Americans maintained this environment , good for hunting , by burning underbrush . Trees are mainly oak , maple , and hickory , similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks ; common understory trees include eastern redbud , serviceberry , and flowering dogwood . Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore . Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees . The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park . In autumn , the changing color of the trees is notable . Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland , although numerous decorative non-native species are found . The most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle , which officials are trying to manage because of its damage to native trees . It is removed from some parks . Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and white - tailed deer . Eastern gray squirrel , cottontail rabbit , and other rodents are abundant , as well as the nocturnal Virginia opossum . Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose , mallard duck , as well as shorebirds , including the great egret and great blue heron . Gulls are common along the Mississippi River ; these species typically follow barge traffic . Winter populations of bald eagles are found along the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge . The city is on the Mississippi Flyway , used by migrating birds , and has a large variety of small bird species , common to the eastern US . The Eurasian tree sparrow , an introduced species , is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis . The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species , including Tower Grove Park . Frogs are commonly found in the springtime , especially after extensive wet periods . Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs commonly called spring peepers , which are found in nearly every pond . Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs . Mosquitoes , no - see - ums , and houseflies are common insect nuisances , especially in July and August ; because of this , windows are nearly universally fitted with screens . Invasive populations of honeybees have sharply declined in recent years . Numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche , and armadillos have been regularly seen throughout the St. Louis area , especially since 2005 . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1810 1,600 -- 1830 4,977 -- 1840 16,469 230.9 % 1850 77,860 372.8 % 1860 160,773 106.5 % 1870 310,864 93.4 % 1880 350,518 12.8 % 1890 451,770 28.9 % 1900 575,238 27.3 % 1910 687,029 19.4 % 1920 772,897 12.5 % 1930 821,960 6.3 % 1940 816,048 − 0.7 % 1950 856,796 5.0 % 1960 750,026 − 12.5 % 1970 622,236 − 17.0 % 1980 453,805 − 27.1 % 1990 396,685 − 12.6 % 2000 348,189 − 12.2 % 319,294 − 8.3 % Est. 2016 311,404 − 2.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 -- 1960 1900 -- 1990 1990 -- 2000 2010 -- 2015 Map of racial distribution in St. Louis , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Pruitt -- Igoe was a large housing project constructed in 1954 , which became infamous for poverty , crime and segregation . It was demolished in 1972 . St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War , when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom . Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans ; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe . In the early 20th century , African American and white migrants came from the South ; the former as part of the Great Migration out of rural areas of the Deep South . Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas . After years of immigration , migration , and expansion , the city reached its peak population in 1950 . That year , the Census Bureau reported St. Louis 's population as 82 % White and 17.9 % African American . After World War II , St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs , first because of increased demand for new housing , unhappiness with city services , ease of commuting by subsidized highways , and later , white flight . St. Louis 's population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper ; this blight has attracted much wildlife ( such as deer and coyotes ) to the many abandoned overgrown lots . St. Louis has lost 62.7 % of its population since the 1950 United States Census , the highest percent of any city that had a population of 100,000 or more at the time of the 1950 Census . Detroit , Michigan and Youngstown , Ohio are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60 % in the same time frame . The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1960 census ; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area , which includes more than one county , has grown every year and continues to do so . A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization . According to the 2010 United States Census , St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households , of which 67,488 households were families . The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile ( 1,990.6 / km2 ) . About 24 % of the population was 19 or younger , 9 % were 20 to 24 , 31 % were 25 to 44 , 25 % were 45 to 64 , and 11 % were 65 or older . The median age was about 34 years . The population was about 49.2 % African American , 43.9 % White ( 42.2 % Non-Hispanic White ) , 2.9 % Asian , 0.3 % Native American / Alaska Native , and 2.4 % reporting two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5 % of the population . The African - American population is concentrated in the north side of the city ( the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0 % black , compared with 35.0 % in the central corridor and 26.0 % in the south side of St. Louis ) . Among the Asian - American population in the city , the largest ethnic group is Vietnamese ( 0.9 % ) , followed by Chinese ( 0.6 % ) and Asian Indians ( 0.5 % ) . The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the Dutchtown neighborhood of south St. Louis ; Chinese are concentrated in the Central West End . People of Mexican descent are the largest Latino group , and make up 2.2 % of St. Louis 's population . They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown , Benton Park West ( Cherokee Street ) , and Gravois Park neighborhoods . In 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $29,156 , and the median income for a family was $32,585 . Males had a median income of $31,106 ; females , $26,987 . Per capita income was $18,108 . Some 19 % of the city 's housing units were vacant , and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent . In 2010 , St. Louis 's per - capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities . As of 2010 , 91.05 % ( 270,934 ) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 2.86 % ( 8,516 ) spoke Spanish , 0.91 % ( 2,713 ) Bosnian , 0.74 % ( 2,200 ) Vietnamese , 0.50 % ( 1,495 ) African languages , 0.50 % ( 1,481 ) Chinese , and French was spoken as a main language by 0.45 % ( 1,341 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 8.95 % ( 26,628 ) of St. Louis 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . ( hide ) Racial composition 2016 ( est . ) 2000 1990 1970 1940 White 46.8 % ( est . ) 43.9 % 43.9 % 50.9 % 58.7 % 86.6 % -- Non-Hispanic 43.6 ( est . ) 42.2 % 43.0 % 50.2 % 57.9 % 86.4 % Black 47.1 % ( est . ) 49.2 % 51.2 % 47.5 % 40.9 % 13.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 4.0 % ( est . ) 3.5 % 2.0 % 1.3 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Asian 3.3 % ( est . ) 2.9 % 2.0 % 0.9 % 0.2 % ( X ) Bosnian population ( edit ) See also : History of the Bosnians in St. Louis About 15 families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis in 1960 and 1970 . After the Bosnian War started in 1992 , more Bosnian refugees began arriving and by 2000 , tens of thousands of Bosnian refugees settled in St. Louis with the help of Catholic aid societies . Many of them were professionals and skilled workers who had to take any job opportunity to be able to support their families . Most Bosnian refugees are Muslim , ethnically Bosniaks ( 87 % ) ; they have settled primarily in south St. Louis and South County . Bosnian - Americans are well integrated into the city , developing many businesses and ethnic / cultural organizations . Although St. Louis has a high Bosnian population , the city and county also consists of a larger Pakistani American population in contrast to other US cities . An estimated 70,000 Bosnians live in the metro area , the largest population of Bosnians in the United States and the largest Bosnian population outside their homeland . The highest concentration of Bosnians is in the neighborhood of Bevo Mill and in Affton , Mehlville , and Oakville of south St. Louis County . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of St. Louis According to stltoday.com in 2016 GDP of St. Louis metro was $160 billion and in 2015 GDP was $155 billion . 2014 Gross Metropolitan Product ( GMP ) of St. Louis was $145.958 billion up from $144.03 in 2013 , $138.403 in 2012 and $133.1 in 2011 making it the 21st - highest in the country . The St. Louis Metropolitan Area had a Per capita GDP of $48,738 in 2014 up 1.6 % from 2013 . This signals the growth of the St. Louis economy . According to the 2007 Economic Census , manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business , followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion , professional or technical services with $3.1 billion , and the retail trade with $2.5 billion . The health care sector was the biggest employer in the area with 34,000 workers , followed by administrative and support jobs , 24,000 ; manufacturing , 21,000 , and food service , 20,000 . Major companies and institutions ( edit ) The Anheuser - Busch packaging plant in St. Louis As of 2013 , the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to nine Fortune 500 companies , the third - highest in the Midwestern United States . In addition , seven other Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in the metropolitan statistical area : Express Scripts , Emerson Electric , Monsanto , Reinsurance Group of America , Centene , Graybar Electric , and Edward Jones Investments . A Boeing F / A-18E Super Hornet produced by Boeing Defense , Space & Security , which is headquartered in St. Louis . The F / A-18E Super Hornet is assembled in the St. Louis area . Other notable corporations headquartered in the region include Arch Coal , Scottrade , Wells Fargo Advisors ( formerly A.G. Edwards ) , Energizer Holdings , Patriot Coal , Post Foods , United Van Lines , and Mayflower Transit , Post Holdings , Hardee 's , Olin , and Enterprise Holdings ( a parent company of several car rental companies ) . Notable corporations with operations in St. Louis include Cassidy Turley , Kerry Group , MasterCard , TD Ameritrade , and BMO Harris Bank . Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer , the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center , the Solae Company , Sigma - Aldrich , and Multidata Systems International . General Motors manufactures automobiles in Wentzville , while an earlier plant , known as the St. Louis Truck Assembly , built GMC automobiles from 1920 until 1987 . Chrysler closed its St. Louis Assembly production facility in nearby Fenton , Missouri and Ford closed the St. Louis Assembly Plant in Hazelwood . Several once - independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations . Among them are Anheuser - Busch , purchased by Belgium - based InBev ; Missouri Pacific Railroad , which was headquartered in St. Louis , merged with the Omaha , Nebraska - based Union Pacific Railroad in 1982 ; McDonnell Douglas , whose operations are now part of Boeing Defense , Space & Security ; Mallinckrodt , purchased by Tyco International ; and Ralston Purina , now a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestlé . The May Department Stores Company ( which owned Famous - Barr and Marshall Field 's stores ) was purchased by Federated Department Stores , which has its regional headquarters in the area . The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri . Most of the assets of Furniture Brands International were sold to Heritage Home Group in 2013 , and while that company remained in the area for a brief time , it has moved to North Carolina . Barnes - Jewish Hospital , which is affiliated with the Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology . The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes - Jewish Hospital , the fifth - largest hospital in the world . Both institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center . The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children 's Hospital , one of the country 's top pediatric hospitals . Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare . The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University played a major role in the Human Genome Project . St. Louis University Medical School is affiliated with SSM Health 's Cardinal Glennon Children 's Hospital and St. Louis University Hospital . It also has a cancer center , vaccine research center , geriatric center , and a bioethics institute . Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area , including BJC HealthCare , Mercy , SSM Health Care , and Tenet . Boeing employs nearly 15,000 people in its north St. Louis campus , headquarters to its defense unit . In 2013 , the company said it would move about 600 jobs from Seattle , where labor costs have risen , to a new IT center in St. Louis . Other companies , such as LaunchCode and LockerDome , see the city 's potential to become the next major tech hub . Programs such as Arch Grants are attracting new startups to the region . According to the St. Louis Business Journal , the top employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area as of June 1 , 2015 , are as follows : # Employer # of Employees BJC Health Care 24,182 Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . 21,721 Boeing Defense , Space & Security 15,000 Washington University 14,451 5 SSM Health 13,301 According to St. Louis 's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city only , as of June 30 , 2016 are : # Employer # of Employees Washington University in St. Louis 15,683 BJC Health Care 14,142 St. Louis University 10,257 City of St. Louis 9,254 5 Defense Finance and Accounting Service 6,411 6 Wells Fargo ( A.G. Edwards ) 5,645 7 St. Louis Board of Education 5,179 8 US Postal Service 4,624 9 State of Missouri 4,038 10 St. Louis Children 's Hospital 3,615 Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in St. Louis For education in the region , see Education in Greater St. Louis . Colleges and universities ( edit ) 2 Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis The city is home to two national research universities , Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University , as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by US News & World Report for as long as the list has been published , and as high as second , in 2003 and 2004 . In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as Kenrick - Glennon Seminary , St. Louis is home to three Protestant seminaries : Eden Theological Seminary of the United Church of Christ , Covenant Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in America , and Concordia Seminary of the St. Louis - based Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) St. Louis University High School was founded in 1818 . Their current building pictured here was built in 1924 . The St. Louis Public Schools ( SLPS ) operate more than 75 schools , attended by more than 25,000 students , including several magnet schools . SLPS operates under provisional accreditation from the state of Missouri and is under the governance of a state - appointed school board called the Special Administrative Board , although a local board continues to exist without legal authority over the district . Since 2000 , charter schools have operated in the city of St. Louis using authorization from Missouri state law . These schools are sponsored by local institutions or corporations and take in students from kindergarten through high school . In addition , several private schools exist in the city , and the Archdiocese of St. Louis operates dozens of parochial schools in the city , including parochial high schools . The city also has several private high schools , including secular , Catholic and Lutheran schools . St. Louis University High School - a Jesuit preparatory high school founded in 1818 - is the oldest secondary educational institution in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River . Culture ( edit ) The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis Main article : Culture of St. Louis See also : St. Louis cuisine With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries , from Ireland , Germany and Italy , St. Louis is a major center of Roman Catholicism in the United States . St. Louis also boasts the largest Ethical Culture Society in the United States , and consistently ranks as one of the most generous cities in the United States , ranking ninth in 2013 . Several places of worship in the city are noteworthy , such as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis , home of the world 's largest mosaic installation . The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park Other locally notable churches include the Basilica of St. Louis , King of France , the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River and the oldest church in St. Louis ; the St. Louis Abbey , whose distinctive architectural style garnered multiple awards at the time of its completion in 1962 ; and St. Francis de Sales Oratory , a neo-Gothic church completed in 1908 in South St. Louis and the second - largest church in the city . The city is defined by music and the performing arts , especially its association with blues , jazz , and ragtime . St. Louis is home to the St. Louis Symphony , the second - oldest symphony orchestra in the United States , which has toured nationally and internationally to strong reviews . Until 2010 , it was also home to KFUO - FM , one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River . The Gateway Arch marks downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes the Federal courthouse where the Dred Scott case was first argued , a newly renovated and expanded public library , major churches and businesses , and retail . An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures . In nearby University City is the Delmar Loop , ranked by the American Planning Association as a `` great American street '' for its variety of shops and restaurants , and the Tivoli Theater , all within walking distance . Unique city and regional cuisine reflecting various immigrant groups include toasted ravioli , gooey butter cake , provel cheese , the slinger , the Gerber sandwich , the St. Paul sandwich , and St. Louis - style pizza , featuring thin crust and provel cheese . Some St. Louis chefs have begun emphasizing use of local produce , meats and fish , and neighborhood farmers ' markets have become increasingly popular , as well as one downtown . Artisan bakeries , salumeria , and chocolatiers also operate in the city . Also unique to St. Louis are St. Louis style pizza ( extremely thin crust , Provel cheese , and cut in small squares , marketed by one leading purveyor as `` The Square Beyond Compare '' ) and the Ted Drewes `` Concrete '' , which is frozen custard blended with any combination of dozens of ingredients , served in a large yellow cup with a spoon and straw . The mixture is so thick that a spoon inserted into the custard does not fall if the cup is inverted . It is also widely noted among natives of St. Louis that a standard first question among adults of any age in the St. Louis metro area is `` where did you go to High School ? '' due to the large number of private and prestigious high schools . Sports ( edit ) See also : Sports in St. Louis and Soccer in St. Louis St. Louis is home to Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League , notable collegiate - level soccer teams , and has hosted several collegiate sports tournaments . It is one of three American cities to have hosted an Olympic Games . Professional sports ( edit ) Busch Stadium in downtown St. Louis St. Louis is home to two major league sports teams . The St. Louis Cardinals are one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The Cardinals have won 19 National League ( NL ) titles ( the most pennants for the league franchise in one city ) and 11 World Series titles , most recently in 2011 . They play at Busch Stadium . Previously , the St. Louis Browns played in the American League ( AL ) from 1902 to 1953 , before moving to Baltimore , Maryland to become the current incarnation of the Orioles . The 1944 World Series was an all - St. Louis World Series , matching up the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Browns at Sportsman 's Park . The St. Louis Blues play at the Scottrade Center in downtown St. Louis . The St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) play at the Scottrade Center ( formerly the Savvis Center , originally Kiel Center ) . They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the 1967 expansion . The Blues have never won the Stanley Cup , and are the oldest team not to do so . Prior to the Blues , the city was home to the St. Louis Eagles . The team only played in the 1934 - 35 season . St. Louis has been home to four different National Football League ( NFL ) teams . The St. Louis All - Stars played in the city in 1923 , the St. Louis Gunners in 1934 , the St. Louis Cardinals from 1960 to 1987 , and the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015 . The football Cardinals advanced to the NFL playoffs just three times ( 1974 , 1975 and 1982 ) , never hosting or winning in any appearance . The Cardinals moved to Phoenix , Arizona , in 1988 . The Rams played at the Edward Jones Dome from 1995 to 2015 and went on to win Super Bowl XXXIV . The Rams returned to Los Angeles , California in 2016 . The St. Louis Hawks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) played at Kiel Auditorium from 1955 to 1968 . They won the NBA championship in 1958 and played in two other NBA Finals : 1957 and 1960 . In 1968 the Hawks moved to Atlanta , Georgia . St. Louis also hosts several minor league sports teams . The Gateway Grizzlies and the River City Rascals of the Frontier League ( which are not affiliated with Major League Baseball ) play in the area . The St. Louis Trotters of the Independent Basketball Association play at Matthews Dickey . St. Louis FC of the United Soccer League play at World Wide Technology Soccer Park and both River City Raiders and St. Louis Ambush play at the Family Arena . The region hosts NHRA drag racing and NASCAR events at the Gateway International Raceway in Madison , Illinois.St . Louis Slam play at the Harlen C. Hunter Stadium Amateur sports ( edit ) At the collegiate level , St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women 's and men 's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments , and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament . Although the area does not have a National Basketball Association team , it hosts an American Basketball Association team called the St. Louis Phoenix . St. Louis University has won 10 NCAA Men 's Soccer Championships , and the city has hosted the College Cup several times . In addition to collegiate soccer , many St. Louisans have played for the United States men 's national soccer team , and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame . St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball , a type of baseball in which there is no base running . Chess ( edit ) The Sinquefield Cup chess tournament is hosted annually in St. Louis St. Louis is home to the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St. Louis ( CCSCSL ) where the U.S. Chess Championship is held . St. Louisan Rex Sinquefield founded the CCSCSL and moved the World Chess Hall of Fame to St. Louis in 2011 . The Sinquefield Cup Tournament started at St. Louis in 2013 . In 2014 the Sinquefield Cup was the highest rated chess tournament of all time . Fabiano Caruana won the 2014 Sinquefield tournament winning seven straight games including a game against the world champion Magnus Carlsen . Former U.S. Chess Champions Caruana and Hikaru Nakamura have lived in St. Louis . Parks ( edit ) Forest Park features a variety of attractions , including the St. Louis Zoo , the St. Louis Art Museum , the Missouri History Museum , and the St. Louis Science Center . Main article : Parks in St. Louis For parks in the region , see Parks in Greater St. Louis . The city operates more than 100 parks , with amenities that include sports facilities , playgrounds , concert areas , picnic areas , and lakes . Forest Park , located on the western edge of city , is the largest , occupying 1,400 acres of land , making it almost twice as large as Central Park in New York City . The park is home to five major institutions , including the St. Louis Art Museum , the St. Louis Zoo , the St. Louis Science Center , the Missouri History Museum , and the Muny amphitheatre . Another significant park in the city is the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , a National Memorial located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis . The centerpiece of the park is the 630 feet ( 190 m ) tall Gateway Arch , designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28 , 1965 . Also part of the historic park is the Old Courthouse , where the first two trials of Dred Scott v. Sandford were held in 1847 and 1850 . The Jewel Box , a greenhouse and event venue in Forest Park Other notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden , Tower Grove Park , Carondelet Park and Citygarden . The Missouri Botanical Garden , a private garden and botanical research facility , is a National Historic Landmark and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the United States . The Garden features 79 acres of horticultural displays from around the world . This includes a Japanese strolling garden , Henry Shaw 's original 1850 estate home and a geodesic dome called the Climatron . Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park , a gift to the city by Henry Shaw . Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis , with art from Fernand Léger , Aristide Maillol , Julian Opie , Tom Otterness , Niki de Saint Phalle , and Mark di Suvero . The park is divided into three sections , each of which represent a different theme : river bluffs ; flood plains ; and urban gardens . The park also has a restaurant -- Death in the Afternoon . Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park , with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture Twain . Government ( edit ) The city of St. Louis has a mayor - council government with legislative authority vested in the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis and with executive authority in the Mayor of St. Louis and six other separately elected officials . The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members ( one elected from each of the city 's wards ) plus a board president who is elected citywide . The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time , a 1.9 % increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013 . 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012 , down from 239,247 in 2010 , and 257,442 in 2008 . Local and regional government ( edit ) City elected officials Featured Mayor of St. Louis Lyda Krewson President of the Board of Aldermen Lewis E. Reed Comptroller Darlene Green Recorder of Deeds Sharon Quigley Carpenter Collector of Revenue Gregory F.X. Daly License Collector Mavis Thompson Treasurer Tishaura O. Jones Circuit Attorney Kim Gardner Sheriff Vernon Betts St. Louis Fire Department Dennis Jenkerson Metropolitan Police Department , City of St. Louis Lawrence O'Toole Sr ( Interim ) St. Louis Lambert International Airport Rhonda Hamm - Niebruegge St. Louis Mayor Lyda Krewson in 2017 Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd numbered years , with the primary elections in March and the general election in April . The mayor is elected in odd numbered years following the United States Presidential Election , as are the aldermen representing odd - numbered wards . The President of the Board of Aldermen and the aldermen from even - numbered wards are elected in the off - years . The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades . The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949 and the last time a Republican was elected to another citywide office was in the 1970s . As of 2015 , all 28 of the city 's Aldermen are Democrats . Forty - Six individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis , four of whom -- William Carr Lane , John Fletcher Darby , John Wimer , and John How -- served non-consecutive terms . The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby . The current mayor is Lyda Krewson , who took office April 18 , 2017 The second - longest serving mayor was Henry Kiel , who took office April 15 , 1913 and left office April 21 , 1925 , a total of 12 years and 9 days over three terms in office . Two others -- Raymond Tucker , and Vincent C. Schoemehl -- also served three terms as mayor , but served seven fewer days . The shortest serving mayor was Arthur Barret who died 11 days after taking office . Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876 , some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets . The St. Louis Zoo - Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo , St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens . Similarly , the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County . The Bi-State Development Agency ( now known as Metro ) runs the region 's MetroLink light rail system and bus system . State and Federal government ( edit ) Presidential Elections Results ( Recent ) Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 15.7 % 20,832 78.7 % 104,235 5.6 % 7,420 2012 15.9 % 22,943 82.5 % 118,780 1.6 % 2,343 2008 15.5 % 24,662 83.6 % 132,925 1.0 % 1,517 Presidential Elections Results ( Full ) ( show ) Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 15.7 % 20,832 78.7 % 104,235 5.6 % 7,420 2012 15.9 % 22,943 82.5 % 118,780 1.6 % 2,343 2008 15.5 % 24,662 83.6 % 132,925 1.0 % 1,517 19.2 % 27,793 80.3 % 116,133 0.5 % 712 2000 19.9 % 24,799 77.4 % 96,557 2.7 % 3,396 18.1 % 22,121 74.8 % 91,233 7.1 % 8,649 1992 17.3 % 25,441 69.4 % 102,356 13.3 % 19,607 1988 27.0 % 40,906 72.6 % 110,076 0.5 % 732 1984 35.2 % 61,020 64.8 % 112,318 1980 29.5 % 50,333 66.6 % 113,697 3.9 % 6,721 1976 32.5 % 58,367 66.0 % 118,703 1.5 % 2,714 1972 37.7 % 72,402 62.3 % 119,817 1968 26.4 % 58,252 64.7 % 143,010 8.9 % 19,652 1964 22.3 % 59,604 77.7 % 207,958 1960 33.4 % 101,331 66.6 % 202,319 1956 39.1 % 130,045 60.9 % 202,210 1952 38.0 % 144,828 61.9 % 235,893 0.1 % 427 1948 35.1 % 120,656 64.2 % 220,654 0.7 % 2,460 1944 39.5 % 134,411 60.2 % 204,687 0.2 % 821 1940 41.8 % 168,165 58.0 % 233,338 0.2 % 948 1936 32.2 % 127,887 65.5 % 260,063 2.2 % 8,880 1932 34.6 % 123,448 63.4 % 226,338 2.1 % 7,319 1928 47.7 % 161,701 52.0 % 176,428 0.3 % 1,065 1924 52.7 % 139,433 36.2 % 95,888 11.1 % 29,276 1920 57.8 % 163,280 37.5 % 106,047 4.7 % 13,325 1916 51.7 % 83,798 45.7 % 74,059 2.6 % 4,175 1912 33.1 % 46,509 41.9 % 58,845 24.9 % 34,973 1908 52.8 % 74,160 43.3 % 60,917 3.9 % 5,473 1904 49.7 % 57,547 44.8 % 51,858 5.5 % 6,387 1900 48.6 % 60,597 48.1 % 59,931 3.3 % 4,046 1896 56.2 % 65,708 42.8 % 50,091 1.0 % 1,197 1892 49.9 % 35,528 48.7 % 34,669 1.3 % 942 1888 53.4 % 33,656 43.5 % 27,401 3.1 % 1,969 St. Louis is split between 11 districts in the Missouri House of Representatives : all of the 76th , 77th , 78th , 79th , 80th , 81st , 82nd , and 84th , and parts of the 66th , 83rd , and 93rd , which are shared with St. Louis County . The 5th Missouri Senate district is entirely within the city , while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County . At the federal level , St. Louis is the heart of Missouri 's 1st congressional district , which also includes part of northern St. Louis County . A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953 . The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis . St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch , the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . The National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area . The Military Personnel Records Center ( NPRC - MPR ) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis , Missouri , USA , is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired , discharged , and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces . Crime ( edit ) Main article : Crime in St. Louis The city of St. Louis has , as of April 2017 , the second highest murder rate , per capita , in the USA , with 188 homicides in 2015 ( 59.3 homicides per 100,000 ) . Detroit , Flint , Memphis , Oakland , and some smaller cities with fewer than 100,000 population ( ex , Camden , New Jersey ) have higher overall violent crime rates than St. Louis , when comparing other crimes such as rape , robbery , and aggravated assault . St. Louis index crime rates have declined almost every year since the peak in 1993 ( 16,648 ) , to the 2014 level of 7,931 ( which is the sum of violent crimes and property crimes ) per 100,000 . In 2015 , the index crime rate reversed the 2005 - 2014 decline to a level of 8,204 . Between 2005 and 2014 , violent crime has declined by 20 % , although rates of violent crime remains 6 times higher than the United States national average and property crime in the city remains 2 1 / 2 times the national average . St. Louis has a significantly higher homicide rate than the rest of the US for both whites and especially blacks and a higher proportion committed by males . As of October 2016 , 7 of the homicide suspects were white , 95 black , 0 Hispanic , 0 Asian and only 1 female out of the 102 suspects . In 2016 , St. Louis was the most dangerous city in the United States with populations of 100,000 or more , ranking 1st in violent crime and 2nd in property crime . It was also ranked 6th of the most dangerous of all establishments in the United States -- and East St. Louis -- a suburb of the city itself was ranked 1st . The St. Louis Police Department at the end of 2016 reported a total of 188 murders for the year , the same number of homicides that had occurred in the city in 2015 . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in St. Louis St. Louis Post-Dispatch building in Downtown St. Louis Greater St. Louis commands the 19th - largest media market in the United States , a position roughly unchanged for over a decade . All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis , including KTVI 2 ( Fox ) , KMOV 4 ( CBS ) , KSDK 5 ( NBC ) , KETC 9 ( PBS ) , KPLR - TV 11 ( CW ) , KDNL 30 ( ABC ) , WRBU 46 ( Ion ) , and WPXS 51 Daystar Television Network . Among the area 's most popular radio stations are KMOX ( AM sports and talk , notable as the longtime flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts ) , KLOU ( FM oldies ) , WIL - FM ( FM country ) , WARH ( FM adult hits ) , and KSLZ ( FM Top 40 mainstream ) . St. Louis also supports public radio 's KWMU , an NPR affiliate , and community radio 's KDHX . KZQZ is a popular Oldies station . All - sports stations , such as KFNS 590 AM `` The Fan '' , WXOS `` 101.1 ESPN '' , and KSLG are also popular . The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the region 's major daily newspaper . Others in the region include the Suburban Journals , which serve parts of St. Louis County , while the primary alternative newspaper is the Riverfront Times . Three weeklies serve the African - American community : the St. Louis Argus , the St. Louis American , and the St. Louis Sentinel . St. Louis Magazine , a local monthly magazine , covers topics such as local history , cuisine , and lifestyles , while the weekly St. Louis Business Journal provides coverage of regional business news . St. Louis was served by an online newspaper , the St. Louis Beacon , but that publication merged with KWMU in 2013 . Many books and movies have been written about St. Louis . A few of the most influential and prominent films are Meet Me in St. Louis and American flyers , and novels include The Killing Dance , Meet Me in St. Louis , The Runaway Soul ( novel ) , The Rose of Old St. Louis , and Circus of the Damned . As St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to , much of the early social work depicting immigrant life was based on St. Louis , such as in the book The Immigrant of St. Louis . Transportation ( edit ) This article is about transportation in the city of St. Louis , Missouri . For transportation in the region , see Transportation in Greater St. Louis . Interstate 44 in downtown St. Louis Road , rail , ship , and air transportation modes connect the city with surrounding communities in Greater St. Louis , national transportation networks , and international locations . St. Louis also supports a public transportation network that includes bus and light rail service . Roads and highways ( edit ) See also : Streets of St. Louis , Missouri Four interstate highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system . Interstate 70 , an east - west highway , runs roughly from the northwest corner of the city to downtown St. Louis . The north - south Interstate 55 enters the city at the south near the Carondelet neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city , and both Interstate 64 and Interstate 44 enter the city on the west , running parallel to the east . Two of the four interstates ( Interstates 55 and 64 ) merge south of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and leave the city on the Poplar Street Bridge into Illinois , while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave . The 563 - mile Avenue of the Saints links St. Louis with St. Paul , Minnesota . Major roadways include the north - south Memorial Drive , located on the western edge of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and parallel to Interstate 70 , the north - south streets of Grand Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue , both of which run the length of the city , and Gravois Road , which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as U.S. Route 66 . An east - west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive , which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown . Light rail and St. Louis city / County metro Subway ( slcs ) ( edit ) Main article : MetroLink St. Louis MetroLink Red Line train leaving St. Louis Union Station University City - Big Bend Subway Station along the Blue Line , near Washington University . The St. Louis metro area is served by Metrolink ( known as Metro ) and is the 11th - largest light rail system in the country with 46 mi ( 74 km ) of double track light rail . The Red Line and The Blue Line both serve all the stations in the inner city , and branch to different destinations beyond in the suburban areas . Both lines enter the city north of Forest Park on the western edge of the city or on the Eads Bridge in downtown St. Louis to Illinois . All of the system track is in independent right of way , with both surface level and underground subways track in the city . All stations are independent entry , while all platforms are flush - level with trains . Rail service is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency ( also known as Metro ) , which is funded by a sales taxes levied in the city and other counties in the region . The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis , linking the city 's light rail system , local bus system , passenger rail service , and national bus service . It is located just east of the historic grand St. Louis Union Station . Airports ( edit ) Control tower and main terminal at Lambert St. Louis St. Louis is served by two passenger airports . St. Louis Lambert International Airport , owned and operated by the City of St. Louis , is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I - 70 between I - 170 and I - 270 in St. Louis County . It is the largest and busiest airport in the state . In 2016 , the airport has over 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations and a total of over 13 million passengers . The airport serves as a focus hub city for Southwest Airlines and was a former hub for Trans World Airlines and former focus - city for American Airlines and AmericanConnection . MidAmerica St. Louis Airport is the secondary passenger airport serving the metropolitan area . Located 17 miles east of the city downtown core , the airport serves domestic passengers . Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports , including MidAmerica St. Louis Airport , Spirit of St. Louis Airport , and St. Louis Downtown Airport . The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses . International flights and passengers use Terminal 2 , whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates . Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously , or via MetroLink for a fee . It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008 . Port authority ( edit ) River transportation is available through the Port of St. Louis , which is 19.3 miles of riverbank on the Mississippi River that handles more than 32 million tons of freight annually . The Port is the 2nd largest inland port by trip - ton miles , and the 3rd largest by tonnage in the United States , with more than one hundred docking facilities for barge shipping and 16 public terminals on the river . The Port Authority added 2 new small fire and rescue craft in 2012 and 2013 . Railroad service ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in St. Louis § Railroad Service An eastbound Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis freight train passing under the Hampton Avenue viaduct . Scott Nauert photo Inter-city rail passenger train service in the city is provided by Amtrak . All Amtrak trains serving St. Louis use the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center downtown . Amtrak trains terminating in the city include the Lincoln Service to Chicago and the Missouri River Runner to Kansas City , Missouri . St. Louis is an intermediate stop on the Texas Eagle route which provides long - distance passenger service between San Antonio , Texas , and Chicago . St. Louis is the nation 's third - largest freight rail hub , moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer , gravel , crushed stone , prepared foodstuffs , fats , oils , nonmetallic mineral products , grain , alcohol , tobacco products , automobiles , and automobile parts . Freight rail service in St. Louis is provided on tracks owned by Union Pacific Railroad , Norfolk Southern Railway , Foster Townsend Rail Logistics -- formerly Manufacturers Railway ( St. Louis ) , Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis , Affton Trucking , and the BNSF Railway . The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis ( reporting mark : TRRA ) is a switching and terminal railroad jointly owned by all the major rail carriers in St. Louis . The company operates 30 diesel - electric locomotives to move railcars around the classification yards , deliver railcars to local industries , and ready trains for departure . The TRRA processes and dispatches a significant portion of railroad traffic moving through the city and owns and operates a network of rail bridges and tunnels including the MacArthur Bridge ( St. Louis ) and the Merchants Bridge . This infrastructure is also used by inter-city rail and long - distance passenger trains serving St. Louis . Bus service ( edit ) Main article : MetroBus Bus passing under the St. Louis Science Center walkway Local bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency via MetroBus , with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink commuter rail transit and stops in the city and region . The city is also served by Madison County Transit , which connects downtown St. Louis to Madison County , Illinois . National bus service in the city is offered by Greyhound Lines , Burlington Trailways and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach , with a station at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center , and Megabus , with a stop at St. Louis Union Station . Taxi ( edit ) Taxicab service in the city is provided by private companies regulated by the Metropolitan Taxicab Commission . Rates vary by vehicle type , size , passengers and distance , and by regulation all taxicab fares must be calculated using a taximeter and be payable in cash or credit card . Solicitation by a driver is prohibited , although a taxicab may be hailed on the street or at a stand . Notable residents ( edit ) Further information : List of people from St. Louis Sister cities ( edit ) During the early 21st century , St. Louis has 16 sister cities . Bologna , Italy Bogor , Indonesia Brčko , Brčko District , Bosnia and Herzegovina Donegal , County Donegal , Ireland Galway , County Galway , Ireland Lyon , France Nanjing , China Saint - Louis , Senegal São Luís , Maranhão , Brazil Samara , Russia San Luis Potosí , Mexico Stuttgart , Germany Suwa , Japan Szczecin , Poland Wuhan , China Yokneam Illit , Israel With informal relations with Tuguegarao , Philippines . See also ( edit ) Caves of St. Louis Delmar Divide Downtown St. Louis Laclede 's Landing , St. Louis Downtown West , St. Louis Great Flood of 1993 Heat wave of 2006 derecho series History of the Jews in St. Louis LaClede Town List of mayors of St. Louis List of tallest buildings in St. Louis National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis ( city , A -- L ) , Missouri National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis ( city , M-Z ) , Missouri Neighborhoods of St. Louis Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis St. Louis cuisine St. Louis in the Civil War St. Louis smog episode ( 1939 ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Missouri portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for St. Louis were kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1874 to December 1892 , Eads Bridge from January 1893 to December 1929 , and at Lambert -- St. Louis Int'l since January 1930 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis United States -- Visiting the Gateway to the West '' . Globosapiens.net . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Public Library on `` Mound City '' . Jump up ^ STLtoday.com on `` The Lou '' . Jump up ^ `` Rome of the West '' . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis City , Missouri -- Population Finder -- American FactFinder '' . United States Geological Survey . October 24 , 1980 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . U.S. Geological Survey . U.S. Department of the Interior -- U.S. Geological Survey . 29 Apr 2005 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zip Code Lookup '' . USPS . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of SAINT LOUIS '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Company , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing . `` The American Heritage Dictionary entry : saint louis '' . Ahdictionary.com . Jump up ^ / seɪnt ˈluːwi / is a common alternate pronunciation outside of St. Louis . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - United States history '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoffhaus. ( 1984 ) . Chez Les Canses : Three Centuries at Kawsmouth , Kansas City : Lowell Press . ISBN 0 - 913504 - 91 - 2 . Jump up ^ www.usgennet.org . Attack On St. Louis : May 26 , 1780 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Floyd . Treasury of Early American Automobiles , 1877 -- 1925 ( New York : Bonanza Books , 1950 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` 1904 Summer Olympics '' . International Olympics Committee . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tim ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Nov. 28 1939 : The day ' Black Tuesday ' rolled into St. Louis '' . Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis : Desegregation and School Choice in the Land of Dred Scott '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Growth of the City of St. Louis '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis : From Carthage to Rising Phoenix '' ( PDF ) . Rental Car Tours ( Demographia ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Spence Jackson ( December 8 , 2006 ) . `` Steinhoff Congratulates St. Louis on Receiving Urban Renewal Award '' . Missouri Department of Economic Development . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lohraff , Kevin ( 2009 ) . Hiking Missouri ( 2nd ed . ) . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 7588 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Saldivar , Marcos . `` 26 Reasons St. Louis Is America 's Hidden Gem '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Neighborhoods of the City of St. Louis , StLouis-mo.gov Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Louis -- News -- A Sewer Runs Through It . ^ Jump up to : `` National Weather Service archives -- St. Louis office '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Weather for St. Louis , Missouri '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx Jump up ^ `` Station Name : MO ST LOUIS LAMBERT INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for ST . LOUIS / LAMBERT , MO 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Warmer weather attracting Armadillos '' , accessed October 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Primm , James ( 1981 ) . Lion of the Valley : St. Louis , Missouri , 1764 - 1980 . Missouri Historical Society Press . ISBN 1 - 883982 - 24 - 3 . James Primm points out that the 1870 census results were modified in order to make St. Louis appear more populated than Chicago , a nearby economic competitor ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin : 2010 '' . United States Census . Jump up ^ `` Census '' . Dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive : Mapping the census '' . United States Census . Jump up ^ Druart , T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Convio ranks most generous online cities '' . convio . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ( city ) County , Missouri '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex , Race , and Hispanic Origin for the United States , States , and Counties : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ( city ) , Missouri '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Census Summary '' . City of St. Louis . Jump up ^ `` MCDC Demographic Profile '' . Mcdc.missouri.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ `` The Bosnian Community in St. Louis by Imam Muhamed Hasic '' . Stlbosnians.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gilsinan , Kathy . `` Why Are There So Many Bosnians in St. Louis ? '' . The Atlantic Cities . Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Cities With Bigger Economies Than Entire Countries '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2007 Economic Census . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 List '' . Fortune . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Pacific Railroad '' . Up.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stoller , Gary ( March 24 , 2003 ) . `` JDAM smart bombs prove to be accurate and a good buy '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings and Rankings -- Area Companies '' . Stlrcga.org . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Us The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis '' . St. Louis Fed . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirn , Jacob ; Acieri , Katie ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Triad bound ? Heritage Home moving HQ to North Carolina '' . Triad Business Journal . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arcieri , Katie ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Heritage Home Group names interim CEO '' . Triad Business Journal . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Health Care '' . RCGA St. Louis . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Siteman Cancer Center , About Us '' . Siteman Cancer Center . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings and Rankings '' . RCGA St. Louis . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Home -- The Genome Institute at Washington University . Genome.wustl.edu . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing to shed 1,500 IT jobs here over next three years '' . The Seattle Times . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 's shift to St. Louis reflects broader shifts in local economy '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Code : How 42 `` Unqualified '' People Landed Dream Tech Jobs in St. Louis `` . Blogs.riverfronttimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Empson , Rip . `` Arch Grants Raises $2.5 M To Turn St. Louis Into A Startup Hub ; Square Co-founder Signs On '' . Social.techcrunch.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis 's Largest Employers '' . St. Louis Business Journal . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current Year Comprehensive Annual Financial Report ( CAFR ) '' . City of St. Louis ( Comptroller 's Office ) . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City of St. Louis CAFR ( FY June 30 , 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . City of St. Louis . January 20 , 2017 . p. 212 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Slps.org '' . Slps.org . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Private Catholic School - Chesterfield - History '' . Sluh.org . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator - 2015 Metro Market Study '' . Charitynavigator.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Things to Do in St. Louis '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The station was sold by the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod for $18 million , funded in part through a donation by then - St. Louis Cardinals star Albert Pujols , and converted to contemporary Christian music. Deidre Pujols sounds off on Christian radio , STLtoday.com , December 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Imo 's Pizza - The Square Beyond Compare '' . Imospizza.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Tim Bryant , `` Citygarden an immediate hit with visitors . '' St. Louis Post-Dispatch . July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Bonetti , `` Spectacular Citygarden is opening on schedule in St. Louis '' , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` City of St. Louis Elected Officials '' . Stlouis-mo.gov . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guide to the Board of Aldermen , StLouis-mo.gov Jump up ^ `` City 's budget tops $1 billion for first time '' . Business Journal . July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SoS , Missouri -- Elections : Registered Voters in Missouri 2012 '' . Sos.mo.gov . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SoS , Missouri -- Elections : Registered Voters in Missouri 2008 '' . Sos.mo.gov . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City of St. Louis Departments '' . Stlouis-mo.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` First Time All 28 Aldermen Are Democrats -- UrbanReview - ST LOUIS '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri 's New Congressional District Maps '' . Missouri Digital News . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency . August 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans ' Service Records '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials really like St Louis '' . The Economist. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crime in the United States , 2015 '' . FBI.gov ( Uniform Crime Reports ) . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie and Mitch Smith ( December 28 , 2016 ) . Article comparing Chicago 's annual homicide statistics to those of other American cities , including St. Louis , New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Methodology '' . Morganquitno.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 '' . Ucr.fbi.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Murphy , Doyle ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` St. Louis Murder Toll Hit 188 in 2016 -- Tying 2015 's Unusually High Number . '' Riverfront Times ( RFT ) . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Media 2010 -- 2011 Local Market Estimates '' . Nielsen Media Research . Broadcast Employment Services . October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arbitron ( June 2011 ) . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived July 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tucker , Justin . `` Top 10 Films Set ( or Partially Set ) in St. Louis '' . Inside St. Louis . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metro -- Inside MetroLink '' . Metro . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lambert -- St. Louis International Airport > Home - View_Blog '' . Flystl.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Airport Reopens , One Concourse Remains Closed '' . Travelpulse.com. April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Port Authority '' . Stlouis-mo.gov. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ amtrak.com Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Affton Trucking '' . Afftontrucking.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` TRRA History '' . Terminalrailroad.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TRRA Home '' . Terminalrailroad.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Sister Cities '' . St. Louis Center for International Relations . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stuttgart Städtepartnerschaften '' . Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart , Abteilung Außenbeziehungen ( in German ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kontakty partnerskie Miasta Szczecin '' . Urząd Miasta Szczecin ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Henry W. Berger , St. Louis and Empire : 250 Years of Imperial Quest and Urban Crisis . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press , 2015 . Carl J. Ekberg and Sharon K. Person , St. Louis Rising : The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSt . Louisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Built St. Louis St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association City-data.com -- St. Louis Washington University -- About St. Louis The City of St. Louis , Missouri Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri Places adjacent to St. Louis St. Louis County Madison County , Illinois St. Louis County St. Louis Mississippi River St. Louis County St. Clair County , Illinois City of St. Louis Greater St. Louis Missouri United States of America Architecture Airport Culture Crime Economy Education Fire Flag Geography History Timeline Hospitals Landmarks Neighborhoods Parks People Police Skyscrapers Sports Sheriff Transportation Wards Greater St. Louis Illinois Missouri United States of America Topics Culture Crime Economy Education History Parks Transportation Central city St. Louis Largest cities ( over 50,000 in 2010 ) Florissant O'Fallon , Missouri St. Charles St. Peters Medium - sized cities ( over 20,000 in 2010 ) Affton CDP Alton Arnold Ballwin Belleville Chesterfield Collinsville East St. Louis Edwardsville Ferguson Granite City Hazelwood Kirkwood Maryland Heights Mehlville CDP Oakville CDP O'Fallon , Illinois Spanish Lake CDP University City Webster Groves Wentzville Wildwood Largest towns and villages ( over 10,000 in 2010 ) Bellefontaine Neighbors Bridgeton Cahokia Clayton Concord CDP Crestwood Creve Coeur Dardenne Prairie Fairview Heights Farmington Festus Glen Carbon Godfrey Jennings Lake St. Louis Lemay CDP Manchester Overland Old Jamestown CDP St. Ann Shiloh Swansea Town and Country Troy , Missouri Union Washington Wood River Missouri Counties Franklin Jefferson Lincoln St. Charles St. Francois St. Louis City St. Louis County Warren Washington Illinois Counties Bond Calhoun Clinton Jersey Macoupin Madison Monroe St. Clair Subregions Metro East Westplex Neighborhoods of St. Louis , Missouri Academy Baden Benton Park Benton Park West Bevo Mill Botanical Heights Boulevard Heights Carondelet Carr Square Central West End Cheltenham Chinatown Clayton / Tamm ( Dogtown ) Clifton Heights College Hill Columbus Square Compton Heights Covenant Blu / Grand Center DeBaliviere Place Downtown Downtown West Dutchtown Ellendale Fairground Forest Park Southeast Fountain Park Fox Park Franz Park Gate District Gravois Park Greater Ville Hamilton Heights The Hill Hi - Pointe Holly Hills Hyde Park JeffVanderLou Kings Oak Kingsway East Kingsway West Kosciusko Lafayette Square LaSalle Park Lewis Place Lindenwood Park Marine Villa Mark Twain Mark Twain / I - 70 Industrial McKinley Heights Midtown Mount Pleasant Near North Riverfront Northampton North Point North Riverfront O'Fallon Old North St. Louis Patch Peabody -- Darst -- Webbe Penrose Princeton Heights Riverview Shaw Skinker DeBaliviere Soulard Southampton Southwest Garden St. Louis Hills St. Louis Place Tiffany Tower Grove East Tower Grove South Vandeventer The Ville Visitation Park Walnut Park East Walnut Park West Wells / Goodfellow West End Wydown / Skinker State of Missouri Jefferson City ( capital ) Topics Government Delegations Geography Transportation History People Battles Tourist attractions Seal of Missouri Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boonslick Bootheel Crowley 's Ridge Dissected Till Plains Four State Area Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains Ozark Plateau Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Westplex Metro areas Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis Largest cities Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Columbia Independence Lee 's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles St. Peters Blue Springs Joplin Florissant Chesterfield Jefferson City Cape Girardeau Wentzville Wildwood University City Liberty Ballwin Raytown Kirkwood Maryland Heights Gladstone Hazelwood Grandview Counties and independent cities Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis ( City ) St. Louis ( County ) Ste . 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"St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs/)[10][11][12] is an independent city[13] and major U.S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. The city had an estimated 2016 population of 311,404,[14] and is the cultural and economic center of the Greater St. Louis area (home to 2,916,447 people), making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the 19th-largest in the United States."
] | [
"Missouri"
] |
8214115328116889417 | List of How I Met Your Mother characters | List of How I Met Your Mother characters - wikipedia List of How I Met Your Mother characters Jump to : navigation , search This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From left to right : Ted , Robin , Barney , Marshall , Lily . The American sitcom How I Met Your Mother premiered on CBS on September 19 , 2005 . Created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , the show is presented from the perspective of Ted Mosby in 2030 ( `` Future Ted '' ) as he tells his children how he met the titular mother . The show lasted for nine seasons and 208 episodes ; the finale first aired on March 31 , 2014 . The main characters are : Ted , a romantic searching for `` The One '' ; Barney Stinson , a womanizer ; Robin Scherbatsky , a journalist who moved to New York in 2005 ; and Marshall Eriksen and Lily Aldrin , a long - term couple . Although the show is based around The Mother , her first appearance is not until the season - eight finale . Many of the main character 's relatives appear throughout the show , such as Lily 's father or Barney 's brother . They may also be seen in family gatherings , such as Barney and Robin 's wedding or Marshall 's father 's funeral . Ted 's children and Marvin W. Eriksen ( son of Marshall and Lily ) appear in the background of many episodes without being crucial to many plots . Ranjit , Carl the Bartender , and several other characters often appear because they work in places the main cast frequent ( such as MacLaren 's Pub ) . Characters in relationships with Ted , Barney , or Robin often appear in several episodes within a short period of time , such as Victoria , Nora , or Kevin . Minor characters such as the Slutty Pumpkin or Mary the Paralegal may only appear in one or two episodes , but still play a crucial role in the episodes in which they appear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Ted Mosby 2.2 Robin Scherbatsky 2.3 Barney Stinson 2.4 Lily Aldrin 2.5 Marshall Eriksen 2.6 The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Penny and Luke Mosby 3.2 Marvin W. Eriksen 3.3 Ranjit Singh 3.4 Carl MacLaren 3.5 Wendy 3.6 Victoria 3.7 Judy Eriksen 3.8 James Stinson 3.9 Zoey Pierson 3.10 Patrice 3.11 Marvin Eriksen 3.12 Nora 3.13 Mickey Aldrin 3.14 Linus 3.15 Stella Zinman 3.16 Kevin Venkataraghavan 3.17 Quinn Garvey 3.18 Sandy Rivers 3.19 Marcus Eriksen 3.20 Loretta Stinson 3.21 Arthur Hobbs 3.22 Virginia Mosby 3.23 Alfred Mosby 3.24 Daphne 3.25 Brad Morris 3.26 The Captain 3.27 Nick Podarutti 3.28 Robin Sr . 3.29 Bilson 3.30 Scooter 3.31 Gary Blauman 3.32 Don Frank 3.33 Doug Martin 3.34 Jeanette Peterson 3.35 Becky 3.36 Curtis 3.37 Claudia and Stuart Bowers 3.38 The Doppelgängers 4 Guest stars 5 Other characters 6 Notes 7 References Cast ( edit ) Season S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 Character Main Characters Ted Mosby Josh Radnor Robin Scherbatsky Cobie Smulders Barney Stinson Neil Patrick Harris Lily Aldrin Alyson Hannigan Marshall Eriksen Jason Segel Tracy McConnell Cristin Milioti Future Ted Bob Saget ( voice , credited ) Character Secondary characters Arthur Hobbs Bob Odenkirk Bob Odenkirk Bob Odenkirk Becky Laura Bell Bundy Laura Bell Bundy Bilson Bryan Callen Bryan Callen Brad Morris Joe Manganiello Joe Manganiello Joe Manganiello The Captain Kyle MacLachlan Kyle MacLachlan Carl MacLaren Joe Nieves Joe Nieves Claudia Bowers Virginia Williams Virginia Williams Virginia Williams Virginia Williams Curtis Roger Bart Daphne Sherri Shepherd Don Frank Benjamin Koldyke Doug Martin Will Sasso Will Sasso Will Sasso Gary Blauman Taran Killam Taran Killam Taran Killam James Stinson Wayne Brady Wayne Brady Wayne Brady Jeanette Peterson Abby Elliott Judy Eriksen Suzie Plakson Suzie Plakson Suzie Plakson Kevin Venkataraghavan Kal Penn Kal Penn Linus Robert Belushi Loretta Stinson Megan Mullally Frances Conroy Frances Conroy Lucy Zinman Darcy Rose Byrnes Luke Mosby David Henrie Marcus Eriksen Ned Rolsma Ned Rolsma Gibson Sjobek ( young ) Marvin W. Eriksen Uncredited Jake Elliott August Maturo Spencer Ralston Marvin Eriksen Bill Fagerbakke Bill Fagerbakke Mickey Aldrin Chris Elliott Nick Podarutti Michael Trucco Michael Trucco Nora Nazanin Boniadi Nazanin Boniadi Patrice Ellen D. Williams Penny Mosby Lyndsy Fonseca Quinn Garvey Becki Newton Robin Scherbatsky Sr . Eric Braeden Ray Wise Ranjit Singh Marshall Manesh Sandy Rivers Alexis Denisof Alexis Denisof Scooter David Burtka David Burtka David Burtka Stella Zinman Sarah Chalke Sarah Chalke Stuart Bowers Matt Boren Matt Boren Matt Boren Matt Boren Victoria Ashley Williams Ashley Williams Virginia Mosby Cristine Rose Cristine Rose Cristine Rose Wendy the Waitress Charlene Amoia Zoey Pierson Jennifer Morrison Jennifer Morrison Notes : ^ 1 `` The Mother '' was played by various stunt actresses ( including Jennifer Birmingham and the show 's director , Pamela Fryman ) throughout the series until Cristin Milioti assumed the role for the season 8 finale . ^ 2 Cristin Milioti was promoted to series regular in season 9 after a brief guest appearance in season 8 . ^ 3 Scenes featuring David Henrie and Lyndsy Fonseca were recycled footage beginning with season 3 , although unreleased footage filmed in 2006 was used in season 9 . ^ 4 Marvin W. Eriksen has been played by several actors , some uncredited , at different ages varying from babyhood to adulthood . Main characters ( edit ) Ted Mosby ( edit ) Main article : Ted Mosby Josh Radnor Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Josh Radnor , Theodore Evelyn `` Ted '' Mosby ( born on April 25 , 1978 ) is a romantic , originally searching for `` The One '' and often discussing destiny and `` The Universe '' controlling things . Ted grew up in Shaker Heights , Ohio with parents Virginia Mosby and Alfred Mosby . He is an architect who graduated from Wesleyan University , where he met Marshall and Lily . Ted also serves as the show 's narrator from the future , voiced by Bob Saget , as he tells his children a detailed story , with the premise of explaining how he met their mother . A brief history of Ted includes being left at the altar , taking a job as an architecture professor and designing the new headquarters for Goliath National Bank . Ted has dated many people and been in several long - term relationships . Ted has an on - again , off - again relationship with Robin . Ted also dated Victoria , Stella , Zoey and Jeanette . Ted finally gets to meet his wife - to - be , Tracy , on the day of Barney and Robin 's wedding , after accidentally teaching one of her college classes , owning her yellow umbrella for a short time , and dating her roommate . When he ran into Tracy 's roommate ( Cindy ) , it led to Tracy 's band performing at Barney and Robin 's wedding . In the finale , it is discovered his wife died six years earlier . His children claim his story was not about their mother but about Robin ; they urge him to get back together with her and he does , bringing the iconic blue French horn with him . Robin Scherbatsky ( edit ) Main article : Robin Scherbatsky Cobie Smulders Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Cobie Smulders , Robin ( born on July 23 , 1980 ) works as a news reporter for various stations , ending up at World Wide News . She is originally from Vancouver , British Columbia and is a fan of the Vancouver Canucks . Robin was named after her father , who she has some issues with as he wanted a male child . She and Ted have an on - again , off - again relationship there was some sexual tension between them throughout the third season , most obviously when Robin brought home her boyfriend Gael from a trip to Argentina . The subject of four episodes , Robin was a teen pop singer named Robin Sparkles . Her first boyfriend was Simon , who starred in her second music video . In season 4 , Robin moves in with Ted after leaving her short - lived job in Japan . During `` The Leap '' , she and Barney pursue a relationship , but it soon ends . Robin is frequently made fun of for her tendency to laugh while lying , as well as her references to places and history exclusive to Canada , such as Mount Waddington or Danby 's . Though she has stated explicitly that she does not like children , Future Ted mentioned that she eventually grew to like them and even became close to Ted 's children . After being unemployed for a while , Robin found out that she would be deported from America if she did not get a job . Barney helped her land a job for an early morning show in `` The Possimpible '' . Soon after she started she got a co-host named Don whom she originally disliked . However , she grew to like him and they dated for a while . In `` False Positive '' , Robin worked as a researcher for World Wide News and eventually moved up to co-anchor after hosting a New Year 's Eve show . It is revealed in the season 7 finale that Robin married Barney . They divorce after three years of marriage . In 2030 , Robin is shown to be living with her dogs in New York when she gets asked out by Ted , a six - year widower by then . Barney Stinson ( edit ) Main article : Barney Stinson Neil Patrick Harris Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris , Barnabus `` Barney '' Stinson is a former womanizer . He is known for wearing suits , playing laser tag , performing magic tricks , and overusing catchphrases such as `` Suit up ! '' , `` Legend - wait - for - it - dary '' and `` Challenge accepted ! '' . Barney is the writer of the Bro Code and the Playbook , documenting rules for best friends ( `` bros '' ) and his favorite moves to use on women . Barney was raised by a single mother , Loretta , along with his older brother James . He spent very little time with his father as a child . In season 6 , Barney 's father Jerome returns to his life hoping to make amends for abandoning him as a child . As a young adult , Barney was a long - haired hippie with plans to join the Peace Corps . Soon after his rejection , he saw a flier for a sale on suits , thus beginning his suit addiction . Shortly after , he met Ted Mosby at a urinal and announced that he would `` teach ( Ted ) how to live '' , thus beginning his life with Ted 's group of friends . In season 4 , Barney falls in love with Robin and spends the next season hiding it from her . The two get together in season 5 , but the relationship is short - lived . After their breakup , Barney returns to one - night stands , but sometimes shows regret in ending his relationship with Robin . In `` Desperation Day '' , Robin introduces him to her friend Nora . Barney and Nora have a brief relationship , but it ends because Barney is unwilling to let himself be honest with her about his feelings . Later , they get back together but Barney cheats on Nora with Robin . In `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Barney gets married at some point in the future ; in `` The Magician 's Code '' , the bride is revealed to be Robin . However , Barney and Robin get divorced in 2016 . Barney goes back to having one - night stands , and eventually impregnates a woman . The birth of his daughter , Ellie , effectively causes him to change his ways for good . Lily Aldrin ( edit ) Main article : Lily Aldrin Alyson Hannigan Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan , Lily is a kindergarten teacher . She is married to Marshall and grew up in Brooklyn , New York . Like Ted and Marshall , she is a graduate of Wesleyan University and dreams of being an artist ; she has painted naked paintings of Marshall and Barney . Lily has a huge debt problem because of her impulsive shopping ; she is able to hide this from Marshall until they apply for a mortgage in `` Dowisetrepla '' . She is very manipulative , having caused several of Ted 's relationships to end when she disliked his date . It has been shown many times that she can not keep a secret , with a few exceptions : she hides her second pregnancy and keeps Ted 's move to Chicago a secret from everyone but Marshall . Another ongoing joke in the show is her implied bisexuality . Prior to college , Lily dated Scooter . At college , she met Ted and started dating Marshall . She and Marshall were together for 9 years and engaged for almost a year before Lily broke up with Marshall to move to San Francisco for a summer to concentrate on her art . Marshall was so hurt that they stayed separated for a few months after she returned to New York . They eventually get married at the end of season 2 . They move into an apartment in `` Dowisetrepla '' ; previously , they had been living with Ted . They consider children for years before feeling `` ready '' . Lily announces in the season 6 finale that she is pregnant and their first child was revealed to be male in `` Mystery vs. History '' . In the episode `` Good Crazy '' , Lily goes into labor five weeks early and in the episode `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' , gives birth to Marvin . In season eight , Lily accepts a job as The Captain 's art consultant . The Captain later asks her to move to Italy to search for and purchase artwork for his collection ; she and Marshall agree to move there . However , this is the cause of disagreement between the couple for most of the season when Marshall accepts an offer to be a judge without consulting Lily . Lily is revealed to be pregnant with a second child in `` Daisy '' , followed by third child a few years later in `` Last Forever '' . Marshall Eriksen ( edit ) Main article : Marshall Eriksen Jason Segel Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Jason Segel , Marshall ( born in 1978 ) met Ted and Lily during their freshman year at Wesleyan University . He and Lily began dating during college and got married at the end of season 2 . Marshall is a Columbia Law School graduate originally from Minnesota . Even though he stands at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) , he is the shortest male member of his family . Marshall became a lawyer because he was interested in environmental protection laws . He accepts a job at a corporate law firm , before joining the legal team at Goliath National Bank , where Barney also works . Marshall is also very good at various games and believes in the paranormal , specifically Sasquatch and the Loch Ness Monster . It is revealed in `` Last Cigarette Ever '' that in the future , he and Lily have a son . In early 2011 , after being told Marshall and Lily are capable of having a baby , Marshall 's dad has a fatal heart attack and dies . For several months after this , he is upset and his friends make an effort to be nicer to him . His first son , born in the episode `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' is named Marvin , after Marshall 's father . Marshall was able to arrive just in time to witness the birth . Marshall eventually is accepted to his dream job , being a judge , after committing to move to Italy with Lily . This leads to constant strife between the couple through most of the final season . However , throughout the first half of the last season , Marshall is on a car ride from Minnesota to Long Island after missing his flight to Barney and Robin 's wedding . In this process , Marshall meets The Mother . The Mother ( Tracy mcconnell ) ( edit ) Main article : The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Cristin Milioti Appears in eight episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character , appears in 14 episodes from `` Something New '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Cristin Milioti , the Mother is the title character of the series ; Ted 's narration of the series is based around how he met her . While several clues about the Mother are revealed throughout the series ( including the story of the yellow umbrella ) , she is not fully seen until the season - eight finale , `` Something New '' . Season 9 reveals more about the Mother through several flashforwards throughout the season and the 200th episode , `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , which shows the years 2005 through 2013 from her perspective . In that episode , it is revealed that her boyfriend Max died on her 21st birthday and that she refrained from dating in the years following ; her first boyfriend after Max , Louis , proposed to her the night before Barney and Robin 's wedding , but she rejected , allowing herself to move on . It is the highest rated episode of the series on IMDb . Ted is shown meeting The Mother in the series finale at the Farhampton train station following Barney and Robin 's wedding . They date , get engaged , and have two children called Luke and Penny . In the original ending of the show , The Mother is shown to have been deceased in 2024 . Many fans of the show had become emotionally attached to The Mother . In many scenes throughout the show , it was shown how incredibly perfect Ted and Tracy were for each other and how nice she was to everyone . Her death in the series finale was met with considerable dissatisfaction by many viewers . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition received over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Secondary characters ( edit ) Penny and Luke Mosby ( edit ) First Appearance : `` Pilot '' ; Last Appearance : `` Last Forever '' Penny and Luke are Ted 's children , teenagers in 2030 as Ted narrates the story of how he met their mother . Penny is portrayed by Lyndsy Fonseca while Luke is portrayed by David Henrie . Georgina Bays , the daughter of Carter Bays , has portrayed Ted 's daughter as an infant . Penny and Luke as young children are portrayed by Katie Silverman and Dexter Cross in `` Rally '' . The names of Ted 's children were unknown until `` Unpause '' . Before he had met their mother , Ted had repeatedly expressed the desire to name them Luke and Leia . The children initially appear only in the framing narrative , though Penny appears as an infant in `` Trilogy Time '' , `` Lobster Crawl '' and `` Unpause '' . Both Penny and Luke appear as young children in `` Rally '' , when they greet their parents on New Year 's Day in 2022 . Since the actors playing Ted 's children were going to age quickly , stock footage of them was shot in 2006 , to be used in later episodes . Additionally , footage for the series finale was shot and the actors were made to sign non-disclosure agreements ; Fonseca said in 2013 that she did not `` remember what the secret was '' , although Henrie thought he remembered . A season nine promotional video was filmed with the same actors , now adults , joking that they have been listening to Ted tell the story for eight years , and was first shown at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . Marvin W. Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 27 episodes from `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' to `` Daisy '' Marvin Wait - for - it Eriksen is the son of Lily and Marshall . In `` Challenge Accepted '' , Lily discovers she is pregnant after a long - running storyline of Marshall and Lily trying to have kids . Marvin is born in `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' ; Marshall arrives just in time for the birth . Barney helped Marshall arrive in the hospital , in return for choosing the middle name of the baby : `` Wait - for - it '' . Marvin appears in many episodes after that , usually causing Marshall and Lily to become stressed and sleep deprived . In `` Who Wants to be a Godparent ? '' , Ted , Barney and Robin all become godparents of Marvin . `` Bedtime Stories '' is based around Marvin going to sleep . Marvin has been played by twins , and several actors have been credited as playing him ; Jake Elliott , August Maturo and Spencer Ralston have played the part of Marvin during various flashforwards . Craig Thomas said that they were `` tending to the fact that ( Marshall and Lily ) have a baby more than other shows have '' , although Marvin `` does n't take over the show . '' Ranjit singh ( edit ) Appears in 22 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Played by Marshall Manesh , Ranjit is a cab driver from Bangladesh . He drives the main characters around during several significant moments of their lives ; for instance , he drives Marshall and Lily in a limo shortly after they are married and helps Ted with a `` two - minute date '' in `` Ten Sessions '' . In `` The Sexless Innkeeper '' , he and his wife Falguni go on a double date with Marshall and Lily , although they do not enjoy it . He also appears in episodes such as `` The Limo '' , `` Rabbit or Duck '' , `` The Goat '' and `` Three Days of Snow '' . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Future Ted reveals that Ranjit became rich through investments and bought a limo service . Ranjit is the only recurring character to appear in all nine seasons . Carl MacLaren ( edit ) Appears in 20 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Played by Joe Nieves , Carl is the bartender at MacLaren 's , which is frequented by the main characters . Carl 's last name is MacLaren and he owns the bar . Carl eventually has a son who helps him at MacLaren 's . Joe Nieves received the part after the scene he was supposed to be in was cut from the pilot but no one had told him , and he turned up on set in a police officer costume . As no one wanted to tell him that they had cut his scene , they gave him the role of Carl . Carl is named after one of the assistants to the producers . Wendy ( edit ) Appears in 17 episodes from `` Return of the Shirt '' to `` Garbage Island '' Played by Charlene Amoia , Wendy is a waitress from MacLaren 's bar . Characterized as sweet and somewhat naive , she is well liked by the main characters . Barney once had a brief relationship with her . It is also revealed in `` Garbage Island '' that Wendy the Waitress falls in love and is later married to Marshall 's ex-co worker Meeker ( Daniel G. O'Brien ) who found out at the time they both hate Marshall after his `` Go Green '' fiasco . She and Meeker have three kids . Victoria ( edit ) Appears in 16 episodes from `` The Wedding '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Ashley Williams . A baker at The Buttercup Bakery , Victoria meets Ted in `` The Wedding '' at the wedding reception of Ted 's friends , for whom Victoria had baked the wedding cake . They agree to spend the evening together anonymously in order to preserve the memory of the night , despite their attraction to one another . However , Ted quickly finds her and they begin an intense romantic relationship . The relationship is complicated when Victoria is offered a cooking fellowship in Germany and they attempt to remain together in a long - distance relationship . However , Ted kisses Robin and they break up . Victoria reappears in Ted 's life seven years later , when she is catering the Architect 's Ball that Ted is attending at the end of `` The Naked Truth '' . During their reunion , Ted apologizes for cheating on her and she accepts his apology . However , he becomes upset when he learns that she began dating Klaus , whom she met not long after arriving in Germany , almost immediately after they broke up . During their ensuing argument , they begin to remember what they loved about their relationship together and end up kissing . Victoria responds to the kiss with the revelation that Klaus intends to propose to her soon and she and Ted part on amicable terms , though she also warns Ted that his existing relationships with Robin and Barney are stopping him from finding his true love . In `` The Magician 's Code '' , Ted , having recently reconciled with Robin , follows her suggestion to contact Victoria in hopes of learning if she ever got married . When they meet , Ted is stunned to see that Victoria has secretly run away from her wedding to Klaus . Recalling his own experience at being left at the altar by Stella , Ted attempts to have Victoria return to her wedding to at least inform Klaus that she has run away , but they learn that Klaus has also run away from the wedding , as he has realized that he and Victoria are not meant to be together . Ted and Victoria 's renewed relationship is short - lived ; when Ted proposes to her , she presents an ultimatum : he must end his friendship with Robin to be with her . Unwilling to give up his friendship with Robin , Victoria breaks up with him . She is later revealed to have returned to Germany and sends him Robin 's locket , which she had taken with her . Bays and Thomas planned to have Victoria as a backup Mother in case CBS decided to cancel the series after season 2 . Another possible storyline was Williams wearing a fat suit to portray Victoria having become , according to Bays , `` enormously fat '' because of her baking career . Victoria was described as Ted 's best girlfriend by People magazine . Judy Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 15 episodes from `` Belly Full of Turkey '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Suzie Plakson , Judy Eriksen is the mother of Marshall . Married to the late Marvin Eriksen , she has three children : Marvin , Marcus and Marshall . She lives in St. Cloud , Minnesota and is known to have a tense , sometimes adversarial relationship with Lily , leaving Marshall torn as he loves Lily , but has trouble understanding how she could dislike his mother . In `` The Over-Correction , '' she begins a sexual relationship with Lily 's father , Mickey . James Stinson ( edit ) Appears in 13 episodes from `` Single Stamina '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Wayne Brady , James is Barney 's gay African - American half - brother ; they are very alike and act as each other 's `` wingmen '' . This changes when James meets Tom , his future husband . Barney tries to stop his brother from marrying but changes his mind when he learns that they are adopting a baby . James marries Tom and they have a son named Eli . In the season 6 episode `` Cleaning House , '' James finds out his father is Sam Gibbs after he and Barney discover an unsent letter that their mother Loretta addressed to him . At the end of `` The Rebound Girl '' , it is revealed that James and Tom have adopted an infant daughter named Sadie . In `` Coming Back '' , James announces that he is getting a divorce after Tom discovered him cheating . Robin wins James ' wedding ring in `` The Poker Game '' and refuses to give it back because James has been saying that she and Barney should not get married . Barney initially stands by his brother , but then realizes that James ' selfishness is what caused his own marriage to fail . James reveals that Gary Blauman was one of the guys that he cheated on Tom with in `` Gary Blauman '' . Future Ted explains to his children that James and Tom did eventually get back together , and raised Eli and Sadie as a happy family . Zoey Pierson ( edit ) Appears in 13 episodes from `` Architect Of Destruction '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Jennifer Morrison . One of Ted 's girlfriends . Ted first meets Zoey when she was an activist protesting the destruction of a historic New York building , in `` Architect of Destruction '' . At first Ted is attracted to her , even though he is the architect responsible for the building 's demolition . However , when she discovers this fact , she turns on him , and the two develop a mutually antagonistic relationship . In `` Natural History '' , Ted meets her rich husband , who calls himself The Captain , at a black - tie event at a museum . Zoey spends Thanksgiving hanging out with the gang in `` Blitzgiving '' because her husband is spending it with his daughter ; surprisingly , it is Ted who convinces the group to let her do so , after deducing that she is hurting by her stepdaughter 's rejection of her . Zoey is ( by marriage ) a van Smoot , whose family is shown to have owned the mansion in which Marshall and Lily were married , and an apartment in the Alberta building . In `` Oh Honey '' , Zoey divorces the Captain and Zoey gets together with Ted . However , they break up in `` Landmarks '' due to tensions caused by the Arcadian . She appears in `` Challenge Accepted '' , where she unsuccessfully tries reuniting with Ted . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Future Ted reveals that Zoey continued campaigning for various causes . Patrice ( edit ) Appears in 12 episodes from `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Ellen D. Williams , Patrice is a World Wide News employee , often shouted down by Robin who is annoyed by her efforts to be best friends . In season 8 , Patrice joins Barney 's `` The Robin '' play by pretending to date him . In `` Gary Blauman '' , it is shown that Patrice later moves on to becoming a radio talk show host . Marvin Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 12 episodes from `` Belly Full of Turkey '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Bill Fagerbakke , Marvin Eriksen is : Judy 's husband ; the father of Marvin , Marcus and Marshall ; father - in - law of Lily ; grandfather of Marshall and Lily 's three children and Marcus and Sarah 's children , Marcus Jr. and Martin . He was very close to Marshall and the rest of his family prior to his passing in early 2011 . After `` Last Words '' , set at Marvin 's funeral , Carter Bays stated that they intended to bring back Bill Fagerbakke as Marshall 's father in future episodes during flashbacks . He later appeared in five episodes as a `` ghost '' imagined by Marshall . Nora ( edit ) Appears in 11 episodes from `` Desperation Day '' to `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' Played by Nazanin Boniadi , Nora is an English co-worker of Robin 's who meets Barney the day before Valentine 's Day . Though he is interested in her , Barney is reluctant to admit it , despite Robin 's encouragement . During his first formal date with Nora , she reveals her wishes to eventually marry and settle down and invites him to meet her parents , both of which Barney accepts as things he wants . At the end of their date , however , he tells her that his words were a lie and criticizes Nora 's dreams , which seemingly ends the relationship . Though Barney is convinced that he was lying to her , he later realizes that he does want to marry and settle down . He gets a second chance with Nora , when he convinces her that he will be honest in their relationship . They start dating but break up in `` Tick Tick Tick '' after Barney confesses to cheating on her with Robin . Mickey Aldrin ( edit ) Appears in 11 episodes from `` Slapsgiving 2 : Revenge of the Slap '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Chris Elliott , Mickey Aldrin is Lily 's father . Obsessed with attempting to launch Aldrin Games , his unsuccessful board game creator business , he was frequently absent , distant , and unreliable throughout her childhood . He and Lily did not have a close relationship during the first few seasons . As the series progressed he gradually redeems himself . He eventually moves in with Marshall and Lily at Lily 's grandparents ' home in Long Island . Once there he refuses to leave his childhood home , despite being unwelcome ; he does eventually agree to leave at Lily and Marshall 's insistence , although they let him stay after he makes pancakes for them . From then on his eccentric hobbies make him an occasional nuisance in the household , eventually accidentally burning the house down after Marshall and Lily had returned to the apartment . This leads to him joining them in Manhattan and despite Lily 's expectations , he proves very helpful in looking after his grandson Marvin W. Eriksen . He reveals that he had taken much better care of Lily prior to her going to school ; only when she started kindergarten and he found himself at loose ends did he go to the racetrack on a whim , where he developed a gambling addiction . Linus ( edit ) Appears in 11 season 9 episodes from `` Coming Back '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Robert Belushi , Linus is a bartender at the Farhampton Inn . Lily pays him $100 to make sure she always has a drink in her hand during the weekend of Barney and Robin 's wedding . Throughout season 9 , he is constantly seen handing her drinks followed by Lily saying `` Thank you , Linus '' . It is revealed in `` Daisy '' that these drinks are non-alcoholic as Lily is pregnant . Stella zinman ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` Ten Sessions '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Sarah Chalke , Stella is Ted 's dermatologist , who removes his ill - advised butterfly tattoo . He attempts to convince her to date him over the course of the episode `` Ten Sessions '' . Stella initially refuses , wanting to focus on her daughter Lucy , but eventually agrees to go on a two - minute lunch date . They start dating soon after . In the last episode of season three , Ted proposes to Stella , and in the season - four premiere , she accepts . In `` Shelter Island '' , after her sister 's wedding falls apart , Ted and she agree to take over the wedding . She ends up leaving Ted at the altar and getting back together with Tony , her ex-boyfriend and father of Lucy . She later appears in `` Right Place Right Time '' , where she is still with Tony . Kevin venkataraghavan ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Kal Penn , Kevin is originally introduced as Robin 's therapist but later becomes her boyfriend . She cheats on him with Barney , although he never discovers this . He proposed to Robin before she told him of her infertility . He still wanted to marry her , suggesting they could adopt or use a surrogate but when Robin made it clear to him that she did not want to have any children , they broke up . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Future Ted says that Kevin ended up with Jeanette . Quinn garvey ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` The Drunk Train '' to `` The Bro Mitzvah '' Played by Becki Newton , Quinn is a romantic interest for Barney in season 7 , as she has a scheming personality similar to him . Barney becomes interested in her without realizing she is a stripper at the Lusty Leopard , despite being a frequent patron . Quinn initially scams Barney out of a large amount of money , but gives Barney a chance . Due to Barney 's insecurity , she quits her job as a stripper and accommodates most of his demands regarding his apartment when she moves in with him . Barney proposes to her in `` The Magician 's Code '' . However , due to their inability to trust one another , they break up in `` The Pre-Nup '' . Quinn makes a brief return in `` The Bro Mitzvah '' . Sandy rivers ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` Nothing Good Happens After 2 A.M. '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Alexis Denisof , Alyson Hannigan 's real life husband , Sandy is a narcissistic lecherous anchorman . He debuts as Robin 's colleague at Metro News One and spares no opportunity to ask her out . Ted and Marshall make fun of him during his segments . He resigns from the network to take up a job at CNN but recommends Robin to succeed him as lead anchor . Sandy and Robin cross paths again in season 6 as colleagues at World Wide News , where he is often seen hitting on young female interns . Sandy 's inappropriate behavior ruins his career in the US and he does not change his ways even as he anchors a news show in Russia . Marcus Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` Belly Full of Turkey '' to `` Something New '' Marcus Eriksen is one of Marshall 's brothers , known for pranking Marshall . He and the rest of his brothers often played roughly with each other . In `` Who Wants to be a Godparent ? '' , Marcus left his wife and two children for his dream job of being a bartender . Marcus is often seen at family events such as his father 's funeral . Loretta Stinson ( edit ) Appears in 9 episodes from `` The Stinsons '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Frances Conroy , Loretta is Barney 's mother . Prior to her first proper appearance , she appeared from the neck down voiced by Megan Mullally in `` Single Stamina '' and `` Showdown '' . Loretta had a very promiscuous lifestyle and neither Barney nor James know who their real fathers are until they are adults . She also tends to tell ridiculous lies to her sons to cover up bad news , such as saying Barney 's father is Bob Barker . So that his mother would not worry about him , Barney hired actors to pretend to be his family ; when he is forced to reveal the truth in `` The Stinsons '' , Loretta is not upset . She returns in `` Cleaning House '' : the gang go to her home as she is planning to move . Though she had hidden the identities of James and Barney 's fathers so that she could be both mother and father to them , she eventually discloses who both of their fathers are . Arthur hobbs ( edit ) Appears in 9 episodes from `` The Chain of Screaming '' to `` The Pre-Nup '' Played by Bob Odenkirk , Arthur is a boss at Goliath National Bank and was also Marshall 's boss at Nicholson , Hewitt & West . Due to his habit of screaming at his employees , he is nicknamed `` Artillery Arthur . '' He has a dog named Tugboat . Virginia Mosby ( edit ) Appears in 8 episodes from `` Brunch '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Cristine Rose . Virginia is Ted 's mother , married to Alfred for 30 years before they get divorced . She marries Clint in `` Home Wreckers '' . Barney jokes on several occasions that he had sex with Virginia , although it is revealed in `` Unpause '' that they only shared a kiss . Alfred Mosby ( edit ) Appears in `` Brunch '' and Last Words Played by Michael Gross . Alfred is Ted 's father , married to Virginia for 30 years before they get divorced . He shares similar views on romance to Ted , being described as a `` head - in - the - clouds romantic '' by Virginia . Daphne ( edit ) Appears in 8 season 9 episodes from `` The Locket '' to `` Mom and Dad '' Played by Sherri Shepherd . When she , Marshall and Marvin get kicked off a plane , they spend the first half of season 9 travelling together . Marshall gets to know Daphne through the journey ; she has a daughter and is worried that she is not a good mother . Brad Morris ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Ted Mosby : Architect '' to `` Twelve Horny Women '' Played by Joe Manganiello , Brad is a friend of Marshall from law school . Brad and Marshall begin to hang out after they both discover they are single , following breakups with their respective girlfriends , Kara and Lily . The bromance between Brad and Marshall becomes increasingly awkward after they go to brunch and a musical together . Eventually , Brad gets back together with his girlfriend . He attends Marshall 's bachelor party and wedding and gets punched in the face by Barney when he tries to kiss Robin , although he bears no hard feelings . He appears in `` The Stamp Tramp '' , claiming to be in need of help but later revealing that he is the opposition lawyer in a big court case , putting Marshall 's job at risk . The trial takes place in `` Twelve Horny Women '' and Gruber Pharmaceuticals are found guilty but only have to pay $25,000 , because the judge is biased due to his attraction to Brad ; this leads to Marshall becoming a judge , as he realizes that is the position from which to effect the most change . His image appears in a flash forward in `` Rally '' when a news report shows him leading in exit polls over Marshall for New York State Supreme Court Judge in 2020 . The Captain ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Natural History '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Kyle MacLachlan , George van Smoot ( known by his nickname `` The Captain '' ) is introduced as Zoey Pierson 's husband at a gala at the Natural History Museum . He is obsessed with boats , an interest that Zoey does not share . Despite the Captain 's frightening demeanor , such as the murderous look he has in his eyes , he proves to be generous , if rather eccentric ; he is also seen to be somewhat shy because of the apparent age gap between him and most of Zoey 's peers . While he comes to like Ted , Ted 's fear of the Captain is exacerbated by the fact that Ted and Zoey are attracted to one another . Zoey eventually divorces the Captain and leaves him for Ted . A year after Ted breaks up with Zoey , the Captain unexpectedly runs into Ted , Robin and Lily at a gallery show . He reveals that he holds no hard feelings for Ted regarding his divorce with Zoey . During the gallery show , Lily 's advice about artwork , while initially dismissed by the Captain , proves to be invaluable and the Captain ends up hiring Lily as his new art consultant in `` The Ashtray '' . He announces his intention to move to Rome for a year and asks for Lily and her family to accompany him ; following a fight between Marshall and Lily , they do live in Italy for a year . The Captain has three Olympic gold medals in fencing and ends up engaged to Becky . Nick podarutti ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Hopeless '' to `` Splitsville '' Played by Michael Trucco , Nick is a love interest of Robin . They originally met in a clothes shop and later came face - to - face in a bar called `` Hopeless '' . Each had a crush on the other . Although Nick was supposed to be a recurring character in season 7 , Michael Trucco could not return as he was playing Justin Patrick in the second season of Fairly Legal . Instead , he began dating Robin in season 8 . Nick is characterized as overly emotional and unintelligent , and in `` Splitsville '' , Robin begins to get annoyed by these traits ( Nick 's groin injury prevents the two from having sex , so she begins to notice his personality more ) . They break up in the same episode , after Barney makes an impassioned speech about being in love with Robin ; although he tells her that he was lying , it is later revealed he was telling the truth . Robin Sr. ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Happily Ever After '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Eric Braeden in `` Happily Ever After '' and Ray Wise in all other appearances , Robin Charles Scherbatsky Sr. is an overbearing father who wanted a son . When the baby ( Robin ) turned out to be a girl , he raises her as a son , teaching her stereotypically male activities such as hunting . Robin Sr expresses his disappointment of his daughter over the years ; he has very little contact with her , becoming married without telling her . The two eventually reconcile . Bilson ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Life Among the Gorillas '' to `` The Leap '' Played by Bryan Callen . He works for Goliath National Bank as Barney and Marshall 's co-worker and fires Ted when he designed an Employee Termination Room that was too `` inspired '' . Scooter ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Best Prom Ever '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by David Burtka , Neil Patrick Harris ' real life husband , Scooter is Lily 's old high - school boyfriend and is obsessed with her . They broke up during their high - school prom after being in a relationship for a long time . Scooter appears over several seasons , during which he fails to win back Lily at her wedding , works as a waiter in a fine - dining restaurant and as a cafeteria server at her school . A flashback shows that Lily intimidated Scooter into hanging out with her during her days as a bully in 1994 . Scooter eventually marries Lily 's doppelganger , Jasmine the stripper . Gary Blauman ( edit ) Appears in 6 episodes from `` Life Among the Gorillas '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Taran Killam , Cobie Smulders ' real life husband , Gary was Barney and Marshall 's coworker until he quit . In `` The Chain of Screaming '' , Barney claims his life went downhill after being fired and that he eventually died . However , Blauman appears in later episodes ; he inexplicably starts hanging out with Bilson when the two of them start working for Goliath National Bank . In `` Gary Blauman '' , it is revealed that he slept with Barney 's brother James , in an affair leading to Tom and James nearly getting divorced . Don Frank ( edit ) Appears in 6 episodes from `` The Playbook '' to `` Doppelgangers '' Played by Benjamin Koldyke , Don is Robin 's boyfriend and co-anchor in season 5 , despite Robin originally disliking him . Robin decides to move into his apartment in `` Twin Beds '' . She is offered a job in Chicago but decides to stay for him . When offered the same job , Don accepts . In `` Unfinished '' , a drunken Robin is shown calling him , leaving death threats as she never got over their breakup . Doug Martin ( edit ) Appears in 6 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Tailgate '' Played by Will Sasso , Doug is an angry , violent bartender who beats up three men for sitting in the gang 's booth . Although he appears in the background of several significant events , he is only pointed out by Future Ted in `` The Fight '' . Jeanette peterson ( edit ) Appears in 5 episodes from `` P.S. I Love You '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Abby Elliott , Jeanette is the last person Ted dates before The Mother . A New York Police Department officer who stalks Ted for roughly a year and a half after he was featured in a magazine , Jeanette is described by the gang as `` crazy '' after she messes up Ted 's apartment , destroys Barney 's Playbook and throws Robin 's locket off a bridge . It is revealed in `` Gary Blauman '' that she ended up with Kevin the psychiatrist . Becky ( edit ) Appears in 5 episodes from `` Subway Wars '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Laura Bell Bundy , Becky is Robin 's replacement co-anchor for Don Frank at the morning talk show Come On , Get Up New York ! , and starts to eclipse Robin in the show . Her hyperactivity and cheerfulness wins over the production staff , but Robin dislikes her as she fails to remain professional on camera . In `` Canning Randy '' , she does a commercial about boats , giving her the nickname `` Boats Boats Boats '' . She marries The Captain . Curtis ( edit ) Appears in 5 season 9 episodes from `` Coming Back '' to `` Vesuvius '' Played by Roger Bart . He is the front desk clerk at the Farhampton Inn , who works there until at least 2024 . He is unintentionally condescending to Ted upon learning he is single . When The Mother shows up at the inn in the middle of the night , he gives her a key to Robin 's mother 's empty room . Claudia and Stuart bowers ( edit ) First Appearance : `` The Wedding '' ; Last Appearance : `` The Poker Game '' Claudia and Stuart are played by Virginia Williams and Matt Boren . Claudia and Stuart are about to get married when they make their first appearance . While Stuart is an easy - going , sensitive , and plain - looking man , Claudia is an attractive , blunt and somewhat high - strung woman ; despite their differences , they have a good relationship . As their wedding approaches , Claudia becomes increasingly stressed and refuses to allow Ted to bring Robin as a last - minute date to the wedding . Ted persuades Stuart , behind Claudia 's back , to allow him to bring Robin . Claudia and Stuart argue over this and break up before the wedding , although Marshall manages to convince them to get back together . The couple make minor recurring appearances afterward . Stuart attends Marshall 's bachelor party in `` Bachelor Party '' and briefly appears in `` Intervention '' . In `` Baby Talk '' , he and Claudia are seen to have a daughter named Esther . Stuart makes another appearance in `` The Over-Correction '' , where Ted blames him for failing to return Ted 's red cowboy boots . In `` The Poker Game '' , Stuart claims to have given Marshall and Lily a coffeemaker for their wedding , when it was really Ted 's present . In that episode it is also revealed that Stuart has been cheating on Claudia . The doppelgängers ( edit ) In `` Double Date '' , Ted mentions that the group has seen people who look exactly like them . This theme of five doppelgängers , one for each of the main characters ( excluding The Mother ) , continues throughout several episodes . The first three doppelgängers are seen in `` Double Date '' . `` Moustache Marshall '' appears on an advert on the side of a bus , and is spotted by Barney in MacLaren 's . `` Lesbian Robin '' is seen in the streets of New York . `` Stripper Lily '' ( known by the name `` Jasmine '' ) works at the Lusty Leopard and also appears in `` 46 Minutes '' and `` Gary Blauman '' , eventually marrying Scooter . `` Mexican Wrestler Ted '' is discovered in `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' . Barney 's doppelgänger is the most significant ; Lily and Marshall want a sign from `` the universe '' that they are ready to have children , and agree to start trying once they see Barney 's double . In `` Doppelgangers '' , Marshall meets a cab driver who he thinks is Barney 's doppelgänger , but who turns out to be Barney in disguise . Lily then sees a pretzel vendor and thinks he is the double ; in reality , the vendor looks nothing like Barney but they begin to try to have children as Marshall claims it means that Lily is subconsciously ready to have kids . Barney 's real doppelgänger , Doctor John Stangel , is revealed in `` Bad News '' . He is a fertility doctor , making Lily uncomfortable as she is convinced he is Barney in disguise . Guest stars ( edit ) As themselves Maury Povich in `` Subway Wars '' : a recurring joke in the episode is that the gang see Maury Povich everywhere and he appears in many scenes that occur simultaneously . Regis Philbin , along with Marshall , tries to track down `` The Best Burger in New York '' . He also hosts the fictional show Million Dollar Heads or Tails . Heidi Klum , Alessandra Ambrosio , Marissa Miller , Miranda Kerr and Adrianna Lima of Victoria 's Secret appear in `` The Yips '' . Marshall imagines a conversation between him and pictures of Kim Kardashian , Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag on the front page of his magazine in `` Benefits '' . Scenes were shot on November 12 , 2008 . Boyz II Men ( Wanya Morris , Nathan Morris and Shawn Stockman ) sing `` You Just Got Slapped '' at the end of `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' . Their appearance was described as `` a decent surprise '' by one critic ; another said their cameo `` did n't make sense '' ; a third described it as `` way random '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic reads a fan letter from Ted in `` Noretta '' . Ralph Macchio and William Zabka appear in `` The Bro Mitzvah '' as a surprise at Barney 's bachelor party ; William Zabka also appears in 6 other episodes from `` The Broken Code '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' , attending Barney 's wedding . Emmit Smith guest stars in `` Monday Night Football '' : Barney meets him when he tries to find out the Super Bowl result . One critic said his `` 60 - second bit was not funny '' . Jim Nantz appears in `` Perfect Week '' and `` Last Forever -- Part 2 '' ; in both episodes , Barney imagines being interviewed by him . In `` Perfect Week '' , his appearance was complimented by Donna Bowman from The A.V. Club . Frank Viola phones Marshall , who is unable to speak to him because of a jinx , in `` The Final Page -- Part 1 '' . Nick Swisher , a former New York Yankee , walks into MacLaren 's during `` Perfect Week '' . This attracts the attention of the girl Barney was trying to pick up . His appearance on the show was first announced in December 2009 ; his episode aired in February 2010 . Funk musician George Clinton appears in `` Where Were We ? '' , in a scene imagined by Marshall . Robin Pierson said Clinton 's scene was `` pure silliness '' and Marshall 's imaginings were `` just a stupid excuse to give Clinton a part on the show '' . Game show host Bob Barker appears in `` Showdown '' , hosting The Price is Right in which Barney competes . Barney claims Bob Barker is his father , a lie told by his mother . Staci Krause said `` Barney 's emotional closing words to Bob Barker almost brought tears to ( her ) eyes '' . Pierson said `` the writers handled ( Barney 's storyline ) beautifully '' . Tim Gunn appears in 5 episodes from `` Girls Versus Suits '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . First appearing in the 100th episode of the show , he is Barney 's tailor and in season 9 , goes to Farhampton during Barney 's wedding weekend . Tim Gunn designs Barney 's wedding tux ; they play poker together in `` The Poker Game '' and in `` Sunrise '' , a drunk Barney takes Justin and Kyle to Tim Gunn to be fitted for suits . Brian Zoromski said Gunn `` seemed a little bit stilted in his delivery '' ; however , Hannigan said he was `` more popular than Britney Spears '' and that she `` ( wanted ) him back in every episode '' . He was third in a list of best guest stars in the show by Bustle . Alex Trebek appears in `` False Positive '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' . In the former , a Christmas special , he hosts the fictional game show Million Dollar Heads or Tails ; it was announced Trebek would appear in the show on December 13 by TV Guide on November 17 , 2014 . Later , Trebek appeared alongside a number of Canadian guest stars in `` P.S. I Love You '' in an episode centered around `` Robin Sparkles '' . Alan Thicke appears in 5 episodes from `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' to `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' . In the Robin Sparkles music video `` Sandcastles in the Sand , '' he was cast as Sparkles ' dad . In `` The Rough Patch '' , he was hired by Lily to help with a plan to break Robin and Barney up ; one critic said about the episode `` anything Alan Thicke - related was funny '' while another said the highlight of the episode was Thicke telling Barney that he and Robin once worked together on a Canadian variety show . It was revealed in `` Glitter '' that Thicke worked with Robin and Jessica Glitter in the variety show `` Space Teens '' . Thicke appeared in `` P.S. I Love You '' , where he beats Barney easily in a fight , after Barney mistakenly thinks Robin had a crush on Thicke as a teenager . Thicke 's final appearance on the show was in `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' , where he sings a Crash Test Dummies song . However , Thicke also appeared on a website made specifically for the show , CanadianSexActs.org , featured in the episode `` Old King Clancy '' . Jason Priestley , Paul Schaeffer , Geddy Lee , Dave Coulier , k.d. Lang , Luc Robitaille and Steven Page appear in a fictional documentary during `` P.S. I Love You '' ; it was announced these Canadian guest stars would appear in a Robin Sparkles - related episode on January 7 , 2013 , roughly a month before the episode aired . As characters Abby Played by Britney Spears ; appears in `` Ten Sessions '' and `` Everything Must Go '' . Abby is Stella 's receptionist . Very energetic and scatterbrained , she developed an obsessive crush on Ted while he was pursuing Stella . Barney ended up sleeping with her . It was announced Spears would appear on the show in March 2008 ; most critics complimented her acting in `` Ten Sessions '' , with Segel noting that she improvised a few `` really good '' lines . However , her scenes in `` Everything Must Go '' were described as `` rushed and awkward '' , and her character as `` silly '' . An article in Bustle ranked her top in a list of guest stars on How I Met Your Mother . Amy Played by Mandy Moore ; appears in `` Wait for It '' . A girl who Ted meets at MacLaren 's shortly after breaking up with Robin . After committing theft and trespassing in someone else 's home , she takes an intoxicated Ted to get a tattoo , a butterfly on his lower back which his friends call a `` tramp stamp '' . She was described by IGN as `` fantastic in her brief role '' ; Joel Keller of TV Squad originally said Moore `` does n't pull ( her hard - ass role ) off '' , although later said that she was n't too bad . Moore described her kiss with Radnor as `` unbelievably awkward '' , although Radnor said `` she was a really good fake kisser '' . Anita Appleby Played by Jennifer Lopez ; appears in `` Of Course '' . Anita has written a book about dating , encouraging women to `` train '' men and refrain from sex until they have had seventeen dates with a person ; after being interviewed by Robin on the news , Robin hires her to seduce Barney . Gael Played by : Enrique Iglesias , the guy Robin appears with when returning from Argentina after the breakup with Ted . He appears in the first two episodes of the third season , `` Wait For It '' and `` We 're Not from Here '' . Genevieve Scherbatsky Played by Tracey Ullman , Robin 's mother appears in three episodes of season 9 from `` Vesuvius '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . Honey Played by Katy Perry ; appears in `` Oh Honey '' . She is Zoey van Smoot 's cousin , the gullible character who Barney eventually sleeps with . As Future Ted can not recall her real name , she is referred to as `` Honey '' . Perry 's appearance was described as a `` gimmick '' , but still praised . Jessica Glitter Played by Nicole Scherzinger ; appears in `` Glitter '' . She plays an old friend of Robin 's from Canada . Glitter was her character 's name on a Canadian TV show called `` Space Teens '' where she and Robin used math to complete missions in space . Tiffany Played by Carrie Underwood ; appears in `` Hooked '' . Ted is said to be `` on the hook '' for this girl : he is infatuated with her while she is just friends with him . Brian Zoromski of The A.V. Club described her acting as `` decent '' , especially for a `` singer turned actor '' . Other characters ( edit ) `` Blah Blah '' / Carol Played by Abigail Spencer ; appears in `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` Gary Blauman '' . She meets Ted on World of Warcraft and when she is introduced to the gang , they spend the night wondering whether she is crazy . Ted calls her `` blah blah '' upon recounting the story to his children in `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , as he can not remember the girl 's name ; this joke was called `` ridiculously funny '' by one critic . She appears again in `` Gary Blauman '' , where Ted suddenly remembers that her name was Carol . Mrs. Buckminster Played by Jane Carr ; appears in `` Nannies '' . She is a `` delightful '' nanny but Marshall and Lily can not afford her salary . Barney tries to pay , but Lily realises she feels uncomfortable leaving Marvin with a stranger . Carly Whittaker Played by Ashley Benson ; appears in `` Ring Up ! '' . She is Barney 's half - sister , whom Ted briefly dates . Cathy Played by Lindsay Price ; appears in `` Spoiler Alert '' . Ted is happy dating Cathy until his friends point out that she never stops talking . Once Ted realises this , it starts to annoy him and they eventually break up . Cindy Played by Rachel Bilson ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Girls Versus Suits '' to `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . She is a PhD candidate who dates Ted . Her roommate turns out to be The Mother . Cindy turns out to be a lesbian and marries Casey . Cindy , who first appears in the show 's 100th episode , `` is very important to the ultimate story '' according to Bays . Coat - Check Girl Played by Jayma Mays ; appears in `` Okay Awesome '' and `` The Time Travelers '' . Ted meets this girl at a dance club , but never calls her ; several years later , he imagines her dropping by at MacLaren 's . Darren Played by Andrew Rannells ; appears in `` Bass Player Wanted '' and `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . Tracy invited him to join her band , and he quickly began to take over it , culminating in him firing Tracy . Darren tries to ruin friendships between Ted and Barney , and Lily and Robin ; one critic said `` his shit - starting added an edge to everybody 's dynamic . '' Daryl Played by Seth Green in `` The Final Page -- Part 1 '' . A friend from their college days , Daryl became obsessed with Lily and Marshall . He runs a successful business selling Hacky Sacks . Max Nicholson said `` Daryl 's `` Hackmigos '' bit was a little bizarre , but funny . '' Garrison Cootes Played by Martin Short ; appears in 3 episodes from `` The Naked Truth '' to `` The Burning Beekeeper '' . He is Marshall 's `` workaholic boss '' and an `` environmental pixie '' at the Natural Resources Defense Council . It was announced that Short would appear on the show playing Marshall 's boss in June 2011 . Genevieve Scherbatsky Played by Tracey Ullman ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Vesuvius '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . She is Robin 's mother , but the gang know very little about her until she is finally seen in season 9 . Nicholson described her scene in `` Vesuvius '' as `` an appearance that fans have been waiting to see since the season began '' . Hammond Druthers Played by Bryan Cranston ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Aldrin Justice '' to `` Platonish '' . Druthers is a condescending architect who is Ted 's boss at their architecture firm . Druthers designs a building in Spokane , Washington that , according to Ted and Lily , looks like an erect penis ; their client accepts Ted 's design instead . Druthers is then forced to work under Ted . It was announced in 2013 that Cranston would return to the show . In the ninth season ( during `` Platonish '' ) , Druthers offers Ted a new job but Ted declines ; an editor for Vulture criticized Cranston 's appearance in this episode . Janice Aldrin Played by Meagen Fay ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Bachelor Party '' to `` The Sexless Innkeeper '' . Janice is Lily 's mother , who divorced Lily 's father ( Mickey ) in 1985 . She and Lily do not have a good relationship . Jen Played by Lindsay Sloane ; appears in `` Double Date '' . Ted and Jen are set up on a blind date in 2002 and again in 2009 . Jefferson Coatsworth Played by John Cho ; appears in `` I 'm Not That Guy '' . He interviews Marshall for the Nicholson , Hewitt & West law firm . Jenkins Played by Amanda Peet ; appears in `` Jenkins '' . Jenkins is a lawyer at Goliath National Bank . She kisses Marshall when drunk and is attacked by Lily when she finds out . Jerome Whittaker Played by John Lithgow ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Legendaddy '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . Barney begins to wonder who his real father is after James meets his own biological father in `` Cleaning House '' . Though Barney refuses Loretta 's initial offer to reveal his father , he discovers in `` Natural History '' that it is Jerome , although Barney was told as a child that Jerome was his uncle . Barney is disappointed that Jerome is a `` lame suburban dad '' . Jerome has a wife named Cheryl and two children : J.J. ( Jerome Junior ) and Carly . Kara Played by Aisha Kabia ; appears in `` Ted Mosby : Architect '' and `` World 's Greatest Couple '' . Marshall 's friend from law school and Brad 's old girlfriend . Karen Played by Laura Prepon ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Sorry , Bro '' to `` Say Cheese '' , as well as being mentioned in several others . Ted 's first real girlfriend , Karen is depicted as highly sarcastic and snooty , which results in Marshall and Lily loathing her . The feeling is mutual , as Karen also has a low opinion of Ted 's friends . Karen enjoys berets , Bordeaux wine and Baudelaire 's erotic poetry . While Ted is deeply in love with her , Karen cheats on him every time she wants to break up . Karen is often described by critics as `` Ted 's worst girlfriend '' . Katie Scherbatsky Played by Lucy Hale ; appears in 4 episodes from `` First Time in New York '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . Katie visits Robin ( her sister ) in New York and Robin reacts badly when she discovers Katie is planning to lose her virginity to a boy named Kyle . Bustle ranked her second in a list of best guest stars in the series . Klaus Played by Thomas Lennon ; appears in `` Farhampton '' and `` The Pre-Nup '' . Klaus is Victoria 's fiancé . They were classmates at Victoria 's culinary fellowship in Germany but enter a relationship roughly a day after Ted and Victoria break up . He appears on - screen in `` Farhampton '' as Victoria 's groom , but both of them get cold feet at their wedding . The failure of the wedding sends Klaus into a spiral and he briefly stays at Ted 's apartment . Professor Lewis Played by Jane Seymour ; appears in `` Aldrin Justice '' . Professor Lewis is Marshall 's recently divorced law professor who is considered a `` cougar '' by Barney . He has sex with her several times . Liddy Gates Played by Mircea Monroe ; appears in `` Romeward Bound '' . She is Barney and Robin 's wedding planner , and has a `` ridonkulous '' body according to Ted and Barney . Mary Played by Erinn Bartlett ; appears in `` Mary the Paralegal '' . Although she is a paralegal , Barney tells Ted she is a prostitute . After initially refusing , Ted tries to have sex with Mary but when he calls her a prostitute she slaps him . Maggie Wilks Played by JoAnna Garcia Swisher ; appears in `` The Window '' . She is described by Ted as so perfect that every person that meets her falls in love with her . Ted tries three times to start a relationship with her , between her long - term relationships with other men , but fails each time as when he arrives she is already dating another man . Marissa Heller Played by Darby Stanchfield ; appears in `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' . She used to live in Ted and Marshall 's apartment and they occasionally receive mail supposed to go to her . Mrs. Matsen Played by Renee Taylor ; appears in 3 episodes from `` As Fast As She Can '' to `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 2 '' . She is Ted 's neighbor and helps Marshall reunite Ted and Zoe in `` Oh Honey '' . Max Played by Geoff Stults ; appears in `` Subway Wars '' and `` Architect of Destruction '' . He dated Robin briefly . ' Crazy ' Meg Played by April Bowlby ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Dowisetrepla '' to `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' . A girl who appears obsessed with commitment , Meg initially hooks up with Barney in an apartment that Marshall and Lily later buy , but was arrested for trespassing when Barney leaves her there . In `` The Rough Patch '' , she is part of Lily 's plan to break up Robin and Barney , with whom she is still obsessed . Naomi the ' Slutty Pumpkin ' Played by Katie Holmes ; appears in `` The Slutty Pumpkin Returns '' , after being the subject of `` Slutty Pumpkin '' . After meeting her at a Halloween party ten years earlier , Ted believed that they were very compatible but lost the candy bar where she had written her phone number . For years , Ted wore the same costume and attended the same party in hopes of running into her again . By chance , he finally finds her costume and tracks her down , but finds that they are not as well - matched as they believed . They break up . Nate `` Scooby '' Scooberman Played by Robbie Amell ; appears in `` A Change of Heart '' and `` The Exploding Meatball Sub '' . Robin finds this enthusiastic guy in the park and is slow to realize his dog - like qualities . Nora Zinman Played by Danneel Ackles ; appears in `` Shelter Island '' . Nora is Stella 's sister . After her fiancé ran off , Stella offered to take over her sister 's wedding with Ted . Penelope Played by Amy Acker ; appears in `` Come On '' . A girl who hooked up with Barney twice , Penelope tries to teach Ted how to do a rain dance . PJ Played by Ryan Sypek ; appears in `` Mosbius Designs '' . For a brief time , he is Ted 's office assistant and dates Robin . Punchy Played by Chris Romano ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' to `` The Best Man '' . Adam `` Punchy '' Punciarello is Ted 's high school buddy . Ted experiences `` revertigo '' when he 's around Punchy : he acts the way he was in high school . The gang attends Punchy 's wedding in `` The Best Man '' . Randy Wharmpess Played by Will Forte ; appears in `` Rebound Bro '' and `` Canning Randy '' . An employee of Goliath National Bank 's legal department , Randy worships Barney . Randy 's ineffectiveness results in his sacking , but is rehired as Marshall feels guilty . Randy then resorts to destroying Marshall 's office to get fired again , wanting a severance package so he can establish a new microbrewery for his signature beer . Rhonda French Played by Stephanie Faracy ; appears in `` The Yips '' . A friend of Loretta Stinson , Rhona is known as the `` man - maker '' as she has made many men lose their virginity , including Barney . Sam Gibbs Played by Ben Vereen ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Cleaning House '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . He is James Stinson 's father , who was absent from his childhood as Loretta did not want him around . James meets him at the age of 37 . Sam officiates at Barney and Robin 's wedding . Sarah O'Brien Played by Beth Lacke ; appears in `` Matchmaker '' . She is an engaged dermatologist deemed to be extremely compatible with Ted by Love Solutions , a dating service . Sascha Played by Carla Toutz ; appears in `` Sweet Taste of Liberty '' . An airport security officer , Sascha invites Barney and Ted back to her house for an incredibly disappointing `` party '' . Shelly Played by Eva Amurri ; appears in `` The Playbook '' and `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' . Shelly is a teacher who works at Lily 's school . After she sees Ted stuffing himself with chicken wings , Lily waits three years before trying to fix them up again . However , Barney sleeps with her before Ted can meet her . Simon Tremblay Played by James Van Der Beek ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' to `` Bedtime Stories '' . Robin 's Canadian ex-boyfriend , who broke up with her to date Louise Marsh . Years later , he visits Robin in New York and they briefly date ; he breaks up with her a second time , again to date Louise Marsh . He later becomes engaged to Louise and Robin steals and eats his wedding cake . Dr. Sonya Played by Vicki Lewis ; appears in three episodes from `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' to `` The Magician 's Code -- Part One '' . She is Lily 's doctor and helps her give birth to Marvin , as well as being the doctor who tells Robin she is infertile . Stacy Gusar Played by Janet Varney ; appears in `` Little Boys '' . Barney and Ted try to sleep with her in order to determine who has the most `` game '' . Steve Biel Played by Kevin Heffernan ; appears in `` I 'm Not That Guy '' . He is a porn star who performs under the name `` Ted Mosby '' . Steve ' Blitz ' Henry Played by Jorge Garcia ; appears in `` Blitzgiving '' and `` Gary Blauman '' . He is a college friend of Ted and Marshall , who gets his nickname from the curse he has : amazing events occur whenever he leaves . He passes the curse on to several other characters , including Barney and Ted , before the curse gets passed back to him . He makes numerous allusions to Jorge Garcia 's Lost character . Tom Played by Jai Rodriguez ; appears in `` The Rebound Girl '' and `` Gary Blauman '' . Tom marries James Stinson and they adopt two children , Eli and Sadie . James cheats on Tom and they almost get divorced . Lucy Zinman Played by Darcy Rose Byrnes . Daughter of Stella and Tony , she is often seen happily around Ted and her parents . Appears in 5 episodes from `` Rebound Bro '' to `` Happily Ever After '' Tony Grafanello Played by Jason Jones ; appears in three episodes from `` Shelter Island '' to `` As Fast As She Can '' . He dated Stella and they have a child together . Stella leaves Ted at the altar and gets back together with Tony . Feeling guilty for `` stealing '' Stella , Tony gets Ted a college teaching position . Subsequently , Tony made a movie about their love triangle called The Wedding Bride , and two sequels were later released . Ted is infuriated at his portrayal as a stereotypical , over-the top antagonist , although his friends find it hilarious and , at times , quite accurate . Trudy Played by Danica McKellar ; appears in `` The Pineapple Incident '' and `` Third Wheel '' . She ends up in Ted 's bed after he gets really drunk . In a later episode , Ted tries to have a threesome with her and another girl , although it is never said whether he did or not . Professor Vinick Played by Peter Gallagher ; appears in `` The Final Page -- Part 1 '' . He told Ted he 'd never make it as an architect , damaging Ted 's self - esteem and causing him to bear a grudge . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvin appeared in `` Desperation Day '' , `` Noretta '' , `` Tailgate '' , `` The Pre-Nup '' and `` Sunrise '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TCA : ' HIMYM ' Series Finale Scene With The Kids Shot In ' 06 '' . Deadline . PMC . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Fans Are Not Happy With The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Series Finale '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel . `` How I Met Your Mother Series Finale : Twitter Erupts With Angry Fans ' Rage '' . US magazine . Jump up ^ Marseca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana . `` Alternate Ending for ' How I Met Your Mother ' Leaks Online '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ `` Final `` How I Met Your Mother '' scene filmed 8 years ago `` . CBS News . Associated Press . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Farewell , How I Met Your Mother : Ted 's ' Daughter ' and ' Son ' Spill 7 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Kids Lose It In Funny Final Season Trailer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 7 . Episode 23 . May 14 , 2012 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Creators Share 6 Plans for the ( Possibly Final ) Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 ( DVD ) . 2005 . Universal Product Code . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . TV Squad . AOL . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Platinum Rule '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 11 . December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Climax to CBS series filmed 8 years ago '' . Yahoo TV . Associated Press . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TCA : ' HIMYM ' Series Finale Scene With The Kids Shot In ' 06 '' . Deadline.com . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Boss on ( Spoiler ) 's Return : ' She 's Part of the Endgame ' '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` All of Ted 's Girlfriends on How I Met Your Mother , Ranked '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Stamina '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 10 . November 27 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Something Borrowed '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 21 . May 7 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 10 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Mikey ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Carter Bays talks ' Last Words ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' exec defends recent story arc '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vesuvius '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 19 . March 3 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ Carlson , Meghan ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Review : Where 's Maury ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regis Philbin to Guest on How I Met Your Mother '' . TV Guide . August 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Underwear Models Flock to ' HIMYM ' '' . Chicago Tribune . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Beauty of a ' Mother ' as Six Victoria 's Secret Supermodels Guest Star on CBS ' `` How I Met Your Mother , '' Monday , Nov. 26 '' ( Press release ) . CBS . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristin Dos Santos ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Joins Speidi on HIMYM '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kamer , Foster ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Great Moments in TV Cameos : Boyz II Men , on `` How I Met Your Mother , '' Singing The Slap Song ( Video ) `` . Complex . Rich Antoniello . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : Slappy Seconds '' . Vulture . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Gold ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Noretta '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' scoop : William Zabka returns for final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Billy Zabka on How I Met Your Mother , the Zabkatage , and Sweeping the Leg '' . Vulture . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Monday Night Football '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Perfect Week '' `` . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Final Page , Part One '' / `` The Final Page , Part Two '' `` . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Yankee Slugger Nick Swisher Heads to ' HIMYM ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Yankee champ Nick Swisher to guest on How I Met Your Mother '' . HuffPost TV . AOL . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Episode 1 - Where Were We '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Showdown '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` Episode 20 - Showdown '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' 100th episode review - Sepinwall on TV '' . NJ.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hefa , Kiran ; Shultz , Cara ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Revisit the Stars Who Played Themselves on How I Met Your Mother '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Girls vs. Suits Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eng , Joyce ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Singing Suits : How I Met Your Mother Throws `` a Little Party '' for 100th Episode `` . TV Guide . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Primeau , Jamie ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` 35 Best ' How I Met Your Mother ' Guest Stars -- Including Some You Totally Forgot About '' . Bustle . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' host Trebek for ' HIMYM ' role '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Kate ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Alex Trebek to Guest Star on How I Met Your Mother '' . TV Guide . CBS Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Alex Trebek to cameo on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ( Cue : Sean Connery mom jokes now ) '' . PopWatch / Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Robin Sparkles Returns With Alex Trebek And More Canadians ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adds Slew of Canadian Guest Stars for ' Robin Sparkles ' Episode '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Max ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Canadian Stars Invade How I Met Your Mother '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Rough Patch '' `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : The Rough Patch Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Glitter '' `` . The A.V. Club . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` P.S. I Love You '' `` . The A.V. Club . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vitcavage , Adam ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review : `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' ( Episode 9.12 ) `` . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Canada , Alan Thicke and a mystery couple at ' The Rehearsal Dinner ' '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lasser , Josh ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : How they do it in Canada ' '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Canadian Sex Acts '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orloff , Brian ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Britney to guest star on How I Met Your Mother '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Brit shines ! '' . New York Post . Jesse Angelo . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears beings rehab of image with wacky cameo on CBS sitcom '' . New York Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears has ' Great comic timing , ' say the stars of ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Everything Must Go '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Episode 19 - Everything Must Go '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Stacy ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Wait for It '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother season three -- An early look '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Wait For It ( season premiere ) '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` Moore Felt `` Awkward '' Kissing Radnor on ' How I Met Your Mother ' `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Of Course Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tracey Ullman interview : ' I was a one - hit wonder in 1984 and I 'm still here ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Oh Honey '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' review : Katy Perry was a Honey , and Jennifer Morrison just as sweet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Oh Honey '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend had a wig like me ? Nicole Scherzinger goes back to the Eighties for cameo How I Met Your Mother '' . Daily Mail . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Glitter '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Hooked Review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` How I Met Everyone Else '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorren , Martha ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Says Goodbye to Patrice , Ranjit , and More ... But Way Too Quickly '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : Child 's Play '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peloquin , Bill ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` '' How I Met Your Mother '' -- Nannies episode review `` . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kornowski , Liat ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 8 , Episode 14 Recap : Ted Robs The Cradle By Dating Ashley Benson '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` The best ' How I Met Your Mother ' episodes : ' The Pineapple Incident , ' ' Slap Bet ' and 9 more '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Casts Rachel Bilson , Tim Gunn , Kenny Rogers In Its Fifth Season '' . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' star Jayma Mays returning to ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Becki Newton and Jayma Mays return '' . Zap2It . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : The Gang 's All Here '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Final Page '' Review `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arbeiter , Michael . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Recap : The Burning Beekeeper '' . Hollywood . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Field Trip '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Martin Short Joins How I Met Your Mother '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Vesuvius '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Bryan Cranston Returns In ' Platonish ' '' . The Huffington Post . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : Clocking Robin '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gossett , Eric ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Mosby 's 10 Best & Worst Girlfriend '' . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Ranking Ted Mosby 's Girlfriends On How I Met Your Mother '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ducky Tie '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 7 . Episode 3 . September 26 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Jorge Garcia makes a Thanksgiving visit '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Amid all the fun , there 's even a wink - wink reference to those unlucky `` Lost '' numbers and the island . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_How_I_Met_Your_Mother_characters&oldid=801660935 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Lists of American comedy - drama television series characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Íslenska Italiano Magyar Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the stars of how i met your mother | [
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nS1\nS2\nS3\nS4\nS5\nS6\nS7\nS8\nS9\n\n\nCharacter\nMain Characters\n\n\nTed Mosby\nJosh Radnor\n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky\nCobie Smulders\n\n\nBarney Stinson\nNeil Patrick Harris\n\n\nLily Aldrin\nAlyson Hannigan\n\n\nMarshall Eriksen\nJason Segel\n\n\nTracy McConnell1\n \nCristin Milioti2\n\n\nFuture Ted\nBob Saget (voice, credited)\n\n\nCharacter\nSecondary characters\n\n\nArthur Hobbs\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \nBob Odenkirk\n \n\n\nBecky\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n \nLaura Bell Bundy\n\n\nBilson\nBryan Callen\n \nBryan Callen\n \n\n\nBrad Morris\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \nJoe Manganiello\n \n\n\nThe Captain\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n \nKyle MacLachlan\n\n\nCarl MacLaren\nJoe Nieves\n \nJoe Nieves\n\n\nClaudia Bowers\nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n \nVirginia Williams\n\n\nCurtis\n \nRoger Bart\n\n\nDaphne\n \nSherri Shepherd\n\n\nDon Frank\n \nBenjamin Koldyke\n \n\n\nDoug Martin\nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \nWill Sasso\n \n\n\nGary Blauman\nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n \nTaran Killam\n\n\nJames Stinson\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n \nWayne Brady\n\n\nJeanette Peterson\n \nAbby Elliott\n\n\nJudy Eriksen\nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n \nSuzie Plakson\n\n\nKevin Venkataraghavan\n \nKal Penn\n \nKal Penn\n\n\nLinus\n \nRobert Belushi\n\n\nLoretta Stinson\n \nMegan Mullally\n \nFrances Conroy\n \nFrances Conroy\n\n\nLucy Zinman\n \nDarcy Rose Byrnes\n \n\n\nLuke Mosby\nDavid Henrie3\n\n\nMarcus Eriksen\nNed Rolsma\n \nNed Rolsma\nGibson Sjobek (young)\n\n\nMarvin W. Eriksen4\n \nUncredited\nJake Elliott\nAugust Maturo\nSpencer Ralston\n\n\nMarvin Eriksen\nBill Fagerbakke\n \nBill Fagerbakke\n\n\nMickey Aldrin\n \nChris Elliott\n\n\nNick Podarutti\n \nMichael Trucco\n \nMichael Trucco\n \n\n\nNora\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n \nNazanin Boniadi\n\n\nPatrice\n \nEllen D. Williams\n\n\nPenny Mosby\nLyndsy Fonseca3\n\n\nQuinn Garvey\n \nBecki Newton\n \n\n\nRobin Scherbatsky Sr.\n \nEric Braeden\n \nRay Wise\n\n\nRanjit Singh\nMarshall Manesh\n\n\nSandy Rivers\nAlexis Denisof\n \nAlexis Denisof\n\n\nScooter\nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n \nDavid Burtka\n\n\nStella Zinman\n \nSarah Chalke\n \nSarah Chalke\n\n\nStuart Bowers\nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n \nMatt Boren\n\n\nVictoria\nAshley Williams\n \nAshley Williams\n\n\nVirginia Mosby\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n \nCristine Rose\n\n\nWendy the Waitress\nCharlene Amoia\n \n\n\nZoey Pierson\n \nJennifer Morrison\n\nJennifer Morrison\n\n"
] | [
"Josh Radnor",
"Cobie Smulders",
"Neil Patrick Harris",
"Alyson Hannigan",
"Jason Segel",
"Bob Saget (voice, credited)",
"Cristin Milioti"
] |
-677582722606844458 | Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical) | Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( musical ) - Wikipedia Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Official London artwork Music Marc Shaiman Lyrics Marc Shaiman Scott Wittman Book David Greig Basis Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Productions 2013 West End 2017 Broadway Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a stage musical based on the 1964 children 's novel of the same name by Roald Dahl , with book by David Greig , music by Marc Shaiman and lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman . The musical premiered in London 's West End at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in June 2013 and ran for 3 years and 7 months before closing in January 2017 . The show was reworked for a Broadway production opening in April 2017 at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre and ran almost 9 months before closing in January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production history 2.1 West End ( 2013 ) 2.2 Broadway ( 2017 ) 2.3 UK Tour 2.4 US Tour 3 Synopsis 3.1 London 3.1. 1 Act I 3.1. 2 Act II 3.2 Broadway 3.2. 1 Act I 3.2. 2 Act II 4 Musical numbers 4.1 London 4.2 Broadway 4.3 Cast albums 4.3. 1 Original London cast recording 4.3. 2 Original Broadway cast recording 5 Principal roles and cast members 5.1 Notable West End replacements 6 Critical reception 6.1 West End 6.2 Broadway 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 London production 7.2 Broadway production 8 References 9 External links 9.1 West End 9.2 Broadway Background ( edit ) The musical is based on the 1964 children 's novel by Roald Dahl . A first reading of the first act from the show was carried out in New York City in May 2010 , with the intention of opening in London the following year . Officially confirmed on 18 June 2012 , producers announced that the show would play the London Palladium beginning in May 2013 , with tickets going on sale in October 2012 , before the venue was later changed to the Theatre Royal Drury Lane . The book was written by playwright David Greig with original score composed by Marc Shaiman and lyrics by Scott Wittman and Shaiman . The production was directed by Sam Mendes , with choreography by Peter Darling , accompanied with the assistance Brandon Duncan , set design by Mark Thompson and lighting design by Paul Pyant . The show presents a more contemporary version of the original story . During previews many changes took place , with the most major change to the show being the addition of the Great Glass Elevator . Production history ( edit ) West End ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory bill boards at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 2014 . Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was scheduled to begin previews on 17 May 2013 , at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , London , before holding its official opening night on 25 June 2013 . The show was originally due to open at the London Palladium . Douglas Hodge was cast in the lead role of Willy Wonka , with further casting announced on 11 January 2013 . Previews of the show were delayed by five days until 22 May , due to `` unforeseen problems in the delivery of a piece of stage engineering by a contractor '' . Shortly after opening night the booking period for the show was extended until May 2014 , with a further extension to November 2014 , after approximately 300,000 people having attended the show by October 2013 . The production booking had been further extended till 3 December 2016 . The show currently holds the record for the highest weekly gross in the West End , grossing £ 1,080,260 during the week commencing 30 December 2013 . The first major cast change took place in May 2014 , when Alex Jennings replaced Hodge as Wonka . In May 2015 a second cast change took place , with Jonathan Slinger as Wonka . On 23 February 2016 , booking was once again extended through January 2017 . The West End production closed at Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on 7 January 2017 , after running 1293 days at the theatre . Broadway ( 2017 ) ( edit ) A reworked version of the show opened on Broadway in spring 2017 with changes including new direction by Jack O'Brien , choreography by Josh Bergasse and a new set design by original designer Mark Thompson . Mendes stays as producer only . O'Brien stated the score would pay homage to the Leslie Bricusse / Anthony Newley songs written for the 1971 film and would also feature the songs written by Shaiman and Wittman . In August 2016 , O'Brien confirmed that `` The Candy Man '' and `` Pure Imagination '' would be included in the musical . On 9 May 2016 it was announced that the show will open at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre starring Christian Borle as Willy Wonka . Previews began on 28 March 2017 and an opening night occurred on 23 April 2017 . Reviews of the production were mixed to negative , with some critics citing poor staging and restructuring of the story as primary issues . The Broadway production is notably darker than the original production , with the four rotten Golden Ticket winners meeting grisly demises in the second act . For this production , the characters of Augustus Gloop , Violet Beauregarde , Veruca Salt and Mike Teavee are played by adult actors , unlike the child actors in the London production , while the character of Charlie remains to be played by child actors . On 15 November 2017 it was announced that production would close on 14 January 2018 after playing 27 previews and 305 performances . UK tour ( edit ) In the announcement of the closure of the London production , it was also announced that there will be a UK tour was planned along with the Broadway production with dates , locations and casts to be announced at a later date . US tour ( edit ) A US tour is planned to go underway starting September 2018 , with cast , location and dates to be announced at a later date . Synopsis ( edit ) London ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The play opens with Charlie Bucket searching for valuables in a dump near his home . As he picks up candy wrappers , he speaks with a mysterious tramp , and heads home to his family ( `` Almost Nearly Perfect '' ) . His home is a one - room shack under a railway arch . As he and his grandparents wait for their cabbage soup to boil , they tell Charlie about Willy Wonka ( `` The Amazing Tale of Mr. Willy Wonka '' ) . After Charlie 's father returns home dispirited from lack of work Charlie 's mother tries to lift his spirits by saying he will find work when the parents begin singing about Charlie and what they have ( ' if your mother were here ' ) later Charlie pens a letter about what he 'd invented for his family to Wonka , folds it into a paper airplane and sends it flying out into the night ( `` A Letter from Charlie Bucket '' ) . The next morning , Mrs. Bucket returns home from her night job and explains to the rest of the family that Willy Wonka is holding a competition where five lucky contestants must buy Wonka Bars to find a Golden Ticket to his factory and a lifetime 's supply of candy . Charlie is desperate to win one , but he has no money . On their homemade TV , they hear of the first Golden Ticket winner , an obese Bavarian boy named Augustus Gloop ( `` More of Him to Love '' ) . They soon learn that another ticket has been found by a spoiled British girl named Veruca Salt . Mr. Salt recounts how he won the ticket for his daughter ( `` When Veruca Says '' ) . Charlie 's birthday arrives , and his grandparents give him a Wonka Bar , but are disappointed when there is no Golden Ticket . As he eats , they hear of the discovery of the third Golden Ticket , in Hollywood by wannabe gum - chewing celebrity , Violet Beauregarde . She and her father brag about how they will now be even more famous because of the Golden Ticket and how Violet is going to be the `` biggest '' diva ever ( `` The Double Bubble Duchess '' ) . Shortly after , the TV announces another Golden Ticket discovery , Mike Teavee and the Teavee family . Mike is a violent and obnoxious bully who is addicted to television and video games , and whose frantic mother spoils him rotten and explains his hazardous activities and how he used Wonka 's password to get his Golden Ticket . ( `` It 's Teavee Time '' ) . With all but one ticket gone and no money to buy a bar , Charlie is desolate . His parents sing about how they wish they could raise their son together and about how they hope for a better life ( `` If Your Mother Were Here '' ) . Winter comes , and one day Charlie finds some money dropped by a rich couple . Encouraged by the mysterious tramp , he buys a Wonka Bar , and finds a Golden Ticket inside that prompts Grandpa Joe to get out of bed and walk for the first time in forty years ( `` Do n't Ya Pinch Me , Charlie '' ) . On the day they are to enter the factory , Charlie and Grandpa Joe feel out of place amidst all the hoopla on the red carpet . Finally , the moment of truth arrives . With a choral fanfare , the factory door swings open and all eyes to turn to see the mysterious Willy Wonka , invites the Golden Ticket winners into his factory to see all the wonders ( `` It Must Be Believed to Be Seen '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) Wonka gathers the ticket winners and explains the rules and regulations of the factory ( `` Strike That ! Reverse It ! '' ) . With the contracts signed , Wonka then welcomes them into the Chocolate Room . As the children explore , the parents ask Wonka what its purpose is and Wonka bemusedly explains that is his artwork ( `` Simply Second Nature '' ) . Veruca breaks the reverie with a scream as Augustus is drinking from the Chocolate River where falls into it and gets sucked up the chocolate extraction pipe . The families then look up to see dozens of tiny workers in red boiler suits called Oompa - Loompas , who make no effort to try and save Augustus ( `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' ) . With Augustus gone , Wonka is more concerned about the possible contamination of bones in his toffee . The party is shocked and mortified , but Wonka assures them that he 'll be fine . The next room is the Inventing Room , where white - coated Oompa - Loompas mix and stir . Wonka gives each child an Everlasting Gobstopper , but Violet is unimpressed . Wonka shows her his latest creation , a three - course dinner in one stick of gum . When Violet sees the gum , she pops it into her mouth . Wonka warns her to stop chewing before dessert , but Violet ignores him and begins to turn purple and swell up into a giant blueberry . ( `` Juicy ! '' ) . Violet explodes in a shower of purple blueberry goo and glitter , but Wonka is unconcerned , sending Mr. Beauregarde to the Juicing Room , assuring that it can get her back to normal . Wonka next leads the party on a high speed tour around the crazy corridors of his factory until , disoriented , they arrive at the Nut Room , where squirrels sort out nuts to see if they are good or bad . The good nuts are kept for them to eat while the bad nuts are thrown away down a rubbish chute . Veruca demands a squirrel . When Wonka refuses , she takes matters into her own hands , rushing to grab one for herself , instead she is judged a `` bad nut '' , and she and her father are sent down the rubbish chute ( `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' ) . Again , Wonka assures the remaining visitors that Veruca and her father will be all right . Wonka leads the group through dark cellars , where all his mistakes are kept , finally arriving at a room he calls , The Department of the Future . Wonka demonstrates Chocolate Television . Mike is intrigued and despite Wonka 's protests , he puts himself before the cameras , presses the remote and disappears in a puff of smoke . Mike hops from screen to screen until they finally pull him out , leaving him at only 6 - inches tall . ( `` Vidiots ! '' ) . Mrs. Teevee is relieved as she wo n't have to worry about him causing big problems any more , and she places him in her purse and leaves the factory quite satisfied . Charlie is the only child left . When Grandpa Joe asks about their lifetime supply of confectionery sweets , Mr. Wonka casually dismisses them saying that the Everlasting Gobstopper Charlie had got was the lifetime supply of candy . Grandpa Joe is angry , but Charlie defuses the situation saying that an Everlasting Gobstopper is still an amazing present . When he leaves with Grandpa Joe , Charlie opens a book which contains all of Wonka 's ideas , adding a few of his own to the blank pages in the back . Wonka silently returns , and seeing Charlie 's additions , he tells him he 's won , inviting Charlie into his Great Glass Elevator so that he can show him his prize , the chocolate factory . ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) . They return to Earth where Wonka announces he 's leaving , and that Charlie is now in charge ( `` A Little Me '' ) . He disappears , but as the Bucket family moves into the factory , Charlie sees the mysterious tramp outside the gates , who is revealed as Wonka . As the Oompa - Loompas and Charlie wave goodbye from the factory windows , Wonka vanishes , singing a reprise of `` It Must Be Believed to Be Seen '' , leaving Charlie to ponder all of the adventures that are to come . Broadway ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The play opens with Willy Wonka introducing himself , revealing that he 's looking for an heir to run his legendary chocolate factory ( `` The Candy Man '' ) . Wonka disguises himself as the storeowner of a local candy shop , which quickly attracts the attention of the town 's residents and candy - obsessed Charlie Bucket . Despite having no money to spend on sweets , Charlie frequents the shop regularly and befriends the owner , unaware that he is Willy Wonka . Charlie tells him about Wonka 's career ( `` Willy Wonka ! Willy Wonka ! '' ) and remarks that he would do anything to see inside the factory , giving Wonka an idea . Charlie returns to the decrepit shack he lives in , which he shares with his mother and four bed - ridden grandparents : Grandpa George , Grandma Georgina , Grandpa Joe , and Grandma Josephine . Charlie and Grandpa Joe play a pretend game recalling how the latter became Wonka 's security guard ( `` Charlie , You and I '' ) before his mother comes home , giving Charlie an old notebook for homework . Charlie daydreams and scribbles a letter to Willy Wonka , suggesting new candies he should consider inventing , before folding it into a paper airplane and tossing it out the window into the night ( `` A Letter From Charlie Bucket '' ) . The next day before he goes to school , he finds out that Wonka has hidden five Golden Tickets inside five Wonka Bars and that the people who find the tickets will win a tour of the factory and a lifetime supply of candy . Unfortunately , Charlie 's mother admits that money is tighter than usual and she can not afford to buy him his annual birthday candy bar , leaving Charlie saddened at the fact that he has no chance of winning the contest . Grandpa Joe says he would gladly pay for one using his funeral savings , and Charlie 's mood improves . As he passes by the candy store on his way home from school , he discovers the first ticket has been found by the `` Bavarian Beefcake '' Augustus Gloop , an obese boy obsessed with food ( `` More of Him to Love '' ) . Charlie is sad that a chance is gone , and his mood worsens when he is interrupted with news of the second Golden Ticket winner , a spoiled Russian girl named Veruca Salt ( `` When Veruca Says '' ) . Charlie attempts to buy his usual secondhand vegetables from local beggar - woman Mrs. Green , but is dismayed to find she has taken to selling chocolate and he can no longer afford her prices . His dismay is magnified when the third ticket is found by gum - chewing , wannabe celebrity Violet Beauregarde ( `` Queen of Pop '' ) and the fourth ticket is found by technology addict Mike Teavee , who admits he hacked into Wonka 's computers and found the fourth ticket ( `` What Could Possibly Go Wrong '' ) . With his hopes of winning dashed , Charlie heads back home . Upon arriving home , Charlie is overjoyed to find that his family have pooled their money to buy his birthday chocolate , but is crushed once more when the candy yields no Golden Ticket . His mother and his other three grandparents remark that their lives would be better if Charlie 's father were still alive ( `` If Your Father Were Here '' ) . The next day , Charlie visits the candy store only to find that all the inventory has sold and that the owner ( Wonka ) is closing up shop . After he leaves , Charlie discovers a single dollar left behind under the cash register . After attempting to return the dollar , Charlie runs into Mrs. Green once more and decides to buy a Wonka Bar instead of vegetables . As he opens the bar , he is elated to find the fifth Golden Ticket inside . He rushes home to share his good news with his family . Despite her happiness that Charlie has won , Mrs. Bucket is disappointed to learn that Charlie must be accompanied by an adult in order to go on the tour , as she is sure to lose her job if she asks for a day off of work . Grandpa Joe , however , claims that Charlie 's good fortune is his `` Call to Arms , '' and he decides to get out of bed for the first time in years so he can take Charlie on the tour . After a few failed attempts to stand up , Grandpa Joe finally gets on his feet and dances gleefully with Mrs. Bucket and Charlie ( `` Grandpa Joe / I 've Got a Golden Ticket ! '' ) . The big day arrives , and the five winners are greeted at the factory gates by paparazzi and `` Chocolate TV '' reporters Cherry Sunday and Jerry Jubilee , making Charlie and Grandpa Joe feel out of place . Willy Wonka appears at last , and ushers the group into his factory ( `` It Must Be Believed to be Seen '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) The five winners and their families check in with Wonka , where he explains the rules and regulations of his factory and has the parents sign a ridiculously long and complicated contract ( `` Strike That , Reverse It ! '' ) . Afterwards , the group enters the Chocolate Room , where everything is edible , and the children explore the candy - coated utopia ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) . The adults however , are less impressed by the world of candy , as they see it as an impractical use of money and resources , much to Wonka 's dismay . Despite Wonka 's warnings , Augustus takes a drink from a molten chocolate lagoon and falls in . He then meets a terrible demise as he is sucked up a chocolate pipe leading to the Fudge Room . Wonka 's pint - sized workers , the Oompa Loompas , arrive and make no effort to rescue Augustus ( `` The Oompa Loompa Song / Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' ) . Wonka fails to console Augustus 's distraught mother , as he is more concerned with having to pick bones out of his fudge . The group is stricken , but Wonka assures them Augustus will be fine and sends Mrs. Gloop with the Oompa Loompas to find her son . They continue into the Mixing Room , where an enormous mixing cup mashes random ingredients together to make new flavors and inventions , from furry lollypops to a glowing orb made from bananas and uranium dubbed `` Liquid Sunshine . '' At Violet 's request , he shows her a stick of gum , which contains a three - course meal . Violet and her father are overjoyed , as they believe the new product can catapult Violet into gum superstardom . Despite Wonka 's warning that there is a problem with the dessert course and the gum is not yet safe to chew , Violet takes the gum and accidentally swallows it . The excess of juice in the gum causes her to swell up and turn into a human blueberry . Wonka sends Violet and her father to the Oompa Loompas for help , and is quickly distracted from the situation by Mrs. Teavee asking about the origin of the Oompa Loompas . Wonka and the Oompa Loompas recall the story of how they met ( `` When Willy Met Oompa '' ) , not paying attention to Violet 's growing size . Violet then explodes in a shower of purple goo onto her father after an Oompa Loompa shoots a blowdart at her . Wonka is unconcerned and sends Mr. Beauregarde to the Juicing Room , assuring him and the group that she will be fine . Wonka decides that they should visit the ingredient storage corridors , but first they must traverse an invisible maze of deadly traps . The others are skeptical that the maze really exists , but change their minds when Mike Teavee gets beaten up by the invisible traps . The whole group passes through except for Grandpa Joe , who can not bend down far enough to fit through the door . Undeterred , Wonka suggests changing course to go and see the Nut Room instead . Outside they meet Jeremy , a worker squirrel who sorts the good nuts from the bad . Veruca is enamored by Jeremy , and demands that her father buy her a squirrel . When Wonka refuses to sell , Veruca throws a tantrum and runs into the Sorting Room to retrieve one herself , against Wonka 's warnings that the squirrels are very dangerous . Inside , she chases and dances with the squirrels , but tries to run when they begin to get violent . She is seized by the squirrels and dubbed a `` bad nut '' , and is promptly torn apart to the horror of her father and the rest of the group ( `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' ) . Wonka assures them that the Oompa Loompas will be able to put her back together , and Mr. Salt leaves to rescue his daughter . Mrs. Teavee reprimands Wonka for his belief that the Oompa Loompas can really save all the children from their certain demise , but he dismisses her and presses onward . Wonka and the Teavees board the S.S. Wonka , a bathtub - shaped boat , and travel through an underground river deep below the factory . Charlie and Grandpa Joe , who were too slow to catch the boat , are forced to swim behind them wearing scuba helmets . Wonka leads them into the TV room , much to Mike 's delight . Wonka demonstrates Chocolate Television , which uses a machine to send chocolate bars to TV screens . Mike 's obsession with electronics overcomes him and , despite his mother and Wonka 's protests , he uses the machine to teleport himself into a television set . However , they can not locate him on the usual channel , so Wonka calls for the Oompa Loompas to bring more screens to try to find him faster . Mike jumps from screen to screen until his mother pulls him out , now as a doll - sized boy ( `` Vidiots '' ) . Mrs. Teavee is relieved that her son wo n't be able to cause trouble anymore , and leaves the factory satisfied with her son in her purse . Charlie is the only one left . Wonka leads him and Grandpa Joe to the Imagining room , where Wonka writes his ideas into a notebook . When Grandpa Joe asks about their lifetime supply of candy , Wonka replies by giving Charlie an Everlasting Gobstopper . Grandpa Joe is furious at Wonka giving his grandson a `` measly Gobstopper , '' and the two quickly begin to fight . Charlie diffuses the situation , telling Grandpa Joe that the Gobstopper is a great present and that the trip to the factory was enough . Placated , Wonka ushers Grandpa Joe into his office to negotiate legal paperwork and warns Charlie not to touch anything . Charlie breaks the rules and opens the notebook , adding his own inventions to the blank pages in the back , only to be caught by Wonka . Although he seems angry at first , Wonka finds it incredible that Charlie is unable to stop inventing , even if it means breaking the rules . Wonka tells Charlie that he has won , and ushers him into his `` Great Glass Elevator '' . The two soar above town in the Great Glass Elevator , and Wonka tells Charlie that his grand prize is the chocolate factory ( `` The View From Here '' ) . He reaches into his pocket and reveals that he received Charlie 's letter after all , and wants to begin working on some of Charlie 's inventions . As they land back outside the factory , Wonka is immediately ready to begin working but Charlie is concerned about what will happen to his family . Wonka explains that they have already been moved in to their own room in the factory , and invites Charlie in to begin their new life as candy - making partners . Musical numbers ( edit ) London ( edit ) Act I `` Creation Overture '' - Willy Wonka `` Almost Nearly Perfect '' - Charlie Bucket `` The Amazing Tale of Mr. Willy Wonka '' - Grandparents `` A Letter from Charlie Bucket '' - Charlie Bucket , Mr. Bucket , Mrs. Bucket , Grandparents `` More of Him to Love '' - Mrs. Gloop , Augustus Gloop , Mr. Gloop `` When Veruca Says '' - Mr. Salt , Veruca Salt `` The Double Bubble Duchess '' † † - Mr. Beauregarde , Violet Beauregarde , Ensemble `` It 's Teavee Time '' - Mrs. Teavee , Mike Teavee `` If Your Mother Were Here '' - Mr. Bucket , Mrs. Bucket `` Do n't Ya Pinch Me , Charlie '' - Charlie Bucket , Grandpa Joe , Grandparents , Mr. Bucket , Mrs. Bucket `` It Must Be Believed to Be Seen '' - Willy Wonka , Ensemble Act II `` Strike That ! Reverse It ! '' - Willy Wonka , Ensemble `` Simply Second Nature '' - Willy Wonka , Ensemble `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' - Oompa - Loompas , Willy Wonka `` Juicy ! '' - Oompa - Loompas , Willy Wonka `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' - Oompa - Loompas `` Vidiots '' - Oompa - Loompas , Willy Wonka , Mrs. Teavee `` Pure Imagination '' † - Willy Wonka , Charlie Bucket `` A Little Me '' - Willy Wonka , Charlie Bucket , Oompa - Loompas , Mr. Bucket , Mrs. Bucket , Grandparents `` It Must Be Believed to Be Seen ( reprise ) '' - Willy Wonka † Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse , Music by Anthony Newley for the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . † † Replaced , as of 2016 , by `` Queen of Pop '' . Broadway ( edit ) Act I `` The Candy Man '' † - Willy Wonka & Ensemble `` Willy Wonka ! Willy Wonka ! '' - Charlie Bucket & Ensemble `` The Candy Man '' ( reprise ) † - Charlie Bucket `` Charlie , You & I '' - Grandpa Joe `` A Letter from Charlie Bucket '' - Charlie Bucket , Mrs. Bucket , Grandparents `` More of Him to Love '' - Mrs. Gloop , Augustus Gloop , Ensemble `` When Veruca Says '' - Mr. Salt , Veruca Salt `` The Queen of Pop '' - Mr. Beauregarde , Violet Beauregarde , Ensemble `` What Could Possibly Go Wrong ? '' - Mrs. Teavee , Mike Teavee , Ensemble `` If Your Father Were Here '' - Mrs. Bucket `` I 've Got A Golden Ticket '' † / `` Grandpa Joe '' - Charlie Bucket , Grandpa Joe , Grandparents , Mrs. Bucket `` It Must Be Believed to Be Seen '' - Willy Wonka , Ensemble Act II `` Strike That ! Reverse It ! '' - Willy Wonka , Ensemble `` Pure Imagination '' † / `` Grandpa Joe ( reprise ) '' - Willy Wonka , Charlie Bucket , Grandpa Joe and the Golden Ticket Winners `` The Oompa Loompa Song '' † - Oompa Loompas `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' - Willy Wonka & The Oompa Loompas `` When Willy Met Oompa '' - Willy Wonka & The Oompa - Loompas , `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' -- Veruca & The Oompa - Loompas `` Vidiots '' -- Willy Wonka , Mike , Mrs. Teavee & The Oompa - Loompas `` The View From Here '' - Willy Wonka & Charlie `` The Candy Man ( Bows ) '' - Full Company † Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse , Music by Anthony Newley for the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Cast albums ( edit ) Original London cast recording ( edit ) A London original cast album was released on 7 October 2013 . Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical Soundtrack album cast recording by Various Released 7 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) Length 69 : 08 Label Sony Classical Records No . Title Length 1 . `` Opening '' 0 : 46 2 . `` Almost Nearly Perfect '' 2 : 57 3 . `` The Amazing Fantastical History Of Mr. Willy Wonka '' 5 : 23 4 . `` A Letter From Charlie Bucket '' 3 : 33 5 . `` News Of Augustus '' 1 : 03 6 . `` More Of Him To Love '' 2 : 12 7 . `` News Of Veruca '' 0 : 36 8 . `` When Veruca Says '' 1 : 34 9 . `` News Of Violet '' 0 : 26 10 . `` The Double Bubble Duchess '' 2 : 48 11 . `` News Of Mike '' 0 : 09 12 . `` It 's Teavee Time '' 3 : 27 13 . `` If Your Mother Was Here '' 3 : 41 14 . `` Don'cha Pinch Me Charlie '' 6 : 04 15 . `` It Must Be Believed To Be Seen '' 4 : 35 16 . `` Strike That , Reverse It '' 5 : 30 17 . `` The Chocolate Room '' 1 : 32 18 . `` Simply Second Nature '' 3 : 24 19 . `` Augustus ' Downfall '' 0 : 38 20 . `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' 2 : 34 21 . `` Gum ! '' 0 : 53 22 . `` Juicy ! '' 2 : 20 23 . `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' 2 : 15 24 . `` Vidiots '' 3 : 02 25 . `` Pure Imagination '' 3 : 40 26 . `` A Little Me '' 2 : 40 27 . `` It Must Be Believed To Be Seen ( reprise ) '' 2 : 06 Original Broadway cast recording ( edit ) A Broadway cast recording was released digitally on 2 June and in stores on 23 June on the Masterworks Broadway label . Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical Soundtrack album cast recording by Various Released 2 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( Digital ) 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) ( CD ) Length 57 : 00 Label Masterworks Broadway No . Title Length 1 . `` Overture '' 0 : 26 2 . `` The Candy Man '' 3 : 11 3 . `` Willy Wonka ! Willy Wonka ! '' 2 : 47 4 . `` Charlie , You And I '' 1 : 34 5 . `` A Letter From Charlie Bucket '' 3 : 23 6 . `` More Of Him To Love '' 2 : 07 7 . `` When Veruca Says '' 1 : 43 8 . `` Queen of Pop '' 2 : 34 9 . `` What Could Possibly Go Wrong ? '' 2 : 15 10 . `` If Your Father Were Here '' 2 : 49 11 . `` I 've Got A Golden Ticket / Grandpa Joe '' 4 : 13 12 . `` It Must Be Believed To Be Seen '' 4 : 24 13 . `` Strike That , Reverse It '' 5 : 32 14 . `` Pure Imagination / Grandpa Joe ( reprise ) '' 3 : 30 15 . `` The Oompa Loompa Song / Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' 2 : 18 16 . `` When Willy Met Oompa '' 3 : 55 17 . `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' 1 : 36 18 . `` Vidiots '' 2 : 42 19 . `` The View From Here '' 6 : 03 Principal roles and cast members ( edit ) Character Original West End Cast ( 2013 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2017 ) Charlie Bucket Jack Costello , Tom Klenerman , Isaac Rouse , Louis Suc Jake Ryan Flynn , Ryan Foust , Ryan Sell Willy Wonka Douglas Hodge Christian Borle Grandpa Joe Nigel Planer John Rubinstein Mr. Salt Clive Carter Ben Crawford Veruca Salt Polly Allen , Tia Noakes , Ellie Simons Emma Pfaeffle Mrs. Gloop Jasna Ivir Kathy Fitzgerald Augustus Gloop Harrison Slater , Jenson Steele , Regan Stokes F. Michael Haynie Mr. Beauregarde Paul J. Medford Alan H. Green Violet Beauregarde India Ria Amarteifio , Adrianna Bertola , Jade Johnson , Mya Olaye Trista Dollison Mrs. Teavee Iris Roberts Jackie Hoffman Mike Teavee Jay Heyman , Adam Mitchell , Luca Toomey Michael Wartella Grandma Josephine Roni Page Kristy Cates Grandma Georgina Myra Sands Madeleine Doherty Grandpa George Billy Boyle Paul Slade Smith Mrs Bucket Alex Clatworthy Emily Padgett Mr Bucket Jack Shalloo does not appear Mrs. Pratchett Michelle Bishop Kyle Taylor Parker Jerry / Lovebird Man Ross Dawes Jared Bradshaw Cherry / Lovebird Woman Kate Graham Stephanie Gibson Oompa - Loompas Ensemble Ensemble Notable West End replacements ( edit ) Willy Wonka - Alex Jennings , Jonathan Slinger Grandpa Joe - Barry James , Kraig Thornber Mrs Teavee - Josefina Gabrielle Mr Bucket - Richard Dempsey Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) West End ( edit ) The West End production of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory received mixed to positive reviews from critics . While the physical production and quality of the performances were generally praised , the score and storytelling received criticism . Broadway ( edit ) The Broadway incarnation of the production were mixed to negative reviews from critics . Despite the enormous overhaul to both the book and score from the London production , critics noted that the storytelling was still choppy and relied too heavily on humor . Criticism was also drawn to the decision to cast adults as the Golden Ticket winners instead of children , as well as the lackluster sets redesigned for Broadway . However , Christian Borle received widespread praise for his performance as Willy Wonka , even amongst negativity towards other aspects of the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2013 Evening Standard Award Best Night Out Nominated 2014 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best New Musical Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Douglas Hodge Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Musical Nigel Planer Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Musical Iris Roberts Nominated Best Set Designer Mark Thompson Won Best Choreographer Peter Darling Won Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Douglas Hodge Nominated Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Nigel Planer Nominated Best Set Design Mark Thompson Nominated Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Paul Pyant Won Best Theatre Choreographer Peter Darling Nominated Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Broadway.com Audience Awards Favorite Funny Performance Christian Borle Nominated Favorite Breakout Performance ( Male ) Jake Ryan Flynn , Ryan Foust , and Ryan Sell Nominated Chita Rivera Awards Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show Josh Bergasse Nominated Outstanding Female Dancer in a Broadway Show Emma Pfaeffle Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Puppet Design Basil Twist Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Award Christian Borle Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Sam Mendes to direct West End version of Charlie And The Chocolate Factory '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mendes Sweet On ' Charlie And The Chocolate Factory ' '' . Deadline.com. 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory musical could be a golden ticket '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musical Version of `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' Eyes West End Premiere ; Sam Mendes May Direct `` . Playbill. 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory to open in West End '' . BBC . 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodari , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory musical to open next year '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory - About '' . Charlie and the Chocolate factory Official Website. 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Review , August 2013 '' . Best of Theatre . 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Bratty Children , Beware '' . theater.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a skilful confection , but leaves you wanting more '' . independent.co.uk . London : The Independent . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chocs away for Wonka ! How it took £ 10m , 25 years and a 007 director to bring Charlie And The Chocolate Factory to the West End '' . dailymail.co.uk . London : Daily Mail . 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Douglas Hodge shaped Willy Wonka for the stage '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News . 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shrek musical makes way for Charlie show '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory show to open in London '' . Newsround . BBC . 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory musical gets golden ticket to West En '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shrek the Musical to Shutter at London 's Drury Lane ; Charlie and the Chocolate Factory to Follow '' . playbill.com . Play Bill . 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory moves from Palladium to Drury Lane '' . thestage.co.uk . The Stage. 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Musical : Inside Sam Mendes ' £ 10 million talent factory '' . dailymail.co.uk . London : Daily Mail . 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Planer joins the cast of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' . thestage.co.uk . The Stage. 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory musical delayed '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of Sam Mendes ' Willy Wonka musical delayed '' . express.co.uk . Daily Express . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has mixed reviews but announces extension '' . guardian.co.uk . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory extends to November 2014 , cast recording released '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage. 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory extends West End run '' . bestoftheatre.co.uk . Best of Theatre . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory to finish West End run '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats on Stage. 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Jennings takes on Willy Wonka role '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber , Imogen . `` Jonathan Slinger Tapped to Play Willy Wonka in West End 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory to finish West End run '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats on Stage. 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Broadway 's Got the Golden Ticket ! Jack O'Brien - Helmed CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY Will Arrive in Spring 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Andrea Towers . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory musical coming to Broadway '' . ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ale Russian . `` Willy Wonka arrives on Broadway for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Watch the Teaser Trailers '' . ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Borle to Play Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory on Broadway ; Theater Set '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` ' Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ' Sets Broadway Dates '' Playbill , August 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Broadway World - Critical Roundup '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Why Are 20 - and 30 - Somethings Playing Pint - Sized Brats in ' Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ' ? '' Playbill , March 31 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : BWW News Desk . `` Breaking : CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY Will Close Up Shop ; National Tour Will Launch in Fall 2018 Broadway World , November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/latest-news/article/item354822/charlie-to-close-chocolate-factory-in-2017/ ^ Jump up to : Twitter / westendboy1 : @ CSGreen123 Here are the musical Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` New West End Musical Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Extends Through Fall 2014 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Kathy ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Delicious ! Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Original Cast Recording Now Available '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Announces Cast Recording '' . Playbill . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast of Charlie & The Chocolate Factory '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage. 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory receives mixed reviews '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News . 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roundups , Review . `` Review Roundup : CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY Opens its Doors - All the Reviews ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2013 : Book of Mormon voted Best Night Out in London '' . standard.co.uk . London Evening Standard . 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint win at WhatsOnStage Awards '' . telegraph.co.uk . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The full 2014 WhatsOnStage Awards shortlists '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2014 : musicals lead nominations '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2014 the full nominations '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Bandstand , Sweet Charity , and More Earn Chita Rivera Award Nominations '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) West End ( edit ) Official website Charlie and the Chocolate Factory on Facebook Charlie and the Chocolate Factory on Twitter Broadway ( edit ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory at the Internet Broadway Database Official website Charlie and the Chocolate Factory on Facebook Charlie and the Chocolate Factory on Twitter Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(musical)&oldid=817518176 '' Categories : 2013 musicals Musicals based on works by Roald Dahl Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals by Marc Shaiman Musicals by Scott Wittman Size change in fiction Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles to be expanded from June 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with IBDb links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Twitter username different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays charlie in charlie and the chocolate factory broadway | [
"\n\nCharacter\nOriginal West End Cast (2013)[42]\nOriginal Broadway Cast (2017)\n\n\nCharlie Bucket\nJack Costello, Tom Klenerman, Isaac Rouse, Louis Suc\nJake Ryan Flynn, Ryan Foust, Ryan Sell\n\n\nWilly Wonka\nDouglas Hodge\nChristian Borle\n\n\nGrandpa Joe\nNigel Planer\nJohn Rubinstein\n\n\nMr. Salt\nClive Carter\nBen Crawford\n\n\nVeruca Salt\nPolly Allen, Tia Noakes, Ellie Simons\nEmma Pfaeffle\n\n\nMrs. Gloop\nJasna Ivir\nKathy Fitzgerald\n\n\nAugustus Gloop\nHarrison Slater, Jenson Steele, Regan Stokes\nF. Michael Haynie\n\n\nMr. Beauregarde\nPaul J. Medford\nAlan H. Green\n\n\nViolet Beauregarde\nIndia Ria Amarteifio, Adrianna Bertola, Jade Johnson, Mya Olaye\nTrista Dollison\n\n\nMrs. Teavee\nIris Roberts\nJackie Hoffman\n\n\nMike Teavee\nJay Heyman, Adam Mitchell, Luca Toomey\nMichael Wartella\n\n\nGrandma Josephine\nRoni Page\nKristy Cates\n\n\nGrandma Georgina\nMyra Sands\nMadeleine Doherty\n\n\nGrandpa George\nBilly Boyle\nPaul Slade Smith\n\n\nMrs Bucket\nAlex Clatworthy\nEmily Padgett\n\n\nMr Bucket\nJack Shalloo\ndoes not appear\n\n\nMrs. Pratchett\nMichelle Bishop\nKyle Taylor Parker\n\n\nJerry/Lovebird Man\nRoss Dawes\nJared Bradshaw\n\n\nCherry/Lovebird Woman\nKate Graham\nStephanie Gibson\n\n\nOompa-Loompas\nEnsemble\nEnsemble\n\n",
"\n\nCharacter\nOriginal West End Cast (2013)[42]\nOriginal Broadway Cast (2017)\n\n\nCharlie Bucket\nJack Costello, Tom Klenerman, Isaac Rouse, Louis Suc\nJake Ryan Flynn, Ryan Foust, Ryan Sell\n\n\nWilly Wonka\nDouglas Hodge\nChristian Borle\n\n\nGrandpa Joe\nNigel Planer\nJohn Rubinstein\n\n\nMr. Salt\nClive Carter\nBen Crawford\n\n\nVeruca Salt\nPolly Allen, Tia Noakes, Ellie Simons\nEmma Pfaeffle\n\n\nMrs. Gloop\nJasna Ivir\nKathy Fitzgerald\n\n\nAugustus Gloop\nHarrison Slater, Jenson Steele, Regan Stokes\nF. Michael Haynie\n\n\nMr. Beauregarde\nPaul J. Medford\nAlan H. Green\n\n\nViolet Beauregarde\nIndia Ria Amarteifio, Adrianna Bertola, Jade Johnson, Mya Olaye\nTrista Dollison\n\n\nMrs. Teavee\nIris Roberts\nJackie Hoffman\n\n\nMike Teavee\nJay Heyman, Adam Mitchell, Luca Toomey\nMichael Wartella\n\n\nGrandma Josephine\nRoni Page\nKristy Cates\n\n\nGrandma Georgina\nMyra Sands\nMadeleine Doherty\n\n\nGrandpa George\nBilly Boyle\nPaul Slade Smith\n\n\nMrs Bucket\nAlex Clatworthy\nEmily Padgett\n\n\nMr Bucket\nJack Shalloo\ndoes not appear\n\n\nMrs. Pratchett\nMichelle Bishop\nKyle Taylor Parker\n\n\nJerry/Lovebird Man\nRoss Dawes\nJared Bradshaw\n\n\nCherry/Lovebird Woman\nKate Graham\nStephanie Gibson\n\n\nOompa-Loompas\nEnsemble\nEnsemble\n\n",
"\n\nCharacter\nOriginal West End Cast (2013)[42]\nOriginal Broadway Cast (2017)\n\n\nCharlie Bucket\nJack Costello, Tom Klenerman, Isaac Rouse, Louis Suc\nJake Ryan Flynn, Ryan Foust, Ryan Sell\n\n\nWilly Wonka\nDouglas Hodge\nChristian Borle\n\n\nGrandpa Joe\nNigel Planer\nJohn Rubinstein\n\n\nMr. Salt\nClive Carter\nBen Crawford\n\n\nVeruca Salt\nPolly Allen, Tia Noakes, Ellie Simons\nEmma Pfaeffle\n\n\nMrs. Gloop\nJasna Ivir\nKathy Fitzgerald\n\n\nAugustus Gloop\nHarrison Slater, Jenson Steele, Regan Stokes\nF. Michael Haynie\n\n\nMr. Beauregarde\nPaul J. Medford\nAlan H. Green\n\n\nViolet Beauregarde\nIndia Ria Amarteifio, Adrianna Bertola, Jade Johnson, Mya Olaye\nTrista Dollison\n\n\nMrs. Teavee\nIris Roberts\nJackie Hoffman\n\n\nMike Teavee\nJay Heyman, Adam Mitchell, Luca Toomey\nMichael Wartella\n\n\nGrandma Josephine\nRoni Page\nKristy Cates\n\n\nGrandma Georgina\nMyra Sands\nMadeleine Doherty\n\n\nGrandpa George\nBilly Boyle\nPaul Slade Smith\n\n\nMrs Bucket\nAlex Clatworthy\nEmily Padgett\n\n\nMr Bucket\nJack Shalloo\ndoes not appear\n\n\nMrs. Pratchett\nMichelle Bishop\nKyle Taylor Parker\n\n\nJerry/Lovebird Man\nRoss Dawes\nJared Bradshaw\n\n\nCherry/Lovebird Woman\nKate Graham\nStephanie Gibson\n\n\nOompa-Loompas\nEnsemble\nEnsemble\n\n"
] | [
"Jake Ryan Flynn",
"Ryan Foust",
"Ryan Sell"
] |
-5218186476432978560 | Invisible plane | Invisible plane - wikipedia Invisible plane Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Invisible plane Wonder Woman 's invisible plane , clearly visible ; art by Ross Andru and Dick Giordano ; Design in this illustration closely resembles the Gloster Javelin . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Sensation Comics # 1 ( January 1942 ) In story information Type Vehicle Element of stories featuring Wonder Woman The Invisible Plane ( sometimes referred to as the Invisible Jetplane , Invisible Jet , and Robot Plane ) is the fictional DC Comics superheroine Wonder Woman 's venerable , though now seldom - used , mode of transport . Created by William Moulton Marston as an allegory of the feminine compliance that women of the Depression era relied on to survive in the male - dominated work place , it first appeared in Sensation Comics # 1 ( Jan. 1942 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original history 2 Later history 2.1 Specifications 3 In other media 4 References Original history ( edit ) The Pre-Crisis version of the invisible plane was a necessity because before the Crisis on Infinite Earths rewrote Wonder Woman 's history -- along with the histories of many other heroes -- Wonder Woman simply could not fly . She grew increasingly powerful through the Silver Age of comic books and beyond , acquiring the power to ride wind currents thus allowing her to imitate flight over short distance . This had limitations , however ; for example , if there was no wind and the air was completely still she would be trapped on the ground or if dropped from a distance that she would helplessly fall out of control to the ground . Though this meant that she would rely on the invisible plane less frequently , she always had need of it . The Invisible Plane was a creation of Diana 's during her younger years on Paradise Island . She created it to be an improvement on her mother 's planes which would be shot down in Man 's World . The result of her innovation was an invisible plane that could fly at terrific speeds silently and not be detected by hostile forces , thus avoiding unpleasant conflict . Initially , it was portrayed as being transparent . The Invisible Plane appeared in the very first comic stories , including All - Star Comics # 8 , where it is shown as being able to fly at over 2000 miles per hour ( MPH ) and to send out rainbow rays that penetrate the mist around Paradise Island , as well as landing stealthily and having a built - in radio . Wonder Woman is seen storing the plane at an abandoned farm near Washington , D.C. , in the barn ; she goes there as Lt. Prince and changes clothes in some of the earliest tales . Though never explicitly stated , the Plane is presumably stored there when not in use for the rest of the Pre-Crisis era . In a story made shortly after , it flies at 40 miles a second . Shortly thereafter , the telepathic capacities of Wonder Woman 's tiara allow her to summon it , often to hover or swoop by the War Department , and she would exit on a rope ladder . She uses the plane to fly into outer space , and frequently transports Etta Candy and the Holliday Girls , Steve Trevor , or others . During the 1950s , the plane became a jet , and was often shown swooping over Lt. Prince 's office ; she stripped out of her uniform at super speed and would bound to the plane . Though the Plane was depicted as semi-transparent for the reader 's convenience , in - story dialogue indicated that it actually was completely invisible , or at least able to become so as the need arose . ( DC Comics Presents ... # 41 ) Wonder Woman continued to use the plane for super-speed , outer space , and multi-dimensional transport up until the un-powered era of Diana Prince . When Wonder Woman resumed super-powered , costumed operations in 1973 , she continued to use the jet as before , but did glide on air currents for short distances . At one point , Aphrodite granted the plane the power to fly faster than the speed of light for any interstellar voyages her champion might undertake. ( Wonder Woman Vol. 1 # 261 ) Thanks to tinkering by gremlins , the Plane even developed intelligence and the power to talk . ( Wonder Woman Vol. 1 # 312 ) The Plane proved a good friend , eager to help his `` mistress '' and her loved ones in any way possible . It got along especially well with Steve Trevor . Later history ( edit ) In the Post-Crisis version of the DC Universe , Wonder Woman can fly , regardless of wind currents , and so has little need for the Invisible Plane . The Plane 's history has subsequently been revised as well . The origin of the Modern Age version of the Invisible Jet was chronicled during John Byrne 's run of Wonder Woman with more detailed information chronicled in Wonder Woman Secret Files # 1 . The being that would one day be called the Invisible Plane began life as an alien `` morphing crystal '' circling a distant planet with its `` family '' , other morphing crystals who are collectively called the Ring . In their natural state , the Plane and its fellow members of the Ring resemble eggs made of semi transparent plastic . In time , it was separated from its family and was found by the Lansinarians , a blind subterranean race that lived underneath Antarctica . The Lansinarians could not react quickly enough to changes in their environment . Thus , they developed the morphing crystal they had found into a life support device that catered to their needs . These beings later bestow the device on Wonder Woman in gratitude for saving them . The plane , which possesses a sophisticated artificial intelligence , responds to Wonder Woman 's thoughts . It is able to render itself invisible as well as alter its shape , transforming into any form of vehicle its bearer desires , be it a jet , submarine , motorcycle , or horse - drawn chariot . Wonder Woman , however , was initially unaware that her Invisible Plane was not only alive but was quite aware that it was being treated by its mistress as a lifeless tool . Lacking her daughter 's power to fly and taking her daughter 's original Golden Age incarnation , Wonder Woman 's mother , Hippolyta , makes good use of the Plane during her time - travelling stint as the Wonder Woman of the 1940s . To adjust to the era , she willed the device to assume the form of a prop - driven plane and it took on the appearance of the original invisible plane of the earlier comics . After its return to modern times , the Plane once again begins to display a personality , and like its earlier incarnation , it ultimately develops the power to talk . When a villain manipulates the Plane 's feelings of anger at having been ignored for so many years regardless of faithful service , it attacks Wonder Woman and her friends . But after realizing what it had done , it displays its capacity for remorse after and tried to make amends by transforming itself into a floating base above Gateway City for its mistress . Proving a good -- though mostly silent and faceless -- friend , the Plane receives a proper name : WonderDome . Later , Dome 's technology is also incorporated into the Amazons ' city of Themyscira following its reconstruction in the wake of the Imperiex War . Dome even reunites with members of its long lost family at one point . In Wonder Woman # 201 ( by Greg Rucka ) , Dome sacrifices itself to prevent a tidal wave from killing thousands of innocent people . Having `` died '' to save so many , Dome is now the equivalent of a human corpse . While it can still function in its traditional shape of an invisible plane , it can no longer alter its shape and is now a lifeless inanimate object that is neither intelligent nor self - aware . Specifications ( edit ) Originally , the plane was supposed to be silent and move at supersonic speeds . It was created to attune itself to its user and its environment . The vessel responds appropriately and can take the form of any vehicle of earth , water and beyond ( a submarine or rocket ship ) . As seen in its stint as WonderDome , it could even turn itself into a flying fortress . It has the power to be undetectable by radar or the human eye and the ability to shift from its crystal , `` transparent mode '' to complete invisibility rendering both itself and its occupants truly invisible , in true cloaking device technology form . The invisible jet propels itself by harnessing gravitation particles . It is in this fashion also that it shields its passengers from the forces of sudden acceleration . In outer space , the craft can extrude a portion of itself around Wonder Woman . Without taking in additional air supply , it can process one 's own exhaled oxygen to allow breathing for 20 minutes . It can sense Wonder Woman 's thoughts and will respond to her needs . Arsenal : The invisible jet can shape projectile weapons out of its own substance but doing so depletes the amount of material in the vessel . When such depletion occurs , the craft can regenerate itself slowly . This function is to be avoided and used only when absolutely necessary as a last resort . Although Wonder Woman possesses the power of flight , the invisible jet is very useful , as it contains certain on - board equipment , serves as a protective shelter , carries Wonder Woman 's cargo , and , of course , renders her invisible for stealth missions . In other media ( edit ) A very realistic , full - size plane was featured on the Wonder Woman live - action series , and shown several times during the World War II era . from The New Original Wonder Woman It was featured as a jet in two episodes of the CBS series , set in the 1970s , before disappearing . After its disappearance , Wonder Woman runs at incredible speeds , jumping great distances , or even changes costumes and rides to her destination on motorcycles . The invisible plane is a regular feature on the Super Friends cartoon show ; Wonder Woman gives a ride to Aquaman and the Wonder Twins on a regular basis . In Challenge of the Super Friends , the invisible jet is shown using golden lasso projectiles . The invisible plane has appeared on the animated series Justice League Unlimited . It had a separate origin that was supposed to have been told in an animated TV movie , Justice League : Worlds Collide , but the feature was never produced . Had it been produced , it would have also explained how the League roster would be expanded and transformed into Justice League Unlimited . At the 2007 Wonder Con in San Francisco , California , Bruce Timm announced that Justice League : Worlds Collide might be produced in the next few years . This was not the case , and the film was never made , but the origin story of the invisible plane intended for Worlds Collide was later worked into the stand - alone film Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , as noted below . In a few episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants , Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy 's Invisible Boatmobile directly spoofs both the invisible plane and Batman 's Batmobile . The plane made a brief appearance on Family Guy . In the 2009 animated film Wonder Woman , Diana receives an invisible plane to transport Steve Trevor back to the outside world after he crash lands on their island and its hull configuration is consciously modelled after Trevor 's fighter plane . In this version it is a stealth fighter jet and even its missiles are invisible . No explanation is ever given as to the origin of the invisible plane . In the 2010 animated film Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , Wonder Woman commandeers an attack plane from Owlman ( an evil version of Batman ) while the Justice League is on a parallel Earth dominated by their villainous counterparts , the Crime Syndicate . During the battle , the plane 's cloaking device ( the `` Chameleon Circuit '' ) shorts out while still in use , placing the vehicle in `` cloak '' mode permanently . After the mission 's successful completion , Wonder Woman keeps the invisible plane as `` spoils of war '' . In the 2011 film Green Lantern , Hal Jordan gives his nephew Jason a crystal transparent toy model plane that alludes to the Invisible Plane . Wonder Woman and her invisible plane appear in the 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold episode `` Scorn of the Star Sapphire ! '' In The Lego Movie during an attack in which the Batmobile is destroyed , Wonder Woman says `` To the Invisible Jet ! '' ; it is also destroyed afterwards . This phrase is a spoof of Batman 's catchphrase from the 1960s live action television series of Batman . The invisible plane appears in Lego Batman : The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite . On April 1 , 2015 , the Smithsonian had a limited one - day viewing of the plane . In the Supergirl episode `` Welcome to Earth '' , a veiled reference is made to the plane when the President of the United States ( played by Lynda Carter , who portrayed Wonder Woman in the live - action series ) tells Supergirl `` you ought to see my other jet '' . References ( edit ) Jett , Brett . `` Who Is Wonder Woman ? '' , `` ( Manuscript ) ( 2009 ) : 1 - 71 . Jett , Brett . `` Who Is Wonder Woman ? -- Bonus PDF '' , `` ( Bonus PDF ) ( 2009 ) : 1 - 17 . Marston , W.M. ( 1936 ) , `` Cost Of Careers '' , in The Delineator , pp. 7 , volume 128 . Marston , William Moulton . Emotions Of Abnormal People . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co , Ltd. 1928 . ISBN 1406701165 Jimenez , Phil ( 2008 ) , `` Wonder Woman 's Invisible Jet '' , in Dougall , Alastair , The DC Comics Encyclopedia , London : Dorling Kindersley , pp. 34 -- 35 , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 Jump up ^ Jimenez , Phil ( 2008 ) , `` Wonder Woman 's Invisible Jet '' , in Dougall , Alastair , The DC Comics Encyclopedia , London : Dorling Kindersley , pp. 34 -- 35 , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 ( hide ) Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark , Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baroness von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eris / Strife Eviless The First Born Giganta Hades Medusa Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invisible_plane&oldid=801235046 '' Categories : DC Comics objects Fictional aircraft Wonder Woman Invisibility in fiction Fictional elements introduced in 1942 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Comics infobox image less alt text Prop pop All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does wonder woman get her invisible jet | [
"The Invisible Plane was a creation of Diana's during her younger years on Paradise Island. She created it to be an improvement on her mother's planes which would be shot down in Man's World. The result of her innovation was an invisible plane that could fly at terrific speeds silently and not be detected by hostile forces, thus avoiding unpleasant conflict. Initially, it was portrayed as being transparent."
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"a creation of Diana's during her younger years on Paradise Island"
] |
4721392468277641397 | List of Orange Is the New Black episodes | List of Orange Is the New Black episodes - wikipedia List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy - drama series created by Jenji Kohan , which premiered on July 11 , 2013 , on Netflix . The series , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , follows Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women 's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders , 10 years prior , for her girlfriend at the time , Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) . As of June 9 , 2017 , 65 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the fifth season . Ten of the thirteen episodes of the fifth season were leaked online by hackers prior to its scheduled premiere date . The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Morello June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Black Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 3 ) `` Ching Chong Chang '' redirects here . For the term , see Ching chong . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 27 `` Mother 's Day '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 28 `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 29 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 30 `` Finger in the Dyke '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 31 5 `` Fake It Till You Fake It Some More '' Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 32 6 `` Ching Chong Chang '' Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 33 7 `` Tongue - Tied '' Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 34 8 `` Fear , and Other Smells '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 35 9 `` Where My Dreidel At '' Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 36 10 `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 37 11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 38 12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 39 13 `` Trust No Bitch '' Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 40 `` Work That Body for Me '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 41 `` Power Suit '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 42 `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 43 `` Doctor Psycho '' Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 44 5 `` We 'll Always Have Baltimore '' Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 45 6 `` Piece of Shit '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 46 7 `` It Sounded Nicer in My Head '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 47 8 `` Friends in Low Places '' Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 48 9 `` Turn Table Turn '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 49 10 `` Bunny , Skull , Bunny , Skull '' Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 50 11 `` People Persons '' Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 51 12 `` The Animals '' Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 52 13 `` Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread Again '' Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Stolen ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 5 Episodes to Piracy Network '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Leaked After Netflix Refuses Ransom Demand '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Poussey Washington Seasons 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_episodes&oldid=841090281 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Gaeilge Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 01 : 04 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in series 1 of orange is the new black | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJuly 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)\n\n\n\n2\n13\nJune 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)\n\n\n\n3\n13\nJune 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)\n\n\n\n4\n13\nJune 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)\n\n\n\n5\n13\nJune 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)\n\n"
] | [
"13"
] |
-8620334434929038728 | A League of Their Own | A League of Their Own - Wikipedia A League of Their Own Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 film . For other uses , see A League of Their Own ( disambiguation ) . A League of Their Own Theatrical release poster Directed by Penny Marshall Produced by Elliot Abbott Robert Greenhut Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Story by Kelly Candaele Kim Wilson Starring Tom Hanks Geena Davis Madonna Lori Petty Jon Lovitz David Strathairn Garry Marshall Bill Pullman Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Miroslav Ondricek Edited by George Bowers Production company Parkway Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $132.4 million A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy - drama film that tells a fictionalized account of the real - life All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) . Directed by Penny Marshall , the film stars Geena Davis , Tom Hanks , Madonna , and Lori Petty . The screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson . In 2012 , A League of Their Own was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Rockford Peaches 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Locations 3.4 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 AFI lists 4.4 20th anniversary 5 Spin - offs 5.1 Television 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Dottie Hinson ( Geena Davis ) attends the opening of the new All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame . She sees many of her former teammates and friends , prompting a flashback to 1943 . When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball , candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey ( Garry Marshall ) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women 's league . Ira Lowenstein ( David Strathairn ) is put in charge , and Ernie Capadino ( Jon Lovitz ) is sent out to recruit players . Capadino attends an industrial - league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie , the catcher for a local dairy 's team . Dottie turns down Capadino 's offer , happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob ( Bill Pullman ) to come back from the war . Her sister and teammate , Kit ( Lori Petty ) , however , is desperate to get away and make something of herself . Capadino is not impressed by Kit 's hitting performance , but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie 's mind . Dottie agrees , but only for her sister 's sake . Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout . There they meet a pair of New Yorkers , taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( Madonna ) and her best friend , bouncer Doris Murphy ( Rosie O'Donnell ) , along with soft - spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner ( Bitty Schram ) , illiterate , shy left fielder Shirley Baker ( Ann Cusack ) , pitcher / shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander ( Freddie Simpson ) , gentle left field / relief pitcher Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( Tracy Reiner ) , homely second baseman Marla Hooch ( Megan Cavanagh ) , who was scouted by Ernie , Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins , Colorado , first baseman Helen Haley ( Anne Ramsay ) , and Saskatchewan native Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( Renée Coleman ) . They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches , while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles , Kenosha Comets , and South Bend Blue Sox . The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan ( Tom Hanks ) , a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke . The league attracts little interest at first . With a Life magazine photographer in the stands , Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular . Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate , catching it while doing a split . The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover . A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames , but the owners remain unconvinced . Due to Kit 's and Dottie 's sibling rivalry , Kit is traded to the Peaches ' rival , the Racine Belles . The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league 's World Series . In the locker room , Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater . The grief - stricken Betty leaves the team . Later that evening , Dottie receives a surprise when Bob , who was serving in Italy , shows up , having been discharged from the Army . The following morning , Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob . Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series , he tells her she will regret her decision . The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series , which reaches a seventh and deciding game . Dottie , having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon , is the catcher for the Peaches , while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles . With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth , Dottie drives in the go - ahead run . Kit is the final batter . Under immense pressure , she gets a hit and , ignoring the third base coach 's sign to stop , scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie 's hand . The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners ' support . After the game , the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves . Back in the present , Dottie is reunited with several other players , including Kit . The fates of several of the characters are revealed : Jimmy , Bob , and Evelyn have died , while Marla has been married to Nelson , a man she met in a bar , for over 40 years . The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo . Cast ( edit ) Rockford Peaches ( edit ) Geena Davis as Dorothy `` Dottie '' Hinson ( # 8 , catcher / assistant manager ) Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan ( manager ) Madonna as `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( # 5 , center field ) Eunice Anderson as Older Mae Lori Petty as Kit Keller ( # 23 , pitcher ) Kathleen Butler as Older Kit Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy ( # 22 , third base ) Vera Johnson as Older Doris Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley ( # 15 , first base ) Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch ( # 32 , second base ) Patricia Wilson as Older Marla Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander ( # 1 , shortstop / pitcher ) Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue Tracy Reiner as Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( # 7 , left field / relief pitcher ) Betty Miller as Older Betty Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner ( # 17 , right field ) Renée Coleman ( credited as Renee Coleman ) -- Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( # 18 , left field / center field / catcher ) Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker ( # 11 , left field ) Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley Robin Knight as Linda `` Beans '' Babbitt ( shortstop ) Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson ( second base ) Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon ( # 4 , outfield ) Connie Pounds - Taylor as Connie Calhoun ( Outfield ) On MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson , saying : `` Demi Moore , I liked , but by the time we came around , she was pregnant . '' Others ( edit ) Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino , AAGPBL scout David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein , AAGPBL general manager Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey , candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder Julie Croteau as Helen Haley ( baseball double for Anne Ramsay ) Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson , Dottie 's husband Janet Jones as Racine pitcher Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins , Racine coach Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch , Marla 's father Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner , Evelyn 's son Mark Holton as Older Stillwell . He attends the Peaches ' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died . Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt , Rockford chaperone Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled `` A League of their Own '' , on television . She had never heard of the league before , and contacted the film 's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox . Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures , who were eager to produce the film . Casting ( edit ) Marshall and the casting directors undertook an exhaustive search for actors , preferring those with previous experience playing baseball . Open casting calls were held in Los Angeles , New York and Chicago . Locations ( edit ) Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps : Anne Ramsay ( Helen Haley ) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman 's thigh was real . Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film , Geena Davis said on MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , `` Some of our real cast , from sliding into home , had ripped the skin off their legs . It was nutty . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) A League of Their Own : Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released June 30 , 1992 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 44 Label Columbia Records Producer Various Singles from A League of Their Own `` This Used to Be My Playground '' Released : June 16 , 1992 `` Now and Forever '' Released : July 1992 A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30 , 1992 . The album peaked at # 159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25 , 1992 . Although Madonna contributed `` This Used to Be My Playground '' to the film , featured over the closing credits , her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons . Track listing `` Now and Forever '' -- Performed by Carole King `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` It 's Only a Paper Moon '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` In a Sentimental Mood '' -- Performed by Billy Joel `` Two Sleepy People '' -- Performed by Art Garfunkel `` I Did n't Know What Time It Was '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` Flying Home '' -- Performed by Doc 's Rhythm Cats `` Life Goes On '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The Final Game '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Song '' -- Performed by The Rockford Peaches Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was released on July 1 , 1992 , and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns . In its second weekend it dropped just 15 % , making $11.5 million and finishing first . It ended up being a commercial success , making $107.5 million in the United States , and $24.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $132.4 million , against a production budget of $40 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 60 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sentimental and light , but still thoroughly charming , A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100 , based 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . The film was well received by critics , who praised the cast and their performances . AFI lists ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Jimmy Dugan : `` There 's no crying in baseball ! '' -- # 54 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Sports Film On December 19 , 2012 , it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry . 20th Anniversary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film 's release , A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray on October 16 , 2012 . Forty - seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it . Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame , reminiscent of the film 's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women 's Professional Baseball League . The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse . Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville , Indiana , on June 6 , 2012 , where many of the film 's game scenes were filmed . Bosse Field still retains many of the `` Racine Belles '' themes from the movie . The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene - setting display of cars featured in the film . In addition to Bosse Field , the production used Huntingburg , Indiana 's League Stadium , another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film . Spin - offs ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : A League of Their Own ( TV series ) A short - lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993 , with Garry Marshall , Megan Cavanagh , Tracy Reiner , and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles . Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . September 29 , 1992 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Marshall '' . Costas at the Movies . MLB Network . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` An Oral History of ' A League of their Own ' on its 25th Anniversary '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` An Oral History of ' A League of their Own ' on its 25th Anniversary '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Moore in ' A League of Their Own ? ' Almost happened '' . Newsday . March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A League of Their Own soundtrack - The Billboard 200 , retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madonna : A League of Their Own soundtrack , retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own -- CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kronke , David ( July 2 , 1992 ) . `` Penny Marshall pitches ' League of Their Own ' agenda '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , NC . Los Angeles Daily News . p. 4C . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' A League of Their Own ' brings former ballplayer to the Riverside Saginaw Film Festival '' . MLive . MLive Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidewater , Nancy ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` DVD Q&A -- Penny Marshall '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc. ( 761 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own '' . Fort - Worth Star - Telegram . June 30 , 1992 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rachlin , Jill ( February 12 , 1993 ) . `` A League of Their Own Review Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc. ( 157 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's added to film archive '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kekis , John ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Women Remain in League of Their Own '' . The Chronicle Herald . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prell , Jon ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` A League Of Their Own Comes Home To Bosse Field On June 22 '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : A League of Their Own A League of Their Own on IMDb A League of Their Own at Rotten Tomatoes A League of Their Own at the TCM Movie Database A League of Their Own at AllMovie A League of Their Own at the American Film Institute Catalog A League of Their Own at Box Office Mojo ESPN.com -- Page 2 -- Reel Life : ' A League of Their Own ' Movie stills Films directed by Penny Marshall Jumpin ' Jack Flash ( 1986 ) Big ( 1988 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Teams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All - Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own ( film ) A League of Their Own ( TV series ) Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. 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Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident 1998 NFL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries Milwaukee Brewers St. Louis Cardinals Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_League_of_Their_Own&oldid=821369219 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s sports comedy films All - American Girls Professional Baseball League American baseball films American comedy - drama films American sports comedy films American films Columbia Pictures films Feminist films Films about women 's sports Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Penny Marshall Films produced by Robert Greenhut Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films set in the 1940s Films set in Chicago Films set in Indiana Films set on the home front during World War II Screenplays by Babaloo Mandel Screenplays by Lowell Ganz Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from January 2018 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | geena davis husband in league of their own | [
"When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake."
] | [
"Bill Pullman"
] |
-618216243676007648 | Member states of the United Nations | Member states of the United Nations - wikipedia Member states of the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search Map of the United Nations ( UN ) member states as of August 2017 , with their territories ( including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in green Flags of the member states of the United Nations , in front of the Palace of Nations ( Geneva , Switzerland ) . Since 2015 , the flags of the two non-member observer states are raised alongside those of the 193 member states . The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization . The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgement of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members , with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote . In principle , only sovereign states can become UN members , and currently all UN members are sovereign states . Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991 . Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly , a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN . This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members . In addition to the member states , the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ) , allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings , but not vote . Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original members 2 Current members 3 Former members 3.1 Republic of China 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan 3.2 Czechoslovakia 3.3 German Democratic Republic 3.4 Federation of Malaya 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3.7 United Arab Republic 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen 3.9 Yugoslavia 4 Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 5 Observers and non-members 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Original members ( edit ) The United Nations in 1945 , after World War II . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories . A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945 , while Poland , which was not represented at the conference , signed it on 15 October 1945 . The original members of the United Nations were : France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Byelorussia , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela and Yugoslavia . Among the original members , 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example , the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e. , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) , had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ) . At the time of UN 's founding , the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China , but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ) . A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , and only gained full independence later : Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union , until gaining full independence in 1991 . India ( whose territory at that time , before the Partition of India , also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule , until gaining full independence in 1947 . The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States , until gaining full independence in 1946 . New Zealand , while de facto sovereign at that time , `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act . This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy . If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria , New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947 . '' Current members ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States Further information : List of sovereign states The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations . The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions , where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point . Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN , and listed under T ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania . The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns . See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also . Original members are listed with blue background . Flag Member state Date of admission See also Afghanistan 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Albania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Algeria 000000001962 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1962 ~ ! Andorra 000000001993 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1993 ~ ! Angola 000000001976 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1976 ~ ! Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1981 ~ ! Argentina 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Armenia 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Australia 000000001945 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1945 Australia and the United Nations Austria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Azerbaijan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bahamas 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 ~ ! Bahrain 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bangladesh 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Barbados 000000001966 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1966 ~ ! Belarus 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belgium 000000001945 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1945 ~ ! Belize 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1981 ~ ! Benin 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Bhutan 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Plurinational State of Bolivia 000000001945 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1945 ~ ! Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Botswana 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Brazil 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Brazil and the United Nations Brunei Darussalam 000000001984 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1984 ~ ! Bulgaria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Burkina Faso 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Burundi 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Cabo Verde 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Cambodia 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Cameroon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Canada 000000001945 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1945 Canada and the United Nations Central African Republic 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chad 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chile 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! China 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations Colombia 000000001945 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1945 ~ ! Comoros 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1975 ~ ! Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Costa Rica 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Côte d'Ivoire 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Croatia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Cuba 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Cyprus 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Czech Republic 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Democratic People 's Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Denmark 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Djibouti 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Dominica 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1978 ~ ! Dominican Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Ecuador 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Egypt 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic El Salvador 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Equatorial Guinea 000000001968 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1968 ~ ! Eritrea 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Estonia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ethiopia 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Eswatini 000000001968 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1968 ~ ! Fiji 000000001970 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1970 Fiji and the United Nations Finland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! France 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 France and the United Nations Gabon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Republic of The Gambia 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Georgia 000000001992 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Germany 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations Ghana 000000001957 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1957 ~ ! Greece 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1945 ~ ! Grenada 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guatemala 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1945 ~ ! Guinea 000000001958 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1958 ~ ! Guinea - Bissau 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guyana 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 ~ ! Haiti 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Honduras 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 ~ ! Hungary 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Iceland 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! India 000000001945 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1945 India and the United Nations Indonesia 000000001950 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations Islamic Republic of Iran 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Iraq 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Ireland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Israel 000000001949 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1949 Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations Italy 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Jamaica 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Japan 000000001956 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1956 Japan and the United Nations Jordan 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Kazakhstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Kenya 000000001963 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1963 ~ ! Kiribati 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Kuwait 000000001963 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1963 ~ ! Kyrgyzstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lao People 's Democratic Republic 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Latvia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lebanon 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Lesotho 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Liberia 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Libya 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Liechtenstein 000000001990 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1990 ~ ! Lithuania 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Luxembourg 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Luxembourg and the United Nations Madagascar 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Malawi 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Malaysia 000000001957 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1957 Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations Maldives 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Mali 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Malta 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Marshall Islands 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Marshall Islands and the United Nations Mauritania 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Mauritius 000000001968 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1968 ~ ! Mexico 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 Mexico and the United Nations Federated States of Micronesia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations Monaco 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Mongolia 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Montenegro 000000002006 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2006 Former member : Yugoslavia Morocco 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Mozambique 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Myanmar 000000001948 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1948 ~ ! Namibia 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1990 ~ ! Nauru 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Nepal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Netherlands 000000001945 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1945 ~ ! New Zealand 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 New Zealand and the United Nations Nicaragua 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Niger 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Nigeria 000000001960 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1960 ~ ! Norway 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1945 ~ ! Oman 000000001971 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1971 ~ ! Pakistan 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Pakistan and the United Nations Palau 000000001994 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1994 ~ ! Panama 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Papua New Guinea 000000001975 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1975 ~ ! Paraguay 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Peru 000000001945 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1945 ~ ! Philippines 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Philippines and the United Nations Poland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Portugal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Qatar 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Republic of Moldova 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Romania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Russian Federation 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations Rwanda 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1983 ~ ! Saint Lucia 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1979 ~ ! Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001980 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1980 ~ ! Samoa 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1976 ~ ! San Marino 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 ~ ! São Tomé and Príncipe 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Saudi Arabia 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Senegal 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Serbia 000000002000 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2000 Former member : Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations Seychelles 000000001976 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1976 ~ ! Sierra Leone 000000001961 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1961 ~ ! Singapore 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations Slovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Slovenia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Solomon Islands 000000001978 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1978 ~ ! Somalia 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! South Africa 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 ~ ! South Sudan 000000002011 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2011 ~ ! Spain 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sri Lanka 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sudan 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Suriname 000000001975 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1975 ~ ! Sweden 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! Switzerland 000000002002 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2002 ~ ! Syrian Arab Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic Tajikistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thailand 000000001946 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1946 ~ ! The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 000000001993 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1993 Former member : Yugoslavia Timor - Leste 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2002 ~ ! Togo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Tonga 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations Tunisia 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Turkey 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Turkmenistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tuvalu 000000002000 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2000 Tuvalu and the United Nations Uganda 000000001962 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1962 ~ ! Ukraine 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic United Arab Emirates 000000001971 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1971 ~ ! United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United Kingdom and the United Nations United Republic of Tanzania 000000001961 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1961 Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar United States of America 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United States and the United Nations Uruguay 000000001945 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1945 ~ ! Uzbekistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vanuatu 000000001981 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1981 Vanuatu and the United Nations Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 000000001945 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1945 ~ ! Vietnam 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Yemen 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen Zambia 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Zimbabwe 000000001980 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1980 ~ ! Former members ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . In 1949 , as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , declared on 1 October 1949 , took control of mainland China . The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however , the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN , despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China . As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China , proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades , as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . By the 1970s , a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count . On 25 October 1971 , the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council , '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations , and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it . '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN , including its permanent seat on the Security Council , from the ROC to the PRC , and expelled the ROC from the UN . From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member . No UN member was expelled in 1971 . Rather , the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted . In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China . Consequently , the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it . Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums , 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years . In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout . That fall the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . The Republic of China is officially recognized by 17 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations , including the United States and Japan . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990 . Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992 , its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states , would apply for membership in the UN . Neither state sought sole successor state status . Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993 . German Democratic Republic ( edit ) Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973 . Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990 , the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany , today simply known as Germany . Consequently , the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist . Federation of Malaya ( edit ) The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957 . On 16 September 1963 , its name was changed to Malaysia , following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore , North Borneo ( now Sabah ) , Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya . Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965 . Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961 , and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963 . Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar , the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '' , with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964 . Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN . Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership . The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR , in a letter dated 24 December 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991 , and on 19 September 1991 , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus . Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991 , after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992 . Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992 . United Arab Republic ( edit ) Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958 . The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961 . Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945 . Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958 , the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member . On 13 October 1961 , Syria , having resumed its status as an independent state , resumed its separate membership in the UN . Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic , until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971 . Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971 . Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) Yemen ( i.e. , North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e. , South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967 , with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970 , and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen . On 22 May 1990 , the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen , which continued as a single member under the name Yemen . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s . By 2006 , six UN member states existed in its former territory . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 . The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , referred to as Yugoslavia , joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 . By 1992 , it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states , which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992 . Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993 , being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . Due to the dispute over its legal successor states , the member state `` Yugoslavia '' , referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution . Following the admission of all five states as new UN members , `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members . The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia , claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however , on 30 May 1992 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted , by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars , and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted , '' and on 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years , but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office , it applied for membership , and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . On 4 February 2003 , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro , following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006 , Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006 . In a letter dated on the same day , the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence , in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006 . In the aftermath of the Kosovo War , the territory of Kosovo , then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999 . On 17 February 2008 it declared independence , but this has not been recognised by Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN , but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group , both specialized agencies in the United Nations System . The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 113 UN member states , including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) , while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo . On 22 July 2010 , the International Court of Justice , the primary judicial organ of the UN , issued an advisory opinion , ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law . Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN , according to the United Nations Charter . From Chapter II , Article 5 : A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council . From Article 6 : A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Since its inception , no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6 . However , in a few cases , states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : On 25 October 1971 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ) . This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 , as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members , which included the Republic of China itself and the United States , which at that time still recognized the Republic of China . In October 1974 , the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN , in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter , due to its apartheid policies . However , the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In response , the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however , South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5 . The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994 , following its successful democratic elections earlier that year . On 28 April 1992 , the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established , by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ) . Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history . Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later . Since the inception of the UN , only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation , and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , in a letter dated 20 January 1965 , Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN . However , following the overthrow of President Sukarno , in a telegram dated 19 September 1966 , Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly '' . On 28 September 1966 , the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . Unlike suspension and expulsion , no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail , or to evade obligations under the Charter , similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor , the League of Nations ) , or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership , i.e. , requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however , scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . Observers and non-members ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations , Palestine 194 , and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002 . Despite this , the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations . In addition to the member states , there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine . The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964 , and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly decided that , effective as of 15 December 1988 , the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011 , Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011 , the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member , becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012 , when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' . The Sovereign Military Order of Malta , while not a state , has observer status at the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries . A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members . The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland , which was admitted in 2002 . A European Union institution , the European Commission , was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974 . The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU . It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly , bar the right to vote and put forward candidates , via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011 . It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions , and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences . The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front . Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco , the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , proclaimed by the Polisario Front . Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory '' . The Cook Islands and Niue , which are both associated states of New Zealand , are not members of the UN , but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO , and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively . They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for , such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and are treated as non-member states . Both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state , but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship , in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship . See also ( edit ) Book : Member states of the United Nations United Nations portal Enlargement of the United Nations Member states of the League of Nations List of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Plurinational State of Bolivia : Previously referred to as Bolivia . Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984 . Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde . On 24 October 2013 , Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages . Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970 , and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975 . Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976 , and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990 . Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ) . By a letter of 4 January 1974 , the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon . Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984 . Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976 , the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979 . Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ) . Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ) . Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast . On 6 November 1985 , Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986 . Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ) . Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971 , and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Republic of The Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia . Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 . It rejoined on 28 September 1966 . Jump up ^ Islamic Republic of Iran : Previously referred to as Iran . By a communication of 5 March 1981 , Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997 . Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya . By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977 , the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011 , the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya . Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic . Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands . Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989 . Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic . Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova . Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN , however , continued to use the former name throughout the year . Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however , the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe , with diacritics . Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972 . Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978 . Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam . Jump up ^ Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela : Previously referred to as Venezuela . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ) , the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ) , Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ) , and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ) . Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state , including , for example , the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ) , as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China . Jump up ^ `` What are Member States ? '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter II : Membership '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` About UN Membership '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 -- present '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Founding Member States '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The World in 1945 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ John Wilson ( August 2007 ) . `` New Zealand Sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? '' . New Zealand Parliament . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Member States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Blue Book `` Permanent Missions to the United Nations No. 306 '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session '' . United Nations . 2 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Change of name -- Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith M. ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` UN approves Libya seat for former rebels '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter V : The Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Winkler , Sigrid ( June 2012 ) . `` Taiwan 's UN Dilemma : To Be or Not To Be '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Year in Review : Red China Admitted to UN '' . United Press International . 1971 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 26 Resolution 2758 . Restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations A / RES / 2758 ( XXVI ) page 1 . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FINAL CLAUSES OF MULTILATERAL TREATIES '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Hence , instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann , Björn Alexander ( 2014 ) . Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations : Taiwan 's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 258 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . 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"In addition to the member states, there are two non-member permanent observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine.[53]"
] | [
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] |
-8766394997410893673 | History of United States diplomatic relations by country | History of United States diplomatic relations by country - wikipedia History of United States diplomatic relations by country Jump to : navigation , search Benjamin Franklin , the first minister ( ambassador ) appointed by the United States of America This is a summary history of diplomatic relations of the United States listed by country . The history of diplomatic relations of the United States began with the appointment of Benjamin Franklin as U.S. Minister to France in 1778 , even before the U.S. had won its independence from Great Britain in 1783 . The information is drawn from official records of the United States Department of State . This history encompasses the following information for each nation that the United States has recognized , or with which the U.S. has had diplomatic relations : Country name Date of establishment of a consulate in that country , or date of appointment of a consul . Date on which the U.S. recognized the country . Date of establishment of diplomatic relations with the country . This is often , but not always , the date of appointment of the first minister or ambassador . The date on which a legation or embassy was established in the country . The name of the first minister or ambassador to the country . In many cases , a chargé d'affaires was appointed first and represented the U.S. until an envoy was commissioned . The date on which diplomatic relations ended between the U.S. and the country . Additional notes on U.S. diplomatic relations with the country . Countries ( edit ) Afghanistan Consulate : Recognized : 1921 Relations established : 1935 Legation / embassy established : 1942 ; embassy established in 1946 First ambassador : William Harrison Hornibrook Relations ended : -- Notes : U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs was assassinated in 1979 . The U.S. Embassy at Kabul was closed on January 30 , 1989 , due to concerns that the new regime would not be able protect diplomats after the Soviet withdrawal . Following the ouster of the Taliban , the embassy was reopened in January 2002 with Ryan Crocker as ambassador . Albania ( 1 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1922 Relations established : 1922 Legation / embassy established : 1922 First ambassador : Ulysses Grant - Smith Relations ended : 1939 Notes : U.S. -- Albanian diplomatic relations ended on June 5 , 1939 , after the Italian invasion of Albania , when the Albanian Minister for Foreign Affairs notified the American Minister in Albania that Italy had taken control of Albania 's foreign affairs . Albania ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1991 First ambassador : William Edwin Ryerson Relations ended : -- Algeria Consulate : 1796 Recognized : 1962 Relations established : 1962 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : William J. Porter Relations ended : -- Notes : Algeria severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1967 in the wake of the 1967 Arab - Israeli war . A U.S. Interests Section was established in the Swiss Embassy . Relations were reestablished in 1974 . Andorra Consulate : Recognized : 1995 Relations established : 1995 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Edward L. Romero ( 1998 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Ambassador to Spain is also accredited to Andorra while resident in Madrid . There is no U.S. embassy in Andorra . Angola Consulate : 1992 Recognized : 1993 Relations established : 1994 Legation / embassy established : 1994 First ambassador : Edmund T. DeJarnette Relations ended : -- Notes : Angola became independent of Portugal in 1975 , but the U.S. did not recognize the government of Angola declared by the MPLA . The U.S. recognized Angola after multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Antigua and Barbuda Consulate : Recognized : 1981 Relations established : 1981 Legation / embassy established : 1981 First ambassador : Milan D. Bish Relations ended : -- Notes : The American Embassy at St. Johns was closed June 30 , 1994 . Subsequent ambassadors to Antigua and Barbuda remained resident at Bridgetown , Barbados . Arab Federation Consulate : Recognized : 1958 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1958 Notes : The Arab Federation was a short - lived union between Iraq and Jordan , that lasted February 14 -- August 2 , 1958 . The U.S. recognized the federation but never established diplomatic relations . Argentina Consulate : Recognized : 1823 Relations established : 1823 Legation / embassy established : 1823 First ambassador : Caesar Augustus Rodney Relations ended : -- Notes : Diplomatic relations were interrupted in 1944 and resumed in 1945 . Armenia ( 1 ) Consulate : 1896 Recognized : 1920 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Steven Mann ( chargé d'affaires ) Relations ended : 1920 Notes : By the end of 1920 , the Armenian Republic had ceased to exist as an independent state , with its territory either seized by Turkey or established as the Armenian Soviet Republic , which subsequently joined the Soviet Union . Armenia ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Harry J. Gilmore Relations ended : -- Australia Consulate : Recognized : 1940 Relations established : 1940 Legation / embassy established : 1940 First ambassador : Clarence E. Gauss Relations ended : -- Austrian Empire Consulate : 1797 Recognized : 1838 Relations established : 1838 Legation / embassy established : 1838 First ambassador : Henry A. Muhlenberg Relations ended : 1917 Notes : On April 8 , 1917 , the Austro - Hungarian Empire severed diplomatic relations with the United States . Several months later , on December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war upon Austria - Hungary . Austria Consulate : Recognized : 1921 Relations established : 1921 Legation / embassy established : 1921 First ambassador : Albert Henry Washburn Relations ended : -- Notes : Relations with Austria were broken in 1938 after the Anschluss and resumed in 1946 . Azerbaijan Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Robert Finn Relations ended : -- Baden , Grand Duchy of Consulate : 1832 Recognized : 1832 Relations established : 1832 Legation / embassy established : 1833 * First ambassador : C.F. Hoyer ( Consul ) Relations ended : 1917 Notes : Relations were with the Grand Duchy of Baden were severed in 1917 when the U.S. entered WWI . Bahamas Consulate : Recognized : 1973 Relations established : 1973 Legation / embassy established : 1973 First ambassador : Moncrieff J. Spear Relations ended : -- Bahrain Consulate : Recognized : 1971 Relations established : 1971 Legation / embassy established : 1971 First ambassador : Joseph W. Twinam ( 1974 ) Relations ended : -- Bangladesh Consulate : 1949 Recognized : 1972 Relations established : 1972 Legation / embassy established : 1972 First ambassador : Davis Eugene Boster Relations ended : -- Notes : The consulate in Dhaka was established when Bangladesh was a province of Pakistan known as East Pakistan . Barbados Consulate : 1823 Recognized : 1966 Relations established : 1966 Legation / embassy established : 1966 First ambassador : Frederick Rand Mann ( 1967 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. consulate in Barbados was established when Barbados was a British colony . Bavaria Consulate : 1833 Recognized : 1833 Relations established : 1833 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Robert de Ruedorffer ( Consul ) Relations ended : 1917 Notes : George Bancroft was the U.S. minister to Prussia and was specially accredited to Bavaria , but was not the official minister . Relations with Bavaria were severed in 1917 when the U.S. entered WWI . Belarus Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : David Heywood Swartz Relations ended : -- Notes : U.S. Ambassador Karen B. Stewart was recalled in 2008 . As of May 2011 no ambassador had been appointed . Belgium Consulate : Recognized : 1832 Relations established : 1832 Legation / embassy established : 1832 First ambassador : John Jacob Seibels ( 1854 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. in Belgium until 1854 when the first ranking minister was appointed . The United States closed its embassy in Brussels on July 15 , 1940 , after the German invasion of Belgium . The embassy was reopened September 14 , 1944 . During the war , relations were maintained with the government - in - exile in London . Belize Consulate : 1847 Recognized : 1981 Relations established : 1981 Legation / embassy established : 1981 First ambassador : Malcolm R. Barnebey Relations ended : -- Benin Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : R. Borden Reams Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Reams was commissioned to Dahomey , Ivory Coast , Niger , and Upper Volta while resident in Abidjan . Benin was known as Dahomey until 1975 . Bhutan Consulate : -- Recognition : -- Diplomatic relations : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : -- Notes : There is no record of U.S. recognition of Bhutan , and the U.S. does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan . The U.S. embassy in New Delhi , India , has consular responsibilities for Bhutan . Informal contact is maintained through the U.S. embassy and the Bhutanese embassy in New Delhi . Bolivia Consulate : Recognized : 1848 Relations established : 1849 Legation / embassy established : 1849 First ambassador : John W. Dana ( 1854 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of chargés represented the U.S. to Bolivia until the first ranking minister was appointed in 1854 . See also Peru -- Bolivia Confederation . Bosnia and Herzegovina Consulate : Recognized : 1992 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1993 First ambassador : Victor Jackovich Relations ended : -- Botswana Consulate : Recognized : 1966 Relations established : 1966 Legation / embassy established : 1966 First ambassador : Charles J. Nelson ( 1971 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1979 one ambassador was accredited to Botswana , Swaziland , and Lesotho while resident at Gaborone . Brazil Consulate : Recognized : 1824 Relations established : 1824 Legation / embassy established : 1825 First ambassador : William Hunter ( 1842 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of chargés represented the U.S. to Brazil until the first first ranking minister was appointed in 1842 . Brunei Consulate : 1865 Recognized : 1984 Relations established : 1984 Legation / embassy established : 1984 First ambassador : Barrington King Relations ended : -- Brunswick - Lüneburg , Duchy of Consulate : 1856 Recognized : 1848 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1916 Notes : The United States and the Duchy recognized each other but never established diplomatic relation . The Duchy joined the North German Confederation in 1867 and thus ceased to handle its own foreign affairs . Bulgaria Consulate : 1912 Recognized : 1908 Relations established : 1903 Legation / embassy established : 1919 First ambassador : John Ridgely Carter ( 1910 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of representatives with the title Diplomatic Agent represented the U.S. in Bulgaria until the first ranking minister was appointed in 1910 . The first ministers were accredited to Romania , Serbia , and Bulgaria , while resident at Bucharest , Romania . Bulgaria severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1941 . Relations were reestablished in 1947 , and the legation was reopened . Relations were again severed in 1950 and resumed in 1959 . Burkina Faso Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : R. Borden Reams Relations ended : -- Notes : Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta Until 1984 . Ambassador Reams was commissioned to Dahomey , Ivory Coast , Niger , and Upper Volta while resident in Abidjan . Burma Consulate : Recognized : 1948 Relations established : 1947 Legation / embassy established : 1947 First ambassador : J. Klahr Huddle Relations ended : -- Notes : In 1989 the government of Burma changed the name of the country to Myanmar , but the U.S. and other nations do not recognize the legitimacy of the government and hence the change of name . Burundi Consulate : Recognized : 1962 Relations established : 1962 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : Donald A. Dumont Relations ended : -- Cambodia Consulate : Recognized : 1950 Relations established : 1950 Legation / embassy established : 1950 First ambassador : Donald R. Heath Relations ended : -- Notes : Cambodia severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1965 and restored relations in 1969 . Relations were again broken in 1975 and reestablished in 1991 . Cameroon Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Leland Barrows Relations ended : -- Canada Consulate : Recognized : 1927 Relations established : 1927 Legation / embassy established : 1927 First ambassador : William Phillips Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1926 Canada was a part of the British Empire , with its foreign relations managed by the British Foreign Office . Cape Verde Consulate : Recognized : 1975 Relations established : 1975 Legation / embassy established : 1978 First ambassador : Melissa F. Wells ( 1976 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1983 one ambassador was accredited to Guinea - Bissau and Cape Verde while resident at Bissau . In 1983 the first ambassador was appointed solely accredited to Cape Verde . Central African Republic Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : W. Wendell Blancke Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Blancke was commissioned to the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , and Gabon , while resident in Brazzaville . Central America , Federal Republic of Consulate : Recognized : 1824 Relations established : 1824 Legation / embassy established : 1826 First ambassador : John Williams Relations ended : 1840 Notes : The Federal Republic of Central America ( República Federal de Centroamérica ) was a short - lived union of the present - day states of Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica . Later Los Altos was added , with its capital in Quetzaltenango -- occupying parts of what are now the western highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas state in southern Mexico . The federation was founded in 1823 , effectively dissolved in 1840 , and formally ended in 1841 . The federation dissolved by 1840 , although the last diplomatic agent , William S. Murphy , did not leave his post until 1842 . Between 1844 and 1853 , the U.S. government recognized the individual members of the federation . Chad Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : W. Wendell Blancke Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Blancke was commissioned to the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , and Gabon , while resident in Brazzaville . The U.S. Embassy N'Djamena was closed 1980 -- 82 due to war , although diplomatic relations were not broken . Chile Consulate : Recognized : 1823 Relations established : 1824 Legation / embassy established : 1824 First ambassador : Heman Allen Relations ended : -- China Consulate : Recognized : 1844 Relations established : 1844 Legation / embassy established : 1844 First ambassador : Caleb Cushing Relations ended : -- Notes : 1949 : The U.S. embassy moved to Taipei , Formosa , when the Nationalist government fled to Formosa . 1973 : The U.S. Liaison Office opened in Beijing . 1979 : The U.S. withdrew diplomatic recognition from the Nationalist government in Taipei and recognized the PRC government in Beijing . Colombia Consulate : 1823 Recognized : 1822 Relations established : 1822 Legation / embassy established : 1823 First ambassador : Richard Clough Anderson , Jr . Relations ended : -- Comoros Consulate : Recognized : 1977 Relations established : 1977 Legation / embassy established : 1985 First ambassador : Fernando Enrique Rondon Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar is also accredited to the Comoros while resident in Antananarivo . The American Embassy at Moroni was closed in 1993 . Subsequent U.S. ambassadors to the Comoros also have been accredited to Mauritius , and resident at Port Louis . Congo Free State Consulate : Recognized : 1885 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1908 Notes : The U.S. recognized the Congo Free State as the Independent State of Congo . The U.S. and the Congo Free State never established diplomatic relations . The Congo Free State was annexed as a colony by Belgium in 1908 , which ended its existence as an independent sovereign state . Congo , Democratic Republic of ( Kinshasa ) Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Clare H. Timberlake Relations ended : -- Congo , Republic of ( Brazzaville ) Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : W. Wendell Blancke Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Blancke was commissioned to the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , and Gabon , while resident in Brazzaville . Diplomatic relations between the Republic of the Congo and the U.S. were suspended in 1965 and restored in 1977 . Costa Rica Consulate : Recognized : 1849 Relations established : 1855 Legation / embassy established : 1898 First ambassador : Solon Borland / Mirabeau B. Lamar Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Borland was commissioned to Costa Rica but never presented credentials there . Ambassador Lamar was the first official ambassador , having presented his credentials in 1858 . Lamar was accredited to Nicaragua and Costa Rica while resident in Managua . Diplomatic relations were interrupted in 1917 , following a military coup d'état . Relations were resumed in 1920 . Ivory Coast Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : R. Borden Reams Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Reams was commissioned to Dahomey , Ivory Coast , Niger , and Upper Volta while resident in Abidjan . Croatia Consulate : Recognized : 1992 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Peter W. Galbraith ( 1993 ) Relations ended : -- Cuba Consulate : Recognized : 1902 Relations established : 1902 Legation / embassy established : 1902 First ambassador : Herbert G. Squiers Relations ended : 1961 Relations re-established : 2015 Notes : The United States severed diplomatic relations with Cuba on January 3 , 1961 . The United States opened again the diplomatic relations with Cuba on August 14 , 2015 . Cyprus Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Fraser Wilkins Relations ended : -- Czechoslovakia Consulate : 1869 Recognized : 1918 Relations established : 1918 Legation / embassy established : 1919 First ambassador : Richard Crane Relations ended : 1992 Notes : 1941 -- 45 : During WWII , the U.S. maintained diplomatic relations with the government - in - exile of Czechoslovakia in London . Relations with Czechoslovakia ended in 1992 with the dissolution of the nation into the Czech Republic and Slovakia . Czech Republic Consulate : Recognized : 1993 Relations established : 1993 Legation / embassy established : 1993 First ambassador : Adrian A. Basora Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Basora had been the U.S. ambassador to Czechoslovakia and continued as ambassador to the Czech Republic . Denmark Consulate : 1792 Recognized : 1792 Relations established : 1801 Legation / embassy established : 1827 First ambassador : Henry Wheaton Relations ended : -- Notes : Djibouti Consulate : Recognized : 1977 Relations established : 1977 Legation / embassy established : 1977 First ambassador : Jerrold M. North ( 1980 ) Relations ended : -- Dominica Consulate : Recognized : 1978 Relations established : 1979 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Sally Angela Shelton ( Sally Shelton - Colby ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. does not maintain an embassy in Dominica . The U.S. Ambassador in Barbados in Bridgetown is also accredited to Dominica . Dominican Republic Consulate : Recognized : 1866 Relations established : 1884 Legation / embassy established : 1904 First ambassador : Thomas Cleland Dawson Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. at the embassy in Santo Domingo until the first minister resident / consul general was appointed in 1904 . Until 1904 the U.S. Minister to Haiti was also accredited as the Chargé d'Affaires to the Dominican Republic . East Timor -- see Timor - Leste Ecuador Consulate : 1825 Recognized : 1832 Relations established : 1848 Legation / embassy established : 1848 First ambassador : Philo White ( 1853 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. at the embassy in Quito until the first minister resident was appointed in 1853 . Egypt Consulate : Recognized : 1922 Relations established : 1922 Legation / embassy established : 1922 First ambassador : J. Morton Howell Relations ended : -- Notes : Egypt and Syria united to form a new state , the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) , in 1958 . The U.S. recognized the UAR immediately . The U.S. embassy in Damascus was reclassified as a consulate general . Syria seceded from the union in 1961 ; however , Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until 1971 . Egypt severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. during the Six - Day War . Normal relations were restored in 1974 . During the interruption of relations , the U.S. was represented by a U.S. Interests Section in the Embassy of Spain . El Salvador Consulate : Recognized : 1849 Relations established : 1863 Legation / embassy established : 1863 First ambassador : James R. Partridge Relations ended : -- Notes : Diplomatic relations were handled through the Greater Republic of Central America 1896 -- 98 . Relations were interrupted on December 4 , 1931 , when the U.S. did not recognize the new revolutionary government of El Salvador . Normal relations were resumed in 1934 . Equatorial Guinea Consulate : Recognized : 1968 Relations established : 1968 Legation / embassy established : 1969 First ambassador : Albert W. Sherer , Jr . Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. suspended diplomatic relations with Equatorial Guinea in 1976 after the U.S. ambassador and consul had been declared personae non gratae . Normal relations were resumed in 1979 . The U.S. embassy in Malabo was closed in 1995 , and its functions transferred to the embassy in Yaoundé , Cameroon . The ambassador to Cameroon was also accredited to Equatorial Guinea while resident in Yaoundé . The embassy in Malabo was reopened in 2004 with the ambassador solely accredited to Equatorial Guinea . Eritrea Consulate : Recognized : 1993 Relations established : 1993 Legation / embassy established : 1993 First ambassador : Robert Gordon Houdek Relations ended : -- Estonia ( 1 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1922 Relations established : 1922 Legation / embassy established : 1922 First ambassador : Robert P. Skinner Relations ended : 1940 Notes : The first ambassadors were accredited to Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , while resident in Riga , Latvia . The legation in Tallinn was closed in 1940 , following the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states . The U.S. never recognized the government of Estonia under Soviet occupation . Estonia ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1991 First ambassador : Robert C. Frasure Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. recognized the government of Estonia in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union , reestablished diplomatic relations , and reopened the old legation in Tallinn as an embassy . Ethiopia Consulate : Recognized : 1903 Relations established : 1903 Legation / embassy established : 1909 First ambassador : Hoffman Philip Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Legation in Addis Ababa was closed and diplomatic personnel were withdrawn following the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1937 . The U.S. never recognized Italian authority in Ethiopia . The legation was reopened and a new Minister Resident / Consul was appointed in 1943 . In July 1980 , the U.S. ambassador to Ethiopia was recalled at the request of the Ethiopian government , and the U.S. Embassy in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Embassy in the United States were headed by chargés d'affaires until 1993 . Fiji Consulate : 1844 Recognized : 1970 Relations established : 1971 Legation / embassy established : 1971 First ambassador : Kenneth Franzheim II Relations ended : -- Notes : The first ambassadors were accredited to New Zealand , Fiji , and Tonga , while resident at Wellington , New Zealand . The first ambassador resident in Suva , Fiji , was appointed in 1978 . He was also accredited to Tonga and Tuvalu . Finland Consulate : Recognized : 1919 Relations established : 1919 Legation / embassy established : 1920 First ambassador : Charles L. Kagey ( 1921 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Finland on 1944 , as result of Finland 's alliance with Germany against the Soviet Union . Relations were re-established in 1945 . France Consulate : 1778 Recognized : 1778 Relations established : 1778 Legation / embassy established : 1779 First ambassador : Benjamin Franklin Relations ended : -- Notes : Diplomatic relations with France were severed in 1798 as a result of the XYZ Affair . Relations were restored in 1801 . U.S. -- France diplomatic relations were severed in 1942 at the direction of the French Vichy government . The U.S. recognized the Provisional Government of the French Republic in Algiers in 1944 . Normal diplomatic relations with France were restored , and the U.S. embassy in Paris was reopened in December 1944 . Gabon Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : W. Wendell Blancke Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Blancke was commissioned to the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , and Gabon , while resident in Brazzaville . Gambia , The Consulate : Recognized : 1965 Relations established : 1965 Legation / embassy established : 1965 First ambassador : Mercer Cook Relations ended : -- Genoa , Republic of Consulate : 1791 Recognized : 1791 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1805 Notes : The Republic of Genoa recognized the U.S. in 1791 . There is no clear record of reciprocation by the U.S. , but President Washington accredited the Republic 's Consul General in 1791 . The U.S. and the Republic never established diplomatic relations . Genoa was annexed by France in 1805 and ceased to exist . Georgia Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Kent N. Brown Relations ended : -- German Confederation Consulate : Recognized : 1848 Relations established : 1848 Legation / embassy established : 1848 First ambassador : Andrew J. Donelson Relations ended : 1867 Notes : The short - lived German Confederation was absorbed into the North German Confederation in 1867 . German Confederation , North Consulate : Recognized : 1867 Relations established : 1868 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : George Bancroft Relations ended : 1871 Notes : Ambassador Bancroft was also the ambassador to Prussia . The North German Union was abolished by the creation of the German Empire in 1871 . Germany ( Prussia ) Consulate : Recognized : 1797 Relations established : 1797 Legation / embassy established : 1797 First ambassador : John Quincy Adams Relations ended : 1871 Notes : Prussia became part of the German Empire in 1871 . Germany ( German Empire ) Consulate : 1871 Recognized : 1871 Relations established : 1871 Legation / embassy established : 1871 First ambassador : George Bancroft Relations ended : 1917 Notes : The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with the German Empire in 1917 . The U.S. declared war on Germany shortly thereafter . Germany ( 1918 -- 1941 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1921 Relations established : 1921 Legation / embassy established : 1921 First ambassador : Alanson B. Houghton Relations ended : 1941 Notes : Diplomatic relations with the Germany were broken off when Germany declared war on the U.S. in December 1941 . Mutual recognition between the U.S. and Germany was established by the Treaty of Berlin in 1921 . Germany , East ( German Democratic Republic ) Consulate : Recognized : 1974 Relations established : 1974 Legation / embassy established : 1974 First ambassador : John Sherman Cooper Relations ended : 1990 Notes : The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist on October 3 , 1990 , when it was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) . Germany Consulate : Recognized : 1949 Relations established : 1955 Legation / embassy established : 1955 First ambassador : James Bryant Conant Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. embassy in Bonn moved to Berlin in 1999 . Ghana Consulate : Recognized : 1957 Relations established : 1957 Legation / embassy established : 1957 First ambassador : Peter Rutter Relations ended : -- Notes : Ghana was known as Gold Coast until independence in 1957 . Greece Consulate : 1837 Recognized : 1837 Relations established : 1868 Legation / embassy established : 1868 First ambassador : Charles K. Tuckerman Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Embassy in Athens was closed in 1941 after the German occupation of Greece , and reopened in 1944 . During wartime the U.S. maintained diplomatic relations with the government - in - exile of Greece in London ( 1941 -- 43 ) and then in Cairo ( 1943 -- 44 ) . Grenada Consulate : Recognized : 1975 Relations established : 1974 Legation / embassy established : 1984 First ambassador : Theodore R. Britton , Jr . Relations ended : -- Notes : The ambassador to Grenada is accredited to Grenada and Barbados , while resident at Bridgetown , Barbados . Guatemala Consulate : Recognized : 1844 Relations established : 1849 Legation / embassy established : 1849 First ambassador : Solon Borland ( 1855 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. had previously recognized Guatemala in 1824 as a part of the Federal Republic of Central America . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. until 1855 . Relations with Guatemala were interrupted briefly in June 1954 , following a coup d'état . In July the U.S. recognized the new government and re-established diplomatic relations . Guinea Consulate : Recognized : 1958 Relations established : 1959 Legation / embassy established : 1959 First ambassador : John H. Morrow Relations ended : -- Guinea - Bissau Consulate : Recognized : 1974 Relations established : 1975 Legation / embassy established : 1976 First ambassador : Melissa F. Wells Relations ended : -- Guyana Consulate : Recognized : 1966 Relations established : 1966 Legation / embassy established : 1966 First ambassador : Delmar R. Carlson Relations ended : -- Haiti Consulate : Recognized : 1862 Relations established : 1862 Legation / embassy established : 1862 First ambassador : Benjamin F. Whidden Relations ended : -- Notes : Whidden 's title was Commissioner and Consul General . The first Minister was Henry E. Peck in 1866 . Until 1904 the minister to Haiti was also accredited as the chargé d'affaires to the Dominican Republic . Hanover , Kingdom of Consulate : Recognized : 1830 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1866 Notes : The U.S. never established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Hanover . The Kingdom was conquered by Prussia in 1866 and ceased to exist . Hanseatic Republics ( Bremen , Lübeck , Hamburg ) Consulate : 1794 Recognized : 1790 -- 94 Relations established : 1853 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1868 Notes : No U.S. minister or envoy was appointed ; only consuls were appointed . Relations with the Hanseatic Republics ended in 1868 when the republics joined the North German Confederation . Hawaii , Kingdom of Consulate : 1820 Recognized : 1826 Relations established : 1853 Legation / embassy established : 1853 First ambassador : David L. Gregg Relations ended : 1898 Notes : Gregg 's title was Commissioner to the Kingdom of Hawaii . Gregg 's predecessors were titled Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands . The office was not titled Legation until 1853 . In 1863 the rank of the Commissioner was raised to Minister Resident with the appointment of James McBride . Diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Hawaii ended in 1898 when Hawaii was annexed to the United States . Hesse Consulate : 1829 Recognized : 1829 Relations established : 1829 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1917 Notes : George Bancroft , who was the minister to Prussia , was given special accreditation to Hesse . Hesse joined the German Empire in 1871 . Diplomatic relations with the German Empire were broken upon entry of the U.S. into WWI in 1917 . Holy See ( see also Papal States ) Consulate : 1797 Recognized : 1984 Relations established : 1984 Legation / embassy established : 1984 First ambassador : William A. Wilson Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. maintained consular relations with the Papal States 1797 -- 1870 . The U.S. has been represented at the Holy See since the early 20th century . Previous representatives had been titled Personal Representative of the President . Honduras Consulate : Recognized : 1853 Relations established : 1853 Legation / embassy established : 1856 First ambassador : Solon Borland Relations ended : -- Notes : Honduras had been recognized in 1824 as part of the Federal Republic of Central America . It was recognized independently in 1853 . Ambassador Borland was accredited to Honduras , Costa Rica , Nicaragua , and El Salvador , but he did not present his credentials in Tegucigalpa . Hungary Consulate : 1869 Recognized : 1921 Relations established : 1921 Legation / embassy established : 1921 First ambassador : Theodore Brentano ( 1922 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Hungary severed diplomatic relations on December 11 , 1941 , and declared war on the U.S. on December 13 . Relations were restored in January 1945 . Diplomatic relations were interrupted in 1956 , following the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . From 1957 until 1967 , no ambassador was commissioned to Hungary , but a series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. Iceland Consulate : Recognized : 1944 Relations established : 1941 Legation / embassy established : 1941 First ambassador : Lincoln MacVeagh Relations ended : -- Notes : Iceland had been occupied by the U.S. since 1941 , at the request of the Icelandic government , in order to forestall a feared German occupation . India Consulate : Recognized : 1947 Relations established : 1946 Legation / embassy established : 1946 First ambassador : Henry F. Grady Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. established diplomatic relations and an embassy in 1946 , in anticipation of Indian independence in 1947 . Indonesia Consulate : 1801 Recognized : 1949 Relations established : 1949 Legation / embassy established : 1949 First ambassador : Horace M. Cochran Relations ended : -- Iran Consulate : Recognized : 1850 Relations established : 1883 Legation / embassy established : 1883 First ambassador : Frederick H. Winston ( 1885 ) Relations ended : 1980 Notes : Bayless W. Hanna had been appointed as the first Minister Resident to Persia and took the oath of office , but did not proceed to Persia . The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Iran in 1980 following the Iran hostage crisis . Iraq Consulate : 1888 Recognized : 1930 Relations established : 1931 Legation / embassy established : 1931 First ambassador : Paul Knabenshue Relations ended : -- Notes : Iraq severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in June 1967 during the 1967 Arab - Israeli Six - Day War . Relations were reestablished in 1984 . A U.S. Interests Section was established in the Belgian Embassy in Baghdad in 1972 in the interim . The U.S. and Iraq mutually severed relations in 1991 following the Invasion of Kuwait . Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Iraq were reestablished and the U.S. Embassy was reopened in 2004 . Ireland Consulate : Recognized : 1924 Relations established : 1924 Legation / embassy established : 1927 First ambassador : Frederick A. Sterling Relations ended : -- Israel Consulate : Recognized : 1948 Relations established : 1949 Legation / embassy established : 1949 First ambassador : James Grover McDonald Relations ended : -- Italy Consulate : 1794 Recognized : 1861 Relations established : 1861 Legation / embassy established : 1861 First ambassador : George Perkins Marsh Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. maintained consulates in numerous Italian cities beginning in 1794 . The U.S. Legation was initially at Turin , then at Florence , and finally moved to Rome in 1871 . Diplomatic relations were severed and the American Embassy in Rome was closed on December 11 , 1941 , after Italy declared war on the United States . Relations were reestablished in 1944 and the embassy was reopened in 1945 . Jamaica Consulate : Recognized : 1962 Relations established : 1962 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : William C. Doherty Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Vincent de Roulet was declared persona non grata in 1973 and he was expelled . Japan Consulate : 1855 Recognized : 1854 Relations established : 1858 Legation / embassy established : 1859 First ambassador : Townsend Harris Relations ended : -- Notes : Diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States were mutually severed on December 8 , 1941 , when both nations declared war on each other in the wake of Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . Normal diplomatic relations were resumed and the U.S. Embassy was reopened in Tokyo in 1952 . Jordan Consulate : Recognized : 1949 Relations established : 1949 Legation / embassy established : 1949 First ambassador : Gerald A. Drew ( 1950 ) Relations ended : -- Kazakhstan Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : William Harrison Courtney Relations ended : -- Kenya Consulate : Recognized : 1963 Relations established : 1964 Legation / embassy established : 1964 First ambassador : William Attwood Relations ended : -- Kiribati Consulate : Recognized : 1979 Relations established : 1980 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : William Bodde , Jr . Relations ended : -- Notes : The first ambassadors were accredited to Fiji , Tonga , Tuvalu , and Kiribati , while resident at Suva , Fiji . There is no U.S. embassy in Kiribati . Korea Consulate : Recognized : 1882 Relations established : 1882 Legation / embassy established : 1883 First ambassador : Lucius H. Foote Relations ended : 1910 Notes : Relations between Korea and the U.S. were established by the Chemulpo Treaty of 1882 . Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and relations between the U.S. and Korea were interrupted . Korea , North ( Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ) Consulate : Recognized : -- Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : -- Notes : At the end of WWII , Korea was split into North and South along the 38th parallel . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established in 1948 . The U.S. recognized South Korea in 1949 and established diplomatic relations , but never recognized the government of North Korea . Korea , South ( Republic of Korea ) Consulate : Recognized : 1949 Relations established : 1949 Legation / embassy established : 1949 First ambassador : John J. Muccio Relations ended : -- At the end of WWII , Korea was split into North and South along the 38th parallel . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established in 1948 . The U.S. recognized South Korea in 1949 and established diplomatic relations , but never recognized the government of North Korea . Kosovo Consulate : Recognized : 2008 Relations established : 2008 Legation / embassy established : 2008 First ambassador : Tina S. Kaidanow Relations ended : -- Kuwait Consulate : 1951 Recognized : 1961 Relations established : 1961 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : Parker T. Hart Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Embassy in Kuwait was closed and diplomatic staff were withdrawn in December 1990 due to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . The embassy was reopened in March 1991 . Kyrgyzstan Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Edward Hurwitz Relations ended : -- Laos Consulate : 1950 Recognized : 1950 Relations established : 1950 Legation / embassy established : 1950 First ambassador : Donald R. Heath Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Heath was concurrently commissioned to Vietnam and Laos , while resident at Saigon . The first resident ambassador was Charles Woodruff Yost in 1954 . In 1975 , after the establishment of the Communist Lao People 's Democratic Republic , the U.S. recalled the ambassador . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. in Vientiane until 1992 when Charles B. Salmon was appointed ambassador . Latvia ( 1 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1922 Relations established : 1922 Legation / embassy established : 1922 First ambassador : Frederick W.B. Coleman Relations ended : 1940 Notes : The first ambassadors were accredited to Latvia , Estonia , and Lithuania , while resident in Riga , Latvia . The U.S. Legation in Riga was closed in 1940 following the Soviet invasion and annexation of the Baltic states . The U.S. government allowed Latvian diplomats to remain in the U.S. and maintained the position that they were the legal representatives of the Latvian government . The U.S. never recognized the Latvian government under the Soviet Union . Latvia ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1991 First ambassador : Ints M. Silins Relations ended : -- Notes : In 1991 , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , the U.S. recognized Latvia 's independence , restored diplomatic relations , and reopened the embassy . Lebanon Consulate : 1942 Recognized : 1944 Relations established : 1944 Legation / embassy established : 1944 First ambassador : George Wadsworth Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Wadsworth had been serving in Lebanon as Diplomatic Agent / Consul General since 1942 . He was promoted to Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary upon establishment of U.S. -- Syria diplomatic relations . He was concurrently commissioned to Lebanon and Syria , while resident in Beirut . The U.S. withdrew all diplomatic personnel and closed the embassy in 1989 due to safety concerns during the Lebanon civil war . The embassy was reopened in 1990 with Ryan Crocker as ambassador . Lesotho Consulate : Recognized : 1966 Relations established : 1966 Legation / embassy established : 1966 First ambassador : Charles J. Nelson ( 1971 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1979 one ambassador was accredited to Lesotho , Swaziland , and Botswana while resident in Gaborone , Botswana . Lew Chew ( Ryūkyū Kingdom ) Consulate : Recognized : 1854 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1879 Notes : The U.S. never established diplomatic relations with the kingdom . Lew Chew was annexed by Japan in 1879 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Liberia Consulate : Recognized : 1862 Relations established : 1864 Legation / embassy established : 1864 First ambassador : Abraham Hanson ( Commissioner and Consul General ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The first representative , Hanson , was titled Commissioner and Consul General . The next envoy was given the title Minister Resident / Consul General . Libya Consulate : Recognized : 1951 Relations established : 1951 Legation / embassy established : 1951 First ambassador : Henry Serrano Villard ( 1952 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : No U.S. ambassador had been appointed to Libya since Joseph Palmer left his post in 1972 . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. until 1980 . The U.S. and Libya closed their embassies in 1980 and 1981 , respectively , but diplomatic relations were not formally severed . In 2006 the U.S. and Libya formally resumed diplomatic relations . Gene Cretz was appointed ambassador in 2008 . Liechtenstein Consulate : Recognized : 1926 Relations established : 1997 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Madeleine M. Kunin Relations ended : -- Notes : Liechtenstein was represented in foreign affairs by Switzerland until 1997 . The U.S. ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein , while resident in Bern . Lithuania ( 1 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1922 Relations established : 1922 Legation / embassy established : 1922 First ambassador : Frederick W.B. Coleman Relations ended : 1940 Notes : The first ambassadors to Lithuania were accredited to Latvia , Lithuania , and Estonia , while resident in Riga , Latvia . The U.S. Legation was closed in August 1940 following the Soviet invasion and annexation of the Baltic states . The U.S. government allowed Lithuanian diplomats to remain in the U.S. and maintained the position that they were the legal representatives of the Lithuanian government . The U.S. never recognized the Lithuanian government under the Soviet Union . Lithuania ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1991 First ambassador : Darryl N. Johnson Relations ended : -- Notes : Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , The U.S. recognized the Lithuanian government , resumed diplomatic relations , and reopened the embassy in Vilnius . Luxembourg Consulate : Recognized : 1878 Relations established : 1903 Legation / embassy established : 1903 First ambassador : Stanford Newel Relations ended : -- Notes : The first ambassador was accredited to the Netherlands and Luxembourg , while resident at The Hague , Netherlands . In 1940 the U.S. Legation in Luxembourg was closed following the German occupation of Luxembourg . The U.S. maintained relations with the government - in - exile of Luxembourg in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ( 1941 -- 43 ) and then in London ( 1943 -- 44 ) . The U.S. Legation in Luxembourg was reestablished in September 1944 . Macedonia Consulate : Recognized : 1994 Relations established : 1995 Legation / embassy established : 1993 First ambassador : Christopher R. Hill Relations ended : -- Madagascar Consulate : 1874 Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Frederic Pearson Bartlett Relations ended : -- Notes : U.S. Ambassador Anthony D. Marshall was expelled in 1971 . Another ambassador was appointed the following year . Malawi Consulate : Recognized : 1964 Relations established : 1964 Legation / embassy established : 1964 First ambassador : Samuel Patrick Gilstrap Relations ended : -- Malaysia Consulate : 1918 Recognized : 1957 Relations established : 1957 Legation / embassy established : 1957 First ambassador : Homer Morrison Byington Relations ended : -- Notes : Malaysia was recognized as Federation of Malaya in 1957 . In 1963 Malaya joined with Singapore , Sarawak , and Sabah to form the Federation of Malaysia . Henceforth all U.S. ambassadors were accredited to the Federation of Malaysia . Maldives Consulate : Recognized : 1965 Relations established : 1966 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Cecil Burton Lyon Relations ended : -- Notes : One ambassador is accredited to the Maldives and Sri Lanka , while resident in Colombo , Sri Lanka . In 1967 the then - current ambassador to Sri Lanka , Cecil B. Lyon , was given an additional commission to the Maldives . There is no U.S. embassy in Malé , Maldives . Mali Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Thomas K. Wright Relations ended : -- Notes : Henry Serrano Villard was commissioned to the Federation of Mali in 1960 but the Federation split apart before Villard could proceed to the post . Villard became the ambassador to Senegal . Malta Consulate : Recognized : 1964 Relations established : 1964 Legation / embassy established : 1964 First ambassador : George J. Feldman ( 1965 ) Relations ended : -- Marshall Islands Consulate : Recognized : 1979 Relations established : 1987 Legation / embassy established : 1987 First ambassador : William Bodde ( 1990 ) Relations ended : -- Mauritania Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : Henry Serrano Villard Relations ended : -- Notes : Mauritania severed diplomatic relations with the United States on June 7 , 1967 , in the wake of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , and the U.S. embassy was closed . Relations were resumed in 1969 and Embassy Nouakchott was reopened in 1970 . Mauritius Consulate : Recognized : 1968 Relations established : 1968 Legation / embassy established : 1968 First ambassador : David S. King Relations ended : -- Notes : The first ambassador was concurrently commissioned to Madagascar and Mauritius while resident at Antananarivo , Madagascar . Mecklenburg - Schwerin , Grand Duchy of Consulate : 1816 Recognized : 1816 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1867 Notes : The United States and the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Schwerin never established diplomatic relations . The Grand Duchy joined the North German Confederation in 1867 , thus ending independent foreign relations . Mecklenburg - Strelitz , Grand Duchy of Consulate : Recognized : 1853 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1867 Notes : The United States and the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Strelitz never established diplomatic relations . The Grand Duchy joined the North German Confederation in 1867 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Mexico Consulate : Recognized : 1822 Relations established : 1825 Legation / embassy established : 1825 First ambassador : Joel Roberts Poinsett Relations ended : -- Notes : Mexico severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1845 upon the annexation of Texas by the U.S. Relations were reestablished in 1848 following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican - American War . Mexico severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1914 following the Tampico Affair . Diplomatic relations were reestablished in 1917 . Micronesia Consulate : Recognized : 1986 Relations established : 1986 Legation / embassy established : 1989 First ambassador : Aurelia Erskine Brazeal ( 1990 ) Relations ended : -- Moldova Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Mary C. Pendleton Relations ended : -- Monaco Consulate : 1874 Recognized : 1865 Relations established : 2006 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Craig Roberts Stapleton Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. ambassador to France is concurrently accredited to Monaco . Mongolia Consulate : Recognized : 1987 Relations established : 1987 Legation / embassy established : 1988 First ambassador : Richard Llewellyn Williams Relations ended : -- Notes : Diplomatic relations were established during the late Cold War era with the Mongolian People 's Republic and have continued uninterrupted since the 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia . Montenegro Consulate : Recognized : 1994 Relations established : 1995 Legation / embassy established : 1995 First ambassador : Christopher R. Hill Relations ended : -- Morocco Consulate : 1797 Recognized : 1786 Relations established : 1905 Legation / embassy established : 1905 First ambassador : Samuel Rene Gummere Relations ended : -- Notes : 1912 -- 1956 : Morocco came under the control of France and Spain as protectorates . The United States did not initially recognize the French and Spanish protectorates over Morocco . However , in 1917 upon U.S. entry into the First World War , the U.S. government recognized the protectorates . The U.S. Minister at Tangier was downgraded to the status of Diplomatic Agent . In 1956 the U.S. recognized Morocco 's independence , established an embassy in Rabat , and appointed a ranking ambassador , Cavendish W. Cannon . Mozambique Consulate : Recognized : 1975 Relations established : 1975 Legation / embassy established : 1975 First ambassador : Willard Ames De Pree ( 1976 ) Relations ended : -- Myanmar ( see Burma ) Namibia Consulate : Recognized : 1990 Relations established : 1990 Legation / embassy established : 1990 First ambassador : Willard Ames De Pree Relations ended : -- Nassau , Duchy of Consulate : 1853 Recognized : 1846 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1866 Notes : The U.S. and the Duchy of Nassau never established formal diplomatic relations . As a result of the Austro - Prussian War , the Duchy was absorbed into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Nauru Consulate : Recognized : 1974 Relations established : 1974 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Marshall Green Relations ended : -- Notes : The first ambassador to Nauru , Marshall Green , was concurrently accredited to Australia and Nauru , while resident at Canberra . Nepal Consulate : Recognized : 1947 Relations established : 1947 Legation / embassy established : 1959 First ambassador : Henry F. Grady Relations ended : -- Notes : 1947 -- 1959 : The first US ambassadors to India were concurrently commissioned to India and Nepal , while resident in New Delhi . In 1959 an embassy was opened in Kathmandu with an ambassador solely commissioned to Nepal . Netherlands Consulate : 1798 Recognized : 1781 Relations established : 1781 Legation / embassy established : 1781 First ambassador : John Adams Relations ended : -- Notes : Adams was concurrently commissioned to the U.K. and the Netherlands , while resident in London . In 1801 The U.S. closed the legation in The Hague and withdrew the ambassador . The embassy was reopened and another ambassador was commissioned in 1814 when the Netherlands became independent of France . The U.S. legation in The Hague was closed in 1940 following the German invasion of the Netherlands . During WWII the U.S. maintained diplomatic relations with the government - in - exile of the Netherlands in London . The embassy in The Hague was reopened in August 1945 . New Zealand Consulate : Recognized : 1942 Relations established : 1942 Legation / embassy established : 1942 First ambassador : Patrick J. Hurley Relations ended : -- Nicaragua Consulate : Recognized : 1849 Relations established : 1849 Legation / embassy established : 1851 First ambassador : Solon Borland ( 1853 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Nicaragua had previously been recognized as part of the Federal Republic of Central America . Ambassador Borland was concurrently commissioned to Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Nicaragua . The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Nicaragua on December 1 , 1909 . Normal diplomatic relations were restored in 1911 . The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Nicaragua and withdrew recognition in 1926 following a coup d'état by Emiliano Chamorro Vargas . The U.S. recognized the successor government and reestablished relations later that year . The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Nicaragua in 1947 following a coup d'état by Anastasio Somoza García . Relations were reestablished in 1948 following elections in Nicaragua . In 1988 the Sandinista government of Nicaragua expelled the U.S. ambassador and seven members of the diplomatic corps . The embassy remained open under a chargé d'affaires a.i. until a new ambassador was commissioned in 1990 . Niger Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : R. Borden Reams Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Reams was commissioned to Dahomey , Ivory Coast , Niger , and Upper Volta while resident in Abidjan . Nigeria Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Joseph Palmer II Relations ended : -- Norway Consulate : 1809 Recognized : 1905 Relations established : 1905 Legation / embassy established : 1905 First ambassador : Herbert H.D. Peirce ( 1906 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Prior to 1905 , Sweden and Norway were politically united . The United States Ambassador to Sweden thus was the U.S. representative for Norway as well as Sweden . In 1905 Sweden and Norway peacefully separated and Norway became an independent constitutional monarchy . Strictly , Charles H. Graves was the first U.S. ambassador to Norway . He was the ambassador to Sweden in 1905 when Sweden and Norway separated , and he represented the U.S. to both Sweden and Norway until June 1906 when Ambassador Peirce presented his credentials . The U.S. legation in Oslo was closed in August 1940 following the German invasion of Norway . Diplomatic relations with Norway were maintained with the government - in - exile of Norway in London during WWII . The embassy in Oslo was reopened in May 1945 under Ambassador Lithgow Osborne . Oldenburg , Duchy of Consulate : Recognized : 1829 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1867 Notes : The U.S. and the Duchy of Oldenburg never established diplomatic relations . The Duchy was absorbed into the North German Confederation in 1867 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Oman Consulate : 1880 Recognized : 1833 Relations established : 1972 Legation / embassy established : 1972 First ambassador : William Stoltzfus Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Stoltzfus was concurrently commissioned to Oman , Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , and the United Arab Emirates while resident in Kuwait . The first ambassador commissioned solely to Oman was William D. Wolle in 1974 . Orange Free State Consulate : 1891 Recognized : 1871 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1902 Notes : The U.S. and the Orange Free State never established formal diplomatic relations . In 1902 the Orange Free State was absorbed into the British Empire and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Pakistan Consulate : Recognized : 1947 Relations established : 1947 Legation / embassy established : 1947 First ambassador : Paul H. Alling Relations ended : -- Palau Consulate : Recognized : 1994 Relations established : 1996 Legation / embassy established : 2004 First ambassador : Thomas C. Hubbard Relations ended : -- Notes : The first U.S. ambassador to the Philippines was concurrently accredited to Palau while resident in Manila . Since 2004 one ambassador has been solely accredited to Palau . Panama Consulate : 1823 Recognized : 1903 Relations established : 1903 Legation / embassy established : 1903 First ambassador : William Insco Buchanan Relations ended : -- Notes : Panama was part of Colombia until 1903 . Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Panama were briefly interrupted in January 1931 following a coup d'état . Relations were resumed after about two weeks . Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Panama were interrupted for about three weeks November -- December 1949 following government upheaval in Panama . The government of Panama severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. in January 1964 , following the Flag Pole Incident in the Canal Zone . Normal relations were resumed in April 1964 . Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Panama were briefly interrupted October -- November 1968 following a coup d'état . Relations were resumed after about four weeks . President George H.W. Bush recalled the U.S. Ambassador in May 1989 , following dictator Noriega 's refusal to cede power after an election . Relations with a new Panamanian government were restored following the U.S. invasion of Panama and the capture of Noriega in January 1990 . Papal States ( see also Holy See ) Consulate : 1797 Recognized : Relations established : 1848 Legation / embassy established : 1848 First ambassador : Lewis Cass , Jr . Relations ended : 1870 Notes : There is no clear record of a date for diplomatic recognition of the Papal States by the United States . The American mission to the Papal States closed in 1867 after Congress refused to fund the mission any longer . Rome was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy in 1870 and the Papal States ceased to exist . For later representation , see Holy See . Papua New Guinea Consulate : 1974 Recognized : 1975 Relations established : 1975 Legation / embassy established : 1975 First ambassador : Mary S. Olmsted Relations ended : -- Paraguay Consulate : Recognized : 1852 Relations established : 1861 Legation / embassy established : 1861 First ambassador : Charles Ames Washburn Relations ended : -- Notes : Washburn was appointed as Commissioner in 1861 and promoted to Minister Resident in 1863 . From 1870 until 1914 , one minister was concurrently commissioned to Paraguay and Uruguay , while resident in Montevideo , Uruguay . Parma , Duchy of Consulate : Recognized : 1850 Relations established : 1853 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1860 Notes : No ambassadors were exchanged between the Duchy of Parma and the U.S. The Duchy was absorbed into the Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia in 1860 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Peru Consulate : Recognized : 1826 Relations established : 1827 Legation / embassy established : 1827 First ambassador : John Randolph Clay ( 1853 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : A series of chargés represented the U.S. in Peru until 1853 , when the first ranking minister was appointed . Peru -- Bolivian Confederation Consulate : Recognized : 1837 Relations established : 1837 Legation / embassy established : 1837 First ambassador : James B. Thornton ( chargé d'affaires ) Relations ended : 1839 Notes : The Peru -- Bolivian Confederation was dissolved in 1839 . Chargé d'Affaires Thornton was commissioned to Peru but received by the government of the Peru -- Bolivian Confederation . Two chargés represented the U.S. during the period of the Confederation . No ranking minister was appointed . The second chargé , James C. Pickett , was commissioned to the Confederation , but presented his credentials in 1840 , after the dissolution of the Confederation ; thus he was received by the government of Peru . Philippines Consulate : Recognized : 1946 Relations established : 1946 Legation / embassy established : 1946 First ambassador : Paul V. McNutt Relations ended : -- Piedmont - Sardinia Consulate : 1802 Recognized : 1802 Relations established : 1839 Legation / embassy established : 1840 First ambassador : Hezekiah Gold Rogers Relations ended : 1861 Notes : No U.S. ambassador was appointed to Piedmont - Sardinia . The Chargé d'Affaires to Italy represented the U.S. Piedmont - Sardinia was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Poland Consulate : 1871 Recognized : 1919 Relations established : 1919 Legation / embassy established : 1919 First ambassador : Hugh S. Gibson Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. embassy in Warsaw was closed in September 1939 following the German invasion of Poland . The U.S. continued diplomatic relations with the government - in - exile of Poland during WWII , first in France ( September 1939 -- June 1940 ) and then in England ( 1940 -- 1945 ) . The embassy in Warsaw was reopened in August 1945 . Portugal Consulate : 1790 Recognized : 1791 Relations established : 1791 Legation / embassy established : 1791 First ambassador : David Humphreys Relations ended : -- Notes : During the Napoleonic Wars , the King of Portugal fled to Brazil . The U.S. legation followed and was located in Rio de Janeiro 1810 -- 21 . The legation in Lisbon reopened in 1822 . Qatar Consulate : Recognized : 1971 Relations established : 1972 Legation / embassy established : 1973 First ambassador : William Stoltzfus Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Stoltzfus was concurrently commissioned to Oman , Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , and the United Arab Emirates while resident in Kuwait . The first ambassador commissioned solely to Qatar was Robert P. Paganelli in 1974 . Romania Consulate : 1866 Recognized : 1881 Relations established : 1880 Legation / embassy established : 1880 First ambassador : Eugene Schuyler Relations ended : -- Notes : Minister Schuyler 's original office was Consul General . He was promoted to Minister Resident in 1883 . Schuyler was concurrently minister to Romania , Serbia , and Greece while resident in Athens . Romania declared war on the U.S. in December 1941 and severed diplomatic relations . Ambassador Franklin Mott Gunther died before he could leave the country . Diplomatic relations were reestablished in 1946 and the legation was reopened in 1947 . Russia Consulate : 1780 Recognized : 1780 Relations established : 1809 Legation / embassy established : 1809 First ambassador : John Quincy Adams Relations ended : -- Notes : U.S. -- Russia diplomatic relations were interrupted in 1917 following the November Bolshevik Revolution in Russia . Diplomatic relations were never formally severed , but the U.S. refused to recognize or have any formal relations with the Bolshevik / Soviet governments . In 1918 , the U.S. embassy , which had been in St. Petersburg , was moved to Vologda and then to Arkhangelsk because of the close proximity of German troops during WWI . In 1919 the U.S. embassy in Arkhangelsk was closed and diplomatic personnel were withdrawn . In 1933 normal diplomatic relations were resumed , when President Roosevelt informed the Soviet Foreign Minister that the U.S. recognized the government of the U.S.S.R. and wished to establish normal diplomatic relations . The American embassy , which had been closed since 1919 , was opened in Moscow . In 1991 , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the U.S. recognized the Russian Federation as the successor to the Soviet Union and reestablished normal diplomatic relations . Rwanda Consulate : Recognized : 1962 Relations established : 1962 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : Charles D. Withers Relations ended : -- Saint Kitts and Nevis Consulate : Recognized : 1983 Relations established : 1983 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Thomas H. Anderson , Jr . Relations ended : -- Notes : The United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean represents the U.S. to Saint Kitts and Nevis , while resident at Bridgetown , Barbados . Saint Lucia Consulate : Recognized : 1979 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Sally Angela Shelton ( Sally Shelton - Colby ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean represents the U.S. to Saint Lucia , while resident at Bridgetown , Barbados . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Consulate : Recognized : 1981 Relations established : 1981 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Milan D. Bish Relations ended : -- Notes : The United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean represents the U.S. to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , while resident at Bridgetown , Barbados . Samoa Consulate : 1856 Recognized : 1962 Relations established : 1971 Legation / embassy established : 1988 First ambassador : Kenneth Franzheim II Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand is concurrently accredited to Fiji , Samoa , and Tonga , while resident in Wellington , New Zealand . San Marino Consulate : 1925 Recognized : 1861 Relations established : 1861 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Ronald P. Spogli Relations ended : -- Notes : The United States recognized San Marino when President Abraham Lincoln , in a letter dated May 7 , 1861 , accepted San Marino 's offer of honorary citizenship . The U.S. Ambassador to Italy is concurrently accredited to San Marino , while resident in Rome . São Tomé and Príncipe Consulate : Recognized : 1975 Relations established : 1976 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Andrew L. Steigman Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Ambassador to Gabon is concurrently commissioned to São Tomé and Príncipe , while resident in Libreville , Gabon . There is no U.S. embassy in São Tomé . Saudi Arabia Consulate : Recognized : 1931 Relations established : 1940 Legation / embassy established : 1942 First ambassador : Bert Fish Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Fish was concurrently accredited to Egypt and Saudi Arabia , while resident at Cairo . The first ambassasor solely accredited to Saudi Arabia was James S. Moose , Jr. in 1943 . Schaumburg - Lippe Consulate : Recognized : 1854 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1867 Notes : The U.S. and the Principality of Schaumburg - Lippe never established formal diplomatic relations . The principality joined the North German Confederation in 1867 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Senegal Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Henry Serrano Villard Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1980 the ambassadors to Senegal were concurrently accredited to other west African nations , while resident in Dakar , Senegal . In 1980 Walter Carrington was appointed as the first ambassador solely commissioned to Senegal . Serbia Consulate : Recognized : 1881 Relations established : 1882 Legation / embassy established : 1882 First ambassador : Eugene Schuyler Relations ended : -- Notes : Serbia was recognized as Kingdom of Serbia in 1881 . The first ambassadors were accredited to Greece , Romania , and Serbia , while resident in Athens . In the wake of the breakup of the Austrian Empire following WWI , the nation was first named the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes and was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 . The government of Yugoslavia went into exile in England on April 14 , 1941 , in anticipation of German occupation . The U.S. Legation was closed . The U.S. continued diplomatic relations with the government - in - exile in London ( 1941 -- 43 ) , then in Cairo ( 1943 -- 44 ) , and then back to London . The U.S. Embassy in Belgrade was reopened in March 1945 . In 1992 the U.S. announced that it would not recognize the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( FRY ) as a successor state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) . The U.S. ambassador was recalled but the mission continued under the authority of a chargé d'affaires ad interim . In 1999 the U.S. severed diplomatic relations with the FRY and closed the embassy in Belgrade . Diplomatic recognition and full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 2000 . Seychelles Consulate : Recognized : 1976 Relations established : 1976 Legation / embassy established : 1976 First ambassador : Anthony Dryden Marshall Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1982 the ambassadors were concurrently accredited to Kenya and the Seychelles , while resident at Nairobi , Kenya . In 1982 -- 96 one ambassador was accredited solely to the Seychelles . In 1996 the U.S. embassy in Victoria was closed and the U.S. ambassador to Mauritius served concurrently as ambassador to the Seychelles , while resident in Port Louis , Mauritius . Sierra Leone Consulate : Recognized : 1961 Relations established : 1961 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : Albert Sidney Johnson Carnahan Relations ended : -- Singapore Consulate : 1836 Recognized : 1965 Relations established : 1966 Legation / embassy established : 1966 First ambassador : Francis Joseph Galbraith Relations ended : -- Slovakia Consulate : Recognized : 1993 Relations established : 1993 Legation / embassy established : 1993 First ambassador : Theodore E. Russell Relations ended : -- Slovenia Consulate : Recognized : 1992 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : E. Allan Wendt Relations ended : -- Solomon Islands Consulate : Recognized : 1978 Relations established : 1978 Legation / embassy established : 1978 First ambassador : Mary S. Olmsted Relations ended : -- Notes : The ambassador to the Solomon Islands is concurrently accredited to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , while resident in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . The U.S. Embassy in at Honiara was closed on July 30 , 1993 but diplomatic relations continued through the nonresident ambassador . Somalia Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Andrew G. Lynch Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. embassy was closed in 1991 and all U.S. personnel were withdrawn after the collapse of the central Somali government . However , the U.S. never severed diplomatic relations with Somalia . The U.S. maintains regular dialogue with the Transitional Federal Government and other key stakeholders in Somalia through the U.S. embassy in Nairobi , Kenya . South Africa Consulate : Recognized : 1929 Relations established : 1929 Legation / embassy established : 1929 First ambassador : Ralph James Totten Relations ended : -- South Sudan Consulate : -- Recognized : July 9 , 2011 Relations established : July 9 , 2011 Embassy established : July 9 , 2011 First ambassador : R. Barrie Walkley , Chargé d'Affaires Relations ended : -- Notes : A U.S. consulate had been established in Juba prior to independence of South Sudan . The previous consulate was elevated to embassy status upon U.S. recognition of South Sudan . Spain Consulate : 1797 Recognized : 1783 Relations established : 1783 Legation / embassy established : 1783 First ambassador : William Short ( 1794 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The Continental Congress of the United States of America sent John Jay to Spain in 1779 in an attempt to convince the Spanish Court to recognize the new nation . Jay spent two years in Spain but the court declined to receive him . Thus he was not officially the ambassador to Spain . Spain finally recognized the U.S. in 1783 when it became apparent that Britain and the U.S. would sign a treaty to end the war . Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 , 1898 , and the legation in Madrid was closed on that day . The United States declared war on Spain as of that date by an Act of Congress approved April 25 , 1898 . Relations were restored in June 1899 . Sri Lanka Consulate : Recognized : 1948 Relations established : 1948 Legation / embassy established : 1949 First ambassador : Felix Cole Relations ended : -- Sudan Consulate : Recognized : 1956 Relations established : 1956 Legation / embassy established : 1956 First ambassador : Lowell C. Pinkerton Relations ended : -- Notes : Sudan severed diplomatic relations with the United States on June 7 , 1967 , in the wake of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . A U.S. Interests Section was established in the embassy of the Netherlands . Normal relations were restored and the embassy was reopened in 1972 . Ambassador Cleo A. Noel , Jr. was assassinated at post on March 2 , 1973 . The U.S. Embassy in Khartoum was closed in February 1996 . The embassy was reopened in 2002 . No U.S. ambassador has been appointed since 2002 and a series of chargés d'affaires has represented the U.S. in Khartoum . Suriname Consulate : Recognized : 1975 Relations established : 1975 Legation / embassy established : 1975 First ambassador : Joseph Owen Zurhellen Relations ended : -- Swaziland Consulate : Recognized : 1968 Relations established : 1968 Legation / embassy established : 1968 First ambassador : Charles J. Nelson ( 1971 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Until 1979 one ambassador was accredited to Botswana , Swaziland , and Lesotho , while resident at Gaborone , Botswana . Sweden Consulate : 1818 Recognized : 1783 Relations established : 1818 Legation / embassy established : 1818 First ambassador : Jonathan Russell ( 1814 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : Benjamin Franklin , who was the U.S. Minister to France , had been appointed additionally as Minister to Sweden . He did not proceed to Stockholm and was not officially received by the court ; thus he was not officially the Minister to Sweden . Nevertheless , he negotiated a treaty of friendship and recognition with Sweden . Minister Russell was appointed Minister to Sweden in 1814 but did not present his credentials until 1818 when diplomatic relations were officially established between Sweden and the U.S. A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. in Stockholm 1818 -- 1849 , when Francis Schroeder was appointed Minister Resident . Switzerland Consulate : 1829 Recognized : 1829 Relations established : 1853 Legation / embassy established : 1853 First ambassador : Theodore Sedgwick Fay Relations ended : -- Syria Consulate : Recognized : 1944 Relations established : 1944 Legation / embassy established : 1944 First ambassador : George Wadsworth Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Wadsworth had been serving in Lebanon as Diplomatic Agent / Consul General since 1942 . He was promoted to Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary upon establishment of U.S. -- Syria diplomatic relations . He was concurrently commissioned to Lebanon and Syria , while resident in Beirut . Egypt and Syria united to form a new state , the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) in 1958 . The U.S. recognized the UAR immediately . The American Embassy in Damascus was reclassified as a Consulate General . Syria seceded from the Union in 1961 and U.S. -- Syria diplomatic relations were reestablished . Syria severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. on June 6 , 1967 in the wake of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . Normal relations were resumed in 1974 . The U.S. recalled its ambassador to Syria in 2005 after the assassination of Rafic Hariri . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. until the appointment of Robert Stephen Ford in January 2011 . Tajikistan Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Stanley Tuemler Escudero Relations ended : -- Notes : After the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa , diplomatic personnel at embassy Dushanbe were temporarily relocated to Almaty , Kazakhstan , due to heightened embassy security standards . The embassy was later reopened . Tanzania Consulate : Recognized : 1961 Relations established : 1961 Legation / embassy established : 1961 First ambassador : William Leonhart Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Leonhart was originally commissioned to Tanganyika . He continued to serve as ambassador to Tanzania after the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964 . Texas Consulate : 1830 Recognized : 1837 Relations established : 1837 Legation / embassy established : 1837 First ambassador : Alcée Louis la Branche Relations ended : 1846 Notes : A series of six chargés d'affaires represented the U. S government to the Republic of Texas . No ranking minister was appointed . Texas was annexed to the U.S. in 1846 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Thailand Consulate : 1859 Recognized : 1833 Relations established : 1882 Legation / embassy established : 1882 First ambassador : John A. Halderman Relations ended : -- Notes : U.S. -- Thailand diplomatic relations were interrupted in 1942 when Thailand declared war on the U.S. during the Japanese occupation . The U.S. embassy was closed . Normal relations were restored in 1946 . Timor - Leste Consulate : Recognized : 2002 Relations established : 2002 Legation / embassy established : 2002 First ambassador : Grover Rees , III Relations ended : -- Togo Consulate : Recognized : 1960 Relations established : 1960 Legation / embassy established : 1960 First ambassador : Leland Barrows Relations ended : -- Tonga ( 1 ) Consulate : 1897 Recognized : 1886 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1900 Notes : Tonga had been a sovereign state since 1845 , but became a British protectorate in 1900 . While Tonga remained independent , the British Foreign Office would maintain sole control of all foreign relations of Tonga . The protectorate ended in 1970 . Tonga ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1972 Relations established : 1972 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Kenneth Franzheim II Relations ended : -- Notes : The British protectorate of Tonga ended in 1970 and Tonga became an independent and sovereign state . Franzheim was the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand and was concurrently commissioned to Fiji , Tonga , and Western Samoa , while resident in Wellington , New Zealand . In 1979 the ambassador to Fiji assumed the commission to Fiji , Kiribati , Nauru , and Tuvalu , while resident in Suva , Fiji . Trinidad and Tobago Consulate : Recognized : 1962 Relations established : 1962 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : Robert G. Miner Relations ended : -- Tunisia Consulate : 1795 Recognized : 1956 Relations established : 1956 Legation / embassy established : 1956 First ambassador : George Lewis Jones Relations ended : -- Turkey Consulate : Recognized : 1830 Relations established : 1831 Legation / embassy established : 1831 First ambassador : David Porter Relations ended : -- Notes : Turkey severed diplomatic relations with the United States in 1917 after the United States declared war against Germany . Relations were reestablished in 1927 . Turkmenistan Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1992 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Joseph S. Hulings Relations ended : -- Tuvalu Consulate : Recognized : 1978 Relations established : 1979 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : John Peter Condon Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. ambassador to Tuvalu is concurrently commissioned to Fiji , Kiribati , Nauru , and Tonga , while resident in Suva , Fiji . There is no U.S. embassy in Tuvalu . Tuscany , Grand Duchy of Consulate : 1794 Recognized : 1817 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1861 Notes : The Grand Duchy of Tuscany recognized the U.S. in 1794 and received a U.S. Consul . The U.S. government received a consul from the Grand Duchy in 1817 , which constituted de facto recognition . The U.S. and the Grand Duchy never established formal diplomatic relations . The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Two Sicilies , Kingdom of the Consulate : 1796 Recognized : 1796 Relations established : 1832 Legation / embassy established : 1832 First ambassador : Robert Dale Owen ( 1854 ) Relations ended : 1861 Notes : Initial recognition between the U.S. and the Kingdom was made with the Kingdom of Naples . The Kingdom of Naples joined with the Kingdom of Sicily in 1816 to become the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. to the Kingdom until the first ranking minister was appointed in 1854 . The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was absorbed into the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and then into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . The U.S. legation in Naples was closed in 1860 . The U.S. recognized the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Uganda Consulate : Recognized : 1961 Relations established : 1962 Legation / embassy established : 1962 First ambassador : Olcott Deming Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. embassy in Kampala was closed and all personnel were withdrawn in 1973 due to security concerns . In 1979 the embassy was reopened and a new ambassador was appointed in 1979 . Ukraine Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Roman Popadiuk Relations ended : -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) -- see Russia United Arab Emirates Consulate : Recognized : 1971 Relations established : 1972 Legation / embassy established : 1974 First ambassador : William Stoltzfus Relations ended : -- Notes : The first ambassador was concurrently accredited to Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , and the UAE , while resident at Kuwait . The first ambassador commissioned solely to the UAE was Michael Edmund Sterner in 1974 . United Kingdom Consulate : 1798 Recognized : 1783 Relations established : 1785 Legation / embassy established : 1785 First ambassador : John Adams Relations ended : -- Notes : Minister Adams was concurrently commissioned to the U.K. and the Netherlands , while resident in London . Adams became so frustrated with the cool reception at the court in London that he closed the legation in 1788 and the post remained vacant for four years . The next ambassador was appointed in 1792 . The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with the U.K. when it declared war against its former colonial ruler on June 18 , 1812 . Normal relations were restored in 1815 with the appointment of minister John Quincy Adams . Uruguay Consulate : Recognized : 1836 Relations established : 1867 Legation / embassy established : 1870 First ambassador : Alexander Asboth Relations ended : -- Notes : Ambassador Asboth was concurrently commissioned to Argentina and Uruguay , while resident at Buenos Aires . Uzbekistan Consulate : Recognized : 1991 Relations established : 1991 Legation / embassy established : 1992 First ambassador : Henry Lee Clarke Relations ended : -- Vanuatu Consulate : Recognized : 1980 Relations established : 1986 Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : Everett E. Bierman Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is concurrently accredited to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu , while resident in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . Venezuela Consulate : 1824 Recognized : 1835 Relations established : 1835 Legation / embassy established : 1835 First ambassador : Charles Eames ( 1854 ) Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. had previously recognized Venezuela as a part of Gran Colombia in 1822 . Venezuela was recognized separately in 1835 after the federation broke apart in 1831 . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. until 1854 when the first ranking minister , Charles Eames , was appointed . The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Venezuela in 1908 . Relations were resumed in 1909 . In 2008 Venezuela declared the U.S. Ambassador persona non grata and expelled him . The U.S. reciprocated by expelling the Venezuelan ambassador . Since that time , Venezuela has refused to accept Larry Palmer as the new ambassador . Vietnam ( 1 ) Consulate : 1907 Recognized : 1950 Relations established : 1950 Legation / embassy established : 1950 First ambassador : Donald R. Heath Relations ended : 1954 Notes : The U.S. recognized the State of Vietnam in 1950 , which claimed authority over all of Vietnam . When Vietnam was partitioned into North and South in 1954 , The U.S. recognized South Vietnam but did not recognize the communist government of North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh . The U.S. maintained its embassy in Saigon . Ambassador Heath was concurrently commissioned to Vietnam and Laos , while resident at Saigon . The first resident ambassador was Charles Woodruff Yost in 1954 . Vietnam ( 2 ) Consulate : Recognized : 1995 Relations established : 1995 Legation / embassy established : 1995 First ambassador : Pete Peterson Relations ended : -- Notes : A U.S. Liaison Office was opened in Hanoi in 1995 and the first ranking ambassador was appointed in 1997 . Vietnam , South Consulate : Recognized : 1950 Relations established : 1950 Legation / embassy established : 1950 First ambassador : Donald R. Heath Relations ended : 1975 Notes : The U.S. embassy in Saigon was closed and all personnel evacuated April 29 , 1975 , the day before the Fall of Saigon . Württemberg , Kingdom of Consulate : 1842 Recognized : 1825 Relations established : -- Legation / embassy established : -- First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1871 Notes : U.S. Ambassador to Prussia George Bancroft was given special accreditation to the Kingdom of Württemberg but is not listed as official minister . In 1871 Württemberg became a member of the new German Empire and ceased to exist as a sovereign state . Yemen , North Consulate : Recognized : 1946 Relations established : 1946 Legation / embassy established : 1959 First ambassador : James Rives Childs ( 1946 ) Relations ended : 1990 Notes : The U.S. recognized the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen in 1946 . The U.S. again recognized the government when it became the Yemen Arab Republic following a coup d'état in 1962 . Ambassador Childs was concurrently accredited to Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom of Yemen , while resident at Jeddah . The first ambassador solely accredited to North Yemen was Donald R. Heath in 1957 . However , Heath did not present his credentials , so he was not officially the ambassador . The next official ambassador was Raymond A. Hare in 1959 . In 1966 the U.S. embassy was moved from Ta'izz to Sana'a . 1962 -- 1967 , during a period of civil war in North Yemen , there was no ambassador commissioned to the Yemen Arab Republic . A series of chargés d'affaires represented the U.S. The Yemen Arab Republic ( North Yemen ) severed relations with the United States on June 7 , 1967 in the wake of the Arab - Israeli Six - Day War . Normal relations were reestablished in 1972 and the embassy was reopened . In 1990 , the Yemen Arab Republic ( North Yemen ) and the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ( South Yemen ) united to form the Republic of Yemen . Yemen , South Consulate : Recognized : 1967 Relations established : 1967 Legation / embassy established : 1967 First ambassador : -- Relations ended : 1990 Notes : The People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ( South Yemen ) severed diplomatic relations with the United States on October 24 , 1969 . William L. Eagleton was the first and last chargé d'affaires at the embassy at Aden . No ambassador had been appointed when relations were severed . Relations were resumed briefly in April 1990 and ended in May 1990 when North and South Yemen joined to form the Republic of Yemen . The embassy in Aden was never reopened . In 1990 , the Yemen Arab Republic ( North Yemen ) and the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ( South Yemen ) united to form the Republic of Yemen . Yemen ( Republic of Yemen ) Consulate : Recognized : 1990 Relations established : 1990 Legation / embassy established : 1990 First ambassador : Charles Franklin Dunbar Relations ended : -- Notes : In 1990 , the Republic of Yemen was formed by the union of the Yemen Arab Republic ( North Yemen ) and the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ( South Yemen ) . Ambassador Dunbar had been the ambassador to North Yemen and continued as ambassador to united Republic of Yemen . Yugoslavia -- see Serbia Zambia Consulate : Recognized : 1964 Relations established : 1964 Legation / embassy established : 1964 First ambassador : Robert Crocker Good ( 1965 ) Relations ended : -- Zimbabwe Consulate : Recognized : 1980 Relations established : 1980 Legation / embassy established : 1980 First ambassador : Robert V. Keeley Relations ended : -- Notes : The U.S. never recognized Rhodesia , nor Zimbabwe Rhodesia , the predecessor states to Zimbabwe . See also ( edit ) Ambassadors of the United States Timeline of United States diplomatic history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Countries '' . Diplomatic history of the United States . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albania '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Algeria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Andorra '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Angola '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Armenia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Empire '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Austria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Baden '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Bahamas '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bahrain '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Barbados '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bavaria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Belgium '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Belize '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Benin '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Borden Reams '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Bhutan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia - Herzegovina '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Botswana '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Joseph Nelson '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Brazil '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Brunei '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brunswick and Lüneburg '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Bulgaria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` John Ridgely Carter '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Burkina Faso '' . U.S. Department Of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Burma '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Burma '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Burundi '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Canada '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Central Africa Republic '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilton Wendell Blancke '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Central American Federation '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chad '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Comoros '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Enrique Rondon '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Congo Free State '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Republic of the Congo '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of the Congo '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Solon Borland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cote D'Ivoire '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Czechoslovakia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Czech Republic '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Djibouti '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dominica '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for the Dominican Republic '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Ecuador '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Equatorial Guinea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Eritrea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estonia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Ethiopia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Fiji '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Franzheim '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Finland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` France '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gabon '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Gambia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Republic of Genoa '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` North German Confederation '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` German Democratic Republic '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ghana '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Greece '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Grenada '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Guatemala '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Guinea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Guinea - Bissau '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Guyana '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Haiti '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hanover '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hanseatic Republics '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hesse '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Holy See '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Honduras '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Iran '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bayless W. Hanna '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Italy '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Vincent William de Roulet '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Japan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kiribati '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` William Bodde Jr '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Takenobu , Yoshitaro. ( 1887 ) . The Japan Yearbook , p. 131. , p. 131 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Korea Chemulpo Convention '' Jump up ^ `` Background Note : North Korea '' . U. S Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Background Note : Korea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyzstan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Laos '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Read Heath '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latvia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Wadsworth '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lesotho '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lew Chew '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Liberia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Libya '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Liechtenstein '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lithuania '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Madagascar '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Malawi '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mali '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Serrano Villard '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Malta '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Marshall Islands '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for the Marshall Islands '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Mauritania '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mauritius '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mecklenburg - Schwerin '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mecklenburg - Strelitz '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Micronesia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Moldova '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Monaco '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Monaco '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mongolia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Montenegro '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mozambique '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Namibia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nassau '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ The U.S. does not maintain an embassy in Nauru . The ambassador to Fiji is concurrently accredited to Nauru , while resident in Suva , Fiji . `` Nauru '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Green '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands '' . US Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Adams '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Solon Borland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Niger '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Norway '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Oldenburg '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Free State '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . U. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Palau '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas C. Hubbard '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Panama '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Papal States '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Paraguay '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Ames Washburn '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs of Mission for Uruguay '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Parma '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Peru '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Peru '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` James Chamberlayne Pickett '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Piedmont - Sardinia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Romania '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene Schuyler '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Russia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Kitts and Nevis '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lucia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Samoa '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` San Marino '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` São Tomé and Príncipe '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bert Fish '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Schaumburg - Lippe '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Senegal '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom of Serbia / Yugoslavia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Seychelles '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for the Seychelles '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Leone '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Slovakia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Solomon Islands '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for the Solomon Islands '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Somalia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Recognizes Republic of South Sudan As Sovereign , Independent State '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of President Barack Obama Recognition of the Republic of South Sudan '' . U.S. White House . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Briefing on the New Republic of South Sudan '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Spain '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Suriname '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Swaziland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Swaziland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Sweden '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Syria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Syria '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tajikistan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Tajikistan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzania '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` William Leonhart '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Texas '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Texas '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Willys Ruggles Peck '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Timor Leste '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Togo '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tonga '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Trinidad and Tobago '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Turkmenistan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Duchy of Tuscany '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Two Sicilies '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uganda '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Asboth '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vanuatu '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs of Mission for Venezuela '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` William Worthington Russell '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Venezuela '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Württemberg '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` James Rives Childs '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Franklin Dunbar '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_United_States_diplomatic_relations_by_country&oldid=807252613 '' Categories : History of the foreign relations of the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the united states recognized as a country | [
"This is a summary history of diplomatic relations of the United States listed by country. The history of diplomatic relations of the United States began with the appointment of Benjamin Franklin as U.S. Minister to France in 1778, even before the U.S. had won its independence from Great Britain in 1783."
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"1778"
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-6983051012859049224 | My Old School | My Old School - Wikipedia My Old School Jump to : navigation , search `` My Old School '' Single by Steely Dan from the album Countdown to Ecstasy B - side `` Pearl of the Quarter '' Released October 1973 Format 7 - inch single Genre Rock , pop rock , jazz fusion Songwriter ( s ) Donald Fagen , Walter Becker Steely Dan singles chronology `` Show Biz Kids '' ( 1973 ) `` My Old School '' ( 1973 ) `` Rikki Do n't Lose That Number '' ( 1974 ) `` Show Biz Kids '' ( 1973 ) `` My Old School '' ( 1973 ) `` Rikki Do n't Lose That Number '' ( 1974 ) `` My Old School '' is a single drawn from Steely Dan 's 1973 album Countdown to Ecstasy . It reached number 63 on the Billboard charts . The song 's lyrics tell the story of a drug bust at Bard College ( named `` Annandale '' in the lyrics after its location ) while both were students there , and how a female acquaintance had inadvertently betrayed them to `` Daddy Gee '' ( G. Gordon Liddy , then the local prosecutor ) . The upshot is that the singer vows he is `` never going back '' to the college until `` California tumbles into the sea . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Key signature and composition 3 References 4 External links Credits ( edit ) Donald Fagen -- piano , lead vocals Walter Becker -- bass Denny Dias -- rhythm guitar Jeff Baxter -- lead guitar Jim Hodder -- drums , percussion Sherlie Matthews , Myrna Matthews , Royce Jones -- backup vocals Ernie Watts -- saxophone Johnny Rotella -- saxophone Lanny Morgan -- saxophone Bill Perkins -- saxophone Key signature and composition ( edit ) The song was written by Donald Fagen and Walter Becker and is in the key of G major . The original studio track features a guitar solo by Jeff Baxter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steely Dan USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart Mason . `` My Old School - Steely Dan - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . `` My Old School '' is the pair 's most overt song about their alma mater , a sarcastically chipper - sounding remembrance of the time Becker and Fagen , along with several dozen other students , found themselves caught up in a trumped - up drug raid during an election cycle . Jump up ^ `` MusicNotes '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Steely Dan Walter Becker Donald Fagen Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter Denny Dias Jim Hodder David Palmer Royce Jones Michael McDonald Jeff Porcaro Studio albums Ca n't Buy a Thrill ( 1972 ) Countdown to Ecstasy ( 1973 ) Pretzel Logic ( 1974 ) Katy Lied ( 1975 ) The Royal Scam ( 1976 ) Aja ( 1977 ) Gaucho ( 1980 ) Two Against Nature ( 2000 ) Everything Must Go ( 2003 ) Live albums Alive in America ( 1995 ) Plush TV Jazz - Rock Party ( 2000 ) Singles `` Dallas '' `` Do It Again '' `` Reelin ' In the Years '' `` Show Biz Kids '' `` My Old School '' `` Rikki Do n't Lose That Number '' `` Pretzel Logic '' `` Black Friday '' `` Bad Sneakers '' `` Kid Charlemagne '' `` The Fez '' `` Haitian Divorce '' `` Peg '' `` Deacon Blues '' `` FM ( No Static at All ) '' `` Josie '' `` Hey Nineteen '' `` Babylon Sisters '' `` Cousin Dupree '' `` Janie Runaway '' Album tracks `` Aja '' `` Any Major Dude Will Tell You '' `` Dirty Work '' Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1978 ) Steely Dan ( 1978 ) Gold ( 1982 / 91 ) A Decade of Steely Dan ( 1985 ) Reelin ' In the Years ( 1987 ) Do It Again ( 1987 ) Citizen Steely Dan ( 1993 ) Then and Now ( 1993 ) Showbiz Kids ( 2000 ) The Definitive Collection ( 2006 ) Related articles Discography Gary Katz Marian McPartland 's Piano Jazz with Steely Dan Roger Nichols Book This 1970s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Old_School&oldid=801477314 '' Categories : 1973 songs Steely Dan songs ABC Records singles 1973 singles Songs written by Walter Becker Songs written by Donald Fagen Song recordings produced by Gary Katz 1970s rock song stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 22 : 17 . About Wikipedia | who plays lead guitar on my old school | [
"\nDonald Fagen – piano, lead vocals\nWalter Becker – bass\nDenny Dias – rhythm guitar\nJeff Baxter – lead guitar\nJim Hodder – drums, percussion\nSherlie Matthews, Myrna Matthews, Royce Jones – backup vocals\nErnie Watts – saxophone\nJohnny Rotella – saxophone\nLanny Morgan – saxophone\nBill Perkins – saxophone\n"
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"Jeff Baxter"
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-6330898055839037858 | Dirty Dancing | Dirty Dancing - wikipedia Dirty Dancing This article is about the 1987 romantic drama film . For other uses , see Dirty Dancing ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dirty Dancing Theatrical release poster Directed by Emile Ardolino Produced by Linda Gottlieb Written by Eleanor Bergstein Starring Patrick Swayze Jennifer Grey Jerry Orbach Cynthia Rhodes Music by John Morris Erich Bulling Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Peter C. Frank Production company Great American Films Limited Partnership Distributed by Vestron Pictures Release date May 12 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) ( Cannes ) August 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $214 million Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein , directed by Emile Ardolino and starring Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles , and featuring Cynthia Rhodes and Jerry Orbach . Originally a low - budget film by a new studio , Vestron Pictures , Dirty Dancing became a box office hit . As of 2009 , it has earned over $214 million worldwide . It was the first film to sell more than a million copies on home video , and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles , including `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song , and a Grammy Award for best duet . The film 's popularity led to a 2004 prequel , Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights , and a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia , Europe , and North America . A made - for - TV remake was released in 2017 . Unlike the original theatrical film , the remake received negative reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 Alternate versions 8.1 Stage version 8.2 Tours and TV show 8.3 Prequel 8.4 20th anniversary releases 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1963 , 17 - year - old Frances `` Baby '' Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman 's , a resort in the Catskill Mountains . Baby , the younger of two daughters , plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps . Her father , Jake , is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman , the resort proprietor . Baby develops a crush on the resort 's dance instructor , Johnny , and meets his cousin , Billy . The staff holds secret after - hours parties in their quarters , and Baby is surprised by their `` dirty dancing '' . Intrigued , Baby receives a brief , impromptu dance lesson from Johnny . Baby discovers that Johnny 's dance partner , Penny Johnson , is pregnant by Robbie Gould , a philandering waiter who is cheating on Baby 's older sister , Lisa . When Robbie refuses to help Penny , Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny 's illegal abortion without explaining why . Penny eventually accepts the money but identifies another issue . Penny will miss her weekly dance performance if she goes for the abortion , forfeiting Penny 's and Johnny 's salary for the season . Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her . Johnny 's scoffing overcomes Baby 's initial resistance . Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance . Johnny teaches Baby the mambo , and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together . Baby gradually improves , and they develop a romantic attraction . A scene from the dancing finale Billy takes Penny to an abortionist . Johnny 's and Baby 's performance is mostly successful , although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance 's climactic lift . Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman 's and find Penny in agony . Billy explains that the `` doctor '' turned out to be a back - alley hack . Baby brings her father to help Penny . Johnny claims responsibility for her pregnancy out of fear that Penny will be fired if her relationship with Robbie is revealed . Jake treats Penny but forbids Baby from associating with Johnny or his friends . After Baby apologizes to Johnny for her father 's behavior , they dance and have sex . At breakfast , Jake tells his family they will be leaving the resort early but relents when they object . Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father 's warning . She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby , and Johnny is hurt that she will not stand up for him . After Robbie taunts them , Johnny assaults him . Due to his growing feelings for Baby , Johnny refuses payment for sex with another guest , Vivian Pressman . Vivian has sex with Robbie in his cabin , and Lisa accidentally interrupts them . When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning , she sees Baby leave Johnny 's cabin . Over breakfast , Max and his grandson Neil reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman 's wallet was stolen . Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of jealousy . Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi , to protect his relationship with Baby . To save Johnny from being fired , Baby confesses she was with him . Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests , Mr and Mrs Schumacher , stole several guests ' wallets . Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby . Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other , saying they will never regret their affair . Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny but not for the relationship itself . Baby and her parents watch the end - of - season talent show . Jake gives Robbie a tip for Medical School in an envelope . Robbie thanks Jake , then reveals that he got Penny pregnant , and insults her and Baby , causing Jake to yank the envelope back . Staff and guests ( including Lisa ) are singing the closing song together when Johnny interrupts them to perform the last dance of the season . Johnny leads Baby onstage and makes a brief speech about how `` Frances '' has made him a better man . Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet , and the other `` dirty dancers '' join in . Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they practiced . The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration . Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant and reconciles with Baby . All dance joyously to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Grey as Frances `` Baby '' Houseman Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman Jack Weston as Max Kellerman Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman Antone Pagán as The Staff Kid Max Cantor as Robbie Gould Charles Coles as Tito Suarez Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman Wayne Knight as Stan Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Be My Baby '' -- The Ronettes `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons `` Where Are You Tonight ? '' -- Tom Johnston `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours `` Love Man '' -- Otis Redding `` Stay '' -- Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs `` Hungry Eyes '' -- Eric Carmen `` Overload '' -- Zappacosta `` Hey ! Baby '' -- Bruce Channel `` De Todo Un Poco '' -- Melon `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' -- The Drifters `` These Arms of Mine ( Otis Redding song ) '' -- Otis Redding `` Cry to Me '' -- Solomon Burke `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' -- The Shirelles `` Love Is Strange '' -- Mickey & Sylvia `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- The Blow Monkeys `` Yes '' -- Merry Clayton `` In the Still of the Night '' -- The Five Satins `` She 's Like the Wind '' -- Patrick Swayze `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Note : Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song `` Hula Hana '' , which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein 's own childhood : she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York , spent summers with her family in the Catskills , participated in `` Dirty Dancing '' competitions , and was herself nicknamed `` Baby '' as a girl . In 1980 , Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film , It 's My Turn . However , the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script , much to her dismay . She then conceived a new story , focused almost exclusively on dancing . In 1984 , she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle , who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb . They set the film in 1963 , with the character of Baby based on Bergstein 's own life , and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace , a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story . She finished the script in November 1985 , but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround , or limbo . Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected , until she brought it to Vestron Pictures , the newly formed studio division of Stamford , Connecticut , based Vestron Inc. , the leading independent home video distribution company . While honing their pitch to Vestron , Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film 's director , who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' . Ardolino had never directed a feature film , but was extremely passionate about the project ; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty , insisting that he was the best choice as director . The team of Gottlieb , Bergstein , and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron 's president , Jon Peisinger , and the company 's vice president for production , Mitchell Cannold . By the end of the meeting , Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron 's first feature film production . The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million , at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million . For choreographer , Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega , who had been trained by Gene Kelly . For a location , they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills ( as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point ) , so they decided on a combination of two locations : Lake Lure , North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke , Virginia , and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area . Casting ( edit ) Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act , as he did not want to use the `` stand - in '' method that had been used with Flashdance ( 1983 ) . For the female lead of Frances `` Baby '' Houseman , Bergstein chose the 26 - year - old Jennifer Grey , daughter of the Oscar - winning actor and dancer Joel Grey ( e.g. , of the film Cabaret ( 1972 ) ) , who , like her father , was a trained dancer . They then sought a male lead , initially considering 20 - year - old Billy Zane , who had the visual look desired ( originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look ) , but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations . The next choice was 34 - year - old Patrick Swayze , who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) and Red Dawn ( 1984 ) . He was a seasoned dancer , with experience from the Joffrey Ballet . The producers were thrilled with him , but his agent was opposed to the idea . However , Swayze read the script , liked the multi-level character of Johnny , and took the part anyway , and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish . Grey was initially not happy about the choice , as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn , but when they did their dancing screen test , the chemistry between them was obvious . Bergstein described it as `` breathtaking '' . Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman , Baby 's father ; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman , her older sister . Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend , sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer , to play Mrs. Schumacher , and Joel Grey as her husband . However , Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief . The role went instead to 89 - year - old Paula Trueman , and Joel Grey was not cast . Another role went to Bergstein 's friend , New York radio personality `` Cousin Brucie '' . She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician . The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight ( of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame ) . The part of Baby 's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton , who is briefly visible in the beginning , when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman 's ( she is in the front seat for a few seconds ; her blonde hair is the only indication ) , but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop , who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman , the highly sexed resort guest . Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman , and the film 's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian . Filming ( edit ) A typical family resort in the Catskill Mountains Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure , North Carolina , and Mountain Lake , Virginia . Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp , which is now a private , residential community known as Firefly Cove . These scenes included the interior dancing scenes , Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs , Johnny 's cabin , the staff cabins , the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250 . Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous `` water lift '' scene , dining scenes , Kellerman 's Hotel , the beach games , Penny crying in the kitchen , and the Houseman family 's cabins . The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming , as it was already the tail end of summer . The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke , Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure , N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member , even non-dancers such as Jack Weston . The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and , immersed in the environment , the lead actors , Grey and Swayze , began identifying with their characters . Bergstein built upon this , encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes . She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or `` grinding '' the dance steps , that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months . Filming started on September 5 , 1986 but was plagued by the weather , which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat . The outside temperature rose to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming , the temperature inside could be as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) . According to choreographer Kenny Ortega , on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting . The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration . Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit ; insisting on doing his own stunts , he repeatedly fell off the log during the `` balancing '' scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling . Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn , which required the set decorators to spray - paint the autumn leaves green . The uncooperative weather then took a different turn , plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October . The crew wore warm coats , gloves , and boots . Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing , to repeatedly dive into the cold water . Despite her character 's enjoyment , Grey later described the water as `` horrifically '' cold , and she might not have gone into the lake , except that she was `` young and hungry '' . Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production . They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test , but that initial cooperation soon faded , and they were soon `` facing off '' before every scene . There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes . To address this , producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen - tests -- the ones with the `` breathtaking '' chemistry . This had the desired effect , and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm . Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling , even if actors went `` off script '' . One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm ( similar to the pose seen in the movie poster ) . Though it was written as a serious and tender moment , Grey was exhausted , found the move ticklish , and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it , no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for . Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey 's behavior annoying . However , the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film , complete with Grey 's giggling and Swayze 's annoyed expression . It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie , turning out , as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it , `` as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film . '' Post-production ( edit ) The shooting wrapped on October 27 , 1986 , both on - time and on - budget . No one on the team , however , liked the rough cut that was put together , and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop . Thirty - nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot . In May 1987 , the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo . According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold , Russo 's reaction at the end was to say simply , `` Burn the negative , and collect the insurance . '' Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film . Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film , seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience . However , when they learned the film contained an abortion scene , they asked for that part of the plot to be cut . As Bergstein refused , the Clearasil promotion was dropped . Consequently , Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16 , 1987 . The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend , and then send it to home video , since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production . Considering how many people disliked the film at that point , producer Gottlieb 's recollection of her feelings at the time was , `` I would have only been grateful , if when it was released , people did n't yell at me . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72 % based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Like its winsome characters , Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . For the film 's opening , The New York Times published a review titled `` Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The Times reviewer called the film `` a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 -- orderly , prosperous , bursting with good intentions , a sort of Yiddish - inflected Camelot . '' Other reviews were more mixed : Gene Siskel gave the film a `` marginal Thumbs Up '' as he liked Jennifer Grey 's acting and development of her character , while Roger Ebert gave it `` Thumbs Down '' due to its `` idiot plot '' , calling it a `` tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds . '' TIME magazine was lukewarm , saying , `` If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein 's script is too neat and inspirational , the rough energy of the film 's song and dance does carry one along , past the whispered doubts of better judgment . '' In a retrospective review , Jezebel 's Irin Carmon called the film `` the greatest movie of all time '' as `` a great , brave movie for women '' with `` some subtle , retrospectively sharp - eyed critiques of class and gender . '' Abortion rights advocates have called the film the `` gold standard '' for cinematic portrayals of abortion , which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a `` compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision , a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films . '' The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens , with viewers rating the film highly . Many filmgoers , after seeing the film once , went right back into the theater to watch it a second time . Word - of - mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States , and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark . By November , it was also achieving international fame . Within seven months of release , it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America . It was one of the highest - grossing films of 1987 , earning $170 million worldwide . The film 's popularity continued to grow after its initial release . It was the number one video rental of 1988 and became the first film to sell a million copies on video . When the film was re-released in 1997 , ten years after its original release , Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month . As of 2005 , it was selling a million DVDs per year , with over ten million copies sold as of 2007 . A May 2007 survey by Britain 's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on `` Women 's most - watched films '' , above the Star Wars trilogy , Grease , The Sound of Music , and Pretty Woman . The film 's popularity has also caused it to be called `` the Star Wars for girls . '' An April 2008 article in Britain 's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of `` most romantic movie quotes ever '' , for Baby 's line : `` I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you . '' The film 's music has also had considerable impact . The closing song , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , has been listed as the `` third most popular song played at funerals '' in the UK . Awards and honors ( edit ) Jennifer Grey at the 1988 Academy Awards Year Award Result Ref 60th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Won Best Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Grammy Awards Best Pop Performance by a Duo Won Best Song written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 93 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- # 86 `` Do You Love Me '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Johnny Castle : `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' -- # 98 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Music ( edit ) See also : Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) Rehearsals for the dancing , and some filming , used music from Bergstein 's personal collection of gramophone records . When it came time to select actual music for the film , Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor . Ienner , who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night , opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein 's collection . He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song `` She 's Like the Wind '' . Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz , originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) . John Morris composed the film 's score . The lyrics for the Kellermans ' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film and were sung to the tune of `` Annie Lisle '' , a commonly used theme for school alma maters . Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes , listening to each one . According to Ortega , literally the last tape they listened to had `` The Time of My Life '' , which they saw as the obvious choice . Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it . The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group , an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . The film 's soundtrack started an oldies music revival , and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise . According to Franke Previte , before a single had even been released , there were a million albums on back - order . The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times , selling more than 32 million copies worldwide . It spawned a follow - up multi-platinum album in February 1988 , entitled More Dirty Dancing . Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , composed by Franke Previte , John deNicola , and Donald Markowitz -- this song rose to # 1 on the pop charts . `` She 's Like the Wind '' , performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze , composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz ; this song peaked at # 3 in 1988 . `` Hungry Eyes '' , performed by Eric Carmen , composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola ; this song peaked at # 4 in 1988 . `` Yes '' , performed by Merry Clayton , composed by Neal Cavanaugh , Terry Fryer and Tom Graf ; this song peaked # 45 in 1988 . Additionally , the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours ' single `` Do You Love Me '' . `` Do You Love Me '' was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack ; it was included on More Dirty Dancing . Upon being re-released , `` Do You Love Me '' became a surprise hit all over again , this time peaking at # 11 ( it originally hit # 3 back in 1962 ) . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic scene where Johnny says `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' As for the studio , despite the film 's huge monetary success , Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money . Vestron 's parent company , Vestron Inc. , went bankrupt in 1989 , and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million . The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment , which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003 . Orbach , already known as a successful Broadway actor , continued in different genres . He was the voice of the candelabrum `` Lumiere '' in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , before taking on his best known role , detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order , which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004 . Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies ( 1992 ) and starting in 2006 , the High School Musical series . He also became a director of film and television , including several episodes of Gilmore Girls , in which Dirty Dancing 's Kelly Bishop had a starring role . Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers , soul singer Maurice Williams ( whose song `` Stay '' was featured in the film ) , and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets . Today , Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival . Kellerman 's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel , and it now offers `` Dirty Dancing Weekends '' . Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture . Johnny Castle 's line , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' , has been used in song lyrics , as the title of the `` Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner '' episode of the TV series Veronica Mars , and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song . `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' was also quoted in Supernatural : when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie ; Dean responds : `` Swayze always gets a pass '' . The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard , one of the primary characters , uttered a variation involving his own name , and in Family Guy , where the scene is parodied by Baby 's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth . In Sweden , feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' ( in English ) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square ( 2008 ) and at Karlstad University ( 2012 ) . Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story ; the original `` Love is Strange '' scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny . The French film Heartbreaker ( 2010 ) pays homage to the film , as a plot detail , with some clips from the film shown and a `` recreation '' by the two main characters of the `` lift '' scene . In the first episode of the TV series New Girl , the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up . Since 2009 , there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure , North Carolina . Alternate versions ( edit ) Stage version ( edit ) The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical , Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage . Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million , it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film , plus a few extra scenes . Musical direction was by Chong Lim ( one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ) , and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company 's Josef Brown as Johnny . Although reviews were mixed , the production was a commercial success , selling over 200,000 tickets during its six - month run . It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London 's West End , where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23 , 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history , earning £ 6 million ( $ US12 million ) . As of March 2011 , over 1 million people have seen the musical in London , selling out 6 months in advance . The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five - year run , prior to a two - year national tour . The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13 , 2013 to February 22 , 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006 , with the show first starting in other North American cities . It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue , selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The production opened on November 15 , 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , with an all - Canadian cast , except for Monica West ( Baby Housman ) , Britta Lazenga ( Penny ) , and Al Sapienza ( Jake Housman ) . After Toronto , the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28 , 2008 and officially on October 19 , 2008 , running through January 17 , 2009 , followed by Boston ( February 7 -- March 15 , 2009 ) and Los Angeles . An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington , DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities . Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2 . Tours and TV show ( edit ) Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version . In 1988 , a music tour named Dirty Dancing : Live in Concert , featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen , played 90 cities in three months . Also in 1988 , the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series , however with none of the original cast or crew . The series was canceled after only a few episodes . Prequel ( edit ) In 2004 , a prequel of the film was released , entitled Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights . It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance , when her family relocates to Havana , Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution . Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher -- considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film . 20th anniversary releases ( edit ) For the 20th anniversary in 2007 , the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage , while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes , and included writer commentary . At the same time , Codemasters released Dirty Dancing : The Video Game . In the United Kingdom , the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film ; titled Dirty Dancing : The Time of Your Life , the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort . In the UK , to mark the 20th anniversary of the film , Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing . It was presented by Dawn Porter , an investigative journalist and a self - confessed Dirty Dancing addict . The documentary was very successful , being Channel Five 's highest rated documentary of 2007 . Porter visited the set of the film , met other Dirty Dancing fanatics , and learned the last dance , which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) In August 2011 , Lionsgate , who owns the film rights , announced their plan to remake the film . It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film 's choreographer , Kenny Ortega , to direct . `` We believe that the timing could n't be better to modernize this story on the big screen , and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm , '' Joe Drake , president of Lionsgate 's Motion Picture Group , explained about the project . A miniseries version of `` Dirty Dancing '' had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina . As of July 29 , 2015 , the miniseries has been put on hold . In December 2015 , ABC ordered a three - hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing , starring Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes , Debra Messing , Sarah Hyland , Nicole Scherzinger , Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper . It aired on May 24 , 2017 . It received negative reviews from a majority of critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DIRTY DANCING ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 20 , 1987 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Patrick Swayze , the man who inspired a generation of women to dance , has died '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Kathleen ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` Save the Last Dirty Dance for the Revival ; Movies : ' Dirty Dancing , ' the Catskills love story with forbidden footwork , steps out again for its 10th birthday '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` ABC Announces May Premiere Date for DIRTY DANCING Event Movie '' . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Where Kellerman 's Came to Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vernon , Polly ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Hey Baby -- we 're all Swayze now '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Time of Your Life '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Different Moves '' . People . Jump up ^ Bergstein , Eleanor , producer ( 2007 ) . Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . Tribute to Emile Ardolino ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Choreographer Kenny Ortega 's ode to disco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Paul ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' marks 20 years with return to big screen '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing . The E ! True Hollywood Story . September 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( November 7 , 1992 ) . `` You may know Wayne Knight whether you know you do or not '' . Chicago Tribune ( AP ) . ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . 2007 . Jump up ^ Some scenes shot with Lipton in the role of Mrs. Houseman can be viewed on the 20th anniversary 2007 DVD Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( August 16 , 1987 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The New York Times . p . A19 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Video review on Siskel & Ebert and The Movies '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Review of Dirty Dancing '' . Sun Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( September 14 , 1987 ) . `` Cinema : Teenage Turmoil '' . Time . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Dirty Dancing Is the Greatest Movie of All Time '' . Jezebel ( website ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herold , Steph ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Led the Way in Depicting Abortion -- If Only Other Media Would Follow '' . Rewire . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tzioumakis , Yannis ( 2013 ) . The Time of Our Lives : Dirty Dancing and Popular Culture . Wayne State University Press . p. 135 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wiams , William ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Baby in the Underworld : Myth and Tragic Vision in Dirty Dancing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private Dancers '' . The Age . June 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales / Home Video Top Cassettes of 88 from Billboard magazine '' . The Orlando Sentinel . December 30 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Kolson , Ann ( August 17 , 1997 ) . `` Fairy Tale Without an Ending '' . The New York Times . p. 2.11 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Sandy ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lions Gate grabs Swayze Rights '' . TheStreet.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : Baby 's Out of the Corner '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ' is top film obsession ' '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alaway , Nick ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Dirty Dancing '' . Fast Rewind . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The insider 's guide to ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . CNN . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Tahira ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Bogart to McGregor : The top ten most romantic movie quotes ever '' . Daily Mail . I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Mary ( Associated Press ) ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` On the way to a singing career , he found success as a songwriter '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : Bigelow , Bruce ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Three films receive five Golden Globe nominations '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Hoekstra , Dave ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : The movie , the music , the money '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gardinier , Bob ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` School searches for song of itself '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Lott , M. Ray ( 2004 ) . The American Martial Arts Film . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1836 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Nikhil ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Those chart busters '' . The Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas go Dirty Dancing - Havana Nights '' . Havana Journal . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zuma Beach Ent . Appointments President and Completes Acquisition '' . whedon.info . March 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing discography '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnny pulls Baby out of her chair , saying , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner , '' to Jake . He and Baby take the stage , where Johnny announces , `` Sorry about the disruption , folks , but I always do the last dance of the season . This year somebody told me not to . So I 'm gon na do my kind of dancin ' with a great partner , who 's not only a terrific dancer , but somebody who taught me that there are people willing to stand up for other people no matter what it costs them . Somebody who taught me about the kind of person I want to be : Miss Frances Houseman . '' Jump up ^ `` Master actor exits to ringing applause '' . Newcastle Herald . January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Disney made - for - TV movie suddenly became ... A ' high school ' craze '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Jump up ^ Full cast and crew for Gilmore Girls on Internet Movie Database . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . Dirtydancingfestival.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lodge Virginia -- Resorts in Virginia Mountain Lake Lodge '' . Mountainlakehotel.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Puts Baby In a Corner '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina town hosts ' Dirty Dancing ' festival '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing to make Welsh debut at Wales Millennium Centre in 2012 - Cardiff '' . Visitcardiff.com . March 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Closes 9 Jul , Prior to National Tour '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing returns to give West End audiences the time of their lives ! '' . BestofTheatre.co.uk . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty moves directed at US '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Dirty Dancing , Musical Based on Hit Film , Opens in Chicago Oct. 19 '' Archived October 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` More Chances to Feel Dirty in Chicago ; Dirty Dancing Gets Six Extra Weeks '' Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. DIRTY DANCING National Tour Opens Tonight at the National Theatre `` , broadwayworld.com , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( Film ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Knight - Ridder Newspapers ( November 5 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Notes '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Video Game -- official site '' . Codemasters . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Coming soon to your PC : Dirty Dancing , the Video Game '' . Wired magazine blog network . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dirty Dancing to Film TV Miniseries in WNC Archived May 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Producers put Asheville ' Dirty Dancing ' miniseries in a corner '' . charlotteobserver . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' remake is coming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey The Next TV Musical Is Actually a Pretty Good Idea Vanity Fair . 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` See The Cast For The TV Remake Of ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Adds ' Awkward ' Alum as Robbie ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' ABC Remake Adds Billy Dee Williams As Tito '' . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dirty Dancing . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dirty Dancing Dirty Dancing on IMDb Dirty Dancing at the TCM Movie Database Dirty Dancing at Box Office Mojo Dirty Dancing at Rotten Tomatoes Dirty Dancing at Metacritic hide Films directed by Emile Ardolino He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' ( 1983 ) Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) Chances Are ( 1989 ) Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) Sister Act ( 1992 ) The Nutcracker ( 1993 ) Gypsy ( 1993 ) GND : 4703220 - 0 VIAF : 182889742 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing&oldid=850299438 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s dance films 1980s independent films 1980s musical films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American dance films American independent films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American teen drama films American teen romance films Borscht Belt Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Dirty Dancing films Feminist films Films about abortion Films about families Films about vacationing Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Emile Ardolino Films set in 1963 Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Virginia Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Artisan Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films Vestron Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 00 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who got penny pregnant in dirty dancing 2017 | [
"Baby and her parents watch the end-of-season talent show. Jake gives Robbie a tip for Medical School in an envelope. Robbie thanks Jake, then reveals that he got Penny pregnant, and insults her and Baby, causing Jake to yank the envelope back. Staff and guests (including Lisa) are singing the closing song together when Johnny interrupts them to perform the last dance of the season. Johnny leads Baby onstage and makes a brief speech about how \"Frances\" has made him a better man. Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet, and the other \"dirty dancers\" join in. Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they practiced. The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration. Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant and reconciles with Baby. All dance joyously to \"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\".\n"
] | [
"Robbie"
] |
1076816697363773193 | Carl Weathers | Carl Weathers - wikipedia Carl Weathers Carl Weathers Carl Weathers at the Calgary Expo 2015 ( 1948 - 01 - 14 ) January 14 , 1948 ( age 70 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Alma mater San Diego State University San Francisco State University ( BA ) Occupation Actor , professional football player Years active 1973 -- present ( actor ) 1970 -- 1974 ( football player ) Spouse ( s ) Mary Ann Castle ( m . 1973 ; div. 1983 ) Rhona Unsell ( m . 1984 ; div. 2006 ) Jennifer Peterson ( m . 2007 ; div. 2009 ) Children Football career No. 49 , 55 Position : Linebacker Career information College : San Diego State Undrafted : 1970 Career history Oakland Raiders ( 1970 -- 1971 ) B.C. Lions ( 1971 -- 1974 ) Career NFL statistics Sacks : 0 Games played ( NFL ) : 8 Games played ( CFL ) : 10 Player stats at NFL.com Carl Weathers ( born January 14 , 1948 ) is an American actor and former professional football player . He is best known for portraying Apollo Creed in the Rocky series of films , Al Dillon in Predator , Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore and Little Nicky , and a fictionalized version of himself on the comedy series Arrested Development . As a football player , Weathers played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League and the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League . Contents 1 Early life 2 Football career 3 Acting career 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Weathers was born in New Orleans , Louisiana . His father was a day laborer . As an eighth - grade student , he earned an athletic scholarship to St. Augustine High School , a private high school . During high school , he was an all - around athlete , involved in boxing , football , gymnastics , judo , soccer , and wrestling . He graduated in 1966 . Football career ( edit ) Weathers played football as a defensive end in college . He started his college career in 1966 at Long Beach City College , where he did not play in 1966 due to an ankle injury suffered when he tripped over a curb surrounding the running track while warming up for practice with another linebacker , Paul Snow . He then transferred and played for San Diego State University , becoming a letterman for the San Diego State Aztecs in 1968 and 1969 , playing for head coach Don Coryell . After he went undrafted , Weathers signed with the Oakland Raiders as a free agent in 1970 . Now playing as a linebacker , Weathers played seven games for the Raiders in 1970 and one in 1971 . The Raiders released Weathers , and he signed with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 1971 and played until 1973 , 18 games in total . During the off - seasons , Weathers attended San Francisco State University and earned a bachelor 's degree in drama in 1974 . He retired from football in 1974 , and began pursuing an acting career . Weathers narrated NFL Films ' season recap of the 1999 , 2000 and 2001 seasons . During the 2017 NFL Draft , he appeared on NFL Network 's pre-draft coverage . Acting career ( edit ) Weathers began working as an extra while still playing football . He had his first significant roles in two blaxploitation films directed by his longtime friend Arthur Marks : Bucktown ( 1975 ) and Friday Foster ( 1975 ) . Weathers also appeared in an episode of the 1970s sitcom Good Times entitled `` The Nude '' , portraying an angry husband who suspected his wife of cheating on him with J.J. In 1975 , he guest starred in an episode of Kung Fu entitled `` The Brothers Caine '' . In 1976 , he appeared as a loan shark in an episode of the crime - drama Starsky and Hutch . While auditioning for the role of Apollo Creed alongside Sylvester Stallone in Rocky , Weathers criticized Stallone 's acting , which led him to get the role . He reprised the role of Apollo Creed in the next three Rocky films in 1979 , 1982 , and 1985 . Weathers is briefly seen as an Army MP in one of the three released versions of Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( originally released in 1977 ) . In 1978 , Weathers portrayed misogynist Vince Sullivan in a TV movie , Not This Time . In the late 1970s and 1980s , Weathers starred in a number of action films for the small and big screen , including Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , Predator ( 1987 ) , Action Jackson ( 1988 ) , and Hurricane Smith ( 1992 ) . As a member of the cast of Predator , Weathers worked with future California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and future Minnesota governor Jesse Ventura . Many years later he appeared in a spoof segment on Saturday Night Live , announcing that he was running for political office and urging viewers to vote for him on the basis that `` he was the black guy in Predator '' . He also appeared in Michael Jackson 's `` Liberian Girl '' music video and co-starred in the Adam Sandler comedy Happy Gilmore , as Chubbs , a golf legend teaching Happy how to play golf . He reprised the role nearly four years later in the Sandler comedy Little Nicky . During the final two seasons of In the Heat of the Night , his character , Hampton Forbes , replaced Bill Gillespie as the chief of police . Another noted TV role was Sgt . Adam Beaudreaux on the cop show Street Justice . He also played as MACV - SOG Colonel Brewster in the CBS series Tour of Duty . In 2004 , Weathers received a career revival as a comedic actor beginning with appearances in three episodes of the comedy series Arrested Development as a cheapskate caricature of himself , who serves as Tobias Fünke 's acting coach . He was then cast in the comedies The Sasquatch Gang and The Comebacks . Weathers had a guest role in two episodes of The Shield as the former training officer of main character Vic Mackey . Weathers provided the voice for Colonel Samuel Garrett in the Pandemic Studios video game Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction . In 2005 , he was a narrator on Conquest ! The Price Of Victory - Witness The Journey of the Trojans ! , an 18 - part television show about USC athletics . Weathers is a principal of Red Tight Media , a film and video production company that specializes in tactical training films made for the United States armed forces . He also appeared in one episode of ER as the father of an injured boxer during their 2008 finale season . For the sixth film in the Rocky series , Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) , Stallone asked Weathers , Mr. T , and Dolph Lundgren for permission to use footage from their appearances in the earlier Rocky films . Mr. T and Lundgren agreed , but Weathers wanted an actual part in the movie , even though his character had died in Rocky IV . Stallone refused , and Weathers decided not to allow Stallone to use his image for flashbacks from the previous films . They instead used footage of a fighter who looks similar to Weathers . Weathers portrayed the father of Michael Strahan and Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell 's characters on the short - lived 2009 Fox sitcom Brothers . Weathers is currently acting as Brian `` Gebo '' Fitzgerald in advertising for Old Spice 's sponsorship of NASCAR driver Tony Stewart . He also appears in an ongoing series of web - only advertisements for Credit Union of Washington , dispensing flowers and the advice that `` change is beautiful '' to puzzled - looking bystanders . He is also starring in a series of commercials for Bud Light , in which he introduces plays from the `` Bud Light Playbook '' . At the conclusion of each commercial , Weathers can be seen bursting through the Bud Light Playbook and shouting `` Here we go ! '' Personal life ( edit ) Weathers and his ex-wife , Mary Ann , have two sons . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Magnum Force Demonstrator Uncredited Friday Foster Yarbro Bucktown Hambone 1976 The Four Deuces Taxi Cab Driver 1976 Rocky Apollo Creed 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind MP 1977 Semi-Tough Dreamer Tatum 1978 The Bermuda Depths Eric 1978 Force 10 from Navarone Sgt . Weaver 1979 Rocky II Apollo Creed 1981 Death Hunt Sundog / George Washington Lincoln Brown 1982 Rocky III Apollo Creed 1985 Rocky IV Apollo Creed 1985 Braker Lieutenant Harry Braker 1986 The Defiant Ones Cullen Monroe Predator Colonel Al Dillon Action Jackson Sgt . / Lt. Jericho `` Action '' Jackson Dangerous Passion Kyle Hurricane Smith Billy `` Hurricane '' Smith 1995 Op Center Gen. Mike Rodgers Uncredited Happy Gilmore Chubbs Peterson Shadow Warriors : Assault on Devil 's Island Roy Brown 1999 Shadow Warriors 2 : Hunt for the Death Merchant Roy Brown 2000 Little Nicky Chubbs Peterson 2002 Eight Crazy Nights GNC Water Bottle Voice Balto III : Wings of Change Kirby Voice 2005 Alien Siege General Skyler 2006 The Sasquatch Gang Dr. Artimus Snodgrass 2007 The Comebacks Freddie Wiseman / Narrator 2012 American Warships General McKraken 2017 Sandy Wexler Himself Cameo on set 2019 Easter Dominique McClane Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Episode Good Times Calvin Brooks Episode : `` The Nude '' Kung Fu Bad Sam Episode : `` The Brothers Caine '' 1976 Starsky and Hutch Al Martin Episode : `` Nightmare '' 1977 Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected Hank Dalby Episode : `` A Hand For Sonny Blue '' 1986 Fortune Dane Fortune Dane 1989 -- 1990 Tour of Duty Colonel Carl Brewster Recurring role , 9 episodes 1991 -- 1993 Street Justice Adam Beaudreaux Main role In the Heat of the Night Police Chief Hampton Forbes 2003 -- 2007 The Shield Joe Clark Episodes : `` Haunts '' , `` Partners '' 2004 -- 2013 Arrested Development Carl Weathers 4 episodes 2008 ER Louie Taylor . Episode : `` Oh , Brother '' Psych Boone Episode : `` Viagra Falls '' 2011 -- 13 Regular Show God of Basketball Voice role ; episodes : `` Slam Dunk '' , `` Bank Shot '' 2013 Toy Story of Terror Combat Carl Voice 2016 Colony Bolton `` Beau '' Miller Recurring role , 9 episodes 2016 Chicago P.D. State 's Attorney Mark Jefferies Episodes : `` Justice '' ; `` Favor , Action , Malice or Ill - Will '' 2017 Chicago Justice State 's Attorney Mark Jefferies Main role 2017 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Omnitraxus Prime Voice role ; episodes : `` Mathmagic '' , `` Starcrushed '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction Colonel Samuel Garrett voice 2015 Mortal Kombat X Jax Briggs DLC ; voice and likeness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carl Weathers Biography ( 1948 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Gary ( June 25 , 1979 ) . `` Carl Weathers of ' Rocky II , ' in Search of Something Cerebral '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IT WAS ' BU WHO ? ' : Aztecs Saw Their Hopes of ' Big Time ' Go Awry - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . December 28 , 1986 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoglund , Andy ( June 5 , 1968 ) . `` When to Turn Your Football Career Into an Acting Career '' . Newsweek.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Ida . `` The Afro American '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catching up with Carl Weathers : ROCKY 'S Apollo Creed '' . Silver Screen Artists . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Apollo Creed lives again : Carl Weathers joins NFL Draft coverage on ' Rocky ' steps Jump up ^ `` Carl Weathers Looks Back on Creed : Sparring With Ali , Slighting Stallone and Passing the Torch '' . Hollywood Reporter . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thanks for the Memories '' . Tour of Duty Info . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Norden , Martin F. ( 2007 ) . The Changing Face of Evil in Film and Television . Rodopi . p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Red Tight Media '' . Red Tight Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Weathers , Sylvester Stallone May Have Mended Their Differences Over ' Creed ' '' . Inquisitr . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ stated by Stallone on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( December 21 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bud Light Airraid : Carl Weathers and Bud Light steal Norm Chow 's ( and Bruce Eien 's ) playbook '' . Smart Football . October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Television Archive : Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected ( 1977 ) '' . Ctva.biz . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Carl Weathers on IMDb Carl Weathers at Pro-Football-Reference.com View Carl Weathers at FanBase In the Heat of the Night Fan Club BNF : cb13901046p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 0857 3610 LCCN : no99054544 SNAC : w6vt1tks SUDOC : 172411351 VIAF : 49409745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Weathers&oldid=854684692 '' Categories : 1948 births Living people St. Augustine High School ( New Orleans ) alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Long Beach , California African - American players of American football African - American television directors American television directors American male voice actors American actor - athletes Oakland Raiders players American players of Canadian football BC Lions players Canadian football linebackers Long Beach City College alumni Male actors from New Orleans Sportspeople from Long Beach , California Sportspeople from New Orleans San Diego State Aztecs football players San Diego State University alumni San Francisco State University alumni African - American male actors American male film actors American male television actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played apollo creed in the rocky movies | [
"Carl Weathers (born January 14, 1948) is an American actor and former professional football player. He is best known for portraying Apollo Creed in the Rocky series of films, Al Dillon in Predator, Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore and Little Nicky, and a fictionalized version of himself on the comedy series Arrested Development. As a football player, Weathers played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League and the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League.\n"
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"Carl Weathers"
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4599801615235732015 | Absorption (pharmacology) | Absorption ( pharmacology ) - wikipedia Absorption ( pharmacology ) Jump to : navigation , search In pharmacology ( and more specifically pharmacokinetics ) , absorption is the movement of a drug from the bloodstream to into the tissues . Absorption involves several phases . First , the drug needs to be introduced via some route of administration ( oral , topical - dermal , etc . ) and in a specific dosage form such as a tablet , capsule , solution and so on . In other situations , such as intravenous therapy , intramuscular injection , enteral nutrition and others , absorption is even more straightforward and there is less variability in absorption and bioavailability is often near 100 % . It is considered that intravascular administration ( e.g. IV ) does not involve absorption , and there is no loss of drug . The fastest route of absorption is inhalation , and not as mistakenly considered the intravenous administration . Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry , since the drug must be absorbed before any medicinal effects can take place . Moreover , the drug 's pharmacokinetic profile can be easily and significantly changed by adjusting factors that affect absorption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dissolution 2 Ionization 3 Other factors 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Dissolution ( edit ) In the most common situation , a tablet is ingested and passes through the esophagus to the stomach . The rate of dissolution is a key target for controlling the duration of a drug 's effect , and as such , several dosage forms that contain the same active ingredient may be available , differing only in the rate of dissolution . If a drug is supplied in a form that is not readily dissolved , the drug may be released more gradually over time with a longer duration of action . Having a longer duration of action may improve compliance since the medication will not have to be taken as often . Additionally , slow - release dosage forms may maintain concentrations within an acceptable therapeutic range over a long period of time , as opposed is quick - release dosage forms which may result in sharper peaks and troughs in serum concentrations . The rate of dissolution is described by the Noyes -- Whitney equation as shown below : d W d t = D A ( C s − C ) L ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dW ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( DA ( C_ ( s ) - C ) ) ( L ) ) ) Where : d W d t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dW ) ( dt ) ) ) is the rate of dissolution . A is the surface area of the solid . C is the concentration of the solid in the bulk dissolution medium . C s ( \ displaystyle C_ ( s ) ) is the concentration of the solid in the diffusion layer surrounding the solid . D is the diffusion coefficient . L is the diffusion layer thickness . As can be inferred by the Noyes - Whitney equation , the rate of dissolution may be modified primarily by altering the surface area of the solid . The surface area may be adjusted by altering the particle size ( e.g. micronization ) . For many drugs , reducing the particle size leads to a reduction in the dose that is required to achieve the same therapeutic effect . The reduction of particle size increases the specific surface area and the dissolution rate , and it does not affect solubility . The rate of dissolution may also be altered by choosing a suitable polymorph of a compound . Different polymorphs exhibit different solubility and dissolution rate characteristics . Specifically , crystalline forms dissolve slower than amorphous forms , since crystalline forms require more energy to leave lattice during dissolution . The most stable crystalline polymorph has the lowest dissolution rate . Dissolution is also different for anhydrous and hydrous forms of a drug . Anhydrous often dissolve faster than hydrated ; however , anhydrous forms sometimes exhibit lower solubility . Chemical modification by esterification is also used to control solubility . For example , stearate and estolate esters of a drug have decreased solubility in gastric fluid . Later , esterases in the GIT wall and blood hydrolze these esters to release the parent drug . Also , coatings on a tablet or a pellet may act as a barrier to reduce the rate of dissolution . Coating may also be used to modify where dissolution takes place . For example , enteric coatings may be applied to a drug , so that the coating only dissolves in the basic environment of the intestines . This will prevent release of the drug before reaching the intestines . Since solutions are already dissolved , they do not need to undergo dissolution before being absorbed . Lipid - soluble drugs are less absorbed than water - soluble drugs , especially when they are enteral . Ionization ( edit ) The gastrointestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells . Drugs must pass or permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system . One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug is the cell membrane . Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane . Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small , uncharged solutes . Hence , whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption , since ionic molecules are charged . Solubility favors charged species , and permeability favors neutral species . Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation . Ions can not passively diffuse through the gastrointestinal tract because the epithelial cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer . The bilayer is made up of two layers of phospholipids in which the charged hydrophilic heads face outwards and the non-charged hydrophobic fatty acid chains are in the middle of the layer . The uncharged fatty acid chains repel ionized , charged molecules . This means that the ionized molecules can not pass through the intestinal membrane and be absorbed . The Henderson - Hasselbalch equation offers a way to determine the proportion of a substance that is ionized at a given pH . In the stomach , drugs that are weak acids ( such as aspirin ) will be present mainly in their non-ionic form , and weak bases will be in their ionic form . Since non-ionic species diffuse more readily through cell membranes , weak acids will have a higher absorption in the highly acidic stomach . However , the reverse is true in the basic environment of the intestines -- weak bases ( such as caffeine ) will diffuse more readily since they will be non-ionic . This aspect of absorption has been targeted by medicinal chemistry . For example , a suitable analog may be chosen so that the drug is more likely to be in a non-ionic form . Also , prodrugs of a compound may be developed by medicinal chemists -- these chemical variants may be more readily absorbed and then metabolized by the body into the active compound . However , changing the structure of a molecule is less predictable than altering dissolution properties , since changes in chemical structure may affect the pharmacodynamic properties of a drug . Other factors ( edit ) Other facts that affect absorption include , but are not limited to , bioactivity , resonance , the inductive effect , isosterism , bio-isosterism , and consideration . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kaplan Pharmacology 2010 , page6 , Absorption Jump up ^ Kaplan Pharmacology 2010 , Video Lectues , Absorption chapter Further reading ( edit ) Avdeef , Alex ( 2003 ) . Absorption and Drug Development . Hoboken , N.J : Wiley - Interscience / J. Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 42365 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Absorption of Drugs ( hide ) Concepts in pharmacology Pharmacokinetics ( L ) ADME : ( Liberation ) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion ( Clearance ) Loading dose Volume of distribution ( Initial ) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half - life Mean residence time Plasma protein binding Therapeutic index ( Median lethal dose , Effective dose ) Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Toxicity ( Neurotoxicology ) Dose -- response relationship ( Efficacy , Potency ) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics : Minimum inhibitory concentration ( Bacteriostatic ) Minimum bactericidal concentration ( Bactericide ) Agonism and antagonism Agonist : Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist : Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other : Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity Other Drug tolerance : Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance : Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance Drug discovery strategies Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology Related fields / subfields Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology ( Neuropharmacology , Psychopharmacology ) Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absorption_(pharmacology)&oldid=809529072 '' Categories : Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Latina Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 18 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the majority of drug absorption occur | [
"The gastrointestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells. Drugs must pass or permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system. One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug is the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small, uncharged solutes. Hence, whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are charged. Solubility favors charged species, and permeability favors neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation."
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6934123313248995336 | Beverly Hills, 90210 (season 10) | Beverly Hills , 90210 ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Beverly Hills , 90210 ( season 10 ) Beverly Hills , 90210 ( season 10 ) DVD cover Starring Jennie Garth Ian Ziering Brian Austin Green Tori Spelling Vincent Young Vanessa Marcil Lindsay Price Daniel Cosgrove Joe E. Tata Luke Perry Country of origin United States No. of episodes 27 Release Original network Fox Original release September 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 08 ) -- May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 List of Beverly Hills , 90210 episodes Season ten of Beverly Hills , 90210 , is an American drama television series began airing on September 8 , 1999 , on Fox television network . It was the final season of the series and concluded on May 17 , 2000 , after 27 episodes . This season follows the gang in adulthood as they deal with numerous issues that adults face in their personal and professional lives such as murder , pregnancy , commitment , homophobia , infidelity , parenthood , kidnappings , grief , alcoholism , marriage and their growing careers . The final season was aired on Wednesday nights at 8 / 7c in the United States averaging 8.33 million viewers a week . The season was released to DVD under the title of Beverly Hills , 90210 : The Final Season by Paramount . Initial plans of an eleventh season ( 2000 -- 2001 ) were to be developed but due to low ratings and high associated costs with production the show ended at its tenth season . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Starring 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Special Guest Star 3 Episodes 4 References Overview ( edit ) Over the past nine seasons , viewers have watched the characters of Beverly Hills , 90210 grow from high school students to college graduates on their own for the first time . While their lives have begun to take different paths and new people have entered their worlds , they have always maintained their strong bonds with one another . This season promises to be an unforgettable year of weddings , children and career decisions for a group of friends who continue to retain the relationships that sustained them as they grew from teenagers into young adults . Cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Jennie Garth as Kelly Taylor Ian Ziering as Steve Sanders Brian Austin Green as David Silver Tori Spelling as Donna Martin Vincent Young as Noah Hunter Vanessa Marcil as Gina Kincaid ( Episodes 1 -- 17 ) Lindsay Price as Janet Sosna Daniel Cosgrove as Matt Durning Joe E. Tata as Nat Bussichio ( 14 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Jed Allan as Rush Sanders Matthew Laurance as Mel Silver Ann Gillespie as Jackie Taylor Michael Durrell as John Martin Katherine Cannon as Felice Martin Josie Davis as Camille Desmond Josh Taylor as Jack McKay Special Guest Star ( edit ) Luke Perry as Dylan McKay ( 27 episodes ) Jason Priestley as Brandon Walsh ( 1 episode as a video message on tape ) Gabrielle Carteris as Andrea Zuckerman ( 1 episode ) Tiffani Thiessen as Valerie Malone ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 267 `` The Phantom Menace '' Charles Correll John Eisendrath September 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 08 ) 2199259 Kelly 's rapist , Joe Patch , dies of gunshot wounds . Kelly is arrested and held overnight until the shooting is ruled a justifiable homicide . The police consider charging her with possession of an unlicensed firearm , but Matt appeals to the department 's sense of decency . David asks Dylan to move out . Dylan takes up residence at a hotel , and Gina joins him after Donna boots her out for talking to reporters about Kelly . Wayne annoys Donna with his cavalier attitude , particularly when he fails to show sensitivity toward Kelly . She realizes that they do not have a future together . Noah ignores Donna and fools around with one of his employees . Janet 's erratic behavior confuses Steve . She secretly applies for a job with another newspaper , and tells Steve that she is n't sure if their relationship will work out . Janet confesses to Kelly that she is four months pregnant . 268 `` Let 's Eat Cake '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Laurie McCarthy September 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 15 ) 2199260 Kelly and Donna invite Janet to move into the apartment . She tries to tell Steve that she is pregnant , but stops when he mistakenly assumes that she has gotten breast implants . When Janet finally reveals the truth , Steve becomes outraged that he had been kept in the dark for so long . He avoids Janet and whines about the situation to the other guys and Gina . Janet tells Steve that he can choose how much involvement he wants with the child ; he is unsure of what to do . Kelly and the gang throw a surprise 24th birthday party for David at the After Dark . The uninvited Gina foils their plans by slashing her own tire and calling David for help . After patching things up with David , Gina takes him to the club and drops him off without spoiling the surprise . A young woman whom Dylan knows from his years at the hotel gets busted for drug possession . He pays for her legal services , and encourages her to get clean and find some direction for her life . He agrees to return to college if she also enrolls . Matt helps Kelly cope with her fear of physical contact . NOTE : Christina Aguilera makes a guest appearance in this episode . 269 `` You Better Work '' Harvey Frost Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) 2199261 Steve tells Janet that he wants to raise the baby with her . He later upsets her by expressing uncertainty . Kelly considers a career change . Matt pays Gina to help out with preparations for the boutique 's re-opening . She tries to burn a prominent fashion critic 's invitation , and accidentally starts a fire . She ruins Donna 's new men 's wear line with the fire extinguisher . Although Gina blames faulty lighting , Matt catches her with the burnt invitation . He forces her to bring the critic to the re-opening to make amends , while everyone chips in to help Donna put together new outfits . Cherise breaks up with Noah for postponing their weekend getaway and spending too much time with Donna . Steve suddenly proposes to Janet during the fashion show . She accepts , but then changes her mind because she fears they would be marrying for the wrong reasons . California University denies Dylan 's application , citing his brazen essay . They refuse to give him a second chance . David pulls the revised essay out of the garbage , and is so impressed that he successfully lobbies the admissions office on Dylan 's behalf . 270 `` A Fine Mess '' Allan Kroeker John Eisendrath September 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 29 ) 2199262 Steve buys an engagement ring and practices proposals , often with Noah assuming the role of Janet . Dylan harasses Janet about her decision . The gang 's attempt to arrange a reconciliation backfires . Janet insists that she loves Steve , but believes that his chaotic lifestyle would be harmful to the child . Steve later breaks down in tears and argues that his spontaneity does not mean that he can not be a responsible husband and father . He surprises Janet with a proposal during her ultrasound , and she accepts . Dylan grows tired of living with Gina and suggests that she find her own place . He offers to spring for a hotel suite , but Gina opts to establish her independence . David 's radio show becomes popular due to his abrasive tactics , including talking about Dylan 's personal life and asking a woman out while on the air . Dylan goads David into providing details of the date to his listeners , and the woman dumps him . Donna recommends a new act for the club , failing to disclose the fact that the singer is Wayne 's cousin . Noah is angry , but he and Donna soon get back together yet again . Kelly pouts about Matt 's cynical attitude toward marriage and commitment . 271 5 `` The Loo - Ouch '' Kim Friedman Tyler Bensinger October 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 20 ) 2199263 Steve and Janet announce the pregnancy and engagement to her parents , who respond by calling Janet a disgrace . Steve 's father tries to convince the couple to put off marriage for a while . Janet collapses and has to be taken to the hospital . She is diagnosed with a panic attack and told to avoid unnecessary stress . Mr. and Mrs. Sosna ask Janet to leave Steve and move back into their house . At the couple 's engagement party , Steve lies to Janet 's parents about the identity of his mom 's lover , Karen . He asks his father to play along , unaware that Rush is apparently the only person in Los Angeles who did n't know that Samantha is gay . Steve and Janet stand up to their families . Although they would appreciate some support , they will not tolerate any further efforts to break them up . Matt and Noah each offer to move out so that Steve can move Janet and the baby into the house . Matt asks Kelly to get an apartment with him , but she nixes this idea . Donna decides that she and Noah will live together . Gina and Noah secretly start an after - hours strip club at the Peach Pit After Dark . Dylan helps a hotel maid and her prankster sons . David asks Robyn for a chance to prove that he is not the obnoxious jerk he portrays on the radio . 272 6 `` 80s Night '' Chip Chalmers John Eisendrath October 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 27 ) 2199264 Joe Patch 's parents visit Kelly and ask for her forgiveness . Matt tries to save a convicted rapist and murderer from the death penalty . Kelly is initially supportive , but changes her mind after hearing a description of the man 's crimes . A meeting with the client 's brother prompts Kelly to realize the anguish experienced by the families of criminals ; she forgives Mr. and Mrs. Patch . She strongly objects when Matt appeals the judge 's ruling against his client , and decides to stop seeing him for the time being . Donna wanders into the After Dark late at night and discovers the strip club . Gina recognizes David 's father as one of the customers . She sneaks him out the back door when the police raid the club . Noah and Donna are among those arrested , as the cops mistake Donna for a prostitute . Dylan realizes that Gina was involved . She promises to stop lying to him , then immediately blackmails Mel . Dylan and Donna question David 's on - air antics when he costs a listener his girlfriend . David eventually reunites the couple and decides to change his ways . Janet 's college friends ask her to play bass in their band , which is performing at the After Dark 's Halloween party . Although Steve stays home and organizes a haunted house for neighborhood kids , he eventually shows up at the club to support Janet . 273 7 `` Laying Pipe '' Luke Perry Matt Dearborn November 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 03 ) 2199265 Steve and Janet ask Kelly and Dylan to be their baby 's godparents . The foursome heads to Ojai for the weekend to meet with the minister . The minister suspects that Dylan is afraid to commit to a woman because of guilt over Toni 's death . Dylan and Kelly plan to watch the sunset together . They learn from the news that Matt saved his client , so Kelly decides to go home and congratulate him . Gina catches Dylan and Kelly hugging and accuses them of fooling around . Dylan goes to Kelly 's apartment to share his feelings , but sees her with Matt . Steve backs out of plans to sell the Corvette to help pay for a minivan . An angry Janet lets David sell the car to a woman who seems interested in him . Janet has a change of heart , but David 's friend destroys the car in a performance art show about chauvinism ( for which she also tape recorded David ) . Mel pays off Gina . When she demands more money , he stops payment on the check . Gina calls Jackie to share her revelation . A homeless man dies outside of Donna 's store . She tries desperately to uncover his identity and contact his family . 274 8 `` Baby , You Can Drive My Car '' Kevin Inch Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts November 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 10 ) 2199266 Janet begins to panic about wedding preparations . Steve suggests that they organize a scavenger hunt for their friends , with clues providing the location of a party . Dylan and his friend Andrew are attacked by gay bashers . Andrew does not want to help put away their attackers because he has yet to come out . His boss finds out that he is gay and puts him on leave . Kelly snipes at Noah during the scavenger hunt , as she blames his strip club for Jackie and Mel 's break - up . Gina freaks out when Dylan refuses to pull over and help a stray dog . David helps her find the animal and take it to the vet . The gang arrives at a park to discover that Steve and Janet are holding a surprise wedding ceremony . At the reception , Dylan baffles Kelly by commenting on how beautiful she had looked in her wedding dress . Gina leaves abruptly after Dylan admits that they will probably never get married . She sleeps with David . Kelly confronts Dylan about his remark . He confesses that he flew in for her wedding , only to leave immediately because he could n't watch her marry someone else . 275 9 `` Family Tree '' Allison Liddi John Eisendrath November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 2199267 Steve and Janet endure various calamities on their honeymoon . Just as they are beginning to have a good time , Janet goes into labor . Although the birth is expected to be routine , the doctors are forced to perform an emergency C - section . Janet and the baby experience life - threatening complications . Jackie seeks full custody of Erin , and David and Kelly try to keep their sister 's spirits up . Jackie tells Kelly that Gina blackmailed Mel . David refuses to believe this , and Gina denies the allegations . He learns the truth from his father , but decides to give Gina another chance . Dylan helps Andrew get his job back and fights the prejudice at the community center . Kelly complains about Noah 's monopolization of the apartment . Donna buys genealogy software as a wedding gift for Steve and Janet . She accesses Gina 's birth certificate and discovers that Donna 's dad is listed as the father . 276 10 `` What 's in a Name '' Christopher Hibler Scott Fifer November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 2199268 Janet pulls through , but the baby suffers from lung problems . Doctors successfully intubate the child , and she is able to breathe on her own . Steve and Janet name their daughter Madeline . Donna confronts her father , who admits that Gina is his daughter . Felice has always known this , as Dr. Martin had a drunken one - night stand with her sister during the 1970s . Donna feels that her parents treated Gina unfairly by hiding the truth and failing to support her financially . She storms out during Thanksgiving dinner . Donna desperately wants to tell Gina that they are sisters . However , she holds off for the time being because she does not want to spoil Gina 's memories of her late stepfather . Dylan convinces Kelly and her family to help with the charity Thanksgiving dinner he has organized . Matt accuses him of making a move on Kelly , so Dylan diminishes himself in her eyes by bailing out of his own event . Kelly tries to stop Jackie from trashing Mel in front of Erin . 277 11 `` Sibling Revelry '' Graeme Lynch John Eisendrath December 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 15 ) 2199269 Gina considers leaving Los Angeles . Donna tells Gina the truth about her parentage . An outraged Gina lashes out at Donna . Whereas she had previously believed that her rough childhood was the result of circumstances beyond anyone 's control , she now knows that she was rejected . Gina refuses David 's help and turns to Dylan for comfort . A jealous David argues with Dylan and pushes him in front of a car . He sustains only a few bruises . David breaks up with Gina because he considers her a bad influence . He patches things up with Dylan . Donna assures Gina that her relationship with her stepfather was not a lie . Gina visits her childhood home , which stirs up happy memories . Matt gets jealous when Dylan buys a $16,000 painting for Kelly . Kelly confronts Dylan and demands that he make a lifetime commitment or leave her alone . He responds with a frightened grunt , so she stays with Matt . She claims that her offer was just a test , but admits to Donna that she does n't know how she would have reacted if Dylan had accepted . Noah confesses that he never really attended Harvard . His father paid off the cops to keep him from being jailed after his girlfriend 's death , and he fled to Hawaii instead of enrolling . Donna considers dumping Noah because of his constant lying . Steve becomes overly protective of Madeline after bringing her home from the hospital . Janet tries to get him to loosen up . 278 12 `` Nine Yolks Whipped Lightly '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Laurie McCarthy December 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 22 ) 2199270 The Martins ask Gina to join them for Christmas . However , they refuse to allow her at their Christmas Eve party because they do n't want to explain the situation to friends . Donna initially backs her parents , but skips the party to show Gina her support . Donna continually questions Noah about the car accident that killed his girlfriend . Noah finally breaks up with her , as he can not bear to relive the tragedy . Donna bonds with Gina . Steve and Janet run into her parents at a tree lot . Janet invites them to dinner , where they behave coldly toward Steve and make a hasty exit . Steve warns the Sosnas to stay away from Madeline unless they are willing to accept her unconditionally . They show up at the house on Christmas night and give Steve and Janet their blessing . Dylan proves to be a bad influence on the children at the community center after he punches an angry neighbor . Matt asks Kelly to marry him . Dylan also expresses a desire to commit to her . Kelly does n't choose herself this time ; she accepts Matt 's proposal . 279 13 `` Tainted Love '' Robert Weaver Jim Halterman January 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 12 ) 2199271 Matt gets into hot water after a client decides to settle ; he had already spent the man 's retainer on Kelly 's engagement ring . Gina tries to help by asking Dylan for $15,000 , without telling him who would receive it . Matt turns down the money and has to pawn Kelly 's ring . He is suspended from practicing law for 30 days , leaving his practice on the verge of bankruptcy . Dylan acts very aloof around Kelly , and loses interest in his god parenting duties because he does n't want to spend time with her . A bitter Gina denounces the idea of god parenting , because Dr. Martin had served as her godfather as a means of easing his guilt . She changes her mind and tells Dylan that he could be a positive influence on Madeline . He shows up at Madeline 's baptism at the last minute and impresses everyone with his speech . Donna has a disastrous date with the guy who runs the coffee stand next to her store . Noah spends all his time partying with a bunch of weird people . As he moves out , he and Donna act as though they long to get back together for the umpteenth time . 280 14 `` I 'm Using You ' Cause I Like You '' Ian Ziering Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts January 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 19 ) 2199272 Matt violates his suspension by negotiating a settlement for a worker injured on the job , who would lose his right to file a complaint in two days . Matt sets up David on a date with an attorney friend who is on the ethics committee . David blabs about the case , and the woman warns Matt to cease his involvement or be reported to the bar association . Matt just laughs it off and continues his work , so Chrissy reports him . Matt 's suspension is doubled , and David stops seeing Chrissy because he considers her a traitor . Kelly announces that she is quitting the store . Donna gets a date with a handsome man who turns out to be married . She and David decide to hang out together in their own `` losers ' club . '' Gina receives a spokesmodel offer after she and Dylan are pictured at a hot club in the society pages . Noah and his entourage leech off of Dylan and his money . Dylan objects when they do drugs in his limousine . Dylan and Gina get pulled over for speeding in the limo . The police find cocaine in the back seat and arrest them . Despite her innocence , Gina loses a chance at the job . Dylan clears them by identifying Noah 's friend ( and Dylan 's one - night stand ) Josie as a drug dealer . Josie flushes her supply , but her junkie brother threatens Dylan . Steve and Janet hire a perky young nanny . Noah takes her out and discovers that she is a nymphomaniac . Steve realizes that he slept with her during college . NOTE : Nu Flavor make a guest appearance in this episode . 281 15 `` Fertile Ground '' Victor Lobl John Eisendrath January 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 26 ) 2199273 Matt 's brother and sister - in - law come to town and reveal that they can not conceive a child on their own . They ask Matt to be their surrogate father . Kelly objects and orders Matt to turn them down , then becomes angry upon learning that he told his brother that he had to bow to her wishes . She later realizes that not everything is about her and gives Matt her blessing . Gina , with Dylan 's help , gets a shot at another television job . The man will not hire her unless she helps his teenage son lose weight before the school dance . Gina loses the job ( as usual ) after she encourages the boy to stand up to his overbearing father . She convinces the man to treat his son with respect by detailing the way that her pushy mother shaped her life . Gina escorts Michael to the dance , where Dylan surprises her by showing up to give her the prom she never had . Donna dates the clothing buyer for a chain of stores . He buys a bunch of her designs , but Donna nixes a relationship because they have nothing in common . She becomes jealous when David gets involved with Camille Desmond , the editor of a fashion magazine . Steve confesses his past fling with Darby to Janet , who fires the woman . Steve suffers a bruised ego because Darby does n't remember the encounter . Josie fears for her life because she had to flush $90,000 worth of merchandise ; she insists that the other dealer will kill her . Josie asks Noah to lobby Dylan on her behalf . He refuses to help . Josie 's brother Shane and another man kidnap Noah at gunpoint , as they assume that someone would actually pay to get him back . 282 16 `` The Final Proof '' Brian Austin Green Matt Dearborn & Tyler Bensinger February 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 09 ) 2199274 Shane demands a one - million - dollar ransom from Dylan . Noah points out that it may have been smarter to kidnap someone whom Dylan actually likes . Dylan agrees to pay the ransom ; but Shane kidnaps him with help from Josie , who had claimed to be unaware of her brother 's whereabouts . Shane plans to kill Dylan and Noah because it could n't get him into any more trouble than he already is . They escape while the kidnappers are filling up their van , and scuffle with Shane and his friend . Josie hands over her gun to Dylan because she does n't want anyone to be murdered . She drops a lit cigarette , which ignites the overflowing gasoline . Although Dylan tells him to forget it , Noah retrieves the ransom money before the van explodes . The kidnappers get arrested . Dr. Martin invites Gina to dinner while Felice is out of town . Gina tries to bond with him , but is angry because he had not called her since Christmas . Dr. Martin visits Gina 's hotel room and expresses a willingness to work things out . They embrace , and she agrees to call him `` Dad . '' Gina trains her father in an effort to get him into shape . As Donna arrives for the trio 's dinner engagement , Gina finds that Dr. Martin has collapsed . Donna tries desperately to revive him . Kelly becomes ill just before she is to appear on a couples game show with Matt , so Donna takes her place . Matt comes to believe that Kelly shares too many details of their private life . David fears that Camille is going back to her rich ex-boyfriend . NOTE : Ryan Seacrest makes a guest appearance in this episode . 283 17 `` Doc Martin '' Kevin Inch John Eisendrath & Laurie McCarthy February 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 16 ) 2199275 Dr. Martin dies of a stroke . Kelly suggests that Gina is to blame for his death , as does the grief - stricken Felice . David also seems to support this theory . Gina is upset when the obituary states that Dr. Martin has only one child ; Felice calls her a mistake . Donna feels that Dr. Martin would still be alive if Gina had n't discovered he was her father , even though Donna was the one who shared this information . Dylan grows tired of Kelly 's whining and moralizing . He and Gina decide to leave town . Gina is not allowed to sit with immediate family at the funeral . However , she goes to the front of the church and finishes the eulogy when Donna is unable to continue . Felice embraces her and accepts her as part of the family . Dylan decides that he should n't leave Los Angeles because he has unfinished business with Kelly . Gina says goodbye to Donna and embarks on a cross-country road trip . David comforts Donna throughout her ordeal . Kelly takes a public relations job to ease the financial burden created by Matt 's suspension . She is shocked to learn that she must campaign against gay students ' right to form high school clubs . In the aftermath of the kidnapping , Noah becomes depressed and drinks a lot . NOTE : This is the final appearance of Vanessa Marcil , as Gina Kincaid . Beth Hart makes a guest appearance in this episode . 284 18 `` Eddie Waitkus '' Chip Chalmers John Eisendrath March 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 01 ) 2199276 During news coverage of an emergency landing at a Los Angeles airport , Dylan and Steve observe that one of the passengers looks exactly like Dylan 's late father . Dylan , with some prompting from conspiracy theorist Steve , becomes convinced that his father is still alive . He grows even more suspicious after discovering that the storage locker with Jack 's belongings has been ransacked . He goes to see Christine Pettit at the FBI and demands some answers . She agrees to investigate , but insists that the whole thing is just a coincidence . Although she urges Dylan to let it go , Kelly obtains a passenger list from the airline . Dylan notices that one of the passengers is named Eddie Waitkus . He explains to Steve that Waitkus was the real - life inspiration for `` The Natural , '' a story that was a favorite of baseball fanatics Dylan and Jack . Waitkus disappeared , only to suddenly resurface several years later . Dylan emphatically declares that Jack is alive . Donna gives up a chance at dating a nice guy in order to play nursemaid to the boozing Noah . Donna claims that she is only helping Noah because he does n't have any friends , while Janet and David insist that he is trying to win her back . Noah breaks into the beach apartment in the middle of the night . Matt does n't realize that it is Noah ; he clobbers him with a baseball bat , leaving him unconscious . Kelly reluctantly writes a speech in favor of the ballot initiative banning gay clubs . She has a crisis of conscience and quits the p.r. firm . Camille becomes a partner in Now Wear This . She and David have a misunderstanding about sex . 285 19 `` I Will Be Your Father Figure '' Tori Spelling Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts March 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 08 ) 2199277 Kelly and Matt help Dylan search for his father . They learn that Eddie Waitkus lives in Tolleson , Arizona ; and Kelly obtains his address . Dylan sees that Jack has a happy life with a wife and young son , and decides not to approach him . Jack shows up at Dylan 's hotel room . Donna insists on looking after Noah as he recovers from his injuries . Noah tries to rekindle their relationship , but Donna has moved on . Camille becomes jealous of the closeness between David and Donna . Although David and Donna try to establish some boundaries , neither seems very happy about it . Steve 's brother Ryan comes to visit for spring break . He is a pre-med major at Amherst . Ryan goes drinking at clubs with Steve every night , lies around like a pig all day , and mouths off to Janet . Janet opines that Ryan is trying to live up to Steve 's reputation . Ryan reveals that he wound up on academic probation because of his constant partying , and dropped out of school . Kelly starts her own public relations firm . 286 20 `` Ever Heard the One About the Exploding Father ? '' Anson Williams John Eisendrath & Laurie McCarthy March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 2199278 Dylan orders his father to leave . He is angry with Kelly for going against his wishes by contacting Jack . Dylan storms out of another meeting with his father after learning that Jack told his wife everything else about his past without mentioning Dylan 's existence . Jack decides to leave the Witness Protection program and move his family to Los Angeles . They believe that his testimony is long forgotten and that private security can protect them . Christine warns Dylan that two of Jack 's enemies have discovered that he is alive and are planning on revenge . Dylan convinces Jack to stay in the program , and can not bring himself to leave with him . A New York radio station offers David a job . David turns down the offer because he does n't want to leave Donna . Kelly suspects that Donna is jealous of Camille . Donna denies this , but later confesses to Kelly that she is still in love with David . Steve becomes concerned when Noah gives Ryan a job at the After Dark . Noah warns Ryan not to follow in his footsteps by throwing away his chance at an education . Ryan elects to travel with Rush in Europe for a while , then enroll at California University . Steve and Janet struggle with the task of getting Maddy to sleep on her own . Matt represents a comedian who was fired for not being funny . 287 21 `` Spring Fever '' Allison Liddi Annie Brunner March 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 22 ) 2199279 Dylan and Matt go dirt biking for the weekend . They find that their campground is the site of a rave . Matt unwittingly drinks fruit juice that contains liquid acid . He gets very wild and winds up sleeping with one of the partygoers . Dylan advises him to keep the encounter a secret . A lonely Donna grows more jealous of David 's relationship with Camille . She accidentally walks in on them having sex on the floor of the store . She freaks out and starts disinfecting everything in sight . Camille suspects that Donna wants David back . David tries to broach the subject with Donna ; they reminisce , but do not disclose their feelings . Noah recognizes a bar customer as a woman from his A.A. group . He stops her from drinking , and they quickly make a connection . She feels threatened by Donna until Noah helps her obtain a full - time job . Kelly recommends Maddy for a sausage commercial . Janet neglects her work and becomes caught up in the idea of being a show biz parent . A change in the campaign causes Steve to replace Maddy as the focal point of the spots . He quickly lets the success go to his head . 288 22 `` The Easter Bunny '' Charlie Correll John Eisendrath April 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 05 ) 2199280 Kelly grows suspicious of Matt 's distant behavior . She seeks answers from Dylan , who denies that anything unusual happened during their dirt biking weekend . Matt admits to drinking spiked punch . After witnessing Kelly 's indignant reaction , he decides not to tell her about his one - night stand . Kelly insists that Matt is still hiding something from her . She later apologizes for failing to trust him . Camille tries to convince Donna to sell her clothing online . Although Donna does n't support the idea , Camille seeks out Dylan as an investor . Even after Donna agrees to the proposal , David fumes at Camille for going behind her back . He also expresses discontent at the amount of time she is spending with Dylan . Donna agrees to a date with the web page designer . Steve and Janet fear that her parents ' dog is to blame for the death of their snooty neighbors ' pet rabbit . Steve concocts a scheme to keep the couple from discovering the truth . Ellen objects to Noah 's efforts to help her establish a normal life . Donna reminds Noah that he can not single - handedly save Ellen . NOTE : Edwin McCain makes a guest appearance in this episode . 289 23 `` And Do n't Forget to Give Me Back My Black T - Shirt '' Allan Kroeker Matt Dearborn & Tyler Bensinger April 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 19 ) 2199281 Mitch annoys Donna by trying to plan their entire relationship via an electronic organizer . She suggests that they stop seeing each other outside of the business setting . Mitch responds by freezing her web site until she agrees to another date . Donna tells him off and makes it clear that she will not change her mind . Mitch opens the site , which quickly becomes a major success . David objects when Camille is asked to model for the web site . He admits to Donna that he is purposely trying to sabotage his romance with Camille . David finally breaks up with Camille , telling her that they simply were n't meant to be together . Janet nixes Steve 's plans to invest in Donna 's site because of their limited finances . Steve infuriates her by investing money left to him by his grandfather . Janet did n't know the account existed , and thinks that Steve kept it as a safety net so that he could leave her . Steve explains that he fears he wo n't be able to properly support his family ; he used the account as insurance against his screw - ups . A man that Matt met during his desert weekend approaches him for legal services . Kelly hears him mention Amy , so Matt covers by claiming that Dylan slept with the woman . Noah bails Ellen out of jail after she is found drinking in her car . He convinces her to return to A.A. Ellen reveals that she has a six - year - old daughter , who lives with her grandmother because Ellen ca n't take care of her . 290 24 `` Love is Blind '' Jennie Garth John Eisendrath April 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 26 ) 2199282 Donna is upset by her mother 's decision to sell the house . David hangs out with her at the apartment , and they both fall asleep on the couch . Donna pulls away from a kiss because she does n't want to risk their friendship by becoming romantically involved . Felice and the gang grant Donna 's wish for one final Christmas at the house . Steve , Janet and Felice set up an unwitting Donna and David on a date . They finally decide to get back together , and share a passionate kiss . Kelly and Matt set an August wedding date . Dylan infuriates Kelly with his wedding gift , a trip around the world for two . Matt considers a job offer in Seattle , and Kelly agrees to go with him . Although he fails to get the job , Matt suggests that they move anyway . Dylan unsuccessfully pleads with Kelly for another chance at their relationship . A man offers to purchase The Beat for $750,000 . Janet would continue to work at the paper , while Steve would stay home with Maddy . They decide to give this arrangement a trial run . Steve initially feels emasculated , but comes to enjoy spending time with his daughter . Janet fears that she is missing out on the major events in Maddy 's life . Noah helps convince Ellen 's mother to let her spend time with her daughter , Caitlin . Ellen tells Noah that she does n't have time to date him , as she must concentrate on being a good mother . 291 25 `` I 'm Happy for You ... Really '' Roy Campanella II Laurie McCarthy May 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 10 ) 2199283 Camille returns to town after a long vacation with hope of reconciliation with David , unaware of his returning feelings for Donna who finds Camille 's presence uncomfortable . Meanwhile , a reported surfing accident in Dylan 's area makes Kelly searching for him thinking that he may be dead . When the rumor is false and Dylan turns up alive , Kelly ponders her hidden feelings for him . Janet is offered a better editing job away from the Beverly Beat which makes Steve wary over this turn of events . Also , Noah meets with Ellen again to try to work out their differences and start anew . 292 26 `` The Penultimate '' Michael Lange John Eisendrath May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 2199284 David expresses his feelings for Donna by writing her a giant love note in the sand . He is understanding about her reluctance to accept his proposal . He believes that she is having trouble reconciling her dreams of the perfect marriage with reality . A talk with Janet prompts Donna to realize that her expectations have been unreasonable . She tells David that she loves him and wants to spend the rest of her life with him . Dylan graduates from California University . Matt considers moving to New York to help her sister - in - law raise his child ( for whom he was the surrogate father ) . He declares that he will stay in Los Angeles for Kelly . Kelly , unable to fight her feelings for Dylan , calls off the engagement . Matt assumes that Dylan told her about his indiscretion in the desert . Kelly lashes out at Dylan for failing to disclose this information . Janet is distressed to learn that she must compete for the editorship of Nouveau , which Yoffe had led her to believe was already hers . She feels left out as Steve strengthens his bond with Maddy . Ellen asks Noah for a commitment in order to protect Caitlin from potential heartache . He declines because the relationship is moving too quickly for him . 293 27 `` Ode to Joy '' Kevin Inch John Eisendrath May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 2199285 The end of an era approaches as the 90210 gang makes major life decisions . Relationships come to an end , age - old romances bloom , and the wedding of a much - loved couple is celebrated among friends , family , and fans alike . Old friends make fresh appearances as the gang prepares to say goodbye to the show that truly defined a generation . NOTE : Jason Priestley , Tiffani Thiessen & Gabrielle Carteris make special guest appearances in this episode , as Brandon Walsh , Valerie Malone & Andrea Zuckerman , respectively . Tamia and Eric Benet also make guest appearances in this episode as themselves . Source : References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 Episode Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brandon Walsh Brenda Walsh Andrea Zuckerman Misc Home video releases Soundtrack The Unauthorized Beverly Hills , 90210 Story Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling Misc The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Misc Soundtrack Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills,_90210_(season_10)&oldid=848368383 '' Categories : 1999 American television seasons 2000 American television seasons Beverly Hills , 90210 seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 14 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are in season 10 of 90210 | [
"Beverly Hills, 90210 (season 10) \nDVD coverStarring\nJennie Garth Ian Ziering Brian Austin Green Tori Spelling Vincent Young Vanessa Marcil Lindsay Price Daniel Cosgrove Joe E. Tata Luke PerryCountry of origin\nUnited StatesNo. of episodes\n27ReleaseOriginal network\nFoxOriginal release\nSeptember 8, 1999 (1999-09-08) – May 17, 2000 (2000-05-17)Season chronology\n← PreviousSeason 9 \nList of Beverly Hills, 90210 episodes"
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1429862797223605051 | Jennifer Gareis | Jennifer Gareis - Wikipedia Jennifer Gareis Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Gareis Gareis attending the second issue release of `` Girls Gone Wild Magazine '' Party at Les Deux , Hollywood , June 4 , 2008 Jennifer Gareis ( 1970 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Lancaster , Pennsylvania , United States Residence New York City , New York , U.S. Title Miss New York USA 1994 Spouse ( s ) Bobby Ghassemieh ( m . 2010 ) Children Beauty pageant titleholder Major competition ( s ) Miss USA 1994 ( Top 6 ) Jennifer Gareis ( born August 1 , 1970 ) is an American actress and former beauty queen . She is best known for her roles as Grace Turner on The Young and the Restless ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2014 ) and as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2006 -- 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Gareis was born in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , and graduated from J.P. McCaskey High School in 1988 . She graduated from Franklin and Marshall College in 1993 with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting , then earned a Master 's of Business Administration degree from Pepperdine University . She is of part Italian descent . Her great - grandmother Sebastiana Tringali came from Militello in Val di Catania , and the city gave her the honorary citizenship . Career ( edit ) Gareis competed in her first beauty pageant in 1992 when she placed second runner - up at Miss Pennsylvania USA . She later competed in New York , winning the Miss New York USA 1994 title , and representing New York in the Miss USA 1994 pageant held in South Padre Island , Texas on February 11 , 1994 . Gareis placed in the top six of the nationally televised pageant , which was won by Lu Parker of South Carolina . Gareis later began an acting career and landed the role of Grace Turner on CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , which she played from 1997 to 2000 and again in 2001 , 2002 , 2004 and 2014 . She is best known for her current role as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful , a role she has held since July 2006 . She was taken off contract in late 2014 and her last appearance in the show was on February 18 , 2015 . She later returned for a few episodes in October 2016 , in December 2017 and in February 2018 . She was ranked # 90 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2002 . Personal life ( edit ) Gareis married Bobby Ghassemieh on March 7 , 2010 . On June 11 , 2010 , Gareis gave birth to a son , Gavin Blaze Gareis Ghassemieh . Daughter Sophia Rose Gareis Ghassemieh was born June 29 , 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Mirror Has Two Faces Unknown uncredited 1997 -- 2004 , 2014 The Young and the Restless Grace Turner Contract role : 1997 -- 1999 , Recurring role : 2000 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2014 1997 Private Parts Coed 1997 Lifebreath Elevator Woman 1998 Enough Already Unknown 2000 Gangland Sarah 2000 Luckytown Sugar 2000 The 6th Day Virtual Girlfriend 2000 Miss Congeniality Tina 2001 College Try Christine 2001 Diagnosis : Murder Thalia Roselawn Episode : `` Less Than Zero '' 2001 Downward Angel Woman 2001 Feather Pimento Woman in Green Short 2001 What Boys Like Brooke 2002 Air Strike Charlie 2002 Boat Trip Sheri 2005 Veronica Mars Cheyenne Episodes : `` A Trip to the Dentist '' and `` Leave It to Beaver '' 2005 Venus on the Halfshell Honey O'Hara 2006 -- 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 The Bold and the Beautiful Donna Logan Contract role : July 20 , 2006 -- February 18 , 2015 Guest : October 20 -- 31 , 2016 ; December 22 , 2017 ; February 7 -- 9 , 2018 2006 Escape Ecstatic Blonde Short 2007 Panic Button Susan 2014 Infernal Sarah 2016 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Handsome Harbor Actress Episode : `` Kristen Schaal Wears Strawberry Colored Pants and a Multicolored Shirt '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Gareis '' . The Bold and the Beautiful official website ( CBS ) . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Gareis Bio ( Donna , B&B ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Gareis ' 93 '' . Franklin and Marshall College Athletics . 2016 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJuQ6w0TN1k Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( May 24 , 2009 ) . `` Bella Jennifer Gareis Honored In Italy '' . Canyon News . Beverly Hills , California . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemieux , Josh ( 1994 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Miss South Carolina Crowned Miss USA '' . The Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Gareis returns to B&B '' . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Gareis Welcomes a Son '' . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . The Bold and the Beautiful actress , 39 , ... Jump up ^ `` Baby Girl For B&B Star '' . Soap Opera Digest . July 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jennifer Gareis on IMDb Preceded by Wendy Mock Miss New York USA 1994 Succeeded by Shanna Moakler New York pageant winners Miss New York Bess Myerson ( 1945 ) Kris Krull ( 1974 ) Tawny Godin ( 1975 ) Mary Hinterberger ( 1975 ) Vanessa Williams ( 1983 ) Maryalice Demler ( 1990 ) Brandi Burkhardt ( 1999 ) Jessica Lynch ( 2003 ) Christina Ellington ( 2004 ) Kandice Pelletier ( 2005 ) Leigh - Taylor Smith ( 2008 ) Claire Buffie ( 2010 ) Kaitlin Monte ( 2011 ) Mallory Hagan ( 2012 ) Nina Davuluri ( 2013 ) Kira Kazantsev ( 2014 ) Jamie Lynn Macchia ( 2015 ) Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery ( 1952 ) Mary Therese Friel ( 1979 ) Jennifer Gareis ( 1994 ) Shanna Moakler ( 1995 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1999 ) Jaclyn Nesheiwat ( 2004 ) Meaghan Jarensky ( 2005 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2006 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2007 ) Danielle Roundtree ( 2008 ) Tracey Chang ( 2009 ) Joanne Nosuchinsky ( 2013 ) Serena Bucaj ( 2016 ) Miss New York Teen USA Ruth Zakarian ( 1983 ) Jessica Collins ( 1988 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1994 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2001 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2003 ) Natascha Bessez ( 2005 ) Taylor Gildersleeve ( 2009 ) Corrin Stellakis ( 2014 ) Mrs. New York Meaghan Castaldi ( 2010 ) This biography article about a United States contestant in a beauty pageant is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1970s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Gareis&oldid=824947125 '' Categories : 1970 births Actresses from Pennsylvania American film actresses American television actresses American people of Italian descent Franklin & Marshall College alumni Living people Miss USA 1994 delegates Actors from Lancaster , Pennsylvania Actresses of Italian descent American beauty pageant contestant stubs American television actor , 1970s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 15 : 11 . About Wikipedia | who plays donna on bold and the beautiful | [
"Jennifer Gareis (born August 1, 1970[1]) is an American actress and former beauty queen. She is best known for her roles as Grace Turner on The Young and the Restless (1997–2004, 2014) and as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful (2006–2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)."
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-4318989592091686068 | 2017 Stanley Cup Finals | 2017 Stanley Cup Finals - wikipedia 2017 Stanley Cup Finals 2017 Stanley Cup Finals 5 6 Total Nashville Predators 5 0 0 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 6 Location ( s ) Nashville : ( Bridgestone Arena ) ( 3 , 4 , 6 ) Pittsburgh : ( PPG Paints Arena ) ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) Coaches Nashville : Peter Laviolette Pittsburgh : Mike Sullivan Captains Nashville : Mike Fisher Pittsburgh : Sidney Crosby National anthems Nashville : Martina McBride ( game three ) , Dierks Bentley ( game four ) , Faith Hill ( game six ) Pittsburgh : Jeff Jimerson Referees Wes McCauley ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) , Brad Meier ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) , Dan O'Halloran ( 2 , 4 , 6 ) , Kevin Pollock ( 2 , 4 , 6 ) Dates May 29 -- June 11 MVP Sidney Crosby ( Penguins ) Series - winning goal Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , Third , G6 ) Networks Canada ( English ) : CBC Canada ( French ) : TVA Sports United States ( English ) : NBC and NBCSN Announcers ( CBC ) Jim Hughson , Craig Simpson ( TVA ) Felix Seguin , Patrick Lalime , Renaud Lavoie ( NBC / NBCSN ) Mike Emrick , Eddie Olczyk , Pierre McGuire ( NHL International ) Steve Mears , Kevin Weekes ( NBC Sports Radio & NHL Radio ) Kenny Albert , Joe Micheletti , Ray Ferraro ← 2016 Stanley Cup Finals 2018 → The 2017 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2016 -- 17 season , and the culmination of the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Western Conference champion Nashville Predators , four games to two . Penguins captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs for the second consecutive year . The Penguins won the Stanley Cup in their opponent 's rink , just like they did the previous four times . During the regular season , the Penguins finished second in the league with 111 points , which gave them home ice advantage in the series . The series began on May 29 and concluded on June 11 . The Penguins made their second consecutive Finals appearance , marking the third time in their history they had done this , following their appearances in 1991 -- 1992 and 2008 -- 2009 . This was the first time since 2009 , a rematch between the Penguins and Detroit Red Wings , that any team appeared in consecutive Finals . The Penguins also became the first team since the Red Wings ( in 1997 and 1998 ) to win the Stanley Cup in consecutive years . This marked the second consecutive season in which a Western Conference team made their first appearance in the Finals ; the San Jose Sharks made their Finals debut the year prior . This was the first time in NHL history that two United States -- born head coaches faced off against each other in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Penguins won the first two games of the series despite being massively outshot by the Predators in both games . Nashville tied the series at two with a pair of convincing wins at home . However , Penguins goaltender Matt Murray did not allow a goal in Game 5 or Game 6 , which Pittsburgh won 6 - 0 and 2 - 0 , respectively . Penguins coach Mike Sullivan became the third coach in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup in his first two seasons as a coach with his team , joining Pete Green of the Ottawa Senators ( in 1920 and 1921 ) and Toe Blake of the Montreal Canadiens ( in 1956 and 1957 ) . This was the first Final since 1983 in which no game was decided by one goal , and the second Final in three years to have none of its games reach overtime . Contents 1 Paths to the Finals 1.1 Pittsburgh Penguins 1.2 Nashville Predators 2 Game summaries 2.1 Game one 2.2 Game two 2.3 Game three 2.4 Game four 2.5 Game five 2.6 Game six 3 Team rosters 3.1 Pittsburgh Penguins 3.2 Nashville Predators 4 Stanley Cup engraving 4.1 Players 4.2 Coaching and administrative staff : 4.3 Other eligible players 4.4 Engraving notes 5 TV and radio 6 References Paths to the Finals ( edit ) Pittsburgh Penguins ( edit ) Main article : 2016 -- 17 Pittsburgh Penguins season This was Pittsburgh 's second consecutive Finals appearance , and sixth overall . The Penguins did not make any major transactions during the offseason , instead signing head coach Mike Sullivan to a three - year extension . At the deadline , Pittsburgh acquired defencemen Ron Hainsey and Mark Streit via trade , which proved helpful for depth when star Kris Letang suffered a season - ending injury just weeks before the playoffs started . Pittsburgh finished with 111 points ( 50 -- 21 -- 11 ) during the regular season to finish second in the Metropolitan Division and second overall among playoff teams . Center and team captain Sidney Crosby led the Penguins with 89 points , which ranked second in the league , and won the Rocket Richard Trophy with 44 goals . Phil Kessel led the team in assists with 47 . In the playoffs , the Penguins defeated the Columbus Blue Jackets in five games , eliminated the Presidents ' Trophy - winning Washington Capitals for a second consecutive year , this time in seven games , and edged the Ottawa Senators in seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals after Chris Kunitz scored in double overtime of Game 7 . Nashville Predators ( edit ) Main article : 2016 -- 17 Nashville Predators season This was Nashville 's first Stanley Cup Finals appearance in its 19 - year history . During the offseason , Nashville traded defenceman and long - time team captain Shea Weber to Montreal for defenceman P.K. Subban , and during the regular season , traded for forwards Cody McLeod and Vernon Fiddler . The Predators also re-signed forward Filip Forsberg during the offseason . Nashville finished with 94 points ( 41 -- 29 -- 12 ) during the regular season to finish as the second wild - card team in the Western Conference , and the 16th overall and last - seeded playoff team . Forsberg and Viktor Arvidsson tied for the team lead in regular - season goal - scoring with 31 each . Ryan Johansen led the team in assists with 47 . Arvidsson and Johansen tied for the team lead in points with 61 . The Predators started the playoffs by upsetting the top - seeded Chicago Blackhawks in four games , becoming the first wild - card team in NHL history to sweep the top seed in their conference . They followed that up by eliminating the St. Louis Blues and Anaheim Ducks , both in six games . Kevin Fiala and Johansen sustained serious leg injuries in the second and third rounds respectively , and both missed the remainder of the playoffs . The Predators were the third different franchise that head coach Peter Laviolette led to the Stanley Cup Finals . He won the Cup with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2006 , and also took the Philadelphia Flyers to the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals . Game summaries ( edit ) Game one ( edit ) May 29 Nashville Predators 3 -- 5 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap Late in the first period of Game 1 , penalties from Nashville forwards Calle Jarnkrok and James Neal gave Pittsburgh a full two - minute 5 - on - 3 power play , and Evgeni Malkin scored to make it 1 -- 0 . Just 1 : 15 later , Conor Sheary scored into an open net after a cross-ice pass from Chris Kunitz caught Nashville 's defense off guard . In the final seconds of the period , a centering pass from Nick Bonino deflected off Mattias Ekholm and into the net to give Pittsburgh a 3 -- 0 lead . Following Bonino 's goal , the Penguins went 37 consecutive minutes without a shot on goal , including the entire second period . The Predators used power play goals from Ryan Ellis and Colton Sissons to make it 3 -- 2 , and Frederick Gaudreau scored immediately following a Penguins power play to tie the game midway through the third . Soon afterwards , Pittsburgh 's first shot since the first period resulted in a Jake Guentzel goal to give Pittsburgh the lead again . Bonino scored again into an empty net to give Pittsburgh Game 1 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st PIT Evgeni Malkin ( 8 ) -- pp Trevor Daley ( 3 ) and Sidney Crosby ( 14 ) 15 : 32 1 -- 0 PIT PIT Conor Sheary ( 1 ) Chris Kunitz ( 4 ) and Sidney Crosby ( 15 ) 16 : 37 2 -- 0 PIT PIT Nick Bonino ( 3 ) Brian Dumoulin ( 3 ) 19 : 43 3 -- 0 PIT 2nd NSH Ryan Ellis ( 5 ) - ( PPG ) P.K. Subban ( 9 ) and Mike Fisher ( 1 ) 08 : 21 3 -- 1 PIT 3rd NSH Colton Sissons ( 6 ) - ( PPG ) Roman Josi ( 6 ) and Calle Jarnkrok ( 3 ) 10 : 06 3 -- 2 PIT NSH Frederick Gaudreau ( 1 ) Austin Watson ( 3 ) and Mike Fisher ( 2 ) 13 : 29 3 -- 3 PIT Jake Guentzel ( 10 ) Matt Cullen ( 6 ) and Justin Schultz ( 8 ) 16 : 43 4 -- 3 PIT PIT Nick Bonino ( 4 ) -- en Chris Kunitz ( 5 ) 18 : 58 5 -- 3 PIT Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st NSH Calle Jarnkrok Interference 13 : 50 2 : 00 NSH James Neal Cross-checking 13 : 50 2 : 00 2nd PIT Olli Maatta Interference 03 : 43 2 : 00 PIT Ian Cole Roughing 06 : 39 2 : 00 3rd PIT Evgeni Malkin Slashing 09 : 36 2 : 00 NSH P.K. Subban Delay of game ( puck over glass ) 11 : 24 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total Nashville 11 9 6 26 Pittsburgh 8 0 12 Game two ( edit ) May 31 Nashville Predators 1 -- 4 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap Midway through the first , the Predators took their first - ever lead in a Stanley Cup Finals game when Pontus Aberg scored around Olli Maatta . The Penguins tied it late in the period when a Guentzel tip sneaked past Pekka Rinne . After a scoreless second period in which the Predators took twice as many shots as the Penguins , Pittsburgh came out firing in the third , scoring three goals in 3 : 18 . The first was Guentzel 's twelfth of the playoffs , making him the first rookie since Dino Ciccarelli to score twelve times in a single postseason . The next two goals came 15 seconds apart and prompted Predators head coach Peter Laviolette to replace Rinne with backup Juuse Saros . Nashville never cut into the deficit as Pittsburgh took game 2 4 -- 1 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st NSH Pontus Aberg ( 2 ) Viktor Arvidsson ( 9 ) and Mike Fisher ( 3 ) 12 : 57 1 -- 0 NSH PIT Jake Guentzel ( 11 ) Conor Sheary ( 5 ) and Chris Kunitz ( 6 ) 16 : 36 1 -- 1 2nd None 3rd PIT Jake Guentzel ( 12 ) Bryan Rust ( 2 ) and Ron Hainsey ( 5 ) 00 : 10 2 -- 1 PIT PIT Scott Wilson ( 3 ) Phil Kessel ( 13 ) and Matt Cullen ( 7 ) 03 : 13 3 -- 1 PIT PIT Evgeni Malkin ( 9 ) Chris Kunitz ( 7 ) and Ian Cole ( 8 ) 03 : 28 4 -- 1 PIT Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st NSH Craig Smith Cross checking 02 : 04 2 : 00 PIT Chris Kunitz Cross checking 09 : 36 2 : 00 PIT Evgeni Malkin Hooking 09 : 36 2 : 00 NSH Mike Fisher Interference 10 : 34 2 : 00 NSH Roman Josi Cross checking 14 : 32 2 : 00 2nd NSH Austin Watson Interference 11 : 48 2 : 00 NSH Cody McLeod High - Sticking 17 : 25 2 : 00 3rd NSH Pontus Aberg Slashing 04 : 51 2 : 00 PIT Sidney Crosby Interference 09 : 20 2 : 00 PIT Evgeni Malkin Fighting -- major 12 : 14 5 : 00 PIT Evgeni Malkin Roughing 12 : 14 2 : 00 NSH P.K. Subban Fighting -- major 12 : 14 5 : 00 NSH Cody McLeod Interference 18 : 01 2 : 00 PIT Chris Kunitz Slashing 18 : 29 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total Nashville 18 14 6 38 Pittsburgh 12 7 8 29 Game three ( edit ) June 3 Pittsburgh Penguins 1 -- 5 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Jake Guentzel came within one goal of Dino Ciccarelli 's rookie playoff record when a shot 2 : 46 into the game got past Pekka Rinne . In the second period , Roman Josi and Frederick Gaudreau scored only 42 seconds apart to quickly give Nashville the lead . Neal scored with 23 seconds left in the second to give the Predators a two - goal lead . In the third period , a breakaway by Craig Smith and a goal by Ekholm provided insurance in a 5 -- 1 victory for Nashville . Near the end of the game , several misconducts were assessed after a cross checking by Phil Kessel drew a crowd and fights broke out . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st PIT Jake Guentzel ( 13 ) Ian Cole ( 9 ) and Sidney Crosby ( 16 ) 2 : 46 1 -- 0 PIT 2nd NSH Roman Josi ( 6 ) -- pp Calle Jarnkrok and Mattias Ekholm ( 9 ) 5 : 51 1 -- 1 NSH Frederick Gaudreau ( 2 ) Austin Watson ( 4 ) and Roman Josi ( 7 ) 6 : 33 2 -- 1 NSH NSH James Neal ( 6 ) Viktor Arvidsson ( 10 ) and Roman Josi ( 8 ) 19 : 37 3 -- 1 NSH 3rd NSH Craig Smith ( 1 ) Unassisted 4 : 54 4 -- 1 NSH NSH Mattias Ekholm ( 1 ) -- pp Calle Jarnkrok ( 5 ) and Colton Sissons ( 6 ) 13 : 10 5 -- 1 NSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st NSH P.K. Subban Holding 4 : 50 2 : 00 NSH Bench ( served by James Neal ) Too many men on the ice 12 : 44 2 : 00 2nd PIT Justin Schultz Holding 4 : 13 2 : 00 NSH Ryan Ellis Boarding 16 : 37 2 : 00 3rd PIT Carl Hagelin Roughing 10 : 42 2 : 00 NSH Mattias Ekholm Roughing 10 : 42 2 : 00 PIT Sidney Crosby Boarding 12 : 43 2 : 00 PIT Evgeni Malkin Cross checking 12 : 43 2 : 00 NSH Filip Forsberg Cross checking 12 : 43 2 : 00 PIT Trevor Daley Holding 15 : 24 2 : 00 NSH Viktor Arvidsson Holding 15 : 24 2 : 00 NSH James Neal Unsportsmanlike conduct 15 : 24 2 : 00 PIT Ian Cole Roughing 15 : 24 2 : 00 PIT Patric Hornqvist Misconduct 15 : 38 10 : 00 NSH Mattias Ekholm Misconduct 15 : 38 10 : 00 PIT Phil Kessel Cross checking 17 : 01 2 : 00 PIT Chris Kunitz Misconduct 17 : 01 10 : 00 NSH Austin Watson Misconduct 17 : 01 10 : 00 PIT Matt Cullen Misconduct 17 : 01 10 : 00 Shots by period Team Total Pittsburgh 6 13 9 28 Nashville 12 16 5 33 Game four ( edit ) June 5 Pittsburgh Penguins 1 -- 4 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Calle Jarnkrok gave Nashville an early lead , but a breakaway goal by Sidney Crosby tied the score at one . In the second period , after a Penguins breakaway was stopped by Rinne , Gaudreau 's wrap - around shot appeared to be stopped by Matt Murray , but video review showed the puck sneak under Murray 's paddle and across the goal line before Murray sent it back out . A breakaway goal by Viktor Arvidsson gave the Predators their third goal of the game . Rinne would stop all nine shots faced in the third period and an empty - net goal by Filip Forsberg gave Nashville a 4 -- 1 win and tied the series 2 -- 2 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st NSH Calle Jarnkrok ( 2 ) Craig Smith ( 2 ) and Austin Watson ( 5 ) 14 : 51 1 -- 0 NSH PIT Sidney Crosby ( 8 ) Brian Dumoulin ( 4 ) 15 : 57 1 -- 1 2nd NSH Frederick Gaudreau ( 3 ) Ryan Ellis ( 8 ) and Harry Zolnierczyk ( 2 ) 03 : 45 2 -- 1 NSH NSH Viktor Arvidsson ( 3 ) Mike Fisher ( 4 ) and James Neal ( 3 ) 13 : 08 3 -- 1 NSH 3rd NSH Filip Forsberg ( 9 ) -- en Unassisted 16 : 37 4 -- 1 NSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st PIT Patric Hornqvist Tripping 07 : 15 2 : 00 NSH James Neal Interference 19 : 18 2 : 00 2nd PIT Ron Hainsey High - sticking 06 : 15 2 : 00 3rd NSH Mattias Ekholm Roughing 18 : 21 2 : 00 PIT Josh Archibald Roughing 18 : 21 2 : 00 NSH Mattias Ekholm Slashing 18 : 21 2 : 00 NSH Ryan Ellis Cross checking 19 : 35 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total Pittsburgh 6 8 10 24 Nashville 7 8 11 26 Game five ( edit ) June 8 Nashville Predators 0 -- 6 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap Justin Schultz scored for Pittsburgh early in the first period on the power play . Two more goals from the Penguins caused Nashville to again replace Rinne with Saros in net to start the second period . Pittsburgh scored three more times in the second , the first from Conor Sheary . Guentzel assisted on Sheary 's goal , tying the rookie record for points in a single postseason ( 21 ) . Kessel and Ron Hainsey scored the last of Pittsburgh 's six goals ; Kessel and Crosby both ended the game with three points . Neither team scored in the third period , making Matt Murray the first rookie since Cam Ward in 2006 to record a shutout in the Stanley Cup Finals . During the third period , 20 penalties were assessed , the most in one period since Game 3 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st PIT Justin Schultz ( 4 ) -- pp Sidney Crosby ( 17 ) and Patric Hornqvist ( 4 ) 01 : 31 1 -- 0 PIT PIT Bryan Rust ( 7 ) Chris Kunitz ( 8 ) and Trevor Daley ( 4 ) 06 : 43 2 -- 0 PIT PIT Evgeni Malkin ( 10 ) Phil Kessel ( 14 ) and Ron Hainsey ( 6 ) 19 : 49 3 -- 0 PIT 2nd PIT Conor Sheary ( 2 ) Sidney Crosby ( 18 ) and Jake Guentzel ( 8 ) 01 : 19 4 -- 0 PIT PIT Phil Kessel ( 8 ) Olli Maatta ( 6 ) and Sidney Crosby ( 19 ) 08 : 02 5 -- 0 PIT PIT Ron Hainsey ( 2 ) Evgeni Malkin ( 18 ) and Phil Kessel ( 15 ) 16 : 40 6 -- 0 PIT 3rd None Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st NSH Ryan Ellis Holding 00 : 50 2 : 00 PIT Bench ( served by Scott Wilson ) Too many men on ice 10 : 06 2 : 00 NSH P.K. Subban Holding 18 : 28 2 : 00 PIT Sidney Crosby Holding 18 : 28 2 : 00 2nd NSH Filip Forsberg Goaltender interference 13 : 02 2 : 00 3rd PIT Bryan Rust Tripping 03 : 45 2 : 00 NSH James Neal Cross checking 07 : 31 2 : 00 PIT Evgeni Malkin Roughing 11 : 32 2 : 00 NSH P.K. Subban Unsportsmanlike conduct 11 : 32 2 : 00 NSH Roman Josi Interference 11 : 32 2 : 00 PIT Patric Hornqvist Unsportsmanlike conduct 11 : 32 2 : 00 NSH Roman Josi Roughing 11 : 32 2 : 00 NSH Viktor Arvidsson Fighting -- major 11 : 32 5 : 00 NSH Roman Josi Roughing 11 : 32 2 : 00 NSH Viktor Arvidsson Misconduct 11 : 32 10 : 00 PIT Carl Hagelin Misconduct 11 : 32 10 : 00 PIT Carl Hagelin Fighting -- major 11 : 32 5 : 00 PIT Evgeni Malkin Roughing 11 : 32 2 : 00 NSH Austin Watson Charging 12 : 40 2 : 00 NSH Colton Sissons Match penalty 19 : 26 5 : 00 NSH Yannick Weber Fighting -- major 19 : 26 5 : 00 NSH Austin Watson Misconduct 19 : 26 10 : 00 PIT Trevor Daley Misconduct 19 : 26 10 : 00 PIT Chris Kunitz Fighting -- major 19 : 26 5 : 00 Shots by period Team Total Nashville 9 6 9 24 Pittsburgh 9 10 5 24 Game six ( edit ) June 11 Pittsburgh Penguins 2 -- 0 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap The game remained scoreless until the final two minutes of the third period when former Predator Patric Hornqvist scored with 1 : 35 left in the game . Nashville challenged for goaltender interference , but the on - ice ruling was upheld . Carl Hagelin added an empty net goal with 15 seconds remaining . During the second period , a quick whistle prevented a Predators scoring chance that almost certainly would have resulted in a goal . Referee Kevin Pollock thought Murray had covered a Forsberg shot , but the puck was in fact loose in the goal crease . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st None 2nd None 3rd PIT Patric Hornqvist ( 5 ) Justin Schultz ( 2 ) and Chris Kunitz ( 6 ) 18 : 25 1 -- 0 PIT PIT Carl Hagelin ( 2 ) -- en Brian Dumoulin ( 5 ) 19 : 46 2 -- 0 PIT Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st PIT Ian Cole Interference 13 : 14 2 : 00 2nd PIT Conor Sheary Tripping 04 : 38 2 : 00 3rd PIT Olli Maatta Tripping 07 : 19 2 : 00 PIT Trevor Daley Roughing 08 : 47 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total Pittsburgh 9 13 7 29 Nashville 8 11 8 27 Team rosters ( edit ) The Penguins and the Sharks shaking hands after Game six Pittsburgh Penguins ( edit ) # Nat Player Position Hand Age Acquired Place of birth Finals appearance 45 Josh Archibald RW 24 2011 Regina , Saskatchewan first 13 Nick Bonino 29 2015 Hartford , Connecticut second ( 2016 ) 28 Ian Cole 28 2015 Ann Arbor , Michigan second ( 2016 ) 87 Sidney Crosby -- C 29 2005 Cole Harbour , Nova Scotia fourth ( 2008 , 2009 , 2016 ) 7 Matt Cullen 40 2015 Virginia , Minnesota third ( 2006 , 2016 ) 6 Trevor Daley 33 2015 Toronto , Ontario second ( 2016 ) 8 Brian Dumoulin 25 2012 Biddeford , Maine second ( 2016 ) 29 Marc - Andre Fleury 32 2003 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec fourth ( 2008 , 2009 , 2016 ) 59 Jake Guentzel C / LW 22 2013 Omaha , Nebraska first 62 Carl Hagelin LW 28 2016 Södertälje , Sweden third ( 2014 , 2016 ) 65 Ron Hainsey 36 2017 Bolton , Connecticut first 72 Patric Hornqvist RW 30 2014 Sollentuna , Sweden second ( 2016 ) 81 Phil Kessel RW 29 2015 Madison , Wisconsin second ( 2016 ) 34 Tom Kuhnhackl LW 25 Landshut , Germany second ( 2016 ) 14 Chris Kunitz -- A LW 37 2009 Regina , Saskatchewan fourth ( 2007 , 2009 , 2016 ) Olli Maatta 22 2012 Jyväskylä , Finland second ( 2016 ) 71 Evgeni Malkin -- A 30 Magnitogorsk , Soviet Union fourth ( 2008 , 2009 , 2016 ) 30 Matt Murray 23 2012 Thunder Bay , Ontario second ( 2016 ) 37 Carter Rowney C / RW 28 2016 Sexsmith , Alberta first 17 Bryan Rust RW 25 Pontiac , Michigan second ( 2016 ) Justin Schultz 26 2016 Kelowna , British Columbia second ( 2016 ) 43 Conor Sheary LW 24 2015 Melrose , Massachusetts second ( 2016 ) 32 Mark Streit 39 2017 Bern , Switzerland first 23 Scott Wilson LW 25 2011 Oakville , Ontario first Nashville Predators ( edit ) # Nat Player Position Hand Age Acquired Place of birth Finals appearance 46 Pontus Aberg LW 23 2012 Stockholm , Sweden first 38 Viktor Arvidsson LW 24 2014 Skellefteå , Sweden first 14 Mattias Ekholm 27 2009 Borlänge , Sweden first Ryan Ellis -- A 26 2009 Hamilton , Ontario first 83 Vernon Fiddler 37 2017 Edmonton , Alberta first 12 Mike Fisher -- C 36 2011 Peterborough , Ontario second ( 2007 ) 9 Filip Forsberg LW 22 2013 Östervåla , Sweden first 32 Frederick Gaudreau 24 2016 Bromont , Quebec first 52 Matt Irwin 29 2016 Victoria , British Columbia first 19 Calle Jarnkrok 25 2014 Gävle , Sweden first 59 Roman Josi -- A 26 2008 Bern , Switzerland first 55 Cody McLeod LW 32 2017 Binscarth , Manitoba first 18 James Neal -- A RW 29 2015 Whitby , Ontario first 11 P.A. Parenteau RW 34 2017 Hull , Quebec first 35 Pekka Rinne 34 Kempele , Finland first 20 Miikka Salomaki RW 24 2011 Raahe , Finland first 74 Juuse Saros 22 2013 Forssa , Finland first 10 Colton Sissons 23 2012 North Vancouver , British Columbia first 15 Craig Smith RW 27 2009 Madison , Wisconsin first 76 P.K. Subban 28 2016 Toronto , Ontario first 51 Austin Watson W / C 25 Ann Arbor , Michigan first 7 Yannick Weber 28 2016 Morges , Switzerland first 33 Colin Wilson LW 27 2008 Greenwich , Connecticut first 26 Harry Zolnierczyk LW 29 2016 Toronto , Ontario first Stanley Cup engraving ( edit ) The Stanley Cup was presented to Penguins captain Sidney Crosby by NHL commissioner Gary Bettman . The following players and staff qualified to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup : Players Centres 7 Matt Cullen 13 Nick Bonino 59 Jake Guentzel 71 Evgeni Malkin ( A ) 87 Sidney Crosby ( C ) Wingers 14 Chris Kunitz ( A ) 17 Bryan Rust 23 Scott Wilson 34 Tom Kuhnhackl 37 Carter Rowney 43 Conor Sheary 45 Josh Archibald 62 Carl Hagelin 72 Patric Hornqvist 81 Phil Kessel Defencemen 3 Olli Maatta 4 Justin Schultz 6 Trevor Daley 8 Brian Dumoulin 28 Ian Cole 32 Mark Streit 58 Kris Letang 65 Ron Hainsey Goaltenders 29 Marc - Andre Fleury 30 Matt Murray Played both centre and wing . Coaching and administrative staff : Mario Lemieux ( Chairman / Co-Owner / Alt . Governor ) , Ronald Burkle ( Co-Owner / Alt . Governor ) , William Kassling ( Co-Owner / Alt . Governor ) , David Morehouse ( President / Governor ) , Travis Williams ( Chief Operating Officer / Alt . Governor ) , Jim Rutherford ( Exe . Vice President / General Manager ) , Jason Botterill ( Asst . General Manager ) Bill Guerin ( Asst . General Manager ) , Jason Karmanos ( Vice President of Hockey Operations ) , Mark Recchi ( Player Development Coach ) , Mike Sullivan ( Head Coach ) , Rick Tocchet ( Asst . Coach ) , Jacques Martin ( Asst . Coach ) , Mike Bales ( Goaltending Coach ) , Andy Saucier ( Video Coach ) , Sergei Gonchar ( Defense Coach ) , Dr. Dharmesh Vyas ( Head Team Physician ) , Chris Stewart ( Athletic Trainer ) Curtis Bell ( Asst . Athletic Trainer ) , Patrick Steidle ( Asst . Athletic Trainer ) , Andy O'Brien ( Director of Sport Science & Performance ) , Dana Heinze ( Equipment Manager ) , J.C. Ihrig ( Asst . Equipment Manager ) , Jon Taglianetti ( Asst . Equipment Manager ) , Jim Britt ( Director of Team Operations ) , Randy Sexton ( Director of Amateur Scouting ) , Derek Clancey ( Director of Pro Scouting ) . Other eligible players ( edit ) 58 Kris Letang ( D ) -- played 41 regular season games , missed 41 regular season games and all 25 playoff games due to injury -- qualifies 65 Ron Hainsey ( D ) -- played 56 games for Carolina , 16 regular season and 25 playoff games for Pittsburgh -- qualifies 32 Mark Streit ( D ) -- played 49 games for Philadelphia , 19 regular season games and three playoff games for Pittsburgh ( all three in the Conference Finals ) -- did not automatically qualify but name was engraved 37 Carter Rowney ( RW ) -- played 27 regular season and 20 playoff games for Pittsburgh -- qualifies . 45 Josh Archibald ( RW ) -- played 61 games in AHL , 10 regular season and four playoff games for Pittsburgh ( three in the Conference Finals , one in the Finals ) -- qualifies 2 Chad Ruhwedel ( D ) -- played 34 regular season games and 11 playoff games . Missed last 2 games of Conference and all 6 games of the finals due a concussion . No injury exemption , left off cup . 35 Tristan Jarry ( G ) -- dressed for 11 playoff games while Matt Murray was injured ( Jarry received his second Stanley Cup ring , despite only playing one NHL game ) -- name not engraved on Cup Engraving notes ( edit ) Evgeni Malkin 's name was misspelled Fvegni Malkin The Penguins fill the last spot on bottom ring the Stanley Cup . The top ring , featuring winners from 1954 to 1965 , was removed after the Capitals were added . Some famous names no longer on the Cup include Dickie Moore , Maurice Richard , Jacques Plante , Bert Olmstead , Ted Lindsay , Alex Delvecchio , Gordie Howe , Stan Mikita , Bobby Hull , and Glenn Hall . All names on the retired rings are on permanent display in the Hockey Hall of Fame . Included in the team picture , but left off of the Stanley Cup . Alex Trinca ( Strength & Conditioning Coach ) ( on Cup in 2016 ) Danny Kroll ( Assistant Equipment Manager ) ( on Cup in 2009 ) Sergei Gonchar was left off of the Cup in 2016 . In 2017 , Gonchar was included , and Alex Trinca was left off . Tv and Radio ( edit ) In Canada , the series was broadcast by Sportsnet and simulcast by CBC Television in English , and TVA Sports in French . In the U.S. , NBC broadcast most of the games ; games two and three were aired by NBCSN . In the U.S. , the games were seen by an average of 4.762 million viewers , an increase of 19 % over the 2016 finals , and the highest - rated finals without an Original Six team . Despite competition from the 2017 Tony Awards broadcast and the return of ABC 's Sunday - night game show block , game six achieved a total viewership of 7.086 million . The NHL on Westwood One / NBC Sports Radio carried the games throughout the United States on radio and through online streaming , while the home calls of Nashville ( WPRT - FM / Predators Radio Network ) and Pittsburgh ( WXDX - FM / Penguins Radio Network ) was available both over the air in their home markets and through online streaming . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Final will begin Monday , May 29 '' . NHL.com . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Werner , Steve ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Sullivan , Peter Laviolette make Stanley Cup final history '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 17 Pittsburgh Penguins Roster and Statistics '' . hockey-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 17 Nashville Predators Roster and Statistics '' . hockey-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Wes ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Penguins recover to edge Predators in Game 1 of Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Wes ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Penguins surge past Predators to win Game 2 of Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robby ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Predators cruise to Game 3 win against Penguins , first in Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robby ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Predators top Penguins in Game 4 to tie Stanley Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Wes ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Penguins score six , shut out Predators in Game 5 '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins win Stanley Cup ; defeat Nashville Predators for back - to - back titles '' . Sporting News . June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robby ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Penguins repeat Stanley Cup with Game 6 win against Predators '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Final controversy : Predators ' goal waved off after quick whistle '' . USA Today . June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Sports Group to present every Stanley Cup playoff game for sixth consecutive year '' ( Press release ) . Stamford , Connecticut : NBC Sports . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards Ratings Fall , Stanley Cup Finals Decider Rises , Game Shows Return '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NHL returns to Westwood One in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Westwood One . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Links to related articles National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - 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Star Game Stadium Series Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Finals Transactions Three Star Awards Suspensions and Fines Pittsburgh Penguins Founded in 1967 Based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Affiliates Foundation Current season History 1967 expansion Owners Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Ronald Burkle Mario Lemieux General manager Jim Rutherford Head coach Mike Sullivan Team captain Sidney Crosby Current roster Arenas Civic Arena PPG Paints Arena Rivalries Philadelphia Flyers Washington Capitals Affiliates AHL Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Wheeling Nailers Media Networks TV AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh Radio WXDX WBGG Broadcasters TV Steve Mears Bob Errey Radio Mike Lange Phil Bourque Culture and lore Penguins -- Islanders brawl Bob Gessner Iceburgh Jeff Jimerson Vince Lascheid Penguin Pete Penguins lore Russian Penguins Sudden Death `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam 2008 NHL Winter Classic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Stadium Series 2019 NHL Stadium Series Nashville Predators Founded in 1998 Based in Nashville , Tennessee Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Personnel Owners Predators Holdings LLC ( Thomas Cigarran , chairman ) General manager David Poile Head coach Peter Laviolette Team captain Roman Josi Current roster Arena Bridgestone Arena Affiliates AHL Milwaukee Admirals Media FS Predators The Game ( 102.5 FM ) Nashville Predators Radio Network Culture and lore Gnash `` I Like It , I Love It '' NHL on NBC Related programs NHL Awards Show NHL Live NHL on NBC Radio Olympics on NBC General coverage NHL Game of the Week Wednesday Night Hockey Sunday Night Hockey Non-NBC outlets NHL on USA NHL on Versus Related articles Ratings History of the NHL on United States television Stanley Cup Finals television ratings NBC Sports Regional Networks California Chicago Chicago Blackhawks Northwest Vancouver Canucks Philadelphia Philadelphia Flyers Washington Commentators All - Star Game NHL Entry Draft Outdoor games Stanley Cup playoffs ( Original Six era ) Stanley Cup Finals ( American television ) Key figures Kenny Albert Marv Albert Brendan Burke Andrés Cantor Chris Cuthbert Ken Daniels Win Elliot Mike Emrick Pat Foley John Forslund Randy Hahn Jim Jackson Gord Miller Rick Peckham Tim Ryan Dave Strader Color commentators Jamie Baker John Davidson Darren Eliot Brian Engblom Brian Hayward Billy Jaffe Mike Johnson Ted Lindsay Peter McNab Eddie Olczyk Daryl Reaugh Studio hosts Dave Briggs Bill Clement Bob Costas Bill Cullen Gayle Gardner Bill Mazer Brian McFarlane Liam McHugh Bob Neumeier Bill Patrick Dan Patrick Jim Simpson Kathryn Tappen Mike Tirico Studio analysts Anson Carter Ray Ferraro Bret Hedican Brett Hull Mike Keenan Keith Jones Mike Milbury Jeremy Roenick Chris Therien Ice - level reporters Brian Boucher Brenda Brenon Cammi Granato Jim Gray Ron MacLean Pierre McGuire Joe Micheletti Darren Pang NHL insiders Darren Dreger Bob McKenzie Stanley Cup Finals 1966 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1973 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 6 ) 1974 ( Games 3 , 6 ) 1975 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 2006 ( Games 3 -- 7 ) 2007 ( Games 3 -- 5 ) 2008 ( Games 3 -- 6 ) 2009 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 ) 2010 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) 2011 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 ) 2012 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) 2013 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 6 ) 2014 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 ) 2015 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) 2016 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 6 ) 2017 ( Games 1 , 4 ) NBCSN 2012 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 2013 ( Games 2 -- 3 ) 2014 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 2015 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 2016 ( Games 2 -- 3 ) 2017 ( Games 2 -- 3 ) NBC Sports Radio 2016 2017 All - Star Game 1973 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 2017 2018 NBCSN 2012 2015 2016 Related events NHL All - Star Game SuperSkills Competition Outdoor games 2017 Centennial Classic Heritage Classic 2014 2016 Stadium Series 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Culture / Lore Hockey Weekend Across America Peter Puck Kraft Hockeyville Rivalries Flyers -- Rangers Flyers -- Penguins Blackhawks -- Red Wings Hockey Night in Canada Related programs La Soirée du hockey Don Cherry 's Rock'Em Sock'em Hockey NHL on Sportsnet ( commentators ) Reality programs Making the Cut : Last Man Standing Kraft Hockeyville Non-NHL programs American Hockey League Howie Meeker 's Hockey School Olympics on CBC ( commentators ) Related articles Canada Russia ' 72 Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Canadian Broadcasting Centre Rogers Communications Television coverage CBC City FX Canada Omni Sportsnet Sportsnet One Sportsnet 360 TVA Production companies CNR Radio ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( 1933 -- 1936 ) CBC Sports ( 1936 -- 2014 ) Rogers Communications ( 2014 -- present ) Radio coverage CNR Radio ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( 1933 -- 1936 ) CBC Radio ( 1936 -- 1976 ) Rogers Radio ( 2014 -- present ) American simulcasters SportsChannel America NHL Network ( 1975 -- 79 ) NHL Network Commentators All - Star Game Outdoor games Postseason Stanley Cup playoffs ( Original Six era ) Stanley Cup Finals Commentators by season 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Stanley Cup Finals 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 ( Games 1 -- 2 ) 1986 ( Games 3 -- 5 ) 1987 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 ) 1988 ( Games 3 -- 4a , 4b ) 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outdoor games Heritage Classic 2003 2011 2014 2016 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 Stadium Series 2014 2015 Music `` The Hockey Theme '' Sponsors Imperial Oil Labatt Molson Culture Coach 's Corner Doubleheader Peter Puck Three stars Lore 1976 Flyers -- Red Army game Easter Epic Good Friday Massacre Miracle on Manchester The Monday Night Miracle NHL Radio Related programs NHL on NBC Related articles NHL on the radio NBC Sports Radio Westwood One Commentators All - Star Game Stanley Cup Finals Winter Classic Key figures Kenny Albert Roxy Bernstein Dave Goucher Randy Hahn Howie Rose Sam Rosen Dan Rusanowsky Dave Strader Ralph Strangis Color commentators Bob Beers Bill Clement Jim Fox Brian Hayward Gary Green Billy Jaffe Joe Micheletti Ed Olczyk Darren Pang Sherry Ross John Vanbiesbrouck Ice level reporters Darren Eliot Ray Ferraro Studio hosts Doug Brown Greg Dickerson Sean Grande Stanley Cup Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1993 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 Winter Classic 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals&oldid=854106046 '' Categories : Stanley Cup Finals 2017 Stanley Cup 2016 -- 17 NHL season Nashville Predators Sports competitions in Nashville , Tennessee 2017 in sports in Tennessee Pittsburgh Penguins games 2017 in sports in Pennsylvania Sports competitions in Pittsburgh May 2017 sports events in the United States June 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 00 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the penguins beat in the stanley cup last year | [
"The 2017 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2016–17 season, and the culmination of the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs. The Eastern Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Western Conference champion Nashville Predators, four games to two. Penguins captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs for the second consecutive year. The Penguins won the Stanley Cup in their opponent's rink, just like they did the previous four times.\n"
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"Nashville Predators"
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2534217389271276322 | 2018–19 NBA season | 2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 NBA season 2018 -- 19 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 16 , 2018 -- April 10 , 2019 April -- May 2019 ( Playoffs ) May -- June 2019 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Deandre Ayton Picked by Phoenix Suns Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 NBA season will be the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season will begin on October 16 , 2018 , and end on April 10 , 2019 . The playoffs will begin shortly after , with the NBA Finals concluding in June . The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 International games 4 Arenas 5 Media 6 Uniforms 6.1 Uniform sponsorships 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Transactions Main article : List of 2018 -- 19 NBA season transactions Retirement On May 10 , 2018 , Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA . Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise . On May 25 , 2018 , after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams , Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge . On July 17 , 2018 , after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams , Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA . On August 27 , 2018 , Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA . Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise . Free agency Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes Coaching changes Off - season Team 2017 -- 18 season 2018 -- 19 season Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty ( interim ) Mike Budenholzer New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford Phoenix Suns Jay Triano ( interim ) Igor Kokoškov Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse Off - season On April 12 , 2018 , the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs . In addition , associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired . On April 12 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs . On April 13 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs . On April 25 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways . On May 1 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J.B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team . On May 2 , 2018 , the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season . On May 10 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach . On May 11 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason . On May 11 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach . On May 17 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach . On May 30 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach . On June 11 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach . On June 14 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach . Preseason The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12 . International games The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29 . And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10 . The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8 . Regular season The regular season will begin on October 16 , 2018 and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The entire schedule was released on August 10 , 2018 . International games On June 20 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 17 , 2019 . On August 7 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City . They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13 , 2018 , and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15 , 2018 . Arenas This will be the Golden State Warriors ' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland , before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco . The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019 . This will be the Milwaukee Bucks ' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018 . The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018 . The Toronto Raptors ' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1 , 2018 . Media This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms On June 6 , 2018 , the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On July 25 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On July 31 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 2 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 8 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On August 16 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta . Uniform sponsorships In April 2016 , the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season . Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract . Before the 2018 -- 19 season two more teams signed such contract : Memphis Grizzlies -- FedEx San Antonio Spurs -- Frost Bank As of August 22 , 2018 , seven teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract : Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , Indiana Pacers , Oklahoma City Thunder , Phoenix Suns , Portland Trail Blazers , and Washington Wizards . See also National Basketball Association portal References Jump up ^ Gallo , Nick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Seeing Off a True Pro -- Thunder Fan Favorite Nick Collison Retires '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Former UCLA coach Jim Harrick and former NBA player Mo Williams join coaching staff at Cal State Northridge '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/07/17/roy-hibbert-nba-future-lakers-moving-on/ Jump up ^ Schad , Matt ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Manu Ginobili announces retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hornacek Relieved of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Orlando Magic Dismiss Frank Vogel as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Relieve Clifford of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Part Ways With Head Coach Mike Budenholzer '' . NBA.com. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies introduce J.B. Bickerstaff Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Agree to Terms with Igor Kokoškov To Become New Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` New York Knicks name David Fizdale new coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Van Gundy to Be Replaced as Head Coach and President of Basketball Operations '' . Detroit Pistons . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Name James Borrego Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey Relieved Of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Reach Agreement in Principle With Lloyd Pierce To Become Team 's Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Budenholzer Named Head Coach Of The Milwaukee Bucks '' . NBA.com . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Name Steve Clifford Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Name Dwane Casey as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Name Nick Nurse Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors Will Play Preseason Game In Vancouver '' . Nationalpost.com . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA China Games 2018 Mavericks Vs 76ers '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA TV to reveal full 2018 - 19 regular - season schedule on Friday at 4 p.m. ET '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA London Game 2019 official '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Mexico City Games 2018 to feature Orlando Magic hosting Chicago Bulls and Utah Jazz '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors ' Chase Center arena rising from the ground in SF '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks ' last regular season game at BMO Harris Bradley Center ends with a win , memories : Slideshow '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fiserv Forum is the New Home of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Bucks.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson , Susan ; Bradshaw , James ; Gray , Jeff ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto 's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800 - million deal '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Blake ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Air Canada Centre officially becomes Scotiabank Arena '' . Raptors Republic . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Reveal Evolved Brand Identity '' . NBA.com . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Christopher ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Evolve : Nuggets Usher in a New Era with Reimagined Logos , Uniforms '' . Denver Nuggets . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Unveil New White Classic Uniform For 2018 - 19 Season '' . NBA . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unveil New Uniforms for 2018 - 19 '' . NBA.com . July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil reimagined brand identity system and newly designed uniforms '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John . `` Orlando Magic Unveil 30 Years of Pure Magic '' . nba.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announces Major Next - Generation Initiatives at Season Preview Event '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FROST BANK BECOMES FIRST - EVER JERSEY PARTNER OF THE SAN ANTONIO SPURS '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . External links Official website NBA seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2018 -- 19 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018 -- 19_NBA_season&oldid = 856930140 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NBA season Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 13 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the 18 19 nba season start | [
"The 2018–19 NBA season will be the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018, and end on April 10, 2019. The playoffs will begin shortly after, with the NBA Finals concluding in June. The 2019 NBA All-Star Game will be played on February 17, 2019, at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.\n"
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"October 16, 2018"
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-734375374985205991 | National Convention | National Convention - wikipedia National Convention Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see National Convention ( disambiguation ) . This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Convention Convention nationale French First Republic Autel de la Convention nationale or Autel républicain François - Léon Sicard Panthéon de Paris , France , 1913 Type Type Unicameral History Established 20 September 1792 Disbanded 2 November 1795 Preceded by Legislative Assembly Succeeded by Legislative Body Seats 750 Meeting place Tuileries Palace , Paris Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The National Convention ( French : Convention nationale ) was the third government of the French Revolution , following the two - year National Constituent Assembly and the one - year Legislative Assembly . Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792 , it was the first French government organized as a republic , abandoning the monarchy altogether . The Convention sat as a single - chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 ( 4 Brumaire IV under the Convention 's adopted calendar ) . The Convention came about when the Legislative Assembly , which had found it impossible to work with the king , decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a National Convention to draw up a new constitution with no monarchy . The other major innovation was to decree that deputies to that Convention should be elected by all Frenchmen twenty - five years old or more , domiciled for a year and living by the product of their labor . The National Convention was therefore the first French assembly elected by a suffrage without distinctions of class . Although the Convention lasted until 1795 , power was effectively stripped from the elected deputies and concentrated in the small Committee of Public Safety from April 1793 . The eight months from Fall 1793 to Spring 1794 , when Maximilien Robespierre and his allies dominated the Committee of Public Safety , represent the most radical and bloodiest phase of the French Revolution , known as the Reign of Terror . After the fall of Robespierre , the Convention lasted for another year until a new constitution was written , ushering in the French Directory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elections 2 Girondin Convention 2.1 The Girondins and the Montagnards 2.2 The Plain 2.3 The Trial and Execution of the King 2.4 The Crisis and Fall of the Girondins 3 Montagnard Convention 3.1 Constitution 1793 3.2 Federalist revolt , war and counter-revolution 3.3 Revolutionary government 3.3. 1 The economy 3.3. 2 The Army of the Year II 3.4 Fall of the factions 3.5 The Terror 3.6 Thermidor 4 Thermidorian Convention 4.1 Thermidorian Reaction 4.2 Crushing of the popular movement 4.3 Constitution of the Year III 4.4 Vendemiaire 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Elections ( edit ) The election took place from 2 to 6 September 1792 after the election of the electoral colleges by primary assemblies on 26 August . Owing to the abstention of aristocrats , the anti-republicans , and the fear of victimization the voter turnout in the departments was low -- 11.9 % of the electorate came , compared to 10.2 % in the 1791 elections - in spite of the fact that the number of those eligible to vote had doubled . Therefore , the increased suffrage had very little impact . The electorate returned the same sort of men that the active citizens had chosen in 1791 . In the whole of France , only eleven primary assemblies wanted to retain the monarchy . Of the electoral assemblies , all tacitly voted for a republic -- though only Paris used the word . None of the deputies stood as a royalist for elections . Out of the five million Frenchmen able to vote , only a million showed up at the polls . The Convention held its first sessions in a hall of the Tuileries Palace , then it sat in the Salle du Manège , and finally from 10 May 1793 it met in the Salle des Machines , an immense hall in which the deputies were loosely scattered . The Salle des Machines had galleries for the public who often influenced the debates with interruptions or applause . The members of the Convention came from all classes of society , but the most numerous were lawyers . 75 members had sat in the National Constituent Assembly , 183 in the Legislative Assembly . The full number of deputies was 749 , not counting 33 from the French colonies , of whom only some arrived in Paris in time . Besides these , however , the newly formed départements annexed to France from 1792 to 1795 were allowed to send deputations . According to its own ruling , the Convention elected its President every fortnight , and the outgoing President was eligible for re-election after the lapse of a fortnight . Ordinarily the sessions were held in the morning , but evening sessions also occurred frequently , often extending late into the night . Sometimes in exceptional circumstances the Convention declared itself in permanent session and sat for several days without interruption . For both legislative and administrative the Convention used committees , with powers more or less widely extended and regulated by successive laws . The most famous of these committees included the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security . The Convention held legislative and executive powers during the first years of the French First Republic and had three distinct periods : Girondin , Montagnard or Jacobin , and Thermidorian . Girondin Convention ( edit ) The first session was held on 20 September 1792 . The following day , the assembly agreed the proposition `` That royalty be abolished in France '' and was carried with cheers . On the 22nd came the news of the Battle of Valmy . On the same day it was decreed that `` in future the acts of the assembly shall be dated First Year of the French Republic '' . Three days later the corollary that `` the French republic is one and indivisible '' was added to guard against federalism . A republic had been proclaimed , but it remained to enact a republican government . The country was little more republican in feeling or practice than it had been before at any time since Varennes . But now it had to become a republic , because it no longer had a king . When the Convention met the military situation was undergoing an extraordinary transformation that seemed to confirm the Girondin prophecies of easy victory . After Valmy the Prussians withdrew to the frontier , and in November French troops occupied the left bank of the Rhine . The Austrians , who had besieged Lille in October , were defeated by Dumouriez at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November and evacuated the Austrian Netherlands . Nice was occupied and Savoy proclaimed its union with France . These successes made it safe to quarrel at home . The Girondins and the Montagnards ( edit ) Most historians divide the National Convention into two main factions : the Girondins and the Montagnards . The Girondins were the more moderate conservatives at Convention . They protested the vast influences held at the Convention by Parisians . They drew their name from the Gironde , a region of France from which many of the deputies of this faction originated . They were also known as the Brissotins after their most prominent speaker , Jaques Pierre Brissot . The Montagnards represented a considerably larger , more democratic , portion of the deputies . They were much more radical than the Girondins and held strong connections to the Jacobin Club of Paris . They drew their name from the high bleachers that they sat on while the Convention was in session . The Montagnards dominated the Convention . Three questions dominated the first months of the Convention : revolutionary violence ; the trial of the king ; and Parisian dominance of politics . Antagonism between Paris and the provinces created friction among the people that served as a propaganda tool and combat weapon for the two groups . The departments resisted the idea of centralization . They saw this idea being symbolized by the desire to reduce the capital of the Revolution to its one - eighty - third share of influence . Much of the Gironde wished to remove the Assembly from a city dominated by `` agitators and flatterers of the people '' : it did not at the time encourage an aggressive federalism that would have run counter to its political ambitions . The Plain ( edit ) The Plain was a third faction during the Convention . Though some historians consider these men to be closely associated with the Girondins , the Plain was much more centrist in their ideals . The Plain held the largest group of deputies and derived their name from their place on the floor of the Convention . During the start of the Convention , they sided with the Girondins , however , as it progressed and the Montagnards began to push for the execution of Louis , the Plain began to side with them . The trial and execution of the king ( edit ) Main article : Trial of Louis XVI Main article : Execution of Louis XVI The trial of Louis XVI From the opening of the Convention the Girondins showed no inclination to bring the king to trial . They were more interested in discrediting Paris and its deputies . Their decision to hound the Jacobins was not merely a choice of priorities ; they genuinely wanted to spare the king . But in reality the Convention had to declare him guilty if it wanted to avoid damning 10 August 1792 , its own existence , and the proclamation of the Republic . `` If the king is not guilty , then those who have dethroned him are '' , as Robespierre remarked on 2 December . Once the Convention recognized Louis 's guilt it could hardly refuse to pronounce the death penalty against a person who had summoned the aid of foreign powers and whom the sans - culottes considered responsible for the ambush at the Tuileries . The discovery of the iron chest in the Tuileries 20 November 1792 made the trial inevitable . Documents found in this secret chest proved without any doubt the treachery of Louis XVI . The trial began on 10 December . The Montagnards put the debate on the ideological level . Louis XVI was classified as an enemy , alien to the body of the nation and as a `` usurper '' . Balloting began on 14 January 1793 . Each deputy explained his vote at the rostrum . The vote against the king was unanimous . There was to be no popular referendum as Girondins hoped . The fatal vote started on 16 January and continued until the next day . Of the 721 deputies present , 387 declared themselves for the death penalty , while 334 were opposed . 26 deputies voted for death on condition that he was reprieved . On 18 January the question of reprieve was put to a vote : 380 votes were cast against ; 310 for . Each time the Girondins had split . On the morning of 21 January the Convention ordered the entire National Guard to line both sides of the route to the scaffold . Louis was beheaded at the Place de la Revolution . Within the nation , `` voters '' and `` appellants '' , those that were against the execution of Louis , swore undying hatred of each other . The rest of Europe , fearing the outcome of the French Revolution in their own countries , decreed a war of extermination against regicides . The crisis and fall of the Girondins ( edit ) The Assembly began harmoniously , but within a few days the Girondins launched a bitter attack on their Montagnard opponents . Conflict continued without interruption until the expulsion of the Girondin leaders from the Convention on 2 June 1793 . The Girondins had relied on votes from the majority of the deputies , many of whom were alarmed as well as scandalized by the September massacres , but their insistence on monopolizing all positions of authority during the Convention , and their attacks on the Montagnard leaders , soon irritated them , causing them to regard the party as a faction . One by one , able deputies such as Couthon , Cambon , Carnot , Lindet and Barere began to gravitate towards the Montagnards , while the majority -- the Plain , as it was called -- held itself aloof from both sides . Girondins were convinced that their opponents aspired to a bloody dictatorship , while the Montagnards believed that the Girondins were ready for any compromise with conservatives , and even royalists , that would guarantee their remaining in power . The bitter enmity soon reduced the Convention to a state of limbo . Debate after debate degenerated into verbal brawling from which no decision could emerged . The political deadlock , which had repercussions all over France , eventually drove men to accept dangerous allies , royalists in the case of Girondins , Jacobins in that of the Montagnards . Thus the struggle within the Convention continued without results . The decision was to come from outside . Journées des 31 Mai 1er et 2 Juin 1793 Since the king 's trial , the sans - culottes had been constantly assailing the `` appealers '' ( appelants ) , and quickly came to desire their expulsion from the Convention . If this were achieved , the government could recover the energy to enable it to deal with the aristocratic plot by arresting suspects and establishing a revolutionary tribunal . Military setbacks from the First Coalition , Dumouriez 's treason and the war in the Vendée , which began in March 1793 , were all used as arguments by Montagnards and sans - culottes to portray Girondins as soft . They demanded that the Girondins take measures to change thing , but the Girondins were reluctant to adopt the proposed measures . The Girondins were forced to accept the Montagnards creation of the Committee of Public Safety and Revolutionary Tribunal . Social and economic difficulties exacerbated the tensions between the groups . The final showdown was precipitated by Jean - Paul Marat 's trial and the arrest of sectional activists . On 25 May the Paris Commune demanded that arrested patriots be released . In reply , Isnard , who was presiding over the Convention , launched into a diatribe against Paris which was reminiscent of the Brunswick Manifesto : `` If any attack made on the persons of the representatives of the nation , then I declare to you in the name of the whole country that Paris would be destroyed '' . On the next day the Jacobins declared themselves in a state of insurrection . On 28 May the Cité section called the other sections to a meeting in order to organize the insurrection . On 29 May the delegates representing 33 of the sections formed an insurrectionary committee of nine members . Main article : Insurrection of 31 May -- 2 June 1793 On 2 June , 80,000 armed sans - culottes surrounded the Convention . After an attempt of deputies to leave collided with guns , the deputies resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins . In this way the Gironde ceased to be a political force . It had declared war without knowing how to conduct it ; it had denounced the King but had shrunk from condemning him ; it had contributed to the worsening of the economic crisis but had swept aside all the claims made by the popular movement . Montagnard Convention ( edit ) Scarcely had the Gironde been eliminated when the Convention , now under Montagnard leadership , found itself caught between two threats . While forces of counter-revolution were gaining new impetus from the federalist revolt , the popular movement , roused to fury by high prices , was increasing the pressure it exercised on the government . Meanwhile , the Government was proving incapable of controlling the situation . In July 1793 the nation appeared to be on the point of falling apart . Constitution 1793 ( edit ) Main article : French Constitution of 1793 Constitution du Peuple Française du 6 Messidor l'an I ( 24 June 1793 ) During the month of June the Montagnards played for time . Yet the Convention did not overlook the peasants . It was to these latter that the revolution of 31 May ( like those of 14 July and 10 August ) brought a substantial and permanent profit . On 3 June the sale of the property of emigrants , in small parcels and payable in ten years , was decreed ; on the 10th , the optional division of common lands by head ; and on 17 July , the abolition , without compensation , of all that remained of manorial rights . The Montagnards attempted to reassure the middle classes by rejecting any idea of terror , by protecting property rights , and by restricting the popular movement to very narrowly circumscribed limits . It was a delicate balance to achieve , a balance that was destroyed in July by the worsening of the crisis . The Convention rapidly approved the new constitution , hoping to clear itself of the charge of dictatorship and calm the anxieties of the departments . The Declaration of Rights which precedes the text of the Constitution solemnly reaffirmed the nation 's indivisibility and the great principles of freedom of the press , equality and resistance to oppression . It went far beyond the Declaration of 1789 , adding to it the right to public assistance , work , education and insurrection . No man could impose his will on others . All political and social tyranny was abolished . Although the montagnards had refused to be led further down the road to democracy , the Constitution became the bible of all democrats . The chief aim of the Constitution was to ensure the major role of the deputies in the Convention , which was seen as being the essential basis for political democracy . The Legislative Assembly was to be elected by direct vote cast for a single member ; deputies were elected on receiving a simple majority of the votes cast , and the assembly would sit for one year . The executive council of 24 members was chosen by the Legislative Assembly from among the 83 candidates chosen by the departments on the basis of universal male suffrage , and in this way ministers were made responsible to the representatives of the nation . The exercise of national sovereignty was widened through the institution of the referendum -- the Constitution was to be ratified by the people , as were laws in certain precisely defined circumstances . The Constitution was submitted for popular ratification and adopted by a huge margin of more than 1,801,918 in favour to some 17,610 against . The results of the plebiscite were made public on 10 August 1793 , but the application of the Constitution , the text of which was placed in the sacred ark and laid in the debating - chamber of the Convention , was postponed until peace had been made . Federalist revolt , war and counter-revolution ( edit ) La Mort de Marat Jacques - Louis David , 1793 , Brussels Indeed , the Montagnards faced dramatic circumstances -- federalist insurrection , war in the Vendée , military failures , and a worsening economic situation . Despite everything , a new civil war could not be avoided . By the middle of June , about sixty departments were in more or less open rebellion . Fortunately the frontier departments had remained faithful to the Convention . The rising was widespread rather than deep . It was essentially the work of the departmental and district administrations . The communes , which were more popular in composition , showed themselves in general lukewarm or hostile ; and federalist leaders soon became divided among themselves . Sincere republicans among them could not fail to be uneasy about the foreign invasion and the Vendée . Those who were seeing themselves rejected by the people , sought support from the moderates , the Feuillants and even from the aristocrats . July and August were bad months on the frontiers . Within three weeks Mainz , the symbol of previous successes , capitulated to the Prussians , and the Austrians captured the fortresses of Condé and Valenciennes and invaded northern France . Spanish troops crossed the Pyrenees and began advancing on Perpignan . The Piedmontese took advantage of the diversion of republican forces at Lyons in order to invade France from the East . In Corsica , Paoli 's revolt expelled the French from the island with British support . British troops opened the siege of Dunkirk in August and in October the Allies invaded Alsace . The military situation had become desperate . In addition there were other incidents which compounded the fury of the revolutionaries and convinced them that their opponents had abandoned all restraint of civilized behavior . On 13 July , Charlotte Corday murdered sans - culotte idol Jean - Paul Marat . She had been in touch with Girondin rebels in Normandy and they were believed to have used her as their agent . The lack of forethought displayed by the Convention during the first few days was redeemed by its vigor and skill in organizing measures of repression . Warrants were issued for the arrest of the rebellious Girondin leaders ; the members of the revolting departmental administration were deprived of their office . The regions in which the revolt was dangerous were precisely those in which a large number of royalists had remained . There was no room for a third party between the Mountain , which was identified with the Republic , and royalism , which was the ally of the enemy . The royalist insurrection in the Vendée had already led the Convention to take a long step in the direction of the Terror -- that is to say , the dictatorship of central power and the suppression of liberties . The Girondin insurrection now prompted it to take a decisive step in the same direction . Revolutionary government ( edit ) La Marseillaise par François Rude The Constituent Assembly had legislated through its commissions . The Convention governed by means of its committees . Two of them were of essential importance : Public Safety and General Security . The second , which had formidable powers , is less well known than the first , which was the true executive authority and was armed with immense prerogatives . It dated from April , but its composition was thoroughly reshuffled during the summer of 1793 . The summer of 1793 saw sans - culotte disturbances reach a peak under a double banner : price - fixing and terror . On top of this came the news of unprecedented treason : Toulon and its squadron had been handed over to the enemy . In the name of the wretched poverty of the people , the leaders of the Enragés , with Jacques Roux at their head , called for a planned economy from a Convention which had no liking for the idea . But the revolutionary logic of the mobilization of resources by national dictatorship was infinitely more powerful than economic doctrine . In August , a series of decrees gave the authorities discretionary powers over the production and circulation of grain , as well as ferocious punishments for fraud . `` Granaries of plenty '' were prepared , to stock corn requisitioned by authorities in each district . On 23 August the decree on the levée en masse turned able - bodied civilians into soldiers . On 5 September , Parisians tried to repeat the revolt of 2 June . Armed sections again encircled the Convention to demand the setting up of an internal revolutionary army , the arrest of suspects and a purge of the committees . It was probably the key day in the formation of the revolutionary government : the convention yielded , but kept control of events . It put Terror on the agenda on 5 September , on 6th elected Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne to the Committee of Public Safety , on the 9th created the revolutionary army , on the 11th decreed the Maximum for grain and fodder ( general controls for prices , and wages on the 29th ) , on the 14th reorganized the Revolutionary Tribunal , on the 17th voted in the law on suspects , and on the 20th gave the local revolutionary committees the task of drawing up lists of them . The dictatorship of the Convention and the committees , simultaneously supported and controlled by the Parisian sections , representing the sovereign people in permanent session , lasted from June to September . It governed through a network of institutions set up haphazardly since spring in March , the Revolutionary Tribunal and representatives on missions in the departments ; was followed the next month by the Convention 's representatives to the armies , also armed with unlimited powers ; and enforced acceptance of assignat as the sole legal tender , price controls for grain and the forced loan of a billion livres from the rich . At last France saw a government take shape . Danton resigned from it on 10 July . Couthon , Saint - Just , Jeanbon Saint - Andre , and Prieur of the Marne formed a nucleus of resolute Montagnards who rallied Barrere and Lindet , then successfully added Robespierre on 27 July , Carnot and Prieur of Cote - d'Ore on 14 August , and Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne on 6 September . They had a few clear ideas to which they clung : to command , to fight , and to conquer . Their work in common , the danger , the taste of and pride in power created solidarity that made the Committee an autonomous organism . The committee was always managed collegially , despite the specific nature of the tasks of each director : the division into `` politicians '' and `` technicians '' was a Thermidorian invention , intended to lay the corpses of the Terror at the door of the Robespierrists alone . Many things , however , set the twelve committee members at loggerheads ; Barrere was more a man of the Convention than of the committee and was a link with the Plaine . Robert Lindet had qualms about the Terror which , by contrast , was the outstanding theme of Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne , latecomers to the committee , forced on it by the sans - culottes in September ; unlike Robespierre and his friends , Lazare Carnot had given his support only provisionally and for reasons of state to a policy concession to the people . But the situation which united them in the summer of 1793 was stronger than those differences of opinion . The Committee had to set itself above all , and choose those popular demands which were most suitable for achieving the Assembly 's aims : to crush the enemies of the Republic and dash the last hopes of the aristocracy . To govern in the name of the Convention , at the same time controlling it , and to restrain the people without quenching their enthusiasm -- this was a gamble . The ensemble of institutions , measures and procedures which constituted it was codified in a decree of 14 Frimaire ( 4 December ) which set the seal on what had been the gradual development of centralized dictatorship founded on the Terror . In the center was the Convention , whose secular arm was the Committee of Public Safety , vested with immense powers : it interpreted the Convention 's decrees and settled their methods of application ; under its immediate authority it had all state bodies and all civil servants ( even ministers would disappear in April 1794 ) ; it directed military and diplomatic activity , appointed generals and members of other committees , subject to ratification by the Convention . It held responsibility for conducting war , public order and the provisioning of the population . The Commune of Paris , a famous sans - culotte bastion , was neutralized by coming under its control . The economy ( edit ) Administrative and economic centralization went hand in hand . The state of siege forced France into autarky ; to save the Republic the government mobilized all the nation 's productive forces and reluctantly accepted the need for a controlled economy , which it introduced extemporaneously , as the emergency required . It was necessary to develop war production , revive foreign trade , and find new resources in France itself ; and time was short . Circumstances gradually compelled it to assume the economic government of the country . Along with organization of the army , this was the most original feature of its work . All material resources were subjected to requisitioning . Farmers surrendered their grain , fodder , wool , flax , and hemp . Artisans and merchants gave up their manufactured products . Raw materials were carefully sought out -- metal of all kinds , church bells , old paper , rags and parchments , grasses , brushwood , and even household ashes for manufacturing of potassium salts , and chestnuts for distilling . All businesses were placed at the disposal of the nation -- forests , mines , quarries , furnaces , forges , tanneries , paper mills , large cloth factories and shoe making workshops . The labor of men and the value of things were subject to price controls . No one had a right to speculate at the cost of Patrie while it was in danger . Armaments caused more concern . As early as September 1793 efforts were made to create a large factory in Paris for rifles and sidearms . A special appeal was made to scientists . Monge , Vandermonde , Berthollet , Darcet , Fourcroy perfected metallurgy and manufacture of arms . Only to the wage earners did the Maximum seem thoroughly advantageous . It increased wages by one - half in relation to 1790 , and commodities by only one - third . But since the Committee did not ensure that it was respected ( except for bread ) , they would have been duped had they not been benefiting from the favorable conditions that a great war always offers the labor force . Still Paris became calmer , because the sans - culottes were gradually finding ways to subsist ; the levée en masse and the formation of the revolutionary army were thinning their ranks ; many now were working in arms and equipment shops , or in the offices of the committees and ministries , which were expanded enormously . The army of the Year II ( edit ) Main article : French Revolutionary Army During the summer the requisition of the levy was completed and by July the total strength of the army reached 650,000 . The difficulties were tremendous . The war production just started in September . The army was in the middle of the purge . In the spring of 1794 the amalgamation was undertaken . Two battalions of volunteers joined one battalion of regulars to constitute a demi - brigade , or regiment . At the same time the command was reconstituted . The purge ended with most of the nobles excluded . The new generation reached the highest ranks , and the War College ( Ecole de Mars ) received six young men from each district to improve the staff . Army commanders were to be appointed by the Convention . What gradually emerged was a military command unequaled in quality : Marceau , Hoche , Kleber , Massena , Jourdan , and a host of others , backed by officers who were sound both in their abilities as soldiers and in their sense of civic responsibility . For the first time since antiquity a truly national army marched to war , and for the first time , too , a nation succeeded in arming and feeding great numbers of soldiers -- these are the novel characteristics of the army of the Year II . The technical innovations resulted chiefly from its sheer size as well the strategy that developed from it . The old system of cordons lost its prestige . Moving between the armies of the Coalition , the French could maneuver along interior lines , deploy part of their troops along the frontiers , and take advantage of the inaction of any one of their enemies to beat the others . Acting en masse , and overwhelming the foe by sheer numbers -- such were Carnot 's principles . They were still untried , and not until Bonaparte appeared did they enjoy any great success . Fall of the factions ( edit ) As late as September 1793 , there were two distinct wings among the revolutionaries . Firstly those who were later called Hébertists -- although Hébert himself was never the official leader of a party -- advocated war to the death and adopted the program of the Enragés , ostensibly because the sans - culottes approved it . The Hebertists preferred to side with the Montagnards , so long as they could hope to control the Convention through them . They dominated the Cordeliers Club , filled Bouchotte 's offices , and could generally carry the Commune with them . The other wing was that of the Dantonists , which formed in response to the increasing centralization of the Revolutionary Government and the dictatorship of the Committees . The Dantonists were led predominately by deputies of the Convention ( rather than the sans - culottes ) , including Danton , Delacroix , and Desmoulins . Putting the needs of national defense above all other considerations , the Committee of Public Safety had no intentions of giving in to the demands of either the popular movement or the moderates . Following the Hebertists would jeopardize revolutionary unity , while the giving in to the demands of the moderates would have undermined the both the Terror and the controlled economy . However , unity , centralization , and the Terror were all considered essential to the war effort . In order to balance the contradictory demands of these two factions , the Revolutionary Government attempted to maintain a position halfway between the moderate Dantonists ( citras ) and the extremist Hebertists ( ultras ) . But at the end of the winter of 1793 - 4 , the shortage of food took a sharp turn for the worse . The Hebertists incited sans - culottes to demand stringent measures , and at first the Committee did prove conciliatory . The Convention voted 10 million for relief , on 3 Ventose , Barere presented a new general Maximum , and on the 8th Saint - Just obtained a decree confiscating the property of suspects and distributing it to the needy ( Ventose decrees ) . The Hebertists felt that if they increased the pressure , they would triumph once and for all . Although the call appeared like one for insurrection it was probably just for a new demonstration , like the one in September . But the Committee of Public Safety decided on 22 Ventose Year II ( 12 March 1794 ) that the Hebertists posed too serious a threat . The Committee linked Hebert , Ronsin , Vincent , and Momoro to the emigres Proli , Cloots and Pereira , so as to present the Hebertists as parties to the `` foreign plot '' . All were executed on 4 Germinal ( 24 March ) . This move largely silenced the Hebertists , now without their leadership . Having succeeded in stifling dissent on the left , the Committee then turned on the Dantonists , several members of which were implicated in financial corruption . The Committee forced the Convention to lift the parliamentary immunity of nine Dantonist deputies , allowing them to be put on trial . On 5 April Dantonist leaders Danton , Delacroix , Desmoulins , and Philippeaux were executed . The execution of the leaderships of both rival factions caused some to become disillusioned . Many sans - culottes were stunned by the Hebertists ' execution . All the positions of influence traditionally held by the sans - culottes were eliminated : the Revolutionary Army was disbanded , the inspectors of food - hoarding were dismissed , Bouchotte lost the War Office , the Cordeliers Club was forced to self - censor and the Government pressure brought about closing 39 popular societies . The Paris Commune , controlled by sans - culottes , was purged and filled with Committee nominees . With the execution of the Dantonists , many of the members of the National Convention lost trust in the Committee , and even began to fear for their personal safety . Ultimately , the Committee had undermined its own support by eliminating the Dantonists and Hebertists , both of which had backed the Committee . By compelling the Convention to allow the arrests of the Girondins and Dantonists , the Committee believed it had destroyed its major opposition . However , the trials demonstrated the Committee 's lack of respect for members of the Convention ( several of whom had been executed ) . Many Convention members who had sided with the Committee in the past by mid-1794 no longer supported it . The Committee had acted as mediator between the Convention and the sans - culottes from which they both had acquired their strength . By executing the Hebertists and alienating the sans - culottes , the Committee became unnecessary to the Assembly . The Terror ( edit ) Main article : Reign of Terror Though the Terror was organized in September 1793 , it was not introduced until October . It had resulted from a popular movement . A new chapter of the Revolutionary Tribunal was opened after 5 September , divided into four sections : the Committees of Public Safety and General Security were to propose the names of judges and jurymen ; Fouquier - Tinville stayed as public prosecutor , and Herman was nominated president . The Terror was meant to discourage support for the enemies of the Revolution by condemning outspoken critics of the Montagnards . The great political trials began in October . The queen was guillotined on 16 October . A special decree stifled the defense of 21 Girondins , including Vergniaud and Brissot , and they perished on the 31st . At the summit of the apparatus of the Terror sat the Committee of General Security , the state 's second organization . It consisted of twelve members elected each month by the Convention , and vested with security , surveillance and police functions , including over civil and military authorities . It employed a large staff , headed the gradually constituted network of local revolutionary committees , and applied the law on suspects by sifting through the thousands of local denunciations and arrests which it then had to try . It struck down the enemies of the Republic whoever and wherever they were . It was socially indiscriminate and politically perspicacious . Its victims belonged to the classes which hated the Revolution or lived in the regions where rebellion was most serious . `` The severity of repressive measures in the provinces , '' wrote Mathiez , `` was in direct proportion to danger of revolt . '' Many outspoken members of the community were tried and executed for claims of treason : Camille Desmoulins and Georges Danton were two of the more notable men executed for their `` threats '' against the Revolution . Deputies sent as `` representatives on mission '' by the Committee of Public Safety , armed with full powers , reacted according to both the local situation and their own temperaments : Lindet pacified the Girondin west in July without a single death sentence ; in Lyon , some months later , Collot d'Herbois and Joseph Fouche relied on frequent summary executions by shooting because the guillotine was not working swiftly enough . Thermidor ( edit ) 9 Thermidor The Jacobin dictatorship could only hope to remain in power so long as it was dealing successfully with a national emergency . As soon as its political opponents had been destroyed , and its foreign enemies defeated , it would lose the chief force that kept it together . The Jacobin fall happened more rapidly than expected because of issues within the party . So long as it remained united , the Committee was virtually invulnerable , but it had scarcely attained the apogee of its power before signs of internal conflict appeared . The Committee of Public Safety had never been a homogeneous body . It was a coalition cabinet . Its members were kept together less by comradeship or common ideals than by calculation and routine . The press of business which at first prevented personal quarrels also produced tired nerves . Trifling differences were exaggerated into the issues of life and death . Small disputes estranged them from one another . Carnot , in particular , was irritated by the criticisms directed at his plans by Robespierre and Saint - Just , Dispute followed dispute . Bickering broke out on the Committee of Public Safety , with Carnot describing Robespierre and Saint - Just as `` ridiculous dictators '' and Collot making veiled attacks on the `` Incorruptible '' . From the end of June until 23 July Robespierre ceased to attend the Committee . Realizing the danger of fragmentation , they attempted a reconciliation . Saint - Just and Couthon favored it , but Robespierre doubted sincerity of his enemies . It was he who brought about the fatal intervention of the Convention . On 8 Thermidor , Year II ( 26 July 1794 ) , he denounced his opponents , and demanded that `` unity of government '' be realized . When called upon to name those whom he was accusing , however , he refused . This failure destroyed him , for it was assumed that he was demanding a blank cheque . This night an uneasy alliance was formed from threatened deputies and members of The Plain . On the next day , 9 Thermidor , Robespierre and his friends were not allowed to speak , and their indictment was decreed . The men of the extreme left played the leading roles : Billaud - Varenne , who attacked , and Collot d'Herbois , who presided . On hearing the news the Paris Commune , loyal to the man who had inspired it , called for an insurrection and released the arrested deputies in the evening and mobilized two or three thousand militants . The night of 9 -- 10 Thermidor was one of great confusion in Paris , as Commune and Assembly competed for the support of the sections and their troops . The Convention proclaimed that the rebels were henceforth outlaws ; Barras was given the task of mustering an armed force , and the moderate sections gave this their support . The National Guardsmen and artillerymen assembled outside the Hotel de Ville were left without instructions and little by little they dispersed and left the square deserted . Around two o'clock in the morning a column from Gravilliers section led by Léonard Bourdon burst in the Hotel de Ville and arrested insurgents . On the evening of 10 Thermidor ( 28 July 1794 ) , Robespierre , Saint - Just , Couthon and nineteen of their political allies were executed without trial . On the following day it was the turn of a large batch of 71 men , the largest mass execution in the entire course of the Revolution . Thermidorian Convention ( edit ) Whatever reasons the conspirators had behind 9 Thermidor , the events afterwards went beyond their intentions . Evidently the remaining members on the Committees counted on staying in office and currying the favour of the Jacobin dictatorship , as though nothing more had happened than a party purge . Thermidorian reaction ( edit ) Main article : Thermidorian Reaction They were speedily disabused of this notion . Robespierrists might go out and Dantonists come in ; the Convention had recovered its initiative and would put an end , once and for all , to the dictatorial committees government which had ousted it from power . It was decreed that no member of governing committees should hold office for more than four months . Three days later the Prairial Law was repealed and the Revolutionary Tribunal shorn of its abnormal powers . The Commune was replaced with a Commission of Civil Administrators ( commission des administrateurs civils ) from the ranks of the Conventions . In November the Jacobin club was closed . Not merely anti-Robespierrist but anti-Jacobin reaction was in full flood . At the beginning of September Billaud , Collot and Barere left the Committee of Public Safety ; by the end of the year they were in prison . The stability of the government was weakening . Next came the concentration of power , another revolutionary principle . The identification of the Committee of Public Safety with the executive was ended on 7 Fructidor ( 24 August ) , restricting it to its former domain of war and diplomacy . The Committee of General Security kept its control over the police . There was now to be a total of sixteen committees . Conventionnels , while aware of the dangers of fragmentation , were even more worried by its experience of monopoly of powers . In a few weeks the revolutionary government was dismantled . These measures affected , finally , the instruments of the Terror and opened numerous breaches in the apparatus of repression . The law of 22 Prairial was repealed , the prisons were opened and `` suspects '' were released : 500 in Paris in a single week . A few public trials were staged -- including those of Carrier , held responsible for the mass - drowning at Nantes , and Fouquier - Tinville , notorious as the public prosecutor of the Great Terror of the late spring and summer of 1794 -- after which the Revolutionary Tribunal was quietly put aside . The destruction of the system of revolutionary government eventually brought about the end of the Economic Terror . Maximum was relaxed even before 9 Thermidor . Now nobody believed in it any longer . Because the black market was plentifully supplied , the idea took hold that price control equalled scarcity and that free trade would bring back abundance . It was generally supposed that prices would rise but that then they would fall as a result of competition . This illusion was to be shattered in the winter . Formally the Convention put the end to the maximum on 4 Nivose Year III ( 24 December 1794 ) . The abandonment of the controlled economy provoked a frightful catastrophe . Prices soared and the rate of exchange fell . The Republic was condemned to massive inflation and its currency was ruined . In Thermidor , Year III , assignats were worth less than 3 % of their face value . Neither peasants nor merchants would accept anything but cash . The debacle was so swift that economic life seemed to come to standstill . The crisis was greatly aggravated by famine . Peasants , finally , stopped bringing any produce , because they did not wish to accept assignats . The government continued to provision Paris , but was unable to supply the promised rations . In provinces local municipalities resorted to some sort of regulations , provided not direct coercion in obtaining provisions . The misery of rural day laborers , abandoned by everyone , was often appalling . Inflation ruined creditors to the advantage of debtors . It unleashed an unprecedented speculation . At the beginning of spring , scarcity was such that more unrest appeared almost everywhere . Paris was active again . Crushing of the popular movement ( edit ) Journée du 1er Prairial de l'an III Discontent increased along with the shortages . On 17 March a delegation from faubourgs Saint - Marceau and Saint - Jacques complained that `` We are on the verge of regretting all the sacrifices that we have made for the Revolution . '' Police law was passed which lay down the death penalty for use of seditious language . Arms were distributed to the `` good citizens '' , the faithful nucleus of the National Guard . The trial of strength was approaching . Main article : Insurrection of 12 Germinal , Year III On 10 Germinal ( 30 March ) all the sections called their general assemblies . The political geography of Paris emerged clearly from this . Convention debate was centered on two issues : the fate of Barere , Collot , Billaud and Vadier , and the implementation of the constitution of 1793 . While in the sections of the center and the west formal addresses called for the punishment of the `` Four '' and passed over the food shortages , the sections of the east and the faubourgs demanded measures to deal with the grain crisis , the implementation of the constitution of 1793 , the reopening of the popular societies and the release of the imprisoned patriots . On the morning of 12 Germinal ( 1 April ) crowds gathered on the Ile de la Cité and , pushing aside the palace guards , burst into the chamber where the Convention met . Amidst the uproar , spokesmen of the sections outlined the people 's grievances . Reliable battalions of National Guard were called and demonstrators , lacking arms and leaders , were forced to withdraw . For the most people it was the constitution of 1793 -- seen as a liberating utopia -- which represented the solution to all evils . There were others who openly regretted the passing of `` the reign of Robespierre '' . Main article : Insurrection of 1 Prairial But it was not the end . A new explosion was on the horizon . Insurrection was being openly prepared . On 1 Prairial ( 20 May 1795 ) the alarm bells sounded in the faubourgs Saint - Antoine and Marceau . The armed battalions arrived at Place du Carousel and entered the sitting chamber . After an hour of uproar , `` The Insurrection of the People '' ( L'Insurection du Peuple ) was read . In the chaos , none of the ringleaders thought of implementing the key item of the program : the overthrow of the government . The remainder of the Montagnards , The Crest ( la Crête de la Montagne ) , managed to obtain the passage of decrees favorable to the rebels . But at 11 : 30 p.m. two armed columns entered the chamber and cleared out the rioters . The next day insurgents repeated the same mistakes and after receiving promises from the deputies to take speedy measures against the famine , returned to the sections . On 3 Prairial the government assembled loyal troops , chasseurs and dragoons , national guardsmen , selected from those `` who had fortune to preserve '' -- 20,000 men in all . Faubourg Saint - Antoine was surrounded and on 4 Prairial surrendered and was disarmed . Uncertainty about how to react , hesitancy in action , and lack of revolutionary leadership had doomed the popular movement to throw away its last chance in battle . 4 Prairial Year III is one of the crucial dates of the revolutionary period . The people had ceased to be a political force , participants in history . They were now no more than victims or spectators . Constitution of the Year III ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the Year III Constitution de la République Française du 5 Fructidor l'an III ( 22 août 1795 ) The victors now could set up a new constitution , the task the National Convention was originally elected for . The Commission of Eleven ( the most notable members of which were Daunou , Lanjuinais , Boissy d'Anglas , Thibaudeau and La Révellière ) drafted a text which would reflect the new balance of power . It was presented on 5 Messidor ( 23 June ) and passed on 22 August 1795 ( 5 Fructidor of the Year III ) . The new constitution went back to the constitution of 1791 as to the dominant ideology of the country . Equality was certainly confirmed , but within the limits of civil equality . Numerous democratic rights of the constitution 1793 -- the right to work , to relief , to education -- were omitted . The Convention wanted to define rights and simultaneously reject both the privilege of the old order and social leveling . The constitution went back to the distinction between active and passive citizens . Only citizens over twenty - five years old , disposing of an income of two hundred days of work , were eligible to be electors . This electoral body , which held the real power , included 30,000 people , half as many as in 1791 . Guided by recent experience , institutions were set up to protect the Republic from two dangers : the omnipotence of an assembly and dictatorship . Bicameral legislature as a precaution against sudden political fluctuations was proposed : the Council of Five Hundred with rights to propose laws and Council of the Ancients , 250 deputies , with powers to accept or reject proposed laws . Executive power was to be shared between five Directors chosen by the Ancients from the list drawn by Five Hundred . One of the Directors would be renewed each year with re-election after five years . As one of the practical precautions , no military were allowed within 60 miles of the sitting assembly and it could relocate in case of danger . The Directory still retained great power , including emergency powers to curb freedom of the press and freedom of association . The Constitution generally was accepted favorably , even by those on the right , who were hopeful for the upcoming elections and even more happy to get rid of the legislative body so hated by them . But how to make sure that the new elected body would not overturn the constitution as it was before with Legislative Assembly ? Thermidorians attempted this on 5 Fructidor ( 22 August ) by voting for a decree on `` formation of a new legislative body '' . Article II stipulated : `` All members presently active in the Convention are re-eligible . Election assemblies may not take fewer than two - thirds of them to form the legislative body '' . This was known as the Law of the Two - Thirds . Vendemiaire ( edit ) Main article : 13 Vendémiaire Napoleon Bonaparte quelling of the Royalist revolt 13 Vendémiaire , in front of the Église Saint - Roch , rue Saint - Honoré . On 23 September the results were announced : the constitution was accepted by 1,057,390 votes , with 49,978 against . The Two - Thirds decrees obtained only 205,498 votes in favor and 108,754 against . But the Convention had not taken into account those Paris sections who were against Two - Thirds decrees and failed to provide precise vote figures : 47 Parisian sections had rejected the decrees . Eighteen of the Paris sections contested the result . The Lepeletier section issued a call to insurrection . By 11 Vendemiaire seven sections were in state of revolt , sections which were the base of the Convention since 9 Thermidor and now won by the far right if not royalists . The Convention declared itself permanent . The conventionnels knew the score . They knew the art of insurrection by heart and to bring down muscadins was easier than the sans - culottes . Five members including Barras were appointed to deal with the crisis . A decree of 12 Vendemiaire ( 4 October ) repealed the former disarmament of the former terrorists and an appeal to sans - culottes was issued . During the nights of Vendemiaire 12 - 13 ( October 4 -- 5 ) , General Jacques de Menou de Boussay was tasked with putting down the royalist rebels and keep them from attacking the Convention . He recruited other generals to help aid in quelling the insurrection such as , Napoleon Bonaparte . The rebels outnumbered the Army by the thousands , but because of their preparations the night before , Bonaparte and the armies were able to line the road into Paris with cannons from Sablons Camp . Without a way into Paris , the rebels surrendered to the Convention on Vendemiaire 13 . Barras and the Convention gave the armies permission to kill . Within 45 minutes over 300 royalist rebels were dead in front of the Church of Saint Roch . The rest had scattered and fled . Moderate repression ensued and the White Terror in the south was stopped . On 4 Brumaire Year IV , just before breaking up , the Convention voted a general amnesty for `` deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution '' . Legacy ( edit ) The article on the Convention in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica concludes , `` The work of the Convention was immense in all branches of public affairs . To appreciate it without prejudice , one should recall that this assembly saved France from a civil war and invasion , that it founded the system of public education ( Museum , École Polytechnique , École Normale Supérieure , École des langues orientales , Conservatoire ) , created institutions of capital importance , like that of the Grand Livre de la Dette publique , and definitely established the social and political gains of the Revolution . '' By a decree of 4 February 1794 ( 16 pluviôse ) it also ratified and expanded to the whole French colonial empire the 1793 abolition of slavery on Saint - Domingue by civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel , though this did not affect Martinique or Guadeloupe and was abolished by the law of 20 May 1802 . See also ( edit ) Fall of the French monarchy Girondist The Mountain Georges Danton Maximilien Robespierre Marat Ministers of the French National Convention Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Convention had therefore been elected by small minority of the population , but those who were the most determined . That explains the ambiguity of the word `` popular '' when it is applied to this period : `` popular '' the French Revolution was certainly not in the sense of participation by the people in public affairs . But if the word `` popular '' is taken to mean that revolutionary policy was formed under pressure from the sans - culotte movement and organized minorities , and received an egalitarian impetus from them , then yes , the Revolution had well and truly entered its `` popular '' age . Jump up ^ During the early meetings of the Convention the deputies had sat indiscriminately , where they pleased . But it was noticed that , as the quarrel between Jacobins and Girondins developed , they grouped themselves to the right and left of the President 's chair , whiles the extreme Jacobins found a place of vantage in the higher seats at the end of the hall , which came to be called the Mountain ( La Montagne ) . Jump up ^ As opposed to the English Revolution , the French Revolution killed not only the king of France , but royalty itself . In this sense , even if the Conventionnels had only transformed into a national tragedy what the last century of absolutism had already marked out as inevitable , they had accomplished their aim : to strip royalty from the nation 's future . By executing the king , they had severed France 's last ties with her past , and made the rupture with the ancien régime complete . Jump up ^ The revolutionaries turned soldiers did not forget their attachments . Hoche had been a Maratist , Kleber and Marceau praised the activity of Carrier , and Bonaparte attached himself to the Robespierre brothers . So many years later , even men like Marmont and Soult were moved with emotion by the memory of the shining hours they had known in the service of the `` Indivisible Republic '' . Jump up ^ Based on recent figures of the Terror : 17,000 victims names distributed according to specific geographical areas : 52 % in the Vendee , 19 % in the south - east , 10 % in the capital and 13 % in the rest of France . Distinction is between zones of turmoil and an insignificant proportion of quite rural areas . Between departments , the contrast becomes more striking . Some were hard hit , the Loire - Inferieure , the Vendee , the Maine - et - Loire , the Rhone and Paris . In six departments no executions were recorded ; in 31 , there were fewer than 10 ; in 32 , fewer than 100 ; and only in 18 were there more than 1,000 . Charges of rebellion and treason were by far the most frequent grounds for execution ( 78 % ) , followed by federalism ( 10 % ) , crimes of opinion ( 9 % ) and economic crimes ( 1.25 % ) . Artisans , shopkeepers . wage - earners and humble folk made up the largest contingent ( 31 % ) , concentrated in Lyons , Marseilles and neighboring small towns . Because of the peasant rebellion in the Vendée , peasants are more heavily represented ( 28 % ) than the federalist and merchant bourgeoisie . Nobles ( 8.25 % ) and priests ( 6.5 % ) , who would seem to have been relatively spared , actually provided a higher proportion of victims than other social categories . In the most sheltered regions , they were the only victims . Furthermore , the `` Great Terror '' is hardly distinguishable from the rest . In June and July 1794 , it accounted for 14 % of executions , as against 70 % from October 1793 to May 1794 , and 3.5 % before September 1793 . if one adds executions without trial and deaths in prison , a total of 50,000 seems likely , that is 2 per 1,000 of the population . Jump up ^ Yet an unofficial Terror - in - reverse continued . In the provinces the Terror assumed violent and vicious form . In the Lyonnais , the Company of Jesus flung the bodies of its victims , men and women , into the Rhone , and prisoners were massacred wholesale in gaol or on their way to prison , while in other cities , bands of so - called Companies of Jehu and the Sun indiscriminately murdered `` terrorists '' , `` patriots of ' 89 '' and -- most eagerly of all -- purchasers of former Church properties . Such excesses were deplored in Paris , but the Convention and its Committees were powerless to contain forces that they had themselves done much to unleash . Jump up ^ Barras reference to `` Faubourg Saint - Antoin whose attachment to the cause of liberty is well known '' in subsequent report offers curious commentary to the official evolution since journees of prairial . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dupuy 2005 , p. 34 - 40 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ The National Convention 1906 Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Hampson 1988 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Girondin political group , France '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . `` Polling the Opinions : A Reexamination of Mountain , Plain , and Gironde in the National Convention '' . Social Science History . 28 : 53 -- 73 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 28 - 1 - 53 . JSTOR 40267833 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Jordan 1979 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1963 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Hampson 1988 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Furet 1996 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ ( deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50931/156.pdf ? sequence = 1 `` From Mobilization to Revolution '' ) Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . Charles Tilly University of Michigan . March 1977 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furet 1996 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1963 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Hampson 1988 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Hampson 1988 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror French history '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Greer 1935 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror French history '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 502 . ^ Jump up to : Hampson 1988 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 508 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1963 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 411 -- 412 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1959 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Rude 1988 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hampson 1988 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Soboul 1974 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon and Counter-Revolutionary Royalists - 13 Vendémiaire Year 4 - Napoleon & Empire '' . www.napoleon-empire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Sources ( edit ) Andress , David ( 2006 ) . The Terror : the merciless war for freedom in revolutionary France . Farrar : Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 27341 - 3 . Aulard , François - Alphonse ( 1910 ) . The French Revolution , a Political History , 1789 -- 1804 , in 4 vols . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Bouloiseau , Marc ( 1983 ) . The Jacobin Republic : 1792 -- 1794 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28918 - 1 . Dupuy , Roger ( 2005 ) . La République jacobine . Terreur , guerre et gouvernement révolutionnaire ( 1792 -- 1794 ) . Paris : Le Seuil , coll . Points . ISBN 2 - 02 - 039818 - 4 . Furet , François ( 1996 ) . The French Revolution : 1770 -- 1814 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20299 - 4 . Greer , Donald ( 1935 ) . Incidence of the Terror During the French Revolution : A Statistical Interpretation . Peter Smith Pub Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8446 - 1211 - 9 . Hampson , Norman ( 1988 ) . A Social History of the French Revolution . Routledge : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 6525 - 6 . Jordan , David ( 1979 ) . The King 's Trial : Luis XVI vs. the French Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04399 - 5 . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1962 ) . The French Revolution : from its Origins to 1793 . vol . I. New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08599 - 0 . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1963 ) . The French Revolution : from 1793 to 1799 . vol. II . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 02519 - X . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1964 ) . The Thermidorians & the Directory . New York : Random House . Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Mathiez , Albert ( 1929 ) . The French Revolution . New York : Alfred a Knopf . Rude , George ( 1988 ) . The French Revolution . New York : Grove Weidenfeld . ISBN 1 - 55584 - 150 - 3 . Soboul , Albert ( 1974 ) . The French Revolution : 1787 -- 1799 . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 47392 - 2 . Thompson , J.M. ( 1959 ) . The French Revolution . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . Woronoff , Denis ( 1984 ) . The Thermidorean regime and the directory : 1794 -- 1799 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28917 - 3 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Convention , The National '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Presidents of the National Convention : 1792 -- 1795 National Convention pamphlets and documents from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository Heads of State of France Styled President of the Republic after 1871 , except from 1940 -- 44 ( Chief of State ) and 1944 -- 47 ( Chairman of the Provisional Government ) First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) National Convention Directory Consulate First Empire ( 1804 -- 1815 ) Napoleon I Napoleon II Bourbon Restoration ( 1815 -- 1830 ) Louis XVIII Charles X July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) Louis Philippe I Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Jacques - Charles Dupont de l'Eure Executive Commission Louis - Eugène Cavaignac Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) Napoleon III Government of National Defense ( 1870 -- 1871 ) Louis - Jules Trochu Third Republic ( 1871 -- 1940 ) Adolphe Thiers Patrice de Mac - Mahon Jules Armand Dufaure Jules Grévy Maurice Rouvier Sadi Carnot Charles Dupuy Jean Casimir - Perier Charles Dupuy Félix Faure Charles Dupuy Émile Loubet Armand Fallières Raymond Poincaré Paul Deschanel Alexandre Millerand Alexandre Millerand Frédéric François - Marsal Gaston Doumergue Paul Doumer André Tardieu Albert Lebrun Vichy France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) Philippe Pétain Provisional Government ( 1944 -- 1947 ) Charles de Gaulle Félix Gouin Georges Bidault Vincent Auriol Léon Blum Fourth Republic ( 1947 -- 1959 ) Vincent Auriol René Coty Fifth Republic ( 1959 -- present ) Charles de Gaulle Alain Poher Georges Pompidou Alain Poher Valéry Giscard d'Estaing François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy François Hollande Emmanuel Macron Italics indicate interim officeholder Governments of France ( 1792 -- 1870 ) First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) National Convention Committee of Public Safety French Directory French Consulate First Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) Napoleon Provisional Government of 1814 First restoration Hundred Days Provisional Government of 1815 Restoration ( 1814 -- 1830 ) Talleyrand Richelieu ( 1 ) Dessolles Decazes Richelieu ( 2 ) Villèle Martignac Polignac Mortemart July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) Paris Municipal Commission Provisional Ministry First ministry of Louis - Philippe Laffitte Casimir Perier Soult ( 1 ) Gérard Maret Mortier de Broglie Thiers ( 1 ) Molé ( 1 ) Molé ( 2 ) Transitional cabinet of 1839 Soult ( 2 ) Thiers ( 2 ) Soult ( 3 ) Guizot Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Provisional Government Executive Commission Cavaignac Barrot ( 1 ) Barrot ( 2 ) Hautpoul Petit ministère Faucher Last cabinet of the French Second Republic Louis Napoleon ( 1 ) Louis Napoleon ( 2 ) Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) Third cabinet of Napoleon III Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III Ollivier Cousin - Montauban French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Climate Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject GND : 502190 - 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"The National Convention (French: Convention nationale) was the third government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire IV under the Convention's adopted calendar)."
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"the first French government organized as a republic"
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8212930339768705863 | White Star Line | White Star Line - wikipedia White Star Line Jump to : navigation , search White Star Line Former type Partnership Industry Shipping , transportation Fate merged with Cunard Line Successor Cunard White Star Line Founded 1845 ( 1845 ) in Liverpool , England Defunct 1934 Area served Transatlantic Parent Ismay , Imrie and Co . Website www.cunard.co.uk The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company or White Star Line of Boston Packers , more commonly known as just White Star Line , was a prominent British shipping company . Founded in 1845 , the line operated a fleet of clipper ships that sailed between Britain and Australia . Today it is most famous for the innovative vessel Oceanic of 1870 , and the Olympic class ocean liners , including the ill - fated RMS Titanic . In 1934 , White Star merged with its chief rival , Cunard Line , which operated as Cunard - White Star Line until 1950 . Cunard Line then operated as a separate entity until 2005 and is now part of Carnival Corporation & plc . As a lasting reminder of the White Star Line , modern Cunard ships use the term White Star Service to describe the level of customer care expected of the company . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company 1.3 The White Star Line and migration 1.4 Olympic class ships 1.5 Interwar years 1.6 Cunard merger 2 White Star Line today 3 Fleet events 4 Notable captains 5 Fleet 5.1 1853 -- 1889 5.2 1890 -- 1899 5.3 1900 -- 1909 5.4 1910 -- 1919 5.5 1920 -- 1932 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) White Star Line flag The first company bearing the name White Star Line was founded in Liverpool , England , by John Pilkington and Henry Wilson in 1845 . It focused on the UK -- Australia trade , which increased following the discovery of gold in Australia . The fleet initially consisted of the chartered sailing ships RMS Tayleur , Blue Jacket , White Star , Red Jacketu , Ellen , Ben Nevis , Emma , Mermaid and Iowa . Tayleur , the largest ship of its day , wrecked on its maiden voyage to Australia at Lambay Island , near Ireland , a disaster that haunted the company for years . In 1863 , the company acquired its first steamship , Royal Standard . The original White Star Line merged with two other small lines , The Black Ball Line and The Eagle Line , to form a conglomerate , the Liverpool , Melbourne and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Limited . This did not prosper and White Star broke away . White Star concentrated on Liverpool to New York City services . Heavy investment in new ships was financed by borrowing , but the company 's bank , the Royal Bank of Liverpool , failed in October 1867 . White Star was left with an incredible debt of £ 527,000 ( equivalent to £ 45,677,044 in 2015 ) , and was forced into bankruptcy . The Oceanic steam Navigation company ( edit ) On 18 January 1868 , Thomas Ismay , a director of the National Line , purchased the house flag , trade name and goodwill of the bankrupt company for £ 1,000 ( equivalent to £ 81,144 in 2015 ) , with the intention of operating large ships on the North Atlantic service between Liverpool and New York . Ismay established the company 's headquarters at Albion House , Liverpool . Adriatic of 1871 , ( 3,888 GRT ) Ismay was approached by Gustav Christian Schwabe , a prominent Liverpool merchant , and his nephew , the shipbuilder Gustav Wilhelm Wolff , during a game of billiards . Schwabe offered to finance the new line if Ismay had his ships built by Wolff 's company , Harland and Wolff . Ismay agreed , and a partnership with Harland and Wolff was established . The shipbuilders received their first orders on 30 July 1869 . The agreement was that Harland and Wolff would build the ships at cost plus a fixed percentage and would not build any vessels for the White Star 's rivals . In 1870 , William Imrie joined the managing company . As the first ship was being commissioned , Ismay formed the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company to operate the steamers under construction . Britannic and Germanic of 1874 , ( 5,000 GRT ) White Star began with six ships of the Oceanic class : Oceanic ( I ) , Atlantic , Baltic , and Republic , followed by the slightly larger Celtic and Adriatic . White Star began operating again in 1871 between New York and Liverpool ( with a call at Queenstown ) . It has long been customary for many shipping lines to have a common theme for the names of their ships . White Star gave their ships names ending in - ic , such as Titanic . The line also adopted a buff - coloured funnel with a black top as a distinguishing feature for their ships , as well as a distinctive house flag , a red broad pennant with two tails , bearing a white five - pointed star . The first substantial loss for the company came only four years after its founding , occurring in 1873 with the sinking of the SS Atlantic and the loss of 535 lives near Halifax , Nova Scotia . While en route to New York from Liverpool amidst a vicious storm , the Atlantic attempted to make port at Halifax when a concern arose that the ship would run out of coal before reaching New York . However , when attempting to enter Halifax , she ran aground on the rocks and sank in shallow waters . Despite being so close to shore , a majority of the victims of the disaster drowned . The crew were blamed for serious navigational errors by the Canadian Inquiry , although a British Board of Trade investigation cleared the company of all extreme wrongdoing . Oceanic of 1899 , ( 17,272 GRT ) During the late nineteenth century , White Star operated many famous ships , such as Britannic ( I ) , Germanic , Teutonic , and Majestic ( I ) . Several of these ships took the Blue Riband , awarded to the fastest ship to make the Atlantic crossing . In 1899 , Thomas Ismay commissioned one of the most beautiful steam ships constructed during the nineteenth century , the Oceanic ( II ) . She was the first ship to exceed the Great Eastern in length ( although not tonnage ) . The building of this ship marked White Star Line 's departure from competition in speed with its rivals . Thereafter White Star concentrated on comfort and economy of operation instead . In the late nineteenth century , shipbuilders had discovered that when speed through water increased above about 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , the required additional engine power increased in exponential proportion ; that is , each additional increment of speed required a progressively larger increase in engine power and fuel consumption . With the coal - fired reciprocating steam engines of the time , exceeding about 24 knots ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) required very high power and fuel consumption . For this reason , the White Star Line committed to comfort and reliability rather than to speed . For example , White Star 's Celtic cruised at 16 knots ( 18 mph ; 30 km / h ) with 14,000 horsepower , while Cunard 's Mauretania made 24 knots ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) with 68,000 horsepower . Adriatic of 1907 ( 24,541 GRT ) , the largest of the Big Four Between 1901 and 1907 , White Star brought `` The Big Four '' ( all around 24,000 tons ) into service : Celtic , Cedric , Baltic , and Adriatic . These ships carried massive numbers of passengers : 400 passengers in First and Second Class , and over 2,000 in Third Class . In addition , they had extremely large cargo capacities , up to 17,000 tons of general cargo . In 1902 White Star Line was absorbed into the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) , a large American shipping conglomerate . Bruce Ismay ceded control to IMM in the face of intense pressure from shareholders and J.P. Morgan , who threatened a rate war . IMM was dissolved in 1932 . The White Star Line and migration ( edit ) In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , millions of people emigrated from Europe to Canada and the United States . White Star was among the first shipping lines to have passenger ships with inexpensive accommodation for third - class passengers , in addition to places for higher paying first - and second - class . The Oceanic - class liners of 1870 -- 1872 carried up to 1,000 third - class passengers , as did the vast majority of White Star 's ships thereafter . The White Star Line 's `` Big Four '' , a quartet of revolutionary liners which had large passenger and freight capacities , had the largest carrying capacity for third - class passengers : Celtic of 1901 , with capacity for 2,352 third - class passengers ; Cedric of 1903 and Baltic of 1904 each had a third - class carrying capacity of 2,000 ; the fourth ship , Adriatic of 1907 , had a third - class carrying capacity of 1,900 . White Star advertised extensively for emigrant passengers . When the Line began operations in 1870 , the majority of their business in the emigration trade was centred on Great Britain , and Irish emigrants remained a chief source of income for much of the company 's history . From the start , a great deal of their business also came from Scandinavia , with Norway and Sweden being the largest areas of success . As the years passed , the company expanded its services into continental Europe , eventually tapping into the massive streams of emigrants from Italy , from the Slavic regions of Central Europe under the control of the Austro - Hungarian empire , and nations such as Romania and Bulgaria in southeastern Europe struggling with slowed economic growth and overpopulation . Also included was Europe 's massive population of Ashkenazi Jews from several areas of Eastern Europe generally known as the Pale of Settlement , a region within the Russian Empire designated under anti-Semitic governmental policies as the only area in which Jews were allowed to settle permanently . The Line eventually expanded their services of travel across all regions of Europe , spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to the Middle East . No exact figures are available , but White Star liners may have carried as many as two million emigrants to North America . As a means of competing with Cunard ( which had faster ships ) , White Star gave their third - class facilities modest luxuries . These included division of steerage passengers into two areas of each vessel . In those days , most shipping lines ( Cunard , Hamburg - Amerika , and North German Lloyd among them ) housed their third - class passengers in large open - berthed dormitories usually located at the forward end of the vessel ; but the White Star Line strictly kept to the policy of dividing their third - class accommodations into two areas on each ship . Quarters for single men , usually found in old - fashioned open - berth dormitories , were located in the forward areas of the vessel ; these quarters differed greatly from those found on ships of other lines as they were much less crowded . Single women , married couples and families were berthed in private two - , four - , and six - berth cabins in the after areas of the vessel . The reasons are best explained in a secret investigation conducted by the U.S. Immigration Bureau . During the years when immigration to the United States was at its peak , American agent Anna Herkner disguised herself as a Bohemian immigrant and made three trans - Atlantic crossings on ships of three different lines to carry out an investigation of the conditions of steerage in secret . Although the actual report omits the names of the vessels she travelled on , records at Ellis Island reveal which ships she had included in her study : in 1905 , she made a westbound crossing in steerage aboard the North German Lloyd line 's Friedrich Der Grosse , followed in 1907 by the Hamburg Amerika Line 's Pennsylvania , and finally , in 1909 , she sailed aboard the White Star Line 's Cedric . Her report contrast `` old - type '' and `` new - type steerage '' , recommending that the government should bring about transition to the latter . While aboard Friedrich Der Grosse and the Pennsylvania she witnessed stewards sexually assaulting female steerage passengers , a severe lack of medical care , and scarcely tolerable food provided to steerage passengers . Aboard Cedric , however , Herkner was surprised at how well she was treated and how well passengers were provided for . In her report , she described her cabin , which she shared with three other women , as private , comfortable , and clean . She noted that each cabin had a bell by which a steward could be summoned , features such as mirrors , hooks to hang clothing on , and private wash basins . The food was of better quality , and the open deck space allotted to steerage passengers was far greater than in the `` old - type '' steerage on the other two ships . Third - class accommodations on the White Star Line included dining rooms with linens and silverware -- and menu cards which had postcards on the back , so that emigrants could write to relatives back home and suggest that they , too , travel with White Star . Additionally , each ship also had a reading room and smoke room allotted to passengers in steerage . Olympic class ships ( edit ) Main article : Olympic - class ocean liner Titanic of 1912 ( 46,328 GRT ) The Cunard Line was the chief competitor to White Star . In response to Cunard 's Lusitania and Mauretania , White Star ordered the Olympic class liners : Olympic , Titanic , and Britannic . While Cunard was famed for the speed of their ships , the Olympic class were to be the biggest and most luxurious ships in the world . The Olympic was the only ship of this class that was profitable for White Star . Titanic sank on her maiden voyage , while Britannic was requisitioned by the British government before she was fully fitted , and used as a hospital ship during World War I. Britannic hit an underwater mine , in the Kea Channel off the Greek island of Kea , and sank on the morning of 21 November 1916 . Interwar years ( edit ) In 1922 the White Star Line gained Majestic and Homeric ; two former German liners which had been ceded to Britain as war reparations , ostensibly as a replacement for the war losses of Britannic and Oceanic . Majestic was then the world 's largest liner and became the company 's flagship . The two former German liners operated successfully alongside Olympic for an express service on the Southampton -- New York route until the Great Depression reduced demand after 1930 . In 1927 the White Star Line was purchased by the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company ( RMSPC ) , making RMSPC the largest shipping group in the world . In 1928 a new Oceanic ( III ) was proposed and her keel was laid down that year at Harland and Wolff . The thousand foot long liner was to have been a motor ship propelled by the new diesel - electric propulsion system , but the ship was never completed due to financial issues . Oceanic 's keel was dismantled and the steel was used in two new smaller motor ships : Britannic ( III ) and Georgic . Both of these ships entered service by 1932 ; they were the last liners White Star had built . RMSPC ran into financial trouble , and was liquidated in 1932 . A new company , Royal Mail Lines Limited , took over the ships of RMSPC and their subordinate lines including White Star . MV Georgic ; the last ship to be built for the White Star Line before the merger . Cunard merger ( edit ) Cunard - White Star Logo In 1933 White Star and Cunard were both in serious financial difficulties because of the Great Depression , falling passenger numbers and the advanced age of their fleets . Work was halted on Cunard 's new giant , Hull 534 ( later the Queen Mary ) in 1931 to save money . In 1933 the British government agreed to provide assistance to the two competitors on the condition that they merge their North Atlantic operations . The agreement was completed on 30 December 1933 . The merger took place on 10 May 1934 , creating Cunard - White Star Limited . White Star contributed ten ships to the new company while Cunard contributed 15 ships . Because of this , and since Hull 534 was Cunard 's ship , 62 % of the company was owned by Cunard 's shareholders and 38 % of the company was owned for the benefit of White Star 's creditors . White Star 's Australia and New Zealand services were not involved in the merger , but were separately disposed of to Shaw , Savill & Albion later in 1934 . A year after this merger , Olympic , the last of her class , was removed from service . She was scrapped in 1937 . In 1947 Cunard acquired the 38 % of Cunard White Star they did not already own , and on 31 December 1949 they acquired Cunard White Star 's assets and operations , and reverted to using the name `` Cunard '' on January 1 , 1950 . From the time of the 1934 merger , the house flags of both lines had been flown on all their ships , with each ship flying the flag of its original owner above the other , but from 1950 , even Georgic and Britannic , the last surviving White Star liners , flew the Cunard house flag above the White Star burgee until they were each withdrawn from service , in 1956 and 1961 respectively . Just as the retiring of Cunard Line 's RMS Aquitania in 1949 marked the end of an era , so the retirement of the Britannic and therefore the last vestiges of the famous White Star Line was similarly noted worldwide . All other ships flew the Cunard flag over the White Star flag until late 1968 . This was most likely because Nomadic remained in service with Cunard until November 4 , 1968 , and was sent to the breakers ' yard , only to be bought for use as a floating restaurant . After this , all remnants of White Star Line were retired . White Star Line today ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Last surviving White Star ship , SS Nomadic , as she appeared in 2012 , drydocked in Belfast , Northern Ireland The White Star Line 's Head Offices still exist in Liverpool , standing in James Street within sight of the more grandiose headquarters of their rivals , the Cunard Building . The building has a plaque commemorating the fact that the building was the head office of the White Star Line . J. Bruce Ismay , the chairman of the line who sailed on Titanic , had his office in the building . The White Star Line 's London offices , named Oceanic House , still exist today . They are just a street off Trafalgar Square , and one can still see the name on the building over the entrances . The Southampton offices still exist , now known as Canute Chambers , they are situated in Canute Road . The French passenger tender Nomadic , the last surviving vessel of the White Star Line , was purchased by the Northern Ireland Department for Social Development in January 2006 . She has since been returned to Belfast , where she has been fully restored to her original and elegant 1912 appearance under the auspices of the Nomadic Preservation Society along with the assistance of her original builders , Harland and Wolff . She is intended to serve as the centerpiece of a museum dedicated to the history of Atlantic steam , the White Star Line , and its most famous ship , the Titanic . The historic Nomadic was opened ceremoniously to the public on 6 January 2013 . Cunard Line itself has , since 1995 , introduced White Star Service as the brand of services on their ships RMS Queen Mary 2 , MS Queen Victoria and the MS Queen Elizabeth . The company has also created the White Star Academy , an in - house programme for preparing new crew members for Cunard ships . The White Star flag is raised on all Cunard ships and on the Nomadic in Belfast , Northern Ireland every 15 April in memory of the Titanic disaster . Fleet events ( edit ) On 21 January 1854 Tayleur wrecked off Lambay Island , with the loss of 380 lives , out of 652 on board . In 1873 Atlantic was wrecked near Halifax , costing 535 lives . In 1893 Naronic vanished on the Atlantic Ocean with 74 crew after departing Liverpool for New York . Wreckage found included deck spars and at least two lifeboats , but no trace of her crew . Her wreck has never been found . In 1907 Suevic ran aground off the southwest coast of England , but in the largest rescue of its kind , all 597 persons ( 456 passengers + 141 crew ) were rescued . The ship was later deliberately broken in two , with the stern half being rebuilt with a new bow . In 1909 the Republic foundered off the New England coast after a collision with the Italian liner Florida . Four lives were lost in the collision and the ship remained afloat for over 39 hours before foundering . The remaining passengers were rescued . In September 1911 Olympic was involved in a collision with the warship HMS Hawke in the Solent , badly damaging both ships . On 14 -- 15 April 1912 Titanic was lost after colliding with an iceberg , taking 1,502 passengers and crew with her . The first White Star ship lost during World War I was Arabic , torpedoed off the Old Head of Kinsale Ireland on 19 August 1915 killing 44 . In 1915 the Ionic was narrowly missed by a German torpedo in the Mediterranean Sea . No lives were lost . On 28 June 1915 the Armenian , a vessel built for the Leyland Line but leased to the White Star Line , was sunk by a torpedo fired by SM U-24 20 miles off the coast of Cornwall , carrying a cargo of 1,400 mules. 29 crew and all the mules were lost . On 3 May 1915 the former Germanic ( then in service as a Turkish troop transport ) was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS E14 . The ship survived the attack with no fatalities . In May 1916 Ceramic was narrowly missed by two torpedoes from unidentified U-boat in Mediterranean Sea . In 1916 the Cymric was torpedoed three times and sunk off the southern coast of Ireland by U-20 , noted as the same submarine responsible for the tragic sinking of the Lusitania the year before . Five lives were lost and the ship stayed afloat for almost three days before foundering . On 21 November 1916 , the second sister ship of Titanic , HMHS Britannic , was lost after striking a mine laid by U-73 in the Kea Channel of the Aegean Sea off the coast of Greece . It sank in 57 minutes with the loss of 30 lives and was the largest vessel sunk in the war . On 25 January 1917 Laurentic struck two mines laid by U-80 and sank with a loss of 354 lives . In May 1917 Afric was torpedoed and sunk by UC - 66 , in English Channel , killing 22 crew members . In June 1917 Ceramic was narrowly missed by one torpedo from unidentified U-boat in English Channel . In August 1917 Delphic was torpedoed 135 miles off Bishop Rock by German U-boat UC - 72 and sank with the loss of five lives . On 12 May 1918 , Olympic rammed and sank the U-boat U-103 which had tried , and failed , to torpedo it . The torpedo actually struck Olympic but failed to detonate . However , several bow plates on Olympic were dented from the collision with the U-boat . Later , while Olympic was in Dry Dock , a large circular - shaped dent was found in the side of her hull , appearing to be the same size as the head of the standard torpedoes used by the German U-Boats . On 19 -- 20 July 1918 Justicia ( owned by the British Government and managed by White Star ) was torpedoed twice by U-46 but she remained afloat . Later in the same day , she was torpedoed two more times by U-46 and again managed to stay afloat . The next morning , as she was towed by HMS Sonia , she was torpedoed two more times by U-124 and finally sank , killing 16 crew members . In September 1918 Persic was torpedoed by U-87 off of the Isles of Scilly , but was able to limp off and outrun the sub . She was towed in and repaired , resuming service . In October 1917 RMS Celtic ran up on a mine laid by U-88 near Cobh , Ireland , killing 17 . She was repaired and put back into military service . In June 1918 , she was torpedoed by UB - 77 in the Irish Sea , killing seven . Once again , she was able to escape the sub and limp into port with her own steam . She was repaired and once again put back into service , serving through the remainder of the war without incident . On 15 May 1934 , while steaming in a fog , Olympic rammed the Lightship Nantucket , sinking it and killing seven of the crew . In November 1940 Laurentic was torpedoed and sunk by U-99 off Northern Ireland with the loss of 49 lives . Notable captains ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Commodore Sir Bertram Fox Hayes KCMG DSO RD RNR -- Commodore , White Star Line Captain Digby Murray , Commodore , best known as captain of Republic and Atlantic . Captain J.B. Ranson OBE of Baltic . Captain Edward J. Smith RD RNR of Titanic . Captain Charles Bartlett CB CBE RD RNR of Britannic , one of the sister ships of Titanic . Captain Herbert J. Haddock CB RNR of the Oceanic , Olympic , and -- for a few days before her departure -- Titanic . Captain Eustace R. White has commanded Bovic , Baltic , Belgic , Nomadic , Homeric , Olympic , and Majestic . One of the first commanders to talk over ship to shore radio from mid-Atlantic . Captain Miles has commanded Arabic , Afric , Celtic . Fleet ( edit ) 1853 -- 1889 ( edit ) Ship Built White Star service GRT Notes Image Red Jacket 1853 1853 -- 1878 2,305 White Star 1854 1854 - 1867 2,340 Blue Jacket 1854 1854 -- 1869 1,790 Tayleur 1854 1854 4,000 Sank on her maiden voyage Oceanic 1870 1870 -- 1895 3,707 Atlantic 1871 1871 -- 1873 3,707 Baltic 1871 1871 -- 1889 2,122 Tropic 1871 1871 -- 1873 2,122 Asiatic 1871 1871 - 1873 2,122 Republic 1872 1872 - 1889 3,984 Adriatic 1872 1872 -- 1899 3,888 Celtic 1872 1872 - 1893 1,867 Traffic 1872 1872 -- 1896 155 Tender Belgic 1873 1873 -- 1888 2,652 Gaelic 1873 1873 -- 1896 2,685 Britannic 1874 1874 -- 1903 5,004 Germanic 1875 1875 -- 1903 5,008 Arabic 1883 1881 -- 1890 4,368 Coptic 1881 1881 -- 1908 4,448 Doric 1883 1883 -- 1906 4,784 Ionic 1883 1883 -- 1900 4,753 Belgic 1885 1885 -- 1903 4,212 Gaelic 1885 1885 -- 1905 4,206 Cufic 1885 1885 -- 1901 4,639 Runic 1889 1889 -- 1895 5,043 Teutonic 1889 1889 -- 1921 9,984 1890 -- 1899 ( edit ) Ship Built White Star service GRT Notes Image Majestic 1890 1890 -- 1914 9,965 Nomadic 1891 1891 -- 1903 5,749 Tauric 1891 1891 -- 1929 5,728 Magnetic 1891 1891 -- 1932 619 Naronic 1892 1892 -- 1893 6,594 Bovic 1892 1892 -- 1922 6,583 Gothic 1893 1893 -- 1906 7,755 Cevic 1894 1894 -- 1914 8,301 Pontic 1894 1894 -- 1930 394 Georgic 1895 1895 -- 1916 10,077 Delphic 1897 1897 -- 1917 8,273 Cymric 1898 1898 -- 1916 13,096 Afric 1898 1899 -- 1917 11,948 Medic 1899 1892 -- 1921 11,973 Persic 1899 1899 -- 1935 11,973 Oceanic 1899 1899 -- 1914 17,272 1900 -- 1909 ( edit ) Ship Built White Star service GRT Notes Image Runic 1900 1900 -- 1930 12,482 Suevic 1900 1900 -- 1928 12,531 Celtic 1901 1901 -- 1928 21,035 Athenic 1902 1902 -- 1928 12,345 Corinthic 1902 1902 -- 1931 12,367 Ionic 1903 1903 -- 1934 12,352 Cedric 1903 1903 -- 1931 21,073 Victorian 1895 1903 -- 1904 8,825 Armenian 1895 1903 -- 1915 8,825 Arabic 1903 1903 -- 1915 15,801 Romanic 1898 1903 -- 1912 11,394 Cretic 1903 1903 -- 1904 13,507 Republic 1903 1903 -- 1909 15,400 Canopic 1900 1904 -- 1925 12,268 Cufic 1895 1904 -- 1923 8,249 Baltic 1904 1904 -- 1933 23,876 Gallic 1894 1907 -- 1913 12,352 Adriatic 1907 1907 -- 1935 24,541 Laurentic 1908 1908 -- 1917 14,892 Megantic 1909 1909 -- 1933 14,878 1910 -- 1919 ( edit ) Ship Built White Star service GRT Notes Image Zealandic 1911 1911 -- 1926 8,090 Nomadic 1911 1911 -- 1925 1,273 Tender Traffic 1911 1911 -- 1927 675 Tender Olympic 1911 1911 -- 1935 45,324 Belgic 1913 1911 -- 1913 9,748 Titanic 1912 1912 46,328 Sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg Ceramic 1912 1913 -- 1934 18,400 Vaderland 1910 1914 -- 1917 11,899 Lapland 1909 1914 -- 1920 17,540 Britannic 1914 1915 -- 1916 48,158 Sank after striking a mine Belgic 1914 1917 -- 1923 27,132 Justicia 1914 1917 -- 1918 32,234 Vedic 1918 1918 -- 1934 9,302 Bardic 1918 1919 -- 1925 9,332 1920 -- 1932 ( edit ) Ship Built White Star service GRT Notes Image Gallic 1918 1920 -- 1933 11,905 Mobile 1909 1920 -- 1920 16,960 Arabic 1909 1920 -- 1931 16,786 Homeric 1913 1922 -- 1935 35,000 Haverford 1901 1921 -- 1925 11,635 Poland 1897 1922 -- 1925 8,282 Majestic 1914 1922 -- 1936 56,551 Pittsburgh 1922 1922 -- 1925 16,322 Doric 1923 1923 -- 1935 16,484 Delphic 1918 1925 -- 1933 8,002 Albertic 1920 1927 -- 1934 18,940 Calgaric 1918 1927 -- 1934 16,063 Laurentic 1927 1927 -- 1940 18,724 Britannic 1929 1929 -- 1949 26,943 Georgic 1932 1932 -- 1949 27,759 See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Nautical portal Companies portal List of White Star Line ships ( Complete list ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` www.thecunarders.co.uk is coming soon ! '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Thecunarders.co.uk . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bourke , Edward J ( 2003 ) . Bound for Australia . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 9523027 - 3 - X . ^ Jump up to : UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 213 . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 500 - 2 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Greg Cochkanoff and Bob Chaulk , SS Atlantic : The White Star Line 's First Disaster at Sea , ( Goose Lane Editions , Fredericton , 2009 ) p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` Steerage conditions , importation and harboring of women for immoral purposes , immigrant homes and aid societies , immigrant banks ... : United States . Immigration Commission ( 1907 -- 1910 ) '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steerage conditions , importation and harboring of women for immoral purposes , immigrant homes and aid societies , immigrant banks ... : United States . Immigration Commission ( 1907 -- 1910 ) '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fact file -- PortCities Southampton '' . Plimsoll.org . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Mail Story : The Kylsant years '' . Users.on.net . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Mail Story : Royal Mail Lines , Ltd '' . Users.on.net . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Georgic '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Britannic '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Roy ( 1964 ) . White Star . Prescot , England : T. Stephenson & Sons Ltd. p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` White Star Service -- Cunard Cruise Line '' . Cunard . Jump up ^ Greg Cochkanoff and Bob Chaulk , SS Atlantic : The White Star Line 's First Disaster at Sea , ( Goose Lane Editions , Fredericton , 2009 ) p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital ship Britannic -- Ships hit by U-boats -- German and Austrian U-boats of World War One -- Kaiserliche Marine '' . uboat.net . Jump up ^ Love , Bob ( 2006 ) , `` Sixth Day '' , Destiny 's Voyage : SS Atlantic , the Titanic of 1873 , AuthorHouse , pp. 256 -- 257 , ISBN 1425930395 Jump up ^ Lloyds register 1860 Further reading ( edit ) The ship 's list History of the White Star Line Red duster page on the White Star Line Brief company overview Info on the original financing deal Chirnside , Mark ( 2016 ) . The ' Big Four ' of the White Star Fleet : Celtic , Cedric , Baltic & Adriatic . Stroud , Gloucestershire : The History Press . ISBN 9780750965972 . Gardiner , Robin , History of the White Star Line , Ian Allan Publishing 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 2809 - 5 Oldham , Wilton J. , The Ismay Line : The White Star Line , and the Ismay family story , The Journal of Commerce , Liverpool , 1961 `` A Nice Quiet Life '' by Alfred H Burlinson , an engineer who served on the Olympic , the Megantic , and Britanic ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Star Line . White Star Line on Titanic-Titanic.com Final Demise of White Star Line Vessels Brief history of the White Star Line -- from TDTSC MN White Star Line discussion forum at TDTSC White Star Line Historical Documents , Brochures , Menus , passenger lists etc . White Star Line History website Cunard - White Star Line on Chris ' Cunard page White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic ( 1911 ) Planned Olympic ( order cancelled ) Oceanic ( never completed ) Former ships Red Jacket ( 1853 ) Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Oceanic ( 1870 ) Atlantic ( 1871 ) Baltic ( 1871 ) Tropic ( 1871 ) Asiatic ( 1871 ) Republic ( 1872 ) Adriatic ( 1872 ) Celtic ( 1872 ) Traffic ( 1872 ) Gaelic ( 1872 ) Belgic ( 1873 ) Britannic ( 1874 ) Germanic ( 1875 ) Arabic ( 1881 ) Coptic ( 1881 ) Ionic ( 1883 ) Doric ( 1883 ) Belgic ( 1885 ) Gaelic ( 1885 ) Cufic ( 1888 ) Runic ( 1889 ) Teutonic ( 1889 ) Majestic ( 1890 ) Tauric ( 1891 ) Magnetic ( 1891 ) Nomadic ( 1891 ) Naronic ( 1892 ) Bovic ( 1892 ) Gothic ( 1893 ) Cevic ( 1894 ) Pontic ( 1894 ) Georgic ( 1895 ) Delphic ( 1897 ) Cymric ( 1898 ) Afric ( 1899 ) Medic ( 1899 ) Persic ( 1899 ) Oceanic Runic ( 1900 ) Suevic ( 1901 ) Celtic ( 1901 ) Athenic ( 1902 ) Corinthic ( 1902 ) Ionic ( 1903 ) Cedric ( 1903 ) Victorian ( 1903 ) Armenian ( 1903 ) Arabic ( 1903 ) Romanic ( 1903 ) Cretic ( 1903 ) Republic ( 1903 ) Canopic ( 1904 ) Cufic ( 1904 ) Baltic ( 1904 ) Tropic ( 1904 ) Gallic ( 1907 ) Adriatic ( 1907 ) Laurentic ( 1909 ) Megantic ( 1909 ) Zeeland ( 1910 ) Traffic ( 1911 ) Olympic ( 1911 ) Belgic ( 1911 ) Zealandic ( 1911 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) Ceramic ( 1913 ) Lapland ( 1914 ) Britannic ( 1914 ) Belgic ( 1917 ) Justicia ( 1918 ) Vedic ( 1918 ) Bardic ( 1919 ) Gallic ( 1920 ) Mobile ( 1920 ) Arabic ( 1920 ) Homeric ( 1920 ) Haverford ( 1921 ) Poland ( 1922 ) Majestic ( 1922 ) Pittsburgh ( 1922 ) Doric ( 1923 ) Delphic ( 1925 ) Regina ( 1925 ) Albertic ( 1927 ) Calgaric ( 1927 ) Laurentic ( 1927 ) Britannic ( 1929 ) Georgic ( 1931 ) Ships of the Cunard Line Current fleet 2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 2007 MS Queen Victoria 2010 MS Queen Elizabeth Former ships 1840 -- 1994 1840 RMS Britannia 1856 RMS Persia 1865 SS Java 1862 RMS Scotia 1870 SS Abyssinia 1870 SS Parthia 1878 SS Aleppo 1881 SS Servia 1881 SS Catalonia 1882 RMS Aurania 1884 RMS Etruria 1884 RMS Umbria 1892 RMS Campania 1893 RMS Lucania 1898 SS Ultonia 1899 SS Ivernia 1899 RMS Saxonia 1903 RMS Carpathia 1904 RMS Slavonia 1905 RMS Carmania 1905 RMS Caronia 1907 RMS Lusitania 1907 RMS Mauretania 1910 RMS Franconia 1911 RMS Albania 1912 RMS Laconia 1913 RMS Alaunia 1913 RMS Aquitania 1914 SS Orduna 1918 SS Empire Barracuda 1920 RMS Lancastria 1920 RMS Samaria 1921 RMS Antonia 1921 RMS Ausonia 1921 RMS Andania 1921 RMS Scythia 1922 RMS Andania 1922 RMS Berengaria 1922 RMS Franconia 1922 RMS Laconia 1922 RMS Majestic 1923 RMS Ascania 1924 RMS Aurania 1924 SS Letitia 1925 RMS Carinthia 1927 SS Laurentic 1929 MV Britannic 1934 MV Georgic 1934 RMS Olympic 1936 RMS Queen Mary 1939 RMS Mauretania 1939 SS Pasteur 1939 MV Empire Audacity 1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 1943 SS Empire Battleaxe 1943 SS Empire Broadsword 1943 SS Valacia 1945 MV Empire Ettrick 1947 RMS Media 1947 RMS Parthia 1949 RMS Caronia 1954 RMS Saxonia 1955 RMS Ivernia 1956 RMS Carinthia 1957 RMS Sylvania 1969 MS Queen Elizabeth 2 1971 MS Cunard Adventurer 1972 MS Cunard Ambassador 1975 MS Cunard Countess 1976 MS Cunard Princess 1980 SS Atlantic Conveyor 1983 MS Sagafjord 1983 MS Caronia 1994 MS Royal Viking Sun Years indicate year of entry into Cunard service . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Star_Line&oldid=801231690 '' Categories : White Star Line Defunct companies based in Liverpool Companies established in 1845 Companies disestablished in 1934 Defunct cruise lines Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom Transatlantic shipping companies Hidden categories : CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) EngvarB from July 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the white star line go out of business | [
"\nWhite Star Line\n\n\n\n\n\nFormer type\n\nPartnership\n\n\nIndustry\nShipping, transportation\n\n\nFate\nmerged with Cunard Line\n\n\nSuccessor\nCunard White Star Line\n\n\nFounded\n1845 (1845) in Liverpool, England\n\n\nDefunct\n1934\n\n\n\nArea served\n\nTransatlantic\n\n\nParent\nIsmay, Imrie and Co.\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.cunard.co.uk\n\n"
] | [
"1934"
] |
-673361246426107040 | I Will Always Love You | I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . `` I Will Always Love You '' Artwork for 1982 rerelease Single by Dolly Parton from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) ; `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) Heartbreak Express 1982 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) I Will Always Love You1982 `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) Hard Candy Christmas 1982 The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter , Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Beyoncé 2.12. 2 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version Background and composition `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts Weekly Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Pop Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube Background In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as an R&B ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) ― 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) ― 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,166,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Beyoncé In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jennifer Hudson Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Jessica Sanchez On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Whitney Houston 's Greatest Videos '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( UK 12 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista. 1992 . 74321 12065 1 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( Europe 12 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records . 1992 . 74321 12065 1 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( UK 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista Records . 1992 . 74321 12065 7 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( Europe 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records . 1992 . 74321 12065 7 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( US 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United States : Arista Records . 1992 . 07822 - 12490 - 7 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( US Maxi - CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United States : Arista Records . 1992 . 07822 - 12503 - 2 . Jump up ^ I Will Always Love You ( Europe Maxi - CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records , BMG Eurodisc. 1992 . 74321 12065 2 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM Top 100 Singles Chart listing for the week of December 19 , 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 . Billboard . February 6 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 161 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Highest position and charting weeks of ' I Will Always Love You ' by Whitney Houston '' . oricon.co.jp . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Search results of the Japanese Oricon Weekly Singles Chart -- 1st week of February 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hits of the World : Spanish Singles Chart . Billboard . March 13 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' . Billboard. 1996 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : I Will Always Love You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` > > IRMA < < Irish Charts -- Singles , Albums & Compilations > > '' . Irma.ie. 2014 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz. 2012 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Classifiche '' . Fimi.it . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- March 3 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 02 - 25 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2012 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Whitney Houston tracks on course to re-enter Official Singles Chart '' . UK Single Chart . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ' Part of Me ' Debuts Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The best selling single of 1992 in Italy '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles Year - End Chart of 1993 '' . austriancharts. a . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1993 '' . Hung Medien . Ultratop . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks listing for the week of December 18 , 1993 '' . December 18 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 58 ( 23 ) . December 18 , 1993 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 54 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Year - end Singles Chart of 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1993 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts of 1993 : Singles '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 : Year - End USA Charts ( Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ( archived by Top40-Charts.com ) Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Adult Contemporary Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top R&B Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Promuiscae.es . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Decenniumlijst : 90 's '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Remakes & The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs & Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1993 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Accreditations ( 1987 -- 2010 ) '' . Australian Fun Countdowns . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Whitney Houston in the field Interpret . Enter I Will Always Love You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' `` . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード 協会 調べ 1 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 < 略称 : 1 月度 認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography RCA Records MCA Records Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=804332189 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 08 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang i will always live you first | [
"The song, \"I Will Always Love You\" was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton. [3] Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career.[4][3]"
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"Dolly Parton"
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-4541007870430094095 | United States Secretary of Health and Human Services | United States Secretary of Health and Human Services - wikipedia United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Jump to : navigation , search Secretary of Health and Human Services of the United States Seal of the Department of Health and Human Services Flag of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Incumbent Alex Azar since January 29 , 2018 United States Department of Health and Human Services Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 67 Stat. 631 42 U.S.C. § 3501 Precursor Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Formation August 3 , 1979 First holder Patricia Roberts Harris Succession Twelfth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Salary Executive Schedule , level 1 Website www.hhs.gov The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , concerned with health matters . The Secretary is a member of the President 's Cabinet . The office was formerly Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1980 , the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services , and its education functions and Rehabilitation Services Administration were transferred to the new Department of Education . Patricia Roberts Harris headed the department before and after it was renamed . Nominations to the office of Secretary of HHS are referred to the Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Committee and the Finance Committee , which has jurisdiction over Medicare and Medicaid , before confirmation is considered by the full United States Senate . Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act the role of the Secretary has been greatly expanded . Donald Trump selected then - Congressman Tom Price to be the 23rd Secretary of the Health and Human Services Department . Price was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 10 , 2017 and resigned on September 29 , 2017 . Trump then named Don J. Wright , Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health and Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , as acting Secretary until Deputy Secretary Eric Hargan was sworn in on October 10 , 2017 . On November 13 , 2017 , Trump nominated former pharmaceutical executive Alex Azar to fill the position permanently . Azar 's confirmation hearing before the Senate Finance Committee took place on January 9 , 2018 , and on January 24 , 2018 , Azar was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 55 to 43 . Azar was sworn in on January 29 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Duties 2 List of Secretaries of Health and Human Services 2.1 Secretaries of Health , Education , and Welfare 2.2 Secretaries of Health and Human Services 3 Line of succession 4 Living former secretaries 4.1 Department of Health , Education , and Welfare 4.2 Department of Health and Human Services 5 References 6 External links Duties ( edit ) The flag of the Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare , the predecessor to the Secretary of Health and Human Services . The duties of the secretary revolve around human conditions and concerns in the United States . This includes advising the president on matters of health , welfare , and income security programs . The Secretary strives to administer the Department of Health and Human Services to carry out approved programs and make the public aware of the objectives of the department . The Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( HEW ) was reorganized into a Department of Education and a Department of Health and Human Services ( US DHHS ) . The Department of Health and Human Services oversees 11 agencies including the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) , National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , Administration for Children and Families ( ACF ) and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) . List of Secretaries of Health and Human Services ( edit ) Parties Democratic ( 8 ) Republican ( 15 ) Independent ( 1 ) Secretaries of Health , Education , and Welfare ( edit ) No . Portrait Name State of residence Took office Left office President ( s ) Oveta Culp Hobby Texas April 11 , 1953 July 31 , 1955 Dwight D. Eisenhower Marion B. Folsom New York August 2 , 1955 July 31 , 1958 Arthur S. Flemming Ohio August 1 , 1958 January 19 , 1961 Abraham A. Ribicoff Connecticut January 21 , 1961 July 13 , 1962 John F. Kennedy 5 Anthony J. Celebrezze Ohio July 31 , 1962 August 17 , 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 John W. Gardner California August 18 , 1965 March 1 , 1968 7 Wilbur J. Cohen Michigan May 16 , 1968 January 20 , 1969 8 Robert H. Finch California January 21 , 1969 June 23 , 1970 Richard Nixon 9 Elliot L. Richardson Massachusetts June 24 , 1970 January 29 , 1973 10 Caspar W. Weinberger California February 12 , 1973 August 8 , 1975 Gerald Ford 11 F. David Mathews Alabama August 8 , 1975 January 20 , 1977 12 Joseph A. Califano Jr . District of Columbia January 25 , 1977 August 3 , 1979 Jimmy Carter 13 Patricia Roberts Harris District of Columbia August 3 , 1979 May 4 , 1980 Secretaries of Health and Human Services ( edit ) No . Portrait Name State of Residence Took office Left office President ( s ) 13 Patricia Roberts Harris District of Columbia May 4 , 1980 January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter 14 Richard S. Schweiker Pennsylvania January 22 , 1981 February 3 , 1983 Ronald Reagan 15 Margaret M. Heckler Massachusetts March 9 , 1983 December 13 , 1985 16 Otis R. Bowen Indiana December 13 , 1985 January 20 , 1989 17 Louis Wade Sullivan Georgia March 1 , 1989 January 20 , 1993 George H.W. Bush 18 Donna Shalala Wisconsin January 22 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 Bill Clinton 19 Tommy G. Thompson Wisconsin February 2 , 2001 January 26 , 2005 George W. Bush 20 Michael O. Leavitt Utah January 26 , 2005 January 20 , 2009 -- Charles E. Johnson Utah January 20 , 2009 April 28 , 2009 Barack Obama 21 Kathleen Sebelius Kansas April 28 , 2009 June 9 , 2014 22 Sylvia Mathews Burwell District of Columbia June 9 , 2014 January 20 , 2017 -- Norris Cochran January 20 , 2017 February 10 , 2017 Donald Trump 23 Tom Price Georgia February 10 , 2017 September 29 , 2017 -- Don J. Wright Virginia September 29 , 2017 October 10 , 2017 -- Eric Hargan Illinois October 10 , 2017 January 29 , 2018 24 Alex Azar Indiana January 29 , 2018 Incumbent Line of succession ( edit ) The line of succession for the Secretary of Health and Human Services is as follows : Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services . General Counsel of the Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Administration Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Commissioner of Food and Drugs Director of the National Institutes of Health Assistant Secretary for Children and Families Other Assistant Secretaries ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) Assistant Secretary for Health Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Assistant Secretary for Legislation Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources Assistant Secretary for Aging Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director , Region 4 ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Living former Secretaries ( edit ) See also : List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ( edit ) As of April 2018 , there are two living former Secretaries of Health , Education and Welfare , the oldest being Joseph A. Califano Jr. ( served 1977 -- 1979 , born 1931 ) . The most recent Secretary of Health , Education and Welfare to die was Caspar Weinberger ( served 1973 -- 1975 , born 1917 ) , on March 28 , 2006 . The most recently serving Secretary to die was Patricia Roberts Harris ( served 1979 -- 1980 , born 1924 ) on March 23 , 1985 . Name Term Date of birth ( and age ) F. David Mathews 1975 -- 1977 ( 1935 - 12 - 06 ) December 6 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Joseph A. Califano Jr . 1977 -- 1979 ( 1931 - 05 - 15 ) May 15 , 1931 ( age 86 ) Department of Health and Human Services ( edit ) A gathering of five secretaries in June 2015 As of April 2018 , there are eight living former Secretaries of Health and Human Services ( with all Secretaries that have served since 1989 still living ) , the oldest being Margaret Heckler ( served 1983 -- 1985 , born 1931 ) ; The most recent Secretary of Health and Human Services to die was Richard Schweiker ( served 1981 -- 1983 , born 1926 ) , on July 31 , 2015 . The most recently serving Secretary to die was Otis R. Bowen ( served 1985 -- 1988 , born 1918 ) on May 4 , 2013 . Name Term Date of birth ( and age ) Margaret Heckler 1983 -- 1985 ( 1931 - 06 - 21 ) June 21 , 1931 ( age 86 ) Louis W. Sullivan 1989 -- 1993 ( 1933 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Donna Shalala 1993 -- 2001 ( 1941 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1941 ( age 77 ) Tommy Thompson 2001 -- 2005 ( 1941 - 11 - 19 ) November 19 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Mike Leavitt 2005 -- 2009 ( 1951 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1951 ( age 67 ) Kathleen Sebelius 2009 -- 2014 ( 1948 - 05 - 15 ) May 15 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Sylvia Mathews Burwell 2014 -- 2017 ( 1965 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1965 ( age 52 ) Tom Price 2017 ( 1954 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1954 ( age 63 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , M. Cay ( February 6 , 2017 ) . Foundations of Education : History and theory of teaching children and youths with visual impairments . American Foundation for the Blind . ISBN 9780891283409 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia R. Harris ( 1977 -- 1979 ) -- Miller Center '' . millercenter.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jurisdiction The United States Senate Committee on Finance '' . www.finance.senate.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ropes & Gray LLP : Alerts '' . www.ropesgray.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leavitt , Michael O. ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Health reform 's central flaw : Too much power in one office '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Thrush , Glenn ; Haberman , Maggie ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Health Secretary Tom Price Resigns After Drawing Ire for Chartered Flights '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Amy ; Eilperin , Juliet ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Senate Finance Committee evaluates Alex Azar to be the next HHS secretary '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Senate Confirms Trump Nominee Alex Azar as Health Secretary '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/alex-azar-sworn-in-as-secretary-of-health-and-human-services/2018/01/29/8257006e-0514-11e8-aa61-f3391373867e_story.html Jump up ^ `` The President 's Cabinet '' . Ben 's Guide . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` HHS Agencies & Offices HHS.gov '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harris was Secretary on May 4 , 1980 , when the office changed names from Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare to Secretary of Health and Human Services . Because the department merely changed names , she did not need to be confirmed again , and her term continued uninterrupted . Jump up ^ `` Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Health and Human Services '' . Federal Register . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Department Of Health And Human Services Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Alex Acosta as Secretary of Labor Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of Health and Human Services Succeeded by Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta 12th in line Succeeded by Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services Secretaries of Heath , Education , and Welfare Hobby Folsom Flemming Ribicoff Celebrezze Gardner Cohen Finch Richardson Weinberger Mathews Califano Harris Secretaries of Health and Human Services Harris Schweiker Heckler Bowen Sullivan Shalala Thompson Leavitt Sebelius Burwell Price Azar Agencies of the United States Department of Health and Human Services Headquarters : Hubert H. Humphrey Building Alex Azar , Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan , Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretariate staff offices Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Organizations directly under the Secretary of Health and Human Services Administration for Community Living Organizations under the Assistant Secretary for Health Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Public Health Service Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Surgeon General Office of Public Health and Science Administration for Children and Families Administration on Aging Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Food and Drug Administration Health Resources and Services Administration Indian Health Service National Institutes of Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Programs Child Welfare Information Gateway National Toxicology Program Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services&oldid=837642559 '' Categories : Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States United States Department of Health and Human Services Cabinet of the United States Health ministers United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 02 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who heads the department of health and human services | [
"Donald Trump selected then-Congressman Tom Price to be the 23rd Secretary of the Health and Human Services Department. Price was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 10, 2017 and resigned on September 29, 2017.[7] Trump then named Don J. Wright, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health and Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, as acting Secretary until Deputy Secretary Eric Hargan was sworn in on October 10, 2017. On November 13, 2017, Trump nominated former pharmaceutical executive Alex Azar to fill the position permanently. Azar's confirmation hearing before the Senate Finance Committee took place on January 9, 2018,[8] and on January 24, 2018, Azar was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 55 to 43.[9] Azar was sworn in on January 29, 2018.[10]"
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"Alex Azar"
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-5982338860221779101 | World Wide Web | World Wide Web - wikipedia World Wide Web `` WWW '' and `` The Web '' redirect here . For other uses of WWW , see WWW ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of web , see Web ( disambiguation ) . For the first web software , see WorldWideWeb . Not to be confused with the Internet . A global map of the web index for countries in 2014 The World Wide Web ( WWW ) , also called the Web , is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators ( URLs ) , interlinked by hypertext links , and accessible via the Internet . English scientist Tim Berners - Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 . He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland . The browser was released outside CERN in 1991 , first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991 . The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet . Web pages are primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) . In addition to formatted text , web pages may contain images , video , audio , and software components that are rendered in the user 's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content . Embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages . Multiple web pages with a common theme , a common domain name , or both , make up a website . Website content can largely be provided by the publisher , or interactively where users contribute content or the content depends upon the users or their actions . Websites may be mostly informative , primarily for entertainment , or largely for commercial , governmental , or non-governmental organisational purpose . Contents 1 History 2 Function 2.1 Linking 2.2 Dynamic updates of web pages 2.3 WWW prefix 2.4 Scheme specifiers 3 Web security 4 Privacy 5 Standards 6 Accessibility 7 Internationalisation 8 Statistics 9 Web caching 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the World Wide Web The NeXT Computer used by Tim Berners - Lee at CERN . The corridor where WWW was born . CERN , ground floor of building No. 1 Tim Berners - Lee 's vision of a global hyperlinked information system became a possibility by the second half of the 1980s . By 1985 , the global Internet began to proliferate in Europe and the Domain Name System ( upon which the Uniform Resource Locator is built ) came into being . In 1988 the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was made and Berners - Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a web - like system at CERN . In March 1989 Berners - Lee issued a proposal to the management at CERN for a system called `` Mesh '' that referenced ENQUIRE , a database and software project he had built in 1980 , which used the term `` web '' and described a more elaborate information management system based on links embedded in readable text : `` Imagine , then , the references in this document all being associated with the network address of the thing to which they referred , so that while reading this document you could skip to them with a click of the mouse . '' Such a system , he explained , could be referred to using one of the existing meanings of the word hypertext , a term that he says was coined in the 1950s . There is no reason , the proposal continues , why such hypertext links could not encompass multimedia documents including graphics , speech and video , so that Berners - Lee goes on to use the term hypermedia . With help from his colleague and fellow hypertext enthusiast Robert Cailliau he published a more formal proposal on 12 November 1990 to build a `` Hypertext project '' called `` WorldWideWeb '' ( one word ) as a `` web '' of `` hypertext documents '' to be viewed by `` browsers '' using a client -- server architecture . At this point HTML and HTTP had already been in development for about two months and the first Web server was about a month from completing its first successful test . This proposal estimated that a read - only web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve `` the creation of new links and new material by readers , ( so that ) authorship becomes universal '' as well as `` the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him / her has become available . '' While the read - only goal was met , accessible authorship of web content took longer to mature , with the wiki concept , WebDAV , blogs , Web 2.0 and RSS / Atom . The CERN data centre in 2010 housing some WWW servers The proposal was modelled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology , a spin - off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University . The Dynatext system , licensed by CERN , was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879 : 1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime , but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community , namely a fee for each document and each document alteration . A NeXT Computer was used by Berners - Lee as the world 's first web server and also to write the first web browser , WorldWideWeb , in 1990 . By Christmas 1990 , Berners - Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web : the first web browser ( which was a web editor as well ) and the first web server . The first web site , which described the project itself , was published on 20 December 1990 . The first web page may be lost , but Paul Jones of UNC - Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners - Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC . Jones stored it on a magneto - optical drive and on his NeXT computer . On 6 August 1991 , Berners - Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt. hypertext . This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers , which had occurred months earlier . As another example of such confusion , several news media reported that the first photo on the Web was published by Berners - Lee in 1992 , an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes taken by Silvano de Gennaro ; Gennaro has disclaimed this story , writing that media were `` totally distorting our words for the sake of cheap sensationalism . '' The first server outside Europe was installed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ( SLAC ) in Palo Alto , California , to host the SPIRES - HEP database . Accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event . The World Wide Web Consortium 's timeline says December 1992 , whereas SLAC itself claims December 1991 , as does a W3C document titled A Little History of the World Wide Web . The underlying concept of hypertext originated in previous projects from the 1960s , such as the Hypertext Editing System ( HES ) at Brown University , Ted Nelson 's Project Xanadu , and Douglas Engelbart 's oN - Line System ( NLS ) . Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush 's microfilm - based memex , which was described in the 1945 essay `` As We May Think '' . Berners - Lee 's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet . In his book Weaving The Web , he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities , but when no one took up his invitation , he finally assumed the project himself . In the process , he developed three essential technologies : a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere , the universal document identifier ( UDI ) , later known as uniform resource locator ( URL ) and uniform resource identifier ( URI ) ; the publishing language HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) ; the Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) . The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems available at the time . The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones , making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource . It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers ( in comparison to earlier systems ) , but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot . Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard , the World Wide Web was non-proprietary , making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions . On 30 April 1993 , CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone , with no fees due . Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use , this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web . An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW for Unix and the X Windowing System . Robert Cailliau , Jean - François Abramatic , and Tim Berners - Lee at the 10th anniversary of the World Wide Web Consortium . Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 , a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign ( NCSA - UIUC ) , led by Marc Andreessen . Funding for Mosaic came from the US High - Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , one of several computing developments initiated by US Senator Al Gore . Prior to the release of Mosaic , graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the web 's popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet , such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers ( WAIS ) . Mosaic 's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become , by far , the most popular Internet protocol . The World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) was founded by Tim Berners - Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in October 1994 . It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science ( MIT / LCS ) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , which had pioneered the Internet ; a year later , a second site was founded at INRIA ( a French national computer research lab ) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo ; and in 1996 , a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University . By the end of 1994 , the total number of websites was still relatively small , but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today 's most popular services . Connected by the Internet , other websites were created around the world . This motivated international standards development for protocols and formatting . Berners - Lee continued to stay involved in guiding the development of web standards , such as the markup languages to compose web pages and he advocated his vision of a Semantic Web . The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy - to - use and flexible format . It thus played an important role in popularising use of the Internet . Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use , World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet . The Web is an information space containing hyperlinked documents and other resources , identified by their URIs . It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as TCP / IP and HTTP . Berners - Lee was knighted in 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II for `` services to the global development of the Internet '' . Function ( edit ) The World Wide Web functions as an application layer protocol that is run `` on top of '' ( figuratively ) the Internet , helping to make it more functional . The advent of the Mosaic web browser helped to make the web much more usable , to include the display of images and moving images ( GIFs ) . The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without much distinction . However , the two are not the same . The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks . In contrast , the World Wide Web is a global collection of documents and other resources , linked by hyperlinks and URIs . Web resources are usually accessed using HTTP , which is one of many Internet communication protocols . Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser , or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource . The web browser then initiates a series of background communication messages to fetch and display the requested page . In the 1990s , using a browser to view web pages -- and to move from one web page to another through hyperlinks -- came to be known as ' browsing , ' ' web surfing ' ( after channel surfing ) , or ' navigating the Web ' . Early studies of this new behaviour investigated user patterns in using web browsers . One study , for example , found five user patterns : exploratory surfing , window surfing , evolved surfing , bounded navigation and targeted navigation . The following example demonstrates the functioning of a web browser when accessing a page at the URL http://www.example.org/home.html . The browser resolves the server name of the URL ( www.example.org ) into an Internet Protocol address using the globally distributed Domain Name System ( DNS ) . This lookup returns an IP address such as 203.0. 113.4 or 2001 : db8 : 2e : : 7334 . The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request across the Internet to the computer at that address . It requests service from a specific TCP port number that is well known for the HTTP service , so that the receiving host can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing . The HTTP protocol normally uses port number 80 . The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as two lines of text : GET / home. html HTTP / 1.1 Host : www.example.org The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for requests on port 80 . If the web server can fulfil the request it sends an HTTP response back to the browser indicating success : HTTP / 1.0 200 OK Content - Type : text / html ; charset = UTF - 8 followed by the content of the requested page . HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) for a basic web page might look like this : < html > < head > < title > Example.org -- The World Wide Web < / title > < / head > < body > < p > The World Wide Web , abbreviated as WWW and commonly known ... < / p > < / body > < / html > The web browser parses the HTML and interprets the markup ( < title > , < p > for paragraph , and such ) that surrounds the words to format the text on the screen . Many web pages use HTML to reference the URLs of other resources such as images , other embedded media , scripts that affect page behaviour , and Cascading Style Sheets that affect page layout . The browser makes additional HTTP requests to the web server for these other Internet media types . As it receives their content from the web server , the browser progressively renders the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML and these additional resources . Linking ( edit ) Most web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files , source documents , definitions and other web resources . In the underlying HTML , a hyperlink looks like this : < a href = `` http://www.example.org/home.html">Example.org Homepage < / a > Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW , demonstrating hyperlinks Such a collection of useful , related resources , interconnected via hypertext links is dubbed a web of information . Publication on the Internet created what Tim Berners - Lee first called the WorldWideWeb ( in its original CamelCase , which was subsequently discarded ) in November 1990 . The hyperlink structure of the WWW is described by the webgraph : the nodes of the web graph correspond to the web pages ( or URLs ) the directed edges between them to the hyperlinks . Over time , many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear , relocate , or are replaced with different content . This makes hyperlinks obsolete , a phenomenon referred to in some circles as link rot , and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called dead links . The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive web sites . The Internet Archive , active since 1996 , is the best known of such efforts . Dynamic updates of Web pages ( edit ) Main article : Ajax ( programming ) JavaScript is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich , then of Netscape , for use within web pages . The standardised version is ECMAScript . To make web pages more interactive , some web applications also use JavaScript techniques such as Ajax ( asynchronous JavaScript and XML ) . Client - side script is delivered with the page that can make additional HTTP requests to the server , either in response to user actions such as mouse movements or clicks , or based on elapsed time . The server 's responses are used to modify the current page rather than creating a new page with each response , so the server needs only to provide limited , incremental information . Multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the same time , and users can interact with the page while data is retrieved . Web pages may also regularly poll the server to check whether new information is available . Www prefix ( edit ) Many hostnames used for the World Wide Web begin with www because of the long - standing practice of naming Internet hosts according to the services they provide . The hostname of a web server is often www , in the same way that it may be ftp for an FTP server , and news or nntp for a USENET news server . These host names appear as Domain Name System ( DNS ) or subdomain names , as in www.example.com . The use of www is not required by any technical or policy standard and many web sites do not use it ; the first web server was nxoc01.cern.ch . According to Paolo Palazzi , who worked at CERN along with Tim Berners - Lee , the popular use of www as subdomain was accidental ; the World Wide Web project page was intended to be published at www.cern.ch while info.cern.ch was intended to be the CERN home page , however the DNS records were never switched , and the practice of prepending www to an institution 's website domain name was subsequently copied . Many established websites still use the prefix , or they employ other subdomain names such as www2 , secure or en for special purposes . Many such web servers are set up so that both the main domain name ( e.g. , example.com ) and the www subdomain ( e.g. , www.example.com ) refer to the same site ; others require one form or the other , or they may map to different web sites . The use of a subdomain name is useful for load balancing incoming web traffic by creating a CNAME record that points to a cluster of web servers . Since , currently , only a subdomain can be used in a CNAME , the same result can not be achieved by using the bare domain root . When a user submits an incomplete domain name to a web browser in its address bar input field , some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix `` www '' to the beginning of it and possibly ``. com '' , ``. org '' and ``. net '' at the end , depending on what might be missing . For example , entering ' microsoft ' may be transformed to http://www.microsoft.com/ and ' openoffice ' to http://www.openoffice.org . This feature started appearing in early versions of Firefox , when it still had the working title ' Firebird ' in early 2003 , from an earlier practice in browsers such as Lynx . It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008 , but only for mobile devices . In English , www is usually read as double - u double - u double - u . Some users pronounce it dub - dub - dub , particularly in New Zealand . Stephen Fry , in his `` Podgrams '' series of podcasts , pronounces it wuh wuh wuh . The English writer Douglas Adams once quipped in The Independent on Sunday ( 1999 ) : `` The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it 's short for '' . In Mandarin Chinese , World Wide Web is commonly translated via a phono - semantic matching to wàn wéi wǎng ( 万维网 ) , which satisfies www and literally means `` myriad dimensional net '' , a translation that reflects the design concept and proliferation of the World Wide Web . Tim Berners - Lee 's web - space states that World Wide Web is officially spelled as three separate words , each capitalised , with no intervening hyphens . Use of the www prefix has been declining , especially when Web 2.0 web applications sought to brand their domain names and make them easily pronounceable . As the mobile Web grew in popularity , services like Gmail.com , Outlook.com , Myspace.com , Facebook.com and Twitter.com are most often mentioned without adding `` www . '' ( or , indeed , ``. com '' ) to the domain . Scheme specifiers ( edit ) The scheme specifiers http : / / and https : / / at the start of a web URI refer to Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP Secure , respectively . They specify the communication protocol to use for the request and response . The HTTP protocol is fundamental to the operation of the World Wide Web , and the added encryption layer in HTTPS is essential when browsers send or retrieve confidential data , such as passwords or banking information . Web browsers usually automatically prepend http : / / to user - entered URIs , if omitted . Web security ( edit ) For criminals , the Web has become a venue to spread malware and engage in a range of cybercrimes , including identity theft , fraud , espionage and intelligence gathering . Web - based vulnerabilities now outnumber traditional computer security concerns , and as measured by Google , about one in ten web pages may contain malicious code . Most web - based attacks take place on legitimate websites , and most , as measured by Sophos , are hosted in the United States , China and Russia . The most common of all malware threats is SQL injection attacks against websites . Through HTML and URIs , the Web was vulnerable to attacks like cross-site scripting ( XSS ) that came with the introduction of JavaScript and were exacerbated to some degree by Web 2.0 and Ajax web design that favours the use of scripts . Today by one estimate , 70 % of all websites are open to XSS attacks on their users . Phishing is another common threat to the Web . `` SA , the Security Division of EMC , today announced the findings of its January 2013 Fraud Report , estimating the global losses from phishing at $1.5 Billion in 2012 '' . Two of the well - known phishing methods are Covert Redirect and Open Redirect . Proposed solutions vary . Large security companies like McAfee already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9 / 11 regulations , and some , like Finjan have recommended active real - time inspection of programming code and all content regardless of its source . Some have argued that for enterprises to see Web security as a business opportunity rather than a cost centre , while others call for `` ubiquitous , always - on digital rights management '' enforced in the infrastructure to replace the hundreds of companies that secure data and networks . Jonathan Zittrain has said users sharing responsibility for computing safety is far preferable to locking down the Internet . Privacy ( edit ) Main article : Internet privacy Every time a client requests a web page , the server can identify the request 's IP address and usually logs it . Also , unless set not to do so , most web browsers record requested web pages in a viewable history feature , and usually cache much of the content locally . Unless the server - browser communication uses HTTPS encryption , web requests and responses travel in plain text across the Internet and can be viewed , recorded , and cached by intermediate systems . When a web page asks for , and the user supplies , personally identifiable information -- such as their real name , address , e-mail address , etc. -- web - based entities can associate current web traffic with that individual . If the website uses HTTP cookies , username and password authentication , or other tracking techniques , it can relate other web visits , before and after , to the identifiable information provided . In this way it is possible for a web - based organisation to develop and build a profile of the individual people who use its site or sites . It may be able to build a record for an individual that includes information about their leisure activities , their shopping interests , their profession , and other aspects of their demographic profile . These profiles are obviously of potential interest to marketeers , advertisers and others . Depending on the website 's terms and conditions and the local laws that apply information from these profiles may be sold , shared , or passed to other organisations without the user being informed . For many ordinary people , this means little more than some unexpected e-mails in their in - box or some uncannily relevant advertising on a future web page . For others , it can mean that time spent indulging an unusual interest can result in a deluge of further targeted marketing that may be unwelcome . Law enforcement , counter terrorism , and espionage agencies can also identify , target and track individuals based on their interests or proclivities on the Web . Social networking sites try to get users to use their real names , interests , and locations , rather than pseudonyms , as their executives believe that this makes the social networking experience more engaging for users . On the other hand , uploaded photographs or unguarded statements can be identified to an individual , who may regret this exposure . Employers , schools , parents , and other relatives may be influenced by aspects of social networking profiles , such as text posts or digital photos , that the posting individual did not intend for these audiences . On - line bullies may make use of personal information to harass or stalk users . Modern social networking websites allow fine grained control of the privacy settings for each individual posting , but these can be complex and not easy to find or use , especially for beginners . Photographs and videos posted onto websites have caused particular problems , as they can add a person 's face to an on - line profile . With modern and potential facial recognition technology , it may then be possible to relate that face with other , previously anonymous , images , events and scenarios that have been imaged elsewhere . Because of image caching , mirroring and copying , it is difficult to remove an image from the World Wide Web . Standards ( edit ) Main article : Web standards Many formal standards and other technical specifications and software define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web , the Internet , and computer information exchange . Many of the documents are the work of the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) , headed by Berners - Lee , but some are produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) and other organisations . Usually , when web standards are discussed , the following publications are seen as foundational : Recommendations for markup languages , especially HTML and XHTML , from the W3C . These define the structure and interpretation of hypertext documents . Recommendations for stylesheets , especially CSS , from the W3C . Standards for ECMAScript ( usually in the form of JavaScript ) , from Ecma International . Recommendations for the Document Object Model , from W3C . Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web , including , but not limited to , the following : Uniform Resource Identifier ( URI ) , which is a universal system for referencing resources on the Internet , such as hypertext documents and images . URIs , often called URLs , are defined by the IETF 's RFC 3986 / STD 66 : Uniform Resource Identifier ( URI ) : Generic Syntax , as well as its predecessors and numerous URI scheme - defining RFCs ; HyperText Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) , especially as defined by RFC 2616 : HTTP / 1.1 and RFC 2617 : HTTP Authentication , which specify how the browser and server authenticate each other . Accessibility ( edit ) Main article : Web accessibility There are methods for accessing the Web in alternative mediums and formats to facilitate use by individuals with disabilities . These disabilities may be visual , auditory , physical , speech - related , cognitive , neurological , or some combination . Accessibility features also help people with temporary disabilities , like a broken arm , or ageing users as their abilities change . The Web receives information as well as providing information and interacting with society . The World Wide Web Consortium claims that it is essential that the Web be accessible , so it can provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with disabilities . Tim Berners - Lee once noted , `` The power of the Web is in its universality . Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect . '' Many countries regulate web accessibility as a requirement for websites . International co-operation in the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative led to simple guidelines that web content authors as well as software developers can use to make the Web accessible to persons who may or may not be using assistive technology . Internationalisation ( edit ) The W3C Internationalisation Activity assures that web technology works in all languages , scripts , and cultures . Beginning in 2004 or 2005 , Unicode gained ground and eventually in December 2007 surpassed both ASCII and Western European as the Web 's most frequently used character encoding . Originally RFC 3986 allowed resources to be identified by URI in a subset of US - ASCII . RFC 3987 allows more characters -- any character in the Universal Character Set -- and now a resource can be identified by IRI in any language . Statistics ( edit ) Between 2005 and 2010 , the number of web users doubled , and was expected to surpass two billion in 2010 . Early studies in 1998 and 1999 estimating the size of the Web using capture / recapture methods showed that much of the web was not indexed by search engines and the Web was much larger than expected . According to a 2001 study , there was a massive number , over 550 billion , of documents on the Web , mostly in the invisible Web , or Deep Web . A 2002 survey of 2,024 million web pages determined that by far the most web content was in the English language : 56.4 % ; next were pages in German ( 7.7 % ) , French ( 5.6 % ) , and Japanese ( 4.9 % ) . A more recent study , which used web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web , determined that there were over 11.5 billion web pages in the publicly indexable web as of the end of January 2005 . As of March 2009 , the indexable web contains at least 25.21 billion pages . On 25 July 2008 , Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hajaj announced that Google Search had discovered one trillion unique URLs . As of May 2009 , over 109.5 million domains operated . Of these , 74 % were commercial or other domains operating in the generic top - level domain com . Statistics measuring a website 's popularity , such as the Alexa Internet rankings , are usually based either on the number of page views or on associated server `` hits '' ( file requests ) that it receives . Web caching ( edit ) A web cache is a server computer located either on the public Internet , or within an enterprise that stores recently accessed web pages to improve response time for users when the same content is requested within a certain time after the original request . Most web browsers also implement a browser cache by writing recently obtained data to a local data storage device . HTTP requests by a browser may ask only for data that has changed since the last access . Web pages and resources may contain expiration information to control caching to secure sensitive data , such as in online banking , or to facilitate frequently updated sites , such as news media . Even sites with highly dynamic content may permit basic resources to be refreshed only occasionally . Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site - wide files so that they can be cached efficiently . Enterprise firewalls often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of many users . Some search engines store cached content of frequently accessed websites . See also ( edit ) Electronic publishing Internet metaphors Internet security Lists of websites Prestel Streaming media Web 2.0 Web development tools Web literacy Webgraph World Wide Telecom Web Computer Science portal Engineering portal Internet portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the difference between the Web and the Internet ? '' . 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Further reading ( edit ) Berners - Lee , Tim ; Bray , Tim ; Connolly , Dan ; Cotton , Paul ; Fielding , Roy ; Jeckle , Mario ; Lilley , Chris ; Mendelsohn , Noah ; Orchard , David ; Walsh , Norman ; Williams , Stuart ( 15 December 2004 ) . `` Architecture of the World Wide Web , Volume One '' . Version 20041215 . W3C . Berners - Lee , Tim ( August 1996 ) . `` The World Wide Web : Past , Present and Future '' . Fielding , R. ; Gettys , J. ; Mogul , J. ; Frystyk , H. ; Masinter , L. ; Leach , P. ; Berners - Lee , T. ( June 1999 ) . `` Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP / 1.1 '' . Request For Comments 2616 . Information Sciences Institute . Niels Brügger , ed . Web History ( 2010 ) 362 pages ; Historical perspective on the World Wide Web , including issues of culture , content , and preservation . Polo , Luciano ( 2003 ) . `` World Wide Web Technology Architecture : A Conceptual Analysis '' . New Devices . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Skau , H.O. ( March 1990 ) . `` The World Wide Web and Health Information '' . New Devices . Missing or empty url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Wide Web . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Nets , Webs and the Information Infrastructure The first website Early archive of the first Web site Internet Statistics : Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet Living Internet A comprehensive history of the Internet , including the World Wide Web Web Design and Development at Curlie World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) W3C Recommendations Reduce `` World Wide Wait '' World Wide Web Size Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web Antonio A. Casilli , Some Elements for a Sociology of Online Interactions The Erdős Webgraph Server offers weekly updated graph representation of a constantly increasing fraction of the WWW The 25th Anniversary of the World Wide Web is an animated video produced by USAID and TechChange which explores the role of the WWW in addressing extreme poverty Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Category List Portal Commons WikiProject Web syndication History Blogging Podcasting Video blogging Web syndication technology Types Art Bloggernacle Classical music Corporate Dream diary Edublog Electronic journal Fake Family Fashion Food Health Law Lifelog Litblog MP3 News Photoblog Police Political Prayer Project Reverse Travel Warblog Technology General BitTorrent Feed URI scheme Features Linkback Permalink Ping Pingback Reblogging Refback Rollback Trackback Mechanism Conversation threading Geotagging RSS enclosure Synchronization Memetics Atom feed Data feed Photofeed Product feed RDF feed Web feed RSS GeoRSS MRSS RSS TV Social Livemark Mashup pooling Referencing RSS editor RSS tracking Streaming media Standard OML OPML RSS Advisory Board -- Usenet : . net World Wide Web + ( - 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core model Open - source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source - available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Book Category Commons Portal BNE : XX4576804 BNF : cb13319953j ( data ) GND : 4363898 - 3 LCCN : sh95000541 NARA : 10644635 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&oldid=865519301 '' Categories : World Wide Web Computer - related introductions in 1989 English inventions British inventions Human -- computer interaction Information Age CERN Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2016 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from August 2018 Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles containing Chinese - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who came up with the world wide web | [
"The World Wide Web (WWW), also called the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.[1] English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland.[2][3] The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991.\n"
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"Tim Berners-Lee"
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8056512144796376647 | I Made It Through the Rain | I Made it Through the Rain - Wikipedia I Made it Through the Rain Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' Single by Barry Manilow from the album Barry B - side `` Only in Chicago '' Released November 1980 Genre Pop , easy listening Length 4 : 25 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gerard Kenny , Drey Shepperd , Barry Manilow , Bruce Sussman , Jack Feldman , Barry Manilow singles chronology `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' is a song that became a hit after it was recorded by American singer Barry Manilow , also included on his 1980 album , Barry . The song was originally recorded by its co-writer Gerard Kenny who composed it with Drey Shepperd about a struggling musician who never gives up . Manilow heard the song and revised the lyric with Jack Feldman and Bruce Sussman to make the song about the everyday person 's struggles , rather than those of a profession . In the U.S. , Manilow 's version peaked at # 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at # 4 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Kenny 's original version was included on his 1979 RCA Records album called `` Made It Through The Rain '' , which reached the top 20 of the UK Albums Chart and remains on his set - list at concerts as of 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 References 3 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 - 81 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 UK 37 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 89 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Barry - Barry Manilow '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Lonely Together '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 347 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Billboard Adult Contemporary , February 7 , 1981 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) This 1980s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Made_It_Through_the_Rain&oldid=810750787 '' Categories : 1980 singles Barry Manilow songs Songs written by Barry Manilow 1980 songs Songs written by Gerard Kenny Arista Records singles 1980s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 05 : 23 . About Wikipedia | i made it through the rain lyrics meaning | [
"\"I Made It Through the Rain\" is a song that became a hit after it was recorded by American singer Barry Manilow, also included on his 1980 album, Barry. The song was originally recorded by its co-writer Gerard Kenny who composed it with Drey Shepperd about a struggling musician who never gives up. Manilow heard the song and revised the lyric with Jack Feldman and Bruce Sussman to make the song about the everyday person's struggles, rather than those of a profession."
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"the everyday person's struggles"
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-7276506987485175384 | State Fair of Texas | State Fair of Texas - wikipedia State Fair of Texas Jump to : navigation , search State Fair of Texas The State Fair of Texas Genre State fair Dates Starts last Friday of September and last 24 days . 29 September -- 22 October 2017 . Location ( s ) Fair Park 1300 Robert B Cullum Boulevard Dallas , TX 75210 Years active 1886 -- 1916 , 1919 -- 41 , since 1945 . Attendance 2,618,500 * ( 2010 * MCW ) Website Official website The State Fair of Texas is an annual state fair held in Dallas at historic Fair Park . The fair has taken place every year since 1886 except for varying periods during World War I and World War II . It usually begins the last Friday in September and ends 24 days later . While the State Fair of Texas considers quantifying its official attendance figures `` too much of a hassle '' , it is still consistently recognized as one of the most highly attended and best state fairs in America as well as Dallas 's signature event . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attractions 2 History 3 Economics , finances and management 3.1 Attendance dispute 3.2 Economic impact on surrounding businesses 3.3 How excess revenue is spent 3.4 Staff compensation 3.5 Audits 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Attractions ( edit ) Big Tex , mascot of the fair since 1952 The State Fair of Texas opening day ceremonies are highlighted by the annual Friday parade rolling through downtown Dallas . Traditionally , the centerpiece of the fair has been the annual college football game between Oklahoma and Texas , nicknamed the Red River Rivalry ( historically known as the `` Texas - OU Game '' ) and played in the Cotton Bowl at Fair Park . Also , the State Fair Classic , featuring Grambling State University and Prairie View A&M University , is played at the Cotton Bowl during the fair . In 2010 , Baylor and Texas Tech played their game during the fair for the first time . During the opening weekend of the 2013 fair , Army and Louisiana Tech played in the only Heart of Dallas Classic at the Cotton Bowl ; it was abandoned thereafter . The new Texas State Fair Football Showdown is scheduled to take place on the third weekend of the 2018 fair and will feature Southern and Texas Southern . The State Fair of Texas is the only fair in the US to include a full auto show , dating back to 1913 . The State Fair used to feature `` Birds of the World '' where several birds flew overhead . It was removed from the Fair lineup in 2014 . The Texas Skyway is a gondola ride which only operates 24 days a year transports visitors around the fairgrounds . Its construction cost 5 million dollars . There is also a BMX bike show as well as dog and pig races . For children , puppet shows , Children 's Medical Center Barnyard , and Story Time also take place inside the fair . In recent years , the fair has emphasized its reputation as an event featuring unique , albeit high - fat foods . It has been known for years for Fletcher 's brand corny dogs . Recent years have seen the introduction of new unusual deep - fried items , including deep - fried Oreos , deep - fried Twinkies , deep - fried s'mores , deep - fried pork ribs , fried cheesecake ; deep - fried butter , deep - fried peanut butter , jelly , and banana sandwiches , and most recently a batter - based fried Coke . New foods in 2008 included chicken fried bacon and fried banana splits . For the 2012 fair , the Girl Scouts of Northeast Texas added the deep - fried Samoa cookie . History ( edit ) The State Fair of Texas was originally charted as a private corporation by local businessmen . It was an immediate success and attracted thousands of people . However , in 1904 a series of events led to a financial crisis and not enough income was available to keep the fair running . Therefore , the businessmen sold it to the city of Dallas with the agreement that 24 days during the fall would be set aside annually for the fair and exhibition . Big Tex , a 55 - foot ( 17 m ) tall cowboy statue , has been its symbol since his introduction in 1952 . In 1953 , Big Tex 's jaw was hinged , so that he appears to `` speak '' the announcements that promote fair events . After a fire on October 19 , 2012 destroyed the original Big Tex , he was rebuilt and reintroduced for the 2013 fair . Its 212 - foot ( 65 m ) Texas Star Ferris wheel was the largest in North America when it debuted in October 1985 , just months before the Texas Sesquicentennial . It has since been dwarfed by Ferris wheels in Las Vegas and Orlando . DART 's Fair Park Station and MLK Jr . Station opened in 2009 to serve Fair Park and the State Fair . In addition to regular service on the Green Line , the Red Line and Blue Line also run `` special event '' trains to Fair Park Station for major fair events . Controversies The State Fair in 1966 commissioned a report on the redevelopment of the fair , which concluded that the land around Fair Park should be ` bought up and turned into a paved , lighted , fenced parking lot '' that would ` eliminate the problem from sight ' . `` If the poor Negroes in their shacks can not be seen , all the guilt feelings ... will disappear , or at least be removed from primary consideration '' . The State Fair came under fire in October 2014 for spending over $5,000,000 on attorneys fees to two insiders . Despite a $30,000,000 investment in Summer Adventures , the event was shuttered after just one season . In August 2015 , the State Fair was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a SLAPP suit ( 34 ) against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair . On August 2 , 2016 , the Dallas Court of Appeals reversed in its entirety the judgment against the State Fair of Texas , holding that the trial court erred in , among other things , finding that the State Fair 's lawsuit was a SLAPP suit . Timeline The State Fair of Texas opened its gates for the first time on October 26 , 1886 . Approximately 14,000 people attend the opening day . On November 7 , 1886 , the fair closes and attracted over 100,000 people for the very first year . The State Fair of Texas has a history of racial discrimination dating back to the 1880s . The first designated day for African - Americans to attend the fair was held in 1889 and was called `` Colored People 's Day . '' Educator Norman Washington Harllee organized exhibits and planned events and speakers including Booker T. Washington in 1900 . In 1910 , `` Colored People 's Day '' was discontinued and reappeared in 1936 as `` Negro Achievement Day '' set to coincide with the Texas Centennial Exposition . Contrary to the fact that African - Americans were n't allowed to participate in entertainment or eat at restaurants and concession stands on other days during the run , fair officials touted `` Negro Achievement Day '' as a way to recognize the accomplishments and progress of the Negro race in Texas and the United States . The Hall of Negro Life was the only building demolished after the Texas Centennial ended . In 1913 , the fair introduces the first Automobile building which was filled with 175 vehicles for fairgoers to see . The fair was canceled in 1918 due to the US Army taking control of Fair Park to establish an aviation boot camp known as Camp Dick . In 1921 , Boston College beats Baylor at the first game ever played between teams from the southwest and northeast . In 1921 , Texas and Vanderbilt start a series which is played here every year from 1921 to 1928 with the exception of 1924 . In 1923 , the fair hosted Ku Klux Klan day . Thousands of new Klan members were sworn in at the fairgrounds . More than 150,000 people were at the fair that day . In 1925 , the first State Fair Classic is played . In 1929 , TX - OU play their Red River Rivalry here for the first time . In 1930 , construction of a new Fair Park Stadium ( now known as the Cotton Bowl ) begins . In 1932 , TX - OU play their Red River Rivalry for the first time at the new Fair Park Stadium . In 1937 , the first Cotton Bowl Classic is played in Fair Park . Big Tex makes his first appearance in 1952 . In 1955 , a seat filled with members of the Memphis High School marching band broke free from the top of a 92 - foot Sky Wheel , killing a 15 - year - old girl . In 1956 the Trailblazer monorail began operation at Fair Park from 1956 to 1964 . It was the first commercially operated monorail system in the United States . Elvis Presley performs in the Cotton Bowl during the fair in 1956 . Texas Star Ferris wheel at night In 1960 , the Dallas Texans ( AFL ) and the Dallas Cowboys ( NFL ) play their first season in the Cotton Bowl . In 1964 the monorail closed and was replaced by the Swiss Sky Ride , a 64 car aerial ride that traveled over a 3,800 foot path ( the longest ever built ) . In 1966 , the State Fair commissioned a report on the redevelopment of the fair , which concluded that the land around Fair Park should be ` bought up and turned into a paved , lighted , fenced parking lot '' that would ` eliminate the problem from sight ' . `` If the poor Negroes in their shacks can not be seen , all the guilt feelings ... will disappear , or at least be removed from primary consideration '' . In 1979 , a Sky Ride accident occurred during the last day of the fair , prompting the removal of the attraction . In 1983 , an eighteen - year - old boy was killed and several bystanders were injured when a gondola fell off the Enterprise ( ride ) . In 1985 the Texas Star opens as the largest ferris wheel in North America . In 1989 , The Comet Roller Coaster , a Fair Park landmark since 1947 , is torn down . Following the 2001 September 11 attacks , Dallas police and State Fair officials announce the implementation of new security measures during the annual event . In 2005 , the Fried Peanut Butter , Jelly and Banana Sandwich is introduced to the fair . The Texas Star ferris wheel ride In 2007 the Texas Skyway aerial ride opens in Fair Park . In 2010 , the 8000 ft Greenhouse on the Midway is built to house 1000 hanging baskets , beehives , and Farmer Mike the Pumpkin Carver . Fairgoers spent more than $37 million in 2010 which broke the fair 's record . On November 14 , 2011 -- State Fair of Texas filed its 2010 IRS Form 990 Tax Return . On October 19 , 2012 , Big Tex caught on fire , burning it down to the skeletal frame , with only the right arm remaining . On November 15 , 2012 -- State Fair of Texas filed its 2011 IRS Form 990 Tax Return . In 2013 : The State Fair opened a brand new attraction -- a 500 - foot observation tower called `` Top o ' Texas Tower '' -- as part of a renovation of part of the Midway called `` Summer Adventures at Fair Park . '' The `` Tower '' now operates only 24 days a year , despite a construction cost of over $11,000,000 . The State Fair also operated Summer Adventures in Fair Park , a beach - themed amusement park from May to August 2013 . Despite a $30,000,000 investment in Summer Adventures , the event was shuttered after just one season . Jim Schutze of the Dallas Observer wrote , `` The sudden collapse of a $30 million venture has to be some kind of red flag , some indication that it 's time to re-examine the whole thing . '' A new Big Tex statue was unveiled the day before the fair opened . On November 12 , 2013 -- State Fair of Texas filed its 2012 IRS Form 990 Tax Return . In 2014 : In September 2014 , a blue ribbon task force appointed by Mayor Mike Rawlings submitted a report on the rejuvenation of Fair Park . The Mayor 's Task Force plan envisions a public - private partnership led by a non profit organization to be charged with over arching powers to control the revitalization of Fair Park , including the State Fair of Texas . Architect / City planner Antonio Di Mambro , with international experience in infrastructure planning and neighborhood revitalization , encouraged the Mayor to use the Task Force report as a building block for constructive dialogue with residents , stakeholders and the neighborhoods around Fair Park . Following the presentation of the Task Force Plan , Mayor Mike Rawlings said , `` I felt passion by all the council and park board members that they want Fair Park to be all it can be and they 're interested in taking this big challenge on '' . October -- State Fair comes under fire for spending over $5,000,000 on attorneys fees to two insiders . November 7 , 2014 - State Fair of Texas filed its 2013 IRS Form 990 Tax Return , indicating a loss of over $2,000,000 for the reporting period. * In 2015 : In March 2015 , the State Fair pushed back on any notion of tightening up the footprint of its current operation . Dallas Morning News reporter Robert Wilonsky called the State Fair 's response `` rather dramatic '' The article also quoted Stephen Page of the closed Texas Museum of Automotive History from 2012 as saying , `` The City 's requirement that tenants vacate the majority of the buildings in Fair Park during the State Fair is the principal reason for Fair Park 's ongoing decline . '' Wilonsky also quoted a ' prominent member of the Mayor 's Task Force ' as suggesting privately `` that the State Fair 's presence at Fair Park also needs to be greatly reduced . '' In May 2015 , the Park and Recreation Board voted unanimously to recommend and approve the Mayor 's Task Force Plan and recommended that underground parking structures be built rather than as initially recommended by the Task Force . In August 2015 , the State Fair was sanctioned more than $75,000 for filing a SLAPP suit against a lawyer who had requested financial documents from the State Fair . On August 2 , 2016 , the Dallas Court of Appeals reversed in its entirety the judgment against the State Fair of Texas , holding that the trial court erred in , among other things , finding that the State Fair 's lawsuit was a SLAPP suit . Economics , finances and management ( edit ) The economics , finances and management of the State Fair of Texas is a matter of public concern and study . The five main areas of concern are : What is the annual attendance of the fair ? What economic impact does the fair have on people and businesses in the surrounding area ? How much money does the State Fair provide for the benefit of improvements at Fair Park and elsewhere State fair staff compensation levels Audits Attendance dispute ( edit ) Staff of the State Fair have traditionally reported that attendance at the fair runs in the vicinity each year of between 3 and 3.5 million people . These figures were disputed in an April 2016 study published by Tom Kelly , Ph. D , a professor of Economics at Baylor University and the Director of Baylor University Center for Business and Economic Research , along with Bennet Hickok , an Economics student at Baylor . The Kelly / Hickok report argues that the attendance at the fair is about 1.5 - 1.7 million visitors a year , or about half of what state fair staff reported it to be . Economic impact on surrounding businesses ( edit ) The 2016 Kelly / Hickok study found that the State Fair generates around $50 million for the area economy . This is in contrast to the figure of $600 million in impact that the State Fair itself has traditionally reported . How excess revenue is spent ( edit ) The State Fair has a lease with Fair Park , the terms of which require that any profit or excess revenue it generates be spent `` for the development and enhancement of Fair Park and the Fair '' . In May 2016 , the State Fair released a list of capital projects for the past 10 years , detailing how the fair had spent their excess revenue . According to media reports , 90 % of excess revenue was spent on projects that solely benefited the State Fair . A survey of Fair Park revealed out of the 277 acres available , 200 are covered in asphalt or concrete , compared to 10 acres of green space . Staff compensation ( edit ) In 2014 , Errol McKoy , the former President of the State Fair of Texas , received $1.425 million in compensation . Audits ( edit ) On May 13 , 2016 , the City of Dallas Auditor , Craig Kinton , released an audit regarding Fair Park Business Partners , which included the State Fair of Texas . The audit concluded the City of Dallas had no way to ensure the State Fair was adequately investing in Fair Park , per the terms of the contract between the City of Dallas and State Fair . See also ( edit ) Texas portal A Fair To Remember ( documentary ) Fair Park Hall of State Heart of Dallas Classic State Fair Classic Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bigtex.com Archived 2014 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lipsey , Sid ; Travel , Yahoo ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` The 7 best state fairs in America '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` America 's 5 Best State Fairs '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chieftain , Pueblo . `` chieftain.com '' . Pueblo Chieftain . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair of Texas : Opening Day Parade - Dallas Socials '' . 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Luke Johnson ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' This is a major deal : ' Southern to play Texas Southern in 2018 -- 19 Texas State Fair Football Showdown '' . theadvocate.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What makes us unique , '' BigTex.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of The State Fair of Texas '' . Jump up ^ Tepper , Rachel ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Deep - Fried Samoa Girl Scout Cookies Hit The State Fair Circuit '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Nancy Wiley , `` State Fair of Texas '' , Handbook of Texas Online ( http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lks02 ) , accessed August 16 , 2012 . Published by the Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Steven Butler . Fair Park Timeline , part 4 : The Post-Exposition Years ( 1938 - 1984 ) Jump up ^ Norman Anderson . Ferris wheels : an illustrated history , Popular Press , 1992 , page 138 - 40 . Jump up ^ Dallasnews.com Archived 2009 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , L.P. `` State Fair Of Texas Pays ' Above Average ' Legal Bills '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There wo n't be Summer Adventures in Fair Park this year '' . 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Court of Appeals Opinion '' . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Public Library - Site Map '' ( PDF ) . dallaslibrary2.org . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need for the State Fair of Texas '' . GuideLive . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Wheel Seat Plunges Killing Girl '' . www.news.google.com/newspapers . The Bulletin . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of North Texas Digital Library , `` Fair Park Expansion : A Case Study of Political Bias and Protest in Urban Politics '' , Davies , Elizabeth Durham . Accessed August 25 , 2016. `` . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ IRS 990 Year 2010 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax , `` State Fair of Texas '' Jump up ^ IRS 990 Year 2011 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax , `` State Fair of Texas '' Jump up ^ `` Get your thrills on the $12 million adrenaline rush now open at Fair Park '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.fairpark.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=216 Jump up ^ Schutze , Jim ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Fair Park 's Summer Amusement Venture Is Dead . Is Anyone Surprised ? '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Tex Makes His Debut One Day Early '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ IRS 990 Year 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax , `` State Fair of Texas '' Jump up ^ `` Dallas council enthusiastic about proposal to privatize Fair Park '' . 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://fairpark.org/pdfs/mayors-task-force-report.pdf Jump up ^ `` Include edges in Fair Park revitalization '' . 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Leaders Praise New Fair Park Plan '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ IRS 990 Year 2013 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax , `` State Fair of Texas '' Jump up ^ `` Plan to reduce State Fair space would end its run , official says '' . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Park Board has signed off on Rawlings task force 's proposal to privatize Fair Park '' . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Strategic lawsuit against public participation Jump up ^ `` Judge sanctions State Fair of Texas after it sued lawyer who wants to see Big Tex 's checkbook '' . 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Tom ; Hickok , Bennet ( April 2016 ) . `` Reassessing the Economic Impact of Fair Park and the State Fair '' ( PDF ) . Baylor University . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shipp , Brett ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Economist 's study raises eyebrows about State Fair 's future in Fair Park '' . WFAA . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Steve ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` How valuable is Big Tex to Dallas ? State Fair 's fuzzy numbers make it hard to tell '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Steve ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Big Tex 's economic impact ? Try $50 million , says new study on the State Fair '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilonsky , Robert ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Dallas is n't keeping a close eye on Big Tex and city 's other Fair Park partners , says audit '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Steve ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Big Tex tries to be more transparent about State Fair spending '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Jon ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` State Fair 's expenses help explain Fair Park 's blight '' . Watchdog.org . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` STATE FAIR OF TEXAS '' . Economic Research Institute . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinton , Craig ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` AUDIT OF FAIR PARK BUSINESS PARTNERS OVERSIGHT '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Dallas , Texas City Auditor . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas State Fair . Official website State Fair of Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online Local guide to State Fair of Texas events Neighborsgo.com : Photos submitted by Fairgoers Texas state agencies Executive Dept. of Agriculture Alcoholic Beverage Commission Animal Health Commission Dept. of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services Attorney General School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Brazos River Authority State Cemetery Comptroller of Public Accounts School for the Deaf Board of Dental Examiners Commission on Environmental Quality Education Agency Employees Retirement System Ethics Commission Facilities Commission Dept. of Family and Protective Services Film Commission Forest Service Office of the Governor Guadalupe - Blanco River Authority Health and Human Services Commission Dept. of State Health Services Higher Education Coordinating Board Historical Commission Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs Dept. of Information Resources Dept. of Insurance Commission on Jail Standards General Land Office Library and Archives Commission Dept. of Licensing and Regulation Lottery Commission Lower Colorado River Authority Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Parks and Wildlife Preservation Board Dept. of Public Safety Railroad Commission Real Estate Commission Residential Construction Commission Soil and Water Conservation Board Teacher Retirement System Texas A&M University System Dept. of Transportation Trinity River Authority University of Houston System University of North Texas System University of Texas System Texas State University System Texas Tech University System Workforce Commission Juvenile Justice Department Legislative House of Representatives Senate Judicial Courts of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Dept. of Criminal Justice State Bar Supreme Court City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Fair_of_Texas&oldid=798908117 '' Categories : Fairs in Texas Fair Park Festivals in Dallas State fairs Annual events in Texas Annual fairs September events October events Culture of Dallas Texas culture State agencies of Texas Festivals established in 1886 1886 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 14 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what city is the texas state fair in | [
"The State Fair of Texas is an annual state fair held in Dallas at historic Fair Park. The fair has taken place every year since 1886 except for varying periods during World War I and World War II.[1] It usually begins the last Friday in September and ends 24 days later. While the State Fair of Texas considers quantifying its official attendance figures \"too much of a hassle\", it is still consistently recognized as one of the most highly attended and best state fairs in America as well as Dallas's signature event.[2][3][4]"
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"Dallas"
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-7552622750320634655 | 2002–03 Washington Wizards season | 2002 -- 03 Washington Wizards season - wikipedia 2002 -- 03 Washington Wizards season 2002 -- 03 Washington Wizards season Head coach Doug Collins Owner ( s ) Abe Pollin Arena MCI Center Results Record 37 -- 45 (. 451 ) Place Division : 5th ( Atlantic ) Conference : 9th ( Eastern ) Playoff finish Did not qualify Stats @ Basketball-Reference.com Local media Television WDCA Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic Radio WTEM < 2001 -- 02 2003 -- 04 > The 2002 -- 03 NBA season was the Wizards ' 42nd season in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Wizards acquired All - Star guard Jerry Stackhouse from the Detroit Pistons and signed free agents Larry Hughes , Bryon Russell and Charles Oakley . The Wizards got off to a 6 -- 4 start to the season , but then struggled losing six straight games afterwards . The team finished fifth in the Atlantic Division with a 37 -- 45 record , which was the same as the previous season . This marked the final season for All - Star guard Michael Jordan , who retired for the third and final time . He also made his final All - Star appearance in the 2003 NBA All - Star Game in Atlanta . Also following the season , Russell signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Lakers , Tyronn Lue signed with the Orlando Magic , and Oakley was released . Contents 1 Offseason 1.1 NBA Draft 2 Roster 3 Michael Jordan 4 Regular season 4.1 Record vs. opponents 5 Player stats 6 Award winners 7 References Offseason ( edit ) NBA Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2002 NBA Draft Round Pick Player Position Nationality College 11 Jared Jeffries Forward United States Indiana 17 Juan Dixon Guard United States Maryland 38 Rod Grizzard Guard United States Alabama 39 Juan Carlos Navarro Guard Spain FC Barcelona ( Spain ) Roster ( edit ) 2002 - 03 Washington Wizards roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Brown , Kwame 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) Glynn Academy 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Dixon , Juan 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 164 lb ( 74 kg ) Maryland 5000000000000000000 ♠ 00 Haywood , Brendan 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 268 lb ( 122 kg ) North Carolina G / F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Hughes , Larry 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) Saint Louis 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jeffries , Jared 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Indiana G / F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Jordan , Michael 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) North Carolina F / C 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Laettner , Christian 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Duke 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Lue , Tyronn 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) Nebraska F / C 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Oakley , Charles 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Virginia Union 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Russell , Bryon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Long Beach G / F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Simmons , Bobby 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) DePaul G / F 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Stackhouse , Jerry 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) North Carolina F / C 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Thomas , Etan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 256 lb ( 116 kg ) Syracuse F / C 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 White , Jahidi 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) Georgetown Head coach Doug Collins ( Illinois State ) Assistant coach ( es ) Larry Drew ( Missouri ) Patrick Ewing ( Georgetown ) Brian James ( Illinois State ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Michael Jordan ( edit ) Jordan during warm - ups for the last Wizards home game , on April 13 , 2003 . The jersey is a throwback to the Washington Bullets uniforms . Jordan announced he would return for the 2002 -- 03 season , and this time he was determined to be equipped with reinforcements , as he traded for All - Star Jerry Stackhouse and signed budding star Larry Hughes . Jordan even accepted a sixth - man role on the bench in order for his knee to survive the rigors of an 82 - game season . However , a combination of numerous team injuries and uninspired play led to Jordan 's return to the starting lineup , where he tried to rebound the franchise from its early - season struggles . The move led to mixed results , as several of Jordan 's younger teammates complained about playing in Jordan 's shadow and his unfair expectations of them . By the end of the season , the Wizards finished with a 37 - 45 record once again . Jordan ended the season as the only Wizard to play in all 82 games , as he averaged 20.0 points , 6.1 rebounds , 3.8 assists , and 1.5 steals in 37.0 minutes per game . After the season , Wizards ' majority owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as team president , much to the shock of teammates , associates , and the public . Michael Jordan felt he was betrayed , thinking that he would get his ownership back after his playing days ended , but Pollin justified Jordan 's dismissal by noting that Jordan had detrimental effects on the team , such as benching Larry Hughes for Tyronn Lue , making poor trades , and squandering the teams ' 2001 1st round draft pick on high schooler Kwame Brown who never panned out . Without Michael in the fold the following year , the Washington Wizards were not expected to win , and they did n't . Despite the signing of future All - Star point guard Gilbert Arenas , which had been made possible by Jordan 's previous cap - clearing maneuvers as a team executive , the team stumbled to a 25 - 57 record in the 2003 - 04 season . Jordan 's stint with the Washington Wizards was closely watched by both fans and the media . While the team failed to qualify for the playoffs in either of Jordan 's two seasons as a player , the team was competitive and sold out arenas around the league . The Wizards replaced Jordan 's managerial role with General Manager Ernie Grunfeld . Though the organization fielded a competitive team built around Gilbert Arenas for several years , the team again stumbled into the lower echelon of the league in the years following Arenas ' numerous off the court issues . Regular season ( edit ) Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div y - New Jersey Nets 49 33 . 598 -- 33 -- 8 16 -- 25 16 -- 8 x-Philadelphia 76ers 48 34 . 585 25 -- 16 23 -- 18 17 -- 7 x-Boston Celtics 44 38 . 537 5 25 -- 16 19 -- 22 13 -- 12 x-Orlando Magic 42 40 . 512 7 26 -- 15 16 -- 25 14 -- 11 Washington Wizards 37 45 . 451 12 23 -- 18 14 -- 27 11 -- 13 New York Knicks 37 45 . 451 12 24 -- 17 13 -- 28 9 -- 15 Miami Heat 25 57 . 305 24 16 -- 25 9 -- 32 5 -- 19 Record vs. opponents ( edit ) 2002 - 03 NBA Records Team ATL BOS CHI CLE DAL DEN DET GSW HOU IND LAC LAL MEM MIA MIL MIN NJN NOH NYK ORL PHI PHO POR SAC SAS SEA TOR UTA WAS Atlanta -- 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 Boston 3 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 Chicago 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 Cleveland 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 -- 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 Dallas 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 3 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Denver 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 -- 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 Detroit 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 Golden State 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Houston 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 Indiana 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 L.A. Clippers 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 -- 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 L.A. Lakers 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 Memphis 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 4 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 Miami 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 -- 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 Milwaukee 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 Minnesota 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 -- 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 0 New Jersey 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 New Orleans 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 New York 3 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 -- 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 Orlando 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 Philadelphia 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 Phoenix 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 Portland 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 -- 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 Sacramento 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 1 -- 3 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 San Antonio 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 Seattle 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 Toronto 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 -- 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 Utah 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 4 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 Washington 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 -- Player stats ( edit ) Note : GP = Games played ; MPG = Minutes per Game ; STL = Steals ; RPG = Rebounds per Game ; APG . = Assists per Game ; BLK = Blocks ; PPG = Points per Game Player GP MPG STL RPG APG BLK PPG Jerry Stackhouse 70 65 3.7 4.5 28 21.5 Michael Jordan 82 123 6.1 3.8 39 20.0 Larry Hughes 67 86 4.6 3.1 24 12.8 Tyronn Lue 75 47 2.0 3.5 8.6 Christian Laettner 76 82 6.6 3.1 40 8.3 Kwame Brown 80 50 5.3 0.7 80 7.4 Juan Dixon 42 26 1.7 1.0 6.4 Brendan Haywood 81 32 5.0 0.4 119 6.2 Etan Thomas 38 8 4.3 0.1 23 4.8 Bryon Russell 70 70 3.0 1.0 7 4.5 Jahidi White 16 4.6 0.1 12 4.2 Jared Jeffries 20 8 2.9 0.8 5 4.0 Bobby Simmons 36 10 0.6 3.3 Anthony Goldwire 5 0 0.6 0.2 0 2.6 Charles Oakley 42 13 2.5 1.0 6 1.8 Brian Cardinal 5 0 1.0 0.2 0 0.8 Award winners ( edit ) All - Star : Michael Jordan ( 14th ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2002 - 03 Washington Wizards Jump up ^ M. Jordan 's Legacy Is a Vastly Different Tale of Two Cities Jump up ^ His playing career ends -- with frustration , betrayal and flashes of brilliance Washington Wizards on Database Basketball Washington Wizards on Basketball Reference Washington Wizards seasons Franchise Seasons 1960s 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory 2002 -- 03 NBA season by team 2002 NBA draft All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions Eastern Atlantic Boston Miami New Jersey New York Orlando Philadelphia Washington Central Atlanta Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee New Orleans Toronto Western Midwest Dallas Denver Houston Memphis Minnesota San Antonio Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Portland Sacramento Seattle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002 -- 03_Washington_Wizards_season&oldid = 852296270 '' Categories : Washington Wizards seasons 2002 in sports in Washington , D.C. 2003 in sports in Washington , D.C. Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many points did michael jordan average with the washington wizards | [
"Jordan announced he would return for the 2002–03 season, and this time he was determined to be equipped with reinforcements, as he traded for All-Star Jerry Stackhouse and signed budding star Larry Hughes. Jordan even accepted a sixth-man role on the bench in order for his knee to survive the rigors of an 82-game season. However, a combination of numerous team injuries and uninspired play led to Jordan’s return to the starting lineup, where he tried to rebound the franchise from its early-season struggles. The move led to mixed results, as several of Jordan’s younger teammates complained about playing in Jordan’s shadow and his unfair expectations of them.[2] By the end of the season, the Wizards finished with a 37-45 record once again. Jordan ended the season as the only Wizard to play in all 82 games, as he averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals in 37.0 minutes per game.\n"
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"20.0"
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-7653660541412492376 | BMW | BMW - wikipedia BMW Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the German automobile and motorcycle manufacturer . For other uses , see BMW ( disambiguation ) . Bayerische Motoren Werke AG BMW headquarters in Munich Predecessor Rapp Motorenwerke Bayerische Flugzeugwerke Founded 7 March 1916 ; 101 years ago ( 1916 - 03 - 07 ) Founder Karl Rapp Headquarters Munich , Germany Key people Norbert Reithofer ( Chairman ) Harald Krüger ( CEO ) Products Automobiles , motorcycles Production output 2,512,635 vehicles ( 2016 ) Revenue € 94.163 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income € 9.665 billion ( 2016 ) Profit € 6.910 million ( 2016 ) Total assets € 188.535 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity € 47.363 billion ( 2016 ) Owner Stefan Quandt ( 29 % ) Susanne Klatten ( 21 % ) Public float ( 50 % ) Number of employees 124,729 ( 2016 ) Subsidiaries List ( show ) Transportation Rolls - Royce Motor Cars BMW Motorrad BMW M BMW i Mini Sports BMW Motorsport Automotive Design DesignworksUSA International BMW Brilliance ( China ) BMW Japan BMW South Africa BMW of Canada BMW Egypt BMW Korea BMW Australia BMW India BMW US Manufacturing Company Website www.bmwgroup.com www.bmw.com BMW ( Bayerische Motoren Werke in German , or Bavarian Motor Works in English ) is a German multinational company which currently produces automobiles and motorcycles , and also produced aircraft engines until 1945 . The company was founded in 1916 and has its headquarters in Munich , Bavaria . BMW produces motor vehicles in Germany , Brazil , China , India , South Africa and the United States . In 2015 , BMW was the world 's twelfth largest producer of motor vehicles , with 2,279,503 vehicles produced . The Quandt family are long - term shareholders of the company , with the remaining stocks owned by public float . Automobiles are marketed under the brands BMW ( with sub-brands BMW M for performance models and BMW i for plug - in electric cars ) , Mini and Rolls - Royce . Motorcycles are marketed under the brand BMW Motorrad . The company has significant motorsport history , especially in touring cars , Formula 1 , sports cars and the Isle of Man TT . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1916 -- 1923 : Aircraft engine production 1.2 1923 -- 1939 : Motorcycle and car production 1.3 1939 -- 1945 : World War II 1.4 1945 -- 1959 : Post-war rebuilding 1.5 1959 -- 1968 : Near bankruptcy and New Class 1.6 1968 -- 1978 : New Six , 3 Series , 5 Series , 7 Series 1.7 1978 -- 1989 : M division 1.8 1989 -- 1994 : 8 Series , hatchbacks 1.9 1994 -- 1999 : Rover ownership , Z3 1.10 1999 -- 2006 : SUV models , Rolls - Royce 1.11 2006 -- 2013 : Shift to turbocharged engines 1.12 2013 -- present : Electric / hybrid power 2 Company name and logo 3 Motorcycles 4 Automobiles 4.1 i models 4.2 M models 4.3 Naming convention for models 5 Motorsport 6 Involvement in the arts 6.1 Art Cars 6.2 Architecture 6.3 Film 6.4 Visual arts 7 Production 8 Sales 9 Industry collaboration 10 Sponsorships 11 Environmental record 12 Bicycles 13 Car - sharing services 14 Overseas subsidiaries 14.1 Brazil 14.2 Canada 14.3 China 14.4 Egypt 14.5 India 14.6 Japan 14.7 Mexico 14.8 South Africa 14.9 United States 15 Marketing 15.1 Slogan 15.2 April Fools 15.3 Audio logo 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading History ( edit ) Main articles : History of BMW and History of BMW motorcycles 1916 -- 1923 : aircraft engine production ( edit ) BMW IIIa aircraft engine BMW 's origins can be traced back to three separate German companies : Rapp Motorenwerke , Bayerische Flugzeugwerke and Automobilwerk Eisenach . The history of the name itself begins with Rapp Motorenwerke , an aircraft engine manufacturer . In April 1917 , following the departure of the founder Karl Friedrich Rapp , the company was renamed Bayerische Motoren Werke ( BMW ). . BMW 's first product was the BMW IIIa aircraft engine . The IIIa engine was known for good fuel economy and high - altitude performance . The resulting orders for IIIa engines from the German military caused rapid expansion for BMW . After the end of World War I in 1918 , BMW was forced to cease aircraft - engine production by the terms of the Versailles Armistice Treaty . To maintain in business , BMW produced farm equipment , household items and railway brakes . In 1922 , former major shareholder Camillo Castiglioni purchased the rights to the name BMW , which led to the company descended from Rapp Motorenwerke being renamed Süddeutsche Bremse AG ( known today as Knorr - Bremse ) . Castiglioni was also an investor in another aircraft company , called `` Bayerische Flugzeugwerke '' , which he renamed BMW . Automobilwerk Eisenach The disused factory of Bayerische Flugzeugwerke was re-opened to produce engines for busses , trucks , farm equipment and pumps , under the brand name BMW . BMW 's corporate history considers the founding date of Bayerische Flugzeugwerke ( 7 March 1916 ) to be the birth of the company . 1923 -- 1939 : motorcycle and car production ( edit ) BMW model 3 / 15PS ( BMW Dixi ) from 1930 As the restrictions of the Armistice Treaty began to be lifted , BMW began production of motorcycles in 1923 , with the R32 model . BMW 's production of automobiles began in 1928 , when the company purchased the Automobilwerk Eisenach car company . Automobilwerk Eisenach 's current model was the Dixi 3 / 15 , a licensed copy of the Austin 7 which had begun production in 1927 . Following the takeover , the Dixi 3 / 15 became the BMW 3 / 15 , BMW 's first production car . In 1932 , the BMW 3 / 20 became the first BMW automobile designed entirely by BMW . It was powered by a four - cylinder engine , which BMW designed based on the Austin 7 engine . BMW 's first automotive straight - six engine was released in 1933 , in the BMW 303 . Throughout the 1930s , BMW expanded its model range to include sedans , coupes , convertibles and sports cars . 1939 -- 1945 : World War II ( edit ) BMW 801 engine With German rearmament in the 1930s , the company again began producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe . The factory in Munich made ample use of forced labour : foreign civilians , prisoners of war and inmates of the Dachau concentration camp . Among its successful World War II engine designs were the BMW 132 and BMW 801 air - cooled radial engines , and the pioneering BMW 003 axial - flow turbojet , which powered the tiny , 1944 -- 1945 -- era jet - powered `` emergency fighter '' , the Heinkel He 162 Spatz . The BMW 003 jet engine was first tested as a prime power plant in the first prototype of the Messerschmitt Me 262 , the Me 262 V1 , but in 1942 tests the BMW prototype engines failed on takeoff with only the standby Junkers Jumo 210 nose - mounted piston engine powering it to a safe landing . The few Me 262 A-1b test examples built used the more developed version of the 003 jet , recording an official top speed of 800 km / h ( 497 mph ) . The first - ever four - engine jet aircraft ever flown were the sixth and eighth prototypes of the Arado Ar 234 jet reconnaissance - bomber , which used BMW 003 jets for power . Through 1944 the 003 's reliability improved , making it a suitable power plant for air frame designs competing for the Jägernotprogramm 's light fighter production contract . which was won by the Heinkel He 162 Spatz design . The BMW 003 aviation turbojet was also under consideration as the basic starting point for a pioneering turboshaft powerplant for German armored fighting vehicles in 1944 -- 45 , as the GT 101 . Towards the end of the Third Reich , BMW developed some military aircraft projects for the Luftwaffe , the BMW Strahlbomber , the BMW Schnellbomber and the BMW Strahljäger , but none of them were built . 1945 -- 1959 : post-war rebuilding ( edit ) BMW Isetta with a front opening door During World War II , many BMW production facilities had been heavily bombed . BMW 's facilities in East Germany were seized by the Soviet Government and the remaining facilities were banned by the Allies from producing motorcycles or automobiles . During this ban , BMW used basic secondhand and salvaged equipment to make pots and pans , later expanding to other kitchen supplies and bicycles . In 1947 , BMW was granted permission to resume motorcycle production and its first post-war motorcycle - the R24 - was released in 1948 . BMW was still forbidden from producing automobiles , however the Bristol Aeroplane Company ( BAC ) was producing cars in England based on BMW 's pre-war models , using plans that BAC had taken from BMW 's German offices . Production of automobiles resumed in 1952 , with the BMW 501 large sedan . Throughout the 1950s , BMW expanded their model range with sedans , coupes , convertibles and sports cars . In 1954 , the BMW 502 was BMW 's first to use a V8 engine . To provide an affordable model , BMW began production of the Isetta micro-car ( under licence from Iso ) in 1955 . Two years later , the four - seat BMW 600 was based on a lengthened version of the Isetta design . In 1959 , the BMW 600 was replaced by the larger BMW 700 coupe / sedan . 1959 -- 1968 : near bankruptcy and new Class ( edit ) New Class sedan By 1959 , BMW was in debt and losing money . The Isetta was selling well but with small profit margins . Their 501 - based luxury sedans were not selling well enough to be profitable and were becoming increasingly outdated . Their 503 coupé and 507 roadster were too expensive to be profitable . Their 600 , a four - seater based on the Isetta , was selling poorly . The motorcycle market imploded in the mid-1950s with increased affluence turning Germans away from motorcycles and toward cars . BMW had sold their Allach plant to MAN in 1954 . American Motors and the Rootes Group had both tried to acquire BMW . At BMW 's annual general meeting on 9 December 1959 , Dr. Hans Feith , chairman of BMW 's supervisory board , proposed a merger with Daimler - Benz . The dealers and small shareholders opposed this suggestion and rallied around a counter-proposal by Dr. Friedrich Mathern , which gained enough support to stop the merger . At that time , the Quandt Group , led by half - brothers Herbert and Harald Quandt , had recently increased their holdings in BMW and had become their largest shareholder . In 1960 , the development program began for a new range of models , called the `` Neue Klasse '' ( New Class ) project . The resulting New Class four - door sedans , introduced in 1962 , are credited for saving the company financially and establishing BMW 's identity as a producer of leading sports sedans . In 1965 , the New Class range was expanded with the 2000 C and 2000 CS luxury coupes . The range was further expanded in 1966 with the iconic BMW 02 Series compact coupes . BMW acquired the Hans Glas company based in Dingolfing , Germany , in 1966 . Glas vehicles were briefly badged as BMW until the company was fully absorbed . It was reputed that the acquisition was mainly to gain access to Glas ' development of the timing belt with an overhead camshaft in automotive applications , although some saw Glas ' Dingolfing plant as another incentive . However , this factory was outmoded and BMW 's biggest immediate gain was , according to themselves , a stock of highly qualified engineers and other personnel . The Glas factories continued to build a limited number of their existing models , while adding the manufacture of BMW front and rear axles until they could be closer incorporated into BMW . 1968 -- 1978 : new six , 3 Series , 5 Series , 7 Series ( edit ) E9 3.0 CSL In 1968 , BMW began production of its first straight - six engine since World War II . This engine coincided with the launch of the New Six large sedans ( the predecessor to the 7 Series ) and New Six CS large coupes ( the predecessor to the 6 Series ) . The first 5 Series range of mid-size sedans were introduced in 1972 , to replace the New Class sedans . The 5 Series platform was also used for the 6 Series coupes , which were introduced in 1976 . In 1975 , the first model of the iconic 3 Series range of compact sedans / coupes was introduced . The 7 Series large sedans were introduced in 1978 . 1978 -- 1989 : M division ( edit ) E30 M3 The 1978 BMW M1 was BMW 's first mid-engined sports car and was developed in conjunction with Lamborghini . It was also the first road car produced by BMW 's motorsport division , BMW M. In 1980 , the M division produced its first model based on a regular production vehicle , the E12 M535i . The M535i is the predecessor to the BMW M5 , which was introduced in 1985 based on the E28 plaftorm . In 1983 , BMW introduced its first diesel engine , the M21 . The first all - wheel drive BMW - the E30 325iX - began production in 1985 , and in 1987 the E30 was BMW 's first model produced in a wagon / estate body style . The 1986 E32 750i was BMW 's first V12 model . The E32 was also the first sedan to be available with a long - wheelbase body style ( badged `` iL '' or `` Li '' ) . The BMW M3 was introduced in 1985 , based on the E30 platform . 1989 -- 1994 : 8 Series , hatchbacks ( edit ) E31 8 Series The 8 Series range of large coupes was introduced in 1989 and in 1992 was the first application of BMW 's first V8 engine in 25 years , the M60 . It was also the first BMW to use a multi-link rear suspension , a design which was implemented for mass - production in the 1990 E36 3 Series . The E34 5 Series , introduced in 1988 , was the first 5 Series to be produced with all - wheel drive or a wagon body style . In 1989 , the limited - production Z1 began BMW 's line of two - seat convertible Z Series models . In 1993 , the BMW 3 Series Compact was BMW 's first hatchback model ( except for the limited production 02 Series `` Touring '' models ) . These hatchback models formed a new entry - level model range below the other 3 Series models . In 1992 , BMW acquired a large stake in California - based industrial design studio DesignworksUSA , which they fully acquired in 1995 . The 1993 McLaren F1 is powered by a BMW V12 engine . 1994 -- 1999 : Rover ownership , Z3 ( edit ) Z3 roadster In 1994 , BMW bought the British Rover Group ( which at the time consisted of the Rover , Land Rover , Mini and MG brands as well as the rights to defunct brands including Austin and Morris ) , and owned it for six years . By 2000 , Rover was incurring huge losses and BMW decided to sell off several of the brands . The MG and Rover brands were sold to the Phoenix Consortium to form MG Rover , while Land Rover was taken over by Ford . BMW , meanwhile , retained the rights to build the new Mini , which was launched in 2001 . In 1995 , the E38 725tds was the first 7 Series to use a diesel engine . The E39 5 Series was also introduced in 1995 , and was the first 5 Series to use rack - and - pinion steering and a significant number of suspension parts made from lightweight aluminium . The BMW Z3 two - seat convertible and coupe models were introduced in 1995 . These were the first mass - produced models outside of the 1 / 3 / 5 Series and the first model to be solely manufactured outside Germany ( in the United States , in this case ) . In 1998 , the E46 3 Series was introduced , with the M3 model featuring BMW 's most powerful naturally aspirated engine to date . 1999 -- 2006 : SUV models , Rolls - Royce ( edit ) E53 X5 BMW 's first SUV , the BMW X5 , was introduced in 1999 . The X5 was a large departure from BMW 's image of sporting `` driver 's cars '' , however it was a very successful and resulted in other BMW X Series being introduced . The smaller BMW X3 was released in 2003 . The 2001 E65 7 Series was BMW 's first model to use a 6 - speed automatic transmission . In 2002 , the Z4 two - seat coupe / convertible replaced the Z3 . In 2004 , the 1 Series hatchbacks replaced the 3 Series Compact models as BMW 's entry level models . The 2003 Rolls - Royce Phantom was the first Rolls - Royce vehicle produced under BMW ownership . This was the end result of complicated contractual negotiations that began in 1998 when Rolls - Royce plc licensed use of the Rolls - Royce name and logo to BMW , but Vickers sold the remaining elements of Rolls - Royce Motor Cars to Volkswagen . In addition , BMW had supplied Rolls - Royce with engines since 1998 for use in the Rolls - Royce Silver Seraph . In 2005 , BMW 's first V10 engine was introduced in the E60 M5 . The E60 platform is also used for the E63 / E64 , which reintroduced the 6 Series models after a hiatus of 14 years . 2006 -- 2013 : shift to turbocharged engines ( edit ) F01 ActiveHybrid 7 BMW 's first turbocharged petrol engine was the six - cylinder N54 , which debuted in the 2006 E92 335i . In 2011 , the F30 3 Series was released , with turbocharged engines being used on all models . This shift to turbocharging and smaller engines was reflective of general automotive industry trends . The M3 model based on the F30 platform is the first M3 to use a turbocharged engine . BMW 's first turbocharged V8 engine , the BMW N63 , was introduced in 2008 . Despite the trend to downsizing , in 2008 BMW began production of its first turbocharged V12 engine , the BMW N74 . In 2011 , the F10 M5 became the first M5 model to use a turbocharged engine . In 2007 , the production rights for Husqvarna Motorcycles was purchased by BMW for a reported 93 million euros . The BMW X6 SUV was introduced in 2008 . The X6 attracted controversy for its unusual combination of coupe and SUV styling cues . In 2009 , the BMW X1 compact SUV was introduced . The BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo fastback body style was also introduced in 2009 , based on the 5 Series platform . Controversial designer Chris Bangle announced his departure from BMW in February 2009 , after serving on the design team for nearly seventeen years . BMW 's first hybrid - powered car , the F01 ActiveHybrid 7 , was introduced in 2010 . 2013 -- present : electric / hybrid power ( edit ) i8 BMW released their first electric car , the BMW i3 city car , in 2013 . The i3 is also the first mass - production car to have a structure mostly made from carbon - fibre . BMW 's first hybrid sportscar ( and their first mid-engined car since the M1 ) is called the BMW i8 and was introduced in 2014 . The i8 is also the first car to use BMW 's first inline - three engine , the BMW B38 . In 2013 , the BMW 4 Series replaced the coupe and convertible models of the 3 Series . Many elements of the 4 Series remained shared with the equivalent 3 Series model . Similarly , the BMW 2 Series replaced the coupe and convertible models of the 1 Series in 2013 . The 2 Series was produced in coupe ( F22 ) , five - seat MPV ( F45 ) and seven - seat MPV ( F46 ) body styles . The latter two body styles are the first front - wheel drive vehicles produced by BMW . The F48 X1 also includes some front - wheel drive models . The BMW X4 compact SUV was introduced in 2014 . The 2016 G11 740e and F30 / F31 330e are the first plug - in hybrid versions of the 7 Series and 3 Series respectively . Company name and logo ( edit ) BMW badge on a 1931 Dixi Flag of Bavaria The name BMW is an abbreviation for Bayerische Motoren Werke ( German pronunciation : ( ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃə mɔˈthɔʁn̩ ˈvɛɐ̯kə ) ( listen ) ) . The German name is not grammatically correct , because motorenwerke is a single word in German . The term Bayerische Motorenwerke ( which has been used in several German publications and advertisements in the past ) translates into English as Bavarian Motor Works , which has been used by BMW for marketing products in English - speaking countries . The suffix AG , short for Aktiengesellschaft , signifies an incorporated entity which is owned by shareholders . The terms Beemer , Bimmer and Bee - em are commonly used slang for BMW in the English language and are sometimes used interchangeably for cars and motorcycles . In the United States , some people prescribe that `` beemer '' should be used specifically for motorcycles and `` bimmer '' should be used for cars . Some of these people claim that `` true aficionados '' make this distinction and those who do n't are `` uninitiated . '' Usage in North American mainstream media also varies , for example the Canadian Globe and Mail prefers Bimmer and calls Beemer a `` yuppie abomination '' , and the Tacoma News Tribune says that it is `` auto snobs '' who use the terms to distinguish between cars and motorcycles . An editor of Business Week was satisfied in 2003 that the question was resolved in favor of Bimmer by noting that a Google search yielded 10 times as many hits compared to Beemer , though googling gives very different results today . The circular blue and white BMW logo or roundel evolved from the circular Rapp Motorenwerke company logo , from which the BMW company grew , combined with the blue and white colors of the flag of Bavaria . The BMW logo still used today was created in 1917 , albeit with various minor styling changes . The origin of the logo is often thought to be a portrayal of the movement of an aircraft propeller with the white blades cutting through a blue sky . However , this portrayal was first used in a BMW advertisement in 1929 - twelve years after the logo was created - so this is not the origin of the logo itself . Motorcycles ( edit ) See also : BMW Motorrad and History of BMW motorcycles The R32 motorcycle , the first BMW motor vehicle . The 2015 BMW R1200RT BMW began production of motorcycle engines and then motorcycles after World War I. Its motorcycle brand is now known as BMW Motorrad . Their first successful motorcycle after the failed Helios and Flink , was the `` R32 '' in 1923 , though production originally began in 1921 . This had a `` boxer '' twin engine , in which a cylinder projects into the air - flow from each side of the machine . Apart from their single - cylinder models ( basically to the same pattern ) , all their motorcycles used this distinctive layout until the early 1980s . Many BMW 's are still produced in this layout , which is designated the R Series . The entire BMW Motorcycle production has , since 1969 , been located at the company 's Berlin - Spandau factory . During the Second World War , BMW produced the BMW R75 motorcycle with a sidecar attached . Having a unique design copied from the Zündapp KS750 , its sidecar wheel was also motor - driven . Combined with a lockable differential , this made the vehicle very capable off - road , an equivalent in many ways to the Jeep . In 1982 , came the K Series , shaft drive but water - cooled and with either three or four cylinders mounted in a straight line from front to back . Shortly after , BMW also started making the chain - driven F and G series with single and parallel twin Rotax engines . In the early 1990s , BMW updated the airhead Boxer engine which became known as the oilhead . In 2002 , the oilhead engine had two spark plugs per cylinder . In 2004 it added a built - in balance shaft , an increased capacity to 1,170 cc and enhanced performance to 100 hp ( 75 kW ) for the R1200GS , compared to 85 hp ( 63 kW ) of the previous R1150GS . More powerful variants of the oilhead engines are available in the R1100S and R1200S , producing 98 and 122 hp ( 73 and 91 kW ) , respectively . In 2004 , BMW introduced the new K1200S Sports Bike which marked a departure for BMW . It had an engine producing 167 hp ( 125 kW ) , derived from the company 's work with the Williams F1 team , and is lighter than previous K models . Innovations include electronically adjustable front and rear suspension , and a Hossack - type front fork that BMW calls Duolever . BMW introduced anti-lock brakes on production motorcycles starting in the late 1980s . The generation of anti-lock brakes available on the 2006 and later BMW motorcycles pave the way for the introduction of electronic stability control , or anti-skid technology later in the 2007 model year . BMW has been an innovator in motorcycle suspension design , taking up telescopic front suspension long before most other manufacturers . Then they switched to an Earles fork , front suspension by swinging fork ( 1955 to 1969 ) . Most modern BMWs are truly rear swingarm , single sided at the back ( compare with the regular swinging fork usually , and wrongly , called swinging arm ) . Some BMWs started using yet another trademark front suspension design , the Telelever , in the early 1990s . Like the Earles fork , the Telelever significantly reduces dive under braking . BMW Group , on 31 January 2013 , announced that Pierer Industrie AG has bought Husqvarna for an undisclosed amount , which will not be revealed by either party in the future . The company is headed by Stephan Pierer ( CEO of KTM ) . Pierer Industrie AG is 51 % owner of KTM and 100 % owner of Husqvarna . Automobiles ( edit ) Main article : List of BMW vehicles See also : Mini ( marque ) and Rolls - Royce Motor Cars The current model lines of BMW automobiles are : The 1 Series ( F20 / F21 ) is the entry level to BMW 's current model range . It is produced in 3 - door and 5 - door hatchback body styles . A 4 - door sedan variant ( F52 ) is also sold in China . F20 1 Series F52 1 Series The 2 Series ( F22 / F23 ) is BMW 's entry level coupes and convertibles . The 2 Series range also consists of the `` Active Tourer '' ( F45 ) and `` Gran Tourer '' ( F46 ) body styles , which are 5 - seat and 7 - seat MPVs respectively . F22 2 Series F45 2 Series F46 2 Series The 3 Series ( F30 / F31 / F34 ) range is produced in 4 - door sedan , 4 - door wagon ( estate ) and 5 - door fastback ( `` Gran Turismo '' ) body styles . A long - wheelbase sedan variant ( F35 ) is also sold in China . F30 3 Series F31 3 Series F34 3 Series F35 3 Series The 4 Series ( F32 / F33 / F36 ) range is produced in 2 - door coupe , 2 - door convertible and 5 - door fastback ( `` Gran Coupe '' ) body styles . F32 4 Series F33 4 Series F36 4 Series The 5 Series ( G30 / G31 ) range is produced in sedan and wagon body styles . A long - wheelbase sedan variant ( G38 ) is also sold in China . G30 5 Series G31 5 Series The 6 Series ( F06 / F12 / F13 ) range is produced in 2 - door coupe , 2 - door convertible and 4 - door fastback ( `` Gran Coupe '' ) body styles . F06 6 Series F12 6 Series F13 6 Series The 7 Series ( G11 / G12 ) range is produced in the 4 - door sedan and long - wheelbase sedan body styles . G11 7 Series G12 7 Series The X models consist of the X1 ( F48 ) , X3 ( G01 ) , X4 ( F26 ) , X5 ( F15 ) and X6 ( F16 ) . F84 X1 G01 X3 F26 X4 F15 X5 F16 X6 The Z Series consists of the Z4 ( E89 ) 2 - seat roadster . E89 Z4 - front Sometimes the model series are referred to by their German pronunciation : `` Einser '' ( `` One - er '' ) for the 1 Series , `` Dreier '' ( `` Three - er '' ) for the 3 Series , `` Fünfer '' ( `` Five - er '' ) for the 5 Series , `` Sechser '' ( `` Six - er '' ) for the 6 Series and `` Siebener '' ( `` Seven - er '' ) for the 7 Series . These are not actually slang , but are the normal way that such letters and numbers are pronounced in German . I models ( edit ) Main article : BMW i BMW i3 electric car BMW i8 plug - in hybrid The BMW i is a sub-brand of BMW founded in 2011 to design and manufacture plug - in electric vehicles . The sub-brand initial plans called for the release of two vehicles ; series production of the BMW i3 all - electric car began in September 2013 , and the market launch took place in November 2013 with the first retail deliveries in Germany . The BMW i8 sports plug - in hybrid car was launched in Germany in June 2014 . In 2014 , BMW developed a prototype of street lights equipped with power sockets to charge electric cars , called Light and Charge . Two of these charging facilities were installed at BMW 's headquarters in Munich . In 2015 , BMW in cooperation with SCHERM Group has started deploying electric trucks on European roads , making it the first company to ever do so . The truck itself is manufactured by the Terberg Group , one of the world 's largest independent specialist vehicle suppliers . Combined sales of the BMW i brand models reached the 50,000 unit milestone in January 2016 . Two years after its introduction , the BMW i3 ranked as the world 's third best selling all - electric car in history . Global sales of the BMW i3 achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in July 2016 . In February 2016 , BMW announced the introduction of the `` iPerformance '' model designation , which will be given to all BMW plug - in hybrid vehicles from July 2016 . The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand . The new designation will be used first on the plug - in hybrid variants of the latest BMW 7 Series . Global sales of all BMW plug - in electrified models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016 , consisting of more than 60,000 BMW i3s , over 10,000 BMW i8s , and about 30,000 from combined sales of all BMW iPerformance plug - in hybrid models . As of November 2016 , four BMW electrified models have been released , the BMW X5 xDrive40e iPerformance , BMW 225xe iPerformance Active Tourer , BMW 330e iPerformance , and the BMW 740e iPerformance . The BMW 530e iPerformance is scheduled to be released in Europe March 2017 as part of the upcoming seventh generation BMW 5 Series lineup . Global sales of all plug - in electrified models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016 , consisting of more than 60,000 i3s , over 10,000 i8s , and about 30,000 from combined sales of all BMW iPerformance plug - in hybrid models . Combined global sales of BMW 's electrified models totaled more than 62,000 units in 2016 , and 103,080 in 2017 , including MINI brand electrified vehicles . BMW cumulative sales of BMW Group 's electrified vehicles passed the 200,000 unit milestone in December 2017 . M models ( edit ) BMW M4 ( F82 ) BMW M5 ( F90 ) Main article : BMW M BMW produce a number of high - performance derivatives of their cars developed by their BMW M GmbH ( previously BMW Motorsport GmbH ) subsidiary . The current M models are : M2 -- F87 Coupé ( 2015 to present ) M3 -- F80 Sedan ( 2013 to present ) M4 -- F82 Coupé / F83 Convertible ( 2014 to present ) M5 -- F10 Saloon ( 2011 to present ) M6 -- F06 Gran Coupé / F12 Convertible / F13 Coupé ( 2012 to present ) X5 M -- F15 SAV ( 2014 to present ) X6 M -- F16 SAV ( 2014 to present ) ( ( BMW I8 I8 Naming convention for models ( edit ) Main article : List of BMW vehicles § Naming convention for models Motorsport ( edit ) Main article : BMW in motorsport BMW has a long history of motorsport activities , including : Touring cars , such as DTM , WTCC , ETCC and BTCC Formula One Endurance racing , such as 24 Hours Nürburgring , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Daytona and Spa 24 Hours Isle of Man TT Dakar Rally American Le Mans Series Formula BMW -- a junior racing Formula category . Formula Two 2016 BMW M4 DTM 2016 BMW M6 GT3 2016 BMW S1000RR Involvement in the arts ( edit ) Manufacturers employ designers for their cars , but BMW has made efforts to gain recognition for exceptional contributions to and support of the arts , including art beyond motor vehicle design . These efforts typically overlap or complement BMW 's marketing and branding campaigns . Art cars ( edit ) Main article : BMW Art Car In 1975 , Alexander Calder was commissioned to paint the 3.0 CSL driven by Hervé Poulain at the 24 Hours of Le Mans , which became the first in the series of BMW Art Cars . This led to more BMW Art Cars , painted by artists including Andy Warhol , Jenny Holzer , Roy Lichtenstein and others . The cars , currently numbering 17 , have been shown at the Louvre , Guggenheim Museum Bilbao , Los Angeles County Museum of Art and New York 's Grand Central Terminal . 1975 Art Car by Alexander Calder 1979 Art Car by Andy Warhol 2010 Art Car by Jeff Koons Architecture ( edit ) BMW Headquarters Main article : BMW Headquarters BMW 's Munich headquarters represents the cylinder head of a 4 - cylinder engine . It was designed by Karl Schwanzer and was completed in 1972 . The building has become a European icon and was declared a protected historic building in 1999 . The main tower consists of four vertical cylinders standing next to and across from each other . Each cylinder is divided horizontally in its center by a mold in the facade . Notably , these cylinders do not stand on the ground ; they are suspended on a central support tower . BMW Museum is a futuristic cauldron - shaped building , which was also designed by Karl Schwanzer and opened in 1972 . The interior has a spiral theme and the roof is a 40 - metre diameter BMW logo . BMW 's exhibition space in Munich , BMW Welt , was designed by Coop Himmelb ( l ) au and opened in 2007 . It includes a showroom and lifting platforms where a customer 's new car is theatrically unveiled to the customer . The BMW Central Building in Leipzig was designed by Zaha Hadid . BMW Museum interior BMW Welt Film ( edit ) In 2001 and 2002 , BMW produced a series of 8 short films called The Hire , which had plots based around BMW models being driven to extremes by Clive Owen . The directors for The Hire included Guy Ritchie , John Woo , John Frankenheimer and Ang Lee . In 2016 , a ninth film in the series was released . The 2006 `` BMW Performance Series '' was a marketing event geared to attract black car buyers . It included the `` BMW Pop - Jazz Live Series '' - a tour headlined by jazz musician Mike Phillips - and the `` BMW Blackfilms.com Film Series '' highlighting black filmmakers . Visual arts ( edit ) BMW was the principal sponsor of the 1998 The Art of the Motorcycle exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and other Guggenheim museums , though the financial relationship between BMW and the Guggenheim was criticised in many quarters . In 2012 , BMW began sponsoring Independent Collectors production of the BMW Art Guide , which is the first global guide to private and publicly accessible collections of contemporary art worldwide . The 2016 edition features 256 collections from 43 countries . Production ( edit ) BMW Headquarters in Munich . The towers and museum are visible in the back right . BMW plant in Leipzig , Germany : Spot welding of BMW 3 series car bodies with KUKA industrial robots BMW produces complete automobile at its factories in Germany ( Munich , Dingolfing , Regensburg and Leipzig ) , United States ( Greer ) , South Africa ( Rosslyn ) and China ( Shenyang ) . BMW also has local assembly operation using complete knock down components in Thailand , Russia , Egypt , Indonesia , Malaysia , and India ( Chennai ) , for 3 , 5 , 7 series and X3 . In 2006 , the BMW group ( including Mini and Rolls - Royce ) produced 1,366,838 four - wheeled vehicles , which were manufactured in five countries . In 2010 , it manufactured 1,481,253 four - wheeled vehicles and 112,271 motorcycles ( under both the BMW and Husqvarna brands ) . BMW Motorcycles are being produced at the company 's Berlin factory , which earlier had produced aircraft engines for Siemens . By 2011 , about 56 % of BMW - brand vehicles produced are powered by petrol engines and the remaining 44 % are powered by diesel engines . Of those petrol vehicles , about 27 % are four - cylinder models and about nine percent are eight - cylinder models . On average , 9,000 vehicles per day exit BMW plants , and 63 % are transported by rail . Annual production since 2005 is as follows : Year BMW MINI Rolls - Royce Motorcycle * 2005 1,122,308 200,119 692 92,013 2006 1,179,317 186,674 847 103,759 2007 1,302,774 237,700 1,029 104,396 2008 1,203,482 235,019 1,417 118,452 2009 1,043,829 213,670 918 93,243 1,236,989 241,043 3,221 112,271 2011 1,440,315 294,120 3,725 110,360 2012 1,547,057 311,490 3,279 113,811 2013 1,699,835 303,177 3,354 110,127 2014 1,838,268 322,803 4,495 133,615 2015 1,933,647 342,008 3,848 151,004 Sales ( edit ) Vehicles sold in all markets according to BMW 's annual reports . Year BMW MINI Rolls - Royce Motorcycle * 2005 1,126,768 200,428 797 97,474 2006 1,185,089 188,077 805 100,064 2007 1,276,793 222,875 1,010 102,467 2008 1,202,239 232,425 1,212 115,196 2009 1,068,770 216,538 1,002 100,358 1,224,280 234,175 2,711 110,113 2011 1,380,384 285,060 3,538 113,572 2012 1,540,085 301,525 3,575 117,109 2013 1,655,138 305,030 3,630 115,215 * * 2014 1,811,719 302,183 4,063 123,495 * * 2015 1,905,234 338,466 3,785 136,963 * * * Since 2008 , motorcycle productions and sales figures include Husqvarna models . * * Excluding Husqvarna , sales volume up to 2013 : 59,776 units . In China , BMW sold 415,200 vehicles between January and November 2014 , through a network of over 440 BMW stores and 100 Mini stores . Industry Collaboration ( edit ) BMW has collaborated with other car manufacturers on the following occasions : McLaren Automotive : BMW designed and produced the V12 engine that powered the McLaren F1 . Peugeot and Citroën : Joint production of four - cylinder petrol engines , beginning in 2004 . Daimler Benz : Joint venture to produce the hybrid drivetrain components used in the ActiveHybrid 7 . Toyota : Three - part agreement in 2013 to jointly develop fuel cell technology , develop a joint platform for a sports car ( the 2018 BMW Z4 / Toyota Supra ) and research lithium - air batteries . Audi and Mercedes : Joint purchase of Nokia 's Here WeGo ( formerly Here Maps ) in 2015 . Sponsorships ( edit ) BMW sponsor car at the London 2012 Olympics In soccer ( football ) , BMW sponsors Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt . At the London 2012 Olympic games , BMW 's sponsorship included providing 4000 BMWs and Minis . BMW also made a six - year sponsorship deal with the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) in July 2010 . In golf , BMW has sponsored various events , including the PGA Championship , the BMW Italian Open , the BMW Masters in China and the BMW International Open in Germany . In rugby , BMW sponsored the South Africa national rugby union team from 2011 to 2015 . Environmental Record ( edit ) The company is a charter member of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's ( EPA ) National Environmental Achievement Track , which recognizes companies for their environmental stewardship and performance . It is also a member of the South Carolina Environmental Excellence Program . Since 1999 , BMW has been named the world 's most sustainable automotive company every year by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index . The BMW Group is one of three automotive companies to be featured every year in the index . In 2001 , the BMW Group committed itself to the United Nations Environment Programme , the UN Global Compact and the Cleaner Production Declaration . It was also the first company in the automotive industry to appoint an environmental officer , in 1973 . BMW is a member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development . In 2012 , BMW was the highest automotive company in the Carbon Disclosure Project 's Global 500 list , with a score of 99 out of 100 . The BMW Group was rated the most sustainable DAX 30 company by Sustainalytics in 2012 . To reduce vehicle emissions , BMW is improving the efficiency of existing fossil - fuel powered models , while researching electric power , hybrid power and hydrogen for future models . Bicycles ( edit ) BMW branded bicycles are sold online and through dealerships . The BMW Turbo Levo FSR 6Fattie electric mountain bike was produced in partnership with Specialized and the BMW Cruise e-Bike NBG III uses a Bosch motor and battery . Car - sharing services ( edit ) Main articles : DriveNow and ReachNow DriveNow is a joint - venture between BMW and Sixt that was launched in Munich in June 2011 , and now operates in thirteen cities around Europe . As of December 2012 , DriveNow operates over 1,000 vehicles , which serve five cities worldwide and over 60,000 customers . In the United States , BMW launched the ReachNow car - sharing service in Seattle in April 2016 . ReachNow currently operates in Seattle , Portland and Brooklyn . Overseas subsidiaries ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) On 9 October 2014 , BMW 's new South American automobile plant in Araquari , Santa Catarina assembled its first car , an F30 3 Series . The cars assembled at Araquari are the F20 1 Series , F30 3 Series , F48 X1 , F25 X3 and Mini Countryman . Cars are assembled from complete knock - down components . Canada ( edit ) The first BMW dealership in Canada was opened in 1969 . In 1986 , BMW established a head office in Canada . BMW sold 28,149 vehicles in Canada in 2008 . China ( edit ) Main article : BMW Brilliance Signing a deal in 2003 for the production of sedans in China , May 2004 saw the opening of a factory in the North - eastern city of Shenyang where Brilliance Auto produces BMW - branded automobiles in a joint venture with the German company . Egypt ( edit ) Bavarian Auto Group became sole importer of the BMW and Mini brands in 2003 . At the BMW assembly plant in 6th of October City , the 3 Series , 5 Series , 7 Series , X1 and X3 are assembled from complete knock - down components . India ( edit ) Main article : BMW India BMW India was established in 2006 as a sales subsidiary in Gurugram . A BMW assembly plant was opened in Chennai in 2007 , assembling 3 Series , 5 Series , 7 Series , X1 , X3 , X5 , Mini Countryman and motorcycle models from complete knock - down components . Japan ( edit ) BMW Japan Corp , a wholly owned subsidiary , imports and distributes BMW vehicles in Japan . Mexico ( edit ) In July 2014 , BMW announced it was establishing a plant in Mexico , in the city and state of San Luis Potosi involving an investment of $1 billion . The plant will employ 1,500 people , and produce 150,000 cars annually , commencing in 2019 . South Africa ( edit ) BMWs have been assembled in South Africa since 1968 , when Praetor Monteerders ' plant was opened in Rosslyn , near Pretoria . BMW initially bought shares in the company , before fully acquiring it in 1975 ; in so doing , the company became BMW South Africa , the first wholly owned subsidiary of BMW to be established outside Germany . Unlike United States manufacturers , such as Ford and GM , which divested from the country in the 1980s , BMW retained full ownership of its operations in South Africa . Following the end of apartheid in 1994 , and the lowering of import tariffs , BMW South Africa ended local production of the 5 Series and 7 Series , in order to concentrate on production of the 3 Series for the export market . South African -- built BMWs are now exported to right hand drive markets including Japan , Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , and Hong Kong , as well as Sub-Saharan Africa . Since 1997 , BMW South Africa has produced vehicles in left - hand drive for export to Taiwan , the United States and Iran , as well as South America . Three unique models that BMW Motorsport created for the South African market were the E23 M745i ( 1983 ) , which used the M88 engine from the BMW M1 , the BMW 333i ( 1986 ) , which added a six - cylinder 3.2 - litre M30 engine to the E30 , and the E30 BMW 325is ( 1989 ) which was powered by an Alpina - derived 2.7 - litre engine . BMWs with a VIN starting with `` NC0 '' are manufactured in South Africa . United States ( edit ) BMW Spartanburg factory Main article : BMW in the United States BMW cars have been officially sold in the United States since 1956 and manufactured in the United States since 1994 . The first BMW dealership in the United States opened in 1975 . In 2016 , BMW was the twelfth highest selling brand in the United States . The manufacturing plant in Spartanburg , South Carolina has the second highest production of the BMW plants worldwide , currently producing approximately 1,400 vehicles per day . The models produced at the Spartanburg plant are the X3 , X4 and X5 SUV models . In addition to the South Carolina manufacturing facility , BMW 's North American companies include sales , marketing , design , and financial services operations in the United States , Mexico , Canada and Latin America . Marketing ( edit ) Slogan ( edit ) The slogan ' The Ultimate Driving Machine ' was first used in North America in 1974 . In 2010 , this long - lived campaign was mostly supplanted by ' Joy ' , a campaign intended to make the brand more approachable and to better appeal to women , but by 2012 BMW had returned to ' The Ultimate Driving Machine ' . April Fools ( edit ) BMW has garnered a reputation over the years for its April Fools pranks , which are printed in the British press every year . In 2010 , they ran an advertisement in The Guardian announcing that customers would be able to order BMWs with different coloured badges to show their affiliation with the political party they supported . Audio logo ( edit ) In 2013 , BMW replaced the ' double - gong ' sound used at the end of TV and radio advertisements since 1999 . The new sound was described as `` introduced by a rising , resonant sound and underscored by two distinctive bass tones that form the sound logo 's melodic and rhythmic basis . '' The new sound was first used in the BMW 4 Series Concept Coupe TV commercial . See also ( edit ) Bavaria portal Companies portal Cars portal BMW FIZ BMW Group Classic List of BMW engines ConnectedDrive References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMW . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . BMW Group . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION - OICA correspondents survey '' ( PDF ) . www.oica.net . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Noakes , Andrew ( 2008 ) . The Ultimate History of BMW . Parragon Publishing . Jump up ^ `` BMW Model IIIA -- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum '' . Nasm.si.edu . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fliegerschule St. Gallen -- history '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` When was BMW founded ? '' . BMW Education . BMW . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Darwin Holmstrom , Brian J. Nelson ( 2002 ) . BMW Motorcycles . MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1098 - 4 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard Alan ( 2005 ) . Six men who built the modern auto industry . MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1958 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oppat , Kay ( 2008 ) . Disseminative Capabilities : A Case Study of Collaborative Product Development in the Automotive . Gabler Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8349 - 1254 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kiley , David ( 2004 ) . Driven : inside BMW , the most admired car company in the world . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26920 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` MUNICH - ALLACH : WORKING FOR BMW '' . www.ausstellung-zwangsarbeit.org . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2007 ) . The Jet Race and the Second World War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99355 - 9 . Jump up ^ Radinger , Will ; Schick. , Walter ( 1996 ) . Me262 ( in German ) . Berlin : Avantic Verlag GmbH . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 925505 - 21 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kay , Anthony ( 2002 ) . German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930 -- 1945 . Airlife Publishing . ISBN 9781840372946 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Strahljager Project I '' . Nevingtonwarmuseum.weebly.com. 3 November 1944 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Dan Johnson . `` BMW Aircraft '' . Luft46.com . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Norbye , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Noakes , p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Norbye , p. 130 Jump up ^ Noakes , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Norbye , pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Norbye , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Norbye , p. 132 Jump up ^ Toronto Star 3 July 2004 Jump up ^ Becker , Clauspeter ( 1971 ) , Logoz , Arthur , ed. , `` BMW 2500 / 2800 '' , Auto - Universum 1971 ( in German ) , Zürich , Switzerland : Verlag Internationale Automobil - Parade AG , XIV : 73 Jump up ^ Becker , p. 74 Jump up ^ Albrecht Rothacher ( 2004 ) . Corporate Cultures And Global Brands . World Scientific . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 238 - 856 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Bangle '' . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hans List : Vorwort und Einführung zum Gesamtwerk . Band 1 von Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine , Springer , Wien , 1949 . ISBN 9783662294888 . Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen Jump up ^ Roland Löwisch : BMW - Die schönsten Modelle : 100 Jahre Design und Technik . HEEL , 2016 , ISBN 9783958434066 . p 7 . Jump up ^ `` BMW 1970s brochure for the United States '' ( PDF ) . www.bmw-grouparchiv.de . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bee em / BMW Motorcycle Club of Victoria Inc '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No Toupees allowed '' . Bangkok Post . 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Lighter , Jonathan E. ( 1994 ) . Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang : A-G. 1 . Random House . pp. 126 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 54427 - 4 . Beemer n . ( BMW + ' ' er ' ' ) a BMW automobile . Also Beamer. 1982 S. Black Totally Awesome 83 BMW ( `` Beemer '' ) . 1985 L.A. Times ( 13 April ) V 4 : Id much rather drive my Beemer than a truck . 1989 L. Roberts Full Cleveland 39 : Baby boomers ... in ... late - model Beemers. 1990 Hull High ( NBC - TV ) : You should ee my dad 's new Beemer. 1991 Cathy ( synd . cartoon strip ) ( 21 April ) : Sheila ... ( ground ) multi-grain snack chips crumbs into the back seat of my brand - new Beamer ! 1992 Time ( 18 May ) 84 : Its residents tend to drive pickups or subcompacts , not Beemers or Rolles . Jump up ^ Lighter , Jonathan E. ( 1994 ) . Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang : A-G. 1 . Random House . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 54427 - 4 . Bimmer n . Beemer . Jump up ^ `` Bimmer vs. Beemer '' . boston-bmwcca.org . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Duglin Kennedy , Shirley ( 2005 ) . The Savvy Guide to Motorcycles . Indy Tech Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7906 - 1316 - 1 . Beemer -- BMW motorcycle ; as opposed to Bimmer , which is a BMW automobile . Jump up ^ Yates , Brock ( 12 March 1989 ) . `` You Say Porsch and I Say Porsch - eh '' . The Washington Post . p. w45 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2014 . ' Bimmer ' is the slang for a BMW automobile , but ' Beemer ' is right when referring to the company 's motorcycles . Jump up ^ Zesiger , Sue ( 26 June 2000 ) . `` Why Is BMW Driving Itself Crazy ? The Rover deal was a dog , but it did n't cure BMW 's desire to be a big - league carmaker -- even if that means more risky tactics '' . Fortune Magazine . CNN . Bimmers ( yes , it 's ' Bimmer ' for cars -- the often misused ' Beemer ' refers only to the motorcycles ) . Jump up ^ Herchenroether , Dan ; SellingAir , LLC ( 2004 ) . Selling Air : A Tech Bubble Novel . SellingAir , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9754224 - 0 - 3 . Jump up ^ Morsi , Pamela ( 2002 ) . Doing Good . Mira . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55166 - 884 - 0 . True aficionados know that the nickname Beemer actually refers to the BMW motorcycle . Bimmer is the correct nickname for the automobile Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` Hydrogen & fuel cell letter '' . Peter Hoffmann . For the uninitiated , a Bimmer is a BMW car , and a Beemer is a motorcycle . Jump up ^ English , Bob ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` Why wait for spring ? Lease it now '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto , CA : CTVglobemedia Publishing . Archived from the original on 25 July 2013 . If you 're a Bimmer enthusiast ( not that horrible leftover 1980s yuppie abomination Beemer ) , you 've undoubtedly read the reviews , Jump up ^ THE NOSE : FWay students knew who they were voting for in school poll : ( South Sound Edition ) . 25 October 2002 . The News Tribune , p . B01 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 , from ProQuest Newsstand . ( Document ID : 223030831 ) quote = We 're told by auto snobs that the word ' beemer ' actually refers to the BMW motorcycle , and that when referring to a BMW automobile , the word 's pronounced ' bimmer . ' Jump up ^ `` International -- Readers Report . Not All BMW Owners Are Smitten '' . Business Week . The McGraw - Hill Companies . 30 June 2003 . Editor 's note : Both nicknames are widely used , though Bimmer is the correct term for BMW cars , Beemer for BMW motorcycles . A Google search yields approximately 10 times as many references to Bimmer as to Beemer . Jump up ^ Google ' Bimmer ' ( giving 6 million hits on 15 December 2017 ) , ' Beemer ' ( giving 3.2 million hits on 15 December 2017 , a Dictionary definition as ' a car or motorcycle manufactured by the company BMW . ' , and 5 images , all of them cars ) , and ' Beamer ' ( giving 15 million hits on 15 December 2017 , though many of these do not refer to BMWs of any kind , as well as saying ' People also ask - What kind of car is a Beamer ? ... ' ) . Jump up ^ BMW . `` The origin of the BMW logo '' . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMW logo '' . www.bmwdrives.com . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Williams ( 7 January 2010 ) . `` BMW Roundel : Not Born From Planes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Gantriis , Henry Von Wartenberg . `` The Art of BMW : 85 Years of Motorcycling Excellence '' . MotorBooks International , September 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` What is the history of BMW motorcycles in the USA ? '' . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Peter A ( 2004 ) . Langenscheidt Fachwörterbuch Technik und Angewandte Wissenschaften : Englisch -- Deutsch / Deutsch -- Englisch ( 2nd ed . ) . Langenscheidt Fachverlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86117 - 233 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joe Lorio ( May 2010 ) . `` Green : Rich Steinberg Interview : Electric Bimmer Man '' . Automobile Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BMW introduces new i sub-brand , first two vehicles i3 and i8 ; premium mobility services and new venture capital company '' . Green Car Congress . 2011 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) . `` BMW i3 starts production in Germany using local wind power , US carbon fiber '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jay Cole ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) . `` BMW Delivers First i3 Electric Vehicles In Germany Today '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) . `` World 's First BMW i8 Owners Take Delivery In Germany '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BMW develops street lights with electric car - charging sockets '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` BMW Tests Street Lights With Electric Car Charging Sockets '' . www.motorauthority.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` BMW is first to deploy an electric 40 - ton truck on European roads '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group puts another 40t battery - electric truck into service '' . Electric Vehicle News . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Shahan , Zachary ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` BMW & SCHERM Pilot 40 - Ton Electric Truck '' . Clean Technica . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) . `` BMW Sells its 50,000 th i - Series Worldwide in January '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . A total of 41,586 i3s and 7,197 i8s have been sold worldwide through December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The BMW i3 turns two . Time for an interim review . In Germany the BMW i3 has been the best - selling electric car since it was launched . In the worldwide ranking it stands third '' ( Press release ) . Munich : BMW Group . 2015 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50,000 Sales Club '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` BMW at the 86th Geneva International Motor Show 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Munich : BMW Group PressClub Global . 2016 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three years since the market launch of BMW i . 100,000 electrified BMW on the road '' ( Press release ) . Munich : BMW Group Press Club Global . 2016 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Three year after the market launch of the BMW i3 , the BMW Group has delivered more than 100,000 purely electric - powered cars and plug - in hybrids to customers worldwide . The BMW i3 alone has reached more than 60,000 units , making it the most successful electric vehicle in the premium compact segment . The BMW i8 ranks first among electrified sports cars , with more than 10,000 delivered since the middle of 2014 . Additionally , there are the approximately 30,000 iPerformance plug - in hybrids sold . Jump up ^ BMW Group ( November 2016 ) . `` Electrified by BMW i - BMW iPerformance : Plug - in hybrids with BMW i know - how '' . BMW.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jay ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) . `` BMW 530e iPerformance Debuts , Arrives In March -- Specs , Video '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group achieves sixth consecutive all - time sales high and remains world 's leading premium car company '' ( Press release ) . Munich : BMW Group Global . 2017 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Record sales for BMW Group worldwide during 2017 while it boosts the Premium car market in Mexico , Latin America and the Caribbean '' ( Press release ) . Mexico City : BMW Group . 2018 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . The BMW Group delivered a total of 103,080 plug - in electric cars in 2017 worldwide , including MINI plug - in hybrid models . Of these , 31,482 were i3s . Jump up ^ Kane , Mark ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . `` BMW Sold A Record 13,271 Plug - In EVs In December , 103,080 In 2017 '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Commissions Artists for Auto Werke Art Project '' . Art Business News . 27 ( 13 ) . 2000 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Patton , Phil ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` These Canvases Need Oil and a Good Driver '' . The New York Times . p . AU1 . Jump up ^ `` Touring the Temples of German Automaking '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Bernd ; Van Zutphen , Glenn ( 2012 ) , Happy Customers Everywhere : How Your Business Can Profit from the Insights of Positive Psychology , Macmillan , p. 64 , ISBN 9781137000460 Jump up ^ `` BMW Films '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BMW arts series aims at black consumers '' . Automotive News . 80 ( 6215 ) . 7 August 2006 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` '' Economist , The ( US ) ( 21 April 2001 ) . `` When merchants enter the temple ; Marketing museums '' . The Economist Newspaper and The Economist Group . Jump up ^ Vogel , Carol ( 3 August 1998 ) . `` Latest Biker Hangout ? Guggenheim Ramp '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` About the Guide -- '' I do n't think anybody has been to all these places. `` '' . www.bmw-art-guide.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group '' . BMW Group . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Motor Vehicle Production , OICA correspondents survey 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2010 '' ( PDF ) . BMW Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hilton Holloway ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` The future of BMW 's engines '' . Autocar . Jump up ^ Christopher Ludwig ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` BMW 's ' connected ' logistics : Shaping a self - steering supply chain '' . Automotive Logistics . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . logistics as the `` heart of BMW 's production system '' : 30m parts per day move from 1,800 suppliers ; 7,000 sea freight containers per day , and in a year 84m cubic metres across ocean , road , rail and air freight . Outbound , around 9,000 vehicles leave BMW plants each day on their way to 4,500 dealers in 160 countries . 63 % of cars leave plants by train Jump up ^ `` BMW to Pay $820 Million to China Car Dealers , Group Says '' . Bloomberg News . 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` McLaren F1 Supercar '' . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Leno Pulls Out McLaren F1 's V12 Engine for All to See '' . www.carscoops.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSA , BMW Collaboration Grows '' . www.wardsauto.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 BMW ActiveHybrid 7 Review '' . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 BMW ActiveHybrid 7 -- Official Information '' . www.bmwblog.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group and Toyota Motor Corporation Deepen Collaboration by Signing Binding Agreements '' . www.bmwgroup.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW , Toyota Confirm Hydrogen Fuel Cell , Technology Deals '' . 24 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BMW and Toyota sign Agreement for Fuel Cell System , Sports Vehicle , Lightweight Technology and Lithium - air Battery '' . www.bmwblog.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia sells Here maps unit to Audi , BMW , and Mercedes for $3 billion '' . www.theverge.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` German champions Borussia Dortmund join solar trend '' . Jump up ^ `` BMW chosen to provide official Minis for 2012 London Olympics '' . The Times . 18 November 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMW , USOC make 6 - year sponsorship deal official '' . www.teamusa.org . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW to sponsor America 's Olympic committee '' . www.autonews.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Int'l Sponsorship Head Eckhard Wannieck Talks About Company 's Sports Sponsorships '' . www.sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW extends sponsorship of BMW Championship '' . www.pgatour.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . www.pgatour.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who Does What : Automobile Manufacturers '' . www.sponsorship.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Slow And Steady Course : Inside BMW 's Sponsorship Strategy '' . www.sponsorship.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW extends sponsorship of Wentworth PGA event '' . Sportbusiness.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMW named new Springbok sponsor '' . www.supersport.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW SA drops the Springboks '' . www.wheels24.co.za . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance Track Final Progress Report '' ( PDF ) . EPA . May 2009 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Sauer , Paul . `` Ultimate Factories '' . Facts : BMW . National Geographic . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group once again sector leader in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index . World 's most sustainable automotive company in 2016 '' . www.automotiveworld.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group once again sector leader in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index . World 's most sustainable automotive company in 2016 '' . www.bmwgroup.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group once again sector leader in Dow Jones Sustainability Index '' . bmwgroup.com . Jump up ^ http://www.wbcsd.org/about/members/members-list-region.aspx Jump up ^ `` Carbon Disclosure Project Reveals Global Top 10 ; Apple and Amazon Do n't Respond '' . www.environmentalleader.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Disclosure Project recognises BMW Group for the exemplary transparency of its climate protection activities - Number One Automotive Manufacturer in the CDP Global 500 ranking '' . www.bmwgroup.com . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ BMW Group ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` BMW Group : Sustainable Value Report 2012 : Sustainability management '' . bmwgroup.com . Jump up ^ Bird , J and Walker , M : `` BMW A Sustainable Future ? `` , page 11 . Wild World 2005 Jump up ^ `` BMW Online Shop '' . Shop.bmwgroup.com. 21 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Specialized for BMW '' . www.bmw.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Cruise e-Bike NBG III '' . www.bmw.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group takes top prize at the 2012 Corporate Entrepreneur Awards for premium car - sharing joint venture DriveNow . Jury impressed by willingness to trial new models of mobility '' . Electricdrive.org. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ReachNow official website . `` ReachNow CarSharing by BMW , BMW i , MINI . '' May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group assembles first car in Brazil '' . press.bmwgroup.com. 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BMW : Global growth '' . www.automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Brazil to export X1 SUVs to US '' . www.just-auto.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Otto 's Story '' . www.bmwottos.ca . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In photos : The evolution and history of BMW as it turns 100 '' . www.theglobeandmail.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of BMW Canada '' . www.bmwlondon.ca . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ General Overview Brilliance Auto Official Site Jump up ^ `` BMW opens China factory '' . Testdriven.co.uk. 21 May 2004 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands and Products -- BMW Sedan Brilliance Auto Official Site Jump up ^ Interone Worldwide GmbH ( 11 December 2006 ) . `` International BMW website '' . Bmw.in . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About BMW Japan Corp '' . www.bmwcareer.jp . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joining rivals , BMW to set up $1 bn plant in Mexico '' . Mexico Star . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Information : History '' . BMW South Africa . Archived from the original on 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BMW South Africa -- Plant Rosslyn '' . Bmwplant.co.za . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Isetta 300 model selection '' . www.realoem.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Company - History '' . www.bmwgroup.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is how BMW became the top selling luxury car company in the U.S. '' www.fortune.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sales by Manufacturer '' . www.edmunds.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Plant Spartanburg leads U.S. auto exports '' . Roundel . BMW Car Club of America : 30 . April 2015 . ISSN 0889 - 3225 . Jump up ^ `` Production Overview BMW US Factory '' . www.bmwusfactory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Stories Behind 10 of the Most Iconic Brand Slogans '' . www.highsnobiety.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can Lutz repeat his BMW marketing magic at GM ? '' . www.autonews.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Still the Ultimate Driving Machine '' . Forbes.com. 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ April Fool ! A round up of the best ( and worst ) hoaxes , The Guardian , 1 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` BMW Gets a New Audio Logo '' . www.trebrand.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sofia Johansson ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` BMW Updates Their Iconic Sound Logo '' . PSFK . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Introduces New Sound Logo '' . Autoevolution.com. 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New sound logo for BMW revealed '' . Motortorque.com. 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Grunert , Manfred ; Triebe , Florian ( 2006 ) , BMW Group Mobile Tradition , ed. ( in German ) , Das Unternehmen BMW seit 1916 , München : BMW Group Mobile Tradition , ISBN 978 - 3 - 932169 - 46 - 5 Kiles , David ( 2004 ) ( in German ) , Driven : Inside BMW , the Most Admired Car Company in the World , Wiley , pp. 328 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26920 - 5 Schrader , Halwart ( 2004 ) ( in German ) , Typenkompass BMW , Stuttgart : Motorbuch , ISBN 3 - 613 - 02386 - 5 Werner , Constanze ( 2006 ) ( in German ) , Kriegswirtschaft und Zwangsarbeit bei BMW , München : Oldenbourg , ISBN 978 - 3 - 486 - 57792 - 1 Noakes , Andrew ( in German ) , BMW . Vom 328 Roadster und der Isetta bis zum 5er Gran Turismo , Bath : Parragon Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4075 - 6814 - 0 Schrader , Halwart ( 2011 ) ( in German ) , BMW . Passion -- Power -- Perfektion. , Stuttgart : Motorbuch - Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 613 - 03378 - 8 BMW Current brands BMW ( sub-brands : BMW i and BMW M ) BMW Motorrad Mini Rolls - Royce Zinoro Previous brands Automobilwerk Eisenach Bayerische Flugzeugwerke BMW Marine Dixi Glas Husqvarna Motorcycles Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik Rapp Motorenwerke Rover Group Divisions and subsidiaries BMW India BMW Mexico BMW Motorsport BMW US Manufacturing Company Designworks Joint ventures BMW Brilliance ( Chinese automobile manufacturer ) Here ( mapping products ) Vehicles BMW automobiles BMW motorcycles Mini Rolls - Royce Zinoro Technologies BMW Assist ConnectedDrive iDrive Valvetronic VANOS xDrive Motorsport BMW in motorsport BMW in Formula One BMW M1 Procar Championship Kumho BMW Championship Team RMG Team Schnitzer Team RBM Team MTEK Team RLL Team Schubert Buildings BMW Central Building BMW Headquarters BMW Museum BMW Welt Other Alpina BMW Art Car BMW Car Club of America BMW people History of BMW History of BMW motorcycles Hofmeister kink BMW sold the Rover Group in 2000 , however BMW retained the rights to the Mini , Riley and Triumph brands . Commons BMW navigational boxes BMW automobile series and sub brands Series : 1 series 2 series 3 series 4 series 5 series 6 series 7 series 8 series Model families : X models Z models GT models Sub brands : BMW M BMW i BMW motorcycles C series C1 C600 Sport & C650GT F series Single cylinder F650 Funduro , F650ST Strada , F650GS ( single ) & F650GS Dakar F650CS Scarver Twin cylinder F650GS ( twin ) , F700GS , F800GS & F800GSA F800GT F800R F800S F800ST G series G450X BMW G650X series G650GS & G650 Sertão HP series HP2 Enduro HP2 Megamoto HP2 Sport HP4 K series K1 K75 K100 K1100LT L1100RS K1200GT K1200R K1200RS K1200S K1300R K1300S K1600 series R series R2 R27 R32 R45 R51 / 3 R60 / 2 R65 R68 R69S R75 / 5 series / 6 series / 7 series R80G / S R90S R100RT R100S R850RT R900RT R1100GS R1100R R1100RS R1100RT R1100S R1150GS R1150R R1150RS R1150RT R1200C R1200GS R1200R R1200RT R1200S R1200ST R nineT Other motorcycles GS series S1000RR G310R People Max Friz Ernst Jakob Henne Ernst Loof David Robb Miscellaneous 247 engine BMW Motorcycle Owners of America History of BMW motorcycles List of BMW motorcycles BMW cars : 1920s to 1940s -- next '' Type 1920s 1930s 1940s 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 straight - 4 Dixi 3 / 15 / Dixi 3 / 15 DA / Dixi 3 / 15 DA1 / 3 / 15 DA2 / 3 / 15 DA4 3 / 20 309 straight - 6 303 315 , 319 329 320 321 321 * 326 326 * 327 327 * 335 sports car DA - 3 Wartburg 315 / 1 , 319 / 1 328 * made in East Germany as EMW `` previous -- BMW cars : 1940s to 1960s -- next '' Series 1940s 1950s 1960s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 coupé < < 321 321 < < 327 327 503 sports car < < 328 1600GT 507 luxury car < < 326 326 340 * < < 335 501 , 502 , 2.6 , 3.2 , 2600 , 3200L , 3200S E3 > > Isetta Isetta 250 , 300 600 , 700 600 LS , 700 New Class 02 Series > > New Class sedans > > 3200 CS 2000 C , 2000 CS E9 > > * made in East Germany as EMW `` previous -- BMW cars : 1960s to 1980s -- next '' Series 1960s 1970s 1980s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 3 Series 02 Series E21 E30 5 Series New Class sedans E12 E28 E34 > > 6 Series 3200 CS 2000 C , 2000 CS E9 E24 7 Series < < 501 , 502 E3 E23 E32 > > 8 Series E31 > > Isetta < < Isetta 250 , Isetta 300 700 LS , 700 507 , Z1 507 Z1 > > 1600GT 1600GT M1 E26 `` previous -- BMW cars : 1980s to 2000s -- next '' Series 1980s 1990s 2000s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 1 Series E87 > > 3 Series < < E21 E30 E36 E46 E90 > > 5 Series < < E12 E28 E34 E39 E60 > > 6 Series < < E24 E63 > > 7 Series < < E23 E32 E38 E65 F01 > > 8 Series E31 Z Series Z1 Z3 Z4 ( E85 ) Z4 ( E89 > > Z8 `` previous -- BMW cars : 2000s to 2010s Series 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 1 Series E87 F20 E82 F52 2 Series F22 F45 3 Series < < E46 E90 F30 4 Series F32 5 Series < < E39 E60 F10 G30 6 Series E63 F12 G32 7 Series < < E38 E65 F01 G11 8 Series Z Series < < Z3 Z4 ( E85 ) Z4 ( E89 ) < < Z8 i3 I01 i8 I12 BMW aircraft engines Piston engines BMW IIIa BMW IV BMW V BMW VI BMW VII BMW VII BMW X BMW 114 BMW 116 BMW 117 BMW 132 BMW 139 BMW 801 BMW 802 BMW 803 Bramo 323 Turbojets BMW 003 BMW 018 Turbofans BR700 Turboprops BMW 028 Turboshafts GT 101 6012 6022 Rockets BMW 109 - 718 Euro Stoxx 50 companies of the Euro Area Last updated October 2015 Air Liquide Airbus Allianz Anheuser - Busch InBev ASML Holding Assicurazioni Generali AXA Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Banco Santander BASF Bayer BMW BNP Paribas Carrefour Saint - Gobain Daimler AG Deutsche Bank Deutsche Post Deutsche Telekom Enel Engie SA Eni E. ON Essilor International Fresenius SE Groupe Danone Iberdrola Inditex ING Group NV Intesa Sanpaolo L'Oréal LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton Münchener Rückversicherungs - Gesellschaft Nokia Orange S.A. Philips Electronics SAFRAN Sanofi SAP SE Schneider Electric Siemens Société Générale SA Telefónica Total S.A. Unibail - Rodamco UniCredit Unilever Vinci SA Vivendi Volkswagen Group DAX companies of Germany Adidas Allianz BASF Bayer Beiersdorf BMW Commerzbank Continental Daimler Deutsche Bank Deutsche Börse Deutsche Post Deutsche Telekom E. ON Fresenius Fresenius Medical Care HeidelbergCement Henkel Infineon Technologies Linde Lufthansa Merck Munich Re ProSiebenSat. 1 Media RWE SAP Siemens ThyssenKrupp Volkswagen Vonovia Automotive industry in Germany Automotive industry Economy of Germany Transport in Germany Companies Active vehicle producers BMW BMW i BMW Motorrad Borgward Group Daimler Mercedes - Benz Setra / EvoBus Smart Maybach Apollo Automobil Krauss - Maffei Rheinmetall RMMV Volkswagen Group Audi MAN RMMV Porsche Volkswagen Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Foreign owned Ford of Europe Ford - Werke Iveco Magirus Opel Hyundai Europe Defunct vehicle producers Auto Union Borgward Brütsch DKW Horch NSU Wanderer Trabant Hansa Goliath North German Automobile and Engine Artega Automobile Fuldamobil Goggomobil Components ATR Behr Bosch ETAS Group BBS Bühler Motor Continental Dräxlmaier Group Dürr AG Getrag Hella Hermann Peters KSPG Löwe Automobil Mahle Mann + Hummel Petri Schaeffler Voith ZF Friedrichshafen ZF Sachs Motorsport and tuners Abt Sportsline AC Schnitzer Alpina Audi Sport AMG Bitter Brabus BMW M Carlsson G - Power Gemballa Hamann Motorsport Hartge Je Design Koenig Specials Mansory Opel Performance Center PPI Automotive Design Rieger Tuning Ruf Automobile Steinmetz Opel Tuning Services Daimler Financial Services Mercedes - Benz Bank Sixt Related topics ADAC AMI Leipzig ASAM DTM Frankfurt Motor Show German Association of the Automotive Industry Nürburgring Defunct companies and marques above are shown in italics VIAF : 129013645 LCCN : n81052383 ISNI : 0000 0001 2308 257X GND : 2005475 - 0 SUDOC : 02811681X BNF : cb12001551z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW&oldid=828201034 '' Categories : BMW 1916 establishments in Germany Aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany Auto parts suppliers Automotive companies of Germany Belgian Royal Warrant holders Car brands Car manufacturers of Germany Companies based in Bavaria Companies based in Munich Manufacturing companies established in 1916 Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50 Diesel engine manufacturers Emergency services equipment makers German companies established in 1916 German brands Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers Motor vehicle companies Motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany Multinational companies headquartered in Germany Sports car manufacturers Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2012 Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2014 Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles including recorded pronunciations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 81 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 03 : 49 . 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-9008006830540767375 | National debt of the United States | National debt of the United States - Wikipedia National debt of the United States This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2018 ) United States national debt as a percent of GDP Intergovernmental and public US National debt This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns : 1980 1990 1995 -- 1996 2013 2018 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Continuing resolution The national debt of the United States is the debt , or unpaid borrowed funds , carried by the federal government of the United States , which is measured as the face value of the currently outstanding Treasury securities that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative amount of debt . A deficit year increases the debt , while a surplus year decreases the debt as more money is received than spent . The US national debt can be divided between intragovernmental debt and intergovernmental debt . There are two components of gross national debt : Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System , and foreign , state and local governments . Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , are non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts of programs administered by the federal government , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year . In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic management operations . Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . As of July 31 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total or `` National Debt '' of $21.3 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . As of December 2017 , $6.3 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest being China ( about $1.18 trillion ) then Japan ( about $1.06 trillion ) . Contents 1 History 2 Valuation and measurement 2.1 Public and government accounts 2.2 Accounting treatment 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded 2.6 Measuring debt burden 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt 3 Reduction 3.1 Negative real interest rates 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking 4 Debt ceiling 5 Debt holdings 5.1 Foreign holdings 6 Forecasting 6.1 CBO ten - year outlook 2018 - 2028 6.2 CBO long - term outlook 7 Risks and debates 7.1 CBO risk factors 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt 7.3 Sustainability 7.4 Risks to economic growth 7.5 Interest and debt service costs 7.6 Definition of public debt 7.7 Intergenerational equity 7.8 Credit default 8 Appendix 8.1 National debt for selected years 8.2 Interest paid 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities 8.4 Statistics 8.5 International debt comparisons 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States public debt U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 , a period in which president Andrew Jackson completely paid the national debt . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Valuation and measurement ( edit ) Public and government accounts ( edit ) Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion As of July 31 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total of $21 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . Accounting treatment ( edit ) U.S. debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars U.S. intra-governmental debt components , which totaled $5.47 trillion as of September 2016 . This debt mainly represents obligations to Social Security recipients and retired federal government employees , including military . Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of their owners , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' . The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices , but it does not oversee its own government 's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board . The on - or off - balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place , consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds . The confusing independent but government - controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014 . Guaranteed obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and Exchange Stabilization Fund U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total , until such time as there is a call on the guarantees . For example , the U.S. federal government in late - 2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds , banks , and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late - 2000s financial crisis . The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme . The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis , such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program , are included in the debt . Unfunded obligations excluded ( edit ) The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security . The Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years . The Medicare Part A ( hospital insurance ) payouts already exceed program tax revenues , and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010 . These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing . The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion . This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which , under current law , will have to be raised by the government in the future . Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security , while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid . In other words , health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security . Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion . However , these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt , as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt . Measuring debt burden ( edit ) GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy . One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP , called the `` debt - to - GDP ratio . '' Mathematically , this is the debt divided by the GDP amount . The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual `` Budget and Economic Outlook . '' Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % GDP in 2000 to 40.5 % in 2008 and 67.7 % in 2011 . Mathematically , the ratio can decrease even while debt grows if the rate of increase in GDP ( which also takes account of inflation ) is higher than the rate of increase of debt . Conversely , the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced , if the decline in GDP is sufficient . According to the CIA World Factbook , during 2015 , the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6 % was the 39th highest in the world . This was measured using `` debt held by the public . '' However , $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2 % as of April 2016 ( See Appendix # National debt for selected years ) . Also , this number excludes state and local debt . According to the OECD , general government gross debt ( federal , state , and local ) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion ( 125 % of GDP ) ; subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal `` debt held by the public '' gives 96 % of GDP . The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used , by adding the `` intragovernmental debt '' to the `` debt held by the public . '' For example , on April 29 , 2016 , debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76 % of GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion , giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion . U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion , for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106 % . Calculating the annual change in debt ( edit ) Comparison of deficits to change in debt in 2008 Conceptually , an annual deficit ( or surplus ) should represent the change in the national debt , with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it . However , there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media ( the `` total deficit '' ) considerably different from the annual increase in the debt . The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program , Treasury borrowing , and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process . Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments , along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service , are considered `` off - budget '' , while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered `` on - budget '' . The total federal deficit is the sum of the on - budget deficit ( or surplus ) and the off - budget deficit ( or surplus ) . Since FY1960 , the federal government has run on - budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000 , and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998 -- FY2001 . For example , in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 ( FY2008 ) the `` on - budget deficit '' was $638 billion , offset by an `` off - budget surplus '' ( mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts ) of $183 billion , for a `` total deficit '' of $455 billion . This latter figure is the one commonly reported in the media . However , an additional $313 billion was required for `` the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets , '' an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis . This meant that the `` debt held by the public '' increased by $768 billion ( $455 B + $313 B = $768 B ) . The `` off - budget surplus '' was borrowed and spent ( as is typically the case ) , increasing the `` intra-governmental debt '' by $183 billion . So the total increase in the `` National debt '' in FY2008 was $768 B + $183 B = $951 billion . The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017 B for FY2008 . The $66 billion difference is likely due to `` supplemental appropriations '' for the War on Terror , some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget . In other words , spending the `` off budget '' Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt ( by increasing the intragovernmental debt ) while the `` off - budget '' surplus reduces the `` total '' deficit reported in the media . Certain spending called `` supplemental appropriations '' is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt . Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration . Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process . The federal government publishes the total debt owed ( public and intragovernmental holdings ) monthly . Reduction ( edit ) Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates , government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay this low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits . Raising Reserve requirements and full Reserve banking ( edit ) The two economists , Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof , working for the International Monetary Fund , published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking . Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan , stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency , and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy . A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that , `` no real liability is created by new fiat money creation , and therefore public debt does not rise as a result '' . Debt ceiling ( edit ) Main article : United States debt ceiling The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury . In effect , it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached , even if the expenditures have already been approved ( in the budget ) and have been appropriated . If this situation were to occur , it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations , but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations . Debt holdings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Estimated ownership each year Because a large variety of people own the notes , bills , and bonds in the `` public '' portion of the debt , Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt . In this data set , some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion , because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy . ( See Federal Reserve System . ) As is apparent from the chart , a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the `` Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings '' . The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes , bills , and bonds sections . To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008 : Foreign holdings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composition of U.S. Long - Term Treasury Debt 2000 -- 2014 , from U.S. Department of the Treasury , TIC reporting system As of September 2014 , foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt , or approximately 47 % of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 % of the total debt of $17.8 trillion . As of 2018 , the largest holders were China , Japan , Ireland , and Brazil . The share held by foreign governments has grown over time , rising from 13 % of the public debt in 1988 to 25 % in 2007 . As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China , with 21 % of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ( 10 % of total U.S. public debt ) . China 's holdings of government debt , as a percentage of all foreign - held government debt are up significantly since 2000 ( when China held just 6 percent of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ) . This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements , which stated , `` Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars , and still bigger ones measured in their own currency . While unlikely , indeed highly improbable for public sector investors , a sudden rush for the exits can not be ruled out completely . '' On May 20 , 2007 , Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar , preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies . Syria made a similar announcement on June 4 , 2007 . In September 2009 China , India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar - denominated securities . However , in July 2010 China 's State Administration of Foreign Exchange `` ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities '' and said gold `` can not become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves '' because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile . According to Paul Krugman , `` It 's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States , including a fair amount of government debt . But every dollar 's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents ' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners . And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe , low - yield assets , America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors . If your image is of a nation that 's already deep in hock to the Chinese , you 've been misinformed . Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction . '' Nonetheless , the country 's net investment position ( including both debt to and debt owed by other countries ) is a debt of more than $7 trillion and has recently been rising very rapidly . Forecasting ( edit ) Further information : United States federal budget Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) baseline scenario comparisons : June 2017 ( essentially the deficit trajectory that President Trump inherited from President Obama ) , April 2018 ( which reflects Trump 's tax cuts and spending bills ) , and April 2018 alternate scenario ( which assumes extension of the Trump tax cuts , among other current policy extensions ) . Spending for mandatory programs is projected to rise relative to GDP , while discretionary programs decline Interest to GDP , a measure of debt burden , was very low in 2015 but is projected to rise with both interest rates and debt levels over the 2016 -- 2026 period . CBO ten - year Outlook 2018 - 2028 ( edit ) The CBO estimated the impact of Trump 's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018 - 2028 period in their annual `` Budget & Economic Outlook '' , released in April 2018 : The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 ( which runs from October 1 , 2017 to September 30 , 2018 , the first year budgeted by President Trump ) is forecast to be $804 billion , an increase of $139 billion ( 21 % ) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion ( 39 % ) over the previous baseline forecast ( June 2017 ) of $580 billion for 2018 . The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama ; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump . For the 2018 - 2027 period , CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits ( i.e. , debt increase ) to be $11.7 trillion , an increase of $1.6 trillion ( 16 % ) over the previous baseline ( June 2017 ) forecast of $10.1 trillion . The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements : 1 ) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts ; 2 ) $1.0 trillion more in spending ; and 3 ) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast . Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78 % of GDP ( $16 trillion ) at the end of 2018 to 96 % GDP ( $29 trillion ) by 2028 . That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two . CBO estimated under an alternative scenario ( in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration ) that deficits would be considerably higher , rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018 - 2027 period , an increase of $3.6 trillion over the June 2017 baseline forecast . Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025 , among other changes . The debt increase of $1.6 trillion represents approximately $12,700 per household ( assuming 126.2 million households in 2017 ) , while the $3.6 trillion represents $28,500 per household . CBO long - term Outlook ( edit ) The CBO reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually , providing at least two scenarios for spending , revenue , deficits , and debt . The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039 . The `` extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented , for the most part . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future , federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years . After that , however , growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level . Twenty - five years from now , in 2039 , federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP . Moreover , debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy , a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely . By 2039 , the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP , larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008 , and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP , more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt . The `` extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends , which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : ( C ) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue , and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified . Under that scenario , deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline ; subsequently , such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts , doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years . CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback , and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher . Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments , federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039 . Over the long - term , the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories ( e.g. , Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security ) will continue to grow relative to GDP , while discretionary categories ( e.g. , Defense and other Cabinet Departments ) continue to fall relative to GDP . Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios , although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down . The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024 . Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade , federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP , only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013 . Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade , federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039 . By comparison , such debt comprised 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years . The CBO reported in September 2011 : `` The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying . Citizens will either have to pay more for their government , accept less in government services and benefits , or both . '' Risks and debates ( edit ) Risks due to increasing entitlement spending , according to GAO 's projections of future trends See also : Political debates about the United States federal budget and Deficit reduction in the United States CBO risk factors ( edit ) The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication : A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt , rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers , leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur ; If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs , savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged ; Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs ; Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges ; and An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis , in which investors demand higher interest rates . Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt ( edit ) Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People 's Republic of China 's `` extensive '' holdings of United States government debt , as part of their reserves . The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a `` national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China . '' The Department issued its report in July 2012 , stating that `` attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States . As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out , it does not offer China deterrence options , whether in the diplomatic , military , or economic realms , and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war . '' The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China 's ownership of U.S. debt . The 2013 Report claimed that `` ( a ) potentially serious short - term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly '' ( emphasis in the original text ) , noting , also , that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had , in 2007 , stated that `` because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding , U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations . '' A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars , including China 's holdings . Sustainability ( edit ) According to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) , the United States is on a `` fiscally unsustainable '' path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending . Risks to economic growth ( edit ) Debt levels may affect economic growth rates . In 2010 , economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied , average annual GDP growth was 3 -- 4 % when debt was relatively moderate or low ( i.e. under 60 % of GDP ) , but it dips to just 1.6 % when debt was high ( i.e. , above 90 % of GDP ) . In April 2013 , the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart 's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon , Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Herndon , Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used , there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth . Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors , a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains . However , other economists , including Paul Krugman , have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase , rather than the other way around . Commenting on fiscal sustainability , former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that `` Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability . But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt , our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time . '' Interest and debt Service costs ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt Despite rising debt levels , interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels ( around $450 billion in total ) due to lower than long - term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years . However , interest rates may return to higher historical levels . The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways . The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP , with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden . During 2015 , this was 1.3 % GDP , close to the record low 1.2 % of the 1966 -- 1968 era . The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0 % of GDP . However , the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise : `` Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government . CBO 's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law , climbing from $231 billion in 2014 , or 1.3 percent of GDP , to $799 billion in 2024 , or 3.0 percent of GDP -- the highest ratio since 1996 . '' Definition of public debt ( edit ) Economists also debate the definition of public debt . Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use , while Reinhart has testified to the President 's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden , disagreeing with these Commission members . There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt , which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011 . For example , the CBPP argues : that `` large increases in ( debt held by the public ) can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States , which reduces Americans ' income . By contrast , intragovernmental debt ( the other component of the gross debt ) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes ( and pays interest on ) to itself . '' However , if the U.S. government continues to run `` on budget '' deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future , it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds ( i.e. , debt held by the public ) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program . This will result in `` debt held by the public '' replacing `` intragovernmental debt '' . Intergenerational equity ( edit ) See also : Intergenerational equity 1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity . For example , if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation , to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations ? There are several factors to consider : For every dollar of debt held by the public , there is a government obligation ( generally marketable Treasury securities ) counted as an asset by investors . Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them . As of 2010 , approximately 72 % of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5 % of the population . This presents a wealth and income distribution question , as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today . To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors ( approximately half the `` debt held by the public '' during 2012 ) , principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs . Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments , which create costs for future taxpayers ( e.g. , higher taxes , lower government benefits , higher inflation , or increased risk of fiscal crisis ) . To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long - term productivity of the economy and its workers , such as via useful infrastructure projects or education , future generations may benefit . For every dollar of intragovernmental debt , there is an obligation to specific program recipients , generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund . Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations , via higher taxes or lower program spending . Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs , we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt : `` Fiscal policy is , indeed , a moral issue , and we should be ashamed of what we 're doing to the next generation 's economic prospects . But our sin involves investing too little , not borrowing too much . '' Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result . Teacher jobs have been cut , which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans . Credit default ( edit ) The US has never fully defaulted . In April 1979 , however , the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills , which was less than 1 % of U.S. debt . The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default , but it did have consequences for short - term interest rates , which jumped 0.6 % . Others view it as a temporary , partial default . Appendix ( edit ) National debt for selected years ( edit ) Fiscal year Total debt , $ Bln Total debt as % of GDP Public debt , $ Bln , 1996 -- Public debt as % of GDP GDP , $ Bln , BEA / OMB 1910 2.65 / - 8.1 % 2.65 8.1 % est . 32.8 1920 25.95 / - 29.2 % 25.95 29.2 % est . 88.6 1927 18.51 / - 19.2 % 18.51 19.2 % est . 96.5 1930 16.19 / - 16.6 % 16.19 16.6 % est . 97.4 1940 42.97 / 50.70 43.8 -- 51.6 % 42.77 43.6 % - / 98.2 1950 257.3 / 256.9 92.0 % 219.00 78.4 % 279.0 1960 286.3 / 290.5 53.6 -- 54.2 % 236.80 44.3 % 535.1 1970 370.9 / 380.9 35.4 -- 36.4 % 283.20 27.0 % 1,049.0 1980 907.7 / 909.0 32.4 -- 32.6 % 711.90 25.5 % 2,796.0 1990 3,233 / 3,206 54.2 -- 54.6 % 2,400.00 40.8 % 5,915.0 2000 5,659 55.8 % 3,450.00 33.9 % 10,150.0 2001 5,792 54.8 % 3,350.00 31.6 % 10,550.0 2002 6,213 57.1 % 3,550.00 32.7 % 10,900.0 2003 6,783 59.9 % 3,900.00 34.6 % 11,350.0 7,379 61.0 % 4,300.00 35.6 % 12,100.0 2005 7,918 61.4 % 4,600.00 35.7 % 12,900.0 2006 8,493 62.1 % 4,850.00 35.4 % 13,700.0 2007 8,993 62.8 % 5,050.00 35.3 % 14,300.0 2008 10,011 67.9 % 5,800.00 39.4 % 14,750.0 2009 11,898 82.5 % 7,550.00 52.4 % 14,400.0 13,551 91.6 % 9,000.00 61.0 % 14,800.0 2011 14,781 96.1 % 10,150.00 65.8 % 15,400.0 2012 16,059 100.2 % 11,250.00 70.3 % 16,050.0 2013 16,732 101.3 % 12,000.00 72.6 % 16,500.0 2014 17,810 103.4 % 12,800.00 74.2 % 17,200.0 2015 18,138 101.3 / 101.8 % 13,100.00 73.3 % 17,900.0 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % ~ 13,998.00 ~ 76.5 % On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced : `` ( On July 30 , 2014 , i ) n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014 , GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999 . Fiscal years 1940 -- 2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements . Fiscal years 1950 -- 2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision , especially more recent years . Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures ( in a revision dated July 31 , 2013 ) were revised back to 1947 . Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column ( the last column ) marked with a `` ~ '' symbol , absolute differences from advance ( one month after ) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings ( as of November 2013 ) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3 % ± 2.0 % or a 95 % probability of being within the range of 0.0 -- 3.3 % , assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3 % . E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP , for example , one could be 95 % confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3 % different than 4.0 % ( 400 ÷ 10,000 ) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion ( a range of $70 -- 730 billion ) . Two months after , with a revised value , the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks , and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again . Fiscal years 1940 -- 1970 begin July 1 of the previous year ( for example , Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1 , 1939 and ends June 30 , 1940 ) ; fiscal years 1980 -- 2010 begin October 1 of the previous year . Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero . 1909 -- 1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation . ( a1 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,659 billion . '' ( a2 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,792 billion . '' ( a3 ) Audited figure was `` about $6,213 billion . '' ( a ) Audited figure was said to be `` about '' the stated figure . ( a4 ) Audited figure was `` about $7,918 billion . '' ( a5 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,493 billion . '' ( a6 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,993 billion . '' ( a7 ) Audited figure was `` about $10,011 billion . '' ( a8 ) Audited figure was `` about $11,898 billion . '' ( a9 ) Audited figure was `` about $13,551 billion . '' ( a10 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion . ( a11 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion . ( a12 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $16,732 billion . ( a13 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $17,810 billion . ( a14 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $18,138 billion . Interest paid ( edit ) Federal interest payments Fiscal Year Historical debt outstanding , $ billions , US Interest paid $ billions , US Interest rate 2017 20,244 458.5 2.26 % 2016 19,573 432.6 2.21 % 2015 18,150 402.4 2.22 % 2014 17,824 430.8 2.42 % 2013 16,738 415.7 2.48 % 2012 16,066 359.8 2.24 % 2011 14,790 454.4 3.07 % 13,562 414.0 3.05 % 2009 11,910 383.1 3.22 % 2008 10,025 451.2 4.50 % 2007 9,008 430.0 4.77 % 2006 8,507 405.9 4.77 % 2005 7,933 352.4 4.44 % 7,379 321.6 4.36 % 2003 6,783 318.1 4.69 % 2002 6,228 332.5 5.34 % 2001 5,807 359.5 6.19 % 2000 5,674 362.0 6.38 % 1999 5,656 353.5 6.25 % 1998 5,526 363.8 6.58 % 1997 5,413 355.8 6.57 % 5,225 344.0 6.58 % 1995 4,974 332.4 6.68 % 1994 4,693 296.3 6.31 % 4,411 292.5 6.63 % 4,065 292.4 7.19 % 1991 3,665 286.0 7.80 % Foreign holders of US Treasury securities ( edit ) Main article : United States Treasury security § International The following is a list of the top foreign holders of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury ( revised by August 2018 survey ) : Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of June 2018 Country or region Billions of dollars ( est . ) Ratio of owned US debt to 2017 GDP ( est . ) Percent change since June 2017 China 1,178.7 5 % + 3 % Japan 1,030.4 21 % − 5 % Brazil 300.1 14 % + 11 % Ireland 299.6 92 % − 2 % United Kingdom 274.0 11 % + 16 % Switzerland 236.5 35 % − 3 % Luxembourg 219.7 346 % + 4 % Cayman Islands 197.2 n / a − 21 % Hong Kong 196.1 57 % − 2 % Saudi Arabia 164.9 24 % + 16 % Taiwan 162.5 28 % -- 13 % Belgium 154.7 31 % + 57 % India 147.3 6 % + 13 % other 1,649.7 n / a + 0.5 % Grand total 6,211.4 n / a + 1 % Statistics ( edit ) Revenue and Expense as percent of GDP US federal debt as percent of GDP by presidential party from 1940 to 2015 U.S. federal debt as percent of GDP by Senate majority party from 1940 to 2009 U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014 total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion . Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014 . United States balance of trade ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population , or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers , as of March 2016 . In 2008 , $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt , out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion , or 9.6 % . Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security , interest was $454 billion or 18 % of tax revenue . Total U.S. household debt , including mortgage loan and consumer debt , was $11.4 trillion in 2005 . By comparison , total U.S. household assets , including real estate , equipment , and financial instruments such as mutual funds , was $62.5 trillion in 2005 . Total U.S. Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009 . The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005 . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion . The largest debtors are Canada , the United Kingdom , Cayman Islands , and Australia , whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S. The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . International debt comparisons ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2015 ) Gross debt as percentage of GDP Entity 2007 2011 2017 / 2018 United States 62 % 92 % 102 % 108 % European Union 59 % 80 % 83 % 82 % Austria 62 % 78 % 72 % 78 % France 64 % 82 % 86 % 97 % Germany 65 % 82 % 81 % 64 % Sweden 40 % 39 % 38 % 41 % Finland 35 % 48 % 49 % 61 % Greece 104 % 123 % 165 % 179 % Romania 13 % 31 % 33 % 35 % Bulgaria 17 % 16 % 16 % 25 % Czech Republic 28 % 38 % 41 % 35 % Italy 112 % 119 % 120 % 132 % Netherlands 52 % 77 % 65 % 57 % Poland 51 % 55 % 56 % 51 % Spain 42 % 68 % 68 % 98 % United Kingdom 47 % 80 % 86 % 88 % Japan 167 % 197 % 204 % 236 % Russia 9 % 12 % 10 % 19 % Asia ( 2017 + ) 37 % 40 % 41 % 80 % Sources : Eurostat , International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook ( emerging market economies ) ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economic Outlook ( advanced economies ) IMF , China , Hong Kong , India , Indonesia , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand Afghanistan , Armenia , Australia , Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Brunei Darussalam , Cambodia , China , People 's Republic of , Fiji , Georgia , Hong Kong SAR , India , Indonesia , Japan , Kazakhstan , Kiribati , Korea , Republic of , Kyrgyz Republic , Lao P.D.R. , Macao SAR , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Fed . States of , Mongolia , Myanmar , Nauru , Nepal , New Zealand , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Samoa , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Taiwan Province of China , Tajikistan , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uzbekistan , Vanuatu , Vietnam Recent additions to the public debt of the United States ( edit ) Deficit and Debt Increases 2001 -- 2016 Recent additions to U.S. public debt Fiscal year ( begins Oct. 1 of year prior to stated year ) GDP $ Billions New debt for fiscal year $ Billions New debt as % of GDP Total debt $ Billions Total debt as % of GDP ( Debt to GDP ratio ) 1994 $7,200 $281 -- 292 3.9 -- 4.1 % ~ $4,650 64.6 -- 65.2 % 1995 7,600 277 -- 281 3.7 % ~ 4,950 64.8 -- 65.6 % 8,000 251 -- 260 3.1 -- 3.3 % ~ 5,200 65.0 -- 65.4 % 1997 8,500 188 2.2 % ~ 5,400 63.2 -- 63.8 % 1998 8,950 109 -- 113 1.2 -- 1.3 % ~ 5,500 61.2 -- 61.8 % 1999 9,500 127 -- 130 1.3 -- 1.4 % 5,656 59.3 % 2000 10,150 18 0.2 % 5,674 55.8 % 2001 $10,550 $ 133 1.3 % $5,792 54.8 % 2002 10,900 421 3.9 % 6,213 57.1 % 2003 11,350 570 5.0 % 6,783 59.9 % 12,100 596 4.9 % 7,379 61.0 % 2005 12,900 539 4.2 % 7,918 61.4 % 2006 13,700 575 4.2 % 8,493 62.1 % 2007 14,300 500 3.5 % 8,993 62.8 % 2008 14,750 1,018 6.9 % 10,011 67.9 % 2009 $14,400 $1,887 13.1 % $11,898 82.5 % 14,800 1,653 11.2 % 13,551 91.6 % 2011 15,400 1,230 8.0 % 14,781 96.1 % 2012 16,050 1,278 8.0 % 16,059 100.2 % 2013 16,500 673 4.1 % 16,732 101.3 % 2014 17,200 1,078 6.3 % 17,810 103.4 % 2015 17,900 328 1.8 % 18,138 101.3 % 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 1,290 ~ 7.0 % ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % On July 29 , 2016 , the BEA released a revision to 2013 -- 2016 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years . On July 30 , 2015 , the BEA released a revision to 2012 -- 2015 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014 , but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31 , 2015 . On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced a 15 - year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31 , 2014 . The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000 , 2003 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . The more precise FY 1999 -- 2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results . The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double - sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively . A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31 , 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website . In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures . Historical debt ceiling levels ( edit ) show Table of historical debt ceiling levels Date Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Change in Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Statute June 25 , 1940 49 February 19 , 1941 65 + 16 March 28 , 1942 125 + 60 April 11 , 1943 210 + 85 June 9 , 1944 260 + 50 April 3 , 1945 300 + 40 June 26 , 1946 275 − 25 August 28 , 1954 281 + 6 July 9 , 1956 275 − 6 February 26 , 1958 280 + 5 September 2 , 1958 288 + 8 June 30 , 1959 295 + 7 June 30 , 1960 293 − 2 June 30 , 1961 298 + 5 July 1 , 1962 308 + 10 March 31 , 1963 305 − 3 June 25 , 1963 300 − 5 June 30 , 1963 307 + 7 August 31 , 1963 309 + 2 November 26 , 1963 315 + 6 June 29 , 1964 324 + 9 June 24 , 1965 328 + 4 June 24 , 1966 330 + 2 March 2 , 1967 336 + 6 June 30 , 1967 358 + 22 June 1 , 1968 365 + 7 April 7 , 1969 377 + 12 June 30 , 1970 395 + 18 March 17 , 1971 430 + 35 March 15 , 1972 450 + 20 October 27 , 1972 465 + 15 June 30 , 1974 495 + 30 February 19 , 1975 577 + 82 November 14 , 1975 595 + 18 March 15 , 1976 627 + 32 June 30 , 1976 636 + 9 September 30 , 1976 682 + 46 April 1 , 1977 700 + 18 October 4 , 1977 752 + 52 August 3 , 1978 798 + 46 April 2 , 1979 830 + 32 September 29 , 1979 879 + 49 June 28 , 1980 925 + 46 December 19 , 1980 935 + 10 February 7 , 1981 985 + 50 September 30 , 1981 1,079 + 94 June 28 , 1982 1,143 + 64 September 30 , 1982 1,290 + 147 May 26 , 1983 1,389 + 99 Pub. L. 98 -- 34 November 21 , 1983 1,490 + 101 Pub. L. 98 -- 161 May 25 , 1984 1,520 + 30 June 6 , 1984 1,573 + 53 Pub. L. 98 -- 342 October 13 , 1984 1,823 + 250 Pub. L. 98 -- 475 November 14 , 1985 1,904 + 81 December 12 , 1985 2,079 + 175 Pub. L. 99 -- 177 August 21 , 1986 2,111 + 32 Pub. L. 99 -- 384 October 21 , 1986 2,300 + 189 May 15 , 1987 2,320 + 20 August 10 , 1987 2,352 + 32 September 29 , 1987 2,800 + 448 Pub. L. 100 -- 119 August 7 , 1989 2,870 + 70 November 8 , 1989 3,123 + 253 Pub. L. 101 -- 140 August 9 , 1990 3,195 + 72 October 28 , 1990 3,230 + 35 November 5 , 1990 4,145 + 915 Pub. L. 101 -- 508 April 6 , 1993 4,370 + 225 August 10 , 1993 4,900 + 530 Pub. L. 103 -- 66 March 29 , 1996 5,500 + 600 Pub. L. 104 -- 121 August 5 , 1997 5,950 + 450 Pub. L. 105 -- 33 June 11 , 2002 6,400 + 450 Pub. L. 107 -- 199 May 27 , 2003 7,384 + 984 Pub. L. 108 -- 24 November 16 , 2004 8,184 + 800 Pub. L. 108 -- 415 March 20 , 2006 8,965 + 781 Pub. L. 109 -- 182 September 29 , 2007 9,815 + 850 Pub. L. 110 -- 91 June 5 , 2008 10,615 + 800 Pub. L. 110 -- 289 October 3 , 2008 11,315 + 700 Pub. L. 110 -- 343 February 17 , 2009 12,104 + 789 Pub. L. 111 -- 5 December 24 , 2009 12,394 + 290 Pub. L. 111 -- 123 February 12 , 2010 14,294 + 1,900 Pub. L. 111 -- 139 January 30 , 2012 16,394 + 2,100 May 19 , 2013 16,700 + 306 See also ( edit ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 List of countries by public debt Soft power Sovereign default Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- How large is the federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables -- Table 1.2 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) as Percentages of GDP : 1930 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office -- The 2014 Long - Term Budget Outlook in 26 Slides Jump up ^ About 0.8 % of debt ( $79 billion ) is not covered by the ceiling , per The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases , p. 4 . ( Note : This includes pre-1917 debt ) , fpc.state.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Treasury Direct - Monthly Statement of the Public Debt - July 2018 ^ Jump up to : CIA World Factbook - Debt to GDP - Retrieved May 17 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : CBO Budget and Economic Outlook 2018 - 2028 - April 9 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities ( in billions of dollars ) '' ( TXT ) . Treasury.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . cbo.gov. 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds '' ( PDF ) . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Trust Fund 2010 Report Summary '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- What is the difference between the two types of federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring the Deficit : Cash vs. Accrual '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac to Be Kept Off Budget , White House Says ( September 12 , 2008 ) , Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ The case for keeping Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac off the government 's books has gotten even weaker , professional.wsj.com ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Barr , Colin ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Paulson readies the ' bazooka ' '' , CNN.com ; retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Timiraos , Nick ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Investor Fires Salvo Against Fannie , Freddie - Viewed March 2014 '' . WSJ . 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Jump up ^ `` Is China 's Ownership Of U.S. Debt A National Security Threat ? '' by Kenneth Rapoza , Forbes , 23 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` ... Should Americans be concerned that China has started dumping some of its Treasury holdings ? After all , it raises serious questions about whether China will keep lending Washington money to help finance the federal deficit in the future . '' : From `` China is dumping U.S. debt '' , CNN.com , September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Report on `` China 's Holdings of U.S. Securities : Implications for the U.S. Economy '' by Wayne M. Morrison & Marc Labonte , Congressional Research Service , 19 August 2013 Jump up ^ : `` ... What about indebtedness to foreigners ? ... To acquire ( U.S. gov 't bonds ) , China must export goods to us , not offset by equivalent imports . That is a cost to China . It 's a cost Beijing is prepared to pay , for its own reasons : export industries promote learning , technology transfer and product quality improvement , and they provide jobs to migrants from the countryside . But that 's China 's business . For China , the bonds themselves are a sterile hoard . There is almost nothing that Beijing can do with them ; ... its stock of T - bonds will just go on growing . And we will pay interest on it , not with real effort but by typing numbers into computers . There is no burden associated with this ; not now and not later . '' From `` In Defense of Deficits '' by James K. Galbraith , The Nation , March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ... The Chinese buy U.S. T - securities by transferring U.S. dollars ( not yuan ) from their checking account at the Federal Reserve Bank to China 's T - security account , also at the Federal Reserve Bank . When ( ever ) the Chinese redeem those T - securities , the money is transferred back to China 's checking account at the Fed . During the entire purchase and redemption process , the dollars never leave the Fed . '' `` What Policies for Global Prosperity ? '' by Warren Mosler , September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Bill , University of Newcastle ( Australia ) . `` The nearly infinite capacity of the US government to spend '' ( March 28 , 2012 ) ; `` The US government can buy as much of its own debt as it chooses '' ( August 27 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ... The US , as a sovereign currency issuer , faces no financial constraint . It can not be forced into default . It controls its policy interest rate . The rest of the world are users of the dollar ; not issuers . They can never hold ( the United States ) hostage . '' `` What If China Dumps US Treasury Bonds ? '' by L. Randall Wray , University of Missouri - Kansas City , November 12 , 2013 . 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The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98212 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... '' p. 33 , Steven I. Schwartz ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc. 51 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 53 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables , whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1971 -- 1979 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1979 -- 1986 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1987 -- 1997 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Raise US Debt Ceiling to $9 Trillion , Caused by Iraq War and Tax Breaks for the Rich '' . Usliberals.about.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FINANCIAL AUDIT - Bureau of the Public Debt 's Fiscal Years 2008 and 2007 Schedules of Federal Debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Federal Debt Limit '' . The Concord Coalition . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonner , William ; Wiggin , Addison ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : the Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78253 - X . Johnson , Simon ; Kwak , James ( 2012 ) . White House Burning : The Founding Fathers , Our National Debt , and Why It Matters To You . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 90696 - 0 . Eisner , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` Federal Debt '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Macdonald , James ( 2006 ) . A Free Nation Deep in Debt : The Financial Roots of Democracy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12632 - 1 . Wright , Robert ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . Mc - Graw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 154393 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States government debt . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the biggest owner of us debt | [
"As of July 31, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total or \"National Debt\" of $21.3 trillion.[5] Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries.[6] The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date.[7] As of December 2017, $6.3 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest being China (about $1.18 trillion) then Japan (about $1.06 trillion).[8]\n"
] | [
"China"
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-8809496852661439948 | Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) | Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) - wikipedia Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ( album ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) B - side `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' Released 21 January 1983 ( UK ) 2 May 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded 1982 Genre Synthpop new wave Length 3 : 35 ( 7 '' single ) 4 : 48 ( 12 '' single ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1991 reissue ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' ( Remix ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` I Saved the World Today '' ( 1999 ) I Saved the World Today 1999 Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics . The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983 . The song became their breakthrough hit , establishing the duo worldwide . Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is arguably Eurythmics ' signature song . Following its success , their previous single , `` Love Is a Stranger '' , was re-released and also became a worldwide hit . On Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue in 2003 , `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' was ranked number 356 . Eurythmics has regularly performed the song in all their live sets since 1982 , and it is often performed by Lennox on her solo tours . In 1991 , the song was remixed and reissued to promote Eurythmics ' Greatest Hits album . It re-charted in the UK , reaching number 48 , and was also a moderate hit in dance clubs . Another remix by Steve Angello was released in France in 2006 , along with the track `` I 've Got a Life '' ( peaking at number 10 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track Listings 4.1 7 '' Single 4.2 12 '' Single 4.3 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) 4.4 CD Single ( 1991 re-release ) 5 Credits and personnel 6 Chart history 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Original release 6.3 1991 Reissue 6.4 1995 Reissue 6.5 Steve Angello Remix 6.6 2006 Reissue 6.7 2010 Reissue 6.8 2017 Reissue 6.9 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Marilyn Manson cover 8.1 Formats and track listings 8.2 Charts 9 Other cover versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart wrote the song after The Tourists had broken up and they formed Eurythmics . Although the two of them also broke up as a couple , they continued to work together . They became interested in electronic music , bought new synthesisers and started playing on it . According to Stewart , he managed to produce the beat and riff of the song on a synthesiser , and Lennox , on hearing it , said : `` What the hell is that ? '' and started playing on another synthesiser , and beginnings of the song came out of the two duelling synths . According to Lennox , the lyrics reflected the unhappy time after the break up of The Tourists , when she felt that they were `` in a dream world '' , and that whatever they were chasing was never going to happen . She said : `` '' Sweet dreams are made of this '' is basically me saying : `` Look at the state of us . How can it get worse ? I was feeling very vulnerable . The song was an expression of how I felt : hopeless and nihilistic . '' Stewart however thought the lyrics too depressing , and added the `` hold your head up , moving on '' line to make it more uplifting . Lennox also said that people had misinterpreted lines like `` Some of them want to use you ... some of them want to be abused '' to be about sex or S&M when that was not the intent . Recording ( edit ) The original recording 's main instrumentation featured a sequenced analog synthesizer riff , which Stewart accidentally discovered in the studio when he played a bass track backward . Apart from the synthesizer , the arrangement also uses a Movement Systems Drum Computer , a piano in the middle eight , and Lennox 's multitracked harmony vocals . According to Stewart , the record company did not think the song to be suitable as a single as it lacks a chorus , and did not want to release it as a single . However , when a radio DJ in Cleveland kept playing the song from the album and it received a strongly positive audience reaction , the label then decided to release it . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams '' was Eurythmics ' commercial breakthrough in the United Kingdom and all over the world . The single entered the UK chart at number 63 in February 1983 and reached number two the following month . `` Sweet Dreams '' was the first ever single release by Eurythmics in the United States when it was released in May 1983 . The single debuted at number 90 and slowly eased up the chart . By August , the single had reached number two and stayed there for four weeks , kept from the top by The Police 's `` Every Breath You Take '' before `` Sweet Dreams '' took the number one spot . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Sweet Dreams '' was directed by Chris Ashbrook and filmed in January 1983 , shortly before the single and the album was released . The video received heavy airplay on the then - fledgling MTV channel and is widely considered a classic clip from the early - MTV era . The music video begins with a fist ( presumably Stewart 's ) pounding on a table , with the camera panning up to reveal Lennox in a boardroom , with images of a Saturn V launch projected on a screen behind her , which are later replaced by a shot of a crowd walking down a street . Stewart is shown typing on a computer ( actually an MCS drum computer ) . The camera cuts to Lennox and Stewart meditating on the table . Stewart is next shown playing a cello in a field . The scene then returns to the boardroom , with Lennox and Stewart lying down on the table , and a cow walking around them . Stewart is shown again typing on the computer , with the cow chewing something right next to him . The scene cuts to the duo in a field , with a herd of cows , and Stewart still typing . Lennox and Stewart are then seen floating in a boat , with Stewart again playing a cello . The video ends with Lennox lying in bed , with the last shot being a book on a nightstand bearing a cover identical to the album . The screen then fades to black as Lennox turns off the bedside lamp . The video has more than 175 million views as of November , 2017 . Lennox 's androgynous visual image , with close - cropped , orange - coloured hair , and attired in a man 's suit brandishing a cane , immediately made her a household name . Her gender - bending image would be further explored in other Eurythmics videos such as `` Love Is a Stranger '' and `` Who 's That Girl ? '' . A second video was also produced , featuring Lennox and Stewart on a train . A close - up shot of Lennox 's lips is occasionally seen in the train car 's window as she sings the song . Track Listings ( edit ) 7 '' Single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 36 B : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 12 '' Single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( Extended Version ) -- 4 : 48 B1 : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 B2 : `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' ( Non-LP track ) -- 4 : 19 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( LP version ) -- 3 : 36 `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 54 `` Paint A Rumour '' -- 7 : 30 CD Single ( 1991 re-release ) ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ' 91 - ( 3 : 35 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Nightmare Remix ) - ( 7 : 27 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Hot Remix ) - ( 5 : 21 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( House Remix ) - ( 3 : 34 ) Credits and personnel ( edit ) Annie Lennox -- vocals , synthesizer , piano David A. Stewart -- synthesizer , programming Robert Crash -- e-drums , synthesizer Adam Williams -- synthesizer Reynard Falconer -- synthesizer Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record Retail Singles ) Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 36 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 16 US Cash Box Top 100 1991 Reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 48 1995 Reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 136 Steve Angello Remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 27 2006 Reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 19 2010 Reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 150 2017 Reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia 41 Canada 7 New Zealand 15 UK 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 951,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Marilyn Manson cover ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Smells Like Children Released June 22 , 1996 Format CD - single Recorded 1994 - 1995 Genre Industrial rock hard rock heavy metal Length 4 : 53 ( EP ) , 4 : 25 ( single ) Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eurythmics Brian Hugh Warner Jeordie White Scott Putesky Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Trent Reznor Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube Marilyn Manson released a cover version of `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' as the first single from the 1995 EP , Smells Like Children . This version became an MTV staple and helped to establish the band in the mainstream . Their groundbreaking video was directed by Dean Karr and produced by Arthur Gorson . It also appears on the band 's greatest hits album , Lest We Forget : The Best Of . This version is featured on the soundtracks to the films Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room ( 2005 ) and Gamer ( 2009 ) . It is also featured in the films House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) , Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ) , the trailer to Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ) , in the pilot of The Following and on the BBC drama Luther . In Manson 's autobiography , The Long Hard Road Out of Hell , he states that Nothing Records did not want to release this as a single . They wanted to release their cover of Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ' `` I Put a Spell on You '' , which , according to Manson , `` was far too dark , sprawling and esoteric , even for some of our fans . '' Marilyn Manson added some extra lines to the lyrics that are not present in the Eurythmics version : `` I wan na use you and abuse you / I wan na know what 's inside you '' along with `` I 'm gon na use you and abuse you / I got ta know what 's inside you . '' The video for Manson 's cover contains several clips of Manson and bandmates in what appears to be an abandoned building . In between the clips are a number of surreal shots of Manson wearing a wedding gown , Manson wandering around an abandoned street in a tutu , birds fluttering around him and leaving droppings on his body , and of him riding a pig wearing a cowboy hat and covered with mud . In 2010 the music video was rated the `` Scariest music video ever made '' by Billboard , beating Michael Jackson 's Thriller for the top spot . Dave Stewart has said that he liked Marilyn Manson 's version of his song and that `` the video was one of the scariest things ( he ) 'd seen at the time . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 `` Dance of the Dope Hats '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 46 `` Down in the Park '' -- 4 : 58 `` Lunchbox ( Next Motherfucker ) '' -- 4 : 47 US promotional CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Canada ( RPM Alternative 30 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 31 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 26 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 154 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 2016 , JX Riders featuring Skylar Stecker went to number one on the US dance chart with their version . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . University of California Press , ed . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0520215870 . `` Marilyn Manson entered the mainstream in 1995 with a cover song of the 1980s synth - pop hit `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by the Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ Larry Starr , Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2007 ) . Oxford University Press , ed . American popular music : from minstrelsy to MP3 , Vol. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0195300536 . `` '' Sweet Dreams '' is a good example of commercial new wave music of the early 1980s , an outgrowth of the 1970s new wave / punk scene promoted by major record labels . '' Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Eurythmics : how we made Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurythmics '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard # 1s for the Week Ending May 14 , 1983 '' . Rbhsjukebox.wordpress.com . WordPress . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams HQ ( 1983 , Bananas ) - `` alternative video clip '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) - EURYTHMICS '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 2 Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga : Music Data Canada . p. 389 . ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 39 , No. 2 , September 10 , 1983 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . 5th result when searching `` Sweet dreams '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams - Are Made Of This '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SWEET DREAMS ( ARE MADE OF THIS ) - Eurythmics '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) '' . Rock.co.za . John Samson . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurythmics awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , September 10 , 1983 ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : E-40 -- E-Z Rollers '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( Steve + Angello + Remix &cat = s Lescharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Steve Angello Remix ) '' ) ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1983 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . 25 December 1983 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Top 100 singles : 1983 '' . BPI Year Book 1984 . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 31 , 1983 Jump up ^ `` CRIA Gold Sales Award '' . annielennox.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Singles en Or '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( March 7 , 1998 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Dead to the World '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPadden , Mike ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Leather , Denim , & Skinny Ties : The Top 10 Heavy Metal Covers of Classic New Wave Songs '' . VH1 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . PMC . Movieline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) lyrics '' . Lyrics.com Jump up ^ `` The scariest music video ever made '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Metro '' . Dave Stewart : Copious amounts of vodka and a rocking boat gave the track that ' whoa ' feel . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 63 , No. 13 , May 13 , 1996 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smells Like Children awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- September 10 , 2016 '' . Billboard . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Live rehearsal 2007 on YouTube Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Nitty Gritty -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube Térez Montcalm -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube IMDB -- House on Haunted Hill Soundtrack Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 3 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Preceded by `` Our House '' by Madness Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 10 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Tyler Bates Gil Sharone Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Lost & Found Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)&oldid=817960622 '' Categories : 1983 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Eurythmics songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Miss Kittin songs RCA Records singles Interscope Records singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart 1983 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 16 : 38 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song sweet dreams are made of this | [
"\n\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Eurythmics\n\n\nfrom the album Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\n\n\nB-side\n\"Baby's Gone Blue\"\n\n\nReleased\n21 January 1983 (UK)\n2 May 1983 (US)\n\n\nFormat\n7\" single, 12\" single\n\n\nRecorded\n1982\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nSynthpop[1]\nnew wave[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:35 (7\" single)\n4:48 (12\" single)\n\n\nLabel\nRCA Records\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAnnie Lennox\nDavid A. Stewart\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDavid A. Stewart\n\n\nEurythmics singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Love Is a Stranger\"\n(1982)\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\"\n(1983)\n\"Who's That Girl?\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Love Is a Stranger\"\n(1982)\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\"\n(1983)\n\"Who's That Girl?\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Love Is a Stranger\" (1991 reissue)\n(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991\n\n\n\"Sweet Dreams '91\" (Remix)\n(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991\n\n\n\"I Saved the World Today\"\n(1999) I Saved the World Today1999\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Eurythmics\n\n\nfrom the album Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\n\n\nB-side\n\"Baby's Gone Blue\"\n\n\nReleased\n21 January 1983 (UK)\n2 May 1983 (US)\n\n\nFormat\n7\" single, 12\" single\n\n\nRecorded\n1982\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nSynthpop[1]\nnew wave[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:35 (7\" single)\n4:48 (12\" single)\n\n\nLabel\nRCA Records\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAnnie Lennox\nDavid A. Stewart\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDavid A. Stewart\n\n\nEurythmics singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Love Is a Stranger\"\n(1982)\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\"\n(1983)\n\"Who's That Girl?\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Love Is a Stranger\"\n(1982)\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\"\n(1983)\n\"Who's That Girl?\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Love Is a Stranger\" (1991 reissue)\n(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991\n\n\n\"Sweet Dreams '91\" (Remix)\n(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991\n\n\n\"I Saved the World Today\"\n(1999) I Saved the World Today1999\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Annie Lennox",
"David A. Stewart"
] |
5460092445326469926 | Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees | Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees - wikipedia Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical and current logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team logos and insignia 2 Design and appearance of uniform 3 Special uniforms and caps 4 Personal appearance and dress code 5 References Team logos and insignia ( edit ) Cap logos Current cap logo Jersey logos Jersey logo 1903 -- 1904 Current jersey logo Primary and print logos Current print insignia Throughout much of their tenure as the Highlanders , the logo was variations of a stylized N and Y , which lay separately on either side of the jersey 's breast . In 1905 , the two locked for one season , but not in the way used today . It was n't until 1909 that the team changed to the familiar interlocking NY that would be the team logo long after the team became known as the Yankees , and would continue to be the cap insignia until today . The interlocking NY was originally designed by Tiffany & Co. and struck on a medal of honor presented in 1877 to John McDowell , a New York City police officer shot in the line of duty . The primary logo , created in 1947 by sports artist Henry Alonzo Keller , consists of `` Yankees '' against a baseball , written in red script with a red bat forming the vertical line of the K , an Uncle Sam hat hanging from the barrel . The logo was slightly changed over the years , with the current version first appearing in the 1970s . The interlocking NY has varied greatly , and there are currently three major versions in use . The first is the cap insignia , in which the N and Y are of about the same size and unadorned . The second is the logo on the breast of the home jersey . This logo first appeared there in 1912 , continued through the 1913 renaming to the New York Yankees , and after disappearing in 1917 , returned for good in 1936 , although there have been many small but apparent changes through the years . In the jersey logo , the Y is larger , the letters more blocky , and the curves more exaggerated . The third is the print logo which is used extensively in marketing , is painted behind home plate at the Stadium , and appears on the team 's batting helmets . The N is larger and more curved , and the letters have large serifs at the end . In 1992 , the Yankees along with all MLB teams , had an MLB logo on the back of their caps for the first time . The following year , the Yankees became one of the last teams to wear a cap with a green underbrim . They did not switch to a gray underbrim until 1994 , when most teams had been wearing a gray underbrim since the late 1980s . In the 1996 World Series , the Yankees , along with the Atlanta Braves , became the first teams to wear their caps with World Series patches sewn on the side . In 1998 , the Yankees had the number # 39 sewn on the back of their caps , next to the MLB logo , for Darryl Strawberry , because he was suffering from colon cancer at the time . When the MLB season opened in 2001 , it was the 100th Anniversary of the American League . The Yankees had an AL 100th Anniversary patch on the side of their caps for the opening day series . When the Yankees celebrated their 100th Anniversary in 2003 , they had a patch on the side of their caps , commemorating it as well . The Yankees along with all MLB teams stopped wearing wool caps , beginning in the year 2007 . The new caps now have a black underbrim to reduce glare , and a more 3D MLB logo on the back . In 2009 , to celebrate the inaugural season at Yankee Stadium , the Yankees had an inaugural season patch on the back of their caps . It is the first time in MLB history that a patch was in the back of a cap instead of just the MLB logo . However , the Yankees players that played in the 2009 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , in St. Louis had the regular MLB logo on the back of their caps . Starting in the 2010 MLB season , the Yankees MLB logo on the back of the caps and the back collar of the jerseys had gray behind the bat of the MLB logo instead of the usual red , which was present on Yankee caps since 1992 . The Yankees use a block letter `` NEW YORK '' wordmark on the gray road uniform which has also become emblematic . There is also a print version of the full name , which is of a more fanciful script than the name appears in the team logo . Design and appearance of uniform ( edit ) Alex Rodriguez in the regular away uniforms . Nick Swisher in the regular pinstriped home uniforms . The team colors are midnight navy blue , grey , and white . The home uniform is white with distinctive pinstripes and a navy blue interlocking `` NY '' at the chest . The away uniform is gray with a navy blue `` NEW YORK '' written across the chest . The player number is on the back of the uniform jersey , and is not accompanied by the player name . A navy blue cap with a white interlocking `` NY '' logo is worn with both uniforms . Contrary to baseball legend , the Yankees did not start wearing pinstriped uniforms to make Babe Ruth look slimmer in the late 1920s and 1930s . In truth , the Yankees added pinstripes to their uniforms on a permanent basis soon after Ruppert bought the team in 1915 after briefly wearing pinstripes in 1912 . In 1929 , the New York Yankees became the first team to make numbers a permanent part of the uniform . Numbers were handed out based on the order in the lineup . In 1929 , Earle Combs wore # 1 , Mark Koenig # 2 , Babe Ruth # 3 , Lou Gehrig # 4 , Bob Meusel # 5 , Tony Lazzeri # 6 , Leo Durocher # 7 , Johnny Grabowski # 8 , Benny Bengough # 9 , and Bill Dickey # 10 . The team has never issued # 0 or # 00 . When other teams began putting names on the backs of jerseys in the 1960s , the Yankees did not follow suit . Many companies have created replica Yankee jerseys and other apparel with the player name above the number on the back for fans to purchase , but the only official Yankee uniform that has ever had a name on the back was a special uniform used during MLB 's inaugural Players Weekend on August 25 -- 27 , 2017 . Apart from the Players Weekend jerseys , the Yankees are the only team in Major League Baseball that has never displayed the logo of the official uniform supplier , currently Majestic Athletic , on game jerseys or pants supplied to players . They are also one of only two teams ( the other being the Detroit Tigers ) in Major League Baseball to shun the trend of creating a third `` alternate '' jersey . The home uniform has been the same ( apart from minor changes ) since 1936 -- longer than any current uniform design in Major League Baseball -- although patches commemorating milestones or special events may be worn for all or part of a season . The team will occasionally wear a black armband on the left sleeve , usually in honor of a Yankee great that died ( in the case of some players , his number is frequently sewn above the armband ) . In 1990 , the Yankees wore a # 1 patch on their left sleeve in tribute to Billy Martin , who died in a car crash on Christmas Day of 1989 . It was the first time the Yankees paid tribute to a retired legend by putting their jersey number on their left sleeve . They did the same for Mickey Mantle in 1995 , Joe DiMaggio in 1999 , Phil Rizzuto in 2007 and Yogi Berra in late 2015 . For the 2008 season , the team wore a patch commemorating the 2008 All - Star Game , another commemorating the last season in Yankee Stadium , and a black armband to honor Bobby Murcer who died July 12 , 2008 due to complication related to brain cancer . In 2009 , to commemorate the inaugural season at Yankee Stadium , the Yankees had an inaugural season patch on the left sleeve of the jersey . Beginning in the 2010 season , the MLB logo , on the back collar of their jerseys , has gray behind the bat of the MLB logo , instead of the usual red , which was on the jersey since 2000 , when all of the MLB teams started wearing the MLB logo on the back collar . Upon the deaths of owner George Steinbrenner and P.A. announcer Bob Sheppard , the Yankees sported two patches from July 16 until the end of the season ; the left breast patch in memory of Steinbrenner , and a left shoulder patch in memory of Sheppard . The Yankees also added a black armband in memory of Ralph Houk upon his death on July 21 . Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig with Yankees road uniform of 1927 -- 1930 without `` NEW YORK '' arch Although the Yankees have worn the same road uniform since 1918 ( with the exception of 1927 to 1930 , when the arched `` NEW YORK '' was replaced by the word `` YANKEES '' ) , a radical change was proposed in 1974 . Marty Appel , in his book Now Pitching for the Yankees , describes the proposed uniforms : `` In 1974 I walked into ( then - General Manager ) Gabe Paul 's office to find samples of new Yankee road uniforms draped across his sofa . They were the opposite of the home pinstripes -- they were navy blue with white pinstripes . The NY logo was in white . Gabe liked them . I nearly fainted . Although the drab gray road uniforms were not exciting , with the plain NEW YORK across the chest , they were just as much the Yankees ' look as were the home uniforms . I think my dramatic disdain helped saved ( sic ) the day and saved the Yankees from wearing those awful pajamas on the field . '' The Yankees did , however , make some minor updates to the road uniforms that season , including adding striping patterns to the sleeves and a white outline to the jersey numbers and the `` NEW YORK '' arch . This has remained since and was the only significant change to the road uniform until mid-2016 season when the road batting helmets became painted with a matte finish , rather than the gloss still used for home games . Special uniforms and caps ( edit ) The Yankees have worn throwback uniforms on two special occasions . In 1996 , the Yankees wore the uniforms of the New York Black Yankees on a day celebrating Negro league baseball . In 2012 , the Yankees wore replicas of their 1912 uniforms , with an alternate interlocking N-Y logo and without numbers , for a game celebrating Fenway Park 's centennial . During a July 4 , 2008 game against the Boston Red Sox , the Yankees wore a special stars - and - stripes cap with an American flag pattern inside the interlocking N-Y . It was `` thought to be the first time in their history '' that the Yankees had worn a special edition cap . All other teams in Major League Baseball , including the Red Sox , sported similar designs inside their cap logos . As a Memorial Day promotion , the Yankees donned red caps with stars - and - stripes logos for a May 25 , 2009 game against the Texas Rangers . The Yankees also wore these caps for a July 4 , 2009 game against the Toronto Blue Jays and for a September 11 , 2009 game against the Baltimore Orioles . The latter game is particularly notable , as it was the game in which Derek Jeter earned his 2,722 nd base hit , breaking the franchise record held by Lou Gehrig . During the 2010 season , the Yankees wore special off - white caps with a similar stars - and - stripes logo in games played on Memorial Day , Independence Day weekend , and Patriot Day . Proceeds from sales of these caps support Welcome Back Veterans , a non-profit organization `` targeting veterans ' greatest needs , including mental health and job training / placement . '' All United States - based teams wore similarly - styled caps on these days . ( The one Canadian franchise wore a Maple Leaf design , owing to their national emblem . ) For Memorial Day , 2013 ( May 27 ) each Major League Baseball club wore caps and jerseys `` featuring an authentic military digital camouflage design licensed from the United States Marine Corps . '' The Yankees , playing on the road at Citi Field , wore camouflage caps with a white `` NY '' , and jerseys with camouflage `` New York '' on the front and camouflage numbers on the back . The Yankees uniform for 2017 Players Weekend was part of a league - wide initiative in which all 30 teams used special color pullover jerseys with contrasting sleeves , inspired by uniforms frequently used by youth baseball teams . All teams also wore special caps . Since the weekend coincided with the final days of the 2017 Little League World Series , all jerseys bore a unique logo that drew design cues from the MLB and Little League logos . The Yankees jersey was solid black with gray sleeves featuring the `` YANKEES '' script used since 1950 ( dispensing with pinstripes for the first time in more than a century ) , and the team used a gray cap with the traditional interlocking `` NY '' logo . Also as part of the initiative , all uniforms had names on the back ( a first for any official Yankees uniform ) , and players were encouraged to place nicknames instead of family names on their jerseys -- for example , Aaron Judge 's uniform that weekend had `` ALL RISE '' on the back . Brett Gardner and Tyler Austin became the first Yankees ever to have their last names on the back of their uniforms . Personal appearance and dress code ( edit ) Under George Steinbrenner , long hair and facial hair below the lip were prohibited ; the practice has been continued under Hal Steinbrenner since control of the Yankees was transferred to him after the 2008 season . Players who do not fit these criteria must shave the excess hair . In the past , visible tattoos were also prohibited and players wore navy blue arm bands to cover them , although this practice has since been discontinued . Although this is a policy that all baseball teams once had , the Yankees are currently the only team with such a policy ( though former Chicago White Sox general manager Ken Williams was known for asking players to cut their hair , the club does not now nor during his time as GM have a policy banning long hair ) and have gotten notoriety enforcing it . Many players , most notably Reggie Jackson , Jeff Reardon , Roger Clemens , Kevin Youkilis , Jason Giambi , Gary Sheffield , Johnny Damon , and Randy Johnson either had long hair , significant facial hair , or both before playing for the Yankees , but were clean - cut by the time they had their press conferences unveiling them as members of the Yankees . There have been some defiances of the dress code , however . Most notable incident involved pitcher Goose Gossage , who had a horseshoe mustache in deliberate defiance of George Steinbrenner . Jackson , though he currently sports only a mustache as a `` special assistant '' with the organization , did have a full beard during parts of his stay with the Yankees . Don Mattingly , the face of the franchise for the 1980s and the first half the 1990s , was briefly benched in 1991 for letting his hair grow too long and the team did not let him play until it was cut , but was eventually reinserted into the lineup after it became apparent that he was not going to cut it . Several players , including Clemens , Giambi , Sheffield , Johnson , Damon , Andrew Miller , David Wells , and Joba Chamberlain , grew significant facial hair after their departures from the organization . Journeyman outfielder Darnell McDonald had long dreadlocks throughout his career and had to cut them when joining the Yankees despite only being on their roster for three days when the Yankees released him . The Yankees are so well known with their dress code that players for other teams have been rumored to be signing for the Yankees if they adopt a clean - cut look before actually signing with them . In December 2012 , San Francisco Giants pitcher Tim Lincecum , known for his long locks , cut his hair short . Although his hair was also short during his rookie season with the Giants in 2007 , one Twitter commenter joked that he may have been preparing to play for the Yankees in 2014 , since he was entering a contract year with the Giants in 2013 . Other players have refused to sign with the team due to these restrictions , such as Lincecum 's teammate Brian Wilson , who said he would never shave his trademark beard to sign with the Yankees . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yankees Uniforms and Logos '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Richard ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` A Salute Not to the Yankees , but to Their Logo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( June 28 , 1995 ) . `` Henry Alonzo Keller , 87 , Artist Of the Yankees ' Top Hat Logo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , Rubie ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` The Yankees permanently adopted pinstripes 98 years ago today '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Looney , Jack ( 2006 ) . Now Batting , Number ... : The Mystique , Superstition , and Lore of Baseball 's Uniform Numbers . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Lukas , Paul ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` It 's uniform change for MLB 's Players Weekend '' . Uni Watch . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Tribute to Bobby Mercer will be worn proudly all year on Yankee uniforms '' . New York Daily News . New York . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Appel , Marty ( 2001 ) . Now Pitching for the Yankees : Spinning the News for Mickey , Billy , and George . New York : Total Sports . Jump up ^ Carig , Marc ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` The curse of the Yankees ' 1912 road uniforms '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` Youkilis 's crazy triple , Lowell 's three - run shot spark Boston '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Hillman , Daniel ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees club Rangers 11 - 1 , and do it with red caps on '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` Gehrig , veterans honored this weekend '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Welcome Back Veterans supports troops '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` MLB to don camo uniforms on Memorial Day '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Report : All of MLB to wear camouflage - themed uniforms Memorial Day '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beery , Kyle ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Yanks Players Weekend nicknames explained '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kates , Maxwell . `` Baseball Beards '' . baseballlibrary.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kaduk , Kevin ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Lincecum 's hair is no longer very long '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . 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'' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Aaron Boone Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 17 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . 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Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logos_and_uniforms_of_the_New_York_Yankees&oldid=809671630 '' Categories : New York Yankees Major League Baseball logos and uniforms Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 17 : 24 . 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"The team colors are midnight navy blue, grey, and white. The home uniform is white with distinctive pinstripes and a navy blue interlocking \"NY\" at the chest. The away uniform is gray with a navy blue \"NEW YORK\" written across the chest. The player number is on the back of the uniform jersey, and is not accompanied by the player name. A navy blue cap with a white interlocking \"NY\" logo is worn with both uniforms."
] | [
"white with distinctive pinstripes and a navy blue interlocking \"NY\" at the chest"
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-2194076802293528731 | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Singles 1.6 Sidemen 1.7 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' The vast majority of the inducted bands and vocal groups have experienced personnel changes during their careers ( although there are a very few exceptions , such as The Beastie Boys and U2 , who never changed their lineups . ) The Hall of Fame only inducts the most significant members of the group , although it is unclear what the criteria are for excluding or including members . This has led to many anamolies . For example , the Red Hot Chili Peppers excluded longtime guitarists Jack Sherman and Dave Navarro while including new guitarist Josh Klinghoffer who had only been a full member of the band for a year or two at the time of induction . For another example , Guns N ' Roses lead singer Axl Rose outlasted every other member of the `` classic '' quintet which performed on the first two albums , eventually putting together an entirely new lineup which stayed together for twenty years or so beginning in the mid-1990s ( but only released one album . ) All the newer members were excluded from the Hall of Fame induction save drummer Matt Sorum and keyboardist Dizzy Reed ( both of whom joined in 1990 . ) A few of the conspicuously absent members of other inducted groups include Cindy Birdsong of the Supremes ; Eric Carr , Eric Singer and Bruce Kulick of KISS ; Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys ; Richie Ramone and C.J. Ramone of the Ramones ; Randy Jackson of the Jacksons and Pete Best of the Beatles . On the other hand , two bands included inducted members who were primarily non-performers : road manager ( and very occasional keyboardist ) Ian Stewart was inducted with the Rolling Stones and lyricist Robert Hunter was inducted with the Grateful Dead . Year Image Name Inducted members Inducted by 1986 Chuck Berry Keith Richards 1986 James Brown Steve Winwood 1986 Ray Charles Quincy Jones 1986 Sam Cooke Herb Alpert 1986 Fats Domino Billy Joel 1986 The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . Neil Young 1986 Buddy Holly John Fogerty 1986 Jerry Lee Lewis Hank Williams Jr . 1986 Little Richard Roberta Flack 1986 Elvis Presley Julian and Sean Lennon The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Lester Sill Eddie Cochran Mick Jones Bo Diddley ZZ Top Aretha Franklin Keith Richards Marvin Gaye Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson Bill Haley Chuck Berry B.B. King Sting Clyde McPhatter Ben E. King Ricky Nelson John Fogerty Roy Orbison Bruce Springsteen Carl Perkins Sam Phillips Smokey Robinson Daryl Hall and John Oates Big Joe Turner Doc Pomus Muddy Waters Paul Butterfield Jackie Wilson Peter Wolf 1988 The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . Elton John 1988 The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . Mick Jagger 1988 The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . Billy Joel 1988 Bob Dylan Bruce Springsteen 1988 The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . Little Richard 1989 Dion Lou Reed 1989 Otis Redding Little Richard 1989 The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . Pete Townshend 1989 The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . Daryl Hall and John Oates 1989 Stevie Wonder Paul Simon 1990 Hank Ballard Boz Scaggs 1990 Bobby Darin Paul Anka 1990 The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . Bob Crewe 1990 Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . Stevie Wonder 1990 The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . Graham Nash 1990 The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . Phil Spector 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . James Taylor 1990 The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . Bono 1991 LaVern Baker Chaka Khan 1991 The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . Don Henley 1991 John Lee Hooker Bonnie Raitt 1991 -- The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . Tracy Chapman 1991 Wilson Pickett Bobby Brown 1991 Jimmy Reed ZZ Top 1991 Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . Phil Spector 1992 Bobby `` Blue '' Bland B.B. King 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . Jim Stewart 1992 Johnny Cash Lyle Lovett 1992 The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . Little Richard 1992 The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . Neil Young 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . Billy Joel 1992 The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . The Edge 1993 Ruth Brown Bonnie Raitt 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . ZZ Top 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . Bruce Springsteen 1993 The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . Eddie Vedder 1993 Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni Boyz II Men 1993 Etta James k.d. lang 1993 Van Morrison Robbie Robertson 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . George Clinton 1994 The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . Dave Pirner 1994 The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . Eric Clapton 1994 Duane Eddy Mick Jones 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . Bruce Hornsby 1994 Elton John Axl Rose 1994 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1994 Bob Marley Bono 1994 Rod Stewart Jeff Beck 1995 The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . Willie Nelson 1995 Al Green Natalie Cole 1995 Janis Joplin Melissa Etheridge 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant Steven Tyler and Joe Perry 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson 1995 Neil Young Eddie Vedder 1995 Frank Zappa Lou Reed David Bowie Madonna and David Byrne Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Mariah Carey Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh Little Willie John Stevie Wonder Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Billy Corgan The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . Patti Smith 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . Brian Wilson 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . Tom Petty 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . James Taylor 1997 The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . Diana Ross 1997 Joni Mitchell Shawn Colvin 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . Prince 1997 The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . Steven Van Zandt 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . Jimmy Buffett 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . Sheryl Crow 1998 The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . Shania Twain 1998 Lloyd Price Tony Rich 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . John Popper 1998 Gene Vincent John Fogerty 1999 Billy Joel Ray Charles 1999 Curtis Mayfield Sean Combs 1999 Paul McCartney Neil Young 1999 Del Shannon Art Alexakis 1999 Dusty Springfield Elton John 1999 Bruce Springsteen Bono 1999 The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . Lauryn Hill 2000 Eric Clapton Robbie Robertson 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . Lil Kim 2000 The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . John Mellencamp 2000 The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . Paul Simon 2000 Bonnie Raitt Melissa Etheridge 2000 James Taylor Paul McCartney 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . Kid Rock 2001 Solomon Burke Mary J. Blige 2001 The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . Frankie Valli 2001 Michael Jackson NSYNC 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2001 Paul Simon Marc Anthony 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . Moby 2001 Ritchie Valens Ricky Martin 2002 Isaac Hayes Alicia Keys 2002 Brenda Lee Jewel 2002 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . Jakob Dylan 2002 Gene Pitney Darlene Love 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . Eddie Vedder 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . Anthony Kiedis 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . Steven Tyler 2003 The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . The Edge and Tom Morello 2003 Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . Elton John 2003 The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . Gwen Stefani 2003 The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Billy Joel Jackson Browne Bruce Springsteen The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Robert Townsend George Harrison Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne Prince Outkast and Alicia Keys Bob Seger Kid Rock Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . Dave Matthews ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . Keith Richards 2005 Buddy Guy Eric Clapton and B.B. King 2005 The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . Justin Timberlake 2005 The Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . Neil Young 2005 Percy Sledge Rod Stewart 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... Bruce Springsteen 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . Shirley Manson 2006 Miles Davis Herbie Hancock 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . Kid Rock 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . Jann Wenner 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . Jay - Z 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . Eddie Vedder 2007 The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . Keith Richards 2007 Patti Smith Zack de la Rocha 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . Velvet Revolver 2008 The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . Tom Hanks 2008 Leonard Cohen Lou Reed 2008 Madonna Justin Timberlake 2008 John Mellencamp Billy Joel 2008 The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . John Fogerty 2009 Jeff Beck Jimmy Page 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . Smokey Robinson 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . Flea 2009 Run - DMC Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . Eminem 2009 Bobby Womack Ron Wood ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Barry and Robin Gibb Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Trey Anastasio Jimmy Cliff Wyclef Jean The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Steven Van Zandt The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . Billie Joe Armstrong 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . Rob Zombie 2011 Neil Diamond Paul Simon 2011 Dr. John John Legend 2011 Darlene Love Bette Midler 2011 Tom Waits Neil Young 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . Chuck D and LL Cool J 2012 -- The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . Smokey Robinson 2012 The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . Smokey Robinson 2012 The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . Smokey Robinson 2012 Donovan John Mellencamp 2012 The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . Smokey Robinson 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . Green Day 2012 -- The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . Smokey Robinson 2012 The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . Smokey Robinson 2012 Laura Nyro Bette Midler 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . Chris Rock 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . Steven Van Zandt 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . Chris Cornell 2013 Albert King John Mayer 2013 Randy Newman Don Henley 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2013 Donna Summer Kelly Rowland 2014 Peter Gabriel Chris Martin 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . Questlove 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . Tom Morello 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . Michael Stipe 2014 Linda Ronstadt Glenn Frey 2014 Cat Stevens Art Garfunkel 2015 The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . Peter Wolf 2015 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . Miley Cyrus 2015 Lou Reed Patti Smith 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . Fall Out Boy 2015 Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . John Mayer 2015 Bill Withers Stevie Wonder 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . Kid Rock 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . Rob Thomas 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice Lars Ulrich 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre Kendrick Lamar 2016 Steve Miller The Black Keys 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood Dhani Harrison 2017 Joan Baez Jackson Browne 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory Pat Monahan 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder David Letterman 2017 Tupac Shakur Snoop Dogg 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson 2018 Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi , David Bryan , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres Howard Stern 2018 The Cars Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr Brandon Flowers 2018 Dire Straits Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers John Illsley 2018 The Moody Blues Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas Ann Wilson 2018 Nina Simone Mary J. Blige ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . ^ Note 4 . Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker . Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Jimmy Yancey 1986 Robert Johnson Louis Jordan T - Bone Walker Hank Williams 1988 Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 The Ink Spots 1989 Bessie Smith 1989 The Soul Stirrers 1990 Charlie Christian 1990 Louis Armstrong 1990 Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 Elmore James 1992 Professor Longhair 1993 Dinah Washington 1994 Willie Dixon 1995 The Orioles Pete Seeger 1997 Mahalia Jackson 1997 Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Charles Brown 2000 Nat King Cole 2000 Billie Holiday 2009 Wanda Jackson 2012 Freddie King 2015 The `` 5 '' Royales 2018 Sister Rosetta Tharpe ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Alan Freed 1986 Sam Phillips Leonard Chess Ahmet Ertegun Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Jerry Wexler 1988 Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Dave Bartholomew 1991 Ralph Bass 1992 Leo Fender 1992 Bill Graham 1992 Doc Pomus 1993 Dick Clark 1993 Milt Gabler 1994 Johnny Otis 1995 Paul Ackerman Tom Donahue 1997 Syd Nathan 1998 Allen Toussaint 1999 George Martin 2000 Clive Davis 2001 Chris Blackwell 2002 Jim Stewart 2003 Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff David Geffen Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Mort Shuman Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Jac Holzman 2011 Art Rupe 2012 Don Kirshner 2013 Lou Adler 2013 Quincy Jones 2014 Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Leon Russell 2012 Cosimo Matassa 2012 Tom Dowd 2012 Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Singles ( edit ) At the 2018 ceremony , a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt . According to Van Zandt , the category is `` a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll , kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox , records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall . They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment . '' Year Artist Song ( Year ) 2018 Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) 2018 Link Wray `` Rumble '' ( 1958 ) 2018 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' ( 1960 ) 2018 The Kingsmen `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) 2018 Procol Harum `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) 2018 Steppenwolf `` Born to Be Wild '' ( 1968 ) Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Hal Blaine Drums 2000 King Curtis Saxophone 2000 James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Earl Palmer Drums 2001 James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 John Hammond 1991 Nesuhi Ertegun Jann Wenner 2005 Frank Barsalona 2005 Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and with The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . Two inducted bands were spinoffs of other inducted bands . Journey was founded by two former members of Santana . Led Zeppelin was founded by lead guitarist Jimmy Page after The Yardbirds broke up , with the encouragement of the band 's management . They were originally billed as `` The New Yardbirds . '' The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . There are several performers who were inducted with one ( or more ) of the bands they played for , but were not inducted as members of one ( or more ) other bands . For example , Neil Young was inducted with Buffalo Springfield and as a solo artist , but was left out when Crosby , Stills & Nash were inducted . Other examples include Terry Chimes ( inducted with The Clash but not with Black Sabbath ) , Kenney Jones ( inducted with The Faces but not with The Who ) , and Sly Stone ( inducted with Sly & the Family Stone but not with Parliament - Funkadelic . ) Singer Axl Rose of Guns N ' Roses fame joined AC / DC after both bands were inducted . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Jeff Beck The Yardbirds 1992 Solo career 2009 -- -- Johnny Carter The Flamingos 2001 The Dells -- -- Eric Clapton The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 David Crosby The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Peter Gabriel Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- George Harrison The Beatles 1988 Solo career -- -- Michael Jackson The Jackson Five 1997 Solo career 2001 -- -- John Lennon The Beatles 1988 Solo career 1994 -- -- Curtis Mayfield The Impressions 1991 Solo career 1999 -- -- Paul McCartney The Beatles 1988 Solo career 1999 -- -- Clyde McPhatter Solo career The Drifters 1988 -- -- Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 The Hollies -- -- Jimmy Page The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Lou Reed The Velvet Underground Solo career 2015 -- -- Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 Solo career 2001 -- -- Ringo Starr The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Rod Stewart Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Ronnie Wood The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Neil Young Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits Awkwardly Enter Rock Hall Of Fame Without An Induction Speaker Or A Performance '' . Stereogum. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame introduces new category for singles '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=857120718 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego ქართული مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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"As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and with The Yardbirds.[158] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. \n"
] | [
"Eric Clapton"
] |
6071232814235116559 | Cinco de Mayo | Cinco de Mayo - wikipedia Cinco de Mayo Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Mexican Independence Day , which occurs on September 16 . Cinco de Mayo Battle of Puebla Observed by Mexicans , mixed nationality Type Multinational Significance Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 Celebrations Parades , food , music , folkloric dancing Date May 5 Next time 5 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) Frequency annual Related to El Día de la Batalla de Puebla Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) ; Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza . In the United States , Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico . In the U.S. the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture . In Mexico , the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial , such as through military parades . In the United States , Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico 's Independence Day -- the most important national holiday in Mexico -- which is celebrated on September 16 , commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Events leading to the Battle of Puebla 1.2 French invasion 1.3 Mexican victory 1.4 Events after the battle 1.5 Significance 1.6 Consequences to the United States 2 History of the holiday 2.1 United States 2.2 Mexico 2.3 Elsewhere 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background `` May 5 , 1862 and the siege of Puebla '' , a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano , a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico Events leading to the Battle of Puebla Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the French occupation of Mexico , which took place in the aftermath of the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 48 and the 1858 -- 61 Reform War . The Reform War was a civil war which pitted Liberals ( who believed in separation of church and state , and freedom of religion ) against the Conservatives ( who favored a tight bond between the Roman Catholic Church and the Mexican State ) . These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury . On July 17 , 1861 , Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years . In response , Britain , France , and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement . Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew , but France , at the time ruled by Napoleon III , decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests , the Second Mexican Empire . The empire was part of an envisioned `` Latin America '' ( term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France ) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories . French invasion Main article : Battle of Puebla Late in 1861 , a well - armed French fleet stormed Veracruz , landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat . Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City , the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla , at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe . The 6,000 - strong French army attacked the much smaller and poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000 . Yet , on May 5 , 1862 , the Mexicans managed to decisively crush the French army , then considered `` the premier army in the world '' . Mexican victory The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large . In the description of The History Channel , `` Although not a major strategic win in the overall war against the French , Zaragoza 's success at Puebla represented a great symbolic victory for the Mexican government and bolstered the resistance movement . '' As Time magazine remarked , `` The Puebla victory came to symbolize unity and pride for what seemed like a Mexican David defeating a French Goliath . '' It helped establish a much - needed sense of national unity and patriotism . Events after the Battle The Mexican victory , however , was short - lived . A year later , with 30,000 troops , the French were able to defeat the Mexican army , capture Mexico City , and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico . The French victory was itself short - lived , lasting only three years , from 1864 to 1867 . By 1865 , `` with the American Civil War now over , the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French '' . Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War , Napoleon III , facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance , the threat of war with Prussia , and `` the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States '' , retreated from Mexico starting in 1866 . The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City , and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed , along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas , Querétaro . `` On June 5 , 1867 , Benito Juarez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration . '' Significance The Battle of Puebla was important for at least two reasons . First , although considerably outnumbered , the Mexicans defeated a much - better - equipped French army . `` This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well - equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years . '' Second , since the Battle of Puebla , no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force . Consequences to the United States Further information : France and the American Civil War Cinco de Mayo dancers greeted by U.S. President George W. Bush Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that , had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5 , 1862 , France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States ' destiny would have been different . History of the holiday United States Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States , the modern American focus on that day first started in California in the 1860s in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico . `` Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . '' A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that , `` the holiday , which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863 , is virtually ignored in Mexico . '' TIME magazine reports that `` Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement . '' The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers , especially beer companies , capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it . It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage , first in areas with large Mexican - American populations , like Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston and San Jose . In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease . Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul , Minnesota On June 7 , 2005 , the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities . To celebrate , many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance . Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture , especially in its music and regional dancing . Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles , near Olvera Street . Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration , advertising Mexican products and services , with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages , foods , and music . Mexico The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum . On May 9 , 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . Today , the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico ( i.e. not a statutory holiday ) . However , all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5 . The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla , where the Battle took place , and also a full holiday ( no work ) in the neighboring State of Veracruz . In Puebla , historical reenactments , parades , and meals take place to commemorate the battle . Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle . Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla , which gathers national and international artists , traditional musicians and dancers . As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole , with an emphasis on the city 's iconic mole poblano . In Mexico City , military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte . A street , Avenida Cinco de Mayo , in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez . Elsewhere Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States . As in the United States , celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine , culture and music . For example , Windsor , Ontario , Canada , holds an American - style `` Cinco de Mayo Street Festival '' , some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink , and a sky - diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event . In the Cayman Islands , in the Caribbean , there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition , and at Montego Bay , Jamaica , there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration . The city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day , and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand . American - style celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town , South Africa , Lagos , Nigeria , and in Paris . Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo 's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture . See also Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) , fall of Puebla to the Imperialists Third Battle of Puebla ( 1867 ) , recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic References Notes Jump up ^ Other sources give the size of the French force as 6,500. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ According to Mexico 's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers. ( 2 ) And Peter Hicks of the French Fondation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . Hayes - Batista clarifies on page 60 of his El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition that after the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5 , they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 to the tune of 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers . Jump up ^ It has been pointed out that , contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia 's The Bulletin , the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854 . Jump up ^ The statement in The Bulletin is , `` This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas . '' Note it says `` invaded '' , and not `` attacked . '' Thus , since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has invaded the Americas . The War of the Falklands War , for example , was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas ( the Argentine military ) . They were subsequently attacked ( not invaded ) by the UK . Another example , Pearl Harbor , experienced an attack , not an invasion by the Japanese . The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation / invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII . This event , however , was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible : the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives , the invasion was short - lived , and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again ( Alaska was not yet a full - fledged state ) . In short , the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` RECOGNIZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CINCO DE MAYO '' . Congress.gov . House of Representatives . 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . University of California at Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States , and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo '' . The Minnesota Daily . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Today , the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico Jump up ^ Lauren Effron ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : NOT Mexico 's Independence Day '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herz , May . `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Inside Mexico . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo : What 's all the fuss about ? '' Julia Goralka . The Washington Times . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Happy Cinco de Mayo -- Sorta . Ray Suarez . PBS News Hour . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David E. Hayes - Batista . El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . 2012 . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . 2011 . The History Channel website . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Significance of `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Ignacio González. 1996 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo - The Backstory . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Tony Azios . ' Llero . Jaws Communications . 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheryl VanBuskirk ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May '' . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History Channel.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Cinco de Mayo : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays ... Time . By Frances Romero . Wednesday , May . 05 , 2010 ... Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Michael C. Meyer ; William H. Beezley ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press . pp. 387 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo . PBS . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper , May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Lasting European Influence . By Jose Antonio Burciaga . Free Lance - Star Publishing . May , 2007 . ( First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981 . ) '' . Banderasnews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Bidwell ( Apr 1971 ) . `` The Political Evolution of the Mexican People . By Justo Sierra . Translated by Charles Ramsdell . Austin , TX : The University of Texas Press . 1969 . '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . 13 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 308 . JSTOR 174689 . ^ Jump up to : Southern California Quarterly `` Cinco de Mayo 's First Seventy - Five Years in Alta California : From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory , 1862 to 1937 '' Spring 2007 ( see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California ) Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ( April 2009 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : The Real Story '' . EGP News . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico . UPI . World News . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Verified March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cesares , Oscar ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan . `` Cinco de Mayo History : From Bloodshed to Beer Fest '' . National Geographic . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canalis , John ( April 26 , 1992 ) . L.A. hosts nation 's biggest Cinco de Mayo party . UPI Archives . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Peter ( April 24 , 2016 ) . With thinner crowds in a smaller space , Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( U.S.A. ) Declaration . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ( Cinco de Mayo ) gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump - start on the summer beer - selling season Jump up ^ `` Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange '' . ACNNewswire.com . Victor , New York : Asian Corporate News Network . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Nancy ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo 's history neglected ; it 's an excuse to party '' . The Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . From my perspective as a marketing professional , Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party - type theme Jump up ^ Alamillo , José M. `` Contesting Cinco de Mayo : Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals , 1930 -- 1950 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore , the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record -- House . Page 7488 . 9 May 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Holidays 2013 . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Consulate in Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los días de 2013 que , por ley , debes descansar . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Escolar 2012 -- 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Secretaria de Educacion Publica . Government of Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Puebla 2012 ... Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Circular 0077 - 13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013 . Adelante . Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo ; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo at Kensington Court -- Eyes on Windsor '' . eyesonwindsor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Cinco de Mayo Celebration 2017 Windsor , CA -- Official Website '' . www.townofwindsor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Canadian celebration Archived August 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; St. Albert , Canada 2012 celebration ; Montreal celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 '' . Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar Archived January 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamaica celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival '' ; Brisbane celebration Jump up ^ `` Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos , Nigeria Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` El cinco de mayo -- Paris -- jeudi 05 mai '' After Work . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . JapanBases.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo 2013 : Celebrating the Americas '' Cinco de Mayo Festival . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Sources Hayes - Bautista , David E. El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 293 pages External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinco de Mayo . Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts `` Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day ? '' on The Law Library of Congress 's blog `` Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration '' -- Mexican American News / Xcano Media Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&oldid=797250429 '' Categories : Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the United States May observances Mexican - American culture French intervention in Mexico Remembrance days Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2015 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 21 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is cinco de mayo celebrated in mexico | [
"In Puebla, historical reenactments, parades, and meals take place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle.[53] Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla, which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers.[53] As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole, with an emphasis on the city's iconic mole poblano.[53]"
] | [
"Puebla"
] |
-8545907963312640111 | Uzo Aduba | Uzo Aduba - wikipedia Uzo Aduba Jump to : navigation , search Uzo Aduba Aduba in 2014 Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba ( 1981 - 02 - 10 ) February 10 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2003 -- present Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba ( / ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə / ; born February 10 , 1981 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) , for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015 , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015 . She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role , the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Advocacy 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage credits 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Aduba was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the daughter of Nigerian parents , of Igbo origin . She grew up in Medfield , Massachusetts , and graduated from Medfield High School in 1999 . She attended Boston University , where she studied classical voice and competed in track and field . She describes her family as a `` sports family '' . Her younger brother , Obi , played hockey at the University of Massachusetts and went on to play six seasons professionally . Career ( edit ) Aduba first garnered recognition for her acting in 2003 , when her performance in Translations of Xhosa at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts earned her a Helen Hayes Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play . Aduba played the character Amphiarus in 2006 at New York Theatre Workshop and again in 2008 at La Jolla Playhouse . In 2007 , she made her Broadway debut , portraying Toby in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Coram Boy at the Imperial Theatre . From 2011 through 2012 , she sang `` By My Side '' as part of the original revival cast of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre . Her first television appearance was as a nurse on Blue Bloods in 2012 . She also played the mother of the title character of Venice at The Public Theater in New York . In 2013 , Aduba began portraying Suzanne Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren in the Netflix comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black . On being cast , Aduba said : I auditioned for the show back in late July or early August of ( 2012 ) . I had been auditioning that summer for more television and film ( after doing much theater ) . I 'd read a lot of scripts and I remember reading Orange Is the New Black , and it was at the head of the pack . I remember thinking , ' Wow , that is really good , I would love to be a part of that . ' I went in and auditioned for another part , and my representatives called me about a month later and they were like , `` Hi , we have some really good news . You remember that audition you went on for Orange Is the New Black ? You did n't get it . '' I go , `` So ... okay , what 's the good news ? '' They said they wanted to offer me another part , Crazy Eyes . I was like , `` What in my audition would make someone think I 'd be right for a part called Crazy Eyes ? '' But to be honest , when I got the script for it , it felt like the right fit . Casting director Jennifer Euston explains the selection of Aduba for the role thus : `` Uzo Aduba ... had her hair in those knots for the audition ... They saw something amazing in her and were able to connect it to what they were looking for in Crazy Eyes . '' In joining the series , Aduba obtained her Screen Actors Guild card , about which she says , `` I was just like , ' Wow , this means I 'm a full actor now . ' It was such a big deal , and I remember being so thankful and feeling so proud . '' She has been recognized for her performance as `` Crazy Eyes '' : Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season one performance . Aduba 's season two performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . Aduba won a second Primetime Emmy at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015 , winning the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . This makes her the first actress to win both a drama and comedy Emmy for the same role . Aduba 's performance in the third season also earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . She also earned a Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In March 2014 , Aduba performed at Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards . Aduba teamed with Rachel Bay Jones for a rendition of the song `` Lily 's Eyes '' from the musical The Secret Garden . Aduba plays a major role in My Little Pony : The Movie , where she voices Queen Novo , leader of the Hippogriffs / Seaponies . Advocacy ( edit ) In April 2017 , Aduba received the Point Courage Award from the Point Foundation for her support of the LGBT community . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Pearly Gates Corrie Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip TSA Officer cameo 2016 Tallulah Detective Kinnie American Pastoral Vicky Showing Roots Pearl 2017 My Little Pony : The Movie Queen Novo ( voice ) 2018 Candy Jar Julia Russell Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Project Runway : All Stars Herself Episode : `` Putting On The Glitz '' Blue Bloods Nurse Episode : `` Nightmares '' 2013 How to Live Like a Lady Acting Teacher Television film 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren 62 episodes 2014 Saturday Night Live Daughter Dudley Episode : `` Woody Harrelson / Kendrick Lamar '' Hell 's Kitchen Herself Season 13 Episode 10 : `` 9 Chefs Compete '' 2015 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels '' The Wiz Live ! Glinda the Good Witch Television special 2016 Steven Universe Bismuth ( voice ) Episode : `` Bismuth '' Stage credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Seven Amphiarus New York Theatre Workshop 2007 Coram Boy Toby Imperial Theatre 2008 The Seven Amphiarus La Jolla Playhouse 2009 Eclipsed Helena Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company 2009 A Civil War Christmas Hannah Huntington Theatre 2011 Godspell Company Circle in the Square Theatre 2013 Venice Anna Monroe The Public Theater 2016 The Maids Solange Trafalgar Studios Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations . Organization Year Work ( s ) Result Critics ' Choice Television Award 2014 Orange Is the New Black Best Guest Performer -- Comedy Won Glamour Awards 2016 Orange Is the New Black Comedy Actress Nominated Golden Globe Award 2015 Orange Is the New Black Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2016 Orange Is the New Black Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated NAACP Image Awards 2016 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2018 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Award 2014 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Won 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Satellite Awards 2013 Orange Is the New Black Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award 2015 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2018 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2018 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Godspell Talk Back -- Uzo Aduba '' . Reviewing The Drama . March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Celine ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black 's ' Uzo Aduba on a good road as Crazy Eyes '' . Los Angeles Times . 32 - year - old Aduba Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list . CNN.com ( September 21 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba Watch ' OITNB ' actress speak Igbo , reveal her favourite Nigerian dish , '' . Pulse.ng . Chidumga Izuzu . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aduba , Uzo ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Uzo Aduba : My Road to ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Daily Beast Jump up ^ `` Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner '' . medfield.patch.com . May 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Behind the Breakout Role : Orange is the New Black 's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes '' . Co. Create . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 Women 's Track Roster '' . Boston University . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston University Meet Results '' . UMassAthletics.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obi Aduba player profile '' . hockeydb.com . Jump up ^ `` Translations of Xhosa - Washington , DC - Tickets , Reviews , Info and More '' . theatermania . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Supporting Actress , Resident Play -- 2004 '' . Awards and nominations Theatre Washington . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Orphans of the Storm , Assailed by Lurid Evildoers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Cast : Uzo Aduba '' . Godspell.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Of Shakespeare and Superheroes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Venice , review , Off - Broadway , New York Theatre '' . newyorktheatreguide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black 's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes , Flirting Techniques , and Peeing on the Floor '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Crazy Eyes ' From ' Orange Is The New Black ' Talks Flirting , Jodie Foster And That Infamous Scene '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Melinda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` # 1 Reason Seeing Potential Beyond the Audition Created an Outstanding Ensemble for ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . Backstage . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Rob ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` How I Got My SAG - AFTRA Card '' , TV Guide . p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards '' . PR Newswire . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Kate ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : The winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards 2015 : ' Birdman ' feathers its nest as Oscars nears '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba Is ' Grateful ' After Tearful Emmy Win '' . ExtraTV.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2016 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards ; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` BROADWAY BACKWARDS '' . Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS . March 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Emily ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Uzo Aduba honored in New York '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Steven Universe ' : Uzo Aduba plays a new Crystal Gem -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Year in which awards ceremony was held . Further reading ( edit ) `` Aduba , Uzo '' . Current Biography. 77 . August 8 , 2016 . Widdicombe , Lizzie ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` On Ice '' . The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Uzo Aduba on IMDb Uzo Aduba at the Internet Broadway Database Uzo Aduba at Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Uzo Aduba Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Paul Rudd ( 2012 ) Patton Oswalt ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2015 ) Timothy Olyphant ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Cloris Leachman ( 1975 ) Beah Richards ( 1988 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1989 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1990 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1991 ) No Award ( 1992 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1993 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1994 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1995 ) Betty White ( 1996 ) Carol Burnett ( 1997 ) Emma Thompson ( 1998 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1999 ) Jean Smart ( 2000 ) Jean Smart ( 2001 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2002 ) Christina Applegate ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2005 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2006 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2007 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2011 ) Kathy Bates ( 2012 ) Melissa Leo ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Joan Cusack ( 2015 ) Tina Fey & Amy Poehler ( 2016 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Barbara Hale ( 1959 ) Pamela Brown ( 1962 ) Glenda Farrell ( 1963 ) Ruth White ( 1964 ) Lee Grant ( 1966 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1967 ) Barbara Anderson ( 1968 ) Susan Saint James ( 1969 ) Gail Fisher ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1972 ) Ellen Corby ( 1973 ) Joanna Miles ( 1974 ) Ellen Corby ( 1975 ) Ellen Corby ( 1976 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1977 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1978 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1979 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1980 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1981 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1982 ) Doris Roberts ( 1983 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1984 ) Betty Thomas ( 1985 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1986 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1987 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1988 ) Melanie Mayron ( 1989 ) Marg Helgenberger ( 1990 ) Madge Sinclair ( 1991 ) Valerie Mahaffey ( 1992 ) Mary Alice ( 1993 ) Leigh Taylor - Young ( 1994 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1995 ) Tyne Daly ( 1996 ) Kim Delaney ( 1997 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1998 ) Holland Taylor ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Allison Janney ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Tyne Daly ( 2003 ) Drea de Matteo ( 2004 ) Blythe Danner ( 2005 ) Blythe Danner ( 2006 ) Katherine Heigl ( 2007 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2008 ) Cherry Jones ( 2009 ) Archie Panjabi ( 2010 ) Margo Martindale ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Anna Gunn ( 2013 ) Anna Gunn ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Maggie Smith ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1997 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1998 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1999 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2000 ) Megan Mullally ( 2001 ) Megan Mullally ( 2002 ) Megan Mullally ( 2003 ) Teri Hatcher ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) America Ferrera ( 2006 ) Tina Fey ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Betty White ( 2011 ) Tina Fey ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) GND : 113350955X LCCN : no2012030028 VIAF : 232573537 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzo_Aduba&oldid=839360942 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people 21st - century American actresses American television actresses American film actresses Actresses from Boston Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni American people of Nigerian descent Primetime Emmy Award winners American people of Igbo descent LGBT rights activists from the United States Igbo actresses Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Medfield , Massachusetts Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners 21st - century Nigerian actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Igbo Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 22 : 53 . About Wikipedia | who plays crazy in orange is the new black | [
"Uzoamaka Nwanneka \"Uzo\" Aduba[1] (/ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; born February 10, 1981)[2] is an American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015.[3] She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant.[4]"
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"Uzoamaka Nwanneka \"Uzo\" Aduba"
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3934417994179974325 | Arizona State Route 101 | Arizona State Route 101 - wikipedia Arizona State Route 101 Jump to : navigation , search `` Loop 101 '' and `` Arizona Loop 101 '' redirect here . For other uses , see List of highways numbered 101 ( disambiguation ) . State Loop 101 Route information Maintained by ADOT Length : 60.99 mi ( 98.15 km ) Existed : 1988 -- present History : Fully completed in 2001 Major junctions CCW end : I - 10 in Tolleson US 60 in Peoria I - 17 in Phoenix SR 51 in Phoenix Loop 202 in Mesa US 60 in Tempe CW end : Loop 202 in Chandler Location Counties : Maricopa County Highway system Arizona Highways Interstate U.S. State Unconstructed Former ← SR 99 SR 143 → Arizona State Route 101 , or Loop 101 , ( spoken as one - oh - one ) is a semi-beltway encompassing much of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in the United States . It connects several suburbs of Phoenix , including Tolleson , Glendale , Peoria , Scottsdale , Mesa , Tempe , and Chandler . Construction began in the late - 1980s and was completed in 2001 . Additional general purpose lanes and a high occupancy vehicle lane ( HOV ) are being constructed along the eastern stretch of Loop 101 from Scottsdale to Chandler , starting at Princess Drive to Loop 202 ( the Santan Freeway ) . Loop 101 has interchanges with almost all area freeways , including : Loop 202 , US 60 , SR 51 , Interstate 17 , and Interstate 10 along its 61 - mile ( 98 km ) route . Loop 101 has various names along its route : Agua Fria Freeway in the west valley from I - 10 to I - 17 Pima Freeway in the east valley from I - 17 to Loop 202 's Red Mountain Freeway Price Freeway from Loop 202 's Red Mountain Freeway to Loop 202 's Santan Freeway Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 2 History 3 Photo enforcement 4 Exit list 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Route description ( edit ) Old colored Arizona Loop 101 shield that is being phased out . Loop 101 begins as the Agua Fria Freeway west of Phoenix in Tolleson at a three - level interchange with Interstate 10 . From that point , it heads north entering Phoenix then Glendale , passing the University of Phoenix Stadium and Gila River Arena . Continuing northward through Peoria , it passes the Peoria Sports Complex before entering northwestern Glendale and heading east just past the Arrowhead Towne Center mall . Loop 101 now heads eastward on the Beardsley Road alignment . The freeway enters northern Phoenix , and at milepost 23 , Loop 101 intersects Interstate 17 near the Deer Valley Airport , 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Downtown Phoenix . Continuing east as the Pima Freeway , it passes through the Union Hills area and then has an interchange with the northern terminus of SR 51 ( Piestewa Freeway ) at milepost 30 . East of its junction with Route 51 , Loop 101 curves south through Scottsdale in the northeast valley on the Pima Road alignment . The freeway curves east and continues onto the Salt River Pima - Maricopa Indian Community just south of Via Linda providing access to Downtown Scottsdale , a large open - air power center called Scottsdale Pavilions , Scottsdale Community College , the Salt River Pima - Maricopa Indian Community ( and its two casinos ) , and Scottsdale Fashion Square . Continuing south , Loop 101 encounters an interchange with the Red Mountain Freeway portion of Loop 202 in Tempe at milepost 51 , near the campus of Arizona State University . This interchange is partially built over the Salt River . After this interchange , Loop 101 is now the Price Freeway , and interchanges with US 60 at milepost 55 before entering Chandler . Loop 101 provides access to Chandler Fashion Center just prior to concluding at milepost 61 at an interchange with the Santan Freeway portion of Loop 202 . History ( edit ) The highway originally was assigned two different route numbers along its path . The Agua Fria Freeway portion was initially designated SR 417 ; the section along the Pima / Price Freeways was to be SR 117 . A portion of Loop 101 between the Superstition Freeway and McDowell Road near Scottsdale had been proposed as the `` Indian Bend Freeway '' ( SR 117 ) in 1962 . The Loop 101 designation was first assigned in 1987 , at which time the South Mountain Freeway and the portion of the San Tan Freeway between I - 10 and Price Road were also designated to be part of Loop 101 . In 1991 , the proposed South Mountain Freeway was renumbered as part of Loop 202 . The San Tan Freeway portion of Loop 101 has never officially been renumbered , though this freeway section has been signed as Loop 202 since its opening . An exit in Northeast Phoenix at 64th Street started construction in January 2008 , and completed construction in the end of Q3 2008 . It was finally opened to traffic in May 2015 . Construction of Freeway Management System ( FMS ) for this segment of Loop 101 . Using sensors , freeway cameras and the latest technology , the Valley 's Intelligent Transportation Systems keep traffic flowing by providing incident management personnel with information about real - time traffic conditions . Construction was completed on the segment between I - 17 and State Route 51 in September 2009 . On August 26 , 2010 , comedian Robert Schimmel was involved in an accident on the road in Scottsdale in which his daughter was driving ; their car flipped onto the side of the road . Schimmel died from his injuries on September 3 , 2010 . Photo enforcement ( edit ) In 2006 , Scottsdale installed speed enforcement cameras along its stretch of Loop 101 to combat the high fatality rate along its section of freeway . The photo enforcement was based on inductive sheeting on the freeway bed located at six fixed positions along the freeway - three in each direction . The photo enforcement was in a trial phase , with the trial ending in December 2006 . In January 2007 , the program was authorized by Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano to resume in February 2007 . There had been much criticism of the program after its inception . For instance , in May 2006 , a vehicle was allegedly clocked traveling at 147 MPH ( 237 km / h ) on Loop 101 . Scottsdale police arrested Lawrence Pargo soon afterwards . According to the manufacturer Hyundai , the vehicle the suspect was driving had a centrifugal governor , and was only capable of traveling 137 MPH ( 220 km / h ) . The system was calibrated to ticket anyone traveling 76 MPH ( 122 km / h ) or greater , as 65 MPH ( 105 km / h ) was the predetermined speed limit . The system was also designed for night time use and utilized equipment with a high intensity flash and full motion video capture to take pictures of fast - moving objects . Money from a typical $162 ticket went to the following : $78 ( about ) - Went to state surcharges for Criminal Justice Enhancement Fund and other designated state programs . $42 - Went to Redflex Traffic Systems , the city 's photo enforcement contractor . $32 - Went to covering general operating costs for the program , including city rental payments to Redflex for the equipment and other police , prosecutor and court costs . $10 - Went for a fund used only for court operations enhancements. ( 1 ) Photo enforcement along Loop 101 ended in 2010 . Exit list ( edit ) The entire route is in Maricopa County . Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Tolleson 0.00 0.00 Begin Agua Fria Freeway 1A - B I - 10 -- Phoenix , Los Angeles Counterclockwise terminus ; signed as exits 1A ( west ) and 1B ( east ) ; exit 133B on I - 10 Phoenix 0.72 1.16 McDowell Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance 1.74 2.80 Thomas Road 2.75 4.43 Indian School Road 3.79 6.10 5 Camelback Road Glendale 4.78 7.69 6 Bethany Home Road 5.29 8.51 7A Maryland Avenue HOV interchange 5.78 9.30 7B Glendale Avenue Glendale -- Peoria line 6.88 11.07 8 Northern Avenue Peoria 8.09 13.02 9 Olive Avenue 9.10 14.65 10 Peoria Avenue 10.01 16.11 11 US 60 ( Grand Avenue ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; former US 89 10.54 16.96 To US 60 ( Grand Avenue ) / 91st Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; referred internally as exit 11A 11.47 18.46 12 Thunderbird Road 12.30 19.79 Bridge over Skunk Creek 13.53 21.77 14 Bell Road Glendale 14.59 23.48 15 Union Hills Drive No southbound exit ; southbound access is via exit 16 15.49 24.93 16 Beardsley Road west / Union Hills Drive No eastbound exit 16.02 25.78 17 75th Avenue 17.02 27.39 18 67th Avenue 17.96 28.90 19 59th Avenue Glendale -- Phoenix line 19.86 31.96 20 51st Avenue Phoenix 20.97 33.75 22 35th Avenue Eastbound exit and westbound entrance 22.67 -- 25.07 36.48 -- 40.35 23 27th Avenue Signed as exit 23A westbound I - 17 -- Flagstaff , Phoenix Signed as exits 23B ( north ) and 23C ( south ) westbound ; exit 214C on I - 17 ; westbound exit to NB I - 17 includes direct exit ramp onto Deer Valley Road Agua Fria Freeway transitions to Pima Freeway 22.98 36.98 24 19th Avenue Westbound exit and eastbound entrance 23.96 38.56 25 7th Avenue 24.96 40.17 26 7th Street 26.99 43.44 28 Cave Creek Road 28.29 -- 29.49 45.53 -- 47.46 29 SR 51 south North end of SR 51 ; exit 15 on SR 51 SR 51 south HOV access only ; westbound exit and eastbound entrance 30.09 48.43 31 Tatum Boulevard 31.18 50.18 32 56th Street 32.36 52.08 33 64th Street Opened 2015 Phoenix -- Scottsdale line 33.30 53.59 34 Scottsdale Road Scottsdale 34.33 55.25 35 Hayden Road 35.36 56.91 36 Pima Road / Princess Drive 36.57 58.85 38 Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard / Bell Road No southbound signage for Bell Road 37.36 60.13 39 Raintree Drive / Thunderbird Road No northbound signage for Thunderbird Road 38.86 62.54 40 Cactus Road 39.84 64.12 41 Shea Boulevard Salt River Pima -- Maricopa Indian Community 41.13 66.19 42 90th Street / Pima Road 42.16 67.85 43 Via de Ventura 43.22 69.56 44 Talking Stick Way / Indian Bend Road 44.28 71.26 45 McDonald Drive 45.28 72.87 46 Chaparral Road 46.28 74.48 47 Indian School Road 47.30 76.12 48 Thomas Road 48.31 77.75 49 McDowell Road 49.32 79.37 50 McKellips Road Mesa 50.03 -- 50.64 80.52 -- 81.50 51A - B Loop 202 -- Sky Harbor Airport Signed as exits 51A ( west ) and 51B ( east ) ; exit 9 on Loop 202 Pima Freeway transitions to Price Freeway Tempe 51.34 82.62 52 Rio Salado Parkway / 8th Street / University Drive 52.34 84.23 53 Broadway Road 53.34 85.84 54 Southern Avenue / Baseline Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance 53.54 -- 55.14 86.16 -- 88.74 55A - B US 60 -- Globe , Phoenix Signed as exits 55A ( east ) and 55B ( west ) ; exit 176 on US 60 55C Baseline Road / Southern Avenue Northbound exit and southbound entrance 55.36 89.09 56 Guadalupe Road 56.37 90.72 57 Elliot Road Chandler 57.36 92.31 58 Warner Road 58.37 93.94 59 Ray Road 59.37 95.55 60 Chandler Boulevard Southbound exit and northbound entrance 59.67 -- 60.99 96.03 -- 98.15 61A Price Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance 61D Loop 202 east HOV access only ; exit 50C on Loop 202 61B - C Loop 202 Clockwise terminus ; signed as exits 61B ( west ) and 61C ( east ) ; exit 50A on Loop 202 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi HOV only Incomplete access Route transition See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal Arizona portal Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways Loop 202 Loop 303 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roadway Inventory Management Section , Multimodal Planning Division ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 State Highway System Log '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Department of Transportation . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Google ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Arizona State Route 101 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breyer , Joe . `` Right - of - Way Resolutions - Route Number : 417 '' . Arizona Highway Data . Works Consulting LLC . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breyer , Joe . `` Right - of - Way Resolutions - Route Number : 117 '' . Arizona Highway Data . Works Consulting LLC . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breyer , Joe . `` Arizona DOT Right - of - Way Resolution 1962 - 104 '' . Arizona Highway Data . Works Consulting LLC . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breyer , Joe . `` Right - of - Way Resolutions - Route Number : 101L '' . Arizona Highway Data . Works Consulting LLC . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breyer , Joe . `` Arizona DOT Right - of - Way Resolution 1991 - 07 - A-056 '' . Arizona Highway Data . Works Consulting LLC . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loop 101 ( Pima Freeway ) '' . Azdot.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Quizon , Derek ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` Scottsdale comedian Robert Schimmel dies after car accident '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferraresi , Michael ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Signs warn motorists of speed cameras ' return '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Sonata LX '' . Car and Driver . Jump up ^ `` Accused 147 mph speeder gets day in court '' . East Valley Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Photo Enforcement 101 '' . City of Scottsdale . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Department of Public Safety announces the expiration of the Statewide Photo Enforcement Contract '' . azpds.gov. 2010 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Google ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arizona State Route 101 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Agua Fria Loop 101 construction history Pima Loop 101 construction history Price Loop 101 construction history Loop 101 Current Projects & Construction - AZ DOT Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Arizona State Route 101 KML is from Wikidata Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_State_Route_101&oldid=794741100 '' Categories : Freeways in the Phoenix metropolitan area State highways in Arizona Transportation in Maricopa County , Arizona Transportation in Peoria , Arizona Transportation in Mesa , Arizona Transportation in Glendale , Arizona Transportation in Chandler , Arizona Transportation in Scottsdale , Arizona Transportation in Tempe , Arizona Hidden categories : Infobox road maps for Wikidata migration Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the 101 freeway built in az | [
"Arizona State Route 101, or Loop 101, (spoken as one-oh-one) is a semi-beltway encompassing much of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in the United States. It connects several suburbs of Phoenix, including Tolleson, Glendale, Peoria, Scottsdale, Mesa, Tempe, and Chandler. Construction began in the late-1980s and was completed in 2001. Additional general purpose lanes and a high occupancy vehicle lane (HOV) are being constructed along the eastern stretch of Loop 101 from Scottsdale to Chandler, starting at Princess Drive to Loop 202 (the Santan Freeway)."
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"late-1980s and was completed in 2001"
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-7666170437860803927 | Volcán de Colima | Volcán de Colima - wikipedia Volcán de Colima Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Colima ( disambiguation ) . Volcán de Colima Volcán de Colima is on the left with Nevado de Colima on the right . Highest point Elevation 3820 + m ( 12,533 + ft ) Prominence 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) Listing North America highest peak 60th North America prominent 25th North America isolated peak 46th Mexico highest major peaks Coordinates 19 ° 30 ′ 46 '' N 103 ° 37 ′ 02 '' W / 19.512727 ° N 103.617241 ° W / 19.512727 ; - 103.617241 Coordinates : 19 ° 30 ′ 46 '' N 103 ° 37 ′ 02 '' W / 19.512727 ° N 103.617241 ° W / 19.512727 ; - 103.617241 Geography Volcán de Colima Location in Mexico Location Jalisco / Colima , Mexico Parent range Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Geology Age of rock 5 million years Mountain type Stratovolcano Volcanic arc / belt Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Last eruption 2014 to Present ( ongoing ) Colima volcano as seen by the Landsat satellite The Volcán de Colima , 3,820 m ( 12,533 ft ) , also known as Volcán de Fuego , is part of the Colima Volcanic Complex ( CVC ) consisting of Volcán de Colima , Nevado de Colima ( Spanish pronunciation : ( neˈβaðo ðe koˈlima ) ( listen ) ) and the eroded El Cantaro ( listed as extinct ) . It is the youngest of the three and as of 2015 is one of the most active volcanos in Mexico and in North America . It has erupted more than 40 times since 1576 . One of the largest eruptions was on January 20 -- 24 , 1913 . Nevado de Colima , also known as Tzapotépetl , lies 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) north of its more active neighbor and is the taller of the two at 4,271 meters ( 14,015 ft ) . It is the 26th-most prominent peak in North America . Despite its name , only a fraction of the volcano 's surface area is in the state of Colima ; the majority of its surface area lies over the border in the neighboring state of Jalisco , toward the western end of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt . It is about 485 km ( 301 mi ) west of Mexico City and 125 km ( 78 mi ) south of Guadalajara , Jalisco . Since 1869 -- 1878 , a parasitic set of domes , collectively known as El Volcancito , has formed on the northeast flank of the main cone of the volcano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological history 2 Current activity 3 Volcanological center 4 References 5 External links Geological history ( edit ) In the late Pleistocene era , a huge landslide occurred at the mountain , with approximately 25 km3 of debris travelling some 120 km , reaching the Pacific Ocean . An area of some 2,200 km2 was covered in landslide deposits . The currently active cone is situated within a large caldera that was probably formed by a combination of landslides and large eruptions . The lava is andesite containing 56 - 61 % SiO . About 300,000 people live within 40 km ( 25 miles ) of the volcano , which makes it the most dangerous volcano in Mexico . In light of its history of large eruptions and situation in a densely populated area , it was designated a Decade Volcano , singling it out for study . Teide Nyiragongo Vesuvius Etna Santorini Unzen Sakurajima Taal Merapi Ulawun Mauna Loa Colima Santa María Avachinsky Koryaksky Galeras Rainier Colima is one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes . Current activity ( edit ) In recent years there have been frequent temporary evacuations of nearby villagers due to threatening volcanic activity . Eruptions have occurred in 1991 , 1998 -- 1999 and from 2001 to the present day , with activity being characterised by extrusion of viscous lava forming a lava dome , and occasional larger explosions , forming pyroclastic flows and dusting the areas surrounding the volcano with ash and tephra . The largest eruption for several years occurred on May 24 , 2005 . An ash cloud rose to more than 3 km over the volcano , and satellite monitoring indicated that the cloud spread over an area extending 110 nautical miles ( 200 km ) west of the volcano in the hours after the eruption . Pyroclastic flows travelled 4 -- 5 km from the vent , and lava bombs landed 3 -- 4 km away . Authorities set up an exclusion zone within 6.5 km of the summit . On November 21 , 2014 , the volcano erupted again . An ash column was sent 5 km into the air , covering towns as far as 25 km away in ash . No fatalities were reported , and no evacuations took place . There were eruptions on January 10 , 21 and 25 , with the ash from the January 21 eruption falling in towns more than 15 miles ( 24 km ) away . Plume of ash , December 17 , 2016 , 5h PM . On 10 July 2015 , there was another eruption . Another eruption occurred on Sunday , September 25 , 2016 , sending a plume of ash and smoke 10,000 ft into the sky . During December 2016 , ashes plumes occurred once or twice a day . On Sunday , December 18 , 2016 , there were three eruptions . The biggest columns of ash reached 2 kilometers in height . Colima volcano experienced another strong explosion at 06 : 27 UTC ( 00 : 27 CST ) on January 18 , 2017 . The eruption spewed volcanic ash up to 4 km ( 13 123 feet ) above the crater . Volcanological center ( edit ) The volcano is monitored by the Colima Volcano Observatory at the University of Colima , Mexico . A team analyzes , interprets and communicates every event that occurs at this volcano . Last year a webcam was installed close to the volcano , and volcanic activity can be seen in real time . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Volcán de Colima , Mexico '' . Peakbagger.com . Jump up ^ `` The Colima Volcanic Complex , Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Mineralogy and Petrology . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Ritchie , David ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes . Alexander E. Gates , Ph. D. , and David Ritchie . p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` North America Peaks with 2000 meters of Prominence '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structure of the Volcancito Dome , Volcan Fuego De Colima , Mexico , Revealed in High Resolution Magnetic Anomalies '' . confex.com . Jump up ^ http://www.geo.mtu.edu/EHaz/ConvergentPlatesClass/Colima/Luhr%20Colima%20andesite.pdf James F. Luhr and Ian S.E. Carmichael , 1980 : The Colima Volcanic Complex , Mexico in Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , Vol. 71 , page 347 Jump up ^ http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/ARCHIVE/COLI/2005E240658.html Jump up ^ `` Mexican Volcano of Fire spews 5km - high pillar of ash ( VIDEOS ) '' . RT.com . November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Mexico 's Colima Volcano spews enormous cloud of ash '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Footage of huge ash plume as Mexico 's Colima volcano erupts '' . BBC News . 25 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Colima Volcano Spews Ash , Vapor a Mile Into the Air '' . New York Times . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Colima '' . www.webcamsdemexico.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Bibliography Domínguez T. , Ramírez J.J. , Breton M. ( 2003 ) , Present Stage Of Activity At Colima Volcano , Mexico , American Geophysical Union , Fall Meeting 2003 , abstract # V42B - 0350 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutVolcán de Colimaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Universidad de Colima , Observatorio Vulcanológico ( in Spanish ) Universidad de Colima , Centro de Intercambio e Investigación en Vulcanología ( in English and Spanish ) Experiments at Colima by the Alaska Volcano Observatory `` Colima '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . `` Volcán de Colima '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather The 32 highest major summits of México Pico de Orizaba Popocatépetl Iztaccíhuatl Nevado de Toluca Sierra Negra Malinche Nevado de Colima Cofre de Perote Mount Tlaloc Volcán Tacaná Ajusco Volcán Tancítaro Volcán de Colima Cerro San Rafael Cerro Potosí Cerro el Nacimiento Cerro Teotepec Picacho San Onofre Cerro El Jabalín Peñón del Rosario Cerro Zempoaltépetl Cerro El Zamorano Cerro la Muralla Cerro Gordo Cerro Mohinora El Pinal Cerro El Refugio Cerro Grande El Centinela Picacho del Diablo Sierra la Madera Sierra Fría Decade Volcanoes Avachinsky Colima Etna Galeras Koryaksky Mauna Loa Merapi Nyiragongo Rainier Sakurajima Santa María Santorini Taal Teide Ulawun Unzen Vesuvius State of Jalisco Guadalajara ( capital ) Municipalities and ( municipal seats ) Acatic Acatlán de Juárez Ahualulco de Mercado Amacueca Amatitán Ameca Arandas Atemajac de Brizuela Atengo Atenguillo Atotonilco El Alto Atoyac Autlán de Navarro Ayotlán Ayutla Bolaños Cabo Corrientes ( El Tuito ) Cañadas de Obregón Casimiro Castillo Chapala Chimaltitán Chiquilistlán Cihuatlán Cocula Colotlán Concepción de Buenos Aires Cuautitlán de García Barragán Cuautla Cuquío Degollado Ejutla El Arenal El Grullo El Limón El Salto Encarnación de Díaz Etzatlán Gómez Farías ( San Sebastián del Sur ) Guachinango Guadalajara Hostotipaquillo Huejúcar Huejuquilla El Alto Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos Ixtlahuacán del Río Jalostotitlán Jamay Jesús María Jilotlán de los Dolores Jocotepec Juanacatlán Juchitlán La Barca La Huerta La Manzanilla La Manzanilla de La Paz Lagos de Moreno Magdalena Mascota Mazamitla Mexticacan Mezquitic Mixtlán Ocotlán Ojuelos de Jalisco Pihuamo Poncitlán Puerto Vallarta Quitupan San Cristóbal de la Barranca San Diego de Alejandría San Gabriel San Ignacio San Juan de los Lagos San Juanito de Escobedo ( Antonio Escobedo ) San Julián , Jalisco San Marcos San Martín de Bolaños San Martín de Hidalgo San Miguel el Alto San Sebastián del Oeste Santa María del Oro Santa María de los Ángeles Sayula Tala Talpa de Allende Tamazula de Gordiano Tapalpa Tecalitlán Techaluta de Montenegro Tecolotlán Tenamaxtlán Teocaltiche Teocuitatlán de Corona Tepatitlán de Morelos Tequila Teuchitlán Tizapan El Alto Tlajomulco de Zuñiga Tlaquepaque Tolimán Tomatlán Tonalá Tonaya Tonila Totatiche Tototlán Tuxcacuesco Tuxcueca Tuxpan Unión de San Antonio Unión de Tula Valle de Guadalupe ( Northern ) Valle de Guadalupe ( Southern ) Valle de Juárez Villa Corona Villa Guerrero Villa Hidalgo Villa Purificación Yahualica de González Gallo Zacoalco de Torres Zapopan Zapotiltic Zapotitlán de Vadillo Zapotlán del Rey Zapotlán el Grande Zapotlanejo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Volcán_de_Colima&oldid = 798942028 '' Categories : Volcanoes of Colima Landforms of Jalisco Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Stratovolcanoes of Mexico Active volcanoes Complex volcanoes Decade Volcanoes Subduction volcanoes 20th - century volcanic events 21st - century volcanic events Mountains of Mexico North American 4000 m summits Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles using GVP links in vnum format Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 18 : 23 . 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-1123800109149986582 | PlayStation Vita | PlayStation Vita - wikipedia PlayStation Vita PlayStation Vita The first generation PlayStation Vita system ( PCH - 1000 ) Also known as PS Vita Developer Sony Computer Entertainment Manufacturer Sony Product family PlayStation Type Handheld game console Generation Eighth generation Release date JP : December 17 , 2011 NA : February 15 , 2012 ( 1st ed . ) / February 22 , 2012 EU : February 22 , 2012 Other regions : see Retail availability 2011 -- present Units sold See Reception and sales section Media PS Vita Card , digital distribution through PlayStation Network Operating system PlayStation Vita system software CPU Quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore clocked at 333 MHz with a boost frequency of 444 MHz while WiFi is deactivated Memory 512 MB RAM , 128 MB VRAM Storage 1 GB flash memory ( PCH - 2000 model only ) Removable storage Proprietary PS Vita memory card ( 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 or 64 GB ) Display 5 - inch ( 16 : 9 ) OLED ( PCH - 1000 ) / LCD ( PCH - 2000 ) multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , approximately 17 million colors , 960 × 544 qHD @ 220 ppi Graphics Quad - core PowerVR SGX543MP4+ Sound Stereo speakers , microphone , 3.5 mm headphone jack Input Touchscreen Rear touchpad Sixaxis motion sensing Three - axis electronic compass D - pad 16 × Buttons ( , , , , D - Pad , L , R , Start , Select , PS , Volume ± , Power ) 2 × Analog sticks Camera Front and back 0.3 MP cameras Touchpad 5 - inch multi-touch capacitive touchpad ( back of the console ) Connectivity IEEE 802.11 b / g / n Wi - Fi , 3G , Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Power 2200 mAh PCH - 1000 : approx. 3 - 5 hours for games , 5 hours for video , 9 hours for music ( in stand - by mode ) PCH - 2000 : approx. 4 - 6 hours for games , 7 hours for video , 12 hours for music ( in stand - by mode ) Online services PlayStation Network PCH - 1000 : 83.55 mm ( 3.289 in ) ( h ) 182 mm ( 7.2 in ) ( w ) 18.6 mm ( 0.73 in ) ( d ) PCH - 2000 : 85.1 mm ( 3.35 in ) ( h ) 183.6 mm ( 7.23 in ) ( w ) 15.0 mm ( 0.59 in ) ( d ) Weight PCH - 1000 : 260 grams ( 9.2 oz ) ( Wi - Fi ) 279 grams ( 9.8 oz ) ( 3G ) PCH - 2000 : 219 grams ( 7.7 oz ) ( Wi - Fi ) Backward compatibility PlayStation Portable ( download only ) PSone ( download only ) Predecessor PlayStation Portable Website www.playstation.com/explore/psvita/ The PlayStation Vita ( officially abbreviated PS Vita or Vita ) is a handheld game console developed and released by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to the PlayStation Portable as part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices . It was released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , with releases in North America , Europe , and other worldwide regions starting on February 22 , 2012 . It primarily competes with the Nintendo 3DS as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles . The original model of the handheld includes a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , front and shoulder push - button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi - Fi and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore processor and a quad - core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . A revised model , the PS Vita 2000 series , released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short - lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up - and - coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller , indie developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in Japanese - developed role - playing video games and visual novels alongside a wealth of Western - developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , analysts estimate the sales to be between 10 and 15 million sold . In the platform 's later years , Sony also promoted its ability to work in conjunction with its other gaming products , notably the ability to play PlayStation 4 games on it through the process of Remote Play , similar to the Wii U 's function of Off - TV Play . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Launch and early years 1.3 Shifting focus 2 Hardware 2.1 Remote Play interactivity with PlayStation 4 2.2 Revised model 2.3 PlayStation TV 3 Software 3.1 Game library 3.2 Backward compatibility 3.3 Applications 3.4 System software 4 Reception and sales 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) After the massive success of Nintendo 's Game Boy line of handheld game consoles throughout the 1990s and early 2000 , with little in the way of market competition , and Sony 's massive success with its PlayStation and PlayStation 2 home video game consoles around the same time , Sony decided to enter the handheld market as well . In 2004 , it released the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) to compete with the Nintendo DS as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . After a slow start in the worldwide market , it was invigorated in Japan with multiple releases in the Monster Hunter series . With the series being less popular in western regions , it failed to revive the platform in the same way . The PSP ended up being a mixed result for the company . It was seen as a success in that it was the only handheld video game platform that had ever significantly competed with Nintendo for market share in a meaningful way , selling almost 80 million units in its lifespan , roughly the same amount as Nintendo 's Game Boy Advance had during the sixth generation of video game consoles . Despite this , it had still only managed to sell a little over half of what its actual market competitor , the DS , had sold , which was over 150 million units by the end of 2011 . Rumors of a successor to the PSP came as early as July 2009 when Eurogamer reported that Sony was working on such a device , which would utilize the PowerVR SGX543MP processor and perform at a level similar to the original Xbox . Through mid-2010 , websites continued to run stories about accounts of the existence of a `` PSP 2 '' . Reports arose during the Tokyo Game Show that the device was unveiled internally during a private meeting during mid-September held at Sony Computer Entertainment 's headquarters in Aoyama , Tokyo . Shortly after , reports of development kits for the handheld had reportedly already been shipped to numerous video game developers including both first - party and third - party developers to start making games for the device , a report later confirmed by Mortal Kombat Executive Producer Shaun Himmerick . By November , Senior Vice President of Electronic Arts , Patrick Soderlund , confirmed that he had seen that the PlayStation Portable successor existed , but could not confirm details . In the same month , VG247 released pictures of an early prototype version showing a PSP Go - like slide - screen design along with two analog sticks , two cameras and a microphone , though the report mentioned that overheating issues had since caused them to move away from the design in favor of a model more similar to the original PlayStation Portable device . Throughout 2010 , Sony would not confirm these reports of a PSP successor , but would make comments regarding making future hardware . Shuhei Yoshida , President of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios revealed that his studio , despite usually being more involved with software , had a continued role in future hardware development at the time . In December , Sony Computer Entertainment CEO Kazuo Hirai stated that Sony aimed to appeal to a wide demographic of people by using multiple input methods on future hardware ; buttons and joysticks for traditional handheld game system users , and touchscreens for smart phone users . The device was officially announced by Sony on January 27 , 2011 , at their `` PlayStation Meeting '' press conference held by the company in Japan . The system , only known by its code name `` Next Generation Portable '' , was announced to be a handheld gaming device that aimed for PlayStation 3 quality visuals , which was later clarified to not be taken at a literal level because , according to David Coombes , platform research manager at Sony Computer Entertainment America , `` Well , it 's not going to run at 2 GHz ( like the PS3 ) because the battery would last five minutes and it would probably set fire to your pants '' . Its power was later described by Sony engineers as about halfway between the PSP and PS3 . As rumors had suggested , the device was designed to present `` the best of both worlds '' between mobile and handheld gaming , including a 5 - inch OLED touchscreen , a rear touchpad coupled with physical buttons and dual analog sticks . Sony also revealed that the device would be using a mix of retail and digital distribution of games . Further details were announced at Game Developers Conference 2011 , including that Sony would be dropping the PSP 's UMD disc format in favor of small game cartridges of 2 GB or 4 GB size variants . along with two cameras , facial detection , head detection and tracking capabilities . Launch and early years ( edit ) On June 6 , 2011 , at E3 2011 , Sony announced that the device 's official name would be the PlayStation Vita , with the word `` vita '' being Latin for `` life '' . Despite reports of the 2011 earthquakes in Japan delaying the release of the device , Sony reconfirmed that it was on track for a late 2011 release in Japan and a February 2012 release date for other major regions of the world . The release date was later narrowed down to a December 17 , 2011 , release in Japan , and a February 22 , 2012 release date for America and Europe , although a limited edition was released a week earlier in North America on February 15 , 2012 , which included the 3G / WiFi model of the device , the game Little Deviants , a limited - edition carry case , and a 4 GB memory card . The Vita launched with 26 titles in Japan , with Sony announcing that there were over 100 titles in development prior to the system 's release overall . The Vita launched in the west with 25 titles , including original titles such as Uncharted : Golden Abyss and Wipeout 2048 , and ports of games such as FIFA 12 and Rayman Origins . The sales of the Vita started strong at launch , but then stalled and greatly underperformed . The Vita had a strong launch in Japan , selling over 300,000 units in its first week of availability , though figures shortly afterwards shrunk down 78 % to under 73,000 sold in its second week , and then settled into about 12,000 sold per week in the following weeks . Similarly , in the United States , the system debuted with 200,000 units sold in the first month , before slinking down into an amount of about 50,000 a month . 1.2 million units were reported as sold as of February 26 , 2012 -- after it had launched in most regions . The system continued to get high - profile games over the course of 2012 , including Gravity Rush , LittleBigPlanet PS Vita , Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed , Persona 4 Golden , Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , and Call of Duty : Black Ops : Declassified . Despite this , the system still only managed to sell 4 million units worldwide in its first 10 months on the market , and estimated by analysts to only be at 6 million units sold after two years of availability . After 2012 , Sony ceased releasing direct sales figures of the Vita , instead opting to release combined sales figures with it and the PSP . Still , the system under - performed ; while Sony projected selling 16 million units of combined Vita and PSP systems , it had to slash its forecast twice in the same year -- down to 12 and then 10 million units sold . With higher profile games not pushing the system sales enough in 2012 , big third party companies like Ubisoft and Activision started reducing or eliminating support for the system , especially in the West . Additionally , while the Monster Hunter series had significantly boosted the sales of the PSP , its absence instead hurt the Vita . Its developer , Capcom , had decided to release Monster Hunter Tri and future Monster Hunter games exclusively on the Nintendo 3DS , where it would sell millions of copies for Sony 's main competitor . With support diminishing , Shahid Ahmad , Sony 's Director of Strategic Content , instead began a new approach to software , through directly reaching out to , and making accommodations for , smaller , independent developers who were previously release games for mobile and PC platforms . While not completely reversing the sales trends of the Vita , the lower costs of making or porting smaller - budget games made it easier for developers to make a profit on the systems 's smaller userbase , and in turn , increased consumer attention on the console , keeping the device afloat . Fez , Spelunky , Hotline Miami , and OlliOlli all found success with releases on Vita . Ahmad also maintained interest in the device by directly interacting with consumers on social media ; the game Tales of Hearts R was localized into English only because it was number one in a survey of game 's desired on the platform . Sony continued to support the system with games through 2013 as well , albeit lesser so , with titles such as Killzone : Mercenary and Tearaway , along with a handful of other Western - developed ports such as FIFA 13 and Rayman Legends . While the focus on indie games kept the device afloat in the West , in Japan , no such measures were necessary , as the Vita maintained moderate hardware sales . While it was routinely outsold by its main competitor , the Nintendo 3DS , the Vita still managed to be one of the top consoles sold overall , partially due to Japan 's preference towards handheld gaming . Strong support by Japanese developers also helped , with companies such as Bandai Namco , Falcom , Tecmo Koei , 5pb , Compile Heart , Spike Chunsoft , and Atlus releasing many games in the JRPG and visual novels genre to help kept a steady flow of mid-level releases coming to the system . Additionally , big games such as Final Fantasy X / X-2 HD Remaster sold well and roughly in - line with their home console counterparts . The heavier support from Japan , in turn , also helped support the system in the West as well , with many games in the Atelier , Ys , Danganronpa , Persona , and The Legend of Heroes series localized into English on the Vita , or made playable through the system 's backward compatibility with digital PSP games . While the system managed to stay afloat as a minor success , other issues continued to persist , including the high price of the system in comparison to its main competitor , the Nintendo 3DS , and its sibling device , the PS3 , the high price of its memory cards used for game and data storage , and the increasing popularity of smart phones and tablets . In August 2013 , Sony addressed the first two , dropping the price to $199 in North America and € 199 in Europe , and cutting the suggested retail price of the memory cards as well . The price cut also coincided with the release of a slight redesign of the system , the `` PS Vita 2000 '' model . The redesign included making the system 20 % thinner and 15 % lighter , while adding 1 GB of internal storage , and an extra hour of battery life . However , the redesign did remove the OLED screen in favor of a cheaper LCD screen . Shifting focus ( edit ) Towards the end of 2013 , around the launch of Sony 's next video game device , the home video game console the PlayStation 4 , Sony began making comments in regards to the change in focus with the Vita . Yoshida stated that Sony would be releasing fewer first party games for the platform . Sony Computer Entertainment 's Product Planning & Platform Software Innovation Director Don Mesa stated that the `` economics simply do n't work with the traditional process '' . Sony addressed the `` economics of Vita game development '' issue with beginning on focusing on the fact that almost all PlayStation 4 games could be streamed and played through a Vita through remote play . Sony attempted to attach the device to the PS4 due to its extreme popularity ; it took only a few weeks for the sales to surpass the sales of the Vita over the course of almost two years . In July 2014 , Yoshida stated that the company would focus on it less as a dedicated handheld video game console , and more on its combination of uses , stating `` it 's not about individual Vita games any more . It 's more about how Vita can have multiple uses -- with PS4 Remote Play , PS3 games with PS Now , and the dedicated games . The whole ecosystem with PS4 at the center , the Vita 's a part of that . '' Sony later announced that the Vita will have PlayStation VR integration in the form of a second screen as well . Open beta trials for PlayStation Now functionality on the PS Vita began on October 14 , 2014 in North America . The PlayStation TV , released across late 2013 and 2014 , also aimed to expand the system 's userbase by allowing for Vita games to be played on a television like a home console , though the device was discontinued in the West by the end of 2015 , and did not fare well in Japan 's handheld - focused region either . In November 2014 , SCEA president Shawn Layden suggested that the new approach was working on hardware level , stating that Vita sales had increased since the implementation of PS4 Remote Play , though he and another Sony representative did not give specific figures . Sony continued to make games for the device , though in smaller number than in past . The last major Sony - developed title , Freedom Wars , still found success , selling over 188,000 copies in its first week of release in Japan . The debut was the highest Sony game debut for the system , and the second highest , only to Namco Bandai 's late 2013 release of God Eater 2 on the platform . In September 2015 , Yoshida stated that Sony had no current plans for a Vita successor , stating that `` climate is not healthy for now because of the huge dominance of mobile gaming . '' At E3 2015 , he had stated that Sony would not be making any more AAA , big budget games to the system , but by October , the comment had been revised that Sony would not be making any more games for it at all . Reasons cited included the company focusing on supporting the PS4 , and the fact that it felt that third party Japanese developers and Western indie developers were sufficiently supporting the device . In March 2016 , Sony announced that instead , it would be forming a new company , `` Forward Works '' , and be instead concentrating on bringing PlayStation - based games to mobile platforms like iOS and Android . Despite Sony 's focus on the PS4 and mobile for the future , the Vita still continues to receive substantial third party company game support in the way of Japanese - style role - playing games and visual novels and Western - style indie video games . Minecraft in particular was successful for the platform , with it selling over 1.2 million physical copies in Japan alone as of September 2017 . The device is considered to have sold fairly well in Japan , and still a crucial part of Sony 's overall strategy in the region , while Sony has acknowledged that the device still has a very vocal and passionate user - base in the West as well , with the company still encouraging third party companies to create games for the device . At the 2016 Game Developers Conference , research analyst firm EEDAR estimated the sales of the Vita to be about at 10 million unit sold through the end of 2015 . Multi-platform releases with the PS4 have also incidentally helped sustain the Vita 's stream of software , even in the west , through 2016 and 2017 ; games receive a Vita version more to appeal to Japan 's larger Vita user - base , and receive a PS4 version more to appeal to North America 's larger user - base . The March 2017 launch of the Nintendo Switch , which operates on a similar concept of providing high budget video games on a portable unit , further overshadowed the Vita , though niche support through indie games and JRPGs continued into the year . In mid-2017 , Glixel estimated the Vita userbase to be around 15 million . Hardware ( edit ) In line with Sony 's ambition to combine aspects of traditional video game consoles with mobile devices like smartphones and tablets , the Vita contains a multitude of input methods . The device features a `` super oval '' shape similar to the design of the original PlayStation Portable , with a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) qHD OLED capacitive touchscreen in the centre of the device . The device features two analog sticks , a D - pad , a set of standard PlayStation face buttons ( , , and ) , two shoulder buttons ( L and R ) , a PlayStation button and Start and Select buttons . Motion control is also possible through Sony 's Sixaxis motion sensing system , consisting of a three - axis gyroscope and a three - axis accelerometer . In addition to these input methods , specific to just the Vita , is a secondary touchpad that is on the back of the device . Other hardware includes stereo speakers , a microphone , built - in Wi - Fi , and Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR connectivity , and two cameras . The cameras are both 0.3 megapixel and run at 640 × 480 ( VGA ) at 60 frames / s , or at 320 × 240 at 120 frames / s . They can be used to take photos or videos using built - in applications on the system . The two cameras feature the abilities of face detection , head detection , and head tracking . The platform also launched with a model with 3G mobile data support , which required a separate data plan through a data provider . The 3G service has been partnered with NTT DoCoMo in Japan , AT&T in the US , Rogers in Canada and Vodafone in Europe and Australia . The 3G model was discontinued in 2013 and not made available in the system 's future revised models . Internally , the device features a custom system on chip with a quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore processor and a quad - core GPU SGX543MP4+ . Sony has stated that the Vita generally runs well under its full clock speed due to overheating and battery consumption issues that would ensue , instead placing its processing power `` around halfway between the current PSP and the PS3 '' . The Vita 's internal battery has between 3 -- 5 hours of power for game playing , depending on the processing power required for the game , screen brightness , sound level and network connections , as well as other factors . Additionally , the battery can supply about five hours for video watching , and up to nine hours of music listening with the screen off . The system does allow for additional external battery solutions as well . The PlayStation Vita has 512 MB of system RAM and 128 MB of VRAM . The amount of RAM allows cross-game chat to be used on the system . Software for the PlayStation Vita is distributed on a proprietary flash memory card called `` PlayStation Vita game card '' rather than on Universal Media Discs ( UMDs ) as used by the PlayStation Portable . The size and shape of the card itself is very similar to an SD card . 5 -- 10 % of the game card 's space is reserved for game save data and patches . The PS Vita is incompatible with standard memory cards , such as SD cards , and instead stores data on proprietary PS Vita memory cards , which are available in sizes of 4 GB , 8 GB , 16 GB , 32 GB and 64 GB . A maximum of 500 applications and games can be stored on the device at a time , regardless of data storage available . When the limit is reached , applications or games must be moved or deleted in order to access those beyond the limit . Remote Play interactivity with PlayStation 4 ( edit ) Main article : Remote Play All games developed for the PlayStation 4 , with the exception of games requiring the use of special peripherals such as PlayStation Camera , are playable on the Vita through Remote Play . With the use of a Vita , PS4 , and PS4 game , this allows a PS4 game to be run on the PS4 , but its output transmitted to the Vita , with the Vita being used for the controller input , and the image and sound being transmitted to the Vita 's screen and speakers instead of a television . The end result is similar to what a Wii U console does with its GamePad controller through Off - TV Play . The Vita technically has Remote Play functionality with the PlayStation 3 as well , though very few PS3 games supported the feature due to limitations with the less - powerful PS3 hardware . More PS3 games are available for streaming on the Vita through Sony 's cloud gaming service PlayStation Now , though they are streamed over the internet in the form of cloud computing rather than directly from a physical PS3 console . First implemented in 2014 , the service was announced to be discontinued on the Vita on August 15 , 2017 . Revised model ( edit ) The second generation PS Vita system , PCH - 2000 A revised model of the Vita was released in Japan on October 10 , 2013 , in Europe on February 7 , 2014 and in North America on May 6 , 2014 . The revised model , officially called the PCH - 2000 series and commonly referred to as the PS Vita Slim , is 20 % thinner and 15 % lighter compared to the original model . While it largely maintains the original 's overall structure and layout , the original 's OLED screen has been replaced with a lower - cost LCD display . The model also roughly added about an extra hour of battery life . The newer model also comes with 1 GB of internal storage memory , although it is not possible to use both the internal memory and memory card concurrently . Upon inserting a PS Vita memory card , the system will offer to copy the existing data from the internal memory to the new card . This model has a micro USB Type B port , which can be used to charge the device along with any standard micro USB cable . The model was released in six colors in Japan ( white , black , light blue , lime green , pink , and khaki ) , although it was only released in black and light blue in North America and Europe . PlayStation TV ( edit ) Main article : PlayStation TV A picture of the PlayStation Vita TV , showing the ports on its back side The PlayStation TV is a non-portable variant of the Vita ; instead of featuring its own display screen like a handheld video game console , it connects to a television via HDMI like a traditional home video game console , and is controlled though the use of a DualShock 3 or DualShock 4 controller . Due to the difference in controller input between the Vita and a DualShock controller , Vita games that are dependent on the system 's touch - screen , rear touchpad , microphone or camera , are not compatible . It also shares the Remote Play and PS Now functionality of a regular Vita . The system was released in Japan in November 2013 , in North America in October 2014 , and in Europe on November 14 , 2014 . The device did not fare well and had a short retail shelf life in North America and Europe , where it was discontinued at the end of 2015 . Software ( edit ) Game library ( edit ) Further information : List of PlayStation Vita games ( A -- L ) and List of PlayStation Vita games ( M -- Z ) Physical software for the Vita is distributed on a proprietary flash memory card called `` PlayStation Vita game card '' . All Vita games are also made available to be downloaded digitally on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store , although not all games are released physically . Since its launch , digital - only releases have slowly become more prominent , partially in an effort to reduce production costs for release on the platforms comparatively smaller user - base , and partially due to the influx smaller - scale indie mobile phone games that have always been digital - only releases . Like the PS3 and PS4 , the Vita contains Trophy support for games . The system was designed so that it would be easy for developers to extract PS3 game assets and in turn use them to make Vita versions of games . Prior to the Vita 's release , several third - party studios showcased tech demos of the device by exporting existing assets from their PlayStation 3 counterpart and then rendering them on the device , high budget examples including Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , Yakuza 4 , and Lost Planet . While none of these particular high budget tech demos materialized into actual game releases , and few big - budget Western games would be made for both outside of PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale , many Japanese development teams would go on to develop mid-level games that would release for both platforms , including Falcom 's Trails of Cold Steel duology , Compile Hearts ' original Hyperdimension Neptunia trilogy , and many entries from Tecmo Koei 's Atelier and Dynasty Warriors series . The trend continued on the PS4 as well , with Vita / PS4 releases becoming common due to the spread of their userbases -- Vita versions for Japan , where the Vita was larger in its initial years , and PS4 versions of games for North America and Europe , where the PS4 userbase was substantially larger . Few PlayStation 2 titles were ported to the Vita due to the PS2 's complicated infrastructure -- games that did , such as Final Fantasy X / X2 Remaster and Persona 4 Golden required extensive reworking , or were based on their PS3 counterparts , such as Jak and Daxter Collection , Ratchet and Clank Collection , and Sly Cooper Collection . Backward compatibility ( edit ) Main articles : List of PSP games , List of PlayStation Minis , and List of PSone Classics The device is backward compatible with most PSP games ; however , its lack of a UMD disc drive limits this capability to those titles which have been digitally released on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store , not physical PSP games or films . The Vita is also backward compatible with the majority of the PSone Classics -- the group of PlayStation 1 games Sony has made available digitally for download , and PlayStation Minis -- small - budget downloadable titles originally created for the PSP and PS3 . Games from Sony 's PlayStation Mobile initiative had initially been compatible , but were removed when the service was shutdown in September 2015 . In Japan , select downloadable PC Engine and PocketStation titles became backward compatible as well . Applications ( edit ) A number of applications are available to run on the Vita , some initially pre-loaded on the device , while others are available via Sony 's PlayStation Store . Pre-loaded apps include an internet browser , a `` Content Manager '' app for monitoring data saved to the device , an email app , a music playing app , a photo app , and a video playing app . The system 's web browser supports HTML5 , cookies , and Javascript , but not Adobe Flash . Also included was `` Near '' , a social media / GPS like app that allowed the user to see other Vita players in the area , and what games or applications they had been using , with the opportunity for some limited interactivity and communication , although most of its functionality was disabled in 2015 . A number of other third party apps commonly found on mobile devices have also been made available on the Vita , including Google Maps , ( removed in 2015 ) , YouTube ( removed in 2015 ) , Facebook ( removed in 2015 ) , Skype ( removed in 2016 ) , Netflix , Hulu Plus , Redbox Instant , and Flickr . While the Google Maps and YouTube apps have been removed , the websites are still accessible and usable through the Vita 's internet browser . System software ( edit ) Main article : PlayStation Vita system software LiveArea , the user interface for the Vita Unlike the PSP and PlayStation 3 , the PlayStation Vita does not use the XrossMediaBar interface . Instead it uses a touchscreen - based UI dubbed LiveArea , which includes various social networking features via the PlayStation Network . Each game or application is represented by its own circle icon , and selecting it leads the user to a panel with multiple options present , including running software itself , going to its respective website through the internet , seeing if there are downloadable updates available for the software , and seeing a newsfeed - like list of activities related to it , such as installing it or obtaining trophies , for both the user and others the user has interacted with recently . Reception and sales ( edit ) According to review aggregator Metacritic , the Vita 's original hardware release was generally well - received with critics , although a few concerns persisted as well . Metacritic editor Jason Dietz noted that reviewers tended to praise the Vita 's actual hardware design and operating system , but expressed some concern on its practicality , namely competing in 2012 onward , with a large size and price , where mobile phones with large screens and cheap games were prevalent as an alternative . As of its initial Western launch in February 2012 , out of 44 professional critic reviews , 9 fell in the `` Great '' rating , 29 in the `` Good '' rating , 6 in the `` Mixed '' rating , and 0 in the `` Bad '' or `` Awful '' rating . Its initial launch sales were generally seen as positive , selling over 300,000 units in Japan , and 200,000 units in North America . However , a large dropoff occurred in both regions . In Japan , second - week sales dropped 78 % , and leveled off at selling about 12,000 units per week . Similarly , sales dropped off to about 30,000 to 50,000 units sold per month for the year after launch in North America . Overall , Sony fell far short of the worldwide sales targets of 10 million Vitas sold by the end of March 2013 . The device sold 1.2 million units as of the end of February 2012 , 4 million by the end of 2012 , and were only estimated by analysts to have reached 6 million by the end of 2013 , figures that have not been confirmed due to Sony 's ceasing to release Vita sales figures after hitting the 4 million mark at the end of 2012 . Views on the hardware dropped to more moderate levels in 2013 , after the platform 's initial sales lulls . Surveys in Japan showed that consumers were not purchasing the device due to its high retail price and perceived lack of software variety , and that current Vita owners only showed a 46 % rate of approval for the device and its software library . Similarly , many Western critics felt that the low sales through 2013 would lead to an early death for the product . From 2013 onward , Sony was able to reverse the trajectory of the system by changing focus , aiming to be more of a niche product than one with mass market appeal -- focusing more on small Western mobile phone games and mid-level Japanese developed games , and attaching it to the rise of popularity of its PlayStation 4 platform with its remote play connectivity functions . Sony also released the Vita model revision , the PCH - 2000 , which was generally well received by critics as well for addressing a number prior complaints about the system , which included a price and size reduction . However , reviewers felt more mixed on the decision to change from OLED to LCD screen in the revised model , with some feeling it led to a minor downgrade in image quality . While not giving specific figures , Sony stated that Vita sales beat projections in North America in 2014 , which it was happy and surprised with , sometimes even falling out of stock . Similar response was found in the UK as well . The platform has been considered to have sold well in Japan , where it outsold the PS4 in 2015 , and reached 5 million units sold in 2016 according to sales tracker Media Create . It also obtained million - selling software in the same year , with the Japanese Vita release of Minecraft . By the end of 2015 , research firm EEDAR estimated the sales of the Vita worldwide to be around 10 million . Despite the smaller userbase , the platform continues to be viable for game release into 2017 due to the high attach rate of software sold per hardware user . Limited Run Games and various indie game developers praised the platform for its wide selection of more original and niche video games , and the strong respective sales of them . In mid-2017 , Glixel estimated that approximately 15 million units of the system had been sold . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Release date in other regions RUS : February 22 , 2012 ARG : February 22 , 2012 CHL : February 22 , 2012 AU : February 23 , 2012 BRA : March 2 , 2012 CAN : October 2 , 2012 ( 3G ) CHN : March 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ Between the system 's launch and January 2013 , 4 million units have been sold worldwide . Between January 2013 and June 2014 , 1,837,710 units were sold within Japan alone . A total of 600,000 units were sold in Spain as of June 2015 , and 446,000 units sold in France as of 2014 . As of present , no other reliable sales figures have been released . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita Launches From 22 February 2012 -- PlayStation. Blog. Europe '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sony partners with Vodafone for PS Vita '' . CNET Australia . November 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Communications Inc . Rogers to enable wireless connectivity for 3G PlayStation ® Vita in Canada '' . Newswire.ca . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2014 - 12 - 11 , Censors loom large over Sony 's PlayStation prospects in China , Reuters Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` PS4 and Vita China Release Date and Special Editions Revealed '' . ign.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart , Keith ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` なぜ 、 いま PS Vita が オススメ な のか ? PS Vita の データ を 、 ハード と ソフト の 両面 から 、 分析 し て みよう '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cano , Jiménez ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Vender medio millón de algo que vale 400 euros en España tiene su mérito '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . 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Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Bramwell ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` PSP2 unveiled : Next Generation Portable '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Parfitt ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sony tempers NGP power claims '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Intent Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael McWhertor . `` Sony 's New NGP Is n't Quite As Powerful As A PS3 , Despite What You 've Heard '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . ^ Jump up to : Dave Tach . `` PlayStation Vita may die childless , but it changed Sony in time for the PS4 '' . Polygon . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Grant ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` NGP games will come on 2 GB and 4 GB cards ( with higher capacity game cards being released in the future ) , with room for save data , patches '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Next Generation Portable ( NGP ) GDC panel -- Gallery '' . Joystiq . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NGP becomes PlayStation Vita '' . Eurogamer . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Mike ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Sony Japan denies any earthquake - related NGP delays '' . Joystiq . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ivan , Tom ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation Vita release date is 2011 in Japan , 2012 in US and Europe '' . Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Your Hands on PS Vita Early with the First Edition Bundle '' . PlayStation Blog ( blog ) . Sony . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Colin Moriarty ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` TGS : Sony Reveals Vita 's Release Date '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Gloria Sin . `` Sony reveals 26 PS Vita launch titles for Japan '' . ZDNet . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita Launch Lineup and Details '' . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Stuart . `` PlayStation Vita -- the essential guide '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` PS Vita sales to top 12.4 million with price cut -- Research firm '' . GameSpot . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayStation Vita sales see 78 % drop during Christmas week -- GamesBeat -- Games -- by Stefanie Fogel '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Wii U , Vita continue poor US sales performance in March '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ `` Sony updates PS Vita sales figures : ' over 1.2 million units worldwide ' , 2 million in software '' . Engadget . AOL . ^ Jump up to : Colin Moriarty ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation Vita : Two Years Later '' . IGN . ^ Jump up to : `` Vita sales continue to disappoint as Sony scales back expectations '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Cartridge , Tiny . `` PS Vita is really hurting without Monster Hunter ... - Tiny Cartridge 3DS -- Nintendo 3DS , DS , Wii U , and PS Vita News , Media , Comics , & Retro Junk '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Should You Buy a PlayStation Vita ? Consult Our 10 - Step Guide '' . TIME.com . ^ Jump up to : Brian Ashcraft . `` Japan , Where the PS Vita Wo n't Die '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ `` This Week In Sales : A Link Between Worlds '' . Siliconera . Jump up ^ `` These 11 RPGs make the PS Vita the ultimate role - playing machine '' . Pocket Gamer . July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sony Will Not Cut Price of PS Vita Outside of Japan . IGN ( February 21 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` PS Vita Price Cut to $199 ; Memory Cards Reduced too '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Stuart . `` PlayStation Vita 2000 : Sony aims for the casual market with redesign '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Sam Byford ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` PS Vita review ( 2013 ) '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Sony : Fewer First - Party Games Coming for PS Vita '' . IGN . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Says AAA Economics `` Do n't Work '' on PS Vita and That 's Okay `` . TechnoBuffalo . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS4 - Vita Remote Play enabled at a system level '' . MCV UK . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` How strong exactly is PlayStation 's 2014 line - up ? '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( Update ) Sony 's virtual reality headset Project Morpheus might be integrated with Vita '' . Pocket Gamer . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Now Open Beta Launches Today on PS Vita , PS TV '' . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's ' Casual ' PS Vita Impresses , but the Vita TV Box Heralds Bigger Things '' . TIME.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Update ) PlayStation TV Discontinued In North America , Europe '' . www.GameInformer.com . ^ Jump up to : Moriarty , Colin ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Vita Sales Are Picking Up Thanks to PS4 Remote Play '' . IGN . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freedom Wars Sold Mainly To Students In Japan '' . Siliconera . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony : climate `` not healthy '' for PlayStation Vita successor `` . Eurogamer.net . September 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Goldfarb ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 : Sony Is Not Making Any Big Vita Games '' . IGN . ^ Jump up to : Luke Karmali ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Confirms it 's Stopped First - Party Vita Development '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Sam Byford ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sony forms new company to make PlayStation mobile games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Sony announces plans to make PlayStation games for iOS and Android '' . TechCrunch . AOL . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Schreier . `` The State Of The Vita In 2015 '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . ^ Jump up to : `` PS Vita Is Not Dead : Here Are Some Games You Should Wait For '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ `` Media Create Sales : 9 / 4 / 17 -- 9 / 10 / 17 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's Gio Corsi : We Always Say When Starting a Project , `` Are You Open to Doing a Vita Version ? '' `` . PlayStation LifeStyle . Jump up ^ `` Platform Sales Worldwide Through December , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . EEDAR . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` PlayStation Vita is n't dead , in Japan anyway '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Guide to Japanese Games 2017 Heading West '' . playstationlifestyle.net . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayStation Vita 's Rebirth as a Boutique Platform '' . glixel.com . 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Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Fingas ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 4 supports remote play on PlayStation Vita '' . Engadget . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben . `` PS4 - Vita Remote Play enabled at a system level Games industry news MCV '' . Mcvuk.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation TM Now PS4 TM , PS3 TM , PS Vita and PS TV TM Open Beta Now Live ! '' . playstation.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sony ending PlayStation Now support on PS3 , Vita and more '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke . `` PS Vita Slim Announced For The UK '' . IGN . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Koller ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` New PS Vita Model Confirmed for US , Included in Borderlands 2 Bundle '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2013 - 09 - 09 , ( 速報 ) 新型 PS Vita が 10 月 10 日 より 19929 円 ( 税込 ) で 発売 ! ( SCEJA プレス カンファレンス ) , Famitsu Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita Slim , re-reviewed : Sony 's handheld comes of age '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2013 - 10 - 11 , PS Vita Slim internal storage not usable with a memory card , JustPushStart Jump up ^ `` Transferring data from the internal memory card '' . manuals.playstation.net . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Blair ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Reveal PS Vita Slim Coming To The UK Next Week , New Titles Teased '' . thesixthaxis.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS Vita TV -- Release date , price , and specs '' . GamesRadar . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 - 09 - 09 , SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT INTRODUCES PLAYSTATION ( R ) VITA TV ( Corporate Release ) , Sony Computer Entertainment Jump up ^ 9 / 09 / 13 3 : 56am 9 / 09 / 13 3 : 56am . `` Introducing PS Vita ... TV '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2014 - 08 - 12 , Gamescom 2014 : PlayStation TV Launches in October , Bringing PS4 Remote Play to Your TV , Gamespot Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` Vita Games Will All Be Downloadable , Sony Confirms '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Mike . `` PlayStation Vita Could Shift Towards Digital - Only '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's NGP Uses Flash Media , Proprietary Memory Cards , And Trophy Support '' . Game Informer . Jump up ^ Michael McWhertor ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Metal Gear Solid 4 , Lost Planet , Yakuza Shown In PSP2 Form '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation All - Stars : Battle Royale Review ( PS Vita ) '' . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy X 's Original Idea And Other Reflections From Yoshinori Kitase '' . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sony ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sony US FAQ '' . Sony . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Rubenstein ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Next Generation Portable ( NGP ) : All the early details '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Lynch . `` PlayStation Mobile Will Power Down on July 15th '' . Gizmodo UK . Jump up ^ 2013 - 11 - 04 , Play Chocobo World On Vita , PocketStation Is A Downloadable App In Japan , Siliconera ^ Jump up to : `` Review : PlayStation Vita ( updated for US launch ) '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apps '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News -- Report : PlayStation Vita Browser Supports HTML5 , But Not Flash '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS Vita will soon lose Maps , YouTube app , and much of Near '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony is now actually removing features from PlayStation Vita ( Updated ) '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` PS3 , Vita closing down Facebook support '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PSP & PS Vita Skype Support Ending on June 22 '' . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix ( for PlayStation Vita ) '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New PS Vita Apps : Hulu Plus , Redbox Instant , Crunchyroll , More '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita Flickr App walkthrough '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita terminated apps '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen . `` All About PlayStation Vita , from Tokyo Game Show 2011 '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hardware Review : PlayStation Vita '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS Vita sales to top 12.4 million with price cut -- Research firm '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Wii U , Vita continue poor US sales performance in March '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feit , Daniel . `` Sony Aims To Sell 10M PlayStation Vita By March '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony updates PS Vita sales figures : ' over 1.2 million units worldwide ' , 2 million in software '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation Vita : Two Years Later '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PS Vita 2016 Games : Is it Better to Burn Bright Than to Fade Away ? '' . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : kevingifford ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` SCE Japan head says PlayStation Vita is ' a little behind the numbers ' '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ kevingifford ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` PS Vita gets mixed scores in Japan user - satisfaction survey '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Life support : can Sony save the PlayStation Vita ? '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Analyst : PS Vita Sold 4.2 Million Units in 2013 '' . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Groen , Andrew . `` 7 Signs PlayStation Vita Is a Disaster '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fergal Gara on PlayStation Vita : `` It 's proving remarkably resilient '' `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PS Vita : A Companion Device Sold as a Game System -- Hardcore Gamer '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS Vita 's indie assault : Devs reveal why they 're rallying behind Sony 's handheld '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bierton , David ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` PlayStation Vita PCH - 2000 review '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony PlayStation Vita Slim ( PCH - 2000 ) '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ mathewtsmithuk . `` PlayStation Vita review ( 2013 ) '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Happy With PS Vita Sales in the US , Sold More Last Year Than Internally Targeted '' . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sony : climate `` not healthy '' for PlayStation Vita successor `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your PS Vita may be gathering dust , but it 's no console failure '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Sales Chart : PS Vita Sales Cross 5 Million '' . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft for PS Vita tops one million sales in Japan -- Gematsu '' . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One Sales At 20 Million , PS4 Nearly 40 Million , According To EEDAR Study `` GamingBolt.com : Video Game News , Reviews , Previews and Blog '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PS Vita could be the first post-retail system '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's Gio Corsi : We Always Say When Starting a Project , `` Are You Open to Doing a Vita Version ? '' `` . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to PlayStation Vita . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the ps vita slim come out | [
"A revised model of the Vita was released in Japan on October 10, 2013, in Europe on February 7, 2014[105] and in North America on May 6, 2014.[106] The revised model, officially called the PCH-2000 series[107] and commonly referred to as the PS Vita Slim,[108] is 20% thinner and 15% lighter compared to the original model.[96] While it largely maintains the original's overall structure and layout, the original's OLED screen has been replaced with a lower-cost LCD display.[96] The model also roughly added about an extra hour of battery life.[96] The newer model also comes with 1 GB of internal storage memory, although it is not possible to use both the internal memory and memory card concurrently.[109] Upon inserting a PS Vita memory card, the system will offer to copy the existing data from the internal memory to the new card.[110] This model has a micro USB Type B port, which can be used to charge the device along with any standard micro USB cable. The model was released in six colors in Japan (white, black, light blue, lime green, pink, and khaki),[96] although it was only released in black and light blue in North America and Europe.[111]",
"A revised model of the Vita was released in Japan on October 10, 2013, in Europe on February 7, 2014[105] and in North America on May 6, 2014.[106] The revised model, officially called the PCH-2000 series[107] and commonly referred to as the PS Vita Slim,[108] is 20% thinner and 15% lighter compared to the original model.[96] While it largely maintains the original's overall structure and layout, the original's OLED screen has been replaced with a lower-cost LCD display.[96] The model also roughly added about an extra hour of battery life.[96] The newer model also comes with 1 GB of internal storage memory, although it is not possible to use both the internal memory and memory card concurrently.[109] Upon inserting a PS Vita memory card, the system will offer to copy the existing data from the internal memory to the new card.[110] This model has a micro USB Type B port, which can be used to charge the device along with any standard micro USB cable. The model was released in six colors in Japan (white, black, light blue, lime green, pink, and khaki),[96] although it was only released in black and light blue in North America and Europe.[111]"
] | [
"on October 10, 2013",
"on February 7, 2014"
] |
6237566440420181060 | Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017–18 | Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017 -- 18 - wikipedia Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017 -- 18 Jump to : navigation , search Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017 -- 18 India Sri Lanka Dates 11 November -- 24 December 2017 Captains Virat Kohli ( Tests ) Rohit Sharma ( ODIs & T20Is ) Dinesh Chandimal ( Tests ) Thisara Perera ( ODIs & T20Is ) Test series Result India won the 3 - match series 1 -- 0 Most runs Virat Kohli ( 610 ) Dinesh Chandimal ( 366 ) Most wickets Ravichandran Ashwin ( 12 ) Suranga Lakmal ( 8 ) Dilruwan Perera ( 8 ) Player of the series Virat Kohli ( Ind ) One Day International series Results India won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 Most runs Rohit Sharma ( 217 ) Angelo Mathews ( 153 ) Most wickets Yuzvendra Chahal ( 6 ) Thisara Perera ( 5 ) Player of the series Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) Twenty20 International series Results India won the 3 - match series 3 -- 0 Most runs Rohit Sharma ( 162 ) Kusal Perera ( 100 ) Most wickets Yuzvendra Chahal ( 8 ) Dushmantha Chameera ( 3 ) Thisara Perera ( 3 ) Nuwan Pradeep ( 3 ) Player of the series Jaydev Unadkat ( Ind ) The Sri Lanka cricket team toured India in November and December 2017 . The original schedule had the tour consisting of three Tests , five One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and one Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match starting in February 2018 . In March 2017 , Sri Lanka Cricket ( SLC ) announced the dates for the 2018 Nidahas Trophy , a limited - overs tri-series tournament featuring Sri Lanka , India and Bangladesh . This is scheduled to take place in March 2018 . The SLC president Thilanga Sumathipala said that some of the scheduled limited - overs matches fixtures in this series would now be played in the Nidahas Trophy . The revised schedule of the tour now has three Tests , three ODIs and three T20Is . Ahead of the Test series , a two - day tour match was played between the India Board President XI and Sri Lanka . In August 2017 , Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) acting secretary Amitabh Choudhary mentioned that the Tests would be played in Kolkata , Nagpur and Delhi . The ODI venues would be in Dharamshala , Mohali and Visakhapatnam and the three T20 games would be played in Cuttack , Indore and Mumbai . Moreover , Choudhary said that a second reason for Sri Lanka 's advanced arrival was the cancellation of the proposed series between India and Pakistan . In October 2017 , Virat Kohli was named as India 's captain for the Test series . However , in November 2017 , he was rested for the ODIs as well as T20Is in preparation for India 's tour to South Africa at the end of the year , with Rohit Sharma named as captain . On 29 November 2017 , Thisara Perera was named as Sri Lanka 's captain for the ODI and T20I matches , replacing Upul Tharanga . India won the Test series 1 -- 0 , after the first and third matches were drawn . India won the ODI series 2 -- 1 , their eighth consecutive series win since beating Zimbabwe in June 2016 . India won the T20I series 3 -- 0 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Squads 2 Tour match 2.1 Two - day : India Board President XI vs Sri Lanka 3 Test series 3.1 1st Test 3.2 2nd Test 3.3 3rd Test 3.3. 1 Smog 4 ODI series 4.1 1st ODI 4.2 2nd ODI 4.3 3rd ODI 5 T20I series 5.1 1st T20I 5.2 2nd T20I 5.3 3rd T20I 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Squads ( edit ) Tests ODIs T20Is India Sri Lanka India Sri Lanka India Sri Lanka Virat Kohli ( c ) Ravichandran Ashwin Shikhar Dhawan Ravindra Jadeja Bhuvneshwar Kumar Hardik Pandya Cheteshwar Pujara Ajinkya Rahane K.L. Rahul Wriddhiman Saha ( wk ) Mohammed Shami Vijay Shankar Ishant Sharma Rohit Sharma Murali Vijay Kuldeep Yadav Umesh Yadav Dinesh Chandimal ( c ) Dhananjaya de Silva Niroshan Dickwella ( wk ) Vishwa Fernando Lahiru Gamage Rangana Herath Dimuth Karunaratne Suranga Lakmal Angelo Mathews Dilruwan Perera Sadeera Samarawickrama Lakshan Sandakan Dasun Shanaka Roshen Silva Lahiru Thirimanne Jeffrey Vandersay Rohit Sharma ( c ) Jasprit Bumrah Yuzvendra Chahal Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Shreyas Iyer Kedar Jadhav Dinesh Karthik Siddarth Kaul Bhuvneshwar Kumar Manish Pandey Hardik Pandya Axar Patel Ajinkya Rahane Washington Sundar Kuldeep Yadav Thisara Perera ( c ) Dushmantha Chameera Akila Dananjaya Chaturanga de Silva Dhananjaya de Silva Niroshan Dickwella ( wk ) Asela Gunaratne Danushka Gunathilaka Suranga Lakmal Angelo Mathews Sachith Pathirana Kusal Perera Nuwan Pradeep Sadeera Samarawickrama Upul Tharanga Lahiru Thirimanne Rohit Sharma ( c ) Jasprit Bumrah Yuzvendra Chahal MS Dhoni ( wk ) Deepak Hooda Shreyas Iyer Dinesh Karthik Manish Pandey Hardik Pandya K.L. Rahul Mohammed Siraj Washington Sundar Basil Thampi Jaydev Unadkat Kuldeep Yadav Thisara Perera ( c ) Dushmantha Chameera Akila Dananjaya Chaturanga de Silva Niroshan Dickwella Vishwa Fernando Asela Gunaratne Danushka Gunathilaka Angelo Mathews Sachith Pathirana Kusal Perera Nuwan Pradeep Dasun Shanaka Sadeera Samarawickrama Upul Tharanga Hardik Pandya was initially named in India 's Test squad , but was later withdrawn from the series to manage his workload . Ahead of the second Test , Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Shikhar Dhawan were released from the team due to personal reasons . Vijay Shankar was named as Bhuvneshwar Kumar 's replacement in the squad . However , ahead of third Test , Dhawan was added back in India 's Test squad . Rangana Herath was ruled out of Sri Lanka 's squad for the third Test , with Jeffrey Vandersay replacing him . Ahead of the first ODI , Kedar Jadhav injured his hamstring and was ruled out of the series . He was replaced by Washington Sundar in India 's squad . During the second T20I , Angelo Mathews injured his hamstring and was ruled out of Sri Lanka 's squad for the last T20I . Tour match ( edit ) Two - day : India Board President XI vs Sri Lanka ( edit ) 11 -- 12 November 2017 Scorecard Sri Lanka India Board President XI 411 / 9 d ( 88 overs ) Sadeera Samarawickrama 74 ( 77 ) Sandeep Warrier 2 / 60 ( 15 overs ) 287 / 5 ( 75 overs ) Sanju Samson 128 ( 143 ) Lahiru Thirimanne 2 / 22 ( 6 overs ) Match drawn Jadavpur University Campus 2nd Ground , Kolkata Umpires : Pashchim Pathak ( Ind ) and Krishnaraj Srinath ( Ind ) Indian Board President 's XI won the toss and elected to field . 15 players per side ( 11 batting , 11 fielding ) Test series ( edit ) 1st Test ( edit ) 16 -- 20 November 2017 Scorecard India Sri Lanka 172 ( 59.3 overs ) Cheteshwar Pujara 52 ( 117 ) Suranga Lakmal 4 / 26 ( 19 overs ) 294 ( 83.4 overs ) Rangana Herath 67 ( 105 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 4 / 88 ( 27 overs ) 352 / 8 d ( 88.4 overs ) Virat Kohli 104 * ( 119 ) Dasun Shanaka 3 / 76 ( 22 overs ) 75 / 7 ( 26.3 overs ) Niroshan Dickwella 27 ( 36 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 4 / 8 ( 11 overs ) Match drawn Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) , Nigel Llong ( Eng ) and Joel Wilson ( WI ) Player of the match : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Only 11.5 overs were bowled on day 1 and 21 overs on day 2 due to rain and bad light . Play also ended early on days 3 , 4 and 5 due to bad light . Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) was replaced by Joel Wilson ( WI ) as the on - field umpire from day 3 onwards due to illness . Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) became the third batsman for India , and ninth overall , to bat on all five days of a Test . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his 50th century in international cricket and became the joint fastest batsman along with Hashim Amla ( SA ) to score 50 international centuries . Virat Kohli also equaled Sunil Gavaskar 's record for the most Test centuries as captain of India . 2nd Test ( edit ) 24 -- 28 November 2017 Scorecard Sri Lanka India 205 ( 79.1 overs ) Dinesh Chandimal 57 ( 122 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 67 ( 28.1 overs ) 610 / 6 d ( 176.1 overs ) Virat Kohli 213 ( 267 ) Dilruwan Perera 3 / 202 ( 45 overs ) 166 ( 49.3 overs ) Dinesh Chandimal 61 ( 82 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 63 ( 17.3 overs ) India won by an innings and 239 runs Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Umpires : Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) and Joel Wilson ( WI ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . Dinesh Chandimal ( SL ) passed 3,000 runs in Tests and Dimuth Karunaratne ( SL ) scored his 1,000 th run in Tests in 2017 . Murali Vijay ( Ind ) scored his 10th century in Tests . Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) scored his 1,000 th run in Tests in 2017 . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) became the first captain to score 10 international hundreds in a calendar year and he also scored the most Test centuries as a captain of India ( 12 ) . Virat Kohli equalled Brian Lara 's record of the most double centuries as captain in Tests ( 5 ) . This was Sri Lanka 's 100th loss , India 's joint - biggest win and Sri Lanka 's biggest loss by an innings in Tests . Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) took the fewest number of matches to take 300 wickets in Tests ( 54 ) . 3rd Test ( edit ) 2 -- 6 December 2017 Scorecard India Sri Lanka 536 / 7 d ( 127.5 overs ) Virat Kohli 243 ( 287 ) Lakshan Sandakan 4 / 167 ( 33.5 overs ) 373 ( 135.3 overs ) Dinesh Chandimal 164 ( 361 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 3 / 90 ( 35 overs ) 246 / 5 d ( 52.2 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 67 ( 91 ) Dhananjaya de Silva 1 / 31 ( 5 overs ) 299 / 5 ( 103 overs ) Dhananjaya de Silva 119 * ( 219 ) Ravindra Jadeja 3 / 81 ( 38 overs ) Match drawn Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi Umpires : Nigel Llong ( Eng ) and Joel Wilson ( WI ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Roshen Silva ( SL ) made his Test debut . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) made his 20th century , scored his 3,000 th run as captain of India and his 5,000 th run in Tests . This was his 10th century against Sri Lanka in all forms of international cricket in 2017 , the most by one player against a single team in a calendar year . Kohli also became the fastest batsman to reach 16,000 international runs and became the first Test captain to score centuries in each game of a three - match Test series . Virat Kohli and Murali Vijay ( Ind ) made the highest partnership for India for any wicket against Sri Lanka in Tests ( 283 ) . Dilruwan Perera ( SL ) became the fastest bowler for Sri Lanka , in terms of matches played , to take 100 wickets in Tests ( 25 ) . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his sixth double century , his third in 2017 and the most as captain in Tests ( 6 ) . Dhananjaya de Silva 's ( SL ) unbeaten 119 was the highest fourth - innings score by a visiting batsman in India . Smog ( edit ) During the second day of the third Test , the Smog in Delhi forced the Sri Lanka cricketers to halt play and wear anti-pollution masks . Cricketer Lahiru Gamage was reported to have breathing shortness . Nic Pothas , coach of the Sri Lankan cricket team , reported that Dhananjaya de Silva and Suranga Lakmal had vomited regularly due to the severe pollution at the ground . There was a haltage of play between 12 : 32pm to 12 : 49pm , which caused Indian coach Ravi Shastri to come out to consult with the on - field umpires . BCCI president C.K. Khanna accused the Sri Lankan team of making fuss while Indian spectators called the team `` melodramatic '' . On day 4 , India 's Mohammed Shami was also seen vomiting on the field . Following the match , both participating countries criticised the choice to play the Test in Delhi with the high levels of pollution . The Sri Lanka manager Asanka Gurusinha said that both teams were using oxygen cylinders in their dressing rooms due to breathing difficulties , and suggested the use of air - quality meters in future fixtures . President of the Indian Medical Association , KK Agarwal , said that playing in such conditions could result in lung and heart disease , and recommended the inclusion of atmospheric pollution as a factor in the assessment criteria for a match . ODI series ( edit ) 1st ODI ( edit ) 10 December 2017 11 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 112 ( 38.2 overs ) Sri Lanka 114 / 3 ( 20.4 overs ) MS Dhoni 65 ( 87 ) Suranga Lakmal 4 / 13 ( 10 overs ) Upul Tharanga 49 ( 46 ) Jasprit Bumrah 1 / 32 ( 7 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium , Dharamshala Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Simon Fry ( Aus ) Player of the match : Suranga Lakmal ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Shreyas Iyer ( Ind ) made his ODI debut . Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) and Thisara Perera ( SL ) both made their ODI captaincy debuts . This was India 's lowest total at home when batting first in ODIs . India lost their first five wickets for 16 runs , their lowest total in ODIs , and their top five batsman aggregated 13 runs , also their lowest total in ODIs . Dinesh Karthik ( Ind ) faced the most deliveries by an India batsman before being dismissed for a duck in ODIs ( 18 ) . 2nd ODI ( edit ) 13 December 2017 11 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 392 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 251 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Rohit Sharma 208 * ( 153 ) Thisara Perera 3 / 80 ( 8 overs ) Angelo Mathews 111 * ( 132 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 3 / 60 ( 10 overs ) India won by 141 runs Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field Washington Sundar ( Ind ) made his ODI debut . This was the 100th time that India had scored 300 runs or more in ODIs . Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) became the first batsman to score three double centuries in ODIs and also became the first batsman to score two double centuries against the same opposition . Nuwan Pradeep ( SL ) conceded the joint third - highest amount of runs in an innings in an ODI ( 106 ) . Angelo Mathews ( SL ) became the fourth player for Sri Lanka to score 5,000 runs and take 100 wickets in ODIs . 3rd ODI ( edit ) 17 December 2017 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 ( 44.5 overs ) India 219 / 2 ( 32.1 overs ) Upul Tharanga 95 ( 82 ) Kuldeep Yadav 3 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 100 * ( 85 ) Thisara Perera 1 / 25 ( 5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam Umpires : Simon Fry ( Aus ) and Nitin Menon ( Ind ) Player of the match : Kuldeep Yadav ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) scored his 4,000 th run in ODIs . T20I series ( edit ) 1st T20I ( edit ) 20 December 2017 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 180 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Sri Lanka 87 ( 16 overs ) K.L. Rahul 61 ( 48 ) Angelo Mathews 1 / 19 ( 3 overs ) Upul Tharanga 23 ( 16 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 4 / 23 ( 4 overs ) India won by 93 runs Barabati Stadium , Cuttack Umpires : Nitin Menon ( Ind ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Yuzvendra Chahal ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Vishwa Fernando ( SL ) made his T20I debut . This was Sri Lanka 's 100th T20I . Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) captained India for the first time in T20Is . He also became the second India batsman after Virat Kohli to score 1,500 runs in T20Is . MS Dhoni ( Ind ) affected the most dismissals in T20Is ( 74 ) . In terms of runs , this was both India 's biggest win and Sri Lanka 's biggest defeat in T20Is . 2nd T20I ( edit ) 22 December 2017 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 260 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Sri Lanka 172 ( 17.2 overs ) Rohit Sharma 118 ( 43 ) Thisara Perera 2 / 49 ( 4 overs ) Kusal Perera 77 ( 37 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 4 / 52 ( 4 overs ) India won by 88 runs Holkar Stadium , Indore Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . This was the first T20I to be played at this venue . This was India 's highest score in T20Is and it was the joint - second highest team total in T20Is . Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) scored the joint - fastest century in T20Is ( 35 balls ) . Rohit Sharma became the first batsman for India to score two centuries in T20Is and he also scored the highest total by a batsman for India in T20Is . KL Rahul and Rohit Sharma made the highest opening partnership for India in T20Is ( 165 ) . 3rd T20I ( edit ) 24 December 2017 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 135 / 7 ( 20 overs ) India 139 / 5 ( 19.2 overs ) Asela Gunaratne 36 ( 37 ) Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 15 ( 4 overs ) Manish Pandey 32 ( 29 ) Dushmantha Chameera 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) India won by 5 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Nitin Menon ( Ind ) Player of the match : Jaydev Unadkat ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Washington Sundar ( Ind ) made his T20I debut . At the age of 18 years and 80 days , he became the youngest player to debut for India in T20Is . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While five days of play were scheduled for each Test , the second Test reached a result within four days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka 's return visit could impact India 's tour to South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa v India : Boxing Day out , New Year likely to begin late '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Tours Programme '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` India , Bangladesh , SL to play tri-series in 2018 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guwahati , Thiruvananthapuram in line for T20I debuts '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka set for packed India tour '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five Hyderabad players in Board President 's XI team '' . Times of India . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sri Lanka visit advanced due to 2018 Independence Cup : BCCI '' . India Today . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capital to host India - NZ T20 in November '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli likely to be rested during home series against Sri Lanka '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kohli rested for Sri Lanka ODIs ; Rohit to lead '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Sundar , Thampi , Hooda in India 's T20 squad '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka : Thisara Perera to lead Sri Lanka in ODI , T20 series '' . Indian Express . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thisara Perera appointed Sri Lanka ODI & T20I Captain for the forthcoming series against India '' . Cricket Sri Lanka. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dhananjaya , Roshen deny India 2 -- 0 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India scamper to eighth successive ODI series win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unadkat , Pandey shine as India complete 3 -- 0 sweep '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vijay back in squad for Sri Lanka Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mendis , Kaushal Silva and Pradeep left out of India tour '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kusal Perera back in Sri Lanka ODI squad '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malinga ' rested ' for India T20s '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pandya rested for Sri Lanka Tests '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bhuvneshwar , Dhawan released from India Test squad '' . ESPNcricinfo. 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka : Jeffrey Vandersay comes in as cover for Rangana Herath '' . Indian Express . 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka : Kedar Jadhav ruled out of ODI series with hamstring injury '' . Deccan Chronicle. 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Sundar replaces injured Jadhav in ODI squad '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamstring tear puts Mathews out of action for two weeks '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka 2017 : Umpire Ketttleborough Misses Third Day 's Play '' . News18 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheteshwar Pujara third Indian to bat on all five days of a Test '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli slams 18th Test ton for India against Sri Lanka '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli joint fastest to reach 50 centuries in international cricket '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli equals Sunil Gavaskar for Most Test Tons as Indian Captain '' . News 18 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thirimanne the bunny , and Ashwin - Jadeja v Kumble - Harbhajan '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vijay , Pujara punish Sri Lanka with centuries '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheteshwar Pujara 's dream run in 2017 continues : A look at his staggering numbers '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli goes past Ricky Ponting with 10th ton as captain in calendar year '' . Times Now . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli Breaks Sunil Gavaskar 's Record of Most Test Tons as Indian Captain '' . Cricket Next . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli registers 5th double century in 2nd Test vs Sri Lanka '' . Cricket County . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test cricket team results summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ashwin quickest to 300 wickets , India record joint - biggest win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test : Virat Kohli goes past 5000 - run mark in Tests '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli scores 20th Test century , racks up staggering numbers in 2017 '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kohli breezes past 5000 runs with his 20th Test ton '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli becomes fastest to reach the landmark of 16000 runs in international cricket '' . TimesNow . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli slams sixth double - century ; joins Sachin Tendulkar , Virender Sehwag in milestone club '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi pollution interrupts India - Sri Lanka Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pollution stops play at Delhi test match as bowlers struggle to breathe '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India cricket test players battle on through thick New Delhi Smog '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' We had players coming off and vomiting ' - Pothas '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka 3rd test angry Ravi Shastri marched on to the field twitter trolled him '' . NDTV sports . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricketers vomiting after fielding in smoggy delhi Sri Lanka coach '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SL 's struggles with Delhi air may be genuine - Dhawan '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi Test draws criticism from SL manager , Indian Medical Association '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Stats : India Eye World Number 1 Rank in ODI Series vs Sri Lanka '' . The Quint . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's lowest total at home when batting first '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit 's third double - ton powers India to victory '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3 double hundreds Rohit Sharma slams 3rd double ton in ODIs , 2nd vs Sri Lanka Mohali '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit : three double - hundreds ; Others : four '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India crush Sri Lanka , level series , Rohit Sharma slams 3rd double hundred '' . Cricket Country . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100th T20I of Sri Lanka : Statistical journey of Island Nation in shortest format '' . Sports Wallah . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka , 1st T20I preview and likely XIs : Rohit Sharma looks to make captaincy debut memorable '' . Cricket Country . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka : Rohit Sharma becomes 2nd Indian after Virat Kohli to score 1500 runs in T20Is '' . Times Now . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni surpasses AB de Villiers to register most T20Is dismissals '' . Cricket Country . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka 's worst defeat in T20Is '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In - form India keen to wrap up series '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I : Rohit Sharma and KL Rahul power India to record total '' . Times of India . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit Sharma slams joint fastest T20I century off 35 balls '' . India Today . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit hits the joint - fastest T20I century '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit 's 35 - ball ton leads India to series win '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Sundar youngest to play for India in T20Is '' . Times of India . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . 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6494638087515605397 | Theon Greyjoy | Theon Greyjoy - wikipedia Theon Greyjoy Jump to : navigation , search Theon Greyjoy A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Theon Greyjoy portrayed by Alfie Allen First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Alfie Allen ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases Prince of Fools Theon Turncloak The Squid Prince Reek Theon Kinslayer The Prince of Stink Gender Male Title Captain of Sea Bitch Lord of Winterfell Prince of Winterfell Family House Greyjoy Relatives Balon Greyjoy ( father ) Alannys Harlaw ( mother ) Rodrik Greyjoy ( brother ) Maron Greyjoy ( brother ) Asha / Yara Greyjoy ( sister ) Euron Greyjoy ( uncle ) Victarion Greyjoy ( uncle ) Aeron Greyjoy ( uncle ) Kingdom Iron Islands Theon Greyjoy is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . Theon is the son and heir of Balon Greyjoy , taken as a ward by Lord Eddard Stark following Balon 's failed rebellion . Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Theon is the son of Balon Greyjoy from the kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) . He is one of the major third person points - of - view through which Martin narrates both books . Theon is portrayed by Alfie Allen in the HBO television adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 Reception 3 Storylines 3.1 Books 3.1. 1 A Game of Thrones 3.1. 2 A Clash of Kings 3.1. 3 A Storm of Swords and A Feast for Crows 3.1. 4 A Dance with Dragons 3.1. 5 The Winds of Winter 3.2 Television adaptation 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.3 Family tree of House Greyjoy 4 References Character description ( edit ) Theon Greyjoy is the heir apparent and only living son of Balon Greyjoy . After not being a third - person narrator in the first novel , Theon is the narrator for a total of thirteen chapters in the second and fifth novels , A Clash of Kings and A Dance with Dragons . Ten years before the events of the series , Theon was taken hostage by Eddard Stark . He would have been executed had his father Balon displeased King Robert Baratheon . Theon was raised at Winterfell with the Stark children and developed a close friendship with Robb Stark . As an adult , Theon was arrogant , cocky , and proud until being imprisoned by Ramsay Snow , who is the eldest and bastard son of Roose Bolton . During the imprisonment , Ramsay severely tortured Theon physically and psychologically before emasculating him and mockingly changing his name to `` Reek '' . Reception ( edit ) Originally auditioning for the role of Jon Snow , the English actor Alfie Allen has received positive reviews for his role as Theon Greyjoy in the TV series . Paul Tassi of Forbes explained : In one scene , six year 's worth of character development gets thrown out the window . It 's maddening . I know the counter-argument to this , that Theon will always be haunted by his time spent being abused by Ramsay , and Reek will always be in there somewhere . But we 've done this already . We 've had him suffer and suffer and suffer and be a coward and refuse to be rescued by his own sister in an earlier season because he was just that broken . We spent the last year and a half watching Theon crawl his way back to being Theon again , in some capacity , and now the show does him this disservice , having him revert back to being a coward in the goofiest way possible . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Greyjoy Books ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Theon Greyjoy becomes a trusted companion of Robb Stark on the battlefield , participating in the North 's victories at Riverrun and the Whispering Wood . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Robb sends Theon as an envoy to Pyke , seeking Balon Greyjoy 's aid in his rebellion against House Lannister . Theon arrives to find Balon instead intends to seize the North while Robb is fighting in the Riverlands . Theon is charged to reave on the Stony Shore , but is jealous when he learns that his sister Asha has captured Deepwood Motte . After sending some of his men to besiege Torrhen 's Square and lure Winterfell 's garrison away from the castle , Theon and his party invade and capture Winterfell . He releases the prisoner Reek , formerly a servant of House Bolton . When Bran and Rickon Stark apparently escape Winterfell , Reek advises Theon to kill two young boys and pass their bodies off as those of the Stark children . Winterfell 's garrison soon repels the ironborn at Torrhen 's Square and besieges Winterfell . When Asha refuses to give Theon men to hold the castle , he allows Reek to seek reinforcements from the Dreadfort . Reek returns with several hundred Bolton men and defeats the Stark soldiers , but then reveals his true identity is Roose Bolton 's bastard Ramsay Snow and takes Theon prisoner . A storm of swords and a Feast for Crows ( edit ) Ramsay imprisons Theon in the Dreadfort 's dungeons and tortures him for his own amusement , though most of the Ironborn believe that Theon is dead . At some point , Theon manages to escape with his former bedwarmer , Kyra , though this turns out to be a trick of Ramsay 's and the two are soon recaptured . A Dance with Dragons ( edit ) Ramsay 's torture leaves Theon with many of his toes , fingers and teeth missing ; it is implied that Ramsay also removes his penis . The trauma of this torture causes Theon to lose much of his body weight , turns his hair white , and leaves him resembling an old man . Psychologically broken , he is forced to assume the identity of Reek . When Roose Bolton begins to lead his forces back to the North , Ramsay ( who has since been legitmised as a Bolton ) has Theon convince the Ironborn garrison holding Moat Cailin to surrender , but flays them regardless . Theon is ordered to give away Jeyne Poole ( who is posing as Arya Stark ) at her wedding to Ramsay , who later forces Theon to participate in his sexual abuse of Jeyne . Theon later encounters Mance Rayder ( disguised as Abel the bard ) and his spearwives , who enlist his help in freeing Jeyne , having been sent by Jon Snow . When the alarm is raised , Theon jumps from Winterfell 's battlements with Jeyne and is rescued by Mors Umber , who sends him to Stannis Baratheon 's camp several days ' ride away . There he is reunited with Asha , who initially does not recognise him . The winds of winter ( edit ) Theon is kept prisoner by Stannis , who notes that he may have useful information about the Boltons but means to execute him for the supposed murders of Bran and Rickon . Asha unsuccessfully tries to ransom Theon before convincing Stannis to behead him rather than burn him alive . Television adaptation ( edit ) Alfie Allen plays the role of Theon Greyjoy in the television series Theon Greyjoy is played by Alfie Allen in the television adaptation of the series of books . Season 1 ( edit ) Theon is introduced as the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion Lannister tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and that not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . Season 2 ( edit ) Theon is sent to the Iron Islands to persuade Balon to ally with the Starks against the Lannisters , but Balon instead intends to conquer the North while its army is fighting in the Westerlands . Theon is insulted when he is given command of a single ship to raid the Stony Shore and contemplates sending a warning to Robb , but ultimately decides to remain loyal to his family . When his crew proves to be disrespectful of Theon 's station , his first mate Dagmer Cleftjaw suggests that Theon prove himself by capturing Winterfell . Theon lures the Stark garrison away from Winterfell and easily captures the castle , but is forced to execute his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel when he refuses to yield . Theon is seduced by the wildling servant Osha , who later frees Bran and Rickon Stark . Theon 's men are unable to recapture the two and Theon kills two farm boys to pass their bodies off as those of the Stark boys , an act he soon feels guilty for . Theon asks his sister Yara to bring 500 men as reinforcements , but instead she arrives with a paltry force to warn Theon of his unstable position and to return to the Iron Islands . Theon refuses , and soon afterwards Winterfell is besieged by men of House Bolton commanded by ( the then unnamed ) Ramsay Snow , bastard son of Lord Roose Bolton . Theon attempts to rally his men to fight to the death , but they knock him out and hand him over to Ramsay , hoping for amnesty . Unknown to the viewer , Ramsay disobeys his orders to free the Ironborn and instead flays them all and sacking Winterfell , before taking Theon back to the Dreadfort as prisoner . Season 3 ( edit ) Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to work for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard child . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and castrated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North . Balon refuses , as Theon defied him and is now unable to further the Greyjoy line . Outraged , Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . Season 4 ( edit ) Theon Greyjoy remains a prisoner , locked in the cages of the dogs under Ramsay 's watch . Theon , now adopting and living under the name Reek he was given , is a broken man living in this squalor . Yara Greyjoy , his sister comes to his rescue , however the torture he has endured has begun to take his mind and he thoroughly believes he is Reek . He refuses to go with her , and in a fight with Ramsay , she is beaten and sent away without her brother and running from bloodthirsty hounds . Ramsay rewards his tortured prisoner with a bath and soft words . Easing the body of the tortured Theon into the bath , he asks him to do a job , to play a role . Ramsay tells Reek to assume the name of Theon Greyjoy , and help him fight . He is taken to Moat Cailin , a heavily defended , but winded fortress of the Iron Hills . Surrounded and blockaded the Castle has all but fallen . Theon rides to the gates , holding a white flag of truce and presents the offer of Ramsay extending peace for submission . He is met with contempt , and just as his personality begins to break and blood is spit in his face , another soldier kills the commander with an axe to the head , and accepts the doomed proposal . Theon watches as Ramsay has the keep raided , and all the men were killed . He rides with Ramsay north to Winterfell , now recognized by his father as a trueborn Bolton . Season 5 ( edit ) Theon is stunned to find that Ramsay has been betrothed to Sansa Stark . He tries to avoid her until Ramsay 's psychotic paramour Myranda leads Sansa to Theon 's sleeping quarters , a cage in the kennels . After learning of their reunion , Ramsay involves Theon in his torment of Sansa by having him give her away at the wedding and then forces him to watch as he rapes her on their wedding night . Sansa asks for Theon 's assistance to escape from Ramsay , but Theon , wishing to spare her Ramsay 's wrath , instead warns Ramsay , causing him to flay the maid who had tried to help Sansa escape . When Sansa confronts Theon , he confesses that he did not kill her brothers . While Ramsay and the Bolton army attack Stannis Baratheon 's forces , Sansa makes another escape attempt , but is caught and threatened by Myranda . Finally snapping , Theon pushes Myranda over a walkway to her death , just as the victorious Boltons return . Rather than face Ramsay 's anger , Theon and Sansa jump from the Winterfell wall into the snow and flee . Season 6 ( edit ) Theon and Sansa are caught by Bolton soldiers in the woods surrounding Winterfell , but are saved by the arrival of Brienne of Tarth , who kills the hunters . Although Sansa and Brienne decide to make for Castle Black , where Sansa 's half - brother Jon Snow is Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Theon tells her that he does not deserve the Starks ' forgiveness and instead decides to return to the Iron Islands . Theon returns to the Iron Islands to discover that Balon is dead , and offers to support Yara at the Kingsmoot , a ceremony where the Ironborn elect their new leader . However , the Kingsmoot is won by Theon 's uncle Euron Greyjoy , who admits to killing Balon but wins over the Ironborn by promising to conquer Westeros through marriage to Daenerys Targaryen , who possesses the only living dragons in the world . Correctly surmising that Euron will have them put to death , Theon , Yara , and their loyalists flee the Iron Islands with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Theon remains psychologically traumatized by Ramsay 's torture , but is urged by Yara to find courage . They travel to Meereen , which Daenerys has taken as her seat , and offer her the Iron Fleet in exchange for the Iron Islands ' independence and the removal of Euron as king . Daenerys agrees , on the condition that the Ironborn cease their practices of pillaging . Theon and Yara then join Daenerys as she sets sail for Westeros . Season 7 ( edit ) After Daenerys seizes Dragonstone as her base for the invasion of Westeros , Theon and Yara are sent with Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes to Dorne to transport the Dornish army to besiege King 's Landing . However , Yara 's fleet is attacked by Euron in the Narrow Sea , with Euron personally taking Yara captive . Theon is triggered after watching the carnage and jumps overboard , being rescued some time later by survivors of the battle unimpressed by his cowardice . Theon returns to Dragonstone , seeking Daenerys ' aid in freeing Yara , but discovers that Daenerys has left to confront the Lannister army on the Roseroad . He is confronted by Jon Snow , now King in the North after defeating Ramsay . Jon reassures Theon that Sansa is safe , but that it is the only reason Jon is sparing his life . After Jon captures a wight beyond the Wall , Theon joins Daenerys , Jon , and their retinues as they present the wight to Queen Cersei Lannister as evidence of the White Walkers ' threat . During the meeting , Theon is confronted by Euron , who threatens to execute Yara if Theon does not bend the knee to him . Returning to Dragonstone , Theon speaks to Jon , who reassures him that Theon is both a Stark and a Greyjoy and forgives him . Inspired by this , and remembering that Yara was the only one who tried to free him from Ramsay , Theon orders the Ironborn survivors to aid him in freeing Yara . Their leader , Harrag , defies Theon and nearly beats him to death , but Theon eventually gains the upper hand and beats Harrag senseless . Having regained the respect of the Ironborn , Theon leads his men to find Yara . Family tree of House Greyjoy ( edit ) ( hide ) Family tree of House Greyjoy Lady Stonetree Quellon Lady Piper Lady Sunderly Harlon Quenton Donel Balon IX Alannys Harlaw Euron III `` Crow 's Eye '' Victarion Urrigon Aeron `` Damphair '' Robin Rodrik Maron Asha Erik Ironmaker Theon several bastard children Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` The Old Way and the New '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 , The Prophet '' . A Feast for Crows . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : King of the Isles and the North '' . A Dance with Dragons . ISBN 978 - 0553801477 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 11 , The Kraken 's Daughter '' . A Feast for Crows . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 11 , Theon I '' . A Clash of Kings . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10803 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 29 , The Reaver '' . A Feast for Crows . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Theon Greyjoy played by Alfie Allen '' . HBO . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Home Box Office . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star Alfie Allen on Theons torture '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 5 : what we learned from the Blu - rays '' . Jump up ^ `` Theon Greyjoy : ' Game of Thrones ' actor reveals all '' . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` What On Earth Is ' Game Of Thrones ' Doing To Theon Greyjoy ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Alfie Allen on Theon Greyjoy '' . Esquire . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio . `` EP201 : The North Remembers '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Scene : Yara & Balon Greyjoy , Game of Thrones : Mhysa '' . 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ; Roots , Kimberly ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Recap : The Reek Shall Inherit the Worst '' . Jump up ^ Television . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Fans Need To Understand Sansa 's Rape '' . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theon_Greyjoy&oldid=833099520 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional child killers Fictional murderers Fictional nobility Fictional princes Fictional slaves Male characters in literature Male characters in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Français Italiano עברית Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the man who tortures theon greyjoy | [
"Ten years before the events of the series, Theon was taken hostage by Eddard Stark. He would have been executed had his father Balon displeased King Robert Baratheon. Theon was raised at Winterfell with the Stark children and developed a close friendship with Robb Stark. As an adult, Theon was arrogant, cocky, and proud until being imprisoned by Ramsay Snow, who is the eldest and bastard son of Roose Bolton. During the imprisonment, Ramsay severely tortured Theon physically and psychologically before emasculating him and mockingly changing his name to \"Reek\".[6]"
] | [
"Ramsay Snow"
] |
-6073205033954742282 | Compromise of 1877 | Compromise of 1877 - wikipedia Compromise of 1877 Jump to : navigation , search A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as a character Mephistopheles ( the Devil ) while Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with the prize of the `` Solid South '' depicted as a woman . The caption quotes Goethe : `` Unto that Power he doth belong Which only doeth Right while ever willing Wrong . '' The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal , unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election . It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South , and formally ended the Reconstruction Era . Through the Compromise , Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina , Florida and Louisiana . The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect . The outgoing president , Republican Ulysses S. Grant , removed the soldiers from Florida . As president , Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana . As soon as the troops left , many white Republicans also left , and the `` Redeemer '' Democrats took control . They already dominated most other state governments in the South . What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is insufficient . Black Republicans felt betrayed as they lost power and were subject to discrimination and harassment to suppress their voting . At the turn of the twentieth century , most black people were effectively disenfranchised by state legislatures in every southern state , despite being a majority in some . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terms of compromise 2 Results 3 Interpretations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Terms of compromise ( edit ) The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as president , but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands . The following elements are generally said to be the points of the compromise : The removal of all U.S. military forces from the former Confederate states . At the time , U.S. troops remained in only Louisiana , South Carolina , and Florida , but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region . The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes ' cabinet . ( David M. Key of Tennessee was appointed as Postmaster General . ) The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South ( this had been part of the `` Scott Plan , '' proposed by Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; he had initiated negotiations resulting in the final compromise ) . Legislation to help industrialize the South and restore its economy following Reconstruction and the Civil War . The right to deal with blacks without northern interference . In exchange , Democrats would accept the Republican Hayes as president by not employing the filibuster during the joint session of Congress needed to confirm the election . Results ( edit ) After the Compromise , a few Democrats complained loudly that Tilden had been cheated . There was talk of forming armed units that would march on Washington , but President Grant was ready for that . He tightened military security , and nobody marched on Washington . Hayes was peacefully inaugurated . Points 1 and 2 of the compromise took effect . Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of `` home rule , '' which would involve federal troop removal , before the election . It was not unusual , nor unexpected , for a president , especially one so narrowly elected , to select a cabinet member favored by the other party . Points 3 and 4 were never enacted ; it is possible there was no firm agreement about them . Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes 's announced plans , talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many . This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877 . Interpretations ( edit ) C. Vann Woodward ( 1951 ) argued for an economic interpretation , saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen , particularly with the railroads . They met secretly at Wormley 's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements : bridges , canals and railroads wanted by the South . But Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements . An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott 's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme , and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans . Some historians , such as Allan Peskin , argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion , as Tilden did not command sufficient support . Peskin admits that Woodward 's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it . As not all terms of the agreement were met , Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877 . He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South . For instance , Samuel J. Randall ( D - Pennsylvania ) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster . He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad . Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes ' presidency . In any case , Reconstruction ended . The dominance of the Democratic Party in the South was cemented with the ascent of the `` Redeemer '' governments that displaced the Republican governments . After 1877 , support for white supremacy generally caused whites to vote for Democrats and the region became known as the `` Solid South . '' Until the end of the 19th century , black Republicans continued to elect numerous candidates to local office , although Democrats controlled most state representative and statewide seats , except for a brief period of fusion governments supported by Republicans and Populists . The majority of white voters supported national Democratic candidates well into the 20th century before shifting to the Republican Party . This later shift to the Republican party followed the 1964 Civil Rights Act , which was introduced by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and supported by most Republicans and northern Democrats . Democratic groups worked to suppress black voting by intimidation and fraud but , after regaining power again at the turn of the 20th century , passed constitutions and laws to disenfranchise blacks ( as well as many poor whites ) in states such as Alabama and others . As there was no change in congressional apportionment , southern whites accrued great power by controlling all the seats of the region based on states ' total populations . In The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization ( 2012 ) , Downs rejects the idea that this was an era of easy reconciliation and political stability . Instead he shows many Americans feared `` Mexicanization '' of politics , whereby force would be used to settle a presidential election , as force had been used to settle certain state elections in the South . Downs explores how Mexicanization was roundly rejected and stability was achieved . Whatever deals may or may not have taken place on the side , in formal legal terms , the election of 1876 was not decided by such acts , but by the official vote of Congress to accept the recommendations of the Electoral Commission they themselves had set up as a way out of the election impasse . The expectation in setting up the committee had been that its decisions would be accepted by Congress . It was only when certain Democrats disagreed with the commission 's decisions in favor of Hayes that this arrangement was jeopardized . This Democratic group threatened a filibuster ( opposed by Republicans and Congressional Democratic leadership as well ) that would prevent the agreed - upon vote from taking place . Discussions of the points in the alleged compromise were related to persuading key Democrats against accepting a filibuster . The very threat of a filibuster -- a measure used by a minority to prevent a vote -- indicates that there were already sufficient votes for accepting the commission 's recommendations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict , `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jones , Stephen A. ; Freedman , Eric ( 2011 ) . Presidents and Black America . CQ Press . p. 218 . ISBN 9781608710089 . In an eleventh - hour compromise between party leaders - considered the `` Great Betrayal '' by many blacks and southern Republicans ... Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1966 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Donald Richard Deskins ; Hanes Walton ; Sherman C. Puckett ( 2010 ) . Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data . U of Michigan Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford UP . pp. 200 -- 2 ` . Jump up ^ Downs , 2012 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford UP . pp. 200 -- 2 ` . ^ Jump up to : Allan Peskin , `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 ? '' , The Journal of American History Vol. 60 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1973 ) , pp. 63 - 75 , via JSTOR Jump up ^ Vincent P. DeSantis , `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction , '' in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson , eds. , Region , Race , and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C. Van Woodward ( New York , 1982 ) , 417 - 50 Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict , `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . Further reading ( edit ) Benedict , Michael Les . `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . in JSTOR Clendenen , Clarence C. ( October 1969 ) . `` President Hayes ' `` Withdrawal '' of the Troops : An Enduring Myth `` . The South Carolina Historical Magazine . 70 ( 4 ) : 240 -- 250 . DeSantis , Vincent P. `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction '' in Region , Race and Reconstruction edited by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson . ( Oxford University Press , 1982 ) pp. 417 -- 50 . Downs , Gregory P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization '' . The American Historical Review . 117 ( 2 ) : 387 -- 409 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 117.2. 387 . Frantz , Edward O . The Door of Hope : Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy , 1877 -- 1933 ( University Press of Florida . 2011 ) Peskin , Allan ( 1973 ) . `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 '' . The Journal of American History . 60 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936329 . ISSN 1936 - 0967 . JSTOR 2936329 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Polakoff , Keith Ian . The Politics of Inertia : The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1973 ) Riddleberger , Patrick W. ( 1960 ) . `` The Radicals ' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction '' . The Journal of Negro History . 45 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2716572 . JSTOR 2716572 -- via JSTOR . Simpson , Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Electoral Crisis of 1876 - 1877 , '' Hayes Historical Journal ( 1992 ) 11 # 2 pp 5 -- 22 . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Samueltilden.com : History of Samuel J. Tilden website Rbhayes.org : R.B. Hayes Presidential Library Southernspaces.org : `` Corporations , Corruption , and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington , D.C. '' -- by Richard White in Southern Spaces ( 16 April 2009 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1877&oldid=824958111 '' Categories : Reconstruction Era African - American history History of the Southern United States 1877 in the United States Rutherford B. Hayes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages with login required references or sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 16 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which president withdrew the last federal troops from the south | [
"The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left, and the \"Redeemer\" Democrats took control. They already dominated most other state governments in the South. What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is insufficient.[1]"
] | [
"Rutherford B. Hayes"
] |
-8970425702451431373 | Indus River | Indus river - wikipedia Indus river Jump to : navigation , search `` Indus Valley '' redirects here . For the Bronze Age civilisation , see Indus Valley Civilisation . `` Indus '' and `` Sindhu '' redirect here . For other uses , see Indus ( disambiguation ) and Sindhu ( disambiguation ) . Indus Sindhu River Satellite image of the Indus River basin in Pakistan and India ( International boundaries are superimposed ) Country China , India , Pakistan States Gilgit - Baltistan , Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Sindh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab , Tibet Tributaries - left Zanskar River , Suru River , Soan River , Jhelum River , Chenab River , Ravi River , Beas River , Sutlej River , Panjnad River , Ghaggar - Hakra River , Luni River - right Shyok River , Hunza River , Gilgit River , Swat River , Kunar River , Kabul River , Kurram River , Gomal River , Zhob River Cities Leh , Skardu , Dasu , Besham , Thakot , Swabi , Dera Ismail Khan , Sukkur , Hyderabad Primary source Sênggê Zangbo - location Tibetan Plateau Secondary source Gar Tsangpo Source confluence - location Shiquanhe , Ngari Prefecture , Tibet and India - elevation 4,255 m ( 13,960 ft ) - coordinates 32 ° 29 ′ 54 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 28 '' E / 32.49833 ° N 79.69111 ° E / 32.49833 ; 79.69111 Mouth Arabian Sea ( primary ) , Rann of Kutch ( secondary ) - location Indus River Delta ( primary ) , Kori Creek ( secondary ) , Pakistan , India - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 23 ° 59 ′ 40 '' N 67 ° 25 ′ 51 '' E / 23.99444 ° N 67.43083 ° E / 23.99444 ; 67.43083 Coordinates : 23 ° 59 ′ 40 '' N 67 ° 25 ′ 51 '' E / 23.99444 ° N 67.43083 ° E / 23.99444 ; 67.43083 Length 3,610 km ( 2,243 mi ) Basin 1,165,000 km ( 449,809 sq mi ) Discharge for Arabian Sea - average 6,600 m / s ( 233,077 cu ft / s ) - max 58,000 m / s ( 2,048,251 cu ft / s ) - min 1,200 m / s ( 42,378 cu ft / s ) Map of the Indus River basin Indus River in Kharmang District , Pakistan . Sindh , Skardu The Indus River ( also called the Sindhū ) is one of the longest rivers in Asia . Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar , the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , towards Gilgit - Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges , and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan . The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km ( 450,000 sq mi ) . Its estimated annual flow stands at around 243 km ( 58 cu mi ) , twice that of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined , making it the twenty - first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow . The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh . In the plains , its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries , namely , the Chenab , Jhelum , the Ravi , the Beas , and the Sutlej . Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok , the Gilgit , the Kabul , the Gomal , and the Kurram . Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas , the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests , plains and arid countryside . The northern part of the Indus Valley , with its tributaries , forms the Punjab region , while the lower course of the Indus is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta . The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region . The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age . During the 2nd millennium BC , the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Zoroastrian Avesta as Hapta Hindu ( both terms meaning `` seven rivers '' ) . Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra , and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra . The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in the Classical Period , when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river , ca . 515 BC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and names 1.1 Indus and the name of India 1.2 Rigveda and the Indus 1.3 Other names 2 Description 3 History 4 Geography 4.1 Tributaries 5 Geology 6 Wildlife 7 Mammals 7.1 Fish 8 Economy 9 People 10 Modern issues 10.1 Effects of climate change on the river 10.2 Pollution 10.3 2010 floods 10.4 2011 floods 11 Barrages , bridges and dams 11.1 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 External links Etymology and names ( edit ) This river was known to the ancient Indians in Sanskrit as Sindhu , which is literally interpreted to mean `` large body of water , sea , or ocean '' . The Proto - Iranian sound change * s > h occurred between 850 -- 600 BCE , according to Asko Parpola , causing its Avestan name to become Hendu , From Iran , the name passed to the Greeks as Indós ( `` Ἰνδός '' ) and to the Romans as Indus . The Persian name for the river was Darya , which similarly has the connotations of large body of water and sea . However , linguists state that the original meaning of Sindhu / Hindu was not a body of water , but rather a frontier or bank . The Indus river formed the frontier between the Iranian peoples and Indo - Aryan peoples . Other variants of the name Sindhu include Assyrian Sinda ( as early as the 7th century BC ) , Persian Ab - e-sind , Pashto Abasind , Arab Al - Sind , Chinese Sintow , and Javanese Santri . Indus and the name of India ( edit ) India is a Greek and Latin term for `` the country of the River Indus '' . The region through which the river drains into sea is called Sindh and owes its name to the river ( Sanskrit Sindhu ) . Megasthenes 's book Indica derives its name from the river 's Greek name , `` Indós '' ( Ἰνδός ) , and describes Nearchus 's contemporaneous account of how Alexander the Great crossed the river . The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians ( people of present - day northwest India and Pakistan ) as `` Indói '' ( Ἰνδοί ) , literally meaning `` the people of the Indus '' . Rigveda and the Indus ( edit ) Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers , including one named `` Sindhu '' . The Rigvedic `` Sindhu '' is thought to be the present - day Indus river and is attested 176 times in its text -- 95 times in the plural , more often used in the generic meaning . In the Rigveda , notably in the later hymns , the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular , as in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of Nadistuti sukta . The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein but `` Sindhu '' is the only river attributed the masculine gender which means Sindhu is the warrior and greatest among all other rivers in whole world Other names ( edit ) In other languages of the region , the river is known as सिन्धु ( Sindhu ) in Hindi and Nepali , سنڌو ( Sindhu ) in Sindhi , سندھ ( Sindh ) in Shahmukhi Punjabi , ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ ( Sindh Nadī ) in Gurmukhī Punjabi , اباسين ( Abāsin lit . `` Father of Rivers '' ) in Pashto , نهر السند ( Nahar al - Sind ) in Arabic , སེང ་ གེ ་ གཙང ་ པོ ། ( seng ge gtsang po lit . `` Lion River '' or Lion Spring ) in Tibetan , 印度 ( Yìndù ) in Chinese , and Nilab in Turki . Description ( edit ) Babur crossing the Indus River . The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan 's economy -- especially the breadbasket of Punjab province , which accounts for most of the nation 's agricultural production , and Sindh . The word Punjab means `` land of five rivers '' and the five rivers are Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas and Sutlej , all of which finally flow into the Indus . The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan . The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet ; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan ( Gang Rinpoche , Mt . Kailas ) mountain ranges . The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit , just south of the Karakoram range . The Shyok , Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river . It gradually bends to the south , coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi . The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500 -- 5,200 metres ( 15,000 -- 17,000 feet ) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif . It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir . The Kabul River joins it near Attock . The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab and Sindh , where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided . It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot . Beyond this confluence , the river , at one time , was named the Satnad River ( sat = `` seven '' , nadī = `` river '' ) , as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River , the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers . Passing by Jamshoro , it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta . The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore . The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas , Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet , the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Gilgit - Baltistan region of Pakistan . The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons -- it diminishes greatly in the winter , while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September . There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times -- it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake . Presently , Indus water flows in to the Rann of Kutch during its floods breaching flood banks . The traditional source of the river is the Senge Khabab or `` Lion 's Mouth '' , a perennial spring , not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens . There are several other tributaries nearby , which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab , but unlike the Senge Khabab , are all dependent on snowmelt . The Zanskar River , which flows into the Indus in Ladakh , has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point . That night in the tent ( next to Senge Khabab ) I ask Sonmatering which of the Indus tributaries which we crossed this morning is the longest . All of them , he says , start at least a day 's walk away from here . The Bukhar begins near the village of Yagra . The Lamolasay 's source is in a holy place : there is a monastery there . The Dorjungla is a very difficult and long walk , three days perhaps , and there are many sharp rocks ; but its water is clear and blue , hence the tributary 's other name , Zom - chu , which Karma Lama translates as `` Blue Water '' . The Rakmajang rises from a dark lake called the Black Sea . One of the longest tributaries -- and thus a candidate for the river 's technical source -- is the Kla - chu , the river we crossed yesterday by bridge . Also known as the Lungdep Chu , it flows into the Indus from the south - east , and rises a day 's walk from Darchen . But Sonamtering insists that the Dorjungla is the longest of the `` three types of water '' that fall into the Seng Tsanplo ( `` Lion River '' or Indus ) . History ( edit ) Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation 3000 BC Main articles : Indus Valley Civilization and History of Sindh The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Harappa and Mohenjo - daro , date back to around 3300 BC , and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world . The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India , with an upward reach from east of Jhelum River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej . The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan , Iran border to Kutch in modern Gujarat , India . There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan , and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only 28 km ( 17 mi ) from Delhi . To date , over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found , mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar - Hakra River and its tributaries . Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo - daro , as well as Lothal , Dholavira , Ganeriwala , and Rakhigarhi . Only 90 -- 96 of more than 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries . The Sutlej , now a tributary of the Indus , in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar - Hakra River , in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus . Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo - Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC , when Mohenjo - daro and Harappa had already been abandoned . The word `` India '' is derived from the Indus River . In ancient times , `` India '' initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus , but by 300 BC , Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward . The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent ; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India . It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander , but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank -- joining it to the Hellenic Empire , they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river , ending Alexander 's Asian campaign . The Indus plains were later dominated by the Persian empire and then the Kushan empire . Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim , Mahmud of Ghazni , Mohammed Ghori , Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the Punjab and points farther south and east Geography ( edit ) The Indus River near Leh , Ladakh , India Tributaries ( edit ) Beas River Chenab River Gar River Gilgit River Gomal River Hunza River Jhelum River Kabul River Kunar River Kurram River Panjnad River Ravi River Shyok River Soan River Suru River Satluj River Swat River Zanskar River Zhob River Geology ( edit ) Indus River viewed from the Karakoram Highway . Indus River near Leh , India , 2014 Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers . The Indus is at the bottom of the picture , flowing left - to - right ; the Zanskar , carrying more water , comes in from the middle left of the picture . The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan , which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth . It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains . Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the single most important source of material , with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution , mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab ( Jhelum , Ravi , Chenab , Beas and Sutlej ) . Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganges and were captured after that time . Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago , implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time . The delta of this proto - Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin , on the Afghan - Pakistan border . In the Nanga Parbat region , the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface . In November 2011 , satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India , feeding Great Rann of Kutch , Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar . Heavy rains had left the river basin along with the Lake Manchar , Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake ( all in modern - day Pakistan ) inundated . This happened two centuries after the Indus river shifted its course westwards following the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake . The Induan Age at start of the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Indus region . Wildlife ( edit ) Footbridge on the Indus River in Pakistan Fishermen on the Indus River , c. 1905 Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander 's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region , which has now considerably receded . The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs ( the Baburnama ) . Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions . The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation . Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works . The Indus river and its watershed has a rich biodiversity . It is home to around 25 amphibian species and 147 species , 22 of which are only found in the Indus . Mammals ( edit ) The blind Indus River Dolphin ( Platanista indicus minor ) is a sub-species of dolphin found only in the Indus River . It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river . According to the World Wildlife Fund it is one of the most threatened cetaceans with only about 1,000 still existing . Fish ( edit ) Palla fish Tenualosa ilisha of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river . The population of fish in the river is moderately high , with Sukkur , Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres -- all in the lower Sindh course . But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity . Located southeast of Karachi , the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world 's most important ecological regions . Here the river turns into many marshes , streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels . Here marine fishes are found in abundance , including pomfret and prawns . Economy ( edit ) The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains -- it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan . The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley . Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation , and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire . Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 -- the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals . The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world . The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m ( 4,430 ft ) long -- irrigating Sukkur , Jacobabad , Larkana and Kalat . The Sukkur Barrage serves over 20,000 km ( 7,700 sq mi ) . After Pakistan came into existence , a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control by India . The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams , the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River , together with their subsidiary dams . The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma - Jhelum link canal -- linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers -- extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan . Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi -- standing 2,743 metres ( 9,000 ft ) long and 143 metres ( 470 ft ) high , with an 80 - kilometre ( 50 mi ) long reservoir . The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres ( 3,000 ft ) long and provides additional supplies for Karachi . It support the Chashma barrage near Dera Ismail Khan use for irrigation and flood control . for The Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity . The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar , in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan 's large production of crops such as cotton , sugarcane and wheat . The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres . People ( edit ) The Indus River near Skardu , in Gilgit -- Baltistan . The Dubair Khwarr , a tributary of the Indus , near Shaikhdara , in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The inhabitants of the regions are mainly Muslim as Pakistan is an Islamic country through which the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity , religion , national and linguistic backgrounds . On the northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India , live the Buddhist people of Ladakh , of Tibetan stock , and the Dards of Indo - Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Islam . Then it descends into Baltistan , northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu . A river from Dubair Bala also drains into it at Dubair Bazar . People living in this area are mainly Kohistani and speak the Kohistani language . Major areas through which the Indus river passes in Kohistan are Dasu , Pattan and Dubair . As it continues through Pakistan , the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures -- upon the western banks the population is largely Pashtun , Baloch , and of other Iranian stock . The eastern banks are largely populated by people of Indo - Aryan stock , such as the Punjabis and the Sindhis . In northern Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , ethnic Pashtun tribes live alongside Dardic people in the hills ( Khowar , Kalash , Shina , etc . ) , Burushos ( in Hunza ) , and Punjabi people . The people living along the Indus river speak Punjabi and Sindhi on the eastern side ( in Punjab and Sindh provinces respectively ) , Pushto plus Balochi as well as Barohi ( in Khyber Pakhtoonkha and Baluchistan provinces ) . In the province of Sindh , the upper third of the river is inhabited by people speaking Saraiki ; which is a somewhat transitional dialect of the Punjabi and Sindhi languages . Modern issues ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Satellite images of the upper Indus River valley , comparing water - levels on 1 August 2009 ( top ) and 31 July 2010 ( bottom ) The Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan 's economy and society . After Pakistan and India declared Independence from the British Raj , the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan . The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split -- with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan . The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan , as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war , caused political consternation in Pakistan . Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank , India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 . The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab , the Sutlej , the Beas and the Ravi , while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers , the Jhelum , the Chenab and the Indus . India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non-irrigation projects . There are concerns that extensive deforestation , industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta , while affecting agricultural production as well . There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards -- although the progression spans centuries . On numerous occasions , sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation . In addition , extreme heat has caused water to evaporate , leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation . Effects of climate change on the river ( edit ) The Tibetan Plateau contains the world 's third - largest store of ice . Qin Dahe , the former head of the China Meteorological Administration , said the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term , but issued a strong warning : `` Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China , and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world ... In the short term , this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows ... In the long run , the glaciers are vital lifelines of the Indus River . Once they vanish , water supplies in Pakistan will be in peril . '' `` There is insufficient data to say what will happen to the Indus , '' says David Grey , the World Bank 's senior water advisor in South Asia . `` But we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely , severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change , '' and reduced by perhaps as much as 50 percent . `` Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert ( where ) , without the river , there would be no life ? I do n't know the answer to that question , '' he says . `` But we need to be concerned about that . Deeply , deeply concerned . '' U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke said , shortly before his death in 2010 , that he believed that falling water levels in the Indus River `` could very well precipitate World War III . '' Pollution ( edit ) Over the years factories on the banks of the Indus River have increased levels of water pollution in the river and the atmosphere around it . High levels of pollutants in the river have led to the deaths of endangered Indus River Dolphin . The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency has ordered polluting factories around the river to shut down under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act , 1997 . Death of the Indus River Dolphin has also been attributed to fishermen using poison to kill fish and scooping them up . As a result , the government banned fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur . 2010 floods ( edit ) Affected areas as of 26 August 2010 Main article : 2010 Pakistan floods In July 2010 , following abnormally heavy monsoon rains , the Indus River rose above its banks and started flooding . The rain continued for the next two months , devastating large areas of Pakistan . In Sindh , the Indus burst its banks near Sukkur on 8 August , submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi . In early August , the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab , where at least 1,400,000 acres ( 570,000 ha ) of cropland was destroyed , and the southern province of Sindh . As of September 2010 , over two thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began . 2011 floods ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Sindh floods The 2011 Sindh floods began during the Pakistani monsoon season in mid-August 2011 , resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh , eastern Balochistan , and southern Punjab . The floods caused considerable damage ; an estimated 434 civilians were killed , with 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes affected . Sindh is a fertile region and often called the `` breadbasket '' of the country ; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive . At least 1.7 million acres ( 690,000 ha ; 2,700 sq mi ) of arable land were inundated . The flooding followed the previous year 's floods , which devastated a large part of the country . Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh . Barrages , bridges and dams ( edit ) In Pakistan currently there are three barrages on the Indus : Guddu barrage , Sukkur Barrage , and Kotri barrage ( also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage ) . There are some bridges on river Indus , such as , Dadu Moro Bridge , Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge , Thatta - Sujawal bridge , Jhirk - Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot - Ghotki bridge . Kala Bagh Barrage , Chasma Barrage , and Taunsa Barrage are also built in Punjab on the Indus . Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River , while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river . Gallery ( edit ) Play media Video of River Indus at Kotri Barrage , Sindh , Pakistan . Frozen Indus , Near Nyoma Indus at Skardu See also ( edit ) 1974 Hunza earthquake Chura Sharif Ghaggar - Hakra River HMS Indus Hindustan Indus Valley Civilisation Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir Sarasvati River Sind Sagar Doab Sindhology Sindhu Darshan Festival Sindhu Pushkaram Rigvedic rivers References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swain , Ashok ( 2004 ) . Managing Water Conflict : Asia , Africa and the Middle East . Routledge . p. 46 . ISBN 1135768838 . 1,800 miles long river after flowing out of Tibet through the Himalayas enters Jammu and Kashmir in India and then moves into Pakistan Jump up ^ The Indus Basin of Pakistan : The Impacts of Climate Risks on Water and Agriculture . World Bank publications . p. 59 . ISBN 9780821398753 . Jump up ^ `` Geography : The rivers of Pakistan '' . Dawn. 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indus water flow data in to reservoirs of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane ( 2004 ) , The Indus River , Infobase Publishing , pp. 8 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2003 - 4 Jump up ^ Parpola 2015 , Chapter 9 . Jump up ^ Prasad , R.U.S. ( 25 May 2017 ) , River and Goddess Worship in India : Changing Perceptions and Manifestations of Sarasvati , Taylor & Francis , pp. 23 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 351 - 80655 - 8 Jump up ^ Possehl , Gregory L. ( 1999 ) , Indus age : the beginnings , University of Pennsylvania Press Jump up ^ * Thieme , P. ( 1970 ) , `` Sanskrit sindu - / Sindhu - and Old Iranian hindu - / Hindu - '' , in Mary Boyce ; Ilya Gershevitch , W.B. Henning memorial volume , Lund Humphries , pp. 447 -- 450 : `` ... no objection based on an argumentum ex silentio could possibly invalidate the clear semantic testimony for an Iranian hindu - ` natural frontier ' . '' With Darius Hindu - is the name not of India , but of the easternmost province of his realm . '' Jump up ^ Boyce , Mary ( 1989 ) , A History of Zoroastrianism : The Early Period , BRILL , pp. 136 -- , ISBN 90 - 04 - 08847 - 4 : `` The word hindu - ( Skt . sindhu - ) , used thus to mean a river - frontier of the inhabited world , was also applied generally , it seems , to any big river which , like the Indus , formed a natural frontier between peoples or lands . '' Jump up ^ Bailey , H.W. ( 1975 ) , `` Indian Sindhu - , Iranian Hindu - ( Notes and Communications ) '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , 38 ( 3 ) : 610 -- 611 , JSTOR 613711 : `` The word sindhu - is used of a ' mass of water ' ( samudra - ) , not therefore primarily ' flowing ' water . Hence the second derivation of ' enclosed banks ' is clearly preferable . '' Jump up ^ `` An A-Z of country name origins OxfordWords blog '' . OxfordWords blog . 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kuiper 2010 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Holdich , Thomas Hungerford ( 1911 ) . `` Indus '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 507 -- 508 . Jump up ^ 70 % of cattle - breeders desert Banni ; by Narandas Thacker , TNN , 14 February 2002 ; The Times of India Jump up ^ `` 564 Charul Bharwada & Vinay Mahajan , Lost and forgotten : grasslands and pastoralists of Gujarat '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Albinia ( 2008 ) , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brian ( 2016 ) . Daily Life in the Indus Valley Civilization . Raintree . p. 6 . ISBN 1406298573 . Jump up ^ Henry Yule : India , Indies Archived 28 June 2012 at Archive.is . In Hobson - Jobson : A glossary of colloquial Anglo - Indian words and phrases , and of kindred terms , etymological , historical , geographical and discursive . New ed. edited by William Crooke , B.A. London : J. Murray , 1903 Jump up ^ `` Was the Ramayana actually set in and around today 's Afghanistan ? '' . Jump up ^ Clift ; Gaedicke ; Edwards ; Lee ; Hildebrand ; Amjad ; White ; and Schlüter ( 2002 ) . `` The stratigraphic evolution of the Indus Fan and the history of sedimentation in the Arabian Sea '' . Marine Geophysical Researches. 23 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 245 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Clift , Peter D. ; Blusztajn , Jerzy ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago '' . Nature . 438 ( 7070 ) : 1001 -- 1003 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04379 . PMID 16355221 . Jump up ^ Clift , Peter D. ; Shimizu , N. ; Layne , G.D. ; Blusztajn , J.S. ; Gaedicke , C. ; Schlüter , H. - U. ; Clark , M.K. ; Amjad , S. ( August 2001 ) . `` Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the Western Himalaya and Karakoram '' . GSA Bulletin . 113 ( 8 ) : 1039 -- 1051 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2001 ) 113 < 1039 : DOTIFA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Zeitler , Peter K. ; Koons , Peter O. ; Bishop , Michael P. ; Chamberlain , C. Page ; Craw , David ; Edwards , Michael A. ; Hamidullah , Syed ; Jam , Qasim M. ; Kahn , M. Asif ; Khattak , M. Umar Khan ; Kidd , William S.F. ; Mackie , Randall L. ; Meltzer , Anne S. ; Park , Stephen K. ; Pecher , Arnaud ; Poage , Michael A. ; Sarker , Golam ; Schneider , David A. ; Seeber , Leonardo ; Shroder , John F. ( October 2001 ) . `` Crustal reworking at Nanga Parbat , Pakistan : Metamorphic consequences of thermal - mechanical coupling facilitated by erosion '' . Tectonics. 20 ( 5 ) : 712 -- 728 . doi : 10.1029 / 2000TC001243 . Jump up ^ `` Indus River '' ( PDF ) . World ' top 10 rivers at risk . WWF . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWF -- Indus River Dolphin '' . Wwf.panda.org . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tarabela Dam '' . www. structurae. the cat in the hat . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Basin Project '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Harnessing gigantic hydro power potential of Indus , Jhelum and Chenab rivers in India '' . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global warming benefits to Tibet : Chinese official . Reported 18 August 2009 '' . Google.com. 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pulitzercenter.org Jump up ^ Farrow , Ronan ( 2018 ) . War on Peace : The End of Diplomacy and the Decline of American Influence . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0393652109 . Jump up ^ `` SEPA orders polluting factory to stop production '' . Dawn. 3 Dec 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing poison killing Indus dolphins , PA told '' . Dawn. 8 Mar 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' 18 dolphins died from poisoning in Jan ' '' . Dawn. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Threat to dolphin : Govt bans fishing between Guddu and Sukkur '' . The Express Tribune . 9 Mar 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bodeen , Christopher ( 8 August 2010 ) . `` Asia flooding plunges millions into misery '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Guerin , Orla ( 7 August 2010 ) . `` Pakistan issues flooding ' red alert ' for Sindh province '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Pakistan floods : World Bank to lend $900 m for recovery '' . bbc.co.uk. 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Millions of Pakistan children at risk of flood diseases '' . bbc.co.uk. 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan floods : Oxfam launches emergency aid response '' . BBC World News South Asia . 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Floods worsen , 270 killed : officials '' . The Express Tribune . 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Pakistan Pakmet.com.pk Retrieved on 19 September 2011 Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Government to launch Kandhkot - Ghotki bridge over River Indus next month : Sindh CM '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Sources ( edit ) G.P. Malalasekera ( 1 September 2003 ) , Dictionary of Pali Proper Names , Volume 1 , Asian Educational Services , ISBN 978 - 81 - 2061 - 823 - 7 Albinia , Alice . ( 2008 ) Empires of the Indus : The Story of a River . First American Edition ( 20101 ) W.W. Norton & Company , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33860 - 7 . World Atlas , Millennium Edition , p. 265 . Jean Fairley , `` The Lion River '' , Karachi , 1978 . 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0 NARA : 10038808 NDL : 00628235 VIAF : 237269647 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_River&oldid=843117024 '' Categories : Indus River Rivers of Pakistan Rivers of Sindh Rivers of Gilgit - Baltistan Indus Valley Civilisation Indus basin National symbols of Pakistan Rigvedic rivers Sacred rivers Rivers of China Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region Rivers of Gujarat Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir History of Sindh International rivers of Asia Rivers of India Sarasvati River Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use British English from February 2012 Wikipedia type : river page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing Chinese - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the indus river is important to pakistan because the river | [
"The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means \"land of five rivers\" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan."
] | [
"provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy"
] |
2914279459219142392 | Eiffel Tower | Eiffel tower - wikipedia Eiffel tower Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ) . Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel The Eiffel Tower seen from the Champ de Mars Location within Paris Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement , Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 128 years ago ) Owner City of Paris , France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl ˈtaʊ. ər / EYE - fəl TOW - ər ; French : tour Eiffel , pronounced ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) listen ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed from 1887 -- 89 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second - tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift ( elevator ) to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel , after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments . First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs . Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick . Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 . Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died thanks to Eiffel 's stringent safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . The start of the erection of the metalwork . 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains . The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers . Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit . Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level . The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed . American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze . The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour . The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . Wind considerations When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them . In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests . In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to perfectly complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower . In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Tickets can be purchased online to avoid the long queues . Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse and owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town . It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) . Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower . French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal . 22 . G.H. Frost. 1889 . p. 482 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Loyrette , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Paul Souriau ; Manon Souriau ( 1983 ) . The Aesthetics of Movement . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 412 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eiffel Tower '' . News . The Times ( 32661 ) . London . 1 April 1889 . col B , p. 5 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : And the World 's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris , the Artists Quarreled , and Thomas Edison Became a Count . Viking . pp. 163 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02060 - 7 . Jump up ^ Guillaume Apollinaire ( 1980 ) . Anne Hyde Greet , ed . Calligrammes : Poems of Peace and War ( 1913 -- 1916 ) . University of California Press . pp. 411 -- 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 01968 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Vogel , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Eiffel , Gustave ( 1900 ) . La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres ( in French ) . Paris : Société des imprimeries Lemercier . pp. 171 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Harvie , pp. 122 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvie , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Eiffel , Gustave ( 1900 ) . La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres . Paris : Lemercier . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes . `` Thomas Edison at the Eiffel Tower '' . Wonders and Marvels . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 829 . Jump up ^ `` M. Santos Dumont 's Balloon '' . News . The Times ( 36591 ) . London . 21 October 1901 . col A , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Theodor Wulf . Physikalische Zeitschrift . Contains results of the four - day - long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910 . Jump up ^ `` L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol '' . Le Petit Parisien ( in French ) . 5 February 1912 . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1994 ) . August 1914 . Papermac . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 30516 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herbert ( 2004 ) . A History of Early Television . 2 . Taylor & Francis . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Piers Letcher ( 2003 ) . Eccentric France : The Bradt Guide to Mad , Magical and Marvellous France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An air tragedy '' . The Sunday Times . Perth , WA. 28 February 1926 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont ( 18 November 2002 ) . `` The Silver Spire : How two men 's dreams changed the skyline of New York '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Harriss , pp. 180 -- 84 . Jump up ^ http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675021843_Battle-of-France_unfurl-Nazi-flag_Palace-of-Versailles_Eiffel-Tower_Place-de-la-Concorde Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este ( 2003 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . Henry Holt and Company . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The major events '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's lifts '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Auf der Maur ( 15 September 1980 ) . `` How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Moriarty . `` A Bonanza in Paris '' . Air & Space Magazine . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jano Gibson ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Extreme bid to stretch bungy record '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Thierry Devaux . `` Eiffel Tower 1991 '' . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's illuminations '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ) . Architecture of France . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe . Dorling Kindersley. 2012 . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 231 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor '' . Science Daily . 7 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 807 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` FAQ : History / Technical '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower '' . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE ( 2010 ) . `` The Eiffel Tower Laboratory '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Painting the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings '' . Architectural Teaching Resource . Tata Steel Europe , Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks '' . France 24 . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris '' . Le Monde . France . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike '' . Associated Press . Fox News . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft . `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing , restaurants , links , transit '' . Bonjour Paris . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower '' . History Extra . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo '' . KLM . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed '' . Huffpost Travel . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Pricing the Priceless . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 9 May 2011 . National Geographic Channel ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless '' . The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Bibliography Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . External links Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Eiffel Tower at Structurae Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) Records Preceded by Washington Monument World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m Succeeded by Chrysler Building 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - 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7 SUDOC : 027348857 BNF : cb11941003z ( data ) NDL : 01193444 BNE : XX4850635 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&oldid=805055507 '' Categories : Eiffel Tower Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris Former world 's tallest buildings Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in France Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France Observation towers in France Skyscrapers in Paris Towers completed in 1889 Tourist attractions in Paris Restaurant towers Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Structurae ID different from Wikidata Articles with French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the reason for the eiffel tower | [
"The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel, after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853.[4] In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as \"a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals\".[5] Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments."
] | [
"celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution"
] |
-3899983933033091806 | Saint Lawrence River | Saint Lawrence River - wikipedia Saint Lawrence River This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saint Lawrence River Fleuve Saint - Laurent , Fleuve St - Laurent , St - Lawrence River , St - Laurent River Saint Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay Name origin : Saint Lawrence of Rome Countries Canada , United States Provinces Ontario , Quebec State New York Source Lake Ontario - location Kingston , Ontario / Cape Vincent , New York - elevation 74.7 m ( 245 ft ) - coordinates 44 ° 06 ′ N 76 ° 24 ′ W / 44.100 ° N 76.400 ° W / 44.100 ; - 76.400 Mouth Gulf of St. Lawrence / Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Coordinates : 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Length 500 km ( 310 mi ) Excluding the estuary . Ca . 1200 km if included . Basin 1,344,200 km ( 519,000 sq mi ) Discharge for below the Saguenay River - average 16,800 m / s ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Saint Lawrence / Great Lakes Watershed The Saint Lawrence River ( French : Fleuve Saint - Laurent ; Tuscarora : Kahnawáʼkye ; Mohawk : Kaniatarowanenneh , meaning `` big waterway '' ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America . The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north - easterly direction , connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin . It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is part of the international boundary between Ontario , Canada , and the U.S. state of New York . This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Resident whales 4 Sources 5 Works 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geography ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque , Brockville , Morristown , Ogdensburg , Massena , Cornwall , Montreal , Trois - Rivières , and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the largest estuary in the world . The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans , just downstream from Quebec City . The river becomes tidal around Quebec City . The Saint Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km ( 743.8 mi ) from the outflow of Lake Ontario . These numbers include the estuary ; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca . 500 km ( ca . 300 mi ) . The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing , Minnesota . Its drainage area , which includes the Great Lakes , the world 's largest system of freshwater lakes , is 1,344,200 square kilometres ( 518,998.5 sq mi ) , of which 839,200 km ( 324,016.9 sq mi ) is in Canada and 505,000 km ( 194,981.6 sq mi ) is in the United States . The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada , parts of Illinois , Indiana , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , and Wisconsin , and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in the United States . The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) . At Quebec City , it is 12,101 m / s ( 427,300 cu ft / s ) . The average discharge at the river 's source , the outflow of Lake Ontario , is 7,410 m / s ( 262,000 cu ft / s ) . The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint - Louis south of Montreal , Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry - de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint - Pierre east of Montreal . It encompasses four archipelagoes : the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay , New York and Kingston , Ontario ; the Hochelaga Archipelago , including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus ( Laval ) ; the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago ( classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000 ) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago . Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé . It is the second longest river in Canada . Lake Champlain and the Ottawa , Richelieu , Saint - Maurice , Saint - François and Saguenay rivers drain into the Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean . The faults in the area are rift related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system . According to the United States Geological Survey , the Saint Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division , containing the Champlain and Northern physiographic section . However , in Canada , where most of the valley is , it is instead considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division , and not part of the Appalachian division at all . History ( edit ) Map of 1543 showing Cartier 's discoveries Basque settlements and sites dating from the 16th and 17th centuries Though the Norse explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth and early sixteenth century European mariners , such as John Cabot , the brothers Gaspar , Miguel Corte - Real , and Alonso Sanchez . The first European explorer known to have sailed up the Saint Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier . At that time , the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians ; at the time of Cartier 's second voyage in 1535 . Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day , he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is partly within the U.S. and as such is that country 's sixth oldest surviving European place - name . The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques , who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century . The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements , leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River . Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencible 's disaster ( 1588 ) , when the Spanish Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain and largely destroyed . Initially , the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat . Until the early 17th century , the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the Saint Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal . The Saint Lawrence River served as the main route for European exploration of the North American interior , first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain . Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years ' War . Having captured Louisbourg in 1758 , the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook . British troops were ferried via the Saint Lawrence to attack the city from the west , which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760 . Because of the virtually impassable Lachine Rapids , the Saint Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal . Opened in 1825 , the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids . An extensive system of canals and locks , known as the Saint Lawrence Seaway , was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II ( representing Canada ) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( representing the United States ) . The Seaway now permits ocean - going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior . During the Second World War , the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower Saint Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence , Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942 , September 1943 , and again in October and November 1944 . During this time , German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships . In the late 1970s , the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign ( called `` Save the River '' ) , originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The campaign was organized , among others , by Abbie Hoffman . Resident whales ( edit ) See also : Saguenay -- St. Lawrence Marine Park Watching fin whales off Tadoussac Beluga whale ( Near Threatened ) Sperm whale ( Vulnerable ) Minke whale Fin whale ( Endangered ) Blue whale ( Endangered ) Northern bottlenose whale Northern Atlantic right whale ( now rarer due to Endangered status , but increasing in St. Lawrence regions since in 1995 or 1998 ) Bowhead whale ( very occasionally , historically common ) North Atlantic gray whale ( Extinct ) Humpback whale Sources ( edit ) The source of the North River in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota ( Seven Beaver Lake ) is considered to be the source of the Saint Lawrence River . Because it crosses so many lakes , the water system frequently changes its name . From source to mouth , the names are : North River Saint Louis River Lake Superior Saint Marys River Lake Huron Saint Clair River Lake Saint Clair Detroit River Lake Erie Niagara River Lake Ontario The Saint Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint - Louis and Lake Saint - Pierre in Quebec . Saint Lawrence River between Quebec City ( left foreground ) and Lévis ( seen at right ) . The Île d'Orléans appears in the central distance . Works ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence River is at the heart of many Quebec novels ( Anne Hébert 's Kamouraska , Réjean Ducharme 's L'avalée des avalés ) , poems ( in works of Pierre Morency , Bernard Pozier ) , and songs ( Leonard Cohen 's `` Suzanne '' , Michel Rivard 's `` L'oubli '' , Joe Dassin 's `` Dans les yeux d'Émilie '' ) , and André Gagnon 's `` Le Saint - Laurent '' ) . The river was the setting for the Canadian television drama series Seaway . The river has also been portrayed in paintings , notably by the Group of Seven . In addition , the river is the namesake of Saint - Laurent Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority . In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes , Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea . Musician David Usher released the song `` St. Lawrence River '' on his Little Songs album in 1998 . The novel and film Black Robe is set primarily on the St. Lawrence River during the 17th century . See also ( edit ) Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary of Saint Lawrence Lac Saint - Pierre Lachine Rapids RMS Empress of Ireland Saint Lawrence Seaway Steamboats in Canada NEPCO 140 Oil Spill Boldt Castle Container on barge Grindstone Island Jorstadt Castle Wellesley Island List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) List of longest rivers of Canada List of Quebec rivers List of Ontario rivers List of New York rivers List of crossings of the Saint Lawrence River Geography of Canada portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada , Atlas of Canada - Rivers ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur C. ; Cushing , Colbert E. ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . pp. 989 -- 990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rudes , B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1999 Jump up ^ Arkus , Mike ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Down the St. Lawrence , the World 's Largest Estuary : Canadian Odyssey on the Looney Front - Part 21 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Samuel Edward ( October 2007 ) . The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands . Heritage Books . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 2 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lac Saint - Pierre et son archipel . Pleinairalacarte.com ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , William Henry ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . French Pathfinders in North America . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Spanish names Florida , Dry Tortugas , Cape Canaveral , Appalachian , and California appeared earlier ... From Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 's accounts , published in 1601 -- Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 17 , 29 . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire en vue ! Merci d'appeler Urgences Mammifères Marins ! - Baleines en direct '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hear them coming : right whales return to the Gulf of St. Lawrence '' . Fisheries and Oceans Canada Homepage. 2013 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire dans le Parc marin du Saguenay - Saint - Laurent '' . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire observée près de l'île Rouge - Baleines en direct '' . Jump up ^ Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence River and Seaway '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohayon , Albert ( 2009 ) . `` When Cousteau Came to Canada '' . NFB.ca . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.ca/Little-Songs-Usher-David/dp/B000065Q67/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1410971002&sr=8-5&keywords=little+songs Further reading ( edit ) Creighton , Donald Grant ( 2002 ) ( 1937 ) , The empire of the St. Lawrence : a study in commerce and politics ( reprint ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8418 - 4 Dawson , Samuel Edward ( 2003 ) , The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands , Heritage Books , ISBN 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 9 Ellis , William S. ( May 1980 ) . `` Canada 's Highway to the Sea '' . National Geographic . Vol. 157 no . 5 . pp. 586 -- 623 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . McNeese , Tim ( 2005 ) , The St. Lawrence River , Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0791082458 Parham , Claire Puccia ( 2009 ) , The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction show on earth , Syracuse University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0913 - 1 Stagg , Ronald ( 2010 ) , The Golden Dream : A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway , Dundurn Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 887 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Lawrence River . Regional Geography of the Saint Lawrence River Information about Juniper Island ( Ontario ) St. Lawrence Parks Commission ( Ontario ) Great Lakes Saint Lawrence Seaway System Safe Passage : Aids to Navigation on the Saint Lawrence -- Historical essay , illustrated with drawings and photographs Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region . International Saint Lawrence River Board of Control Saint Lawrence River from The Canadian Encyclopedia Saint Lawrence River Cam Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary , St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea The Steamboats Sir James Kemp and Lord Dalhousie on the River St. Lawrence , Upper Canada in 1833 by D.J. Kennedy , Historical Society of Pennsylvania hide Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Nottawasaga Bay Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties BNF : cb15336896h ( data ) GND : 4077008 - 4 LCCN : sh85116587 NARA : 10045710 VIAF : 316432323 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lawrence_River&oldid=843118022 '' Categories : Saint Lawrence River North American watersheds of the Atlantic Ocean Physiographic provinces International rivers of North America Rivers of New York ( state ) Rivers of Ontario Canada -- United States border Rivers of Montérégie Rivers of Capitale - Nationale Rivers of St. Lawrence County , New York Regions of New York ( state ) Rivers of Quebec Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from September 2017 All accuracy disputes Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which way does the st. lawrence river flow | [
"The Saint Lawrence River (French: Fleuve Saint-Laurent; Tuscarora: Kahnawáʼkye;[3] Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning \"big waterway\") is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the international boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway."
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"in a roughly north-easterly direction"
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7635225771366909669 | The Last Boy Scout | The Last Boy Scout - wikipedia The Last Boy Scout Jump to : navigation , search The Last Boy Scout Theatrical release poster Directed by Tony Scott Produced by Joel Silver Michael Levy Screenplay by Shane Black Story by Shane Black Greg Hicks Starring Bruce Willis Damon Wayans Chelsea Field Noble Willingham Taylor Negron Danielle Harris Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Ward Russell Edited by Stuart Baird Mark Helfrich Production company Geffen Pictures Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 13 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $59.5 million The Last Boy Scout is a 1991 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott , starring Bruce Willis , Damon Wayans , Chelsea Field , Noble Willingham , Taylor Negron and Danielle Harris . The film was released in the United States on December 13 , 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Shooting 3.3 Original script 4 Awards 5 Reception 6 Music 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) During halftime at a televised football game , L.A. Stallions running back Billy Cole receives a phone call from a mysterious man named Milo , warning him to win the game or he 's `` history '' . Cole ingests PCP and , in a drug - induced rage , brings a gun onto the field , shooting three opposing players to reach the end zone . Cole then shoots himself in the head . Meanwhile , private investigator Joseph Hallenbeck , a disgraced former secret service agent who at one time was a national hero for saving the president from an assassination attempt , discovers that his wife Sarah is having an affair with his best friend and business partner , Mike Matthews . Mike gives Joe an assignment to act as bodyguard for a stripper named Cory . Afterwards , Mike is killed by a car bomb outside Joe 's house . Joe is approached by Cory 's boyfriend , former Stallions quarterback Jimmy Dix , who was banned from the league on gambling charges and alleged steroid abuse . After an argument where Joe and Jimmy scuffle , an annoyed Jimmy takes Cory from the stage while she is performing . Joe plans to wait outside , where he is knocked out by a team of hitmen . Jimmy and Cory leave the bar in separate cars while Joe is left to dispatch one of the hitmen . When Cory is struck from behind and stops to confront the other driver , she is killed by the hitmen . Jimmy is fired upon and pinned down , but is saved by Joe . At Cory 's house , Jimmy and Joe find a taped phone conversation between Senator Calvin Baynard , who is leading a congressional investigation into gambling in sports , and Stallions owner Sheldon Marcone . When the tape is ruined in Joe 's faulty car stereo , Jimmy realizes that Cory tried using the tape against Marcone to put Jimmy back on the team , prompting Marcone to send the hitmen . Joe saves Jimmy from a second car bomb , and manages to trick two hitmen into blowing themselves up . However , the explosion destroys the remaining evidence . Joe reveals to Jimmy that when he was in the Secret Service , he witnessed Baynard torturing a woman in a hotel room and assaulted the senator to stop the attack . Baynard retaliated by having Joe fired from the Secret Service for refusing to cover up the incident . At Joe 's house , Jimmy meets Joe 's abrasive daughter Darian . When Joe catches Jimmy attempting to use illegal painkillers in the bathroom , Joe kicks him out . As Jimmy leaves , Darian asks him to sign a football trading card , stating that Joe was a fan of Jimmy 's and never watched another game after he was banned from the league . He leaves her with the signed card , `` To the daughter of the last Boy Scout . '' Learning of Mike 's affair with Sarah , the police assume Joe killed him and move to make an arrest . But Milo , Marcone 's top henchman , captures Joe first and shoots a detective using Joe 's gun . Marcone explains to Joe that he has been buying Senate votes to legalize sports gambling , but that Baynard tried to blackmail Marcone for $6 million . Being aware of Joe 's history with Baynard , Marcone explains it would be cheaper to kill the senator and frame Joe for the murder . Joe is forced to hand a briefcase full of money to Baynard 's bodyguards , who switched it with a wired briefcase . Joe is rescued by Jimmy and Darian , and acquires both briefcases after running the bodyguards and Milo off the road . However , Milo survives and while Darian is left to wait for the police , she is abducted by Milo . Heading to the stadium to rescue Darian , Joe and Jimmy are captured and escorted to Marcone 's office . Jimmy creates a diversion , allowing them to fight their way free . Realizing Milo will attempt to shoot Baynard , Joe goes after Milo while sending Jimmy to warn the senator . Grabbing the game ball , Jimmy throws it at Baynard , knocking him down just as Milo starts shooting . Joe knocks Milo to the edge of the stadium light platform , where S.W.A.T. officers shoot him several times . Milo then falls into the moving rotor blades of a helicopter . The suitcase of money is recovered and the fleeing Marcone , having escaped with the rigged briefcase , is killed when he opens it at his house . The next day , Joe and Sarah reconcile , and Joe and Jimmy decide to become partners . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Willis as Joseph `` Joe '' Cornelius Hallenbeck Damon Wayans as James `` Jimmy '' Alexander Dix Chelsea Field as Sarah Hallenbeck Noble Willingham as Sheldon Marcone Taylor Negron as Milo Danielle Harris as Darian Hallenbeck Halle Berry as Cory Bruce McGill as Mike Matthews Kim Coates as Chet Chelcie Ross as Senator Calvin Baynard Joe Santos as Benjamin Bessalo Clarence Felder as McCoskey Tony Longo as Big Ray Walston Frank Collison as Pablo Eddie Griffin as Club DJ Billy Blanks as Billy Cole Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film was based on an original script by Shane Black who was known for writing Lethal Weapon . He wrote the script after having taken a two - year break from writing , triggered in part by the end of a relationship . Black later recalled : I was busy mourning my life and , in many ways , the loss of my first real love . I did n't feel much like doing anything except smoking cigarettes and reading paperbacks . All things come around . Time passed and eventually I sat down and transformed some of that bitterness into a character , the central focus of a private eye story which became The Last Boy Scout . Writing that script was a very cathartic experience , one of the best experiences I 've ever had . I spent so much time alone working on that . Days which I would n't speak . Three , four days where I maybe said a couple words . It was a wonderfully intense time where my focus was better than it 's ever been . And I was rewarded so handsomely ( $1.75 million ) for that script , if felt like a vindication and like I was back on track . Shooting ( edit ) The Last Boy Scout was filmed in 90 days between March 11 and June 9 , 1991 . The film had a very troubled production . Everybody involved in the film had a miserable time working on it . Producer Joel Silver and main actor Bruce Willis took over the production , altered much of Shane Black 's original script and forced director Tony Scott to film scenes he disliked under threat of being fired . Silver mentioned in later interviews how making of The Last Boy Scout was one of the three worst experiences in his life , while Willis swore that he would never work with Silver again . In his next film , True Romance , Scott parodied Silver by having character Lee Donowitz , a movie producer who is also a cocaine user and dealer , act just like Silver . Scott said about Silver ; `` He 's insane , with long , horrible fits of sanity . '' He compared Silver to a fighter pilot riding as a passenger . `` As soon as you hit a little bit of turbulence , he 's right away going to throw the guy out of the window and take over the steering . '' Taylor Negron , who played Milo described Silver as extremely hands on and involved himself in every aspect of the production . Assistant director James Skotchdopole later recalled how some of the production problems were caused due to the `` Overabundance of alpha males on that project '' . As he said in an interview ; `` Bruce was at the height of his stardom , so was Joel , so was Tony and so was Shane . There were a lot of people who had a lot of opinions about what to do . There were some heated , early - Nineties , testosterone charged personalities on the line . It was a ' charged environment ' , shall we say . '' Writer Shane Black also said about problems with the script ; `` I was forced to do more rewriting on that movie than on anything else I 've done . There was tremendous pressure from the studio to get Bruce Willis and have this be a follow - up to Die Hard . He was reluctant , and rightly so : ' This whole movie is about me saving my wife . I just did that in Die Hard . ' So they said , ' OK , let 's minimize the wife and , and while we 're at it , add a big finale . There was a general pressure to somehow make it bigger . '' Although they play buddies in the film , Willis and Damon Wayans hated working with each other so much that they despised each other . Composer Michael Kamen hated the first cut of the film when he saw it , and he only agreed to compose music for it because of his personal ties to Willis and Silver . Editor Stuart Baird was brought in by Silver and Warner Bros. to completely re-edit the film since the original cut turned out to be a borderline unwatchable workprint . Baird did the same job with several other Warner Bros. films , including Tango & Cash , which suffered even more problems during production . One of the reasons for problems with post production re-editing of the film was Scott 's habit of filming excessive coverage with multiple cameras . Editor Mark Helfrich said how he had to go through `` mountains of raw material '' in order to edit the first cut of the film . He mentioned ; `` There was more footage shot for The Last Boy Scout than on any film I had ever worked on . '' He recalled with incredulity that the work of previous editors appeared to have been rejected , taken apart and put back into the daily reels : `` There were still splices all over the place . '' Expert action movie editor Mark Goldblatt who also worked on the film recalls it as one the most painful and frustrating experiences of his entire career and refuses to talk about it in interviews . He did mentioned in podcast interview how before he was brought in several other editors were hired but were then fired for some reasons , and how Warner Bros. started testing the movie before it was completely finished . They were very worried about the movie because they put lot of money into it but reactions from test screening audience were n't very positive , and they also thought that Willis 's character was n't very likeable . It was n't until Stuart Baird was hired that movie was finally turned into something watchable . Some later cuts were done on the film 's graphic scenes after it was originally rated NC - 17 , which explains quick - cut edits in some of the death scenes in the film . Original script ( edit ) Joel Silver said in a Q&A for The Nice Guys ( 2016 ) that Shane Black 's original title was Die Hard . Silver asked if he could take the title for a project he was working on at the time called Nothing Lasts Forever , which eventually became Die Hard ( 1988 ) . Shane Black and Tony Scott both said in later years how the original script was far better than the final film . Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for two MTV Movie Awards . Best Action Sequence -- For the helicopter blade sequence Best On - Screen Duo -- Bruce Willis & Damon Wayans Reception ( edit ) The film under - performed expectations given the star power and hype surrounding the then record price paid for the screenplay by Shane Black ( $1.75 million ) . Roger Ebert gave the film three stars , saying it was `` a superb example of what it is : a glossy , skillful , cynical , smart , utterly corrupt and vilely misogynistic action thriller '' . It has a 44 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews . Reviews were mixed , and some critics cited the Christmas time release for such a violent film as a reason for its somewhat underwhelming box office . It grossed $7,923,669 in its opening weekend , and the total gross was $59,509,925 . Although the film was not a blockbuster , it helped Bruce Willis recover his star status after the disastrous Hudson Hawk , and both turned a profit at the box office and became hugely popular in the video rental market . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen ( who also scored Hudson Hawk that year ) , his only work for Tony Scott . Bill Medley performed the song `` Friday Night 's A Great Night For Football , '' written by Steve Dorff and John Bettis , on screen during the opening credits ( the song is also reprised over the end titles ) ; the song was released as a CD single by Curb Records . On August 25 , 2015 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition soundtrack album featuring most of Kamen 's score , plus Medley 's song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout -- PowerGrind '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Erik ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` '' I Like Violence '' -- Shane Black `` . Creative Screenwriting . Jump up ^ `` Last Boy Scout , The ( 1991 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` A Talk With Taylor Negron - Retro Junk Article '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Larry ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` ' The Last Boy Scout ' , Shane Black and Tony Scott 's LA Miracle '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who killed The Last Boy Scout ? Bruce Willis , Shane Black and the making of an action masterpiece '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knight , Jacob ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` Acid In The Coliseum : The Films Of Tony Scott ( Part Two ) '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Mengarelli , Frank ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` PTS Presents EDITOR 'S SUITE with MARK GOLDBLATT Vol. 2 '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Black Reveals The Hero Of ' Predator ' & It 's Not Arnold Schwarzenegger , Talks Time Travel Horror Script And More '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://movie-scripts.net/L/last_boy_scout(1991).pdf Jump up ^ `` The films of Tony Scott : The Last Boy Scout '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Adler , Leslie ( 1991 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Movie Studios Urgently Need Christmas Hits '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1992 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout '' . Washington Post . 1991 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Last Boy Scout `` The Last Boy Scout '' Check url = value ( help ) . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout '' . Variety . 1990 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1991 - 12 - 23 ) . `` JFK , ` Hook ' Bring Out the Crowds ` Hook ' Stays Atop Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1991 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Weekend Box Office Holiday Sweepstakes Starts This Week '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( 1992 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Video Rental Chart : ' Last Boy Scout ' Eyes First Place '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve ( 1992 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Video Rental Chart : A ' Boy Scout ' Unseats a ' King ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Friday Night 's A Great Night For Football `` '' . Jump up ^ `` The Last Boy Scout album page on La - La Land '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last Boy Scout The Last Boy Scout on IMDb The Last Boy Scout at the TCM Movie Database The Last Boy Scout at AllMovie The Last Boy Scout at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Boy Scout at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Tony Scott One of the Missing ( 1968 ) Loving Memory ( 1971 ) The Hunger ( 1983 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Revenge ( 1990 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) True Romance ( 1993 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) The Fan ( 1996 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) Man on Fire ( 2004 ) Agent Orange ( 2004 ) Domino ( 2005 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) Unstoppable ( 2010 ) Films by Shane Black Written and directed Kiss Kiss Bang Bang ( 2005 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Edge ( 2015 ) The Nice Guys ( 2016 ) The Predator ( 2018 ) Written only Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) The Long Kiss Goodnight ( 1996 ) A.W.O.L. ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Boy_Scout&oldid=815801429 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s action thriller films 1990s buddy films 1990s crime thriller films American films American action thriller films American buddy films American crime thriller films American detective films American football films Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Silver Pictures films The Geffen Film Company films Warner Bros. films Films scored by Michael Kamen Films directed by Tony Scott Films produced by Joel Silver Screenplays by Shane Black Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played billy cole in the last boy scout | [
"Billy Blanks as Billy Cole"
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"Billy Blanks"
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4720743373976264015 | Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry | Arsenal F.C. -- Chelsea F.C. Rivalry - wikipedia Arsenal F.C. -- Chelsea F.C. Rivalry Jump to : navigation , search London derby Arsenal and Chelsea players prepare for a corner kick during a Premier League match on 10 May 2009 . Other names Arsenal F.C. vs. Chelsea F.C. Locale London Teams Arsenal , Chelsea First meeting Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal 1907 -- 08 Football League ( 9 November 1907 ) Latest meeting Chelsea 0 -- 0 Arsenal Premier League ( 17 September 2017 ) Next meeting Arsenal v Chelsea Premier League ( 1 January 2018 ) Statistics Meetings total 192 Most wins Arsenal ( 74 ) Top scorer Didier Drogba ( 13 ) All - time series Arsenal : 74 Drawn : 56 Chelsea : 62 Largest victory Chelsea 6 -- 0 Arsenal ( 22 March 2014 ) The rivalry between Arsenal and Chelsea is a football local derby in London between the two clubs . Arsenal play their home games at the Emirates Stadium , while Chelsea play their home games at Stamford Bridge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 3 Players who have played for or managed both teams 3.1 Arsenal to Chelsea 3.2 Chelsea to Arsenal 4 Top scorers in the Premier League 5 Honours 6 Statistics 7 Highest attendances 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) While they never considered each other primary rivals , as two of the biggest and most successful clubs in London there has always been strong needle between the fans dating back to the 1930s . Matches between them would often attract large attendances . The Arsenal and Chelsea rivalry has been more recently considered an important derby , after Chelsea 's rise to the top class of the Premier League in the 2000s , when the two started to compete constantly for the Premier League title . According to an internet survey of fans in December 2003 , the Arsenal fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Chelsea as their third rival , after Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Those Chelsea fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Arsenal as their main rival , however Tottenham and Queens Park Rangers are their more traditional rivals . In a 2009 survey by the Football Fans Census , Arsenal fans named Chelsea as the club they disliked the most , ahead of their traditional rivals Tottenham . Chelsea fans named Arsenal as their second most - disliked club , behind Liverpool . A 2014 Bleacher Report article ranks Arsenal as Chelsea 's second-most hated rival . History ( edit ) The first league meeting between the two teams took place on 9 November 1907 at Stamford Bridge . This was the first Football League First Division game played between two London clubs and drew a crowd of 65,000 . A match between the clubs at Stamford Bridge in 1935 drew a crowd of 82,905 , the second highest recorded attendance for an English league match . They met in two close contested FA Cup semi-finals in the 1950s , with Arsenal winning both times . In the 1960s Chelsea dominated the tie with 14 wins , two draws and just two losses during the decade . The clubs have contested three major finals : the 2002 FA Cup Final , which Arsenal won 2 -- 0 , the 2007 Football League Cup Final , which Chelsea won 2 -- 1 , and the 2017 FA Cup Final , which Arsenal won 2 -- 1 . The two teams have also met in the UEFA Champions League in the quarter - finals in 2003 -- 04 , drawing 1 -- 1 at Stamford Bridge , and Chelsea winning 2 -- 1 at Highbury to go through to the semi-finals . In 2006 , the transfer of Ashley Cole from Arsenal to Chelsea further stoked the rivalry , as Cole had been caught meeting Chelsea officials months before . The 2007 League Cup final was one of the most noted incidents . The game was marred by a fracas involving Frank Lampard , Cesc Fàbregas and others that resulted in yellow cards for the two and three other players sent off , the dismissal of Emmanuel Adebayor and incidents of Chelsea fans throwing celery at Arsenal players . This led the media to dub it the `` Snarling Cup final '' . The match ended in a 2 -- 1 victory for Chelsea . On 27 December 2010 , Chelsea came into the Emirates having beaten Arsenal five times in a row by a goal differencial of 13 -- 2 . Arsenal , however , were victorious , 3 -- 1 . On 29 October 2011 , another game was played at Stamford Bridge . Arsenal won 5 -- 3 with Robin van Persie scoring a hat - trick and André Santos and Theo Walcott scoring one goal each . Frank Lampard , John Terry and Juan Mata scored the goals for Chelsea . On 22 March 2014 , in Arsène Wenger 's 1,000 th game in charge , Chelsea won 6 -- 0 . This marked the most goals Chelsea had scored against Arsenal , Chelsea 's biggest margin of victory against Arsenal and the joint heaviest margin of defeat suffered by Wenger at Arsenal . Notable incidents in the match included Chelsea jumping out to a three - goal lead inside of 15 minutes , as well as the sending off of Kieran Gibbs by referee Andre Marriner for a handball committed by his teammate Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain . On 5 October 2014 , Chelsea beat Arsenal 2 -- 0 , which meant Arsenal manager Wenger had not won against José Mourinho in 12 attempts . This game also featured former Arsenal captain Cesc Fàbregas playing against his former club for Chelsea for the first time , recording an assist on Diego Costa 's goal . The match , however , is most notable for a touchline fracas that occurred between the managers in the technical area during the fierce match . On 2 August 2015 , Wenger finally recorded a win against Mourinho , defeating Chelsea 1 -- 0 in the 2015 FA Community Shield . On 24 September 2016 , Arsenal beat Chelsea 3 -- 0 at the Emirates Stadium . It was the first time Arsenal scored against Chelsea since 2013 , and Arsenal 's first win over The Blues since 2011 in the Premier League . All three goals were scored in the first half by Alexis Sánchez , Theo Walcott and Mesut Özil . It was Arsenal 's biggest win over Chelsea since 1997 . On 4 February 2017 , Chelsea beat Arsenal 3 -- 1 . Former Arsenal captain Cesc Fàbregas scored Chelsea 's third goal . The two teams have met in the 2017 FA Cup Final , where Arsenal won their record 13th FA Cup trophy by defeating Chelsea 2 -- 1 . Arsenal repeated the feat in the 2017 FA Community Shield , winning 4 -- 1 on penalties after the match ended 1 -- 1 . It was also the first time the `` ABBA '' penalty taking system has been used in FA football . Overall , Arsenal have won the more games in history , having won 74 times to Chelsea 's 62 , with 56 draws ( as of 17 September 2017 ) . Arsenal 's record win was a 5 -- 1 victory in a First Division match at Stamford Bridge on 29 November 1930 . Chelsea 's record win was a 6 -- 0 victory at Stamford Bridge in the Premier League on 22 March 2014 . Chelsea also had scored five goals against Arsenal at Highbury on 11 November 1998 . On 29 September 2012 , Chelsea became the first team to beat Arsenal three times at the Emirates with a 2 -- 1 away victory . This followed a 4 -- 1 win in 2009 and a 3 -- 0 scoreline later that year . Didier Drogba holds the mark for the most derby goals with 13 in all competitions . Players who have played for or managed both teams ( edit ) Arsenal to Chelsea ( edit ) Sandy MacFarlane ( as player : Arsenal 1896 -- 1897 / Chelsea 1913 -- 1914 ) Jimmy Sharp ( as player : Arsenal 1905 -- 1908 / Chelsea 1912 -- 1915 ) Leslie Knighton ( as manager : Arsenal 1919 -- 1925 / Chelsea 1933 -- 1939 ) Bob Turnbull ( as player : Arsenal 1923 -- 1924 / Chelsea 1925 -- 1928 ) Ted Drake ( as player : Arsenal 1934 -- 1945 ) / ( as manager : Chelsea 1952 -- 1961 ) Tommy Docherty ( as player : Arsenal 1958 -- 1961 / Chelsea 1961 -- 1962 ) / ( as manager : Chelsea 1961 -- 1967 ) Allan Young ( as player : Arsenal 1959 -- 1961 / Chelsea 1961 -- 1969 ) John Hollins ( as player : Chelsea 1963 -- 1975 / Arsenal 1979 -- 1983 / Chelsea 1983 -- 1984 ) / ( as manager : Chelsea 1985 -- 1988 ) Tommy Baldwin ( as player : Arsenal 1964 -- 1966 / Chelsea 1966 -- 1974 ) Alan Hudson ( as player : Chelsea 1968 -- 1974 / Arsenal 1976 -- 1978 / Chelsea 1983 -- 1984 ) Graham Rix ( as player : Arsenal 1975 -- 1988 / Chelsea 1995 ) / ( as caretaker manager : Chelsea 2000 ) Clive Allen ( as player : Arsenal 1980 / Chelsea 1991 -- 1992 ) Peter Nicholas ( as player : Arsenal 1981 -- 1983 / Chelsea 1988 -- 1991 ) David Rocastle ( as player : Arsenal 1984 -- 1992 / Chelsea 1994 -- 1998 ) Emmanuel Petit ( as player : Arsenal 1997 -- 2000 / Chelsea 2001 -- 2004 ) Nicolas Anelka ( as player : Arsenal 1997 -- 1999 / Chelsea 2008 -- 2012 ) Ashley Cole ( as player : Arsenal 1999 -- 2006 / Chelsea 2006 -- 2014 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( as player : Arsenal 2003 -- 2011 / Chelsea 2014 -- present ) Chelsea to Arsenal ( edit ) Tommy Lawton ( as player : Chelsea 1945 -- 1947 / Arsenal 1953 -- 1955 ) Johnny Paton ( as player : Chelsea 1946 -- 1947 ) / ( as coach : Arsenal ' A ' 1961 -- 1965 ) Bill Dickson ( as player : Chelsea 1947 -- 1953 / Arsenal 1953 -- 1956 ) George Graham ( as player : Chelsea 1964 -- 1966 / Arsenal 1966 -- 1972 ) / ( as manager : Arsenal 1986 -- 95 ) Stewart Houston ( as player : Chelsea 1967 -- 1972 ) / ( as caretaker manager : Arsenal 1995 , 1996 ) Colin Pates ( as player : Chelsea 1979 -- 1988 / Arsenal 1990 -- 1993 ) Lassana Diarra ( as player : Chelsea 2005 -- 2007 / Arsenal 2007 -- 2008 ) William Gallas ( as player : Chelsea 2001 -- 2006 / Arsenal 2006 -- 2010 ) Yossi Benayoun ( as player : Chelsea 2010 -- 2013 / Arsenal on loan 2011 -- 2012 ) Petr Čech ( as player : Chelsea 2004 -- 2015 / Arsenal 2015 -- present ) Top scorers in the Premier League ( edit ) Rank Scorer Club Goals Thierry Henry Arsenal 8 Didier Drogba Chelsea Ian Wright Arsenal 7 Robin van Persie Arsenal 5 5 Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal Theo Walcott Arsenal 7 Dennis Wise Chelsea Nwankwo Kanu Arsenal Gianfranco Zola Chelsea John Terry Chelsea Juan Mata Chelsea Frank Lampard Chelsea Eden Hazard Chelsea Honours ( edit ) International competitions Arsenal Chelsea UEFA Champions League 0 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup UEFA Super Cup 0 National competitions Arsenal Chelsea First Division / Premier League 13 6 FA Cup 13 7 League Cup 5 League Centenary Trophy -- Full Members ' Cup -- FA Community Shield 15 Total 46 29 Statistics ( edit ) Chelsea 's traditional home kit Arsenal 's traditional home kit As of 17 September 2017 . Club GF GA League Arsenal 161 62 48 51 224 207 Chelsea 161 51 48 62 207 224 FA Cup Arsenal 20 9 6 5 32 23 Chelsea 20 5 6 9 23 32 EFL Cup Arsenal 6 0 6 14 Chelsea 6 0 14 6 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 0 Chelsea 0 FA Community Shield Arsenal Chelsea Totals Arsenal 192 74 56 62 267 250 Chelsea 192 62 56 74 250 267 Highest attendances ( edit ) 1 . Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea : 89,472 ( 27 May 2017 ) , Wembley ( neutral ) 2 . Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal : 88,103 ( 18 April 2009 ) , Wembley ( neutral ) 3 . Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea : 85,437 ( 2 August 2015 ) , Wembley ( neutral ) 4 . Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea : 83,325 ( 6 August 2017 ) , Wembley ( neutral ) 5 . Chelsea 1 -- 1 Arsenal : 82,905 ( 12 October 1935 ) , Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea home ) 6 . Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea : 73,963 ( 4 May 2002 ) , Millennium ( neutral ) 7 . Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea : 68,084 ( 5 April 1952 ) , White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur home ) 8 . Chelsea 2 -- 1 Woolwich Arsenal : 65,000 ( 9 November 1907 ) , Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea home ) 9 . Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea : 62,642 ( 20 March 1973 ) , Highbury ( Arsenal home ) 10 . Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea : 60,139 ( 16 December 2007 ) , Emirates ( Arsenal home ) See also ( edit ) English football portal London portal Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry Chelsea F.C. -- Leeds United A.F.C. rivalry Chelsea F.C. - Tottenham Hotspur F.C. rivalry North London derby West London derby References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 6 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivalry Uncovered ! '' ( PDF ) . The Football Fans Census . December 2003 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ London Football Report Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea FC : Ranking the Blues ' 5 Most Hated Rivals '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea v Woolwich Arsenal , 09 November 1907 '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attendances '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ DERBY DEBATE -- PAST AND PRESENT . Review.chelseafc.com ( 29 November 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashley Cole transfer saga '' . The Times . London . 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless Arsenal come of age to turn Chelsea 's slump into a crisis '' . The Guardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC . 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26590673 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29398780 Jump up ^ Cryer , Andy ( 2 August 2015 ) . `` Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea '' . BBC . UK . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Arsenal a joy to watch ; Conte 's defensive crisis '' . teamtalk.com. 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Chelsea '' . The Guardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Wenger hails Arsenal after win over Chelsea '' . Bangkok Post . Thailand . 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 6 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Arsenal vs. Chelsea . Soccerbase . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Stuart ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` Serves you right for not signing me , Arsene ! Drogba further torments Wenger by making it 15 goals in 15 games against the Gunners '' . Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea vs Arsenal : 10 Players Who Played for Both Sides '' . 90 Min.com . Jump up ^ `` They 've played for both teams : 10 Chelsea - Arsenal turncoats '' . Dream Team FC.com . Jump up ^ `` From Ashley Cole To George Graham - The Footballers Who Have Played For Both Chelsea And Arsenal '' . goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Transfer News : Gunners complete swoop for ex-Chelsea defender '' . Express.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Honours -- First Team '' . Arsenal F.C. official website . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Cabinet '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy 1988 '' . FootballDatabase.eu . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Head to head Arsenal vs. Chelsea '' . soccerbase.com . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : stamford - bridge website Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea , 02 August 2015 '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea , 06 August 2017 '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Soccerbase Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Reserves Arsenal Academy Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery The Gooner Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Chelsea Football Club Players Managers History Honours Records and Statistics Seasons Current season Home stadium Stamford Bridge Chelsea Pitch Owners Cobham Training Centre Other teams Ladies Under - 23s & Academy Media Chelsea TV Rivalries League record by opponent Arsenal rivalry Leeds United rivalry Tottenham rivalry West London derby Other In Europe Chelsea Headhunters Notable matches All articles Book : Chelsea F.C. Category : Chelsea F.C. Portal : Association football Commons : Chelsea F.C. Football in London League teams ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Brentford Fulham Millwall Queens Park Rangers AFC Wimbledon Charlton Athletic Barnet Non-League teams ( tiers 5 -- 8 ) 5 Bromley Dagenham & Redbridge Leyton Orient Sutton United 6 Hampton & Richmond Borough Wealdstone Welling United 7 Dulwich Hamlet Enfield Town Harrow Borough Hendon Tooting & Mitcham United Wingate & Finchley 8 A.F.C. Hornchurch Barking Carshalton Athletic Corinthian - Casuals Cray Wanderers Greenwich Borough Hanwell Town Haringey Borough Hayes & Yeading United Northwood Phoenix Sports Uxbridge VCD Athletic Rivalries London derbies Arsenal -- Chelsea Millwall -- West Ham North South East West Cup competitions London Senior Cup London Intermediate Cup London Junior Cup London Charity Cup ( defunct ) London Challenge Cup ( defunct ) See also The Football Combination London Football Association London XI London League ( defunct ) West London League ( defunct ) Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 A62 Arsenal -- Manchester United Aston Villa -- West Bromwich Black Country Bolton -- Wigan Brighton -- Crystal Palace Bristol Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds United Chester -- Wrexham East Anglia East Lancashire East Midlands Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest Essex Humber Leeds United -- Millwall Lincolnshire Liverpool -- Manchester United London Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 M69 Manchester Merseyside North East Tees -- Wear Tyne -- Tees Tyne -- Wear Nottingham Potteries Roses Rules Second City Severnside South Coast Steel City West Country West Lancashire West Yorkshire Wool City Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Highland Lanarkshire New Firm North Old Firm Renfrewshire Tayside Wales Chester -- Wrexham Severnside South Wales Northern Ireland Belfast Big Two North Belfast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_F.C. -- Chelsea_F. C. _rivalry&oldid = 804713172 '' Categories : Arsenal F.C. Chelsea F.C. England football derbies London derbies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won more premier league titles arsenal or chelsea | [
"\nLondon derby\n\n\nArsenal and Chelsea players prepare for a corner kick during a Premier League match on 10 May 2009.\n\n\n\nOther names\nArsenal F.C. vs. Chelsea F.C.\n\n\nLocale\nLondon\n\n\nTeams\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n\n\nFirst meeting\nChelsea 2–1 Arsenal\n1907–08 Football League\n(9 November 1907)\n\n\nLatest meeting\nChelsea 0–0 Arsenal\nPremier League\n(17 September 2017)\n\n\nNext meeting\nArsenal v Chelsea\nPremier League\n(1 January 2018)\n\n\nStatistics\n\n\nMeetings total\n192\n\n\nMost wins\nArsenal (74)\n\n\nTop scorer\nDidier Drogba (13)\n\n\nAll-time series\nArsenal: 74\nDrawn: 56\nChelsea: 62\n\n\nLargest victory\nChelsea 6–0 Arsenal\n(22 March 2014)[1]\n\n"
] | [
"Arsenal"
] |
4994356357009477319 | El Clásico | El Clásico - wikipedia El Clásico Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see El Clásico ( disambiguation ) . El Clásico Team kits -- Real Madrid in white , Barcelona in blue and red Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Barcelona 2 -- 2 Real Madrid La Liga ( 6 May 2018 ) Stadiums Camp Nou ( Barcelona ) Santiago Bernabéu ( Real Madrid ) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches : 237 Exhibition matches : 34 Total matches : 271 Most wins Competitive matches : Real Madrid ( 95 ) Exhibition matches : Barcelona ( 20 ) Total matches : Barcelona ( 112 ) Most player appearances Manolo Sanchís ( 43 ) Top scorer Lionel Messi ( 26 ) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey ( 19 June 1943 ) El Clásico ( Spanish pronunciation : ( el ˈklasiko ) ; Catalan : El Clàssic , pronounced ( əɫ ˈkɫasik ) ; `` The Classic '' ) is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona . Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship , but nowadays the term has been generalized , and tends to include every single match between the two clubs : UEFA Champions League , Copa del Rey , etc . Other than the UEFA Champions League Final , it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world , and is among the most viewed annual sporting events . The match is known for its intensity . The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain , and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions , with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism . The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport . The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world ; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world 's two most valuable sports teams . Both clubs have a global fanbase ; they are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media . Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona 's 92 , while Barcelona leads in total matches with 112 wins to Real Madrid 's 99 . Along with Athletic Bilbao , they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivalry 1.1 History 1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals 1.3 Di Stéfano transfer 1.4 Luís Figo Transfer 1.5 Recent issues 2 Results 3 Records 3.1 Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 3.2 Longest runs 3.2. 1 Most consecutive wins 3.2. 2 Most consecutive draws 3.2. 3 Most consecutive matches without a draw 3.2. 4 Longest undefeated runs 3.2. 5 Longest undefeated runs in the league 3.2. 6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal 3.2. 7 Most consecutive games scoring 3.3 Goalscoring 3.3. 1 Top goalscorers 3.3. 2 Consecutive goalscoring 3.4 Most hat - tricks 3.5 Most assists 3.6 Most appearances 4 Players who played for both clubs 5 Honours 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Rivalry History Santiago Bernabéu , home of Real Madrid , hosted its first Clásico in 1948 . Camp Nou , home of FC Barcelona , hosted its first Clásico in 1958 . The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension , so that elections to the clubs ' presidencies are strongly politicized . As early as the 1930s , Barcelona `` had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity , opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid '' . In 1936 , when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic , the president of Barcelona , Josep Sunyol , member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes , was arrested and executed without trial by Franco 's troops ( Sunyol was exercising his political activities , visiting Republican troops north of Madrid ) . Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction , just after communists , anarchists , and independentists . During the Franco dictatorship , most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist - like régime . Phil Ball , the author of Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football , says about the match ; `` they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider '' . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco , all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained . In this period , Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club ( English : More than a club ) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs . During Franco 's regime , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable ; for most of the Catalans , Real Madrid was regarded as `` the establishment club '' , despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra , suffered at the hands of Franco 's supporters in the Spanish Civil War . The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups , some of which became hooligans . In 1980 , Ultras Sur was founded as a far - right - leaning Real Madrid ultras group , followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left - leaning and later on far - right , Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois . Both groups became known for their violent acts , and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters , the Casuals , became a full - fledged criminal organisation . For many people , Barcelona is still considered as `` the rebellious club '' , or the alternative pole to `` Real Madrid 's conservatism '' . According to polls released by CIS ( Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ) , Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents , while Barcelona stands in the second position . In Catalonia , forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona . Nevertheless , the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region , earning its best results among young people , sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left - wing ideology , in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right - wing views . 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals On 13 June 1943 , Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11 -- 1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . The first leg , played at Barcelona 's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia , had ended with Barcelona winning 3 -- 0 . Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona , with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout , whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics , and Fombona for allowing them to . A campaign began in Madrid . Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled : `` The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies , really terrible things , winding up the Madrid fans like never before '' . While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus , who admitted that Madrid had `` above all played hard '' , wrote in a newspaper : `` the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals , goals that were totally unfair '' . Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid . Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Ramón Mendoza explained , `` The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid 's social center was . There , they were given a whistle . Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets . '' The day of the second leg , the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel . Barcelona 's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incident , `` Five minutes before the game had started , our penalty area was already full of coins . '' Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line -- when he did , he was armed with stones . As Francisco Calvet told the story , `` They were shouting : Reds ! Separatists ! ... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him . It was all set up . '' Real Madrid went 2 -- 0 up within half an hour . The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona 's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a `` completely normal tackle '' . Madrid 's José Llopis Corona recalled , `` At which point , they got a bit demoralized , '' while Mur countered , `` at which point , we thought : ' go on then , score as many as you want ' . '' Madrid scored in minutes 31 ' , 33 ' , 35 ' , 39 ' , 43 ' and 44 ' , as well as two goals ruled out for offside , made it 8 -- 0 . Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals . In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications , it was humanly impossible to play ... If the azulgranas had played badly , really badly , the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure . The point is that they did not play at all . '' Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and , although Barcelona appealed , it made no difference . Piñeyro resigned in protest , complaining of `` a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín '' . The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona 's only goal as a `` reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon , it was not exactly their fault '' . Another newspaper called the scoreline `` as absurd as it was abnormal '' . According to football writer Sid Lowe , `` There have been relatively few mentions of the game ( since ) and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid . Indeed , the 11 -- 1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona 's history . This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims . '' Fernando Argila , Barcelona 's reserve goalkeeper from the game , said , `` There was no rivalry . Not , at least , until that game . '' Di Stéfano transfer Alfredo Di Stéfano 's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry . The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano . Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá , Colombia , during a players ' strike in his native Argentina . Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and , due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike , both clubs claimed to own his registration . After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero , it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons . Barcelona 's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board , with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano 's contract . This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano , as he moved definitively to Real Madrid . Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid , scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona . With him , Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup , Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961 . Luís Figo transfer Luís Figo 's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club 's fans . In 2000 , Real Madrid 's then - presidential candidate , Florentino Pérez , offered Barcelona 's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections . If the player broke the deal , he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation . When his agent confirmed the deal , Figo denied everything , insisting , `` I 'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses . '' He accused the presidential candidate of `` lying '' and `` fantasizing '' . He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad . On 9 July , Sport ran an interview in which he said , `` I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona 's fans , for whom I always have and always will feel great affection . I want to assure them that Luís Figo will , with absolute certainty , be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season ... I 've not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid . No . I 'm not so mad as to do a thing like that . '' The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo 's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause , $30 million . That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player . Barcelona 's new president , Joan Gaspart , called the media and told them , `` Today , Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things : get richer and stay at Barça . '' Only one of them happened . The following day , 24 July , Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano . His buyout clause was set at $180 million . Gaspart later admitted , `` Figo 's move destroyed us . '' On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt , banners with `` Judas '' , `` Scum '' and `` Mercenary '' were hung around the stadium . Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image , were among the missiles of oranges , bottles , cigarette lighters , even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him . In his third season with Real Madrid , the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry . Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout ; missiles of coins , a knife , a whisky bottle , were raining down from the stands , mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner . Among the debris was a pig 's head . Recent issues During the last three decades , the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo , where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team , once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place . This has happened in three occasions . First , during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988 , where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round . Then , three years later , when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991 . The last pasillo , and most recent , took place on 7 May 2008 , and this time Real Madrid had won the championship . The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002 , with Real Madrid winning 2 -- 0 in Barcelona and a 1 -- 1 draw in Madrid . The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the `` Match of the Century '' . In 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player , after Diego Maradona in 1983 , to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football , there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team . In 1980 , Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou ; after excelling during the match , and with Madrid winning 2 -- 0 , Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals . On 26 June 1983 , during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid , having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper , Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post , before Maradona slotted the ball into the net . The manner of Maradona 's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding . In November 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3 -- 0 win , Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause . On 21 November 2015 , Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4 -- 0 away win , with Iniesta scoring Barça 's third . A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32 % of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid , while 25 % supported Barcelona . In third place came Valencia , with 5 % . According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011 , Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44 % of preferences , while Real Madrid is second with 37 % . Atlético Madrid , Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five . Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media -- on Facebook , as of March 2016 , Barcelona has 91 million fans , Real Madrid has 87 million fans . Barcelona 's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico . The rivalry intensified in 2011 where , due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League , Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days . Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards . Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was `` concerned '' that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs , that this could cause friction in the Spain team . In recent years , the rivalry has been `` encapsulated '' by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi . Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona , and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid , the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios , `` BBC '' ( Bale , Benzema , Cristiano ) against `` MSN '' ( Messi , Suárez , Neymar ) . Results Main article : List of El Clásico matches As of 6 May 2018 Matches Wins Draws Goals Home Wins Home Draws Away Wins La Liga 176 72 70 34 286 282 52 49 15 19 20 21 Copa del Rey 33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 5 Copa de la Liga 6 0 8 13 0 0 Supercopa de España 14 8 30 18 6 0 Champions League 8 13 10 All competitions 237 95 92 50 401 386 64 61 25 25 27 28 Friendly 34 20 10 44 86 11 6 8 All matches 271 99 112 60 445 472 67 72 29 31 28 36 Records Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 10 Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey 6 Real Madrid 8 -- 2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga 5 Barcelona 7 -- 2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga Barcelona 6 -- 1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 5 October 1953 Real Madrid 0 -- 5 Barcelona 17 February 1974 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 7 January 1995 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010 Longest runs Most consecutive wins Games Club Period 6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 -- 15 January 1949 6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 -- 3 February 1935 5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive draws Games Period 11 September 1991 -- 7 March 1992 1 May 2002 -- 20 April 2003 Most consecutive matches without a draw Games Period 18 25 January 1948 -- 21 November 1954 17 23 November 1960 -- 19 March 1967 14 4 December 1977 -- 4 June 1983 12 19 May 1957 -- 27 April 1960 10 5 March 1933 -- 28 January 1940 Longest undefeated runs Games Club Period 14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 -- 3 February 1935 13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 -- 3 June 1928 Longest undefeated runs in the league Games Club Period 7 ( 5 Wins ) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 -- 3 February 1935 7 ( 5 Wins ) Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 10 December 2011 6 ( 6 Wins ) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 6 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1997 -- 13 October 1999 6 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 28 November 1971 -- 17 February 1974 5 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 30 March 1947 -- 15 January 1949 5 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1975 -- 30 January 1977 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal Games Club Period 5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 -- 17 February 1974 Barcelona 10 January 1914 -- 7 March 1916 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 -- 11 May 1975 Barcelona 29 November 2009 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive games scoring Games Club Period 23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 -- 13 August 2017 18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 -- 22 March 2015 17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 -- 31 January 1987 14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 -- 21 January 1962 14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 -- 16 December 1993 13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 -- 23 November 1952 13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 -- 9 April 1968 12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 -- 26 April 1926 11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 -- 7 May 1994 10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 -- 13 October 1999 Goalscoring Top goalscorers Players in bold are still active Player Club La Liga Copa Super Cup League Cup Europe Total Lionel Messi Barcelona 18 -- 6 -- 26 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 -- -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 9 5 -- -- 18 Raúl Real Madrid 11 -- -- 15 César Barcelona 12 -- -- -- 14 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 -- -- 14 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 -- -- 14 Santillana Real Madrid 9 -- -- 12 Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Juanito Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Josep Samitier Barca / Real 6 -- -- -- 10 Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 -- -- -- 9 Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- -- 8 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 -- -- 8 Iván Zamorano Real Madrid -- -- 8 Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 5 -- -- 8 Luis Suárez Barcelona -- -- 8 Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid -- 8 -- -- -- 8 Consecutive goalscoring Player Club Consecutive matches Total goals in the run Start End Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011 -- 12 Copa del Rey ( 1st leg ) 2012 -- 13 La Liga ( 7th round ) Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992 -- 93 La Liga ( 20th Round ) 1993 Supercopa de España ( 2nd leg ) Simón Lecue Real Madrid 5 1935 -- 36 La Liga ( 7th Round ) 1939 -- 40 La Liga ( 9th Round ) Ronaldinho Barcelona 5 2004 -- 05 La Liga ( 12th Round ) 2005 -- 06 La Liga ( 31st Round ) Giovanni Barcelona 1997 Supercopa de España ( 1st leg ) 1997 -- 98 La Liga ( 28th Round ) Lionel Messi is the all - time top scorer in El Clásico history with 26 goals . Most hat - tricks Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick : Jaime Lazcano , Santiago Bernabéu , Paulino Alcántara , Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat - tricks in El Clásico history ( 2 ) . Most assists Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history ( 14 ) . Most appearances Players in bold are still active Appearances Player Club 43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid 42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 42 Xavi Barcelona 38 Lionel Messi Barcelona 38 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid 38 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid 37 Raúl Real Madrid 37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid Players who played for both clubs Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals , in 2007 . Barcelona then Madrid 1902 : Alfonso Albéniz 1906 : José Quirante 1911 : Alfonso Albéniz 1911 : Arsenio Comamala 1913 : Walter Rozitsky 1930 : Ricardo Zamora ( via Espanyol ) 1932 : Josep Samitier 1950 : Alfonso Navarro 1961 : Justo Tejada 1962 : Evaristo 1965 : Fernand Goyvaerts 1988 : Bernd Schuster 1990 : Luis Milla 1992 : Nando 1994 : Michael Laudrup 1995 : Miquel Soler ( via Sevilla ) 2000 : Luís Figo 2000 : Albert Celades ( via Celta Vigo ) 2002 : Ronaldo ( via Inter Milan ) 2007 : Javier Saviola Madrid then Barcelona 1905 : Luciano Lizarraga 1939 : Hilario ( via Valencia ) 1961 : Jesús María Pereda ( via Real Valladolid , then Sevilla ) 1965 : Lucien Muller 1980 : Lorenzo Amador ( via Hércules ) 1994 : Gheorghe Hagi ( via Brescia ) 1994 : Julen Lopetegui ( via Logroñés ) 1995 : Robert Prosinečki ( via Real Oviedo ) 1996 : Luis Enrique 1999 : Dani García ( via Mallorca ) 2000 : Alfonso Pérez ( via Real Betis ) 2004 : Samuel Eto'o ( via Mallorca ) From Barcelona to Madrid 16 From Barcelona to another club before Madrid Total 20 From Madrid to Barcelona From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9 Total 12 Total Switches 32 Honours The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain . As seen below , Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94 -- 91 in terms of official overall trophies . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , it was not organised by UEFA . Consequently , UEFA does not consider clubs ' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record . However , FIFA does view the competition as a major honour . Real Madrid Competition Barcelona Domestic 33 La Liga 25 19 Copa del Rey 30 10 Supercopa de España 12 Copa Eva Duarte ( defunct ) Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) 64 Aggregate 72 European and Worldwide 13 UEFA Champions League 5 -- UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UEFA Europa League -- UEFA Super Cup 5 -- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( defunct ) Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) -- Latin Cup ( defunct ) FIFA Club World Cup 27 Aggregate 22 91 Total Aggregate 94 Note : FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion . Note : The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is not recognized in the UEFA records and statistics See also Association football portal Madrid derby Derbi barceloní Major football rivalries Nationalism and sport Sports rivalry Notes ^ Jump up to : Does not include a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . References Jump up ^ `` El clàssic es jugarà dilluns '' . El Punt. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Johanthan ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Barca & Real renew El Clasico rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ Benjamin Morris . `` Is Messi vs. Ronaldo Bigger Than The Super Bowl ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ El Clasico : Real Madrid Vs Barcelona Fights , Fouls , Dives & Red Cards Jump up ^ `` Castilian Oppression v Catalan Nationalism -- `` El Gran Classico '' `` . Footballblog.co.uk. 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona in the strange and symbolic eye of a storm over Catalonia '' . The Guardian . 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Barcelona vs Real Madrid rivalry comes to the fore '' . Google.com. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rookwood , Dan ( 28 August 2002 ) . `` The bitterest rivalry in world football '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` El Clasico : When stars collide '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` Barcelona becomes first sports team to have 50 million Facebook fans '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Palomares , Cristina The quest for survival after Franco : moderate Francoism and the slow journey , p. 231 Jump up ^ Cambio 16 , 6 -- 12 , Enero 1975 p. 18 ^ Jump up to : McNeill , Donald ( 1999 ) Urban change and the European left : tales from the new Barcelona p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Burns , Jimmy , ' Don Patricio O'Connell : An Irishman and the Politics of Spanish Football ' in `` Irish Migration Studies in Latin America '' 6 : 1 ( March 2008 ) , p. 44 . Available online pg. 3 , pg. 4 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ham , Anthony p. 221 Jump up ^ Vázquez Montalbán ( 1992 ) Barcelonas , ch. 4 ' La Ben Plantada ' p. 109 Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( 21 April 2002 ) . `` Mucho morbo '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ball , Phil p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Franco recibió dos medallas del Barça '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario AS . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` El deporte en la guerra civil '' ( in Spanish ) . EL CULTURAL . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Sánchez Guerra '' ( in Spanish ) . elpueblodeceuta.es. 30 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultra Sur El Centrocampista - Spanish Football and La Liga News in English '' . El Centrocampista. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Manzanas ( 14 June 2011 ) . `` Tres Boixos Nois detenidos por agredir a una mujer transexual en Barcelona '' . Dos manzanas . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La mafia de boixos nois se especializó en atracar a narcos - Sociedad - El Periódico '' . Elperiodico.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great similarities between Barcelona and Celtic '' . vavel.com. 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World , No. 2 : Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' . fourfourtwo.com. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La izquierda es culé y la derecha , merengue , según el CIS '' ( in Spanish ) . LaVanguardia.com. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Del Madrid o del Barça ? '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 23 February 2003 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : six of the best ' El Clásicos ' '' . London : The Telegraph . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 67 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 68 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 70 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ Spaaij , Ramn ( 2006 ) . Understanding football hooliganism : a comparison of six Western European football clubs . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 445 - 8 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 73 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 72 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 77 . Random House . 26 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC SPORT Football Alfredo Di Stefano : Did General Franco halt Barcelona transfer ? '' . BBC News . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid . p. 344 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 345 , 346 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 339 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 338 Jump up ^ Jefferies , Tony ( 27 November 2002 ) . `` Barcelona are braced for a stiff penalty '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Deportes . `` ( Spanish ) '' . 20minutos.es . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v. Barcelona : A Glance Back at Past Pasillos Futfanatico : Breaking Soccer News '' . Futfanatico. 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real win Champions League showdown '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applauding the enemy '' , FIFA.com , 15 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El - Clasico Preview '' , The Independent , 17 January 2012 , Jump up ^ `` 30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rampant Ronaldinho receives standing ovation '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3 : Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona 's Andres Iniesta In ' El Clasico ' '' . NESN. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CIS Mayo 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas . May 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` España se pasa del Madrid al Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . www.as.com. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 31 March 2016 Jump up ^ Sapa - DPA ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Del Bosque concerned over Real - Barca conflict - SuperSport - Football '' . SuperSport . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El club de los 100 : MSN 91 - 88 BBC '' . Marca. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El Clasico Stats and Head to Head Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona : Messi finishes 2017 ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo with 54 goals - MARCA in English '' . MARCA in English . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte ( Defunct ) is not listed as an official title by the UEFA , but it is considered as such by the RFEF , as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League : History : New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Football : Clubs : FC Barcelona '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . `` Classic Football : Clubs : AS Roma '' . FIFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid - FC Barcelona rivalry . Ball , Phill ( 2003 ) . Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football . WSC Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9540134 - 6 - 8 . Farred , Grant ( 2008 ) . Long distance love : a passion for football . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 374 - 6 . Lowe , Sid ( 2013 ) . Fear and Loathing in La Liga : Barcelona vs Real Madrid . Random House . ISBN 9780224091800 . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. 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"The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94–91 in terms of official overall trophies.[62] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[63] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[64]"
] | [
"Barcelona"
] |
6379302516885146408 | The Four: Battle for Stardom | The Four : Battle for Stardom - wikipedia The Four : Battle for Stardom For the current season , see The Four : Battle for Stardom ( season 2 ) . The Four : Battle for Stardom Also known as The Four Genre Reality television Created by Elwin Vitztelly de Groot Armoza Formats Directed by Phil Heyes Presented by Fergie Judges Sean Combs DJ Khaled Meghan Trainor Charlie Walk Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 11 Production Executive producer ( s ) David George Adam Sher David Eilenberg Becca Walker David Friedman Carlos King Avi Armoza Nehama Cohen Moshiko Cohen Elwin Vitztelly de Groot Producer ( s ) Sean Combs Production company ( s ) ITV Entertainment Armoza Formats Release Original network Fox Original release January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) -- present External links Website The Four : Battle for Stardom , also known as The Four , is an American reality television music competition show created by Armoza Formats and produced by ITV Entertainment and Armoza Formats . The show , based on an Israeli format called The Final Four , premiered on Fox on January 4 , 2018 . The winner is awarded a recording contract with Republic Records , a division of Universal Music Group , and is named iHeartRadio 's `` On the Verge '' artist . The first - season winner was Evvie McKinney . The three judges are Sean Combs , DJ Khaled , and Meghan Trainor . Charlie Walk withdrew from the series following sexual assault allegations against him ; he had taped five episodes and left prior to the season finale . The series is hosted by Fergie . On February 8 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a second season to consist of 8 episodes . It premiered on June 7 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Series overview 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 4.2 Ratings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The Four is a singing competition that differs among similar talent competitions , in that there are no stage auditions . The artists , also known as the challengers , are held in the holding room before singing in front of a live studio audience and the judges . The panel of people in the music industry ultimately decides the best challengers that compete against `` The Four '' . Their decision must be unanimous . The members consist of vocalists of varying genres , and they must win challenges against new artists to keep their seat and remain as a member of `` The Four '' . At the end of six weeks , the last singer standing among `` The Four '' wins the competition . There are two distinct rounds in The Four . In the performances round , new challengers must earn their seat by performing in front of a live studio audience , the panel of judges and `` The Four '' . After the performance , the judges then vote and make a `` Yes '' or `` No '' decision , signifying the challenger 's fate in the competition . If a challenger receives a unanimous four blue rings on stage ( four `` Yes '' votes from the panel ) , they advance to the next round of the competition . A red ring given to the challenger signifies a `` No '' , ending his or her time in the competition . Artists who advance to the challenge round can compete against a member of `` The Four '' for their seat . In a sing - off - style battle , the challenger and `` The Four '' member sing against each other for their seat . After the challenge , the studio audience then votes to decide which of the two should remain in the competition . The winner locks his or her seat for the rest of the night and can not be challenged again until the next episode . Series overview ( edit ) Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalists Presenter Panelists January 4 , 2018 February 8 , 2018 Evvie McKinney Candice Boyd Vincint Cannady Fergie Sean Combs Meghan Trainor DJ Khaled Charlie Walk Zhavia June 7 , 2018 TBA TBD TBD TBD N / A TBD Notes ^ Walk withdrew from the show following episode 5 . Season synopses ( edit ) Names in bold type indicate the winner of the season . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Four : Battle for Stardom ( season 1 ) The first season of The Four premiered on January 4 , 2018 , and concluded on February 8 , 2018 . After six episodes , Evvie was announced as the winner of the season , with Candice Boyd as the runner - up . Along with the former and latter , the final group of `` The Four '' included Vincint Cannady and Zhavia . The Four Episode Group Members Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Original Four Lex Lu Ash Minor Elanese Lansen Blair Perkins 2nd Four Zhavia Saeed Renaud 3rd Four Cheyenne Elliot Candice Boyd Jason Warrior 4th Four Rell Jerv Tim Johnson Jr . 5th Four Nick Harrison Kendyle Paige 5.1 6th Four Evvie McKinney Vincint Cannady 5.2 Final Four Candice Boyd Zhavia 6 Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Four : Battle for Stardom ( season 2 ) Season two of The Four premiered on June 7 , 2018 , and will consist of ten episodes . The first members of The Four were announced on May 9 , 2018 . They include Carvena Jones , James Graham , Sharaya J , and Stephanie Zelaya . The Four Episode Group Members Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Original Four Carvena Jones James Graham Stephanie Zelaya Sharaya J 2nd Four Majeste Pearson 3rd Four Jesse Kramer Whitney Reign 4th Four 5th Four Ali Caldwell 5 6th Four Noah Barlass 6 7th Four 7.1 8th Four 7.2 Final Four 8 Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Series : Reality The Four : Battle for Stardom Pending Choice TV Personality DJ Khaled Pending Meghan Trainor Pending Ratings ( edit ) The first season of The Four was Fox 's most watched and highest - rated new unscripted series in nearly four years . Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 PM 6 January 4 , 2018 3.75 February 8 , 2018 4.03 2017 -- 18 117 4.19 8 June 7 , 2018 2.43 See also ( edit ) Los cuatro finalistas -- ( `` The Four Finalists '' ) Peruvian version of the show The Four : Battle for Stardom , The show is hosted by Cristian Rivero while the judges are Eva Ayllón , Deyvis Orosco , Chyno Miranda and Pedro Suárez - Vértiz . It is broadcast by Latina . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evvie McKinney crowned the first - ever winner of THE FOUR : BATTLE FOR STARDOM ! '' . Fox . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Nellie Andreeva , Erik ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` ' The Four ' Fox Reality Competition Sets Sean Combs , DJ Khaled , Meghan Trainor & Charlie Walk As Stars , Gets Premiere Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Fox picks up new singing show based on Israeli format '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Four on FOX '' . www.thefourmusic.com . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Kayla ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Four : Battle For Stardom ' Debuts on Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy , DJ Khaled Join Panel of Fox Singing Show ' The Four ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sean ' Diddy ' Combs Joins Panel of Fox 's New Singing Competition ' The Four ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Diddy , DJ Khaled , Meghan Trainor to Judge Fox 's ' The Four ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Charlie Walk Officially Out of ' The Four ' Finale On Fox '' . Deadline . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The lavish promises made by the host and judges of Fox 's The Four '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Four Renewed for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four ' gets a quick turnaround for Season 2 : Back on FOX in June '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Meet ' The Four 's New Season Two Contenders ( Exclusive ) '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup clincher adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ todotvnews ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Latina estrena la primera versión latina de The Four de Armoza '' ( Latina premieres the first Latin American version of Armoza 's The Four ) . Todotvnews ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Juan Fernandez ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Four prepara su salto a Perú '' ( The Four prepares for its jump to Peru ) . Televisión Hispana ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Brochure of The Final Four The Four : Battle for Stardom on IMDb Fergie The Dutchess `` Fergalicious '' `` Clumsy '' `` London Bridge '' `` Glamorous '' `` Here I Come '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Finally '' `` Pick It Up '' `` Labels or Love '' Double Dutchess `` Hungry '' `` You Already Know '' `` A Little Work '' `` Life Goes On '' `` M.I.L.F. $ '' `` L.A. Love ( La La ) '' Collaborations `` Impacto '' `` Sing '' `` Beat It 2008 '' `` Party People '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Paradise City '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Gettin ' Over You '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Beautiful Dangerous '' `` Netflix '' Non-album songs `` Feel Alive '' `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' Concert tours Verizon VIP Tour Related articles Discography Kids Incorporated Wild Orchid The Black Eyed Peas Book Category DJ Khaled Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Listennn ... the Album We the Best We Global Victory We the Best Forever Kiss the Ring Suffering from Success I Changed a Lot Major Key Grateful Singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Go Hard '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` No New Friends '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Hold You Down '' `` How Many Times '' `` Gold Slugs '' `` For Free '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Holy Key '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Shining '' `` I 'm the One '' `` To the Max '' `` Wild Thoughts '' `` Top Off '' `` I Believe '' Featured singles `` 100 Million '' `` Speedin ' ( We the Best Remix ) '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Foolish ( remix ) '' `` Always Strapped ( remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2.5 '' `` Body 2 Body ( remix ) '' `` Ima Boss ( remix ) '' `` Cold '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Bugatti ( remix ) '' `` Dinero '' Other songs `` On Everything '' Related articles We the Best Terror Squad Cash Money Demi x Khaled Fat Joe Ace Hood NBA 2K16 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( cameo ) Meghan Trainor Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' `` No Excuses '' `` Let You Be Right '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour Book Portal Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Four:_Battle_for_Stardom&oldid=850379860 '' Categories : 2010s American reality television series 2018 American television series debuts American music television series Music competitions in the United States English - language television programs Fox network shows Television series by ITV Studios American television series based on Israeli television series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nThe Four\n\n\nEpisode\n\nGroup\n\nMembers\n\n\nSeat 1\n\nSeat 2\n\nSeat 3\n\nSeat 4\n\n\n1\n\nOriginal Four\n\nLex Lu\n\nAsh Minor\n\nElanese Lansen\n\nBlair Perkins\n\n\n2nd Four\n\nZhavia\n\nSaeed Renaud\n\n\n2\n\n3rd Four\n\nCheyenne Elliot\n\nCandice Boyd\n\nJason Warrior\n\n\n3\n\n4th Four\n\nRell Jerv\n\nTim Johnson Jr.\n\n\n4\n\n5th Four\n\nNick Harrison\n\nKendyle Paige\n\n\n5.1\n\n6th Four\n\nEvvie McKinney\n\nVincint Cannady\n\n\n5.2\n\nFinal Four\n\nCandice Boyd\n\nZhavia\n\n\n6\n\n"
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"Evvie McKinney"
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4336256054982573312 | Kristin Davis | Kristin Davis - Wikipedia Kristin Davis This article is about the actress . For the former madam , see Kristin M. Davis . Kristin Davis Kristin Davis at the HBO party after the 1999 Emmy Awards . ( 1965 - 02 - 23 ) February 23 , 1965 ( age 53 ) Boulder , Colorado , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater Rutgers University , New Brunswick ( BFA ) Occupation Actress , producer Years active 1987 -- present Children Kristin Landen Davis ( also listed as Kristin Lee Davis ; born February 23 , 1965 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Brooke Armstrong on the soap opera Melrose Place ( 1995 -- 1996 ) , and Charlotte York Goldenblatt on HBO 's Sex and the City ( 1998 -- 2004 ) . She received a 2004 Emmy Award nomination for her role as Charlotte , and reprised the role in the films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . Davis made her Broadway debut playing Mabel Cantwell in the 2012 revival of The Best Man , and her West End debut playing Beth Gallagher in the original 2014 stage production of Fatal Attraction . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Films 2.3 Stage 2.4 Additional ventures 2.5 Other work and recognition 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Davis was born in Boulder , Colorado . She is an only child , and her parents divorced when she was a baby . She was adopted by her stepfather , then - University of Colorado Boulder professor Keith Davis , after he married her mother , Dorothy , a university data analyst , in 1968 . She has three sisters from her father 's first marriage . Early in her childhood , she and her parents moved to Columbia , South Carolina , where her father served as provost and taught psychology at the University of South Carolina . Davis wanted to be an actress from the age of 9 , when she was cast in the Workshop Theatre production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Davis lived in South Carolina until she graduated from A.C. Flora High School in 1983 . She then moved to New Jersey , where she attended Rutgers University . Davis graduated with a BFA degree in Acting from Rutgers University 's Mason Gross School of the Arts in 1987 . Career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) After graduation in 1987 , Davis moved to New York and waited tables before opening a yoga studio with a friend . In 1991 , she acted in a couple of episodes of the daytime drama ( soap opera ) General Hospital . Her big break came in 1995 when she landed the role of villainess Brooke Armstrong Campbell on the nighttime drama Melrose Place . She left the show after one year when producers decided to kill off the character . Davis also had roles in other television series including Friends , Will and Grace and Seinfeld . Davis pictured in Dadaab , Kenya on 8 July 2011 . In 1998 , Davis was cast as Charlotte York in Sex and the City and remained an integral cast member until the series ended in 2004 . In 1999 , along with the rest of the cast , she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television . She received an Emmy nomination for her role as Charlotte in the final season . Davis hosted the VH1 show 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons . In 2005 , she starred in a television pilot entitled Soccer Moms in which she and Gina Torres star as suburban mothers who moonlight as private detectives . She starred as Miss Spider in the animated television special Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Kids and its spin - off series Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends and was recently a guest judge on the Lifetime ( TV network ) program Project Runway . Davis pictured in Dadaab , Kenya on 8 July 2011 . Films ( edit ) Davis 's films include The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3D , opposite David Arquette and George Lopez ; the 2006 version of The Shaggy Dog , opposite Tim Allen , and Deck the Halls , opposite Matthew Broderick and Danny DeVito . She performed in ABC Family channel 's Christmas movie Three Days in 2001 , and in a commercial for Head & Shoulders shampoo . Davis appeared in 2008 's Sex and the City feature film , under the direction of executive producer Michael Patrick King . In 2009 , Davis co-starred in Couples Retreat , a comedy chronicling four couples who partake in therapy sessions at a tropical island resort . Jon Favreau , who also co-wrote the script , played her husband . Stage ( edit ) Davis made her Broadway debut in July 2012 , when she replaced Kerry Butler in the revival of Gore Vidal 's The Best Man at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre . She made her West End debut playing Beth Gallagher in Fatal Attraction at the Theatre Royal , Haymarket , in March 2014 . Additional ventures ( edit ) Shortly after the wide release of the Sex and the City feature film , in June 2008 , Belk , the nation 's largest privately owned department store chain , announced a partnership with Davis . The arrangement includes a ladies ' apparel and accessories line that debuted in 2008 in 125 store locations and online , with eventual plans for expanding availability to other store locations . In Belk 's press release about the product line launch , Davis cited her upbringing in South Carolina as part of her inspiration for working with the chain . Davis at 2008 Berlin premiere of Sex and the City feature film Other work and recognition ( edit ) Davis is a Global Ambassador for Oxfam , and has campaigned in support of their work since 2004 , travelling to locations including Haiti , Mozambique , and South Africa . The cosmetics company Maybelline named Davis as a celebrity spokeswoman in 2004 . Shortly after the wide release of the Sex and the City feature film , in June 2008 , Belk , the nation 's largest privately owned department store chain , announced a partnership with Davis . The arrangement included a ladies ' apparel and accessories line that debuted in 2008 in 125 store locations and online , with eventual plans for expanding availability to other store locations . In a press release about the product line launch , Davis cited her upbringing in South Carolina as part of her inspiration for working with the chain . In late 2009 Belk cancelled the arrangement , citing the difficult economic conditions prevailing , while Davis said she hoped to take the line elsewhere . During her 2009 visit to Africa , Davis , a lifelong lover of elephants , discovered an abandoned baby elephant and arranged for it to be taken to a wildlife rehabilitation center . In recognition of the attention she has brought to the plight of orphaned African elephants , Davis won the Humane Society 's 2010 Wyler Award , which is bestowed on a celebrity or public figure who has made news on behalf of animals . She is also a patron of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust which works to protect elephants and other wildlife in Kenya . Davis has worked with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and is included on their list of `` High Profile Supporters '' . In 2015 she visited the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda . Davis later filmed a fund - raising appeal supporting the UNHCR , and in 2016 visited Australia to promote the UNHCR 's work , focussing on the plight of women victims of sexual violence in Congo . Personal life ( edit ) Oxfam Ambassador Davis visits Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya Davis has two children , both adopted . In 2011 , she adopted a daughter , Gemma Rose Davis . In 2018 , she adopted a boy . They reside in Los Angeles , California . She is a recovering alcoholic and says she was introduced to alcohol early as part of her Southern upbringing : `` Alcohol freed me . I was really shy and I did n't know how to come out of my shell . I drank for the same reason I loved acting . I wanted to feel things and express myself and be free . And I 'm not naturally that way . '' She became sober at the age of 22 , later stating , `` I miss it . You do n't go to rehab and then suddenly it goes away . '' Davis has been an ambassador for the poverty organization Oxfam since 2004 . During her 2009 visit to Africa , Davis , a lifelong lover of elephants , discovered an abandoned baby elephant and arranged for it to be taken to a wildlife rehabilitation center . In recognition of the attention she has brought to the plight of orphaned African elephants , Davis won the Humane Society 's 2010 Wyler Award , which is bestowed on a celebrity or public figure who has made news on behalf of animals . She is also a patron of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust which works to protect elephants and other wildlife in Kenya . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Doom Asylum Jane 1991 N.Y.P.D. Mounted Young Lady Television film 1995 Nine Months Tennis Attendant 1995 Alien Nation : Body and Soul Karina Tivoli The Ultimate Lie Claire McGrath Television film 1997 A Deadly Vision Babette Watson Television film 1998 Traveling Companion Annie 1998 Sour Grapes Riggs 1999 Atomic Train Megan Seger 2000 Take Me Home : The John Denver Story Annie Denver Television film 2000 Blacktop Sylvia Television film 2001 Someone to Love Lorraine Television film 2001 Three Days Beth Farmer Television film The Winning Season Mandy Television film 2005 Soccer Moms Brooke Television pilot 2005 The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D Max 's Mom Minor 2006 The Shaggy Dog Rebecca Douglas 2006 Deck the Halls Kelly Finch Main role 2008 Sex and the City Charlotte York Goldenblatt 2009 Couples Retreat Lucy Tippaglio Sex and the City 2 Charlotte York Goldenblatt ShoWest Ensemble Award Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress Nominated -- People 's Choice Awards For Favorite Cast 2011 Jack and Jill Delilah 2012 Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island Elizabeth Anderson 2012 Of Two Minds Billie Clark Television film 2016 Z Nation Television film 2016 A Heavenly Christmas Eve Television - Hallmark Movie 2019 Christmas in the Wild Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 General Hospital Betsy Chilson , R.N. Mann & Machine Cathy Episode : `` Billion Dollar Baby '' The Larry Sanders Show Bri Episode : `` The Breakdown : Part II '' Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman Carey McGee Episode : `` Thanksgiving '' 1995 ER Leslie Episode : `` Luck of the Draw '' 1995 -- 96 Melrose Place Brooke Armstrong Recurring cast ( season 3 ) Main cast ( season 4 ) 32 episodes 1997 The Single Guy Leslie Episode : `` Johnny Hollywood '' 1997 Seinfeld Jenna Episodes : `` The Pothole '' / `` The Butter Shave '' 1998 -- 2004 Sex and the City Charlotte York Goldenblatt Women in Film Lucy Award ( shared with cast ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2001 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2003 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2004 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2004 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( 2004 ) 2000 Friends Erin Episode : `` The One with Ross ' Library Book '' 2000 Sex and the Matrix Charlotte York MacDougal short parody Will & Grace Nadine Episode : `` Will & Grace & Vince & Nadine '' 2004 -- 09 Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends Miss Spider Voice role , 35 episodes 2014 Bad Teacher Ginny Taylor - Clapp 7 episodes Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Location 2012 The Best Man Mabel Cantwell 2014 Fatal Attraction Beth Gallagher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The World Almanac & Book of Facts . World Almanac Books . 2007 . p. 218 . 2 / 23 / 65 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kristin Davis Biography '' . The Biography Channel . A + E Networks . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doug Nye ( September 19 , 2000 ) . `` Kristin Davis , ' sex ' symbol '' . The State ( Columbia , South Carolina ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis Biography ( 1965 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ellen , Barbara ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` Charlotte 's web '' . The Observer . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients '' . Wif.org . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sex and the City '' movie close to green light `` . ABC7Chicago . November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Retreat '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's Best Man votes in Cybill Shepherd , Kristin Davis , John Stamos and Elizabeth Ashley '' . Playbill. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis will make her West End debut alongside Mark Bazeley in Trevor Nunn 's forthcoming production of Fatal Attraction '' . OfficialLondonTheatre.com . OfficialLondonTheatre.com . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis 's fatal attraction to West End '' . standard.co.uk . London Evening Standard . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis '' . www.oxfam.org . Oxfam International . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis smiles for Maybelline '' . USAToday.com . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen ( sic ) Davis Designs for Belk Department Stores '' . thefashionspot.com . TotallyHer Media LLC . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Davis Collection Discontinued ; New York Fashion Show Canceled '' . nymag.com . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wyler Award '' . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City star 's `` elephantastic '' Kenyan New Year `` . Brits In Kenya . January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR - High Profile Supporters '' . UNHCR - The UN Refugee Agency . United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR - High Profile Supporters - About Kristin '' . UNHCR - The UN Refugee Agency . United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Kristin Davis Adopts a Baby Girl '' . People . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blessed Times Two ' ! Kristin Davis Adopts Second Child , a Baby Boy : Report '' . People . Jump up ^ `` ' Sex and the City ' Star Kristin Davis : I 'm a Recovering Alcoholic '' . Fox News . May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haywood , Lynsey ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Kristin Davis ' ' dead at 30 ' fears '' . The Sun . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Wyler Award '' . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City star 's `` elephantastic '' Kenyan New Year `` . Brits In Kenya . January 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristin Davis . Kristin Davis on IMDb Kristin Davis at AllMovie Barnes and Noble biography Kristin Davis at Emmys.com Kristin Davis on Twitter Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 8044390 BNE : XX1595193 BNF : cb141695580 ( data ) GND : 137048831 ISNI : 0000 0000 6310 414X LCCN : no99071610 MusicBrainz : f1a86a53 - 2a09 - 4671 - 90a6 - c895b6bff911 SUDOC : 144152746 VIAF : 54356552 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristin_Davis&oldid=860301682 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people Actresses from Boulder , Colorado Actresses from South Carolina Adoptees adopted by relations American adoptees American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Actors from Columbia , South Carolina Rutgers University alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2013 Use mdy dates from April 2014 Use American English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 18 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays charlotte on sex and the city | [
"Kristin Landen Davis (also listed as Kristin Lee Davis; born February 23, 1965)[1] is an American actress. She is known for playing Brooke Armstrong on the soap opera Melrose Place (1995–1996), and Charlotte York Goldenblatt on HBO's Sex and the City (1998–2004). She received a 2004 Emmy Award nomination for her role as Charlotte, and reprised the role in the films Sex and the City (2008) and Sex and the City 2 (2010).\n"
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"Kristin Landen Davis"
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-182814286705114920 | Central Public Works Department, India | Central Public Works Department , India - wikipedia Central Public Works Department , India Jump to : navigation , search India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution & Law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights Uniform civil code Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Union Government ( show ) President of India Vice-President of India Executive : Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Parliament : Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) General elections : 2009 2014 2019 State elections : 2017 2018 2019 Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions State governments Governor Chief minister Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Central Public Works Department of India ( Hindi : केंद्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग ) , commonly referred to as the CPWD , is a central government owned authority in charge of public sector works . The Central Public Works Department , under the Ministry of Urban Development Now MoHUA ( Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs ) , builds and maintains public buildings . CPWD came into existence in July 1854 when Lord Dalhousie established a central agency for execution of public works and set up Ajmer Provincial Division . It has now grown into a comprehensive construction management department , which provides services from project concept to completion , and maintenance management . It is headed by the Director General ( DG ) who is also the Principal Technical Advisor to the Government of India . The incumbent DG is Mr. Abhai Sinha. The regions and sub-regions are headed by Special DGs and Additional DGs respectively , while the zones in all state capitals ( except a few ) are headed by Chief Engineers . Now A Days , a new post of Chief Project Manager ( CPM ) has been created to head major prestigious projects of CPWD . CPMs are equivalent to the rank of Chief Engineers in CPWD . With country wide presence , the strength of CPWD is its ability to undertake construction of Complex Projects even in difficult terrains and maintenance in post construction stage . It is the prime engineering department of Government of union of India and its specifications and manuals are followed by local public works departments and engineering wing of other departments . CPWD consists of three wings in execution field : 1 ) B&R ( Buildings and Roads ) 2 ) E&M ( Electrical and Mechanical ) 3 ) Horticlture There are three cadres in CPWD : 1 ) CAS ( Central Architecture Services ) 2 ) CES ( Central Engineering Services ) ( केन्द्रिय अभियंत्रिकी सेवाएं ) - for Civil Engineers 3 ) CEMES ( Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Services ) ( केन्द्रिय विधुत एवं यात्रिकी अभियंत्रिकी सेवाएं ) - for Mechanical & Electrical Engineers These are Group A Civil Services . ( List of all Group A Civil Services : Civil Services of India ) The recruitment as entry level for middle management is made through Architecture Services Examination and Engineering Services Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission . Only top candidates in ESE get a chance to join CPWD strictly on merit basis . During probation period , the selected candidates undergo rigorous training of 35 weeks at National CPWD Academy situated in Ghaziabad ( U.P ) . which transforms them into competent Architects / Engineers cum bureaucrats . During the normal career progression one rises to Chief Architect / Engineer , then to Additional Director General and further to Special Director General . There is one post of Director General , CPWD who also acts as technical advisor to the Government of India . The job in CPWD is challenging yet rewarding . With pan India presence , CPWD has been involved in construction of strategically important mega projects all over the country including border areas . CPWD is well known for quality construction and timely completion of projects following which it has huge list of successful projects and departments as well as clients which it has served . History ( edit ) Centralized public works in India can be traced to efforts of Lord Dalhousie and Sir Arthur Cotton in the mid 19th century . Sir Arthur Cotton sums up the early policy of the East India Company rulers thus , Public works have been almost entirely neglected throughout India . The motto hitherto has been : Do nothing , have nothing done , let nobody do anything . Bear any loss , let the people die of famine , let hundreds of lakhs be lost in revenue for want of water or roads , rather than do anything . -- Arthur Cotton ( 1854 ) Lord Dalhousie established the Central Public Works Department , and irrigation projects were among the earliest to be started . Public Works Department was formally established in the year 1854 in the sixth year of Lord Dalhousie 's tenure as Governor General . In the minutes of meeting held on 12 July 1854 the Governor General resolved that a central agency be provided by creating an office of Secretary to the Government of India in Department of Public Works . The note recorded by Lord Dalhousie was as under : `` The organization of the Department of Public Works in the Indian Empire will be incomplete unless it shall be provided for the Supreme Government itself come agency by which it may be enabled to exercise the universal control confided to it over public works in India with the best of scientific knowledge with authority and system . The Government of India shall no longer be dependent on expedients , but should be provided with a permanent and highly qualified agency to assist in the direction of this important branch of public affairs . I have , therefore , now to propose that such an agency should be provided by creating an office of the Secretary to Government of India in the Department of Public Works . The person who holds it should always be a highly qualified officer of the Corps of Engineers . '' Colonel W.E. Baker of the Bengal Engineers was accordingly appointed first Secretary to the Department of Public Works , this is the genesis of the Central Public Works Department . State Public Works Departments in India ( edit ) Karnataka Public Works Department Kerala Public Works Department Tamil Nadu Public Works Department Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department Maharashtra Public Works Department Roads and Buildings Department , Gujarat Delhi Public Works Department Madhya PradeshPublic works department References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CPWD WORKS MANUAL 2012 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Gilmartin , David ( 2015 ) . Blood and water : the Indus River Basin in modern history . Oakland , California : University of California Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 28529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Economic History of India : 1857 - 1956 . Allied Publishers . Jump up ^ Gilmartin , David ( 2015 ) . Blood and Water : the Indus River Basin in modern history . Oakland , California : University of California Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 28529 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Central Public Works Department '' . cpwd.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Public_Works_Department,_India&oldid=834215656 '' Categories : Public works ministries Ministry of Urban Development Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who started the public works department in india 1848 | [
"The Central Public Works Department of India (Hindi: केंद्रीय लोक निर्माण विभाग), commonly referred to as the CPWD, is a central government owned authority in charge of public sector works. The Central Public Works Department, under the Ministry of Urban Development Now MoHUA (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs), builds and maintains public buildings. CPWD came into existence in July 1854 when Lord Dalhousie established a central agency for execution of public works and set up Ajmer Provincial Division. It has now grown into a comprehensive construction management department, which provides services from project concept to completion, and maintenance management."
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-8659331998740295822 | Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council | Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council - wikipedia Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Jump to : navigation , search Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ శాసనమండలి Type Type Upper house of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Leadership Chairman NMD Fharooq , TDP Deputy Chairman Angara rammohan , TDP Leader of the House Yanamala Rama Krishnudu , TDP Structure Seats 58 Political groups ( as on 22 / 03 / 2017 after graduates mlc quota elections ) Government Coalition ( 35 ) TDP : 33 seats BJP : 2 seats Opposition ( 21 ) YSRCP : 8 seats INC : 3 seats Independent : 5 seats PDF : 4 seats PRTU : 1 seat Vacant : 2 seats Elections Voting system Single transferable vote Meeting place Interim Legislative Building Amaravati Website www.aplegislature.org The Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh ( or the Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Parishad ) is the upper house of the legislature of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh ; the lower house being the Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha . It is situated in the state capital of Hyderabad , and has 58 members . The Vidhan Parishad has been in existence in two spells - from 1958 to 1985 , and from 2007 till date . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Abolition 1.2 Revival 2 Designations and present members 3 Membership and tenure 3.1 Elected by the Legislative Assembly members 3.2 Elected from Graduates ' constituencies 3.3 Elected from Teachers ' constituencies 3.4 Elected from Local Authorities ' constituencies 3.5 Nominated 4 Functions 5 Designations and present members 6 References History ( edit ) In the first years since its creation in post-independence India , the state of Andhra Pradesh worked under a unicameral parliamentary system . On December 5 , 1956 the Andhra Pradesh Vidhana Sabha passed a resolution calling for the creation of an upper house , the Vidhan Parishad , to transition to a bicameral system . The Vidhan Parishad was formed officially on July 1 , 1958 under article 168 of the Constitution of India . The first President of India , Dr. Rajendra Prasad inaugurated the Vidhan Parishad on July 8 . Abolition ( edit ) In the 1980s , Andhra Pradesh became one of the first states to seek the abolition of the upper houses , which were being increasingly criticised as being unnecessary , unrepresentative of the population , a burden on the state budget and causing delays in passing legislation . However , the move was criticised as an attempt by the then - ruling party , the Telegu Desam Party ( TDP ) , to deny their main political opposition , the Indian National Congress ( then Congress ( I ) ) of influence in the state government and the control of the upper house , which could delay TDP - sponsored legislation and where the TDP held no seats . In accordance with a resolution passed by the Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha , the Indian Parliament abolished the Vidhan Parishad through the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council ( Abolition ) Act in 1985 , after the Congress ( I ) suffered a major defeat in the state elections in Andhra Pradesh . Revival ( edit ) Subsequent attempts were made to revive the Legislative Council under Chief Minister Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy , who belonged to the Congress ( I ) , which had won the state elections in 1989 . A resolution to revive the Legislative Council was passed in the Vidhan Sabha on January 22 , 1990 . The Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament , passed legislation authorising the revival of the Legislative Council as per the resolution of the state Vidhan Sabha on May 28 , 1990 , but the legislation stalled in the lower house , the Lok Sabha , primarily due to its dissolution in 1991 before the completion of its five - year term . The subsequent Lok Sabhas ( 1991 -- 1996 , 1996 -- 1998 , 1998 -- 2004 ) did not take any further action . After its victory in the 2004 state elections , the Congress - led Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed another resolution on July 8 , 2004 calling for the revival of the Legislative Council . This time it was introduced in the Lok Sabha as the Andhra Pradesh Council Bill on December 16 , 2004 . On December 15 , 2006 the Lok Sabha passed the legislation , which was quickly passed by the Rajya Sabha on December 20 , and received the assent of the President on January 10 , 2007 . The newly revived Legislative Council was constituted on March 30 , 2007 and inaugurated on April 2 by Rameshwar Thakur , the Governor of Andhra Pradesh . Designations and present members ( edit ) The Chairperson , elected by the Council , presides over the sessions of the Council . A Deputy Chairperson is also elected to preside in the Chairperson 's absence . The current officials are : Designation Name Governor E.S.L. Narasimhan Chairperson NMD Farook Deputy Chairperson Singareddy Venkata Satish Kumar Reddy Leader of the House Yanamala Ramakrishnudu Leader of the Opposition C. Ramachandraiah Secretary K. Satyanarayana Rao . Membership and tenure ( edit ) The Legislative Council is a permanent house , not subject to dissolution . Its 58 members serve six - year terms , and every two years , one - third of the total number of members `` retire '' in rotation , and undergo the re-election process . To become a member , the individual must be a citizen of India and at least 30 years of age . 8 members of the Council are nominated by the Governor of Andhra Pradesh. 40 members are elected by an electoral college of the Legislative Assembly and local governing bodies . The 10 remaining members would be elected from constituencies of college graduates and teachers . Elected by the Legislative Assembly members ( edit ) # Member Political Party ELECTED term Yanamala Rama Krishnudu Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2013 - 29.03. 2019 Pamidi Samanthakamani Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2013 - 29.03. 2019 DR . P. Narayana Telugu Desam Party 21.08. 2014 - 29.03. 2019 Gundumala Thippe Swamy Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2015 - 29.03. 2021 5 Vattikuti Veera Venkanna Chowdary Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2015 - 29.05. 2021 6 Gummidi Sandhya Rani Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2015 - 29.03. 2021 7 Shariff Mohammed Ahmed Telugu Desam Party 16.06. 2015 - 15.06. 2021 8 Nara Lokesh Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 9 Pothula Suneetha Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 10 Dokka Manikya Varaprasad Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 11 Karanam Balaram Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 12 Batchula Arjunudu Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 13 Somu Veerraju Bharatiya Janata Party 16.06. 2015 - 15.06. 2021 14 Anguri Lakshmi Siva Kumari Indian National Congress 30.03. 2013 - 29.03. 2019 15 Adireddy Appa Rao YSR Congress Party 30.03. 2013 - 29.03. 2019 16 PILLI SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE YSR Congress Party 30.03. 2015 - 29.03. 2021 17 KOLAGATLA VEERABHADRA SWAMY YSR Congress Party 30.03. 2015 - 29.03. 2021 18 DEVASANI CHINNA GOVINDA REDDY YSR Congress Party 16.06. 2015 - 15.06. 2021 19 Gangula Prabhakar Reddy YSR Congress Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 20 Alla Srinivas Nani YSR Congress Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 Elected from Graduates ' constituencies ( edit ) # District Member Political Party ELECTED Term SRIKAKULAM , VIZIANAGARAM , VISHAKAPATNAM P.V.N. MADHAV BJP 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 WEST GODAVARI , EAST GODAVARI KALIDINDI RAVI KIRAN VARMA independent 30.03. 2013 - 29.03. 2019 KRISHNA , GUNTUR BODDU NAGESWARA RAO PDF 30.03. 2013 - 29.03. 2019 PRAKASAM , NELLORE , CHITTOOR YANDAPALLI SRINIVASULU REDDY PDF ( supported by YSRCP ) 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 5 ANANTAPUR , KURNOOL , KADAPA VENAPUSA GOPAL REDDY YSR Congress Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 Elected from Teachers ' constituencies ( edit ) # Constituency Member Political Party ELECTED Term SRIKAKULAM , VIZIANAGARAM , VISHAKAPATNAM GADE SRINIVASULU NAIDU PRTU 2013 - 19 WEST GODAVARI , EAST GODAVARII RAMU SURYA RAO PDF 30.03. 2015 - 29.03. 2021 KRISHNA , GUNTUR DR. A.S. RAMAKRISHNA Independent 30.03. 2015 - 29.03. 2021 PRAKASAM , NELLORE , CHITTOOR VITAPU BALASUBRAHMANYAM PDF 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 5 ANANTAPUR , KURNOOL , KADAPA KATTI NARASIMHA REDDY Independent 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 Elected from Local Authorities ' constituencies ( edit ) # Constituency Member Political Party elected Term of office GUNTUR Dr. UMMAREDDY VENKATESWARLU YSR Congress Party EAST GODAVARI BODDU BHASKARA RAMARAO Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 ANANTAPUR PAYYAVULA KESHAVA Telugu Desam Party 29.06. 2015 - 28.06. 2021 WEST GODAVARI ANGARA RAMMOHAN Telugu Desam Party 02.05. 2017 - 01.05. 2023 5 GUNTUR ANNAM SATISH PRABHAKAR Telugu Desam Party 29.06. 2015 - 28.06. 2021 6 KRISHNA YALAMANCHILI VENKATA BABU RAJENDRA PRASAD Telugu Desam Party 7 KRISHNA BUDDHA VENKATESWARA RAO Telugu Desam Party 8 VIZIANAGARAM dwarampudi jagadesh Telugu Desam Party 9 EAST GODAVARI Chikkala Ramachandra Rao Telugu Desam Party 02.05. 2017 - 01.05. 2023 10 ANANTAPUR Deepak Reddy Gunapati Telugu Desam Party ( suspended ) 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 11 KURNOOL vacant after Shilpa Chakrapani Reddy resigned 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 12 VISAKHAPATNAM PAPPALA CHALAPATHI RAO Telugu Desam Party 29.06. 2015 - 28.06. 2021 13 PRAKASAM MAGUNTA SREENIVASULU REDDY Telugu Desam Party 29.06. 2015 - 28.06. 2021 14 VISHAKAPATNAM DR. M.V.V.S. MURTHY Telugu Desam Party 29.06. 2015 - 28.06. 2021 15 CHITTOOR GALI MUDDUKRISHNAMA NAIDU Telugu Desam Party 29.06. 2015 - 28.06. 2021 16 CHITTOOR B Rajanarasimhulu Telugu Desam Party 02.05. 2017 - 01.05. 2023 17 KADAPA Mareddy Ravindranath Reddy ( BTech Ravi ) Telugu Desam Party 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 18 WEST GODAVARI Mantena Satyanarayana Raju Telugu Desam Party 02.05. 2017 - 01.05. 2023 19 SRIKAKULAM Vijaya Rama Raju Satrucharla Telugu Desam Party 02.05. 2017 - 01.05. 2023 20 NELLORE Vakati Narayana Reddy Telugu Desam Party ( suspended ) 30.03. 2017 - 29.03. 2023 Nominated ( edit ) # Member Political Party ELECTED Term Ponnapureddy Rama Subba Reddy Telugu Desam Party 29.05. 2017 - 28.05. 2023 SMT . T. RATNA BAI Indian National Congress 13.02. 2014 - 12.02. 2020 Naysam Mohammad Farooq Telugu Desam Party 29.05. 2017 - 28.05. 2023 BEEDA RAVICHANDRA Telugu Desam Party 13.06. 2015 - 12.06. 2021 5 SOMIREDDY CHANDRAMOHAN REDDY Telugu Desam Party 21.05. 2015 - 20.05. 2021 6 K. Satyanarayana Raju BJP 13.02. 2014 - 12.02. 2020 7 T.D. JANARDHAN Telugu Desam Party 13.06. 2015 - 12.06. 2021 8 GOWNIVAARI SREENIVASULU Telugu Desam Party 13.06. 2015 - 12.06. 2021 9 N. Md . Farooq Telugu Desam Party 29.05. 2017 - 28.05. 2023 Functions ( edit ) The Legislative Council i charged with fewer functions compared to the lower house . Although all legislation passed by the lower house must be similarly passed by the Council , it plays a largely advisory role . Designations and present members ( edit ) The Chairperson , elected by the Council , presides over the sessions of the Council . A Deputy Chairperson is also elected to preside in the Chairperson 's absence . The current officials are : Designation Name Governor E.S.L. Narasimhan Chairperson NMD Farook Deputy Chairperson Reddy subrahmanyam Leader of the House Yanamala Ramakrishnudu Leader of the Opposition C. Ramachandraiah Secretary K. Satyanarayana Rao . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council History '' . National Informatics Centre . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sharma . Introduction to the Constitution of India , Fifth Edition . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd . pp. 212 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3674 - 2 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth . Indian Polity For UPSC 3E . Tata McGraw - Hill . pp. 27 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 015316 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Agarala Easwara Reddy ( 1994 ) . State politics in India : reflections on Andhra Pradesh . M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 97 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85880 - 51 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council '' . National Informatics Centre . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ TMH General Knowledge Manual . Tata McGraw . 2007 . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 061999 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.aptoday.com/newsnpolitics/p-narayana-tdp-choice-for-mlc-bye-poll/1925/ Jump up ^ http://telanganatoday.news/nara-lokesh-7-mlcs-elected-unopposed Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/telugu-desam-party-wins-six-mlc-seats-unopposed/article17405000.ece Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/governor-snubs-kiran-clears-three-names-for-council/article5748352.ece Jump up ^ http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150521/nation-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-council-elections-unanimous ( hide ) Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Council&oldid=801216554 '' Categories : Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council 1958 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 11 : 30 . About Wikipedia | number of legislative council seats in andhra pradesh | [
"The Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh (or the Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Parishad) is the upper house of the legislature of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh; the lower house being the Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha. It is situated in the state capital of Hyderabad, and has 58 members. The Vidhan Parishad has been in existence in two spells - from 1958 to 1985, and from 2007 till date."
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4584144160734021452 | List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India | List of governors of Reserve Bank of India - Wikipedia List of governors of Reserve Bank of India Governor of Reserve Bank of India Incumbent Urjit Patel since 4 September 2016 Appointer Government of India Inaugural holder Osborne Smith Formation 1 April 1935 The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India is the chief executive of India 's central bank and the ex-officio chairperson of its Central Board of Directors . Indian Rupee currency notes , issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , bear the governor 's signature . Since its establishment in 1935 by the British colonial government , the RBI has been headed by 24 governors . The term of office typically runs for 3 years . The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith , while C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor . The bank 's 15th governor , Manmohan Singh , later became India 's 13th prime minister . The position is currently held by Urjit Patel , who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016 . RBI governors ( edit ) I.G. Patel served a five - year term as RBI governor from 1977 to 1982 . Manmohan Singh , RBI governor for two years in the 1980s , went on to serve one five - year term as finance minister and two as prime minister . D. Subbarao served his five - year term as RBI governor under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . Raghuram Rajan , formerly chief economist of the International Monetary Fund , was India 's central banker between 2013 and 2016 . No . Name Term of office Began Ended Length Osborne Smith 1 April 1935 30 June 1937 7002821000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 90 days James Braid Taylor 1 July 1937 17 February 1943 7003205700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 231 days C.D. Deshmukh 11 August 1943 30 June 1949 7003215000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 323 days Benegal Rama Rau 1 July 1949 14 January 1957 7003275400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 197 days K.G. Ambegaonkar 14 January 1957 28 February 1957 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 days 6 H.V.R. Iyengar 1 March 1957 28 February 1962 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 7 P.C. Bhattacharya 1 March 1962 30 June 1967 7003194700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 121 days 8 L.K. Jha 1 July 1967 3 May 1970 7003103700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 306 days 9 B.N. Adarkar 4 May 1970 15 June 1970 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 days 10 S. Jagannathan 16 June 1970 19 May 1975 7003179800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 337 days 11 N.C. Sen Gupta 19 May 1975 19 August 1975 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 days 12 K.R. Puri 20 August 1975 2 May 1977 7002621000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 255 days 13 M. Narasimham 3 May 1977 30 November 1977 7002211000000000000 ♠ 211 days 14 I.G. Patel 1 December 1977 15 September 1982 7003174900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 288 days 15 Manmohan Singh 16 September 1982 14 January 1985 7002851000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 120 days 16 Amitav Ghosh 15 January 1985 4 February 1985 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days 17 R.N. Malhotra 4 February 1985 22 December 1990 7003214700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 321 days 18 S. Venkitaramanan 22 December 1990 21 December 1992 7002730000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 365 days 19 C. Rangarajan 22 December 1992 21 November 1997 7003179500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 334 days 20 Bimal Jalan 22 November 1997 6 September 2003 7003211400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 288 days 21 Y.V. Reddy 6 September 2003 5 September 2008 7003182600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 365 days 22 D. Subbarao 5 September 2008 4 September 2013 5 years 23 Raghuram Rajan 4 September 2013 4 September 2016 7003109600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 0 days 24 Urjit Patel 4 September 2016 Incumbent 7002782000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 52 days References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dadabhoy , Bakhtiar K ( 18 Sep 2013 ) . Barons of Banking - Glimpses of Indian Banking History . Random House India . p. 20 . ISBN 9788184004762 . Jump up ^ Saha , Siddhartha Sankar ( 2013 ) . Indian financial systems and markets . New Delhi , IN. : McGraw - Hill . p. 67 . ISBN 1259005003 . External links ( edit ) Official RBI site 's Governors Page Reserve Bank of India -- About Us : List of Governors ( Present one first ) Governors of the Reserve Bank of India Osborne Smith ( 1935 -- 37 ) James Braid Taylor ( 1937 -- 43 ) C.D. Deshmukh ( 1943 -- 49 ) Benegal Rama Rau ( 1949 -- 57 ) K.G. Ambegaonkar ( 1957 ) H.V.R. Iyengar ( 1957 -- 62 ) P.C. Bhattacharya ( 1962 -- 67 ) Lakshmi Kant Jha ( 1967 -- 70 ) B.N. Adarkar ( 1970 ) S. Jagannathan ( 1970 -- 75 ) N.C. Sen Gupta ( 1975 ) K.R. Puri ( 1975 -- 77 ) M. Narasimham ( 1977 ) I.G. Patel ( 1977 -- 82 ) Manmohan Singh ( 1982 -- 85 ) Amitav Ghosh ( 1985 ) R.N. Malhotra ( 1985 -- 90 ) S. Venkitaramanan ( 1990 -- 92 ) C. Rangarajan ( 1992 -- 97 ) Bimal Jalan ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Y . Venugopal Reddy ( 2003 -- 08 ) Duvvuri Subbarao ( 2008 -- 13 ) Raghuram Rajan ( 2013 -- 16 ) Urjit Patel ( 2016 -- ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Reserve_Bank_of_India&oldid=859467918 '' Categories : Governors of the Reserve Bank of India Lists of office - holders in India Lists of central bankers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 07 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the governor of rbi in present | [
"Governor of Reserve Bank of India\nIncumbentUrjit Patelsince 4 September 2016Appointer\nGovernment of IndiaInaugural holder\nOsborne SmithFormation\n1 April 1935"
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2366416204337202952 | Beauty and the Beast (musical) | Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage adaptation . For the Disney animated film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . For the Disney live - action film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Beauty and the Beast Vocal Selections cover art Music Alan Menken Lyrics Howard Ashman Tim Rice Book Linda Woolverton Basis Beauty and the Beast by Walt Disney Animation Studios Productions 1993 Houston ( tryout ) 1994 Broadway 1995 Los Angeles 1995 Melbourne 1995 Toronto 1995 Vienna 1995 US Tour 1995 Tokyo 1997 Mexico City 1997 London 1997 Stuttgart 1998 Buenos Aires 1999 Beijing 1999 US Tour 1999 Madrid 2001 UK Tour 2001 US Tour 2002 São Paulo 2004 Seoul 2005 Sweden Tour 2005 Budapest 2005 Manila 2005 Netherlands Tour 2005 Oberhausen 2006 Israel Tour 2007 Helsinki 2007 Antwerp 2007 Mexico City 2007 Madrid 2008 Johannesburg 2008 Moscow 2009 São Paulo 2009 Milan 2010 US Tour 2010 Buenos Aires 2010 Germany Tour 2012 Spain Tour 2013 Paris 2014 Oslo 2014 International Tour 2014 Moscow 2015 India Tour 2015 The Hague 2016 Ghent 2018 Shanghai Beauty and the Beast is a musical with music by Alan Menken , lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice , and book by Linda Woolverton . Adapted from Walt Disney Pictures ' Academy Award - winning 1991 animated musical film of the same name -- which in turn had been based on the classic French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont -- Beauty and the Beast tells the story of a cold - blooded prince who has been magically transformed into an unsightly creature as punishment for his selfish ways . To revert into his true human form , the Beast must first earn the love of a bright , beautiful young woman whom he has imprisoned in his enchanted castle before it is too late . Critics , who hailed it as one of the year 's finest musicals , immediately noted the film 's Broadway musical potential when it was first released in 1991 , encouraging Disney CEO Michael Eisner to venture into Broadway . All eight songs from the animated film were reused in the musical , including a resurrected musical number which had been cut from the motion picture . Original songwriter Menken composed six new songs for the production alongside lyricist Rice , replacing Ashman who had died during production of the film . Woolverton , who had written the film 's screenplay , adapted her own work into the musical 's libretto , and specifically expanded upon the characterization of the Beast . Woolverton also expanded the storylines of the castle staff from servants who had already been transformed into household objects into humans who were gradually turning into inanimate objects . Costumes were designed by Ann Hould - Ward , who based her creations on both the animators ' original designs as well as the Rococo art movement after researching how clothing and household objects looked during the 18th century . After completing tryouts in Houston , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18 , 1994 , starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast , respectively . The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics , but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences . Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances between 1994 and 2007 , becoming Broadway 's tenth longest - running production in history . The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities . It has also become a popular choice for high school productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inception 2 Development 2.1 Writing and screen - to - stage modifications 2.2 Casting 2.3 Musical numbers and choreography 2.4 Set and costumes 2.5 Lighting and special effects 3 Plot 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Productions 4.1 Original Broadway production 4.2 Original London production 4.3 National tours 4.4 Other productions 4.5 International productions 4.6 Amateur productions 5 Characters 6 Musical numbers 7 Instrumentation 8 Cast information 9 Recordings 10 Junior version 11 Critical reception 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 Original London production 13 Impact and legacy 14 References 15 External links Background and inception ( edit ) Still recovering from Walt Disney 's demise , Disney 's animated films continued to experience a noticeable decline in quality while struggling to attain critical and commercial success during the 1970s and 1980s . The Walt Disney Company CEO Michael Eisner was hired to ensure the performance of the studio 's next animated projects , despite having virtually no animation experience . Eisner himself had been a theatre major in college . Eisner 's first hire as Disney 's CEO was theatrical producer Peter Schneider , who subsequently became responsible for hiring more artists who shared similar theatrical backgrounds to contribute to the studio 's next animated releases , among them lyricist Howard Ashman and his long - time collaborator , composer Alan Menken . Ashman and Menken had previously amassed great live musical success with their Off - Broadway production Little Shop of Horrors , but the performance of Ashman 's first Broadway venture Smile had been disappointing . Eager to redeem himself , Ashman agreed to work on Disney 's animated film The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , which he and Menken would famously decide to approach as though they were scoring a Broadway musical . Upon release , The Little Mermaid was a massive critical and commercial success , garnering two Academy Awards , both of them for Ashman and Menken 's original music . Disney established a successful renaissance period , during which Ashman and Menken became responsible for teaching the art of transforming traditional animated films into animated musicals . Disney CEO Michael Eisner eventually green - lit a Broadway adaption of Beauty and the Beast . Inspired by Mermaid 's success , production on an animated musical adaptation of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale began shortly afterward , during which Ashman finally confessed to Menken that he was dying of AIDS , a secret he had been keeping from the studio in fear of being discriminated against or fired . Before the film had even been completed , executive vice president Ron Logan suggested to Eisner that he consider adapting Beauty and the Beast for Broadway , an idea Eisner quickly deflected . While the film , written by screenwriter Linda Woolverton , was premiering at the New York Film Festival , an ailing Ashman was being cared for at St. Vincent 's Hospital ; the lyricist succumbed to his disease four days later on March 14 , 1991 , dying eight months before the film 's November release . Beauty and the Beast became the last project on which Menken worked with Ashman . The film was released to immediate critical acclaim and commercial success , outperforming The Little Mermaid by becoming the highest - grossing animated film in history , as well as the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture . Once again , Academy Awards were won for Ashman and Menken 's music . Several critics noticed the film 's live musical potential , among them prolific New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich . Lamenting the Broadway selection at the time , Rich famously praised the songwriting duo for having written `` ( t ) he best Broadway musical score of 1991 '' , while hailing the film as a `` better ( musical ) ... than anything he had seen on Broadway '' in 1991 . Rich 's review would ultimately provide Eisner and Katzenberg with the confidence needed to seriously consider the film as a potential Broadway project . Disney was also inspired by the successes of Broadway musicals such as Cats , Les Misérables and The Phantom of the Opera , strongly believing their production could be just as profitable . Virtually unknown at the time , Robert Jess Roth was appointed the production 's director based on his various successes directing live shows at the Disney theme parks . Eisner and Katzenberg had opted against hiring a more established director in order to retain creative control over the project , believing that an A-list director would likely feel more inclined to challenge their vision . Roth himself had previously pursued Eisner about investing in a Broadway show -- originally suggesting a stage adaptation of Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) -- only to have his idea declined , citing cost of investment and time concerns . However , Eisner invited Roth to ask him about pursuing Broadway again in the future once he had finished directing three additional Disney theme park shows . Ultimately impressed with Roth 's adaptation of The Nutcracker , Eisner finally suggested an adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , inspired by the success of a condensed stage version of the film at Disneyland , although briefly discouraged by the idea of having humans instantly transformed into inanimate objects live . Since the film had not yet been released on home video , Roth spent an entire day re-watching Beauty and the Beast in theaters while brainstorming how to present its fantastical elements onstage , and eventually worked with choreographer Matt West and set designer Stan Meyer on their own proposal , with contributions from Menken and Woolverton . In a hotel in Aspen , Roth convinced Eisner and Katzenberg to green - light a Broadway adaptation of Beauty and the Beast using a combination of 140 storyboards , costume sketches , fabric swatches and demonstrating one illusion . Eisner retained final approval over all creative elements of the production , `` from the lowest chorus swing performer to the director , stars and design team . '' Menken was initially skeptical of Roth 's qualifications , as he had never directed a Broadway show before . Meanwhile , the producers were concerned that audiences might not be interested in seeing the same story that they had enjoyed on film on Broadway . Among the skeptics was theatrical producer Steven Suskin , author of Opening Night and Broadway , who argued that the production was more likely to be successful in reverse : `` ( The movie is ) basically written as a theater piece . I 'm sure it would 've worked in the theater first , and it then would 've worked in the movies , '' believing audiences would have difficulties accepting a new version of such an immensely popular work . Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first Broadway venture , although a stage adaptation of Disney 's animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) had premiered in New York in 1979 , produced by Radio City Music Hall Productions , Inc . Theatre Under the Stars ' executive director Frank Young campaigned heavily to have the show open in Houston , even getting Governor Ann Richards involved in order to secure the stage rights . Development ( edit ) Writing and Screen - to - stage modifications ( edit ) Roth summarized Beauty and the Beast as a story about `` seeing past the exterior of a person and into his or her heart '' . Woolverton learned that Disney had commissioned her to adapt the animated film she had written into a Broadway musical while she was vacationing with her family in Maui , and her initial response to the idea was `` Yikes . '' In the process of adapting her own animated screenplay into a full - length , two - act libretto for the stage , Woolverton contributed several distinct changes to the material , specifically instilling more emotional `` depth '' into each main character . The writer expanded the story by both `` fleshing out '' each character and allowing room for new musical numbers . Namely , Woolverton made the Beast a more threatening yet sympathetic figure ; the writer expanded upon his characterization by developing the Beast into `` a fuller character '' , aided by the addition of his own song , `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Meanwhile , the book - loving Belle was adapted into a more headstrong and determined heroine . Belle and the Beast 's relationship benefits from a new scene Woolverton wrote specifically for the stage , during which the couple read in the castle 's library ; Belle introduces the Beast to the tale of King Arthur and reads the book to him , to which the Beast responds by showing genuine vulnerability for the first time . In 1993 , Woolverton explained to the Los Angeles Times that `` the mythology in the story would be changed to explain , for example , a 6 - foot - tall candelabra . '' Perhaps Woolverton 's most significant modification involves the enchanted objects , and the decision to have the enchantress ' spell gradually transform the castle 's staff of loyal servants into household objects throughout the entire duration of the musical , as opposed to having already done so immediately at the beginning . Essentially , becoming completely inanimate if the spell is not broken in time would equate to each character dying , which ultimately augments the story 's drama . Consequently , this plot decision enhanced the story into a tale about people being forced to make difficult decisions , as opposed to solely a story of a man struggling to retain his humanity , in turn providing the audience with an opportunity to care about the supporting characters dramatically . Generally , Woolverton 's book remained quite faithful to the original text ; the plot is essentially the same , but particular detail has been added in order to `` flesh out '' the story . The feather duster and wardrobe characters -- only minor characters in the animated film -- were broadened into fully realized supporting characters and named for the first time ; Woolverton named them Babette and Madame de la Grande Bouche , respectively . Taking her job seriously , Woolverton worked relentlessly on revising the script , and often took the cast 's suggestions into consideration ( though not always yielding to their opinions ) . Despite the musical having been based on a pre-existing story by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , Woolverton retains a sole writing credit for her work . Casting ( edit ) Actress Susan Egan was cast as Broadway 's original Belle based on her refreshing ability to play the role both comically and as an ingenue . The role served as her Broadway debut , garnering her a Tony Award nomination . Broadway producers are usually eager to cast big - named performers in their musicals , but Katzenberg , famous at the time for avoiding working with actors of such caliber , decided against this practice for Beauty and the Beast . Eisner concluded that most of the film 's original voice actors would be too busy to reprise their roles onstage . In her Broadway debut , then - 22 - year - old actress Susan Egan was cast as the musical 's original Belle . Egan , who had not yet seen the film , had been auditioning for several other Broadway projects at the time -- namely My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease -- in which she was much more interested . Despite longing to originate a Broadway role , the actress was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she thought that `` it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' Additionally , Egan felt she was not attractive enough to play a character touted `` the most beautiful girl in the village '' , but her agent managed to convince her otherwise . Without any film to reference , Egan determined that Belle is supposed to be a `` quirky '' character and approached her funnier than how she is depicted in the film , in turn garnering laughs from the producers -- who were amused by her unique interpretation -- and eventually earning several callbacks . Meanwhile , her competition of 500 actresses , many of whom were simply offering imitations of voice actress Paige O'Hara 's original performance , continued to be eliminated . Egan 's final week of auditions , during which she sang for Menken for the first time , was particularly challenging . On her last day of auditioning , Egan auditioned opposite several different actors trying out for the roles of the Beast and Gaston . As the day concluded , Roth directed Egan to approach the role as `` a straight ingénue '' , and she was ultimately cast upon proving capable of playing Belle both straight and comically . Only afterward did Egan celebrate by finally renting and watching the entire film for the first time . Although Egan did not feel particularly pressured about the role , she was grateful to be surrounded by a supporting cast of veteran Broadway performers . Actor Terrence Mann was cast as the Beast . Mann had previously performed as Javert in Les Misérables , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award . For his final audition for Disney management , Mann performed for a large audience comprising Disney executives and secretaries in a theatre located on 42nd Street , which he felt was in stark contrast to the usual method of auditioning for six to eight people in a dark theatre . Actor Gary Beach was cast as Lumiere . Beach had seen Beauty and the Beast premiere at the El Capitan Theatre , prior to which he had watched a stage rendition of the film , and thoroughly enjoyed both . Beach was particularly drawn to Jerry Orbach 's rendition of `` Be Our Guest '' in his role as Lumiere , thinking , `` Now why ca n't I get a part like that '' . Two years later , Beach received a call from casting director Jay Binder inviting him to play Lumiere during their workshop of Beauty and the Beast , but kept turning down the offer due to having prior commitments to an upcoming show starring comedian Carol Burnett . It was only at Burnett 's insistence that Beach finally accepted . Amidst a cast of relatively obscure actors , Tom Bosley , famous for his roles on the television series Happy Days and Murder , She Wrote , became the show 's most recognizable performer when he was cast as Belle 's father Maurice . Musical numbers and choreography ( edit ) An entirely new song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written specially for Toni Braxton when the R&B singer joined the production in the role of Belle in 1998 , and has been included in the musical ever since . All eight of the film 's original songs were retained for the Broadway adaptation . The song `` Human Again '' had originally been written for the film , but it was ultimately abandoned due to time and story constraints ; the musical number was finally resurrected for and included in the production . Composer Alan Menken , who had both scored and written the film 's songs alongside lyricist Howard Ashman , returned to the project to write six new songs for the musical . Lyricist Tim Rice joined Menken to co-write the new numbers , replacing Ashman who had died in 1991 , before the film was released . Both Menken and Rice initially approached the project with some resistance ; Menken 's emotional attachment to the music he had written with Ashman made him fear Disney 's vision of a Broadway musical would transform Beauty and the Beast into an attraction too similar to what one would find at Walt Disney World . Meanwhile , Rice , who had previously worked as composer Andrew Lloyd Webber 's lyricist on the Broadway musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita , was hesitant to replace Ashman in fear of worsening Beauty and the Beast . Notably , Rice had similarly replaced Ashman to write the remaining songs for Disney 's Aladdin ( 1992 ) after the lyricist died . Ultimately , the collaboration resulted in approximately half of the Broadway score having co-writing credits by Menken and Ashman , while the remaining half are Menken and Rice compositions . The Menken - Rice songs are sometimes billed as `` additional songs composed by ( Alan ) Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice . '' On working on the musical without Ashman , Menken explained that `` The main challenge ... was blending the lyrics of Tim Rice with those of Howard . In the end , the finished score has a quality all its own ; a hybrid between '' Ashman and Rice 's styles . Elaborating on the main difference between writing songs for the stage as opposed to film , Menken stated that the lack of close - ups and montages in a live musical production creates a requirement for more singing material in order `` to provide the same kind of illumination that intimate facial expression provides . '' Most of the new material focused on character development , such as Gaston 's `` Me '' , Belle 's `` Home '' and the Beast 's `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Some new songs , Maurice 's fatherly ballad `` No Matter What '' and Gaston , Lefou , and Monseuir 's D'Arque villainous number `` Maison des Lunes '' , for example , were written to serve as `` time - servers '' . In 1998 , a seventh song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written four years into production 's run specifically for R&B singer Toni Braxton when she joined the cast to play Belle , and appears during the show 's second act . The idea for the song originated while Braxton was still in negotiations with Disney to appear in the show for a total of three months , but various circumstances led to the singer constantly delaying signing the contract . It was not until Braxton had dinner with Menken , Rice and West that she finally agreed to sign the contract under the condition that a brand new song be written specifically for her , which an intoxicated Rice had drunkenly offered and promised . When confronted by Roth about his promise upon learning of it from Braxton a few days later , within 24 hours Rice successfully discovered a location within the musical in which to include a new song , specifically `` Where Belle tells Maurice about how the time that she spent with the Beast in his castle has changed her . '' That song ultimately became the ballad `` A Change in Me '' , which lyrically addresses the ways in which Belle 's initial motivations have ultimately changed during her imprisonment , explaining to Maurice that she has matured and no longer longs for what she originally cited in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' . Braxton premiered the song in the form of a live performance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show . Both the song and Braxton 's performance were well received , and `` A Change in Me '' has been included in the musical ever since . Eisner especially enjoyed the song , demanding that it be included in international productions as well , to which he personally traveled in order to teach it to the cast . Music supervision was handled by Michael Kosarin , with sound design by John Petrafesa Jr . Unlike in the film , Belle actually performs and dances alongside the enchanted objects during `` Be Our Guest '' , which resembles `` a high - energy Vegas number '' similar to the musical Ziegfeld Follies . The original Broadway cast recording of Beauty and the Beast was released by Walt Disney Records in 1994 . Similar cast albums followed suit , including Australian and Japanese recordings in 1994 and 1996 , respectively . `` A Change in Me '' has yet to be included on any official English - language cast recordings . Set and costumes ( edit ) Stanley Meyer designed the production 's set . Following Disney 's instructions to `` to make the animated film come to life '' , Meyer 's set was very much a literal interpretation of the film . Meyer found it `` tricky '' to translate two - dimensional environments into a three - dimensional world . The West Wing 's appearance mirrors that of its resident the Beast , being hideous on the outside but beautiful when the audience is finally taken inside of it . In stark contrast to popular musicals The Phantom of the Opera and Into the Woods , Beauty and the Beast 's set resembles a hybrid of Gothic Victorian and Louis Quinze . Disney hired costume designer Ann Hould - Ward to design the musical 's costumes because the studio enjoyed a `` certain aesthetic '' she had used in her previous work , and thus allowed her much creative freedom . Roth was particularly impressed with the designer 's contributions to the musicals Sunday in the Park With George and Into the Woods . Hould - Ward accepted Disney 's offer because she was interested in seeing exactly how a corporate company producing a Broadway musical for the first time would `` change the Broadway world . '' Conceptualization began in summer 1992 . For research purposes , Disney encouraged Hould - Ward to reference the animated film ; she also researched clothing worn throughout the late 18th century , during which the original fairy tale was written , and spent one year discovering how household items looked during the mid-1700s . Additionally , Hould - Ward visited with Beauty and the Beast 's original animators , spending one week learning how they created their characters to ensure that they would be recognizable to those who had seen the film . However , the designer also decided that her own creations would not exactly replicate the film 's . Basing the costumes on the Rococo art movement , Hould - Ward presented her initial ideas to Eisner and then - Disney president Frank Wells . Once approved , Hould - Ward and her team spent the following year creating prototypes of each major costume . With an unusually long work schedule of two years , Hould - Ward recalled that `` this kind of timeline ... was n't the norm in a Broadway musical '' at the time . The process of designing Beauty and the Beast 's costumes was more collaborative between designer and actor than most other Broadway productions Hould - Ward had previously worked on , and she frequently sought input from the cast to make sure they were able to move . Designing Belle 's costumes was an `` easy '' task for Hould - Ward ; the character is initially dressed in standard Disney heroine attire until replaced by more elaborate costumes once Belle meets the Beast . Hould - Ward based the character 's famous yellow ballgown on several historic portraits . The gown became the first costume built for the production in order to accommodate Disney 's mandate to market the dress in photoshoots and commercials starring Egan and Mann , six months prior to rehearsals . Weighing 45 pounds , the dress is a combination of various patterns and materials , including a hoop skirt , silk , brocade , beading , flowers and bows . Too large to fit inside Egan 's dressing room after the ballroom sequence , undressing required assistance from three backstage crew members who used wires to hoist the dress up into the rafters , where it would be stored until the next performance . A lot of time was spent designing the Beast 's costume , the creation of which was especially challenging due to requirements to `` allow enough of the performer to show through . '' Hould - Ward 's initial designs for the Beast were constantly rejected by Katzenberg , who reiterated that she `` put the movie onstage '' until the producer realized that the excessive prosthetics were limiting Mann 's vocal performance . A wire frame was also used to maintain the costume 's shape , which evokes heavy metal fashion until ultimately substituted for a black Oscar de la Renta - inspired velvet suit when the Beast finally transforms back into a prince . Hould - Ward designed the leads ' costumes from the perspective of her daughter Leah , explaining , `` when Leah comes to see it , she remembers from the movie that the Beast was in that blue jacket . Leah expects that blue jacket , and if you do n't give it to her , she and a lot of other ten - year - olds are going to be sad '' . At the same time , the designer wanted her creations to be equally as interesting on an intellectual level for parents to enjoy also . The challenge of designing Belle and the Beast 's costumes paled in comparison to the difficulty of creating the enchanted objects , a combination of intricate wiring , prosthetics and pyrotechnics . Scale was the most prominent `` obstacle '' for Hould - Ward 's to overcome : `` The problem was the presentation of an actor as a life - sized teapot when the characters in the film were so little in comparison '' . Because the castle 's enchanted staff is slowly transforming into objects , shown at various stages of transformation without ever completely becoming the objects themselves , Hould - Ward was required to create several different costumes for each character in order to depict the transformation as the show progresses . Meanwhile , the costume of Lumiere alone was built by a team of forty people , including a creator of the prosthetic candle , hair and Vacuform specialist ; the pyrotechnician , man responsible for equipping the costume 's pyro unit with butane and man operating the butane tank were each separate people . While transforming animation into real life , Hould - Ward also worked on incorporating the human body each costume , explaining , `` I wanted the reality of the real person rather than the fantasy of the object ... The essence of my job is to allow my real actors to take you to this fantastical place . '' A system of wired frames was used to help the actors support their characters ' heavy garments . Such elaborate costumes had never been designed for a Broadway production before . Cogsworth 's costume features a fully functioning clock on his face . Meanwhile , Madame de la Grande Bouche was the production 's most expensive costume . The musical originally relied on heavy prosthetics and elaborate costumes in an attempt to make the musical resemble the film as closely as possible . In an attempt to replicate the film 's famous movie poster , Egan was dressed in flats while Mann was positioned on stilts to establish a more dramatic height difference . According to Egan , the studio `` did n't trust the audience 's ability to suspend disbelief , something theater - goers are routinely asked to do . '' However , the company finally began to relent as the production neared Houston tryouts after a final run - through during which the actors did not wear costumes ; thus , the prosthetics were gradually lessened and replaced by make up for the Beast and enchanted objects during 1993 previews . The elaborate costumes resulted in their fair share of technical difficulties , malfunctions and performance restrictions , many of which manifested during the seven - week tryouts in Houston . The costumes left little room for the performers to change between scenes , and air conditioners were fastened to them to regulate their temperatures . In general , the weight of the enchanted objects ' costumes limited their dancing . Chiropractors and therapists remained on standby to assist Fowler , whose Mrs. Potts costume required her to always keep one arm in the air . Beach compared holding up the two propane tanks used to represent Lumiere 's candles to carrying two hams around a grocery store two and a half hours . To build his stamina , Beach would carry the tanks during rehearsal . Beach 's hand caught fire during one performance , which he did not notice until Mann subtly pointed it out using `` furtive head nods '' . While dancing , the inertia of Egan 's heavy ballgown caused its skirt to constantly pull her in the opposite direction of whichever way she turned . Mann likened performing in the Beast 's costume to wearing several heavy winter coats , comparing the wig to `` four Angora cats and gaffer taping them to your head and then running around the block 10 or 12 times . '' Disney was outraged when , after their first performance at the Palace Theatre , The New York Times published caricaturist Al Hirschfeld 's line drawing interpretation of Belle and the Beast 's pose , in which Belle 's yellow gown was colored pink , and the Beast 's tuxedo appeared greenish as opposed to royal blue . When Disney confronted Hirschfeld , the artist defended his work , explaining , `` The costumes may have been blue and yellow , but they made me feel green and pink . '' Hould - Ward adjusted the costumes to accommodate the locations as the production traveled to various theaters . Lighting and special effects ( edit ) Lighting designer Natasha Katz was hired to work on Beauty and the Beast . When Disney first approached Katz to offer her the job , several of Katz 's cohorts -- specifically other lighting designers -- attempted to discourage her from accepting in fear of changing the appearance of musical theatre forever . In hindsight , Katz defended Disney 's work , explaining , `` Beauty and the Beast did n't bring theatre back to New York , but it did change the dynamic , no question about it , of the business . '' Known for assisting David Copperfield with his illusions , Roth hired Jim Steinmeyer to work on Beauty and the Beast . Steinmeyer had previously contributed to the musical Merlin . The Beast 's transformation sequence during the second act was much - discussed . It took about 11 weeks to set the design . Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) On a cold winter 's night , an old beggar woman comes to a young spoiled prince 's castle , offering him a single rose in return for shelter . But the prince turns her away solely for her appearance . The old woman warns him not to be fooled by appearances , as true beauty lies within , only to be rejected again . She then transforms into a beautiful enchantress and turns the prince into a hideous Beast and his servants into various household objects . She gives him the rose to use as an hour - glass . The only way he can break the spell is to learn to love another and earn her love in return by the time the last petal falls ( `` Prologue '' ) . Ten years later , a beautiful young girl named Belle makes her way into town one morning in order to get a book from the local bookseller . On the way she expresses her wish to live in a world like her books , full of adventure , while the townspeople note her unparalleled beauty but find her love of books odd ( `` Belle '' ) . Belle has also attracted the attention of Gaston ( the local hunter and town hero ) , who admires her only for her beauty . Belle , however , is not oblivious to her peers ' views of her . She voices her concerns about it to her eccentric father and inventor , Maurice who assures her that she is anything but strange ( `` No Matter What '' ) . The two then put the finishing touches on his invention and Maurice heads off to an invention fair donning a scarf knitted for him by Belle ( `` No Matter What ( Reprise ) '' ) , but becomes lost in the woods and attacked by a pack of wolves . After surviving a wolf attack , he enters the Beast 's castle where the servants , including Lumière , a maître d ' turned into a candelabra , Cogsworth , the head of household turned into a clock , Babette , a maid turned into a feather duster that still seems to retain her flirtatious tendencies , Mrs. Potts , the head of the kitchen turned into a teapot , and Chip , her son turned into a teacup . They welcome him , but the horrid Beast arrives and locks Maurice away in the dungeon for trespassing . Back in town , Gaston proposes to Belle , which she politely rejects ( `` Me '' ) . Appalled by Gaston 's forwardness , Belle once again voices her need for a life outside this provincial life ( `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' ) . Gaston 's sidekick , LeFou , returns from the woods wearing the scarf Belle knitted for Maurice . Belle realizes her father is in danger and heads into the woods to look for him . She ends up at the castle where she finds her father locked away in a dungeon . She makes a deal with the Beast , Maurice goes free but she remains instead . They agree and Maurice is sent back to town without being allowed to say goodbye . Belle is given a guest room and ordered by the Beast to join him for dinner . She mourns her situation ( `` Home '' ) , but Mrs. Potts and Madame de la Grande Bouche , an operatic wardrobe , attempt to cheer her up ( `` Home ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back in town , at the local tavern , Gaston sulks at his loss of a bride . LeFou and the patrons attempt to cheer him up ( `` Gaston '' ) , when Maurice rushes in claiming a Beast has Belle locked away , they laugh at him but Gaston formulates a plan ( `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back at the castle , the Beast grows impatient as Belle has yet to join him for dinner . Cogsworth informs him she refuses to come , after a shouting match between Belle and the Beast ( which ends in a victory for Belle ) he tells her if she can not eat with him then she will not eat at all . In his quarters , he sulks and notes his fate should the spell not break ( `` How Long Must This Go On ? '' ) . Eventually , Belle does become hungry and ventures into the kitchen where the servants offer her dinner despite their master 's orders . They treat her to an amazing cabaret show ( `` Be Our Guest '' ) . After dinner , Belle gets a tour of the castle courtesy of Cogsworth and Lumière , her curiosity leads her to enter the West Wing , a place the Beast told her was forbidden . Mesmerized by a mysterious rose floating in a bell jar , she reaches out to touch it but before she can , the Beast stops her and orders her to get out accidentally shoving her in the process . Fearing for her life , Belle flees from the castle . Realizing his deadly mistake , the Beast knows he will be a monster forever if he can not learn to love her ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) In the woods , Belle is attacked by wolves and is only rescued when the Beast comes to her aid , but he is injured during the fight and collapses ( `` Entr'acte / Wolf Chase '' ) . Instead of taking the chance to run home Belle helps him back to the castle . She cleans his injuries and after a brief argument about whose fault this is , the Beast thanks her for her kindness and thus their friendship is born . Wanting to give her a thank - you gift , the Beast gives Belle his huge library , which excites her . She notes a change in the Beast 's personality as the servants note a change in Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( `` Something There '' ) . They express their hope of being human once more ( `` Human Again '' ) while Belle asks the Beast to accompany her to dinner that night . Back in the village , Gaston meets with the asylum owner Monsieur D'Arque . They plan to lock Maurice away to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston ( `` Maison des Lunes '' ) . In the castle , the Beast and Belle attend a lovely dinner and personal ball , where they dance together in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast '' ) . The Beast , who plans to tell Belle he loves her , asks Belle if she is happy here , to which she responds positively but notes that she misses her father . He offers her his Magic Mirror to view him . She sees that Maurice is sick and lost in the woods and fears for his life . But even though the Beast knows there 's only a few hours left till the last petal falls from the rose , he allows Belle to leave in order to save her father ; she departs after a tearful goodbye ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) '' ) . Belle finds her father and brings him back to their house in the village . After she is able to nurse him back to health , she explains the transformation she seems to have gone through while she was with the Beast ( `` A Change in Me '' ) . A mob arrives , led by Gaston to take Maurice to the asylum . Belle proves her father 's sanity by showing the townspeople the Beast is real using the Magic Mirror , but does n't realize the error in her gesture . The townspeople immediately fear the Beast , but Belle insists he 's gentle and kind . Gaston catches her tone and recognizes the Beast as his rival for Belle 's affections and organizes the mob to kill the Beast ( `` Mob Song '' ) . In order to warn the Beast , Belle and Maurice decide to beat the mob to the castle . However , Gaston and the mob had already reached the castle before Belle and Maurice did . At the castle , the servants are able to keep the lynch mob at bay , but Gaston breaks through and finds the Beast in his tower . He engages in a fight with him , mercilessly beating and taunting him ( `` Battle '' ) . The Beast has lost the will to live at Belle 's departure . As Gaston moves in for the killing blow , Belle arrives . The Beast immediately turns on Gaston and is prepared to kill him , but spares his life after seeing the fear in his eyes . The Beast and Belle are reunited , but this reunion is cut short as Gaston fatally stabs the Beast . This act of violence causes Gaston to lose his footing and he falls to his death . On the balcony , Belle assures the Beast he 'll live but they both know she is helpless to save him . She begs him not to leave her because she has found home in his company ( `` End Duet '' ) , but despite this , he dies ; Belle sobs on his body and says she loves him just before the last rose petal falls . A transformation takes place ( `` Transformation '' ) and the Beast is alive and human once more . Though Belle does n't recognize him for the first time , she looks into his eyes and sees the Beast within and they kiss . The two of them sing of how their lives have changed because of love and they dance once more as the company , now changed back to their human form , gathers in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' ) . Productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatrical at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on April 18 , 1994 , and ran there until September 5 , 1999 . The show then transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 , with an official opening date of November 16 , 1999 . The musical closed on July 29 , 2007 , after 46 previews and 5,461 performances , and is Broadway 's tenth - longest running production in history ( as of January 2017 ) . The production holds the record of being the longest running production at both the Palace Theatre , where it opened , and the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre , where it closed its Broadway run . The production cost an estimated $12 million , arguably higher , becoming the most costly Broadway musical at the time . However , some analysists estimate the cost to be closer to $20 million . Directed by Robert Jess Roth with choreography by Matt West and assisted by Dan Mojica , the original Broadway cast included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as the Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . Orchestrations were by Danny Troob ( after his own orchestrations and arrangements of the film ) , scenic designer was Stan Meyer , costume designer Ann Hould - Ward , lighting designer Natasha Katz , sound was by T. Richard Fitzgerald , hair designer David H. Lawrence , and prosthetics were by John Dods . Illusions were by Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan , and pyrotechnic design was by Tyler Wymer . The Broadway production closed to make way for Disney 's next musical venture , The Little Mermaid . With Disney set to open its Broadway version of The Little Mermaid on November 3 , 2007 , at the time , it was believed that having two Disney princess films on Broadway at the same time would divide audiences and cause competition between the two shows . At this point , Disney also had three other shows running at the same time : The Lion King , Tarzan , and Mary Poppins . It was reported that Disney Theatrical planned to revive the show on Broadway for the 2008 holiday season , but Disney did not pursue this . Original London production ( edit ) The West End production opened at London 's Dominion Theatre on April 29 , 1997 , starring Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle and Alasdair Harvey as the Beast . It also featured Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumiere , Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts , Norman Rossington as Maurice , Barry James as Cogsworth , Di Botcher as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Richard Gauntlett as LeFou , and Rebecca Thornhill as Babette . Over the course of the production , notable replacements included Michelle Gayle and Annalene Beechey as Belle , John Barrowman and Earl Carpenter as the Beast , Alex Bourne as Gaston , and Billy Boyle and Terry Doyle as Maurice . The production ended on December 11 , 1999 . The production won the 1998 American Express Award for Best New Musical Olivier Award , against other nominees Enter the Guardsman , The Fix and Lady in the Dark . National tours ( edit ) The show had four US national tours . The first opened on November 15 , 1995 , and closed in 1999 . It featured Kim Huber as Belle , Fred Inkley as the Beast , Patrick Page as Lumiere and Paige Davis as Babette . Patrick Page and Paige Davis met and fell in love during the tour . A second national tour opened in 1999 with Susan Owen as Belle and Grant Norman as The Beast . This production closed in 2003 . The third national tour opened in 2001 and closed in 2003 . This production starred Jennifer Shraeder as Belle and Roger Befeler as the Beast with Marc G. Dalio as Gaston . Notable replacements on the tours have included Sarah Litzsinger , Erin Dilly and Danyelle Bossardet as Belle . The three touring companies visited 137 venues in 90 North American cities . About 5.5 million people in the United States and Canada saw these tours . The fourth national tour of Beauty and the Beast began February 2010 , opening in Providence , Rhode Island , starring Liz Shivener as Belle and Justin Glaser as the Beast . Under the direction of the original Broadway creative team , the show featured all new sets and costumes . The tour was the longest in the show 's history , running until July 2016 . The UK National tour ( prior to the closure of the West End Production in 1999 ) began on November 2 , 2001 , at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool with stops in Bristol , Birmingham , Dublin , Southampton , Manchester and ended on April 12 , 2003 , at the Playhouse Theatre in Edinburgh . The tour starred Annalene Beechey ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Belle , Alistair Robins as the Beast , Ben Harlow as Gaston , Julia Goss as Mrs. Potts , Stephen Matthews as Lumiere Barry James ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Cogsworth , Billy Boyle ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Maurice , Karen Davies as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Kate Graham ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Babette , Anthony Clegg as LeFou , and Oliver Taylor ( reprising his role from the London production ) and Sion Eifion sharing the role of Chip . Notable replacements included Dianne Pilkington as Belle , Alex Bourne as the Beast , Earl Carpenter as Gaston , Marilyn Cutts as Mrs. Potts , Richard Tate as Maurice , and Drew Varley as LeFou . Other productions ( edit ) Los Angeles A Los Angeles production opened at the Shubert Theatre on April 12 , 1995 , and closed on September 29 , 1996 . Most of the original Broadway cast , including Susan Egan , Terrence Mann , Gary Beach , Beth Fowler , Burke Moses and Tom Bosley reprised their roles . Notable replacements included James Stacy Barbour as the Beast . The sets in this production were widely considered to be the largest out of all the musical 's productions in the world . After the show closed in Los Angeles , all of the sets were transferred for the production in Mexico City in 1997 . Canada The Toronto production opened at the Princess of Wales Theatre on August 8 , 1995 , and closed in 1998 . The production starred Kerry Butler as Belle and Chuck Wagner as the Beast , and Terry Doyle as Maurice . Notable replacements included Melissa Thomson as Belle and Steve Blanchard as the Beast . The lesser known Halifax production at the Neptune Theatre was the longest running production in the theatre 's history . Disney Cruise Line As of November 2017 , Beauty and the Beast will be featured on stage of the cruise ship Disney Dream . International productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast has been performed in more than 30 countries , including Argentina , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , China , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Mexico , Netherlands , Norway , Philippines , Qatar , Romania , Russia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and United States . Over 35 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has grossed more than $1.7 billion . On July 15 , 1995 , the musical began its original Australian run in Melbourne at The Princess Theatre , before moving on to Sydney . The original Australian cast included Michael Cormick as The Beast , Rachael Beck as Belle , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , and Ernie Bourne as Maurice . In 1995 , the musical opened in Japan and is performed by the Shiki Theatre Company . The musical continues to tour Japan . In December 1997 , the musical opened in Stuttgart at the Palladium Theatre , Stuttgart and played there until December 22 , 2000 . Leah Delos Santos played Belle and Uwe Kröger played the Beast and Marc G. Dalio played Gaston . In 1999 , the musical opened in China . On March 4 , 2005 , Beauty and the Beast had its Scandinavian premiere at The Göteborg Opera with Fred Johanson as the Beast and Annica Edstam as Belle . On June 16 , 2005 , the musical began its Philippine run at the Meralco Theater . Produced by Atlantis Productions , it featured KC Concepcion alternating with Karel Marquez as Belle , Jett Pangan as the Beast , and Calvin Millado as Gaston . In South America , Argentina was the first country to produce it , with Marisol Otero as Belle , Juan Rodó as Beast , Diego Jaraz as Gaston , Gustavo Monje as LeFou , Pablo Lizaso as Lumière , Mónica Nuñez as Mrs. Potts , Omar Pini as Cogsworth , Alejandra Radano as Babette and Rodolfo Valss as Maurice . It ran from November 26 , 1998 , at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires until August 15 , 1999 , before opening again in 2010 . Brazil was the second country to host the musical . Disney had plans to bring it to the country in 1999 , after the success in Argentina , but nobody really knew if it would work . Three years later , in 2002 , Beauty and the Beast finally opened in Brazil at Teatro Abril , one of the biggest theaters in the country . It was a huge hit , for more than one and a half years , it was presented with Kiara Sasso playing Belle and Saulo Vasconcelos playing the Beast . In 2009 , a new Belle and a new Beast were cast , Lissah Martins and Ricardo Vieira , as the musical came back to Brazil , Kiara Sasso was playing Maria in The Sound of Music . Beauty and the Beast remained for six months at Teatro Abril . Even though the play was brought back as a way to try to recoup some of the money lost in Brazil 's version of Miss Saigon , this second incarnation of Beauty and the Beast failed to create any critical buzz , or to be a box office success . In Spain there have been three productions of the show . The first one , based on the original Broadway production , had its Madrid debut on December 2 , 1999 , at Teatro Lope de Vega . The original cast included Xenia Reguant ( later replaced by Julia Möller ) as Belle , Carlos Marín ( later replaced by Joe Luciano ) as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos ( later replaced by Manuel Bandera ) as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth , Dulcinea Juárez as Babette , Laura Inclán as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Miguel de Grandy as Maurice . After a successful run of 27 months and about 900 performances , the production finally closed on March 3 , 2002 , becoming the longest - running musical ever in Madrid at that time . In 2007 , a second version produced by Stage Entertainment premiered on October 3 , at Teatro Coliseum , Madrid , for a limited run of six months , but the closing was postponed due to a successful season . The original cast included Julia Möller reprising her role as Belle ( later replaced by María Adamuz ) , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts ( later replaced by Rita Barber ) , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth , Silvia Luchetti as Babette , María José Oquendo as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Lorenzo Valverde as Maurice . The production closed on January 11 , 2009 , and was transferred to Barcelona , where it ran from February 26 , 2009 , to January 10 , 2010 , at BTM , with some changes in the cast , including Mercè Martínez as Mrs. Potts , Marta Capel as Babette , Patricia Paisal as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Albert Muntanyola as Maurice . In 2012 , the Stage Entertainment version was relaunched as a touring production , beginning performances on September 6 , at Teatro Calderón , Valladolid . The original cast of this third Spanish production included Talía del Val as Belle , Ignasi Vidal as Beast , Daniel Diges as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Diego Rodríguez as Lumière , Mone as Mrs. Potts , Frank Capdet as Cogsworth , Marta Capel as Babette , Eva Diago as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Enrique R. del Portal as Maurice . In 2005 , Disney and Stage Entertainment produced a new version of the show using brand new sets and costumes . After touring the Netherlands and playing in Antwerp , Belgium , Disney and Stage Entertainment brought the show to Berlin , Germany , in 2006 after a ( approx . ) one - year run at the Metronom Theater in Oberhausen . This production opened in 2007 in Madrid , Spain , and in 2009 in Milan , Italy , with Arianna as Belle and Michel Altieri as the Beast . The Broadway production played a second time in Mexico City beginning in September 2007 and in Hiroshima , Japan , beginning in February 2008 . The Broadway production opened in South Africa in September 2008 and ran until March 2009 . In 2004 , Disney began to license the show to other companies for touring , and the show has been performed by professional and amateur companies in many countries . On October 24 , 2013 , Beauty and the Beast opened at Théâtre Mogador in Paris , France . Beginning October 2014 , Disney Theatrical Productions , NETworks and Broadway Entertainment Group launched an international tour in celebration of Beauty and the Beast 's 20th anniversary on stage . The tour opened at the Zorlu Center in Istanbul , Turkey , and closed in January 2016 at Dubai World Trade Centre , having visited Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Greece , Italy , Philippines , Thailand , Singapore , Indonesia , China , Taiwan , Egypt , Lebanon , Romania , and Qatar . In December 2015 , Beauty and the Beast came back to the Netherlands for a run at Circustheater in The Hague . In 2016 , Disney and Marmelade produced an updated version for the Flemish Region of Belgium . The original cast included Josje Huisman as Belle , Jan Schepens as Beast , Dieter Troubleyn as Gaston , Peter Van de Velde as Lumière , Frank Hoelen as Maurice , Ivan Pecnik as Cogsworth ( called Tickens ) , Eline De Munck as Babette , Peter Thyssen as LeFou , Barbara Dex as Mrs. Potts and Saskia Schäfer as Madame de la Grande Bouche ( called La Commodia ) . The show premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at Flanders Expo in Ghent . Amateur productions ( edit ) The show 's rights became available ( in association with Josef Weinberger Ltd . ) to amateur performing groups and regional musical societies . The show has been performed in numerous countries , by theatre companies of both an amateur and professional level . In 2010 Tipperary Musical Society staged the Irish amateur premiere of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards ( Association of Irish Musical Societies ) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( John Murphy for the part of Gaston ) . Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan . Characters ( edit ) Character Description Beast / Prince A Prince transformed into a terrifying beast for his lack of compassion ; short - tempered and commanding , but with a warm , loving heart buried far beneath his gruff exterior . Belle A vibrant , intelligent young beauty who wants much more in life than living in a small town . She is perceived to be quite odd . Maurice Belle 's loving , eccentric inventor father . Gaston The story 's antagonist . The vain , egotistical , narcissistic , ultra-masculine villain determined to marry Belle . Le Fou Gaston 's bumbling sidekick . Lumière A suave , French , debonair enchanted candelabra . The maître d ' of the castle . Cogsworth A tightly wound , enchanted stuffy mantle clock and head of the Beast 's castle . Mrs. Potts A kind - hearted , maternal enchanted teapot . The head of the castle 's kitchen . Babette A saucy , flirtatious featherduster who seeks Lumière 's affections . The maid of the castle . Madame de la Grande Bouche A former opera diva turned into a wardrobe Monsieur D'Arque The freaky , scheming proprietor of the local insane asylum , the Maison des Lunes . Chip A young teacup ; Mrs. Potts ' son . Ensemble Silly Girls , Enchanted Objects , Townspeople , Tavern Patrons , Mob . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture * # -- Orchestra Prologue -- Narrator Belle -- Belle , Gaston , LeFou , Silly Girls , Ensemble No Matter What * # - Maurice , Belle No Matter What ( Reprise ) / Wolf Chase * # -- Maurice Me * # -- Gaston , Belle Belle ( Reprise ) -- Belle Home * -- Belle Home ( Reprise ) * -- Mrs. Potts Gaston † -- LeFou , Gaston , Ensemble Gaston ( Reprise ) † -- Gaston , LeFou How Long Must This Go On ? * # -- Beast Be Our Guest † -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grand Bouche , Company If I Ca n't Love Her * # -- Beast Act II Entr'acte / Wolf Chase * -- Orchestra Something There -- Belle , Beast , Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Cogsworth Human Again * ‡ -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grande Bouche , Babette , Cogsworth , Enchanted Objects Maison Des Lunes * # - Gaston , LeFou , Monsieur D ' Arque Beauty and the Beast -- Mrs. Potts If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) * # -- Beast A Change in Me * § # -- Belle The Mob Song -- Gaston , Ensemble The Battle * - The Company Home ( Reprise II ) * -- Belle End Duet / Transformation * -- Beast , Belle Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) -- The Company * New song or instrumental cue † Expanded vocal or instrumental content , using either cut lyrics by Ashman or dance arrangements by Glen Kelly , or both . ‡ `` Human Again '' was written by Menken and Ashman for the movie , but was cut , due to the complications it made on the film 's timeline . It was repurposed for the Broadway play , and on account of the musical 's great success , an entirely new animated sequence based on the Broadway version was set to this song and inserted into 2002 's Special Edition DVD release . § `` A Change in Me '' was written into the show in 1998 for the debut of Toni Braxton and was retained thereafter . # not in the Junior Broadway show Instrumentation ( edit ) Music Theatre International offers two orchestrations for Beauty and the Beast . The principal , larger orchestration is based on the original Broadway orchestration . It is scored for three synthesizers , a drum kit , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , three French horns in F , two trumpets in B - flat , trombone , divided violins , cellos , and harp . The first woodwind player doubles on flute and piccolo , the second on English horn and oboe , and the third on clarinet , bass clarinet , and flute . The trombonist doubles on bass trombone and tuba . The original Broadway orchestration featured two additional woodwind players . The first played flute and piccolo , the second oboe and English horn , the third piccolo , flute and clarinet in B - flat , the fourth piccolo , flute , clarinet in B - flat and bass clarinet in B - flat , and the fifth on bassoon and contrabassoon . The excised reed parts were used for the synthesizer parts upon their removal for the licensed orchestration . The optional reduced orchestration is scored for two synthesizers , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , a trumpet , a French horn , and solo violin and cello . Cast information ( edit ) Original Broadway Cast Belle -- Susan Egan Beast -- Terrence Mann Lumière -- Gary Beach Cogsworth -- Heath Lamberts Mrs. Potts -- Beth Fowler Gaston -- Burke Moses LeFou -- Kenny Raskin Chip -- Brian Press Babette -- Stacey Logan Madame de la Grande Bouche -- Eleanor Glockner Maurice -- Tom Bosley Monsieur D'Arque -- Gordon Stanley Silly Girls -- Paige Price , Sarah Solie Shannon , Linda Talcott Notable Broadway cast replacements ( approximate dates given where available ) Belle : Sarah Uriarte Berry ( 1995 -- 1996 & 2006 ) , Kerry Butler ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , Deborah Gibson ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Toni Braxton ( 1998 -- 1999 ; first African American to play Belle on Broadway ) , Andrea McArdle ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Sarah Litzsinger ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2003 & 2006 ) , Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( 2002 -- 2003 , Broadway debut ) , Megan McGinnis ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Christy Carlson Romano ( 2004 ) , Ashley Brown ( 2005 -- 2006 , Broadway debut ) , Anneliese van der Pol ( 2007 , Broadway debut , closing cast ) . A total of seventeen actresses have played the part of Belle in the Broadway production , with Litzsinger playing it the longest . Beast : Jeff McCarthy ( 1995 -- 1997 & 2004 ) , Chuck Wagner ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 -- 1999 ) , Steve Blanchard ( who played the Beast for the last eight years of the Broadway run ) . Lumière : Lee Roy Reams ( 1995 ) , Meshach Taylor ( 1998 -- 1999 , Broadway debut ) , Paul Schoeffler ( 2001 ) , Bryan Batt ( 2001 -- 2002 ) , Patrick Page ( 1999 -- 2001 & 2003 ) , Jacob Young ( 2006 , Broadway debut ) , John Tartaglia ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , David DeVries ( closing cast ) Cogsworth : Peter Bartlett , Jonathan Freeman ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Gaston : Marc Kudisch ( 1995 ) , Steve Blanchard ( 1997 -- he later played Beast ) , Christopher Sieber ( 2001 ) , Donny Osmond ( 2006 & final Broadway performance ) Chip : Jonathan Bleicher ( 1997 - 1999 ) , Nick Jonas ( 2002 ) , Jeremy Bergman ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , Trevor Braun ( Longest - running Chip ) , Harrison Chad , Henry Hodges , Andrew Keenan - Bolger Babette : Ann Mandrella ( 2007 closing cast ) Recordings ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast Recording was released on April 26 , 1994 . The CD included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . The Original Australian Cast Recording was released in 1995 . The principal cast included Rachael Beck as Belle , Michael Cormick as Beast , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , Ernie Bourne as Maurice , Toni Lamond as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Grant Smith as Lumière , Robyn Arthur as Mrs. Potts and Bert Newton as Cogsworth . The Original Vienna Cast Recording was released in 1996 . The principal cast included Ethan Freeman as Beast , Caroline Vasicek as Belle , Kevin Tarte as Gaston , Viktor Gernot as Lumière , Ann Mandrella as Babette , and Rosita Mewis as Mrs. Potts . The Original London Cast Recording was released in 1997 . The principal cast included Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle , Alasdair Harvey as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumière and Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts . The Original Stuttgart Cast Recording was released in 1998 . The principal cast included Uwe Kroger as Beast and Leah Delos Santos as Belle and Ann Mandrella as Babette . The Original Madrid Cast Recording was released in 1999 . The principal cast included Xenia Reguant as Belle , Carlos Marín as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth and Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts . A second cast recording for the new production was released in May 2008 , starring Julia Möller as Belle , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth and Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts . Junior version ( edit ) A `` junior '' version of the musical for middle and high school students was published by MTI . This version only included a selected number of the songs , including `` Belle '' , `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , `` Home '' , `` Home ( Tag ) '' , `` Gaston '' , `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' , `` Be Our Guest '' , `` Something There '' , `` Human Again '' , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` The Mob Song '' , `` Home ( Reprise ) '' , and `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' . Also in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , The Silly Girls take Belle 's part in the beginning of the song instead of Belle having to sing the whole song . Also in `` Something There '' , Madame de la Grande Bouche and Babette sing as well . Critical reception ( edit ) Reception towards the tryouts in Houston were so enthusiastic that the production was extended for two weeks . Jerome Weeks of Variety responded to the show with a positive review , praising the performances of Egan , Mann and Moses , as well as the Beast 's new song `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . At the same time , Weeks felt that the production `` gets close to slipping into a big - budget kiddie show or magic act with its overdone showbiz glitz and sparkly stage - illusion effects '' at times , but in the end predicted that `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could well be the big new musical hit this Broadway season has been waiting for . '' However , in 1994 , Beauty and the Beast finally premiered on Broadway to reviews that ranged from mixed to negative , leaving critics mostly unimpressed . Reactions from the New York theatre community and Broadway producers were particularly harsh , ridiculing Disney for deciding to produce the musical themselves as opposed to enlisting traditional theatre companies . Egan recalled that `` the same five families ( had ) produced Broadway shows for a hundred years and Disney shook that up . '' Nearly universally panned by theatre critics , they concurred that Beauty and the Beast was a `` great spectacle , but not great theater '' . Likening the musical to the Empire State Building , David Richards of The New York Times called the show `` hardly a triumph of art , but it 'll probably be a whale of a tourist attraction . '' While awarding specific praise towards its musical numbers , choreography , costumes and cast -- particularly Mann 's ability to `` convey the delicacy of awakening love '' despite the physical demands of his costume , at the same time Richards criticized the production 's set and special effects for lacking subtlety , ultimately accusing them of leaving little `` to the imagination '' . Richards concluded , `` The result is a sightseer 's delight , which is n't the same thing as a theatergoer 's dream . '' Also writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby disparaged the musical entirely as `` relentlessly bland , busy , upbeat and robotlike '' , criticizing the production for resembling `` a dinner theater . '' Canby felt that the new Menken - Rice songs were `` inferior '' to the originals , likened the special effects to Fourth of July sparklers , criticized the sound engineering for ranging from too loud to barely audible , and panning Woolverton 's book for failing to supplement her screenplay . Minor praise was awarded to the performances of Lamberts , Beach and Fowler , as well as Mann 's climactic beast - to - prince transformation . In addition to predicting that Beauty and the Beast would be derided by traditional Broadway theatre - goers and critics alike , Variety writer Jeremy Gerard was largely negative in his own review . While admitting that the production `` boasts several real pluses '' , Gerard criticized the show for appearing `` bloated , padded , gimmick - ridden , tacky and ... utterly devoid of imagination . '' The critic voiced his strong disapproval of the costumes while dismissing the set as `` something designed to be seen by people in moving seats , maybe at Disneyland '' , panning West 's choreography and ultimately deriding Roth 's directing and blocking of actors who `` look generally like they 're following dotted lines on the stage . '' Critics agreed that Roth 's direction and West 's were equally uninspired . In a mixed review with a headline reading `` Beauty and the Beast is n't magical in the least , even if it does bristle with magic tricks '' , New York 's John Simon wrote that the production resembles `` a belated infomercial '' for the film by which he was bored , yet impressed by its special effects and illusions . Simon also felt that the actors struggled to resemble their animated counterparts despite Hould - Ward 's , criticizing Egan 's acting , Woolverton 's dialogue and the new Menken - Rice numbers while praising Moses ' , Beach 's and Fowler 's performances . Audiences did not share critics ' negative opinions , and the musical famously resonated with the public and families . Children were especially delighted by the idea of their favorite movie performed on stage by live actors . Subsequent productions have gradually attracted kinder remarks ; the national tours in particular have been well received . Reviewing a performance of the musical at the Shubert Theatre in Los Angeles in 1995 , Tom Jacobs of Variety wrote , `` Born in Hollywood as an animated film , Disney 's version of ' Beauty and the Beast ' has returned home as an opulent stage musical , a year after its Broadway bow . Both good and bad choices have been made in adapting the 1991 film , but with its outstanding performances , fantastic production values and memorable score , this show should warm the hearts of all but the most curmudgeonly theatergoers . '' However , Jacobs felt that the production suffered from the lack of danger felt watching the film . After having been left unimpressed upon viewing the original Broadway production , Variety 's Matt Wolf was pleasantly surprised by the musical 's West End debut one year later . Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Be Our Guest '' was used as the commercial for the 1994 Tony Awards . Michael Goldstein of New York correctly predicted that Mann would earn a Tony Award nomination for his performance . Despite having been nominated for a total of nine individual awards , Beauty and the Beast was ultimately shunned at the ceremony , winning only one award -- Best Costume Design -- for Hould - Ward . Nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical , the production famously lost to Stephen Sondheim 's Passion , which is considered to be his own version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale . In 1995 , some of Hould - Ward 's costumes , namely Lumiere , were put on display in Nordstrom stores . Meanwhile , Belle and the Beast 's ballroom costumes were exhibited at Westside Pavilion , and Mrs. Potts and LeFou appeared at South Coast Plaza . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1994 Tony Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Linda Woolverton Nominated Best Original Score Alan Menken , Howard Ashman , and Tim Rice Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Gary Beach Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Robert Jess Roth Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Won Best Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Burke Moses Nominated Outstanding Choreography Matt West Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Danny Troob Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Howard Ashman and Tim Rice Nominated Outstanding Music Alan Menken Nominated Outstanding Sound Design T. Richard Fitzgerald Nominated Outstanding Special Effects Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan Nominated Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1998 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Theatre Choreographer Matt West Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Largely due to audience reception , Beauty and the Beast remains one of Broadway 's biggest successes of the current era . Beauty and the Beast established itself as a musical that could survive on Broadway despite its unenthusiastic reviews . Several detractors had thought that musicals like Beauty and the Beast would be a one - time event , but the results ultimately turned out to be quite the opposite . According to theatrical producer Stuart Oken , Disney 's success with Beauty and the Beast is responsible for today 's biggest Broadway hits and making the medium `` better than it has ever been '' . The groundbreaking performance of Beauty and the Beast inspired other major Hollywood studios to produce Broadway renditions of some of their own films . Disney soon began to commission Broadway adaptations of several of the studio 's most popular musical films , namely The Lion King ( 1997 ) , Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) , Tarzan ( 2006 ) , The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) , Newsies ( 2012 ) and Aladdin ( 2014 ) , in addition to producing the musical Aida . After completing her run in Beauty and the Beast , Egan would famously go on to voice Meg in Disney 's animated musical Hercules ( 1997 ) , establishing herself as a popular voice and film actress . Following the success of `` Human Again '' , the song was later incorporated into reissues of the animated film in the form of an animated musical sequence . Beauty and the Beast is considered to be Broadway 's first legitimate family show , responsible for birthing an entirely new generation of young theatregoers . The family demographic of the musical established inspired international productions of Aladdin and Matilda . According to The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals author Dan Dietz , `` the show 's resounding success opened the floodgates for a spate of ... productions based on Disney and other family - oriented films '' , transforming Broadway into `` a theme park with a parade of musicals aimed at kids and teenagers . '' Dietz believes that the plethora of Broadway musicals that came after Beauty and the Beast have unfortunately resembled `` feel - good family show ( s ) whose goal was to emulate its film source . '' Additionally , the success of the musical inspired a legion of Broadway productions geared towards young women , including Hairspray ( 2002 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) , Legally Blonde ( 2007 ) , Matilda ( 2013 ) and Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( 2013 ) . While these musicals flourished on Broadway , it seems as though more serious , adult - oriented fare struggled to perform as well . New York theatre critic Howard Kissel famously despised `` the Kiddy Komponent of New York theatergoing '' spearheaded by the successful 13 - year Broadway run of Beauty and the Beast . The success of Beauty and the Beast inspired Eisner invest in his own theatre to house future stage adaptations of the studio 's animated classics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dietz , Dan ( 2016 ) . The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals . United States : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 154 -- 156 . ISBN 9781442272149 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard. Bye Bye , Birdie . Hello , Rent `` TIME magazine , May 15 , 2008 . Reported in its May 15 , 2008 issue that this musical ranked as the fourth most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . United Kingdom : A&C Black . p. 808 . ISBN 9780826429773 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty & The Beast from Screen to Stage '' . Thread By Thread : Costumes on Screen . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Michael ( 2015 ) . Razzle Dazzle : The Battle for Broadway . United States : Simon and Schuster . pp. 384 -- 388 . ISBN 9781451672183 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` History of The Walt Disney Stuios '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Disney . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Ken ( 2016 ) . Candid Conversations With Broadway Pros : , Volume 3 . United States : Lulu Press , Inc . ISBN 9781329876491 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Veness , Susan ( 2015 ) . The Hidden Magic of Walt Disney World : Over 600 Secrets of the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Disney 's Hollywood Studios , and Disney 's Animal Kingdom . United States : F + W Media , Inc. p. 155 . ISBN 9781440587801 -- via Google Docs . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Michael ( March 14 , 1994 ) . `` Broadway 's New Beast '' . New York . pp. 42 -- 45 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , Brendan ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Looking into the heart of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . The Smith Center . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Jeremy ( December 12 , 1993 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Culwell , Logan ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Where Are the Stars of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Now ? '' . Playbill . Playbill Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Filichia , Peter ( 2011 ) . Broadway Musical MVPs : 1960 - 2010 : The Most Valuable Players of the Past 50 Seasons . United States : Applause Theatre & Cinema . ISBN 9781557839305 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Rauzi , Robin ( May 8 , 1993 ) . `` ' Beast ' on Stage : Will It Work ? : Theater : Some are wondering if Disney 's saturation with the hit movie will prevent its resale as a live musical . '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Mark A. ( 2014 ) . The World of Musicals : An Encyclopedia of Stage , Screen , and Song ( 2 volumes ) . United States : ABC - CLIO . p. 65 . ISBN 9781440800979 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Matthew ( April 18 , 2004 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Talkin ' Broadway . TALKIN ' BROADWAY . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical : Theatre , Film , and Television . United States : Oxford University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 9780195335330 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jeremy ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review : ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Tom ( April 17 , 1995 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tomada , Nathalie ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` 20 reasons to watch Beauty and the Beast '' . Philstar.com . Philstar . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Gaile ( March 16 , 1995 ) . `` BY DESIGN : A Beastly Assignment : How to make a human - sized teapot and a candelabra ? Ann Hould - Ward used fancy wiring , prosthetics and pryotechnics to make the stage production of ' Beauty and the Beast ' come alive . '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast '' . StageAgent . StageAgent.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stadler , Nancy ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Gary Beach and Terrence Mann remember `` Beauty and the Beast '' ' s trip from the screen to the stage `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , John ( May 2 , 1994 ) . `` Hairy Fairy Tale '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . pp. 72 -- 75 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Egan : Belle , Meg , Glamour and Goop - Part 1 '' . The Mouse Castle . Mouse Castle Media . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : North , Jesse ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Susan Egan on her dirt - catching days as a Disney Princess and humble motherhood '' . Stage Rush . Stage Rush . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , William A ; Laird , Paul R ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Broadway Musical . United States : Rowman & Littlefiel . p. 32 . ISBN 9781442256699 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Corrie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken : Q&A with the music maestro behind Disney 's Beauty And The Beast '' . The Straights Times . Singapore Press Holdings Ltd . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast -- Show History '' . Music Theatre International . MTI Enterprises , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Be Our Guest ' for the ultimate love story -- ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' returns to Eisenhower Auditorium Feb. 23 '' . PennState . The Pennsylvania State University . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehren , Christine ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Toni Braxton Premieres Beauty ' s New Song , Oct. 7 On ' Rosie ' '' . Playbill . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tune Thursday : How `` A Change in Me '' wound up being added to Broadway 's `` Beauty & the Beast '' `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page to Screen : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . The Literary Omnivore . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , C. Daniel ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Toni Braxton Decoded : `` Family Values '' Help Put Struggling Singer Back in Spotlight -- Are you a fan of the Grammy winning diva ? `` . Black Enterprise . Black Enterprise . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgins , Paul ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Beauty ' was no beast for costume designer '' . The Orange County Register . The Orange County Register . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Andrew ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Hould - Ward 's costumes give ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , ' at the Saenger Theater Dec. 29 - Jan. 3 '' . The Times - Picayune . NOLA Media Group . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Conter , Jenna ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast comes to Halifax - will you be their guest ? '' . Metro News . Free Daily News Group Inc . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Susan . `` How Beauty and the Beast Prepared Me For # TheDress '' . Susan Egan . Susan Egan . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Victoria ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` An Interview with Natasha Katz '' . The Interval . The Interval . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , David ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Theater : Beauty and the Beast ; Disney Does Broadway , Dancing Spoons and All '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Harry ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Bye Bye Beauty '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` '' High School Musical 5 & 6 '' ? ! `` Beauty & the Beast '' headed back to Broadway ? ! `` . www.jimhillmedia.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Lights Up London 's West End Tonight '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 29 , 1997 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` REVIEW : MUSICAL ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dominion Theatre , London '' The Independent , 14 May 1997 , retrieved January 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Theatrecrafts.com , Retrieved February 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 1998 '' . Olivier Awards . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Theater Review : Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( San Francisco ) Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` New Beauty and Beast Tour Now Playing Providence ; Peoria Is Next '' Playbill , February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` MTI Will License Disney 's Aida and Beauty and the Beast for Regional and Amateur Markets '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ http://sv.opera.se/forestallningar/skonheten-och-odjuret-2004-2005/ Jump up ^ South Africa production Archived 2008 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . beautyandthebeast.co.za , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST to Make French - Language Debut in Paris , October 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Creative Team of Beauty and the Beast Will Reunite for International Tour '' . Playbill. April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast musical comes to Dubai '' . Gulf News . November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast returns to Belgium beautyandthebeast.be , accessed December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' josef-weinberger.com , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Beauty and the Beast Broadway Playbill Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 28 , 2003 ) . `` One `` Soprano '' Exits , Another Returns `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Lefkowitz ; Robert Simonson . `` Schoeffler to Light Up Bway 's Beauty and the Beast , March 21 - May 13 '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Bartlett '' . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Andrew Bleicher - Playbill '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty ' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . July 14 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Rick ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast '' . NewsOK . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` SUNDAY VIEW ; Is Broadway Ready for a Disney World Show ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Howard Kissel , Daily News Theater Critic , Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makagon , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Where the Ball Drops : Days and Nights in Times Square . United States : University of Minnesota Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780816642755 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) . Information about Regional US and International productions Indianapolis Civic Theatre ( Production Photos ) Theatre Cedar Rapids Beauty and the Beast ( Production Photos ) Cedar Rapids , IA Chattanooga Theatre Centre ( Production Photos ) Chattanooga , TN Music Theatre Louisville ( Archive Page ) Louisville , KY Actor 's Playhouse ( Review ) Coral Gables , FL Finnish version , 2007 , Helsinki City Theatre Helsinki , Finland Mexican Production Mexico Others Beauty and the Beast on Tour Beauty and the Beast Belgium Beauty and the Beast at the Internet Broadway Database Beauty and the Beast info page on StageAgent.com - Beauty and the Beast plot summary and character descriptions Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Theatrical Productions Animated Disney film adaptations Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) Frozen ( 2017 ) Pinocchio ( 2017 ) Disney live - action film adaptations Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) High School Musical on Stage ! ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! ( 2008 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Other adaptations King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 2000 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Peter and the Starcatcher ( 2009 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(musical)&oldid=807682396 '' Categories : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast 1994 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on films Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Walt Disney Theatrical Fantasy theatre Works based on Beauty and the Beast Musicals by Tim Rice Plays based on fairy tales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did beauty and the beast the musical come out | [
"After completing tryouts in Houston, Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18, 1994, starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast, respectively. The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics, but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences. Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances between 1994 and 2007, becoming Broadway's tenth longest-running production in history. The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities.[citation needed] It has also become a popular choice for high school productions.[2]"
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"April 18, 1994"
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5372648693212192 | Sun | Sun - wikipedia Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the star . For other uses , see Sun ( disambiguation ) . The Sun Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter . Observation data Mean distance from Earth 1 au ≈ 7011149600000000000 ♠ 1.496 × 10 km 8 min 19 s at light speed Visual brightness ( V ) − 26.74 Absolute magnitude 4.83 Spectral classification G2V Metallicity Z = 0.0122 Angular size 31.6 -- 32.7 minutes of arc Adjectives Solar Orbital characteristics Mean distance from Milky Way core ≈ 7020270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 × 10 km 7004272000000000000 ♠ 27,200 light - years Galactic period ( 2.25 -- 2.50 ) × 10 yr Velocity ≈ 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220 km / s ( orbit around the center of the Milky Way ) ≈ 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20 km / s ( relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood ) ≈ 7005370000000000000 ♠ 370 km / s ( relative to the cosmic microwave background ) Physical characteristics Equatorial radius 695,700 km , 696,392 km 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 × Earth Equatorial circumference 7009437900000000000 ♠ 4.379 × 10 km 109 × Earth Flattening 6994900000000000000 ♠ 9 × 10 Surface area 7018609000000000000 ♠ 6.09 × 10 km 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 × Earth Volume 7027141000000000000 ♠ 1.41 × 10 km 7006130000000000000 ♠ 1,300,000 × Earth Mass 7030198855000000000 ♠ ( 1.988 55 ± 0.000 25 ) × 10 kg 7005333000000000000 ♠ 333,000 × Earth Average density 7003140800000000000 ♠ 1.408 g / cm 6999255000000000000 ♠ 0.255 × Earth Center density ( modeled ) 7005162200000000000 ♠ 162.2 g / cm 7001124000000000000 ♠ 12.4 × Earth Equatorial surface gravity 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274.0 m / s 7001279400000000000 ♠ 27.94 g 7004275422900000000 ♠ 27,542.29 cgs 28 × Earth Moment of inertia factor 6998700000000000000 ♠ 0.070 ( estimate ) Escape velocity ( from the surface ) 7005617700000000000 ♠ 617.7 km / s 55 × Earth Temperature Center ( modeled ) : 7007157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 × 10 K Photosphere ( effective ) : 7003577200000000000 ♠ 5,772 K Corona : ≈ 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 K Luminosity ( L ) 7026382800000000000 ♠ 3.828 × 10 W ≈ 7028375000000000000 ♠ 3.75 × 10 lm ≈ 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 lm / W efficacy Mean radiance ( I ) 7007200900000000000 ♠ 2.009 × 10 W m sr Age ≈ 4.6 billion years Rotation characteristics Obliquity 7.25 ° ( to the ecliptic ) 67.23 ° ( to the galactic plane ) Right ascension of North pole 286.13 ° 19 h 4 min 30 s Declination of North pole + 63.87 ° 63 ° 52 ' North Sidereal rotation period ( at equator ) 25.05 d ( at 16 ° latitude ) 25.38 d 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s ( at poles ) 34.4 d Rotation velocity ( at equator ) 7003199694444444444 ♠ 7.189 × 10 km / h Photospheric composition ( by mass ) Hydrogen 73.46 % Helium 24.85 % Oxygen 0.77 % Carbon 0.29 % Iron 0.16 % Neon 0.12 % Nitrogen 0.09 % Silicon 0.07 % Magnesium 0.05 % Sulfur 0.04 % The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers , i.e. 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process . The Sun is roughly middle - aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars , one of which is the predominant calendar in use today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 1.1 Religious aspects 2 Characteristics 3 Sunlight 4 Composition 4.1 Singly ionized iron - group elements 4.2 Isotopic composition 5 Structure and energy production 5.1 Core 5.2 Radiative zone 5.3 Tachocline 5.4 Convective zone 5.5 Photosphere 5.6 Atmosphere 5.7 Photons and neutrinos 6 Magnetism and activity 6.1 Magnetic field 6.2 Variation in activity 6.3 Long - term change 7 Life phases 7.1 Formation 7.2 Main sequence 7.3 After core hydrogen exhaustion 8 Motion and location 8.1 Orbit in Milky Way 9 Theoretical problems 9.1 Coronal heating problem 9.2 Faint young Sun problem 10 History of observation 10.1 Early understanding 10.2 Development of scientific understanding 10.3 Solar space missions 11 Observation and effects 12 Planetary system 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Name and Etymology The English proper name Sun developed from Old English sunne and may be related to south . Cognates to English sun appear in other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian sunne , sonne , Old Saxon sunna , Middle Dutch sonne , modern Dutch zon , Old High German sunna , modern German Sonne , Old Norse sunna , and Gothic sunnō . All Germanic terms for the Sun stem from Proto - Germanic * sunnōn . The English weekday name Sunday stems from Old English ( Sunnandæg ; `` Sun 's day '' , from before 700 ) and is ultimately a result of a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis , itself a translation of the Greek ἡμέρα ἡλίου ( hēméra hēlíou ) . The Latin name for the Sun , Sol , is not common in general English language use ; the adjectival form is the related word solar . The term sol is also used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on another planet , such as Mars . A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours , whereas a mean Martian ' sol ' is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . Religious aspects Main article : Solar deity Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies . The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu , the god of justice and twin brother of Inanna , the Queen of Heaven , who was identified as the planet Venus . Later , Utu was identified with the East Semitic god Shamash . Utu was regarded as a helper - deity , who aided those in distress , and , in iconography , he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw , which represented his role as the dispenser of justice . From at least the 4th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra , portrayed as a falcon - headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk , and surrounded by a serpent . In the New Empire period , the Sun became identified with the dung beetle , whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun . In the form of the Sun disc Aten , the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent , if not only , divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton . In Proto - Indo - European religion , the sun was personified as the goddess * Seh ul . Derivatives of this goddess in Indo - European languages include the Old Norse Sól , Sanskrit Surya , Gaulish Sulis , Lithuanian Saulė , and Slavic Solntse . In ancient Greek religion , the sun deity was the male god Helios , but traces of an earlier female solar deity are preserved in Helen of Troy . In later times , Helios was syncretized with Apollo . In the Bible , Malachi 4 : 2 mentions the `` Sun of Righteousness '' ( sometimes translated as the `` Sun of Justice '' ) , which some Christians have interpreted as a reference to the Messiah ( Christ ) . In ancient Roman culture , Sunday was the day of the Sun god . It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background . The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians , and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions . In paganism , the Sun was a source of life , giving warmth and illumination to mankind . It was the center of a popular cult among Romans , who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed . The celebration of the winter solstice ( which influenced Christmas ) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun ( Sol Invictus ) . Christian churches were built with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East . Tonatiuh , the Aztec god of the sun , was usually depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of human sacrifice . The sun goddess Amaterasu is the most important deity in the Shinto religion , and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Japanese emperors . Characteristics The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star that comprises about 99.86 % of the mass of the Solar System . The Sun has an absolute magnitude of + 4.83 , estimated to be brighter than about 85 % of the stars in the Milky Way , most of which are red dwarfs . The Sun is a Population I , or heavy - element - rich , star . The formation of the Sun may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae . This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements in the Solar System , such as gold and uranium , relative to the abundances of these elements in so - called Population II , heavy - element - poor , stars . The heavy elements could most plausibly have been produced by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova , or by transmutation through neutron absorption within a massive second - generation star . The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth 's sky , with an apparent magnitude of − 26.74 . This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star , Sirius , which has an apparent magnitude of − 1.46 . The mean distance of the Sun 's center to Earth 's center is approximately 1 astronomical unit ( about 150,000,000 km ; 93,000,000 mi ) , though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July . At this average distance , light travels from the Sun 's horizon to Earth 's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds , while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less . The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis , and drives Earth 's climate and weather . The Sun does not have a definite boundary , but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the photosphere . For the purpose of measurement , however , the Sun 's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere , the apparent visible surface of the Sun . By this measure , the Sun is a near - perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths , which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) . The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun . The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles . This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun 's rotation . In a frame of reference defined by the stars , the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles . Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun , the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days . Sunlight Main article : Sunlight The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight . The solar constant is equal to approximately 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1,368 W / m ( watts per square meter ) at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) from the Sun ( that is , on or near Earth ) . Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth 's atmosphere , so that less power arrives at the surface ( closer to 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 W / m ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith . Sunlight at the top of Earth 's atmosphere is composed ( by total energy ) of about 50 % infrared light , 40 % visible light , and 10 % ultraviolet light . The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70 % of solar ultraviolet , especially at the shorter wavelengths . Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth 's dayside upper atmosphere , creating the electrically conducting ionosphere . The Sun 's color is white , with a CIE color - space index near ( 0.3 , 0.3 ) , when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky . When measuring all the photons emitted , the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other . When the Sun is low in the sky , atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow , red , orange , or magenta . Despite its typical whiteness , most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow ; the reasons for this are the subject of debate . The Sun is a G2V star , with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C , 9,941 ° F ) , and V that it , like most stars , is a main - sequence star . The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre , but as viewed through Earth 's atmosphere , this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd / m . However , the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun ( limb darkening ) . Composition See also : Molecules in stars The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium ; they account for 74.9 % and 23.8 % of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere , respectively . All heavier elements , called metals in astronomy , account for less than 2 % of the mass , with oxygen ( roughly 1 % of the Sun 's mass ) , carbon ( 0.3 % ) , neon ( 0.2 % ) , and iron ( 0.2 % ) being the most abundant . The Sun inherited its chemical composition from the interstellar medium out of which it formed . The hydrogen and helium in the Sun were produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis , and the heavier elements were produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in generations of stars that completed their stellar evolution and returned their material to the interstellar medium before the formation of the Sun . The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System . However , since the Sun formed , some of the helium and heavy elements have gravitationally settled from the photosphere . Therefore , in today 's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced , and the metallicity is only 84 % of what it was in the protostellar phase ( before nuclear fusion in the core started ) . The protostellar Sun 's composition is believed to have been 71.1 % hydrogen , 27.4 % helium , and 1.5 % heavier elements . Today , nuclear fusion in the Sun 's core has modified the composition by converting hydrogen into helium , so the innermost portion of the Sun is now roughly 60 % helium , with the abundance of heavier elements unchanged . Because heat is transferred from the Sun 's core by radiation rather than by convection ( see Radiative zone below ) , none of the fusion products from the core have risen to the photosphere . The reactive core zone of `` hydrogen burning '' , where hydrogen is converted into helium , is starting to surround an inner core of `` helium ash '' . This development will continue and will eventually cause the Sun to leave the main sequence , to become a red giant . The solar heavy - element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun 's photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures . These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements . The two methods generally agree well . Singly ionized iron - group elements In the 1970s , much research focused on the abundances of iron - group elements in the Sun . Although significant research was done , until 1978 it was difficult to determine the abundances of some iron - group elements ( e.g. cobalt and manganese ) via spectrography because of their hyperfine structures . The first largely complete set of oscillator strengths of singly ionized iron - group elements were made available in the 1960s , and these were subsequently improved . In 1978 , the abundances of singly ionized elements of the iron group were derived . Isotopic composition Various authors have considered the existence of a gradient in the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases , e.g. correlations between isotopic compositions of neon and xenon in the Sun and on the planets . Prior to 1983 , it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere . In 1983 , it was claimed that it was fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic - composition relationship between the planetary and solar - wind - implanted noble gases . Structure and energy production Core Main article : Solar core The structure of the Sun The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20 -- 25 % of the solar radius . It has a density of up to 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150 g / cm ( about 150 times the density of water ) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins ( K ) . By contrast , the Sun 's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above . Through most of the Sun 's life , energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p -- p ( proton -- proton ) chain ; this process converts hydrogen into helium . Only 0.8 % of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older . The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion ; 99 % of the power is generated within 24 % of the Sun 's radius , and by 30 % of the radius , fusion has stopped nearly entirely . The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers , finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles . The proton -- proton chain occurs around 7037919999999999999 ♠ 9.2 × 10 times each second in the core , converting about 3.7 × 10 protons into alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) every second ( out of a total of ~ 8.9 × 10 free protons in the Sun ) , or about 6.2 × 10 kg / s . Fusing four free protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) into a single alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) releases around 0.7 % of the fused mass as energy , so the Sun releases energy at the mass -- energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second ( which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen ) , for 384.6 yottawatts ( 7026384600000000000 ♠ 3.846 × 10 W ) , or 9.192 × 10 megatons of TNT per second . Theoretical models of the Sun 's interior indicate a power density of approximately 276.5 W / m , a value that more nearly approximates that of reptile metabolism or a compost pile than of a thermonuclear bomb . The fusion rate in the core is in a self - correcting equilibrium : a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers , reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation ; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly , increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate . Radiative zone Main article : Radiative zone From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii , thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer . The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core . This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence can not drive convection , which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection . Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons , which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions . The density drops a hundredfold ( from 20 g / cm to 0.2 g / cm ) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii , the top of the radiative zone . Tachocline Main article : Tachocline The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer , the tachocline . This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear between the two -- a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another . Presently , it is hypothesized ( see Solar dynamo ) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun 's magnetic field . Convective zone Main article : Convection zone The Sun 's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii ( 500,000 km ) to near the surface . In this layer , the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation . Instead , the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun 's energy outward towards its surface . Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands , thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise . As a result , an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun 's photosphere above . Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface , its density increases , and it sinks to the base of the convection zone , where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues . At the photosphere , the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g / m ( about 1 / 6,000 the density of air at sea level ) . The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales . Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains `` small - scale '' dynamo action over the near - surface volume of the Sun . The Sun 's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms . Photosphere The effective temperature , or black body temperature , of the Sun ( 5,777 K ) is the temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total emissive power . Main article : Photosphere The visible surface of the Sun , the photosphere , is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light . Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space , and almost all of its energy escapes the Sun entirely . The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions , which absorb visible light easily . Conversely , the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions . The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick , and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth . Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part , an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk , in a phenomenon known as limb darkening . The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black - body radiating at about 6,000 K , interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere . The photosphere has a particle density of ~ 10 m ( about 0.37 % of the particle number per volume of Earth 's atmosphere at sea level ) . The photosphere is not fully ionized -- the extent of ionization is about 3 % , leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form . During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere , some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth . In 1868 , Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium , after the Greek Sun god Helios . Twenty - five years later , helium was isolated on Earth . Atmosphere See also : Corona and Coronal loop During a total solar eclipse , the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye , during the brief period of totality . During a total solar eclipse , when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon , parts of the Sun 's surrounding atmosphere can be seen . It is composed of four distinct parts : the chromosphere , the transition region , the corona and the heliosphere . The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500 km above the photosphere , and has a temperature of about 7003410000000000000 ♠ 4,100 K . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water , which can be detected via their absorption spectra . The chromosphere , transition region , and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun . The reason is not well understood , but evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona . Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 km thick , dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines . It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma , meaning color , because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses . The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude , ranging up to around 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 K near the top . In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized . Taken by Hinode 's Solar Optical Telescope on 12 January 2007 , this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma connecting regions of different magnetic polarity . Above the chromosphere , in a thin ( about 200 km ) transition region , the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K . The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region , which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma . The transition region does not occur at a well - defined altitude . Rather , it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments , and is in constant , chaotic motion . The transition region is not easily visible from Earth 's surface , but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum . The corona is the next layer of the Sun . The low corona , near the surface of the Sun , has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m . The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K ; however , in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000 -- 20,000,000 K . Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona , at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection . The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun , which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun 's photosphere . A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the solar wind . The heliosphere , the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun , is filled with the solar wind plasma . This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic -- that is , where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves , at approximately 20 solar radii ( 0.1 AU ) . Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere can not affect the shape of the solar corona within , because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves . The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere , forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape , until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun . In December 2004 , the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause . In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in cosmic ray collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind , which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the interstellar medium . Photons and neutrinos See also : solar irradiance High - energy gamma - ray photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone , usually after traveling only a few millimeters . Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy . With this sequence of emissions and absorptions , it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun 's surface . Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years . In contrast , it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos , which account for about 2 % of the total energy production of the Sun , to reach the surface . Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter , the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer , on the order of 30,000,000 years . This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state , if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed . Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core , but , unlike photons , they rarely interact with matter , so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately . For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3 . This discrepancy was resolved in 2001 through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation : the Sun emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory , but neutrino detectors were missing ⁄ of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor by the time they were detected . Magnetism and activity Magnetic field See also : Stellar magnetic field , Sunspots , List of solar cycles , and Solar phenomena Visible light photograph of sunspot , 13 December 2006 Butterfly diagram showing paired sunspot pattern . Graph is of sunspot area . In this false - color ultraviolet image , the Sun shows a C3 - class solar flare ( white area on upper left ) , a solar tsunami ( wave - like structure , upper right ) and multiple filaments of plasma following a magnetic field , rising from the stellar surface . The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System , and results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium . The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun . Its polar field is 1 -- 2 gauss ( 0.0001 -- 0.0002 T ) , whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss ( 0.3 T ) in features on the Sun called sunspots and 10 -- 100 gauss ( 0.001 -- 0.01 T ) in solar prominences . The magnetic field also varies in time and location . The quasi-periodic 11 - year solar cycle is the most prominent variation in which the number and size of sunspots waxes and wanes . Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun 's photosphere , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface . As a result , sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere , and , so , they appear dark . At a typical solar minimum , few sunspots are visible , and occasionally none can be seen at all . Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes . As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator , a phenomenon known as Spörer 's law . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across . An 11 - year sunspot cycle is half of a 22 - year Babcock -- Leighton dynamo cycle , which corresponds to an oscillatory exchange of energy between toroidal and poloidal solar magnetic fields . At solar - cycle maximum , the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo - cycle minimum strength , but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field , generated through differential rotation within the tachocline , is near its maximum strength . At this point in the dynamo cycle , buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere , giving rise to pairs of sunspots , roughly aligned east -- west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities . The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle , a phenomenon known as the Hale cycle . During the solar cycle 's declining phase , energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field , and sunspots diminish in number and size . At solar - cycle minimum , the toroidal field is , correspondingly , at minimum strength , sunspots are relatively rare , and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength . With the rise of the next 11 - year sunspot cycle , differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field , but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle . The process carries on continuously , and in an idealized , simplified scenario , each 11 - year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change , then , in the overall polarity of the Sun 's large - scale magnetic field . The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself . The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun 's magnetic field into space , forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field . In an approximation known as ideal magnetohydrodynamics , plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines . As a result , the outward - flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward , forcing it into a roughly radial structure . For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field , with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator , a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind . At great distances , the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral . The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field . The Sun 's dipole magnetic field of 50 -- 400 μT ( at the photosphere ) reduces with the inverse - cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth . However , according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth 's location is around 5 nT , about a hundred times greater . The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun . Variation in activity Measurements from 2005 of solar cycle variation during the last 30 years The Sun 's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity . Solar flares and coronal - mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups . Slowly changing high - speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface . Both coronal - mass ejections and high - speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System . The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System . With solar - cycle modulation of sunspot number comes a corresponding modulation of space weather conditions , including those surrounding Earth where technological systems can be affected . Long - term change Long - term secular change in sunspot number is thought , by some scientists , to be correlated with long - term change in solar irradiance , which , in turn , might influence Earth 's long - term climate . For example , in the 17th century , the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades ; few sunspots were observed during a period known as the Maunder minimum . This coincided in time with the era of the Little Ice Age , when Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures . Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower - than - average global temperatures . A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun that cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years . These could provide a better explanation of the ice ages than the Milankovitch cycles . Life phases Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Stellar evolution The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life . It has not changed dramatically for over four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more . However , after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped , the Sun will undergo severe changes , both internally and externally . Formation The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars . This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology . The result is consistent with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material , at 4.567 billion years ago . Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short - lived isotopes , such as iron - 60 , that form only in exploding , short - lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed . A shock wave from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the matter within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity . As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure . Much of the mass became concentrated in the center , whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies . Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accreted more matter from the surrounding disk , eventually triggering nuclear fusion . Thus , the Sun was born . Main sequence Evolution of the Sun 's luminosity , radius and effective temperature compared to the present Sun . After Ribas ( 2010 ) The Sun is about halfway through its main - sequence stage , during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium . Each second , more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun 's core , producing neutrinos and solar radiation . At this rate , the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy , about 0.03 % of the total mass of the Sun . The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main - sequence star . The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence , because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused . The core is therefore shrinking , allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force , according to the inverse - square law . This stronger force increases the pressure on the core , which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs . This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser . It is estimated that the Sun has become 30 % brighter in the last 4.5 billion years . At present , it is increasing in brightness by about 1 % every 100 million years . After core hydrogen exhaustion The size of the current Sun ( now in the main sequence ) compared to its estimated size during its red - giant phase in the future The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova . Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant . As a red giant , the Sun will grow so large that it will engulf Mercury , Venus , and probably Earth . Even before it becomes a red giant , the luminosity of the Sun will have nearly doubled , and Earth will receive as much sunlight as Venus receives today . Once the core hydrogen is exhausted in 5.4 billion years , the Sun will expand into a subgiant phase and slowly double in size over about half a billion years . It will then expand more rapidly over about half a billion years until it is over two hundred times larger than today and a couple of thousand times more luminous . This then starts the red - giant - branch phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass . Evolution of a Sun - like star . The track of a one solar mass star on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram is shown from the main sequence to the post-asymptotic - giant - branch stage . After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left , but much happens . First , the core , full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash , where it is estimated that 6 % of the core , itself 40 % of the Sun 's mass , will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple - alpha process . The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity , with a temperature a little lower than today . It will then have reached the red clump or horizontal branch , but a star of the Sun 's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch . Instead , it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core . When the helium is exhausted , the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted , except that this time it all happens faster , and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous . This is the asymptotic - giant - branch phase , and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell . After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch , the Sun becomes increasingly unstable , with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so . The thermal pulses become larger each time , with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU . According to a 2008 model , Earth 's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces ( and , eventually , drag from the lower chromosphere ) , so that it will be engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase , 1 and 3.8 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate . Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss . Models that have higher mass loss on the red - giant branch produce smaller , less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch , perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius . For the Sun , four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula . By the end of that phase -- lasting approximately 500,000 years -- the Sun will only have about half of its current mass . The post-asymptotic - giant - branch evolution is even faster . The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases , with the ejected half of the Sun 's mass becoming ionised into a planetary nebula as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K . The final naked core , a white dwarf , will have a temperature of over 100,000 K , and contain an estimated 54.05 % of the Sun 's present day mass . The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years , but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to a hypothetical black dwarf . Motion and location Illustration of the Milky Way , showing the location of the Sun The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way 's Orion Arm , in the Local Interstellar Cloud or the Gould Belt , at a distance of 7.5 -- 8.5 kpc ( 25,000 -- 28,000 light - years ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is contained within the Local Bubble , a space of rarefied hot gas , possibly produced by the supernova remnant Geminga , or multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 6,500 light - years . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone . The Apex of the Sun 's Way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars . This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules , near the star Vega . Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light - years from Earth ( the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light - years ) , the Sun ranks fourth in mass . Orbit in Milky Way The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way , and it is presently moving in the direction of the constellation of Cygnus . A simple model of the motion of a star in the galaxy gives the galactic coordinates X , Y , and Z as : X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + U ( 0 ) κ sin ( κ t ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ( 1 − cos ( κ t ) ) ( \ displaystyle X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + ( \ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ) ) \ sin ( \ kappa t ) + ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) ( 1 - \ cos ( \ kappa t ) ) ) Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2 A ( X ( 0 ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ) t − Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) sin ( κ t ) + 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ( 1 − cos ( κ t ) ) ( \ displaystyle Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2A \ left ( X ( 0 ) + ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \ right ) t - ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \ sin ( \ kappa t ) + ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) ( 1 - \ cos ( \ kappa t ) ) ) Z ( t ) = W ( 0 ) ν sin ( ν t ) + Z ( 0 ) cos ( ν t ) ( \ displaystyle Z ( t ) = ( \ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \ nu ) ) \ sin ( \ nu t ) + Z ( 0 ) \ cos ( \ nu t ) ) where U , V , and W are the respective velocities with respect to the local standard of rest , A and B are the Oort constants , Ω 0 = A − B ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( 0 ) = A-B ) is the angular velocity of galactic rotation for the local standard of rest , κ = − 4 Ω 0 B ( \ displaystyle \ kappa = ( \ sqrt ( - 4 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) B ) ) ) is the `` epicyclic frequency '' , and ν is the vertical oscillation frequency . For the sun , the present values of U , V , and W are estimated as ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ( \ displaystyle ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ) km / s , and estimates for the other constants are A = 15.5 km / s / kpc , B = − 12.2 km / s / kpc , κ = 37 km / s / kpc , and ν = 74 km / s / kpc . We take X ( 0 ) and Y ( 0 ) to be zero and Z ( 0 ) is estimated to be 17 parsecs . This model implies that the sun circulates around a point that is itself going around the galaxy . The period of the sun 's circulation around the point is 2 π / κ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ kappa ) . which , using the equivalence that a parsec equals 1 km / s times 0.978 million years , comes to 166 million years , shorter than the time it takes for the point to go around the galaxy . In the ( X , Y ) coordinates , the sun describes an ellipse around the point , whose length in the Y direction is 2 ( Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) ) 2 + ( 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ) 2 = 1035 parsec . ( \ displaystyle 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1035 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) . ) and whose width in the X direction is 2 ( U ( 0 ) κ ) 2 + ( V ( 0 ) 2 B ) 2 = 691 parsec ( \ displaystyle 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 691 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) The moving point is presently at X = V ( 0 ) 2 B = − 215 parsec ( \ displaystyle X = ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) = - 215 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) Y = 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) = 405 parsec . ( \ displaystyle Y = ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) = 405 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) . ) The oscillation in the Z direction takes the sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98 parsec ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \ nu ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + Z ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 98 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) above the galactic plane and the same distance below it , with a period of 2 π / ν ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ nu ) or 83 million years , approximately 2.7 times per orbit . Although 2 π / Ω 0 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) is 222 million years , the value of Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) at the point around which the sun circulates is Ω = Ω 0 − 2 A R 0 Δ X ≈ 26.1 km / s / kpc ( \ displaystyle \ Omega = \ Omega _ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( 2A ) ( R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \ Delta X \ approx 26.1 ( \ text ( km / s / kpc ) ) ) ( see Oort constants ) , corresponding to 235 million years , and this is the time that the point takes to go once around the galaxy . Other stars with the same value of X + V / ( 2 B ) ( \ displaystyle X + V / ( 2B ) ) have take the same amount of time to go around the galaxy as the sun and thus remain in the same general vicinity as the sun . The Sun 's orbit around the Milky Way is perturbed due to the non-uniform mass distribution in Milky Way , such as that in and between the galactic spiral arms . It has been argued that the Sun 's passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth , perhaps due to increased impact events . It takes the Solar System about 225 -- 250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so it is thought to have completed 20 -- 25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km / s ( 156 mi / s ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 7 days to travel 1 AU . The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km / s , and the Sun 's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km / s in the direction of Crater or Leo . Theoretical problems Map of the full Sun by STEREO and SDO spacecraft Coronal heating problem Main article : Corona The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K , whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K . The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere . It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere , and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating . The first is wave heating , in which sound , gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone . These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona , depositing their energy in the ambient matter in the form of heat . The other is magnetic heating , in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events -- nanoflares . Currently , it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism . All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona . In addition , Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona . Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms . Faint young Sun problem Main article : Faint young Sun paradox Theoretical models of the Sun 's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , during the Archean eon , the Sun was only about 75 % as bright as it is today . Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth 's surface , and thus life should not have been able to develop . However , the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history , and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today . One theory among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases ( such as carbon dioxide , methane ) than are present today , which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it . However , examination of Archaean sediments appears inconsistent with the hypothesis of high greenhouse concentrations . Instead , the moderate temperature range may be explained by a lower surface albedo brought about by less continental area and the `` lack of biologically induced cloud condensation nuclei '' . This would have led to increased absorption of solar energy , thereby compensating for the lower solar output . History of observation The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . Early understanding The Trundholm sun chariot pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology . The sculpture is probably from around 1350 BC . It is displayed at the National Museum of Denmark . See also : The Sun in culture The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history . Humanity 's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky , whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night . In many prehistoric and ancient cultures , the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity . Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians , the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico . In religions such as Hinduism , the Sun is still considered a god . Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind ; for example , stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice ( some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa , Egypt ; Mnajdra , Malta and at Stonehenge , England ) ; Newgrange , a prehistoric human - built mount in Ireland , was designed to detect the winter solstice ; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes . The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque , accompanied by lesser gods , and to the Greeks , he was Helios , carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses . From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun 's birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus ( literally `` Unconquered Sun '' ) soon after the winter solstice , which may have been an antecedent to Christmas . Regarding the fixed stars , the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac , and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets ( Greek planetes , `` wanderer '' ) ; the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Roman era . Development of scientific understanding In the early first millennium BC , Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun 's motion along the ecliptic is not uniform , though they did not know why ; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an elliptic orbit around the Sun , with Earth moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion . One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras . He reasoned that it was not the chariot of Helios , but instead a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the Peloponnesus and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun . For teaching this heresy , he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death , though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles . Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BC as `` of stadia myriads 400 and 80000 '' , the translation of which is ambiguous , implying either 4,080,000 stadia ( 755,000 km ) or 804,000,000 stadia ( 148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU ) ; the latter value is correct to within a few percent . In the 1st century AD , Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth , approximately 7.71 million kilometers ( 0.0515 AU ) . The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC , and later adopted by Seleucus of Seleucia ( see Heliocentrism ) . This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus . Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) by Chinese astronomers , who maintained records of these observations for centuries . Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century . The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot , Galileo Galilei and other astronomers . Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun . Arabic astronomical contributions include Albatenius ' discovery that the direction of the Sun 's apogee ( the place in the Sun 's orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest ) is changing . ( In modern heliocentric terms , this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth 's orbit ) . Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun 's position for many years using a large astrolabe . Sol , the Sun , from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti 's Liber astronomiae . From an observation of a transit of Venus in 1032 , the Persian astronomer and polymath Avicenna concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun . In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun . In 1666 , Isaac Newton observed the Sun 's light using a prism , and showed that it is made up of light of many colors . In 1800 , William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum . The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun ; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum , the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines . In the early years of the modern scientific era , the source of the Sun 's energy was a significant puzzle . Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun is a gradually cooling liquid body that is radiating an internal store of heat . Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed a gravitational contraction mechanism to explain the energy output , but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years , well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time . In 1890 Joseph Lockyer , who discovered helium in the solar spectrum , proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun . Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered . Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun 's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat , and suggested radioactive decay as the source . However , it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun 's energy output with his mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . In 1920 , Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen ( protons ) into helium nuclei , resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass . The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne using the ionization theory developed by Meghnad Saha , an Indian physicist . The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe . Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy - producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun . In 1957 , Margaret Burbidge , Geoffrey Burbidge , William Fowler and Fred Hoyle showed that most of the elements in the universe have been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars , some like the Sun . Solar Space missions See also : Solar observatory The Sun giving out a large geomagnetic storm on 1 : 29 pm , EST , 13 March 2012 Play media A lunar transit of the Sun captured during calibration of STEREO B 's ultraviolet imaging cameras The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA 's Pioneers 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 9 , which were launched between 1959 and 1968 . These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth , and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field . Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time , transmitting data until May 1983 . In the 1970s , two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona . The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S. -- German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury 's orbit at perihelion . The Skylab space station , launched by NASA in 1973 , included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station . Skylab made the first time - resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona . Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections , then called `` coronal transients '' , and of coronal holes , now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind . Coronal hole on the Sun forms a question mark ( 22 December 2017 ) In 1980 , the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA . This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays , X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity . Just a few months after launch , however , an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode , and it spent the next three years in this inactive state . In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS - 41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit . The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering Earth 's atmosphere in June 1989 . Launched in 1991 , Japan 's Yohkoh ( Sunbeam ) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths . Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares , and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed . Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun . It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005 . One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on 2 December 1995 . Originally intended to serve a two - year mission , a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009 . It has proven so useful that a follow - on mission , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , was launched in February 2010 . Situated at the Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun ( at which the gravitational pull from both is equal ) , SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch . Besides its direct solar observation , SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of comets , mostly tiny sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun . A solar prominence erupts in August 2012 , as captured by SDO All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic , and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail . The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun 's polar regions . It first travelled to Jupiter , to `` slingshot '' into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic . Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit , it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes , finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km / s , which was slower than expected , and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays . Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies , but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood . A solar wind sample return mission , Genesis , was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material . The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory ( STEREO ) mission was launched in October 2006 . Two identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to ( respectively ) pull further ahead of and fall gradually behind Earth . This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena , such as coronal mass ejections . The Indian Space Research Organisation has scheduled the launch of a 100 kg satellite named Aditya for 2017 -- 18 . Its main instrument will be a coronagraph for studying the dynamics of the Solar corona . Observation and effects During certain atmospheric conditions , the Sun becomes clearly visible to the naked eye , and can be observed without stress to the eyes . Click on this photo to see the full cycle of a sunset , as observed from the high plains of the Mojave Desert . The Sun , as seen from low Earth orbit overlooking the International Space Station . This sunlight is not filtered by the lower atmosphere , which blocks much of the solar spectrum The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye ; however , doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes . Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness . It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina , slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that can not respond properly to the brightness . UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years , and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts , but this depends on general exposure to solar UV , and not whether one looks directly at the Sun . Long - duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV - induced , sunburn - like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds , particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused ; conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants ( which admit more UV than aging natural eyes ) , Sun angles near the zenith , and observing locations at high altitude . Viewing the Sun through light - concentrating optics such as binoculars may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight . When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun , the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use . Some improvised filters that pass UV or IR rays , can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels . Herschel wedges , also called Solar Diagonals , are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes . The sunlight that is destined for the eyepiece is reflected from an unsilvered surface of a piece of glass . Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected . The rest passes through the glass and leaves the instrument . If the glass breaks because of the heat , no light at all is reflected , making the device fail - safe . Simple filters made of darkened glass allow the full intensity of sunlight to pass through if they break , endangering the observer 's eyesight . Unfiltered binoculars can deliver hundreds of times as much energy as using the naked eye , possibly causing immediate damage . It is claimed that even brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage . Halo with sun dogs Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye 's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast : the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view , not by the brightest object in the field . During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun , but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day . In the overall gloom , the pupil expands from ~ 2 mm to ~ 6 mm , and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun . This can damage or kill those cells , resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer . The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children , because there is no perception of pain : it is not immediately obvious that one 's vision is being destroyed . A sunrise During sunrise and sunset , sunlight is attenuated because of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth 's atmosphere , and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics ( provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds ) . Hazy conditions , atmospheric dust , and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation . An optical phenomenon , known as a green flash , can sometimes be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise . The flash is caused by light from the Sun just below the horizon being bent ( usually through a temperature inversion ) towards the observer . Light of shorter wavelengths ( violet , blue , green ) is bent more than that of longer wavelengths ( yellow , orange , red ) but the violet and blue light is scattered more , leaving light that is perceived as green . Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water . It also causes sunburn , and has other biological effects such as the production of vitamin D and sun tanning . Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth 's ozone layer , so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations , including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe . Planetary System Main article : Solar System The Sun has eight known planets . This includes four terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) , two gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , and two ice giants ( Uranus and Neptune ) . The Solar System also has at least five dwarf planets , an asteroid belt , numerous comets , and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune . See also Book : The Sun Advanced Composition Explorer Antisolar point List of brightest stars Solar energy Sun dogs Sun path Sun - Earth Day Sunday Sungazing Timeline of the far future Star portal Solar System portal Notes ^ Jump up to : All numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 10 , or 1,000,000,000 . Jump up ^ In astronomical sciences , the term heavy elements ( or metals ) refers to all elements except hydrogen and helium . Jump up ^ Hydrothermal vent communities live so deep under the sea that they have no access to sunlight . Bacteria instead use sulfur compounds as an energy source , via chemosynthesis . Jump up ^ 1.88 Gcd / m is calculated from the solar illuminance of 7005128000000000000 ♠ 128 000 lux ( see sunlight ) times the square of the distance to the center of the Sun , divided by the cross sectional area of the Sun . 1.44 Gcd / m is calculated using 7004980000000000000 ♠ 98 000 lux . Jump up ^ A 50 kg adult human has a volume of about 0.05 m , which corresponds to 13.8 watts , at the volumetric power of the solar center . This is 285 kcal / day , about 10 % of the actual average caloric intake and output for humans in non-stressful conditions . Jump up ^ Earth 's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2 × 10 m . References ^ Jump up to : Williams , D.R. ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Sun Fact Sheet '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Zombeck , Martin V. ( 1990 ) . Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Asplund , M. ; Grevesse , N. ; Sauval , A.J. ( 2006 ) . `` The new solar abundances -- Part I : the observations '' . Communications in Asteroseismology. 147 : 76 -- 79 . Bibcode : 2006CoAst. 147 ... 76A . doi : 10.1553 / cia147s76 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 99 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . 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A brief glimpse of the Sun through a telescope is enough to cause permanent eye damage , or even blindness . Even looking at the Sun with the naked eye for more than a second or two is not safe . Do not assume that it is safe to look at the Sun through a filter , no matter how dark the filter appears to be . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( 26 April 1996 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Haber , Jorg ; Magnor , Marcus ; Seidel , Hans - Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Physically based Simulation of Twilight Phenomena '' . ACM Transactions on Graphics . 24 ( 4 ) : 1353 -- 1373 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.67. 2567 . doi : 10.1145 / 1095878.1095884 . Jump up ^ Piggin , I.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Diurnal asymmetries in global radiation '' . Springer . 20 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 48 . Bibcode : 1972AMGBB ... 20 ... 41P . doi : 10.1007 / BF02243313 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Flash '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Barsh , G.S. ( 2003 ) . `` What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color ? '' . PLoS Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : e7 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0000027 . PMC 212702 . PMID 14551921 . Further reading Cohen , Richard ( 2010 ) . Chasing the Sun : the Epic Story of the Star that Gives us Life . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6875 - 4 . Thompson , M.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Solar interior : Helioseismology and the Sun 's interior '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 ( 4 ) : 21 -- 25 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | temperature of the surface of the sun in kelvin | [
"The Sun's color is white, with a CIE color-space index near (0.3, 0.3), when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky. When measuring all the photons emitted, the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other.[60][61] When the Sun is low in the sky, atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow, red, orange, or magenta. Despite its typical whiteness, most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow; the reasons for this are the subject of debate.[62] The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.[63][64] The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre, but as viewed through Earth's atmosphere, this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd/m2.[d] However, the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun (limb darkening)."
] | [
"approximately 5,778 K"
] |
2935489884738649744 | Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts | Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Jump to : navigation , search Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan , the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars , including one undeclared war , and many border skirmishes and military stand - offs . The Kashmir issue has been the main cause , whether direct or indirect , of all major conflicts between the two countries with the exception of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 where conflict originated due to turmoil in erstwhile East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Wars 2.1 Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 2.2 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 2.3 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 2.4 Indo - Pakistani War of 1999 3 Other armed engagements 3.1 Standing armed conflicts 3.2 Past skirmishes and standoffs 4 Incidents 5 Nuclear - arms race 6 Annual celebrations 7 Involvement of other nations 8 In popular culture 8.1 Indian films 8.2 Pakistani films 8.3 Pakistani miniseries and dramas 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Indian independence movement , Pakistan Movement , and Partition of India Four nations ( India , Pakistan , Dominion of Ceylon and Union of Burma ) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948 The Partition of British India came about in the aftermath of World War II , when both Great Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilisation . It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal `` Pakistan '' and `` Hindustan '' once independence came . The partition itself , according to leading politicians such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah , leader of the All India Muslim League , and Jawaharlal Nehru , leader of the Indian National Congress , should have resulted in peaceful relations . As the Hindu and Muslim populations were scattered unevenly in the whole country , the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 was not possible along religious lines . Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India . Inter-communal violence between Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 500,000 and 1 million casualties . Princely - ruled territories , such as Kashmir and Hyderabad , were also involved in the Partition . Rulers of these territories had the choice of joining India or Pakistan . Both India and Pakistan laid claim on Kashmir and thus it became the main point of conflict . The ruler of Kashmir , which had a Muslim majority population , joined India by signing the Instrument of Accession . Wars ( edit ) Refugees awaiting evacuation by IAF Dakota on Poonch Airstrip , December 1947 . Indo - Pakistani war of 1947 ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indian soldiers during the 1947 -- 1948 war . The war , also called the First Kashmir War , started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the Maharaja of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India . Following partition , states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent . Jammu and Kashmir , the largest of the princely states , had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh . Tribal forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharaja to sign the Instrument of Accession of the princely state to the Dominion of India to receive Indian military aid . The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 22 April 1948 . The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the Line of Control . A formal cease - fire was declared at 23 : 59 on the night of 1 January 1949 . India gained control of about two - thirds of the state including ( Kashmir valley , Jammu and Ladakh ) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of Kashmir ( Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan ) , Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 This war started following Pakistan 's Operation Gibraltar , which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India . India retaliated by launching a full - scale military attack on West Pakistan . The seventeen - day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II . The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration . Both India and Pakistan claimed victory . Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 ( edit ) Main articles : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi , the Pakistani submarine which sank off during the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War under mysterious circumstances on the Visakhapatnam coast . This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir , but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Leader of East Pakistan , and Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , leaders of West Pakistan . This would culminate in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan . Following Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India . India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement . After a large scale pre-emptive strike by Pakistan , full - scale hostilities between the two countries commenced . Pakistan attacked at several places along India 's western border with Pakistan , but the Indian Army successfully held their positions . The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army 's movements in the west and made some initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory ( land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir , Pakistani Punjab and Sindh sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill ) . Within two weeks of intense fighting , Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the People 's Republic of Bangladesh was created . This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India - Pakistan conflicts , as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians . In the words of one Pakistani author , `` Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force and a third of its army '' . Indo - Pakistani war of 1999 ( edit ) Main article : Kargil War Commonly known as the Kargil War , this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited . During early 1999 , Pakistani troops infiltrated across the Line of Control ( LoC ) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district . India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators . Two months into the conflict , Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators . according to official count , an estimated 75 % -- 80 % of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control . Fearing large - scale escalation in military conflict , the international community , led by the United States , increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistani economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Nawaz Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict . By the end of July 1999 , organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased . Other Armed engagements ( edit ) Apart from the aforementioned wars , there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time . Some have bordered on all - out war , while others were limited in scope . The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides , but full - scale war did not break out . Standing Armed conflicts ( edit ) Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir : An insurgency in Indian - administered Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions . India has also accused Pakistan - backed militant groups of executing several terrorist attacks across India . Siachen conflict : In 1984 , India launched Operation Meghdoot capturing all of the Siachen Glacier . Further clashes erupted in the glacial area in 1985 , 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought , without success , to oust India from its stronghold . Sir Creek : The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh . Before India 's independence , the provincial region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India . After India 's independence in 1947 , Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch became a part of India . Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch . India -- Pakistan maritime trespassing : frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime occurs commonly by Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh . Most violations occur due to the absence of a physical boundary and lack of navigational tools for small fishermen . Hundreds of fishermen are arrested by the Coast Guards of both nations , but obtaining their release is difficult and long - winded owing to the hostile relations between the two nations . Past skirmishes and standoffs ( edit ) Indian integration of Junagadh : The princely state of Junagadh , which had a Hindu majority and a Muslim ruler acceded to Pakistan on 15 September 1947 , claiming a connection by sea . Pakistan 's acceptance of the Instrument of Accession was seen as a strategy to get a plebiscite held in Kashmir which had a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler . Following communal tensions Indian military entered the territory which was protested by Pakistan as a violation of International law . Later a plebiscite was held and the accession was reversed for the state to join India . Operation Brasstacks : ( the largest of its kind in South Asia ) , conducted by India between November 1986 and March 1987 , and Pakistani mobilisation in response , raised tensions and fears that it could lead to another war between the two neighbours . 2001 -- 2002 India -- Pakistan standoff : The terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001 , which India blamed on the Pakistan - based terrorist organisations , Lashkar - e-Taiba and Jaish - e-Mohammed , prompted the 2001 -- 2002 India -- Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war . 2008 India Pakistan standoff : a stand - off between the two nations following the 2008 Mumbai attacks which was defused by diplomatic efforts . Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai , India 's largest city , tensions heightened between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging Pakistan 's ISI supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it . Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border , voicing concerns about proactive movements of the Indian Army and the Indian government 's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil . The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border . 2016 India - Pakistan military confrontation : On 18 September 2016 , militants attacked the Indian Army 's brigade headquarters at Uri , killing 19 soldiers . The attack came after two months of extreme unrest in Kashmir , caused due to the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in an encounter with Indian security forces . Amid high tensions and risk of escalation along the Line of Control , ten days after the attack , on 29 September 2016 , the Indian Army carried out a military raid in Pakistan - Administered - Kashmir , targeting launchpads along the LoC , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . An Indian soldier was captured by the Pakistan Army the very next day , but it was claimed that he had inadvertently crossed the border and that his capture was unrelated to the ' surgical strikes ' conducted the night before . The soldier was eventually released as a goodwill gesture from the Pakistani side , and ceasefire violations stopped on either side as tensions were defused and normalcy returned to the Kashmir valley . In 2016 , An Indian army official claimed that over 4,500 Indian soldier have been killed in ceasefire violation related incidents since 2001 . Incidents ( edit ) Atlantique Incident : Pakistan Navy 's Naval Air Arm Breguet Atlantique patrol plane , carrying 16 people on board , was shot down by the Indian Air Force for alleged violation of airspace . The episode took place in the Rann of Kutch on 10 August 1999 , just a month after the Kargil War , creating a tense atmosphere between India and Pakistan . Foreign diplomats noted that the plane fell inside Pakistani territory , although it may have crossed the border . However , they also believe that India 's reaction was unjustified . Pakistan later lodged a compensation claim at the International Court of Justice , accusing India for the incident , but the Court dismissed the case in a split decision ruling the Court did not have jurisdiction . The 2011 India -- Pakistan border shooting incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the Line of Control in Kupwara District / Neelam Valley , resulting in five Indian soldiers and three Pakistani soldiers being killed . Both countries gave different accounts of the incident , each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities . 2013 India -- Pakistan border incident in the Mendhar sector of Jammu & Kashmir , due to the beheading of an Indian soldier . A total of 22 soldiers died ( 12 Indian and 10 Pakistani soldiers ) . 2014 -- 16 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes in Arnia sector of Jammu & Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of Border Security Force and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by Pakistan Rangers . Nuclear - arms race ( edit ) The nuclear conflict between both countries is of passive strategic nature with nuclear doctrine of Pakistan stating a first strike policy , although the strike would only be initiated if and only if , the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion ( as for example in 1971 war ) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan , whereas India has a declared policy of no first use . Pokhran - I ( Smiling Buddha ) : On 18 May 1974 India detonated an 8 - kiloton nuclear device at Pokhran Test Range , becoming the first nation to become nuclear capable outside the five permanent members of United Nations Security Council as well as dragging Pakistan along with it into a nuclear arms race with the Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto swearing to reciprocate India quoting `` His countrymen would prefer having a nuclear bomb even if they have to eat grass '' . The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Munir Ahmed Khan said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb . Kirana - I : In 1980s a series of 24 different cold tests were conducted by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission led by chairman Munir Ahmad Khan under extreme secrecy . The tunnels at Kirana Hills , Sargodha , are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites , it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983 . As in Chagai , the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC 's DTD . Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site , it was abandoned and nuclear weapons testing was shifted to the Kala Chitta Range . Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) : On 11 May 1998 India detonated another 5 nuclear devices at Pokhran Test Range . With jubilation and large scale approval from the Indian society came International sanctions as a reaction to this test . The most vehement reaction of all coming from Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement claiming that India was instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Pakistan vowed to match India 's nuclear capability with statements like : `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent '' . Chagai - I : ( Youm - e-Takbir ) Within half a month of Pokhran - II , on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated 5 nuclear devices to reciprocate India in the nuclear arms race . Pakistani public , like the Indian , reacted with a celebration and heightened sense of nationalism for responding to India in kind and becoming the only Muslim nuclear power . The day was later given the title Youm - e-Takbir to further proclaim such . Chagai - II : Two days later , on 30 May 1998 , Pakistan detonated a 6th nuclear device completing its own series of underground tests with this being the last test the two nations have carried out to date . Annual celebrations ( edit ) 28 May ( since 1998 ) as Youm - e-Takbir ( The day of Greatness ) in Pakistan . 26 July ( since 1999 ) as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . 6 September ( since 1965 ) as Defence Day ( Youm - e-Difa ) in Pakistan . 7 September ( since 1965 ) as Air Force Day ( Youm - e-Fizaya ) in Pakistan . 8 September ( since 1965 ) as Victory Day / Navy Day ( Youm - e-Bahr'ya ) in Pakistan . 4 December ( since 1971 ) as Navy Day in India . 16 December ( since 1971 ) as Vijay Diwas ( Victory Day ) in India . Involvement of other nations ( edit ) Soviet Union : The USSR remained neutral during the 1965 war and played a pivotal role in negotiating the peace agreement between India and Pakistan . The Soviet Union provided diplomatic and military assistance to India during the 1971 war . In response to the US and UK 's deployment of the USS Enterprise and the HMS Eagle aircraft carriers , Moscow sent nuclear submarines and warships with anti-ship missiles in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean , respectively . United States : The US had not given any military aid to Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . The United States provided diplomatic and military support to Pakistan during the 1971 war by sending the USS Enterprise into the Indian Ocean . The United States did not support Pakistan during the Kargil War , and successfully pressured the Pakistani government to end hostilities . China : China had helped Pakistan in various wars with diplomatic support . Russia : Russia maintained a non-belligerent policy for both sides . Russia helped negotiate a peace in 2001 -- 02 and helped divert the 2008 crisis . In popular culture ( edit ) These wars have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists , who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations . Indian films ( edit ) Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Hindi war film based on Operation Cactus Lilly of the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War , directed by Chetan Anand . Aakraman , a 1975 Hindi war film based on the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by J. Om Prakash . Vijeta , a 1982 Hindi film based on the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , produced by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Govind Nihalani . Param Vir Chakra , a 1995 Hindi film based on Indo - Pakistani War , directed by Ashok Kaul . Border , a 1997 Hindi war film based on the Battle of Longewala of the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by J.P. Dutta . LOC Kargil , a 2003 Hindi war film based on the Kargil War , directed by J.P. Dutta Deewaar , a 2004 Hindi film starring Amitabh Bachchan based on the POW of the 1971 Indo - Pakistan war , directed by Milan Luthria . Lakshya , a 2004 Hindi film partially based on the events of the Kargil War , directed by Farhan Akhtar . 1971 , 2007 Hindi war film based on a true story of prisoners of war after the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 , directed by Amrit Sagar Kurukshetra , a 2008 Malayalam film starring Mohanlal based on Kargil War , directed by Major Ravi . Tango Charlie , a 2005 Hindi film starring Ajay Devgan , and Bobby Deol based on Kargil Conflict , directed by Mani Shankar . War Chhod Na Yaar , a 2013 comedy film , directed by Faraz Haider . The Ghazi attack , a 2017 Hindi film based on sunk of PNS Ghazi . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Malayalam film , directed by Major Ravi . Pakistani films ( edit ) Waar , a 2013 Pakistani English action movie surrounding Pakistan 's role in war on terror and Indian involvement against Pakistan , directed by Bilal Lashari . Pakistani miniseries and dramas ( edit ) Angaar Waadi , an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict , directed by Rauf Khalid Laag , an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict , directed by Rauf Khalid Operation Dwarka , 1965 , an Urdu drama based on the naval Operation Dwarka of 1965 , directed by Qasim Jalali PNS Ghazi ( Shaheed ) , an Urdu drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR Alpha Bravo Charlie , an Urdu drama serial based on three different aspects of Pakistan Army 's involvement in action , directed by Shoaib Mansoor Shahpar , an Urdu drama serial based on Pakistan Air Force , directed by Qaisar Farooq & Syed Shakir Uzair Sipahi Maqbool Hussain , an Urdu drama serial based on a 1965 war POW , directed by Haider Imam Rizvi See also ( edit ) Military of India portal Military of Pakistan portal United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan India -- Pakistan relations Two nation theory Patriotic hacking List of wars involving India List of wars involving Pakistan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Khan , Yasmin ( 18 September 2007 ) . The great Partition : the making of India and Pakistan . Yale University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12078 - 3 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ambedkar , B.R. ( 1946 ) . Pakistan , or Partition of India ( 2 ed . ) . AMS Press Inc. p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 54801 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dixit , Jyotindra Nath ( 2002 ) . India - Pakistan in War & Peace . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30472 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Unspecified author ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Kashmir dispute '' . BBC News -- South Asia . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Prasad , S.N. ; Dharm Pal ( 1987 ) . History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 1948 . New Delhi : History Department , Ministry of Defence , Government of India . ( printed at Thomson Press ( India ) Limited ) . p. 418 . Jump up ^ Hagerty , Devin ( 2005 ) . South Asia in World Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 161 . ISBN 9780742525870 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia . 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Pakistan 's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure , but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan . Jump up ^ Hagerty , Devin . South Asia in world politics . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 . Quote : The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore , Pakistan 's second - largest city . By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September , Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2005 ) . India ( 3rd ed. with a new preface . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0520246969 . Quote : India , however , was in a position to inflict grave damage to , if not capture , Pakistan 's capital of the Punjab when the cease - fire was called , and controlled Kashmir 's strategic Uri - Poonch bulge , much to Ayub 's chagrin . Jump up ^ Kux , Dennis ( 1992 ) . India and the United States : Estranged democracies , 1941 - 1991 . Washington , DC : National Defense University Press . p. 238 . ISBN 0788102796 . Quote : India had the better of the war . Jump up ^ `` Asia : Silent Guns , Wary Combatants '' . Time . 1 October 1965 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Quote : India , by contrast , is still the big gainer in the war . Alternate link : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Kux 's `` India and the United States estranged democracies '' , 1941 -- 1991 , ISBN 1 - 4289 - 8189 - 6 , DIANE Publishing , Pg 238 Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan . National identity and geopolitical visions : maps of pride and pain . Routledge , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13934 - 1 . Jump up ^ Praagh , David . The greater game : India 's race with destiny and China . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2639 - 0 . Jump up ^ Till , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Seapower : a guide for the twenty - first century . Great Britain : Frank Cass Publishers . p. 179 . 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Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the developing world . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Unspecified author . `` The 1971 war '' . India -- Pakistan : Troubled relations . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq ( 1997 ) . Can Pakistan Survive ? The Death of a State . Verso Books . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 949 - 8 . ISBN 9780860919490 . ^ Jump up to : Wolpert , Stanley ( 14 Aug 2010 ) . `` Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict '' . India and Pakistan : Continued Conflict or Cooperation ? . University of California Press . p. 73 . ISBN 9780520271401 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tariq . `` Bitter Chill of Winter '' . London Review of Books = . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Colonel Ravi Nanda ( 1999 ) . Kargil : A Wake Up Call . Vedams Books . ISBN 81 - 7095 - 074 - 0 . Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kargil : where defence met diplomacy Archived 16 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . - India 's then Chief of Army Staff VP Malik , expressing his views on Operation Vijay . Hosted on Daily Times ; The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang Stanford Journal of International Relations ; Book review of `` The Indian Army : A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo '' Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . - Hosted on IPCS ^ Jump up to : R. Dettman , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Kargil War Operations '' . India Changes Course : Golden Jubilee to Millennium . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 9780275973087 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed . `` Diplomatic Fiasco : Pakistan 's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield '' ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery . `` Coup d'itat : Pakistan gets a new sheriff '' . salon.com . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War in Kargil - The CCC 's summary on the war '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed . `` A Friend for all Seasons . '' ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT : Pakistan refuses to take even officers ' bodies '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers '' Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Second - Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan , The Herald ( Pakistan ) , July 2000 . Online scanned version of the article ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Musharraf and the truth about Kargil - The Hindu 25 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Over 4000 soldier 's killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kapur , S. Paul ( 2007 ) . Dangerous Deterrent : Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia ( 23rd ed . ) . Stanford University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0804755498 . Jump up ^ Wirsing , Robert ( 15 February 1998 ) . India , Pakistan , and the Kashmir dispute : on regional conflict and its resolution . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 17562 - 7 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan talks : Sir Creek '' . Embassy of India . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dialogue on Sir Creek begins '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` India to stop fishermen from straying into Pakistan '' . In.reuters.com. 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Raman , Sunil ( 8 April 2008 ) . `` India tracks stray fishing boats '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plight of ants '' . Rediff.com. 7 August 2002 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ History introduction Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . at hellojunagadh.com : `` On September 15 , 1947 , Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh , a princely state located on the south - western end of Gujarat and having no common border with Pakistan , chose to accede to Pakistan ignoring Mountbatten 's views , arguing that Junagadh adjoined Pakistan by sea . The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh Mangrol and Babariawad reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India . '' Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) . Patel : A Life . India : Navajivan . p. 292 . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) . Patel : A Life . India : Navajivan . p. 438 . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Jump up ^ A.G. NOORANI . `` Of Jinnah and Junagadh '' . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( 6 March 1987 ) . `` On India 's border , a huge mock war '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Unspecified author ( 12 January 2002 ) . `` Musharraf declares war on extremism '' . South Asia . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Freeze , Colin ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service -- The Globe and Mail '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Rana , Headley implicate Pak , ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief 's visit to US '' . The Times of India . 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks '' . The Independent . London . 31 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zarar ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ( 7 January 2009 ) . `` Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace ' technical incursion ' , says Zardari ( Fourth Lead ) -- Thaindian News '' . Thaindian.com. 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak might soon move troops from border with India '' . The Times of India . 16 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 4,500 soldiers killed along LoC in Pak firing since 2001 : Army '' . Indian express . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pakistani plane `` may have crossed border '' 13 August 1999 BBC Retrieved 23 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Case concerning the Aerial Incident of 10th August , 1999 -- Summaries of Judgments and Orders '' . International Court of Justice . 21 June 2000 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In 2011 five security men were martyred , according to the Indian Sources . '' . IBN Live . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row '' . BBC . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LoC : Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces '' . The Express Tribune . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak troops kill two jawans , behead , mutilate one of them - The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclear Weapon Archive . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ APP and Pakistan Television ( PTV ) , Prime minister Secretariat Press Release ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's so - called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion ( PNE ) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish `` Indian hegemony in the subcontinent '' , most particularly Pakistan ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Prime minister of Pakistan , on May of 1974. `` . Statement published on Associated Press of Pakistan and the on - aired on Pakistan Television ( PTV ) . Jump up ^ Khan , Munir Ahmad ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's nuclear explosion : Challenge and Response '' . Munir Ahmad Khan , Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission , and former director of the IAEA Reactor Division . International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Koh Kambaran ( Ras Koh Hills ) '' . Pakistan Paedia . Jump up ^ `` Rediff on the NeT : It was ' Operation Shakti ' on Budh Purnima '' . Rediff.com. 16 May 1998 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Herald exclusive : Pakistan 's nuclear bayonet Pakistan '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army Chief Kayani wants SC to probe memo '' . Thenews.com.pk. 22 February 1923 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- 1998 : The Year of Testing '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Nuclear Weapons '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dunya News : Pakistan : - 13th Youm - e-Takbeer to be observed today '' . Dunyanews.tv. 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Youm - e-Takbeer today Pakistan News Newspaper Daily English Online '' . Nation.com.pk. 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Battle for Pakistan : the air war of 1965 -- John Fricker -- Google Boeken . Google Books . 1 January 1979 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 0929 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Asymmetric Conflicts By T.V. Paul Cambridge University Press 1994 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46621 - 0 , pp119 Jump up ^ See : Tashkent Agreement Jump up ^ `` 1971 India Pakistan War : Role of Russia , China , America and Britain '' . The World Reporter . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war games '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Birth of a nation . Indianexpress.com ( 11 December 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` United States -- Pakistan Alliance '' . Library of Congress Country Studies , United States of America . April 1994 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ John P. Lewis ( 9 December 1971 ) . `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia '' . The New York Times . p. 47 . The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy ... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India . Rediff.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Burne , Lester H. ( 2003 ) . Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 -- 1988 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93916 - X . ISBN 9780415939164 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - South Asia - Kashmir : Dialogue call amid fresh fighting '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bill Clinton ( 2004 ) . My Life . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41457 - 6 . , Pg 865 Jump up ^ Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time Magazine . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Naqvi , Javed ( 29 December 2001 ) . `` Pressure mounts to stall war rhetoric '' . Dawn archives . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Agencies ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Pakistan , Russia renewing ties '' . Dawn Newspapers . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra ( 1995 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : APP 25 November 2011 ( 25 November 2011 ) . `` Prominent writer , actor , Rauf Khalid dies in road accident Entertainment '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) David R. Higgins ( 20 January 2016 ) , M48 Patton vs Centurion : Indo - Pakistan War 1965 , Osprey Publishing , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 14 - 7281 - 094 - 6 Rachna Bisht ( 15 August 2015 ) , 1965 : Stories from the Second Indo - Pakistan War , Penguin UK , p. 60 , ISBN 978 - 93 - 5214 - 129 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo - Pakistani wars . 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-4618615192099754669 | National debt of the United States | National debt of the United States - Wikipedia National debt of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2018 ) United States national debt ( quarterly ) United States national debt as a percent of GDP Intergovernmental and public US National debt This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns : 1980 1990 1995 -- 1996 2013 2018 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Continuing resolution The national debt of the United States is the public debt carried by the federal government of the United States , which is measured as the face value of the currently outstanding Treasury securities that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative amount of debt . A deficit year increases the debt , while a surplus year decreases the debt as more money is received than spent . There are two components of gross national debt : Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System , and foreign , state and local governments . Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , are non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts of programs administered by the federal government , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year . In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic management operations . Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . As of April 30 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total or `` National Debt '' of $21 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . As of December 2017 , $6.3 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest being China ( about $1.18 trillion ) then Japan ( about $1.06 trillion ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Valuation and measurement 2.1 Public and government accounts 2.2 Accounting treatment 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded 2.6 Measuring debt burden 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt 3 Reduction 3.1 Negative real interest rates 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking 4 Debt ceiling 5 Debt holdings 5.1 Foreign holdings 6 Forecasting 6.1 CBO ten - year outlook 2018 - 2028 6.2 CBO long - term outlook 7 Risks and debates 7.1 CBO risk factors 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt 7.3 Sustainability 7.4 Risks to economic growth 7.5 Interest and debt service costs 7.6 Definition of public debt 7.7 Intergenerational equity 7.8 Credit default 8 Appendix 8.1 National debt for selected years 8.2 Interest paid 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities 8.4 Statistics 8.5 International debt comparisons 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States public debt U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Valuation and measurement ( edit ) Public and government accounts ( edit ) Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion As of April 30 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total of $21 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . Accounting treatment ( edit ) U.S. debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars U.S. intra-governmental debt components , which totaled $5.47 trillion as of September 2016 . This debt mainly represents obligations to Social Security recipients and retired federal government employees , including military . Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of their owners , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' . The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices , but it does not oversee its own government 's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board . The on - or off - balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place , consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds . The confusing independent but government - controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014 . Guaranteed obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and Exchange Stabilization Fund U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total , until such time as there is a call on the guarantees . For example , the U.S. federal government in late - 2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds , banks , and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late - 2000s financial crisis . The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme . The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis , such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program , are included in the debt . Unfunded obligations excluded ( edit ) The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security . The Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years . The Medicare Part A ( hospital insurance ) payouts already exceed program tax revenues , and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010 . These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing . The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion . This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which , under current law , will have to be raised by the government in the future . Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security , while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid . In other words , health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security . Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion . However , these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt , as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt . Measuring debt burden ( edit ) GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy . One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP , called the `` debt - to - GDP ratio . '' Mathematically , this is the debt divided by the GDP amount . The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual `` Budget and Economic Outlook . '' Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % GDP in 2000 to 40.5 % in 2008 and 67.7 % in 2011 . Mathematically , the ratio can decrease even while debt grows if the rate of increase in GDP ( which also takes account of inflation ) is higher than the rate of increase of debt . Conversely , the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced , if the decline in GDP is sufficient . According to the CIA World Factbook , during 2015 , the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6 % was the 39th highest in the world . This was measured using `` debt held by the public . '' However , $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2 % as of April 2016 ( See Appendix # National debt for selected years ) . Also , this number excludes state and local debt . According to the OECD , general government gross debt ( federal , state , and local ) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion ( 125 % of GDP ) ; subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal `` debt held by the public '' gives 96 % of GDP . The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used , by adding the `` intragovernmental debt '' to the `` debt held by the public . '' For example , on April 29 , 2016 , debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76 % of GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion , giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion . U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion , for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106 % . Calculating the annual change in debt ( edit ) Comparison of deficits to change in debt in 2008 Conceptually , an annual deficit ( or surplus ) should represent the change in the national debt , with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it . However , there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media ( the `` total deficit '' ) considerably different from the annual increase in the debt . The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program , Treasury borrowing , and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process . Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments , along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service , are considered `` off - budget '' , while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered `` on - budget '' . The total federal deficit is the sum of the on - budget deficit ( or surplus ) and the off - budget deficit ( or surplus ) . Since FY1960 , the federal government has run on - budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000 , and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998 -- FY2001 . For example , in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 ( FY2008 ) the `` on - budget deficit '' was $638 billion , offset by an `` off - budget surplus '' ( mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts ) of $183 billion , for a `` total deficit '' of $455 billion . This latter figure is the one commonly reported in the media . However , an additional $313 billion was required for `` the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets , '' an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis . This meant that the `` debt held by the public '' increased by $768 billion ( $455 B + $313 B = $768 B ) . The `` off - budget surplus '' was borrowed and spent ( as is typically the case ) , increasing the `` intra-governmental debt '' by $183 billion . So the total increase in the `` National debt '' in FY2008 was $768 B + $183 B = $951 billion . The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017 B for FY2008 . The $66 billion difference is likely due to `` supplemental appropriations '' for the War on Terror , some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget . In other words , spending the `` off budget '' Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt ( by increasing the intragovernmental debt ) while the `` off - budget '' surplus reduces the `` total '' deficit reported in the media . Certain spending called `` supplemental appropriations '' is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt . Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration . Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process . The federal government publishes the total debt owed ( public and intragovernmental holdings ) monthly . Reduction ( edit ) Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates , government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay this low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits . Raising Reserve requirements and full Reserve banking ( edit ) The two economists , Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof , working for the International Monetary Fund , published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking . Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan , stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency , and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy . A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that , `` no real liability is created by new fiat money creation , and therefore public debt does not rise as a result '' . Debt ceiling ( edit ) Main article : United States debt ceiling The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury . In effect , it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached , even if the expenditures have already been approved ( in the budget ) and have been appropriated . If this situation were to occur , it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations , but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations . Debt holdings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Estimated ownership each year Because a large variety of people own the notes , bills , and bonds in the `` public '' portion of the debt , Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt . In this data set , some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion , because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy . ( See Federal Reserve System . ) As is apparent from the chart , a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the `` Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings '' . The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes , bills , and bonds sections . To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008 : Foreign holdings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composition of U.S. Long - Term Treasury Debt 2000 -- 2014 , from U.S. Department of the Treasury , TIC reporting system As of September 2014 , foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt , or approximately 47 % of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 % of the total debt of $17.8 trillion . The largest holders were China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and oil exporters . The share held by foreign governments has grown over time , rising from 13 % of the public debt in 1988 to 25 % in 2007 . As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China , with 21 % of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ( 10 % of total U.S. public debt ) . China 's holdings of government debt , as a percentage of all foreign - held government debt are up significantly since 2000 ( when China held just 6 percent of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ) . This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements , which stated , `` Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars , and still bigger ones measured in their own currency . While unlikely , indeed highly improbable for public sector investors , a sudden rush for the exits can not be ruled out completely . '' On May 20 , 2007 , Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar , preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies . Syria made a similar announcement on June 4 , 2007 . In September 2009 China , India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar - denominated securities . However , in July 2010 China 's State Administration of Foreign Exchange `` ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities '' and said gold `` can not become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves '' because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile . According to Paul Krugman , `` It 's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States , including a fair amount of government debt . But every dollar 's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents ' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners . And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe , low - yield assets , America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors . If your image is of a nation that 's already deep in hock to the Chinese , you 've been misinformed . Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction . '' Nonetheless , the country 's net investment position ( including both debt to and debt owed by other countries ) is a debt of more than $7 trillion and has recently been rising very rapidly . Forecasting ( edit ) Further information : United States federal budget Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) baseline scenario comparisons : June 2017 ( essentially the deficit trajectory that President Trump inherited from President Obama ) , April 2018 ( which reflects Trump 's tax cuts and spending bills ) , and April 2018 alternate scenario ( which assumes extension of the Trump tax cuts , among other current policy extensions ) . Spending for mandatory programs is projected to rise relative to GDP , while discretionary programs decline Interest to GDP , a measure of debt burden , was very low in 2015 but is projected to rise with both interest rates and debt levels over the 2016 -- 2026 period . CBO ten - year Outlook 2018 - 2028 ( edit ) The CBO estimated the impact of Trump 's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018 - 2028 period in their annual `` Budget & Economic Outlook '' , released in April 2018 : The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 ( which runs from October 1 , 2017 to September 30 , 2018 , the first year budgeted by President Trump ) is forecast to be $804 billion , an increase of $139 billion ( 21 % ) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion ( 39 % ) over the previous baseline forecast ( June 2017 ) of $580 billion for 2018 . The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama ; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump . For the 2018 - 2027 period , CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits ( i.e. , debt increase ) to be $11.7 trillion , an increase of $1.6 trillion ( 16 % ) over the previous baseline ( June 2017 ) forecast of $10.1 trillion . The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements : 1 ) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts ; 2 ) $1.0 trillion more in spending ; and 3 ) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast . Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78 % of GDP ( $16 trillion ) at the end of 2018 to 96 % GDP ( $29 trillion ) by 2028 . That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two . CBO estimated under an alternative scenario ( in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration ) that deficits would be considerably higher , rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018 - 2027 period , an increase of $3.6 trillion over the June 2017 baseline forecast . Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025 , among other changes . The debt increase of $1.6 trillion represents approximately $12,700 per household ( assuming 126.2 million households in 2017 ) , while the $3.6 trillion represents $28,500 per household . CBO long - term Outlook ( edit ) The CBO reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually , providing at least two scenarios for spending , revenue , deficits , and debt . The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039 . The `` extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented , for the most part . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future , federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years . After that , however , growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level . Twenty - five years from now , in 2039 , federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP . Moreover , debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy , a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely . By 2039 , the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP , larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008 , and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP , more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt . The `` extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends , which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : ( C ) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue , and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified . Under that scenario , deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline ; subsequently , such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts , doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years . CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback , and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher . Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments , federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039 . Over the long - term , the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories ( e.g. , Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security ) will continue to grow relative to GDP , while discretionary categories ( e.g. , Defense and other Cabinet Departments ) continue to fall relative to GDP . Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios , although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down . The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024 . Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade , federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP , only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013 . Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade , federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039 . By comparison , such debt comprised 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years . The CBO reported in September 2011 : `` The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying . Citizens will either have to pay more for their government , accept less in government services and benefits , or both . '' Risks and debates ( edit ) Risks due to increasing entitlement spending , according to GAO 's projections of future trends See also : Political debates about the United States federal budget and Deficit reduction in the United States CBO risk factors ( edit ) The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication : A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt , rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers , leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur ; If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs , savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged ; Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs ; Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges ; and An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis , in which investors demand higher interest rates . Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt ( edit ) Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People 's Republic of China 's `` extensive '' holdings of United States government debt , as part of their reserves . The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a `` national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China . '' The Department issued its report in July 2012 , stating that `` attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States . As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out , it does not offer China deterrence options , whether in the diplomatic , military , or economic realms , and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war . '' The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China 's ownership of U.S. debt . The 2013 Report claimed that `` ( a ) potentially serious short - term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly '' ( emphasis in the original text ) , noting , also , that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had , in 2007 , stated that `` because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding , U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations . '' A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars , including China 's holdings . Sustainability ( edit ) According to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) , the United States is on a `` fiscally unsustainable '' path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending . Risks to economic growth ( edit ) Debt levels may affect economic growth rates . In 2010 , economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied , average annual GDP growth was 3 -- 4 % when debt was relatively moderate or low ( i.e. under 60 % of GDP ) , but it dips to just 1.6 % when debt was high ( i.e. , above 90 % of GDP ) . In April 2013 , the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart 's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon , Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Herndon , Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used , there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth . Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors , a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains . However , other economists , including Paul Krugman , have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase , rather than the other way around . Commenting on fiscal sustainability , former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that `` Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability . But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt , our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time . '' Interest and debt Service costs ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt Despite rising debt levels , interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels ( around $450 billion in total ) due to lower than long - term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years . However , interest rates may return to higher historical levels . The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways . The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP , with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden . During 2015 , this was 1.3 % GDP , close to the record low 1.2 % of the 1966 -- 1968 era . The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0 % of GDP . However , the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise : `` Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government . CBO 's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law , climbing from $231 billion in 2014 , or 1.3 percent of GDP , to $799 billion in 2024 , or 3.0 percent of GDP -- the highest ratio since 1996 . '' Definition of public debt ( edit ) Economists also debate the definition of public debt . Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use , while Reinhart has testified to the President 's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden , disagreeing with these Commission members . There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt , which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011 . For example , the CBPP argues : that `` large increases in ( debt held by the public ) can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States , which reduces Americans ' income . By contrast , intragovernmental debt ( the other component of the gross debt ) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes ( and pays interest on ) to itself . '' However , if the U.S. government continues to run `` on budget '' deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future , it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds ( i.e. , debt held by the public ) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program . This will result in `` debt held by the public '' replacing `` intragovernmental debt '' . Intergenerational equity ( edit ) See also : Intergenerational equity 1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity . For example , if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation , to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations ? There are several factors to consider : For every dollar of debt held by the public , there is a government obligation ( generally marketable Treasury securities ) counted as an asset by investors . Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them . As of 2010 , approximately 72 % of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5 % of the population . This presents a wealth and income distribution question , as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today . To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors ( approximately half the `` debt held by the public '' during 2012 ) , principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs . Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments , which create costs for future taxpayers ( e.g. , higher taxes , lower government benefits , higher inflation , or increased risk of fiscal crisis ) . To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long - term productivity of the economy and its workers , such as via useful infrastructure projects or education , future generations may benefit . For every dollar of intragovernmental debt , there is an obligation to specific program recipients , generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund . Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations , via higher taxes or lower program spending . Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs , we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt : `` Fiscal policy is , indeed , a moral issue , and we should be ashamed of what we 're doing to the next generation 's economic prospects . But our sin involves investing too little , not borrowing too much . '' Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result . Teacher jobs have been cut , which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans . Credit default ( edit ) The US has never fully defaulted . In April 1979 , however , the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills , which was less than 1 % of U.S. debt . The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default , but it did have consequences for short - term interest rates , which jumped 0.6 % . Others view it as a temporary , partial default . Appendix ( edit ) National debt for selected years ( edit ) Fiscal year Total debt , $ Bln Total debt as % of GDP Public debt , $ Bln , 1996 -- Public debt as % of GDP GDP , $ Bln , BEA / OMB 1910 2.65 / - 8.1 % 2.65 8.1 % est . 32.8 1920 25.95 / - 29.2 % 25.95 29.2 % est . 88.6 1927 18.51 / - 19.2 % 18.51 19.2 % est . 96.5 1930 16.19 / - 16.6 % 16.19 16.6 % est . 97.4 1940 42.97 / 50.70 43.8 -- 51.6 % 42.77 43.6 % - / 98.2 1950 257.3 / 256.9 92.0 % 219.00 78.4 % 279.0 1960 286.3 / 290.5 53.6 -- 54.2 % 236.80 44.3 % 535.1 1970 370.9 / 380.9 35.4 -- 36.4 % 283.20 27.0 % 1,049.0 1980 907.7 / 909.0 32.4 -- 32.6 % 711.90 25.5 % 2,796.0 1990 3,233 / 3,206 54.2 -- 54.6 % 2,400.00 40.8 % 5,915.0 2000 5,659 55.8 % 3,450.00 33.9 % 10,150.0 2001 5,792 54.8 % 3,350.00 31.6 % 10,550.0 2002 6,213 57.1 % 3,550.00 32.7 % 10,900.0 2003 6,783 59.9 % 3,900.00 34.6 % 11,350.0 7,379 61.0 % 4,300.00 35.6 % 12,100.0 2005 7,918 61.4 % 4,600.00 35.7 % 12,900.0 2006 8,493 62.1 % 4,850.00 35.4 % 13,700.0 2007 8,993 62.8 % 5,050.00 35.3 % 14,300.0 2008 10,011 67.9 % 5,800.00 39.4 % 14,750.0 2009 11,898 82.5 % 7,550.00 52.4 % 14,400.0 13,551 91.6 % 9,000.00 61.0 % 14,800.0 2011 14,781 96.1 % 10,150.00 65.8 % 15,400.0 2012 16,059 100.2 % 11,250.00 70.3 % 16,050.0 2013 16,732 101.3 % 12,000.00 72.6 % 16,500.0 2014 17,810 103.4 % 12,800.00 74.2 % 17,200.0 2015 18,138 101.3 / 101.8 % 13,100.00 73.3 % 17,900.0 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % ~ 13,998.00 ~ 76.5 % On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced : `` ( On July 30 , 2014 , i ) n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014 , GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999 . Fiscal years 1940 -- 2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements . Fiscal years 1950 -- 2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision , especially more recent years . Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures ( in a revision dated July 31 , 2013 ) were revised back to 1947 . Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column ( the last column ) marked with a `` ~ '' symbol , absolute differences from advance ( one month after ) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings ( as of November 2013 ) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3 % ± 2.0 % or a 95 % probability of being within the range of 0.0 -- 3.3 % , assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3 % . E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP , for example , one could be 95 % confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3 % different than 4.0 % ( 400 ÷ 10,000 ) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion ( a range of $70 -- 730 billion ) . Two months after , with a revised value , the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks , and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again . Fiscal years 1940 -- 1970 begin July 1 of the previous year ( for example , Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1 , 1939 and ends June 30 , 1940 ) ; fiscal years 1980 -- 2010 begin October 1 of the previous year . Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero . 1909 -- 1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation . ( a1 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,659 billion . '' ( a2 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,792 billion . '' ( a3 ) Audited figure was `` about $6,213 billion . '' ( a ) Audited figure was said to be `` about '' the stated figure . ( a4 ) Audited figure was `` about $7,918 billion . '' ( a5 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,493 billion . '' ( a6 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,993 billion . '' ( a7 ) Audited figure was `` about $10,011 billion . '' ( a8 ) Audited figure was `` about $11,898 billion . '' ( a9 ) Audited figure was `` about $13,551 billion . '' ( a10 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion . ( a11 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion . ( a12 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $16,732 billion . ( a13 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $17,810 billion . ( a14 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $18,138 billion . Interest paid ( edit ) Federal interest payments Fiscal Year Historical debt outstanding , $ billions , US Interest paid $ billions , US Interest rate 2017 458.5 2016 432.6 2015 18,150 402.4 2.22 % 2014 17,824 430.8 2.42 % 2013 16,738 415.7 2.48 % 2012 16,066 359.8 2.24 % 2011 14,790 454.4 3.07 % 13,562 414.0 3.05 % 2009 11,910 383.1 3.22 % 2008 10,025 451.2 4.50 % 2007 9,008 430.0 4.77 % 2006 8,507 405.9 4.77 % 2005 7,933 352.4 4.44 % 7,379 321.6 4.36 % 2003 6,783 318.1 4.69 % 2002 6,228 332.5 5.34 % 2001 5,807 359.5 6.19 % 2000 5,674 362.0 6.38 % 1999 5,656 353.5 6.25 % 1998 5,526 363.8 6.58 % 1997 5,413 355.8 6.57 % 5,225 344.0 6.58 % 1995 4,974 332.4 6.68 % 1994 4,693 296.3 6.31 % 4,411 292.5 6.63 % 4,065 292.4 7.19 % 1991 3,665 286.0 7.80 % Foreign holders of US Treasury securities ( edit ) Main article : United States Treasury security § International The following is a list of the top foreign holders ( over $150 billion ) of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury ( revised by March 2018 survey ) : Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of March 2018 Country or region Billions of dollars ( est . ) Ratio of owned US debt to 2017 GDP ( est . ) Percent change since March 2017 China 1,187.7 5 % + 9 % Japan 1,043.5 21 % − 7 % Ireland 317.9 98 % + 1 % Brazil 286.0 14 % + 10 % United Kingdom 263.7 10 % + 16 % Switzerland 245.4 36 % + 8 % Cayman Islands 242.9 n / a − 2 % Luxembourg 221.6 349 % + 2 % Hong Kong 196.2 59 % + 1 % Taiwan 170.1 30 % -- 7 % India 157.0 6 % + 34 % Saudi Arabia 151.2 22 % + 21 % other 1,810.8 n / a + 3 % Grand total 6,294.0 n / a + 4 % Statistics ( edit ) Revenue and Expense as percent of GDP US federal debt as percent of GDP by presidential party from 1940 to 2015 U.S. federal debt as percent of GDP by Senate majority party from 1940 to 2009 U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014 total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion . Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014 . United States balance of trade ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population , or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers , as of March 2016 . In 2008 , $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt , out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion , or 9.6 % . Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security , interest was $454 billion or 18 % of tax revenue . Total U.S. household debt , including mortgage loan and consumer debt , was $11.4 trillion in 2005 . By comparison , total U.S. household assets , including real estate , equipment , and financial instruments such as mutual funds , was $62.5 trillion in 2005 . Total U.S. Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009 . The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005 . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion . The largest debtors are Canada , the United Kingdom , Cayman Islands , and Australia , whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S. The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . International debt comparisons ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2015 ) Gross debt as percentage of GDP Entity 2007 2011 2017 / 2018 United States 62 % 92 % 102 % 108 % European Union 59 % 80 % 83 % 82 % Austria 62 % 78 % 72 % 78 % France 64 % 82 % 86 % 97 % Germany 65 % 82 % 81 % 64 % Sweden 40 % 39 % 38 % 41 % Finland 35 % 48 % 49 % 61 % Greece 104 % 123 % 165 % 179 % Romania 13 % 31 % 33 % 35 % Bulgaria 17 % 16 % 16 % 25 % Czech Republic 28 % 38 % 41 % 35 % Italy 112 % 119 % 120 % 132 % Netherlands 52 % 77 % 65 % 57 % Poland 51 % 55 % 56 % 51 % Spain 42 % 68 % 68 % 98 % United Kingdom 47 % 80 % 86 % 88 % Japan 167 % 197 % 204 % 236 % Russia 9 % 12 % 10 % 19 % Asia ( 2017 + ) 37 % 40 % 41 % 80 % Sources : Eurostat , International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook ( emerging market economies ) ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economic Outlook ( advanced economies ) IMF , China , Hong Kong , India , Indonesia , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand Afghanistan , Armenia , Australia , Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Brunei Darussalam , Cambodia , China , People 's Republic of , Fiji , Georgia , Hong Kong SAR , India , Indonesia , Japan , Kazakhstan , Kiribati , Korea , Republic of , Kyrgyz Republic , Lao P.D.R. , Macao SAR , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Fed . States of , Mongolia , Myanmar , Nauru , Nepal , New Zealand , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Samoa , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Taiwan Province of China , Tajikistan , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uzbekistan , Vanuatu , Vietnam Recent additions to the public debt of the United States ( edit ) Deficit and Debt Increases 2001 -- 2016 Recent additions to U.S. public debt Fiscal year ( begins Oct. 1 of year prior to stated year ) GDP $ Billions New debt for fiscal year $ Billions New debt as % of GDP Total debt $ Billions Total debt as % of GDP ( Debt to GDP ratio ) 1994 $7,200 $281 -- 292 3.9 -- 4.1 % ~ $4,650 64.6 -- 65.2 % 1995 7,600 277 -- 281 3.7 % ~ 4,950 64.8 -- 65.6 % 8,000 251 -- 260 3.1 -- 3.3 % ~ 5,200 65.0 -- 65.4 % 1997 8,500 188 2.2 % ~ 5,400 63.2 -- 63.8 % 1998 8,950 109 -- 113 1.2 -- 1.3 % ~ 5,500 61.2 -- 61.8 % 1999 9,500 127 -- 130 1.3 -- 1.4 % 5,656 59.3 % 2000 10,150 18 0.2 % 5,674 55.8 % 2001 $10,550 $ 133 1.3 % $5,792 54.8 % 2002 10,900 421 3.9 % 6,213 57.1 % 2003 11,350 570 5.0 % 6,783 59.9 % 12,100 596 4.9 % 7,379 61.0 % 2005 12,900 539 4.2 % 7,918 61.4 % 2006 13,700 575 4.2 % 8,493 62.1 % 2007 14,300 500 3.5 % 8,993 62.8 % 2008 14,750 1,018 6.9 % 10,011 67.9 % 2009 $14,400 $1,887 13.1 % $11,898 82.5 % 14,800 1,653 11.2 % 13,551 91.6 % 2011 15,400 1,230 8.0 % 14,781 96.1 % 2012 16,050 1,278 8.0 % 16,059 100.2 % 2013 16,500 673 4.1 % 16,732 101.3 % 2014 17,200 1,078 6.3 % 17,810 103.4 % 2015 17,900 328 1.8 % 18,138 101.3 % 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 1,290 ~ 7.0 % ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % On July 29 , 2016 , the BEA released a revision to 2013 -- 2016 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years . On July 30 , 2015 , the BEA released a revision to 2012 -- 2015 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014 , but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31 , 2015 . On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced a 15 - year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31 , 2014 . The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000 , 2003 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . The more precise FY 1999 -- 2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results . The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double - sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively . A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31 , 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website . In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures . Historical debt ceiling levels ( edit ) ( show ) Table of historical debt ceiling levels Date Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Change in Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Statute June 25 , 1940 49 February 19 , 1941 65 + 16 March 28 , 1942 125 + 60 April 11 , 1943 210 + 85 June 9 , 1944 260 + 50 April 3 , 1945 300 + 40 June 26 , 1946 275 − 25 August 28 , 1954 281 + 6 July 9 , 1956 275 − 6 February 26 , 1958 280 + 5 September 2 , 1958 288 + 8 June 30 , 1959 295 + 7 June 30 , 1960 293 − 2 June 30 , 1961 298 + 5 July 1 , 1962 308 + 10 March 31 , 1963 305 − 3 June 25 , 1963 300 − 5 June 30 , 1963 307 + 7 August 31 , 1963 309 + 2 November 26 , 1963 315 + 6 June 29 , 1964 324 + 9 June 24 , 1965 328 + 4 June 24 , 1966 330 + 2 March 2 , 1967 336 + 6 June 30 , 1967 358 + 22 June 1 , 1968 365 + 7 April 7 , 1969 377 + 12 June 30 , 1970 395 + 18 March 17 , 1971 430 + 35 March 15 , 1972 450 + 20 October 27 , 1972 465 + 15 June 30 , 1974 495 + 30 February 19 , 1975 577 + 82 November 14 , 1975 595 + 18 March 15 , 1976 627 + 32 June 30 , 1976 636 + 9 September 30 , 1976 682 + 46 April 1 , 1977 700 + 18 October 4 , 1977 752 + 52 August 3 , 1978 798 + 46 April 2 , 1979 830 + 32 September 29 , 1979 879 + 49 June 28 , 1980 925 + 46 December 19 , 1980 935 + 10 February 7 , 1981 985 + 50 September 30 , 1981 1,079 + 94 June 28 , 1982 1,143 + 64 September 30 , 1982 1,290 + 147 May 26 , 1983 1,389 + 99 Pub. L. 98 -- 34 November 21 , 1983 1,490 + 101 Pub. L. 98 -- 161 May 25 , 1984 1,520 + 30 June 6 , 1984 1,573 + 53 Pub. L. 98 -- 342 October 13 , 1984 1,823 + 250 Pub. L. 98 -- 475 November 14 , 1985 1,904 + 81 December 12 , 1985 2,079 + 175 Pub. L. 99 -- 177 August 21 , 1986 2,111 + 32 Pub. L. 99 -- 384 October 21 , 1986 2,300 + 189 May 15 , 1987 2,320 + 20 August 10 , 1987 2,352 + 32 September 29 , 1987 2,800 + 448 Pub. L. 100 -- 119 August 7 , 1989 2,870 + 70 November 8 , 1989 3,123 + 253 Pub. L. 101 -- 140 August 9 , 1990 3,195 + 72 October 28 , 1990 3,230 + 35 November 5 , 1990 4,145 + 915 Pub. L. 101 -- 508 April 6 , 1993 4,370 + 225 August 10 , 1993 4,900 + 530 Pub. L. 103 -- 66 March 29 , 1996 5,500 + 600 Pub. L. 104 -- 121 August 5 , 1997 5,950 + 450 Pub. L. 105 -- 33 June 11 , 2002 6,400 + 450 Pub. L. 107 -- 199 May 27 , 2003 7,384 + 984 Pub. L. 108 -- 24 November 16 , 2004 8,184 + 800 Pub. L. 108 -- 415 March 20 , 2006 8,965 + 781 Pub. L. 109 -- 182 September 29 , 2007 9,815 + 850 Pub. L. 110 -- 91 June 5 , 2008 10,615 + 800 Pub. L. 110 -- 289 October 3 , 2008 11,315 + 700 Pub. L. 110 -- 343 February 17 , 2009 12,104 + 789 Pub. L. 111 -- 5 December 24 , 2009 12,394 + 290 Pub. L. 111 -- 123 February 12 , 2010 14,294 + 1,900 Pub. L. 111 -- 139 January 30 , 2012 16,394 + 2,100 May 19 , 2013 16,700 + 306 See also ( edit ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 List of countries by public debt Sovereign default Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- How large is the federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables -- Table 1.2 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) as Percentages of GDP : 1930 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . 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Belen Sbrancia ( March 2011 ) `` The Liquidation of Government Debt '' National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No. 16893 Jump up ^ David Wessel ( August 8 , 2012 ) `` When Interest Rates Turn Upside Down '' Wall Street Journal ( full text Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Summers ( June 3 , 2012 ) `` Breaking the negative feedback loop '' Reuters Jump up ^ William H. Gross ( May 2 , 2011 ) `` The Caine Mutiny ( Part 2 ) '' PIMCO Investment Outlook Jump up ^ `` Why the U.S. Government Never , Ever Has to Pay Back All Its Debt '' , The Atlantic , February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambrose Evans - Pritchard ( October 21 , 2012 ) `` IMF 's epic plan to conjure away debt and dethrone bankers '' The Telegraph Jump up ^ Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof ( August 2012 ) `` The Chicago Plan Revisited '' , International Monetary Fund working paper WP / 12 / 202 ; accessed November 6 , 2016 . 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Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and Oil Exporters holding respectively approximately $1.27 trillion , $1.22 trillion , $354 billion , $312 billion , and $279 billion as of September 2014 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Kimberly ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` The U.S. debt and how it got so big '' . About.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schoen , John W. ( March 4 , 2007 ) `` Just who owns the U.S. national debt ? '' MSNBC.com ; retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , Steve ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` BIS says global downturn could be ' deeper and more protracted ' than expected '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Is China 's Ownership Of U.S. Debt A National Security Threat ? '' by Kenneth Rapoza , Forbes , 23 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` ... Should Americans be concerned that China has started dumping some of its Treasury holdings ? After all , it raises serious questions about whether China will keep lending Washington money to help finance the federal deficit in the future . '' : From `` China is dumping U.S. debt '' , CNN.com , September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Report on `` China 's Holdings of U.S. Securities : Implications for the U.S. Economy '' by Wayne M. Morrison & Marc Labonte , Congressional Research Service , 19 August 2013 Jump up ^ : `` ... What about indebtedness to foreigners ? ... To acquire ( U.S. gov 't bonds ) , China must export goods to us , not offset by equivalent imports . That is a cost to China . It 's a cost Beijing is prepared to pay , for its own reasons : export industries promote learning , technology transfer and product quality improvement , and they provide jobs to migrants from the countryside . But that 's China 's business . For China , the bonds themselves are a sterile hoard . There is almost nothing that Beijing can do with them ; ... its stock of T - bonds will just go on growing . And we will pay interest on it , not with real effort but by typing numbers into computers . There is no burden associated with this ; not now and not later . '' From `` In Defense of Deficits '' by James K. Galbraith , The Nation , March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ... The Chinese buy U.S. T - securities by transferring U.S. dollars ( not yuan ) from their checking account at the Federal Reserve Bank to China 's T - security account , also at the Federal Reserve Bank . When ( ever ) the Chinese redeem those T - securities , the money is transferred back to China 's checking account at the Fed . During the entire purchase and redemption process , the dollars never leave the Fed . '' `` What Policies for Global Prosperity ? '' by Warren Mosler , September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Bill , University of Newcastle ( Australia ) . `` The nearly infinite capacity of the US government to spend '' ( March 28 , 2012 ) ; `` The US government can buy as much of its own debt as it chooses '' ( August 27 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ... The US , as a sovereign currency issuer , faces no financial constraint . It can not be forced into default . It controls its policy interest rate . The rest of the world are users of the dollar ; not issuers . They can never hold ( the United States ) hostage . '' `` What If China Dumps US Treasury Bonds ? '' by L. Randall Wray , University of Missouri - Kansas City , November 12 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Preliminary Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , treasury.gov , August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen I. Schwartz ; Bruce G. Blair , The Brookings Institution ; Thomas S. Blanton and William Burr , the National Security Archive ; Steven M. Kosiak , Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ; Arjun Makhijani , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research ; Robert S. Norris , Natural Resources Defense Council ; Kevin O'Neill , Institute for Science and International Security ; John E. Pike , Federation of American Scientists ; William J. Weida , Global Resource Action Center for the Environment ( 1998 ) . Atomic audit : the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940 . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 3 , 12 , 105 , 107 , 461 , 546 , 551 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 7774 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The peak U.S. inventory was around 35,000 nuclear weapons . The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98212 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... '' p. 33 , Steven I. Schwartz ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc. 51 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 53 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables , whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1971 -- 1979 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1979 -- 1986 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1987 -- 1997 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Raise US Debt Ceiling to $9 Trillion , Caused by Iraq War and Tax Breaks for the Rich '' . Usliberals.about.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FINANCIAL AUDIT - Bureau of the Public Debt 's Fiscal Years 2008 and 2007 Schedules of Federal Debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Federal Debt Limit '' . The Concord Coalition . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonner , William ; Wiggin , Addison ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : the Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78253 - X . Johnson , Simon ; Kwak , James ( 2012 ) . White House Burning : The Founding Fathers , Our National Debt , and Why It Matters To You . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 90696 - 0 . Eisner , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` Federal Debt '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Macdonald , James ( 2006 ) . A Free Nation Deep in Debt : The Financial Roots of Democracy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12632 - 1 . Wright , Robert ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . Mc - Graw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 154393 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States government debt . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owned the largest share of u.s government intragovernmental debt holdings at the end of 2016 | [
"As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[43] The largest holders were China, Japan, Belgium, the Caribbean banking centers, and oil exporters.[45]",
"As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[43] The largest holders were China, Japan, Belgium, the Caribbean banking centers, and oil exporters.[45]",
"As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[43] The largest holders were China, Japan, Belgium, the Caribbean banking centers, and oil exporters.[45]",
"As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[43] The largest holders were China, Japan, Belgium, the Caribbean banking centers, and oil exporters.[45]",
"As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47% of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34% of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[43] The largest holders were China, Japan, Belgium, the Caribbean banking centers, and oil exporters.[45]"
] | [
"China",
"Japan",
"Belgium",
"the Caribbean banking centers",
"oil exporters"
] |
748476418412893681 | Walt Disney Animation Studios | Walt Disney Animation Studios - wikipedia Walt Disney Animation Studios Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney Animation Studios The studio 's headquarters at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank in 2007 Formerly called Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio ( 1923 -- 29 ) Walt Disney Productions ( 1929 -- 85 ) Walt Disney Feature Animation ( 1986 -- 2007 ) Type Division Industry Motion pictures Predecessor Laugh - O - Gram Studio Walt Disney Cartoons Founded October 16 , 1923 ; 93 years ago ( 1923 - 10 - 16 ) Founder Walt Disney Roy O. Disney Headquarters 2100 W. Riverside Drive , Burbank , California , United States Key people Edwin Catmull ( President ) John Lasseter ( Chief Creative Officer ) Andrew Millstein ( President and General Manager ) Products Animated films Number of employees 800 + Parent The Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Divisions DisneyToon Studios Website www.disneyanimation.com Walt Disney Animation Studios , headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California , is an American animation studio that creates animated feature films , short films , and television specials for The Walt Disney Company . Founded on October 16 , 1923 , it is a division of The Walt Disney Studios . The studio has produced 56 feature films , from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) to Moana ( 2016 ) . It was founded as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in 1923 and incorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929 . The studio was exclusively dedicated to producing short films until it expanded into feature production in 1934 . In 1983 , Walt Disney Productions named its live - action film studio Walt Disney Pictures . During a corporate restructuring in 1986 , Walt Disney Productions was renamed The Walt Disney Company and the animation division , renamed Walt Disney Feature Animation , became a subsidiary of its film division , The Walt Disney Studios . In 2007 , Walt Disney Feature Animation took on its current name , Walt Disney Animation Studios after Pixar Animation Studios was acquired by Disney in the same year . For much of its existence , the studio was recognized as the premier American animation studio ; it developed many of the techniques , concepts , and principles that became standard practices of traditional animation . The studio also pioneered the art of storyboarding , which is now a standard technique used in both animated and live - action filmmaking . The studio 's catalog of animated features is among Disney 's most notable assets , with the stars of its animated shorts -- Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , Goofy , and Pluto -- becoming recognizable figures in popular culture and mascots for The Walt Disney Company as a whole . Walt Disney Animation Studios continues to produce films using both traditional animation and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . At the present , Andrew Millstein is the general manager of the studio for day - to - day business affairs , under the direction of Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter who also oversee Pixar . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1923 -- 29 : Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio 1.2 1929 -- 40 : Reincorporation , Silly Symphonies and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1.3 1940 -- 48 : New features , strike , World War II 1.4 1948 -- 59 : Return of features , end of shorts , layoffs 1.5 1959 -- 66 : Reduced feature animation , Walt Disney 's final years 1.6 1967 -- 83 : Decline in popularity , Don Bluth 's entrance and departure , `` rock bottom '' 1.7 1984 -- 89 : Michael Eisner takeover , restructuring , return to prominence 1.8 1989 -- 94 : Beginning of the Disney Renaissance , successful releases , impact on the animation industry 1.9 1994 -- 99 : End of the Disney Renaissance , declining returns 1.10 2000 -- 06 : Slump , downsizing and conversion to computer animation , corporate issues 1.11 2006 -- 09 : Rebound , Disney 's acquisition of Pixar , renaming 1.12 2010 -- present : Continued resurgence 2 Studio 2.1 Management 2.2 Locations 3 Productions 3.1 Feature films 3.2 Short films 4 Collaborations 4.1 Parks and resorts 4.2 Video games 4.3 Associated productions 5 See also 5.1 Documentary films about Disney animation 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) 1923 -- 29 : Disney Brothers cartoon studio ( edit ) The building on Kingswell Avenue in Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926 Kansas City , Missouri , natives Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in Los Angeles in 1923 and got their start producing a series of silent Alice Comedies short films featuring a live - action child actress in an animated world . The Alice Comedies were distributed by Margaret J. Winkler 's Winkler Pictures , which later also distributed a second Disney short subject series , the all - animated Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , through Universal Pictures starting in 1927 . Upon relocating to California , the Disney brothers initially started working in their uncle Robert Disney 's garage at 4406 Kingswell Avenue in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles , then in October 1923 formally launched their studio in a small office on the rear side of a real estate agency 's office at 4651 Kingswell Avenue . In February 1924 , the studio moved next door to office space of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue . In 1925 , Disney put down a deposit on a new location at 2719 Hyperion Avenue in the nearby Silver Lake neighborhood , which came to be known as the Hyperion Studio to distinguish it from the studio 's other locations , and in January 1926 the studio moved there and took on the name the Walt Disney Studio . Meanwhile , after the first year 's worth of Oswalds , Walt Disney attempted to renew his contract with Winkler Pictures , but Charles Mintz , who had taken over Margaret Winkler 's business after marrying her , wanted to force Disney to accept a lower advance payment for each Oswald short . Disney refused , and as Universal owned the rights to Oswald rather than Disney , Mintz set up his own animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons . Most of Disney 's staff was hired away by Mintz to move over , once Disney 's Oswald contract was done in mid-1928 . Working in secret while the rest of the staff finished the remaining Oswalds on contract , Disney and his head animator Ub Iwerks led a small handful of loyal staffers in producing cartoons starring a new character named Mickey Mouse . The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons , Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho , were previewed in limited engagements during the summer of 1928 . For the third Mickey cartoon , however , Disney produced a soundtrack , collaborating with musician Carl Stalling and businessman Pat Powers , who provided Disney with his bootlegged `` Cinephone '' sound - on - film process . Subsequently , the third Mickey Mouse cartoon , Steamboat Willie , became Disney 's first cartoon with synchronized sound and was a major success upon its November 1928 debut at the West 57th Theatre in New York City . The Mickey Mouse series of sound cartoons , distributed by Powers through Celebrity Productions , quickly became the most popular cartoon series in the United States . A second Disney series of sound cartoons , the Silly Symphonies , debuted in 1929 with The Skeleton Dance . 1929 -- 40 : reincorporation , Silly Symphonies and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) In 1930 , disputes over finances between Disney and Powers led to Disney 's studio , reincorporated on December 16 , 1929 , as Walt Disney Productions , signing a new distribution contract with Columbia Pictures . Powers in return signed away Ub Iwerks , who began producing cartoons at his own studio . Columbia distributed Disney 's shorts for two years before the Disney studio entered a new distribution deal with United Artists in 1932 . The same year , Disney signed a two - year exclusive deal with Technicolor to utilize its new 3 - strip color film process , which allowed for fuller - color reproduction where previous color film processors could not . The result was the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees , the first film commercially released in full Technicolor . Flowers and Trees was a major success , and all Silly Symphonies were subsequently produced in Technicolor . By the early 1930s , Walt Disney had realized that the success of animated films depended upon telling emotionally gripping stories that would grab the audience and not let go , and this realization led him to create a separate `` story department '' with storyboard artists dedicated to story development . With well - developed characters and an interesting story , the 1933 Technicolor Silly Symphony cartoon Three Little Pigs became a major box office and pop culture success , with its theme song `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' becoming a popular chart hit . In 1934 , Walt Disney gathered several key staff members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film . Despite derision from most of the film industry , who dubbed the production `` Disney 's Folly , '' Disney proceeded undaunted into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which would become the first animated feature in English and Technicolor . Considerable training and development went into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , and the studio greatly expanded with established animators , artists from other fields , and recent college graduates joining the studio to work on the film . The training classes , supervised by the head animators such as Les Clark , Norm Ferguson , and Art Babbit and taught by Donald W. Graham , an art teacher from the nearby Chouinard Art Institute , had begun at the studio in 1932 and were greatly expanded into orientation training and continuing education classes . In the course of teaching the classes , Graham and the animators created or formalized many of the techniques and processes that became the key tenets and principles of traditional animation . Silly Symphonies such as The Goddess of Spring ( 1934 ) and The Old Mill ( 1937 ) served as experimentation grounds for new techniques such as the animation of realistic human figures , special effects animation , the use of the multiplane camera , an invention which split animation artwork layers into several planes , allowing the camera to appear to move dimensionally through an animated scene . Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs cost Disney a then - expensive sum of $1.4 million to complete ( including $100,000 on story development alone ) and was an unprecedented success when released in February 1938 by RKO Radio Pictures , which had assumed distribution of Disney product from United Artists in 1937 . It was briefly the highest - grossing film of all time before the success of Gone with the Wind two years later , grossing over $8 million on its initial release , the equivalent of $136,113,480 in 1999 dollars . During the production of Snow White , work had continued on the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series of shorts . Mickey Mouse switched to Technicolor in 1935 , by which time the series had added several major supporting characters , among them Mickey 's dog Pluto and their friends Donald Duck and Goofy . Donald , Goofy , and Pluto would all be appearing in series of their own by 1940 , and the Donald Duck cartoons eclipsed the Mickey Mouse series in popularity . The Silly Symphonies , which garnered seven Academy Awards , ended in 1939 . 1940 -- 48 : new features , strike , World War II ( edit ) The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new , larger studio on Buena Vista Street in Burbank , where The Walt Disney Company remains headquartered to this day . Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering on April 2 , 1940 , with Walt Disney as president and chairman and Roy Disney as CEO . The studio launched into the production of new animated features , the first of which was Pinocchio , released in February 1940 . Pinocchio was not initially a box office success . The box office returns from the film 's initial release were both below Snow White 's unprecedented success and the studio 's expectations . Of the film 's $2.289 million cost -- twice of Snow White -- Disney only recouped $1 million by late 1940 , with studio reports of the film 's final original box office take varying between $1.4 million and $1.9 million . However , Pinocchio was a critical success , winning the Academy Award for Best Original Song and Best Original Score , making it the first film of the studio to win not only either Oscar , but both at the same time . Walt Disney acts out a storyboarded scene in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , a segment of Fantasia ( 1940 ) , for its on - screen stars , host Deems Taylor and conductor Leopold Stokowski . Fantasia , an experimental film produced to an accompanying orchestral arrangement conducted by Leopold Stokowski , was released in November 1940 by Disney itself in a series of limited - seating roadshow engagements . The film cost $2 million to produce , and although the film earned $1.4 million in its roadshow engagements , the high cost ( $85,000 per theater ) of installing Fantasound placed Fantasia at an even greater loss than Pinocchio . RKO assumed distribution of Fantasia in 1941 , later reissuing it in severely edited versions over the years . Despite its financial failure , Fantasia was the subject of two Academy Honorary Awards on February 26 , 1942 -- one for the development of the innovative Fantasound system used to create the film 's stereoscopic soundtrack , and the other for Stokowski and his contributions to the film . Much of the character animation on these productions and all subsequent features until the late 1970s was supervised by a brain - trust of animators Walt Disney dubbed the `` Nine Old Men , '' many of whom also served as directors and later producers on the Disney features : Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , Woolie Reitherman , Les Clark , Ward Kimball , Eric Larson , John Lounsbery , Milt Kahl , and Marc Davis . Other head animators at Disney during this period included Norm Ferguson , Bill Tytla , and Fred Moore . The development of the feature animation department created a caste system at the Disney studio : lesser animators ( and feature animators in - between assignments ) were assigned to work on the short subjects , while animators higher in status such as the Nine Old Men worked on the features . Concern over Walt Disney accepting credit for the artists ' work as well as debates over compensation led to many of the newer and lower - ranked animators seeking to unionize the Disney studio . A bitter union strike began in May 1941 , which was resolved without the angered Walt Disney 's involvement in July and August of that year . As Walt Disney Productions was being set up as a union shop , Walt Disney and several studio employees were sent by the US government on a Good Neighbor policy trip to Central and South America . The Disney strike and its aftermath led to an exodus of several animation professionals from the studio , from top - level animators such as Art Babbitt and Bill Tytla to artists better known for their work outside the Disney studio such as Frank Tashlin , Maurice Noble , Walt Kelly , Bill Meléndez , and John Hubley . Hubley , with several other Disney strikers , went on to found the United Productions of America studio , Disney 's key animation rival in the 1950s . Dumbo , in production during the midst of the animators ' strike , premiered in October 1941 and proved to be a financial success . The simple film only cost $950,000 to produce , half the cost of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , less than a third of the cost of Pinocchio , and two - fifths of the cost of Fantasia . Dumbo eventually grossed $1.6 million during its original release . In August 1942 , Bambi was released , and as with Pinocchio and Fantasia , did not perform well at the box office . Out of its $1.7 million budget , it only grossed $1.64 million . Production of full - length animated features was temporarily suspended after the release of Bambi . Given the financial failures of some of the recent features and World War II cutting off much of the overseas cinema market , the studio 's financiers at the Bank of America would only loan the studio working capital if it temporarily restricted itself to shorts production . Then in - production features such as Peter Pan , Alice in Wonderland , and Lady and the Tramp were therefore put on hold until after the war . Other issues affecting the studio at the time included the drafting of several Disney animators to fight in World War II , and the necessity for the studio to focus on producing wartime content for the U.S. Army , particularly military training , and civilian propaganda films . From 1942 to 1943 , 95 percent of the studio 's animation output was for the military . During the war , Disney produced the live - action / animated military propaganda feature Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) , and a series of Latin culture - themed shorts resulting from the 1941 Good Neighbor trip were compiled into two features , Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) and The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) . Saludos and Caballeros set the template for several other 1940s Disney releases of `` package films '' : low - budgeted films composed of animated short subjects with animated or live - action bridging material . These films were Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) , Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) , Melody Time ( 1948 ) , and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) . The studio also produced two features , Song of the South ( 1946 ) and So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) , which used more expansive live - action stories which still included animated sequences and sequences combining live - action and animated characters . Shorts production continued during this period as well , with Donald Duck , Goofy , and Pluto cartoons being the main output accompanied by cartoons starring Mickey Mouse , Figaro , and in the 1950s , Chip ' n ' Dale and Humphrey the Bear . In addition , Disney began reissuing the previous features , beginning with re-releases of Snow White in 1944 , Pinocchio in 1945 , and Fantasia in 1946 . This led to a tradition of reissuing the Disney films every seven years , which lasted into the 1990s before being translated into the studio 's handling of home video releases . 1948 -- 59 : return of features , end of shorts , layoffs ( edit ) The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California , the headquarters of the animation department from 1940 to 1984 . In 1948 , Disney returned to the production of full - length features with Cinderella , a full - length film based on the fairy tale by Charles Perrault . At a cost of nearly $3 million , the future of the studio depended upon the success of this film . Upon its release in 1950 , Cinderella proved to be a box - office success , with the profits from the film 's release allowing Disney to carry on producing animated features throughout the 1950s . Following its success , production on the in - limbo features Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , and Lady and the Tramp was resumed . In addition , an ambitious new project , an adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale `` Sleeping Beauty '' set to Tchaikovsky 's classic score , was begun but took much of the rest of the decade to complete . Alice in Wonderland , released in 1951 , met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release . Peter Pan , released in 1953 , was , on the other hand , a commercial success and the highest - grossing film of the year . In 1955 , Lady and the Tramp was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . Lady is significant as Disney 's first widescreen animated feature , produced in the CinemaScope process , and was the first Disney animated feature to be released by Disney 's own distribution company , Buena Vista Distribution . By the mid-1950s , with Walt Disney 's attention primarily set on new endeavours such as live - action films , television , and the Disneyland theme park , production of the animated films was left primarily in the hands of the `` Nine Old Men '' trust of head animators and directors . This led to several delays in approvals during the production of Sleeping Beauty , which was finally released in 1959 . At $6 million , it was Disney 's most expensive film to date , produced in a heavily stylized art style devised by artist Eyvind Earle and presented in large - format Super Technirama 70 with six - track stereophonic sound . However , the film 's large production costs and underperformance at the box office resulted in the studio posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960 , leading to massive layoffs throughout the studio . By the end of the decade , the Disney short subjects were no longer being produced on a regular basis , with many of the shorts divisions ' personnel either leaving the company or begin reassigned to work on Disney television programs such as The Mickey Mouse Club and Disneyland . While the Disney shorts had dominated the Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) during the 1930s , its reign over the award had been ended by MGM 's Tom and Jerry cartoons , Warner Bros ' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies , and the works of United Productions of America ( UPA ) , whose flat art style and stylized animation techniques were lauded as more modern alternatives to the older Disney style . During the 1950s , only one Disney short , the stylized Toot , Whistle , Plunk and Boom , won the Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) Oscar . The Mickey Mouse , Pluto , and Goofy shorts had all ceased regular production by 1953 , with Donald Duck and Humphrey continuing and converting to widescreen CinemaScope before the shorts division was shut down in 1956 . After that , all future shorts were produced by the feature films division until 1969 . The last Disney short of the golden age of animation was It 's Tough to Be a Bird . Disney shorts would only be produced on a sporadic basis from this point on , with notable later shorts including Runaway Brain ( 1995 , starring Mickey Mouse ) and Paperman ( 2012 ) . 1959 -- 66 : reduced feature Animation , Walt Disney 's final years ( edit ) Despite the 1959 layoffs and competition for Walt Disney 's attention from the company 's grown live - action film , TV , and theme park departments , production continued on feature animation productions at a reduced level . In 1961 , the studio released One Hundred and One Dalmatians , an animated feature which popularized the use of xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels . Using xerography , animation drawings could be photochemically transferred rather than traced from paper drawings to the clear acetate sheets ( `` cels '' ) used in final animation production . The resulting art style -- a scratchier line which revealed the construction lines in the animators ' drawings -- typified Disney films into the 1980s . The film was a success , being the tenth highest - grossing film of 1961 with rentals of $6.4 million . The Disney animation training program started at the studio before the development of Snow White in 1932 eventually led to Walt Disney helping found the California Institute of the Arts ( CalArts ) . This university , formed via the merger of Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music , included a Disney - developed animation program of study among its degree offerings . CalArts became the alma mater of many of the animators who would work at Disney and other animation studios from the 1970s to the present . The Sword in the Stone was released in 1963 and was the sixth highest - grossing film of the year in North America with estimated rentals of $4.75 million . A featurette adaptation of one of A.A. Milne 's Winnie - the - Pooh stories , Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree , was released in 1966 , to be followed by several other Pooh featurettes over the years and a full - length compilation feature , The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh , which was released in 1977 . Walt Disney died in December 1966 , ten months before the studio 's next film The Jungle Book , was completed and released . The film was a success , finishing 1967 as the fourth highest - grossing film of the year . 1967 -- 83 : decline in popularity , Don Bluth 's entrance and departure , `` rock bottom '' ( edit ) Following Walt Disney 's passing , Wolfgang Reitherman continued as both producer and director of the features . The studio began the 1970s with the release of The Aristocats , the last film project to be approved by Walt Disney . In 1971 , Roy O. Disney , the studio co-founder , died and Walt Disney Productions was left in the hands of Donn Tatum and Card Walker , who alternated as chairman and CEO in overlapping terms for the rest of the decade . The next feature , Robin Hood ( 1973 ) , was produced with a significantly reduced budget and animation repurposed from previous features . Both The Aristocats and Robin Hood were minor box office and critical successes . The Rescuers , released in 1977 , was a success exceeding the achievements of the previous two Disney features . Receiving broad critical acclaim , commercial returns , and an Academy Award nomination , it ended up being the third highest - grossing film of the year and the most successful and acclaimed Disney animated film since The Jungle Book . The film was reissued in 1983 , accompanied by a new Disney featurette , Mickey 's Christmas Carol . The production of The Rescuers signaled the beginning of a changing of the guard process in the personnel at the Disney animation studio : as veterans such as Milt Kahl and Les Clark retired , they were gradually replaced by new talents such as Don Bluth , Ron Clements , John Musker , and Glen Keane . The new animators , culled from the animation program at CalArts and trained by Eric Larson , Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , and Woolie Reitherman got their first chances to prove themselves as a group with the animated sequences in Disney 's live - action / animated hybrid feature Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) , the animation for which was directed by Don Bluth . In September 1979 , dissatisfied with what they felt was a stagnation in the development of the art of animation at Disney , Bluth and several of the other new guard animators quit to start their own studio , Don Bluth Productions , which became Disney 's chief competitor in the animation field during the 1980s . Delayed half a year by the defection of the Bluth group , The Fox and the Hound was released in 1981 after four years in production . The film was considered a financial success by the studio , and development continued on The Black Cauldron , a long - gestating adaptation of the Chronicles of Prydain series of novels by Lloyd Alexander produced in Super Technirama 70 . The Black Cauldron was intended to expand the appeal of Disney animated films to older audiences and to showcase the talents of the new generation of Disney animators from CalArts . Besides Keane , Musker , and Clements , this new group of artists included other promising animators such as Andreas Deja , Mike Gabriel , John Lasseter , and Tim Burton . Lasseter was fired from Disney in 1983 for pushing the studio to explore computer animation production , but went on to become the creative head of Pixar , a pioneering computer animation studio that would begin a close association with Disney in the late 1980s . Similarly , Burton was fired in 1984 after producing a live - action short shelved by the studio , Frankenweenie , then went on to become a high - profile producer and director of live - action and stop - motion features for Disney and other studios . Some of Burton 's high - profile projects for Disney would include the stop - motion The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , a live - action adaptation of Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , and a stop - motion feature remake of Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) . 1984 -- 89 : Michael Eisner takeover , restructuring , return to prominence ( edit ) Roy E. Disney ( Chairman , 1985 -- 2003 ) , nephew of Walt Disney , was a key figure in restructuring the animation department following the reorganization of the Disney company in 1984 . Ron Miller , Walt Disney 's son - in - law , became president of Walt Disney Productions in 1980 and CEO in 1983 . That year , he expanded the company 's film and television production divisions , creating the Walt Disney Pictures banner under which future films from the feature animation department would be released . After a series of corporate takeover attempts in 1984 , Roy E. Disney , son of Roy O. and nephew of Walt , resigned from the company 's board of directors and launched a campaign called `` SaveDisney , '' successfully convincing the board to fire Miller . Roy E. Disney brought in Michael Eisner as Disney 's new CEO and Frank Wells as president . Eisner in turn named Jeffrey Katzenberg chairman of the film division , The Walt Disney Studios . Near completion when the Eisner regime took over Disney , The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) would come to represent what would later be referred to as the `` rock bottom '' point for Disney animation . The studio 's most expensive feature to that point at $44 million , The Black Cauldron was a critical and commercial failure . The film 's $21 million box office gross led to a loss for the studio , putting the future of the animation division in jeopardy . Between the 1950s and 1980s , the significance of animation to Disney 's bottom line was significantly reduced as the company expanded into further live - action production , television , and theme parks . As new CEO , Michael Eisner strongly considered shuttering the feature animation studio and outsourcing future animation . Roy E. Disney intervened , offering to head the feature animation division and turn its fortunes around , while Eisner established the Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group to produce lower - cost animation for television . Named Chairman of feature animation by Eisner , Roy E. Disney appointed Peter Schneider president of animation to run the day - to - day operations in 1985 . In February 1985 , Disney executives moved the animation division from the Disney studio lot in Burbank to a variety of warehouses , hangars , and trailers located about two miles east ( 3.2 kilometers ) in nearby Glendale , California . The animation division 's first feature animation at its new location was The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) , begun by John Musker and Ron Clements as Basil of Baker Street after both left production of Black Cauldron . The film was enough of a critical and commercial success to instill executive confidence in the animation studio . Later the same year , however , Universal Pictures and Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment released Don Bluth 's An American Tail , which outgrossed The Great Mouse Detective at the box office and became the highest - grossing first - issue animated film to that point . Katzenberg , Schneider , and Roy Disney set about changing the culture of the studio , increasing staffing and production so that a new animated feature would be released every year instead of every two to four . The first of the releases on the accelerated production schedule was Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) , which featured an all - star cast including Billy Joel and Bette Midler and an emphasis on a modern pop soundtrack . Oliver & Company opened in the theaters on the same day as another Bluth / Amblin / Universal animated film , The Land Before Time ; however , Oliver outgrossed Time and went on to become the most successful animated feature to that date . 1400 Flower Street in Glendale , California , one of several buildings used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995 . 1400 Air Way , another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995 . At the same time in 1988 , Disney 's started entering into Australia 's long - standing animation industry , by purchasing Hanna - Barbera 's Australian studio to start Disney Animation Australia . While Oliver & Company and the next feature The Little Mermaid were in production , Disney collaborated with Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment and master animator Richard Williams to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit , a groundbreaking live - action / animation hybrid directed by Robert Zemeckis , which featured licensed animated characters from other animation studios . Disney set up a new animation studio under Williams ' supervision in London to create the cartoon characters for Roger Rabbit , with many of the artists from the California studio traveling to England to work on the film . A significant critical and commercial success , Roger Rabbit won three Academy Awards for technical achievements . and was key in renewing mainstream interest in American animation . Other than the film itself , the studio also produced three Roger Rabbit shorts during the late 1980s and early 1990s . 1989 -- 94 : beginning of the Disney Renaissance , successful releases , impact on the Animation industry ( edit ) Main article : Disney Renaissance A second satellite studio , Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida , opened in 1989 with 40 employees . Its offices were located within the Disney - MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida , and visitors were allowed to tour the studio and observe animators at work . That same year , the studio released The Little Mermaid , which became a keystone achievement in Disney 's history as its largest critical and commercial success in decades . Directed by John Musker and Ron Clements , who 'd been co-directors on The Great Mouse Detective , The Little Mermaid earned $84 million at the North American box office , a record for the studio . The film was built around a score from Broadway songwriters Alan Menken and Howard Ashman , who was also a co-producer and story consultant on the film . Mermaid won two Academy Awards , for Best Original Song and for Best Original Score . The Little Mermaid vigorously relaunched a profound new interest in the animation and musical film genres . The film was also the first to feature the use of Disney 's Computer Animation Production System ( CAPS ) . Developed for Disney by Pixar , which had grown into a commercial computer animation and technology development company , CAPS would become significant in allowing future Disney films to more seamlessly integrate computer - generated imagery and achieve higher production values with digital ink and paint and compositing techniques . The Little Mermaid was the first of a series of blockbusters that would be released over the next decade by Walt Disney Feature Animation , a period later designated by the term Disney Renaissance . Accompanied in theaters by the Mickey Mouse featurette The Prince and the Pauper , The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) was Disney 's first animated feature sequel and the studio 's first film to be fully colored and composited via computer using the CAPS system . However , the film did not duplicate the success of The Little Mermaid . The next Disney animated feature , Beauty and the Beast , had begun production in London but was moved back to Burbank after Disney decided to shutter the London satellite office and retool the film into a musical - comedy format similar to The Little Mermaid . Alan Menken and Howard Ashman were retained to write the song score , though Ashman died before production was completed . Debuting first in a work - in - progress version at the 1991 New York Film Festival before its November 1991 wide release , Beauty and the Beast , directed by Kirk Wise & Gary Trousdale , was an unprecedented critical and commercial success , and would later be seen as one of the studio 's best films . The film earned six Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Picture , a first for an animated work , winning for Best Song and Best Original Score . Its $145 million box office gross set new records and merchandising for the film -- including toys , cross-promotions , and soundtrack sales -- was also lucrative . The successes of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast established the template for future Disney releases during the 1990s : a musical - comedy format with Broadway - styled songs and tentpole action sequences , buoyed by cross-promotional marketing and merchandising , all carefully designed to pull audiences of all ages and types into theatres . In addition to John Musker , Ron Clements , Kirk Wise , and Gary Trousdale , the new guard of Disney artists creating these films included story artists / directors Roger Allers , Rob Minkoff , Chris Sanders , and Brenda Chapman , and lead animators Glen Keane , Andreas Deja , Eric Goldberg , Nik Ranieri , Will Finn , and many others . Aladdin , released in November 1992 , continued the upward trend in Disney 's animation success , earning $504 million worldwide at the box office , and two more Oscars for Best Song and Best Score . Featuring songs by Menken , Ashman , and Tim Rice ( who replaced Ashman after his passing ) and starring the voice of Robin Williams , Aladdin also established the trend of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters , which had been explored to some degree with The Jungle Book and Oliver & Company , but now became standard practice . In June 1994 , Disney released The Lion King , directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff . An all - animal adventure set in Africa , The Lion King featured an all - star voice cast which included James Earl Jones , Matthew Broderick , and Jeremy Irons , with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John . The Lion King earned $768 million at the worldwide box office , to this date a record for a traditionally animated film , earning millions more in merchandising , promotions , and record sales for its soundtrack . 622 / 610 Circle 7 Drive ( the Hart - Dannon Building ) , another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation during the early 1990s . Aladdin and The Lion King had been the highest - grossing films worldwide in each of their respective release years . Between these in - house productions , Disney diversified in animation methods and produced The Nightmare Before Christmas with former Disney animator Tim Burton . With animation becoming again an increasingly important and lucrative part of Disney 's business , the company began to expand its operations . The flagship California studio was split into two units and expanded , and ground was broken on a new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank , which was dedicated in 1995 . The Florida satellite , officially incorporated in 1992 , was expanded as well , and one of Disney 's television animation studios in the Paris , France suburb of Montreuil -- the former Brizzi Brothers studio -- became Walt Disney Feature Animation Paris , where A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) and significant parts of later Disney films were produced . Also , Disney began producing lower cost direct to video sequels for its successful animated films using the services of its television animation studios under the name Disney MovieToons . The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) , a sequel to Aladdin and a pilot for the Aladdin television show spin - off , was the first of these productions . Walt Disney Feature Animation was also heavily involved in the adaptations of both Beauty and the Beast in 1994 and The Lion King in 1997 into Broadway musicals . Jeffrey Katzenberg and the Disney story team were heavily involved in the development and production of Toy Story , the first fully computer - animated feature ever produced . Toy Story was produced for Disney by Pixar and directed by former Disney animator John Lasseter , whom Peter Schneider had unsuccessfully tried to hire back after his success with Pixar shorts such as Tin Toy ( 1988 ) . Released in 1995 , Toy Story opened to critical acclaim and commercial success , leading to Pixar signing a five - film deal with Disney , which bore critically and financially successful computer animated films such as A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) . In addition , the successes of Aladdin and The Lion King spurred a significant increase in the number of American - produced animated features throughout the rest of the decade , with the major film studios establishing new animation divisions such as Fox Animation Studios , Turner Feature Animation , and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical - comedy format such as Thumbelina ( 1994 ) , The Swan Princess ( 1994 ) , Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) , Anastasia ( 1997 ) , Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) and The King and I ( 1999 ) . 1994 -- 99 : end of the Disney Renaissance , declining returns ( edit ) Walt Disney Feature Animation logo , used from 1997 to 2006 . Concerns arose internally at Disney , particularly from Roy E. Disney , about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney 's early 1990s releases . Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994 , and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position . Instead , tensions between Katzenberg , Eisner , and Disney resulted in Katzenberg being forced to resign from the company that October , with Joe Roth taking his place . Katzenberg went on to become one of the founders of DreamWorks SKG , whose animation division became Disney 's key rival in feature animation with both computer animated films such as Antz ( 1998 ) , and traditionally animated films such as The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) . In December 1994 , the Animation Building in Burbank was completed for the animation division . In contrast to the early 1990s productions , the mid-1990s Disney animated features presented a trend of diminishing returns . Pocahontas , released in summer 1995 , was a critical and commercial disappointment compared to its predecessors , earning $346 million worldwide while still winning two Academy Awards for its music by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz . The next film , The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) , partially produced at the Paris studio , performed better critically and grossed $325 million worldwide . The following summer , Hercules , grossed $252 million worldwide and received positive reviews , but it was responsible for beginning the decline of traditional animated films . The declining box office success became doubly concerning inside the studio as wage competition from DreamWorks had significantly increased the studio 's overhead , with production costs increasing from $79 million in total costs ( production , marketing , and overhead ) for The Lion King in 1994 to $179 million for Hercules three years later . Moreover , Disney depended upon the popularity of its new features in order to develop merchandising , theme park attractions , direct - to - video sequels , and television programming in its other divisions . The production schedule was scaled back , and a larger number of creative executives were hired to more closely supervise production , a move that was not popular among the animation staff . Mulan ( 1998 ) , the first film produced primarily at the Florida studio , earned $305 million in worldwide box office . The next summer 's Tarzan , directed by Kevin Lima and Chris Buck , had a high production cost of $130 million , but earned $448 million at the box office . The Tarzan song score by pop star Phil Collins resulted in significant record sales and an Academy Award for Best Song . In October 1999 , Dream Quest Images , a special effects studio previously purchased by The Walt Disney Company in April 1996 to replace Buena Vista Visual Effects , was merged with the computer - graphics operation of Walt Disney Feature Animation to form a division called The Secret Lab . The Secret Lab produced one feature film , Dinosaur , which was released in May 2000 and featured CGI prehistoric creatures against filmed live - action backgrounds . The $128 million production earned $349 million worldwide , below studio expectations , and the Secret Lab was closed in 2001 . 2000 -- 06 : slump , downsizing and conversion to computer Animation , corporate issues ( edit ) Fantasia 2000 , a sequel to the 1940 film that had been a pet - project of Roy E. Disney 's since 1990 , was released on January 1 , 2000 . Produced in pieces when artists were available between productions , Fantasia 2000 was the first animated feature produced for and released in IMAX format . A standard theatrical release followed in June , but the film 's $90 million worldwide box office total against its $90 million production cost resulted in it losing $100 million for the studio . Peter Schneider left his post as president of Walt Disney Feature Animation in 1999 to become president of The Walt Disney Studios under Joe Roth . Thomas Schumacher , who had been Schneider 's vice president of animation for several years , became the new president of Walt Disney Feature Animation . By this time , competition from other studios had driven animators ' incomes to all - time highs , making traditionally animated features even more costly to produce . Schumacher was tasked with cutting costs , and massive layoffs began to cut salaries and bring the studio 's staff -- which peaked at 2,200 people in 1999 -- down to approximately 1,200 employees . In December 2000 , The Emperor 's New Groove was released . It had been a musical epic called Kingdom of the Sun before being revised mid-production into a smaller comedy , The film earned $169 million worldwide when released , though it was well - reviewed and performed better on video . Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) , an attempt to break the Disney formula by moving into action - adventure , received mixed reviews and earned $186 million worldwide against production costs of $120 million . By 2001 , the notable successes of computer - animated films from Pixar and DreamWorks such as Monsters , Inc. and , Shrek , respectively , against Disney 's lesser returns for The Emperor 's New Groove and Atlantis : The Lost Empire led to a growing perception that hand - drawn animation was becoming outdated and falling out of fashion . In March 2002 , just after the successful release of Blue Sky Studios ' computer - animated feature Ice Age , Disney laid off most of the employees at the Feature Animation studio in Burbank , downsizing it to one unit and beginning plans to move into fully computer animated films . A handful of employees were offered positions doing computer animation . Morale plunged to a low not seen since the start of the studio 's ten - year exile to Glendale in 1985 . The Paris studio was also closed in 2003 . The Burbank studio 's remaining hand - drawn productions , Treasure Planet and Home on the Range , continued production . Treasure Planet , an outer space retelling of Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island , was a pet project of writer - directors Ron Clements and John Musker . It received an IMAX release and generally positive reviews but was financially unsuccessful upon its November 2002 release , resulting in a $74 million write - down for The Walt Disney Company in fiscal year 2003 . The Burbank studio 's 2D departments closed at the end of 2002 following completion of Home on the Range , a long - in - production feature that had been known as Sweating Bullets . Meanwhile , hand - drawn feature animation production continued at the Feature Animation Florida studio , where the films could be produced at lower costs . Lilo & Stitch , an offbeat comedy written and directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , became the studio 's first bonafide hit since Tarzan upon its summer 2002 release , earning $273 million worldwide against a $80 million production budget . Most of the Disney features from the 1990s had been spun off into direct - to - video sequels , television series , or both , produced by the Disney Television Animation unit . Beginning with the February 2002 release of Return to Never Land , a sequel to Peter Pan ( 1953 ) , Disney began releasing lower - budgeted sequels to earlier films , which had been intended for video premieres , in theaters , a process derided by some of the Disney animation staff and fans of the Disney films . In 2003 , Tom Schumacher was appointed president of Buena Vista Theatrical Group , Disney 's stageplay and musical theater arm , and David Stainton , then president of Walt Disney Television Animation , was appointed as his replacement . Stainton continued to oversee Disney 's direct - to - video division , DisneyToon Studios , which had been part of the television animation department , though transferred at this time to Walt Disney Feature Animation management . Under Stainton , the Florida studio completed Brother Bear , which did not perform as well as Lilo & Stitch critically or financially . Disney announced the closing of the Florida studio on January 12 , 2004 , with the then in - progress feature My Peoples left unfinished when the studio closed two months later . Upon the unsuccessful April 2004 release of Home on the Range , Disney , led by executive Bob Lambert , officially announced its conversion of Walt Disney Feature Animation into a fully CGI studio -- a process begun two years prior -- now with a staff of 600 people and began selling off all of its traditional animation equipment . Just after Brother Bear 's November 2003 release , Feature Animation chairman Roy E. Disney had resigned from The Walt Disney Company , launching with business partner Stanley Gold a second external `` SaveDisney '' campaign similar to the one that had forced Ron Miller out in 1984 , this time to force out Michael Eisner . Two of their arguing points against Eisner included his handling of Feature Animation and the souring of the studio 's relationship with Pixar . Talks between Michael Eisner and Pixar CEO Steve Jobs over renewal terms for the highly lucrative Pixar - Disney distribution deal broke down in January 2004 . Jobs in particular disagreed with Eisner 's insistence that sequels such as the then in - development Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) would not count against the number of films required in the studio 's new deal . To that end , Disney announced the launching of Circle 7 Animation , a division of Feature Animation which would have produced sequels to the Pixar films , while Pixar began shopping for a new distribution deal . In 2005 , Disney released its first fully computer - animated feature , Chicken Little . The film was a moderate success at the box office , earning $315 million worldwide , but was not well - received critically . Later that year , after two years of Roy E. Disney 's `` SaveDisney '' campaign , Michael Eisner announced that he would resign and named Bob Iger , then president of The Walt Disney Company , his successor as chairman and CEO . 2006 -- 09 : rebound , Disney 's acquisition of Pixar , renaming ( edit ) John Lasseter ( Chief Creative Officer , left ) and Edwin Catmull ( President , right ) came to Disney following its acquisition of Pixar and dedicated themselves to revitalizing Walt Disney Animation Studios after the studio 's unsuccessful early 2000s period . With Iger in place as the new CEO of Disney , Steve Jobs resumed negotiations for Pixar with Disney . On January 24 , 2006 , Disney announced that it would acquire Pixar for $7.4 billion , with the deal closing that May. and the Circle 7 studio launched to produce Toy Story 3 was shut down , with most of its employees returning to Feature Animation and Toy Story 3 returning to Pixar 's control . As part of the acquisition , Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter were named President and Chief Creative Officer , respectively , of Feature Animation as well as Pixar . While Disney executives had discussed closing Feature Animation as redundant , Catmull and Lasseter refused and instead resolved to try to turn things around at the studio . Lasseter said `` we were n't going to let that ( closure ) happen on our watch . We were determined to save the legacy of Walt Disney 's amazing studio and bring it back up to the creative level it had to be . Saving this heritage was squarely on our shoulders . '' Lasseter and Catmull set about rebuilding the morale of the Feature Animation staff , and rehired a number of its 1980s `` new guard '' generation of star animators who had left the studio , including Ron Clements , John Musker , Eric Goldberg , Mark Henn , Andreas Deja , Bruce W. Smith , and Chris Buck . To maintain the separation of Feature Animation and Pixar despite their now common ownership and management , Catmull and Lasseter `` drew a hard line '' that each studio was solely responsible for its own projects and would not be allowed to borrow personnel from or lend tasks out to the other . Catmull said that he and Lasseter `` make sure the studios are quite distinct from each other . We do n't want them to merge ; that would definitely be the wrong approach . Each should have its own personality . '' Catmull and Lasseter also brought to Feature Animation the Pixar model of a `` filmmaker - driven studio '' as opposed to an `` executive - driven studio '' ; they abolished Disney 's prior system of requiring directors to respond to `` mandatory '' notes from development executives ranking above the producers in favor of a system roughly analogous to peer review , in which non-mandatory notes come primarily from fellow producers , directors , and writers . Most of the layers of `` gatekeepers '' ( midlevel executives ) were stripped away , and Lasseter established a routine of personally meeting weekly with filmmakers on all projects in the last year of production and delivering feedback on the spot . The studio 's team of top creatives who work together closely on the development of its films is known as the Disney Story Trust ; it is somewhat similar to the Pixar Braintrust , but its meetings are reportedly `` more polite '' than those of its Pixar counterpart . In 2007 , Lasseter renamed Walt Disney Feature Animation to Walt Disney Animation Studios , and re-positioned the studio as an animation house that produced both traditional and computer - animated projects . In order to keep costs down on hand - drawn productions , animation , design , and layout were done in - house at Disney while clean - up animation and digital ink - and - paint were farmed out to vendors and freelancers . The studio released Meet the Robinsons , its second all - CGI film , earning $169.3 million worldwide . That same year , DisneyToon Studios was also restructured and began to operate as a separate unit under Lasseter and Catmull 's control . Lasseter 's direct intervention with the studio 's next film , American Dog , resulted in the departure of director Chris Sanders , who went on to become a director at DreamWorks Animation . The film was retooled by new directors Byron Howard and Chris Williams as Bolt , which was released in 2008 and had the best critical reception of any Disney animated feature since Lilo & Stitch , and became a moderate financial success . The Princess and the Frog , directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , was the studio 's first hand - drawn animated film in five years . A return to the musical - comedy format of the 1990s with songs by Randy Newman , the film was released in 2009 to a positive critical reception and was also nominated for three Academy Awards , including two for Best Song . The box office performance of The Princess and the Frog -- a total of $267 million earned worldwide against a $105 million production budget -- was seen as an underperformance due to competition with Avatar . In addition , the `` Princess '' aspect of the title was blamed , resulting in future Disney films then in production about princesses being given neutral / symbolic titles : Rapunzel became Tangled and The Snow Queen became Frozen . In 2014 , Disney animator Tom Sito compared the film 's box office performance to that of The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) , which was a step - up from the theatrical run of the 1985 film The Black Cauldron . In 2009 , the studio also produced the computer - animated Prep & Landing holiday special for the ABC television network . At the D23 Expo in 2009 , Guillermo del Toro 's Double Dare You production company and Disney announced a production deal for a line of darker animated films . The label was announced with one original animated project , Trollhunters . However , de Toro moved his deal to DreamWorks in late 2010 . 2010 -- present : continued resurgence ( edit ) After The Princess and the Frog , the studio released Tangled , a musical CGI adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale `` Rapunzel '' with songs by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater . In active development since 2002 under Glen Keane , Tangled , directed by Byron Howard and Nathan Greno , was released in 2010 and became a significant critical and commercial success , and was nominated for several accolades . The film earned $591 million in worldwide box office revenue , becoming the studio 's third most successful release to date . The hand - drawn feature Winnie the Pooh , a new feature film based on the A.A. Milne characters , followed in 2011 to positive reviews , but underperformed at the box office ; it remains to date the studio 's most recent hand - drawn feature . Wreck - It Ralph , directed by Rich Moore , was released in 2012 , to critical acclaim and commercial success . A comedy - adventure about a video - game villain who redeems himself as a hero , it won numerous awards , including the Annie , Critics ' Choice , and Kids ' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature Film and received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations . The film earned $471 million in worldwide box office revenue . In addition , the studio won its first Academy Award for a short film in forty - four years with Paperman , which was released in theaters with Wreck - It Ralph . Directed by John Kahrs , Paperman utilized new software developed in - house at the studio called Meander , which merges hand - drawn and computer animation techniques within the same character to create a unique `` hybrid . '' According to Producer Kristina Reed , the studio is continuing to develop the technique for future projects , including an animated feature . In 2013 , the studio laid off nine of its hand - drawn animators , including Nik Ranieri and Ruben A. Aquino , leading to speculation on animation blogs that the studio was abandoning traditional animation , an idea that the studio dismissed . That same year , Frozen , a CGI musical film inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Snow Queen '' , was released to widespread acclaim and became a blockbuster hit . Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee with songs by the Broadway team of Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson - Lopez , it was the first Disney animated film to earn over $1 billion in worldwide box office revenue and is currently the highest - grossing animated film of all time , surpassing Pixar 's Toy Story 3 . Frozen also became the first film from Walt Disney Animation Studios to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature ( a category started in 2001 ) , as well as the first feature - length motion picture from the studio to win an Academy Award since Tarzan and the first to win multiple Academy Awards since Pocahontas . It was released in theaters with Get a Horse ! , a new Mickey Mouse cartoon combining black - and - white hand - drawn animation and full - color CGI animation . The studio 's next feature , Big Hero 6 , a CGI comedy - adventure film inspired by the Marvel Comics series of the same name , was released in 2014 . For the film , the studio developed new light rendering software called Hyperion , which the studio continued to use on all subsequent films . Big Hero 6 received critical acclaim and was the highest - grossing animated film of 2014 , also winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The film was accompanied in theaters by the animated short Feast , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . In March 2016 , the studio released Zootopia , a CGI buddy - comedy film set in a modern world inhabited by anthropomorphic animals . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $1 billion worldwide , and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . Moana , a CGI fantasy - adventure film , was released in November 2016 . The film was shown in theaters with the animated short Inner Workings . Moana was another commercial and critical success for the studio , grossing over $600 million worldwide and receiving two Academy Award nominations . Studio ( edit ) Management ( edit ) Walt Disney Animation Studios is currently managed by Edwin Catmull ( President , Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios ) , John Lasseter ( Chief Creative Officer ) and Andrew Millstein ( President ) . Since 2006 , while continuing to live in the San Francisco Bay Area ( where they manage Pixar ) , Catmull and Lasseter have regularly commuted to Burbank every week to spend at least two days ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) at Disney Animation . They initially appointed Millstein as general manager and executive vice president to handle day - to - day business operations on their behalf . Millstein was promoted to the title of president in November 2014 , along with his counterpart at Pixar , general manager Jim Morris . Both Millstein and Morris continue to report to Catmull , who retains the title of president of both studios . Former presidents of the studio include David Stainton ( January 2003 -- January 2006 ) , Thomas Schumacher ( January 2000 -- December 2002 ) and Peter Schneider ( 1985 -- December 1999 ) . Other Disney executives who also exercised much influence within the studio were Roy E. Disney ( 1985 -- 2003 , Chairman , Walt Disney Feature Animation ) , Jeffrey Katzenberg ( 1984 -- 94 , Chairman , The Walt Disney Studios ) , Michael Eisner ( 1984 -- 2005 , CEO , The Walt Disney Company ) , and Frank Wells ( 1984 -- 94 , President and COO , The Walt Disney Company ) . Following Roy Disney 's passing in 2009 , the WDAS headquarters in Burbank was re-dedicated as The Roy E. Disney Animation Building in May 2010 . Locations ( edit ) The south side of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building , as seen from the public park that separates it from the Ventura Freeway . Since 1995 , Walt Disney Animation Studios has been headquartered in the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank , California , across Riverside Drive from The Walt Disney Studios , where the original Animation building ( now housing corporate offices ) is located . The Disney Animation Building 's lobby is capped by a large version of the famous hat from the Sorcerer 's Apprentice segment of Fantasia ( 1940 ) , and the building is informally called the `` hat building '' for that reason . Disney Animation shares its site with ABC Studios , whose building is located immediately to the west . Until the mid-1990s , Disney Animation previously operated out of the Air Way complex , a cluster of old hangars , office buildings , and trailers in the Grand Central Business Centre , an industrial park on the site of the former Grand Central Airport about two miles ( 3.2 km ) east in the city of Glendale . Today , the DisneyToon Studios unit is currently based in Glendale . Disney Animation 's archive , formerly known as `` the morgue '' ( based on an analogy to a morgue file ) and today known as the Animation Research Library , is also located in Glendale . Unlike the Burbank buildings , DisneyToon Studios and the ARL are located in nondescript office buildings near Disney 's Grand Central Creative Campus . The 12,000 - square - foot ARL is home to over 64 million items of animation artwork going back to 1924 ; because of its importance to the company , it requires visitors to agree to not disclose its exact location within Glendale . Previously , feature animation satellite studios were located around the world in Montreuil , Seine - Saint - Denis , France ( a suburb of Paris ) , and in Bay Lake , Florida ( near Orlando , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , one of the four theme parks at Walt Disney World ) . The Paris studio was shut down in 2002 , while the Florida studio was shut down in 2004 . The Florida animation building survives as an office building , while the former Magic of Disney Animation section of the building is home to Star Wars Launch Bay . In November 2014 , Disney Animation commenced a 16 - month upgrade of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building , in order to fix what Catmull had called its `` dungeon - like '' interior . For example , the interior was so cramped that it could not easily accommodate `` town hall '' meetings with all employees in attendance . Disney did not disclose the renovation 's cost , but Lasseter revealed that `` ( t ) he whole center of the second floor will have an atrium that will go up two stories ( ; ) we want to make this building so beautiful that it 's worthy of the artistic talent that 's there . '' In addition , it was revealed that the large sorcerer 's hat would become the building 's main entrance . Lasseter stated , `` There will be a gorgeous stairway that goes up into the hat , it 's a really great symbol like you 're entering the building through the magic of Mickey Mouse 's hat . '' Due to the renovation , the studio 's employees were temporarily moved from Burbank into the closest available Disney - controlled studio space -- the DisneyToon Studios building in the industrial park in Glendale and the old Imagineering warehouse in North Hollywood under the western approach to Bob Hope Airport ( the Tujunga Building ) . Director Don Hall analogized the studio 's relocation to the end of The Empire Strikes Back , where `` you know they 're going to get back together . '' The renovation was completed in October 2016 . Productions ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Main article : List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced animated features in a series of animation techniques , including traditional animation , computer animation , and animation combined with live - action scenes . The studio 's first film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , was released on December 21 , 1937 , and their most recent film , Moana , was released on November 23 , 2016 . Short films ( edit ) Main article : List of Disney animated shorts Since Alice Comedies in the 1920s , Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced a series of prominent short films , including the Mickey Mouse cartoons and the Silly Symphonies series . Many of these shorts provided a medium for the studio to experiment with new technologies that they would use in their filmmaking process , such as the synchronization of sound in Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) , the integration of the three - strip Technicolor process in Flowers and Trees ( 1932 ) , the multiplane camera in The Old Mill ( 1937 ) , the xerography process in Goliath II ( 1960 ) , and the hand - drawn / CGI hybrid animation in Off His Rockers ( 1992 ) , Paperman ( 2012 ) , and Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) . On August 18 , 2015 , Disney released twelve short animation films entitled : Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection which includes among many others Tick Tock Tale ( 2010 ) directed by Dean Wellins and Prep & Landing Stocking Stuffer ( 2009 ) directed by Kevin Deters . On March 22 , 2017 the set is running on Netflix Watch Instantly . Collaborations ( edit ) Parks and resorts ( edit ) Walt Disney Animation Studios has occasionally collaborated with Walt Disney Creative Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to create attractions for various Disney theme parks and resorts . Some of these attractions are : The Making of Me , at Epcot Cranium Command , at Epcot Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable , at Epcot Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros , at Epcot Mickey 's PhilharMagic , at the Magic Kingdom , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland Stitch 's Great Escape ! , at the Magic Kingdom Stitch Encounter , at Hong Kong Disneyland , Tokyo Disneyland , and Walt Disney Studios Park as `` Stitch Live ! '' Fantasmic ! , at Disneyland , Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Tokyo DisneySea World of Color , at Disney California Adventure Disney Dreams ! , at Disneyland Park Paris Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , at the Magic Kingdom Frozen Ever After , at Epcot Jingle Bell , Jingle BAM ! at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Happily Ever After at Magic Kingdom Video games ( edit ) Walt Disney Animation Studios has also collaborated and put input through the company 's Disney Interactive unit for several games . Some of these games are : Disney Infinity series ( Developed by Avalanche Software ) Kingdom Hearts III ( Co-Published / Developed by Square Enix ) Associated Productions ( edit ) Walt Disney Animation Studios has occasionally collaborated with other studios to assist in the production of some animated and live - action features . These films are : The Reluctant Dragon , providing the animated segments Victory Through Air Power , providing the animated segments Song of the South , providing the animated segments So Dear to My Heart , providing the animated segments Mary Poppins , providing the animated segments Sesame Street ( television show ) , providing the animated segments Bedknobs and Broomsticks , providing the animated segments Pete 's Dragon , providing animation The Brave Little Toaster , providing development Who Framed Roger Rabbit , providing animation , layout , animatics and storyboards ( animation unit only ) , and special effects The Nightmare Before Christmas , providing second - layering traditional animation ; originally labeled under the WDFA banner A Goofy Movie , providing story , development , pre-production , as well as clean - up Toy Story , providing development James and the Giant Peach , providing second - layering traditional animation Saving Mr. Banks , providing animation for a short scene recreating an episode of the Disneyland TV series The Jungle Book , providing the hand drawn animated Disney logo . Mary Poppins Returns , providing the animated segments See also ( edit ) Disney portal Film portal Animation portal United States portal Walt Disney Disney 's Nine Old Men 12 basic principles of animation Walt Disney Treasures Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Modern animation in the United States : Disney Animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company Documentary films about Disney animation ( edit ) A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios ( 1937 , short ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 , a staged `` mockumentary '' ) Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Walt Disney Studios '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Walt Disney Animation Studios . 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Alan ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` John Lasseter Returns to Hand Drawn Animation with The Princess and the Frog '' . movieweb . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Hurt Locker '' Takes Top Honors at 82nd Academy Awards `` . playbill.com . Playbill . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawn C. Chmielewski ; Claudia Eller ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Disney restyles ' Rapunzel ' to appeal to boys '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Walt Disney Animation Gives ' The Snow Queen ' New Life , Retitled ' Frozen ' -- But Will It Be Hand Drawn ? '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How did Rapunzel become ' Tangled ' ? Directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard set the record straight '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney seeks to crown revival with ' Frozen ' Oscar gold '' . National Media . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' : Polynesian Princess Not Impressed by Dwayne Johnson 's Maui in First Teaser '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Go inside the human body in Disney 's new short film before Moana -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Moana ' Sails to $600 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Millstein to head Disney Animation '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lev - Ram , Michal ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` A candid conversation with Pixar 's philosopher - king , Ed Catmull '' . Fortune . 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New York : Oxford University Press . p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516729 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia , ' ' Moana ' Hitting Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Karl ( January 2000 ) . `` Milestones of the Animation Industry in the 20th Century '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Catherine ( July 15 , 1992 ) . `` How The Disney Film Short ' Off His Rockers ' Made It to the Big Screen : A Little Project That ' blew Up . ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Tangled up in Kingdom Hearts III '' . Disney Interactive . June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts III to Include Big Hero 6 '' . Disney Interactive . August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ; Burton , Tim ( 2006 ) . Burton on Burton ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 115 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of the Walt Disney Company '' . KPolsson.com . Further reading ( edit ) Gabler , Neal ( 2006 ) , Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 679 - 43822 - X Stewart , James ( 2005 ) , DisneyWar , New York : Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 80993 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walt Disney . Official website Walt Disney Animation Studios on YouTube Walt Disney Feature Animation on IMDb Walt Disney Animation Studios on IMDb Coordinates : 34 ° 09 ′ 20 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 26 '' W / 34.155604 ° N 118.323979 ° W / 34.155604 ; - 118.323979 Links to related articles Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time The Walt Disney Company Company timeline Retlaw Enterprises Criticism Company officials Founders Walter Elias Disney Roy Oliver Disney Executives Bob Iger ( CEO ) Alan N. 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( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Written Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Planes ( 2013 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Other businesses Lasseter Family Winery Animation industry in the United States Companies / studios Active 21st Century Fox 20th Century Fox Animation Blue Sky Studios Fox Television Animation Ace & Son Augenblick Studios Bento Box Entertainment Blur Studio CBS Corporation CBS Animation Comcast DreamWorks Animation Big Idea Entertainment DreamWorks Classics Harvey Entertainment Jay Ward Productions Illumination Entertainment Universal Animation Studios The Curiosity Company DHX Media WildBrain Disney Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Film Roman Floyd County Productions Fred Wolf Films Frederator Studios Frederator Films Fuzzy Door Productions Hasbro Hasbro Studios Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Kinofilm Klasky Csupo Laika Little Airplane Productions Man of Action Studios Marza Animation Planet Mattel Hot Animation Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Animation Mexopolis Mondo Media 6 Point Harness PorchLight Entertainment Powerhouse Animation Studios Prana Studios Radical Axis Reel FX Creative Studios Renegade Animation Rough Draft Studios SD Entertainment ShadowMachine Sony Adelaide Productions Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Imageworks Splash Entertainment Sprite Animation Studios Spümcø Stoopid Monkey Threshold Entertainment Time Warner Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Williams Street West Warner Bros. 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Local 839 ASIFA - Hollywood Awards Academy Awards Annie Award Daytime Emmy Award Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Primetime Emmy Award History Silent era Golden age World War II Television era Modern era Genres Animated Infomercial Animated sitcom Buddy film Comedy - drama Superhero fiction Western Related topics American comics History of American comics Tijuana bible Humorous Phases of Funny Faces Flash animation VIAF : 123561895 LCCN : no2009083523 ISNI : 0000 0004 0501 9093 GND : 16101122 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios&oldid=802383720 '' Categories : Walt Disney Animation Studios American animation studios Disney animation Disney production studios Cinema of Southern California Entertainment companies based in California Entertainment companies established in 1923 1923 establishments in California Companies based in Burbank , California The Walt Disney Studios Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Use mdy dates from April 2016 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first computer animated disney movie | [
"The Little Mermaid vigorously relaunched a profound new interest in the animation and musical film genres.[94][117] The film was also the first to feature the use of Disney's Computer Animation Production System (CAPS). Developed for Disney by Pixar,[94] which had grown into a commercial computer animation and technology development company, CAPS would become significant in allowing future Disney films to more seamlessly integrate computer-generated imagery and achieve higher production values with digital ink and paint and compositing techniques.[94] The Little Mermaid was the first of a series of blockbusters that would be released over the next decade by Walt Disney Feature Animation, a period later designated by the term Disney Renaissance.[118]"
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6755556373385450468 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film is released posthumously after Davies ' Death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . BMW and Mini partnered with the film to promote it globally ; including teasers , a television commercial featuring Mini Hatch John Cooper Works , BMW M2 , Mini Clubman , BMW M3 and BMW M4 , online exclusives , in - store and in - theater advertisements . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews ... On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 297 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Kilala Princess Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=807775138 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about bibliophilia Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays gaston in the beauty and the beast movie | [
"Luke Evans as Gaston, a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife."
] | [
"Luke Evans"
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-7215707496572697864 | Mars (chocolate bar) | Mars ( chocolate bar ) - wikipedia Mars ( chocolate bar ) `` Mars Bars '' redirects here . For the episode of Veronica Mars , see Mars , Bars . `` Mars ( chocolate ) '' redirects here . For the chocolate and candy company , see Mars , Incorporated . Mars Place of origin Slough , Berkshire , England Region or state Worldwide Created by Forrest Mars Invented 1932 Main ingredients Chocolate , caramel , nougat Food energy ( per 51g serving ) 228 kcal Nutritional value ( per 51g serving ) Protein 2.2 g Fat 8.5 g Carbohydrate 35.3 g Other information www.marsbar.com Mars is a British chocolate bar . It was first manufactured in 1932 in England and was advertised to the trade as being made with Cadbury 's chocolate couverture . Its closest counterpart in the United States is Milky Way . Contents 1 Worldwide version 1.1 United States 1.2 Australia 2 Limited editions 3 Spinoff products 4 Custom packaging 5 Advertising slogans 5.1 Former 5.2 Current 6 Deep - fried Mars bar 7 Recalls 8 Animal products controversy 9 Economics 10 References 11 External links Worldwide version ( edit ) The pre-2002 Mars logo In 1932 , Forrest Mars , son of American candy maker Frank C. Mars , rented a factory in Slough and with a staff of twelve people , began manufacturing a chocolate bar consisting of nougat and caramel covered in milk chocolate , modelled after his father 's Milky Way bar , which was already popular in the US . The bar and the proportions of the main components have changed over the years . With minor variations , this version is sold worldwide , except for the US , and is packaged in a black wrapper with red gold - edged lettering . In 2002 , the Mars bar was reformulated and its logo was updated with a more cursive appearance . Its price also increased . The nougat was made lighter , the chocolate on top became thinner , and the overall weight of the bar was reduced slightly . The slogan `` Pleasure you ca n't measure '' was intended to appeal more to women and youths . Various sizes are made ( sizes as of 2008 ) : miniature bars called `` Fun Size '' ( 19.7 g ) and `` Snack Time '' ( 36.5 g ) ( both sold in multiple packs ) ; a larger multi-pack size of 54 g ; the regular sized single 58 g bar and a `` king - size '' 84 g bar which has since been replaced by `` Mars Duo '' ( 85 g ) -- a pack that contains 2 smaller bars of 42.5 g each instead of 1 large one . The regular 58 g single bar contains 260 calories . In the second half of 2008 , Mars UK reduced the weight of regular bars from 62.5 g to 58 g . Although the reduction in size was not publicised at the time , Mars claimed the change was designed to help tackle the obesity crisis in the UK . The company later confirmed that the real reason for the change was rising costs . In 2013 , the `` standard '' Mars bar was further reduced to 51 g , bringing the change to around 20 % in 5 year . In the UK , most Mars bars are still made at the Slough Trading Estate . United States ( edit ) A US Mars bar The worldwide Mars bar differs from that sold in the US . The American version was discontinued in 2002 and was replaced with the slightly different Snickers Almond featuring nougat , almonds , and a milk chocolate coating . Unlike the American Mars bar , however , Snickers Almond also contains caramel . The US version of the Mars bar was relaunched in January 2010 and was initially being sold on an exclusive basis through Walmart stores . The European version of the Mars bar is also sold in some United States grocery stores . The US version was once again discontinued at the end of 2011 . In September 2017 , Ethel M Chocolates , a gourmet chocolate subsidiary of Mars , Inc. launched the ' original American recipe ' of the Mars Bar in their stores and on Amazon.com . The international and Canadian Mars bars are very similar to the United States Milky Way bar , which Mars , Inc. also produces ( not to be confused with the European version of Milky Way , which is similar to the United States ' 3 Musketeers ) . Australia ( edit ) In May 2009 the Mars Bar size reduced from 60g to 53g , citing portion sizes and the obesity debate as the primary driver . Within Australia there is debate regarding halal certification . Also within the Muslim community there is debate on the virtue of halal certification for products such as Mars bars . Limited editions ( edit ) This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( November 2016 ) A Mars Almond split Several limited - edition variants of Mars bars have been released in various countries . ( These have often been permanent releases in other countries . ) They include : Mars Almond Mars Dark and Light Mars Midnight , white inside Mars bar but covered in dark chocolate . Now named Mars Dark , it is on permanent release in Canada , and was on a Limited Edition sale in the UK , as of October 2009 . Mars Gold Mars Maple ( Canada ) Mars Mini Eggs ( Available around Easter ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Mars bar Mars Triple Chocolate ( Australia ) A variant in which , despite the name , includes chocolate - based nougat and chocolate - based caramel . Also available as limited edition in United Kingdom in August 2011 , later re-released in 2015 as Mars Xtra Choc and in 2017 as `` Mars Choc Brownie '' Mars Lite ( Australia ) Mars Lava ( Australia -- Orange flavoured ) Mars Fling ( Australia ) Mars Miniatures , 5 fun size bars in the same packet Mars XXX ( Australia ) sold in gold wrapping . It contains chocolate flavoured caramel and nougat . Now called the Mars Triple Chocolate . Mars Chill ( Australia , New Zealand and UK ) -- wrapper had ' Mars ' written in white , turned to blue when cold Mars Rocks ( Australia and New Zealand ) , released by Mars Snackfood Australia in August 2007 , is made of chocolate - malt nougat topped with a layer of caramel and covered with milk chocolate embedded with `` crispies '' ( whose main ingredients are wheat flour and sugar ) . Mars Red ( Australia ) -- Mars bar with half the fat of a regular Mars bar . Has a red wrapper with ' Mars ' written in black . Mars World Cup ( England ) -- Mars bar with the St George 's Cross on the packaging to commemorate England 's participation in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Mars 100 % Caramel -- ( Australia ) -- introduced in January 2011 . It is simply a standard Mars Bar , but with the nougat removed . Also available in the UK as a limited edition as of 2012 Mars Vanilla -- ( Australia ) -- introduced April 2012 . It is a standard Mars Bar with a vanilla flavoured nougat Mars Honeycomb -- ( Australia ) -- introduced in January 2013 . It is a standard Mars Bar but with the nougat being honeycomb - flavoured . Mars Loaded -- ( Australia ) -- introduced January 2014 . It is a Mars Bar with a chocolate flavoured nougat , chocolate flavoured caramel and a slightly darker chocolate coating Spinoff products ( edit ) Other products have also been released using the Mars branding . Mars Delight ( discontinued in the UK as of 2008 ) Mars Extra Chocolate Drink Mars Active Energy Drink Mars No Added Sugar Drink Mars Ice Cream bars Mars Midnight Ice Cream bars McVities Mars Mini Rolls Mars Bisc & ( Australia and the UK -- A biscuit with Mars topping ) Mars Pods ( Australia and New Zealand -- a small crunchy wafer shell with Mars filling , also available in variants ) Mars Rocks Mars Planets Mars Mix Mars Frozen Dessert Bar Custom packaging ( edit ) Mars Believe The Original Mars bar in `` Believe '' packaging was sold in the UK from 18 April 2006 until the end of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in July . `` Believe '' took prominence on the packaging ( `` Original Mars '' appeared in smaller print ) to indicate support for the England national football team . Advertising in other nations of the UK was tailored to reflect their own teams after the public condemnation , although in Scotland the `` Believe '' packaging was still used -- causing negative publicity . On 30 July 2008 , the Tasmanian government announced that it had secured a major sponsor , Mars for a bid to enter the Australian Football League in a deal worth $4 million over 3 years and will temporarily change the name of its top - selling chocolate bar in Australia to Believe , to help promote Tasmania 's cause . Mars were re-branded `` Hopp '' ( engl . `` Go ! '' ) in Switzerland during UEFA Euro 2008 . Like the `` Believe '' packaging sold in the UK in 2006 , `` Original Mars '' was also shown in smaller print . In 2010 , to promote England 's involvement in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the background of the UK Mars packaging became the St. George cross . Advertising slogans ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Former ( edit ) `` Maxis from Mars '' -- United Kingdom ( 1969 ) A number of white Austin Maxis were driven around the country with numbers on the doors and if the number inside your Mars wrapper matched the Maxi you would see driving around your area you won that very car . `` Mars macht mobil bei Arbeit , Sport und Spiel '' ( Mars mobilises you at work , sports and play ) -- Germany ( 1980s and 1990s ) `` A Mars a day helps you work , rest and play '' -- Australia , United Kingdom , Canada , New Zealand `` Out of this world ! '' -- Australia , UK `` Earth -- what you 'd eat if you lived on Mars '' -- New Zealand `` Another way to make your day '' -- UK ( 2005 ) `` Feels good to be back ! '' -- Australia ( 2005 ) `` An almond in every bite ! '' -- US `` Un Mars , et ça repart '' ( A Mars , and you 're off again ) -- France ( late 1990s and renewed from 2006 ) `` Mars , que du bonheur '' ( Mars , only happiness ) -- France `` Mars , haal eruit wat erin zit ! '' ( Mars , get the most out of it ! ) -- The Netherlands and Flanders , Belgium `` Who knows ? In 1,000 years we could all be sitting on Mars eating Earth bars . '' -- United Kingdom ( A full page advertisement placed in the official Guide Book for the Millennium Dome in 2000 ) Current ( edit ) `` Mars your day '' -- Australia `` A Mars a day helps you work , rest and play '' -- UK , Australia `` Recharge on Mars '' -- Canada `` Mars , pleasure you ca n't measure '' -- Europe `` Un coup de barre ? Mars et ça repart ! '' ( Feeling beat ? A Mars and you 're off again ! ) -- France `` Nimm Mars , gib Gas '' ( Take Mars , step on the gas ) -- Germany `` Mars , momento di vero godimento '' ( Mars , a moment of pure enjoyment ) -- Italy `` Mars , geeft je energie '' ( Gives you energy ) -- The Netherlands and Flanders , Belgium `` Work - Rest - Play '' -- UK ( later `` Work - Rest - Play your part '' ) `` Turn Up the Heat ! '' -- ( UK Promotional packs in 2010 ) Deep - fried Mars bar ( edit ) Main article : Deep - fried Mars bar This is a Mars bar which has been coated with batter and deep - fried in oil or beef fat . First reports of battered Mars bars being sold in Stonehaven , Scotland date back to 1995 . The product is `` not authorised or endorsed '' by Mars , Inc . Deep - fried Mars bars are available from some fish - and - chip shops in the UK ( mainly in Scotland ) , Singapore , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , Ireland and the United States . A similar dish has appeared in Kathmandu and Nepal , where momo ( dumplings ) have used Mars bars as fillings . Recalls ( edit ) On July 2005 , Mars bars , along with the Snickers bar , were recalled due to an anonymous extortion attempt against Star City Casino in Sydney . The extortionist claimed to have poisoned seven Mars and Snickers bars at random stores in New South Wales . As a result , Masterfoods Corporation , the company that manufactures Mars bars in Australia , recalled the entire Mars and Snickers product from store shelves in New South Wales . Nineteen people were possibly affected , with two being admitted to hospital . In the later half of August 2005 , the threat to the public was deemed negligible and the bars returned to shelves . In February 2016 , Mars , Snickers and various other Mars , Inc. chocolate products were recalled in 55 countries in Europe , Middle East and Asia . The precautionary recall was issued after a customer found pieces of plastic in a Snickers bar purchased in Germany . The error was traced back to a Mars , Inc. factory in Veghel , The Netherlands . Animal products controversy ( edit ) In May 2007 Mars UK announced that Mars bars , along with many of their other products such as Snickers , Maltesers , Minstrels and Twix would no longer be suitable for vegetarians because of the introduction of rennet , a chemical sourced from calves ' stomachs used in the production of whey . The rabbinical authorities declared that the products remained kosher for Jewish consumption . The decision was condemned by several groups , with the Vegetarian Society stating that `` at a time when more and more consumers are concerned about the provenance of their food , Mars ' decision to use non-vegetarian whey is a backward step '' . Mars later abandoned these plans , stating that it became `` very clear , very quickly '' that it had made a mistake . Economics ( edit ) It has been observed on several occasions that the price of a Mars bar correlates fairly accurately with the change in value of the pound sterling since World War II , much in the way that the Big Mac Index has proven to be a good indicator of the actual relative purchasing power of world currencies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mars Nutrition '' . marsnutrition.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Mars Chocolate '' . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweet Talk : the Secret History of Confectionery , Whittaker , Nicholas , Gollancz , 1997 Jump up ^ `` . Of the people working in the factory Alexander Wind was a major influence . He came up with the idea for the caramel filling in the bar which had previously not existed . The history of Mars can be traced back to 1932 '' . Marsbar.co.uk . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian Unlimited , `` Mars bar '' `` . 18 March 2002 . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UK : Mars re-branding offers consumers pleasure , not power '' . just-food.com . Jump up ^ `` Mars bars shrink in size '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Poulter , Sean ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Shrinking Mars bar : Size cut by 7.2 % but price stays the same '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Linney Group . `` Mars ® '' . marsbar.com . Jump up ^ `` Mars bars '' . Practically Edible , `` The Web 's Biggest Food Encyclopedia '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 August 2007 . What is sold outside the US as a `` Mars bar '' is sold in the US as `` Milky Way '' . What is sold outside the US as `` Milky Way '' is sold inside the US as `` 3 Musketeers . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Snickers Almond Mars bar '' . Candyfavorites.com . Retrieved 7 August 2007 . Snickers Almond `` is the replacement for the classic Mars bar '' Jump up ^ Chocolates , Ethel M. `` The Relaunch of a Blast from the Past - Ethel M Chocolates Brings Back Original 1932 Mars Bar '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Mars Bar Is Back '' . Food & Wine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Robbins , Josh ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Controversial imam films himself eating non-halal chocolate : ' None of that nonsense here ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article on c-store.com.au mentioning introduction of Mars XXX '' . c-store.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Lolly Addict -- Australian Confectionery Reviews '' . lollyaddict.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ Mars Pods Packet 2014 Jump up ^ John Shepherd ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Mars launches range of frozen desserts '' . Just-food.com . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Lynn ( 2006 ) . `` We 're Not Buying It '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 3 September 2009 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Mars has committed $4 million over three years and will temporarily change the name of its top - selling chocolate bar in Australia to Believe , to help promote Tasmania 's cause . Jump up ^ `` Mars / Hopp '' . Wirz Gruppe . Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mars to make your day '' . Grocer . Jump up ^ McColm , Euan ( 26 February 2000 ) . `` No Haven for the Deep Fried Mars Bar ; Birthplace of the Battered Choccy Treat Closes Down '' . Daily Record . Jump up ^ `` French batter Mars bars menu '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News . Jump up ^ Original source , Scottish Daily Record ( 2004 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Deep - fried Mars myth is dispelled '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News online . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , Steven ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Deep - fried Mars bars : A symbol of a nation 's diet ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Fried Mars bars at ChipShop in Brooklyn NY '' . nymag.com . Jump up ^ `` Mars recalls chocolate in 55 countries '' . BBC News . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Recalls Chocolate Products in 55 Countries '' . New York Times . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanif , Nadeem ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` UAE part of worldwide chocolate recall by Mars '' . The National . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mars starts using animal products '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News website . Jump up ^ `` LBD Kashrut Division -- It 's Kosher anyWhey ! '' . theus.org.uk . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mars bars get veggie status back '' . BBC News . 20 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Nico Colchester Fellowship ( 26 January 2001 ) . `` Mars bar '' . ft.com . Financial Times website . Retrieved 13 January 2007 . . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Bar . The Visible Mars bar project , which shows the difference between US and UK Mars bars . Site with cross-sections of both the original US and Canadian Mars bars Slough History Online Television commercial for original US Mars bar showing ingredients Mars , Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars Sr . Forrest Mars Jr . John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M - Azing M&M 's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Turin Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben 's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley 's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch ! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Crave Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams James Wellbeloved Medi - Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni - Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_(chocolate_bar)&oldid=864729641 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1932 Brand name confectionery British confectionery Candy bars Kosher food Mars confectionery brands Slough Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with dead external links from August 2010 EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with trivia sections from November 2016 All articles with trivia sections Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Українська Žemaitėška 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is a mars bar called in usa | [
"Mars is a British chocolate bar. It was first manufactured in 1932 in England[2] and was advertised to the trade as being made with Cadbury's chocolate couverture.[3] Its closest counterpart in the United States is Milky Way.\n"
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"Milky Way"
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5947175315316286545 | The Voice (U.S. season 14) | The Voice ( Us season 14 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( Us season 14 ) The Voice Season 14 Broadcast from February 26 -- May 22 , 2018 Coaches Adam Levine Alicia Keys Kelly Clarkson Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Broadcaster NBC Winner Brynn Cartelli Origin Longmeadow , Massachusetts Song `` Walk My Way '' Genre ( s ) Pop , soul Coach Kelly Clarkson Runner - up Britton Buchanan Chronology ◀ Early 2018 ▶ The fourteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on February 26 , 2018 , on NBC . New coach Kelly Clarkson and returning coach Alicia Keys replaced Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson . An ad for this season was released on YouTube for the Super Bowl 52 on February 4 , 2018 . On May 22 , 2018 , Brynn Cartelli was crowned the winner of The Voice . With her win , the fifteen - year - old became the youngest winner in the show 's history . Sawyer Fredericks at sixteen was the youngest until Cartelli won . With her victory , Kelly Clarkson became the first new coach to win on her first season , and overall , the third female winning coach , behind Alicia Keys and Christina Aguilera . Additionally , runner - up Britton Buchanan became the highest - placing artist who advanced via an Instant Save , following Joshua Davis of season eight and Chris Jamison of season seven , who both placed third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( Feb. 26 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( Feb. 27 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( March 5 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( March 6 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( March 12 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( March 13 ) 3.6. 1 Notes 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 Live Shows 6.1 Week 1 : Live Playoffs ( April 16 , 17 , and 18 ) 6.1. 1 Round 1 6.1. 2 Round 2 6.2 Week 2 : Top 12 ( April 23 & 24 ) 6.3 Week 3 : Top 11 ( April 30 & May 1 ) 6.4 Week 4 : Top 10 ( May 7 & 8 ) 6.5 Week 5 : Semifinals ( May 14 & 15 ) 6.6 Week 6 : Finale ( May 21 & 22 ) 7 Elimination chart 7.1 Overall 7.2 Teams 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Artists who appeared on other shows or previous seasons 10 References 11 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 14 coaches Adam Levine Alicia Keys Kelly Clarkson Blake Shelton The coaching lineup changed once again for the fourteenth season . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches , making them the only members of the coaching panel to be part of all fourteen seasons . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson were replaced by returning coach Alicia Keys , who returned after a one season absence and was participating in her third season , and Kelly Clarkson , who served as an advisor for Team Blake during the Battle rounds in the second season and key advisor for all the teams during the Knockout Rounds in the thirteenth season . Carson Daly returned for his fourteenth season as host This season a new feature , the Block , was added during the Blind Auditions . This allows the coaches to block one coach from getting an artist the coach turned around for . Also , Season 14 introduced a Save button that allows a coach to save an artist they just eliminated during the Knockouts Round . However , if another coach also presses his or her Steal button , the contestant can then decide whether they want to go to a new team or return to their former coach . This season 's advisors for the Battle Rounds weree Julia Michaels for Team Adam , Shawn Mendes for Team Alicia , Hailee Steinfeld for Team Kelly , and Trace Adkins for Team Blake . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in Live Shows Eliminated in the Live Playoffs Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in The Knockouts Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Withdrew Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr Jackie Verna Sharane Calister Mia Boostrom Drew Cole Reid Umstattd Gary Edwards Jackie Foster Jordyn Simone Miya Bass Tish Haynes Keys Angel Bonilla Stephanie Skipper Genesis Diaz Davison Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan Jackie Foster Christiana Danielle Johnny Bliss Terrence Cunningham Kelsea Johnson Sharane Calister Dallas Caroline Miya Bass Jaclyn Lovey Jordyn Simone Livia Faith Megan Lee Shana Halligan Jamai Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli Kaleb Lee D.R. King Alexa Cappelli Dylan Hartigan Tish Haynes Keys Jorge Eduardo Jamella Justin Kilgore Jackie Foster Dylan Hartigan Molly Stevens Teana Boston Amber Sauer Hannah Goebel Blake Shelton Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Pryor Baird Gary Edwards Austin Giorgio WILKES Dylan Hartigan Jaron Strom Jaclyn Lovey Dallas Caroline Kaleb Lee Brett Hunter Jordan Kirkdorffer Bransen Ireland JessLee Note : Italicized names are stolen artists ( names struck through within former teams ) . Underlined names are artists who were saved by their coach in the Knockouts and advanced to the Live Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) A new feature within the Blind Auditions this season is the Block , which each coach can use once to prevent one of the other coaches from getting a contestant . Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist picked a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button ✘ Coach pressed the `` I WANT YOU '' button , but was `` blocked '' by another coach from getting the artist Episode 1 ( Feb. 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Britton Buchanan 17 Sanford , North Carolina `` Trouble '' ✘ ✔ -- ✔ Brynn Cartelli 14 Longmeadow , Massachusetts `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Rayshun LaMarr 33 Fort Washington , Maryland `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ✔ ✔ -- -- Kyla Jade 33 Nashville , Tennessee `` See Saw '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Blaise Raccuglia 25 Austin , Texas `` Wanted '' -- -- -- -- 6 Kelsea Johnson 21 Newark , Delaware `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 7 Drew Cole 25 Los Angeles , California `` Sex and Candy '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 8 D.R. King 34 Strongsville , Ohio `` Believer '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Kaleb Lee 31 Ormond Beach , Florida `` Never Wanted Nothing More '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 10 Makenzie Thomas 19 Wallingford , Kentucky `` Redbone '' -- -- -- -- 11 Justin Kilgore 30 Buffalo , Texas `` Tomorrow '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ Episode 2 ( Feb. 27 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Davison 23 Little Rock , Arkansas `` To Love Somebody '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Jaclyn Lovey 16 Placerville , California `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Brittney Spencer 26 North Ridgeville , Ohio `` Road Less Traveled '' -- -- -- -- Karianne Jean 18 Palmdale , California `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' -- -- -- -- 5 WILDEE 23 Westerly , Rhode Island `` Legends '' -- -- -- -- 6 Molly Stevens 34 Raleigh , North Carolina `` Heavenly Day '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 7 Dylan Hartigan 21 Wyckoff , New Jersey `` Danny 's Song '' -- -- ✔ -- 8 Pryor Baird 35 Orcutt , California `` I Do n't Need No Doctor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 3 ( March 5 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Christiana Danielle 22 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Hotline Bling '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Brett Hunter 33 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' -- -- -- ✔ Jamai 29 Chester , Pennsylvania `` U Got It Bad '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Mitch Cardoza 22 Dartmouth , Massachusetts `` No Woman , No Cry '' -- -- -- -- 5 Mia Boostrom 24 Boston , Massachusetts `` Pillowtalk '' ✔ -- -- -- 6 Jackie Foster 21 Boston , Massachusetts `` What About Us '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 7 Kayla Woodson 23 Nashville , Tennessee `` Turn On the Radio '' -- -- -- -- 8 Reid Umstattd 34 Austin , Texas `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Jorge Eduardo 19 Guadalajara , Mexico / Dallas , Texas `` Despacito '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Jamella 21 Mission Viejo , California `` Dive '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 11 Angel Bonilla 31 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Lay Me Down '' ✔ -- -- -- 12 Austin Giorgio 21 Rochester , New York `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 13 Johnny Bliss 26 Puerto Rico / New York City , New York `` Preciosa '' ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ Episode 4 ( March 6 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Spensha Baker 24 San Antonio , Texas `` Blackbird '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Alexa Cappelli 18 Upland , California `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' ✔ - ✔ - Adrian Brannan 25 Elko , Nevada `` Two More Bottles of Wine '' -- -- -- -- WILKES 33 Waleska , Georgia `` One Headlight '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 5 . JessLee 26 Loxahatchee , Florida `` I 'm With You '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Jordyn Simone 17 Los Angeles , California `` Tennessee Whiskey '' -- ✔ -- -- 7 Megan Lee 22 Los Angeles , California `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- ✔ -- -- 8 Jaron Strom 29 Shelby , North Carolina `` This Magic Moment '' -- -- -- ✔ 9 Terrence Cunningham 36 Washington , D.C. `` My Girl '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( March 12 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Stephanie Skipper 33 Nashville , Tennessee `` Piece by Piece '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Tish Haynes Keys 37 St. Louis , Missouri `` Chain of Fools '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Bransen Ireland 27 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Tulsa Time '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Teddy Chipouras 35 Lovettsville , Virginia `` Ophelia '' -- -- -- -- 5 Arlo Montenegro 24 Brooklyn , New York `` Attention '' -- -- -- -- 6 Daniel Garcia 19 Westfield , New Jersey `` Perfect '' -- -- -- -- 7 Teana Boston 16 Stockton , California `` Unfaithful '' -- -- ✔ -- 8 Miya Bass 25 Queens , New York `` Issues '' ✔ -- -- -- 9 Livia Faith 17 Stanton , Kentucky `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ 10 Jordan Kirkdorffer 28 New Paris , Indiana `` In Case You Did n't Know '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Shana Halligan 44 Los Angeles , California `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' -- ✔ -- -- 12 Gary Edwards 26 Dallas , Texas `` What 's Going On '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 13 Mercedes Ferreira - Dias 16 Miami , Florida `` All I Ask '' -- -- -- -- 14 Hannah Goebel 21 Nashville , Tennessee `` If I Ai n't Got You '' ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( March 13 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Genesis Diaz 18 Miami , Florida `` Praying '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Sharane Calister 24 Des Moines , Iowa `` Make It Rain '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Dallas Caroline 17 Santa Rosa , California `` Always on My Mind '' ✔ Team full ✔ ✔ Allen Pride Bowser 28 Chicago , Illinois `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' -- -- Team full 5 Jackie Verna 22 West Chester , Pennsylvania `` Peter Pan '' ✔ -- 6 Amber Sauer 35 Paradise , California `` Shape of You '' Team full ✔ Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blocked by Blake . Jump up ^ Blocked by Alicia . Jump up ^ Blocked by Adam . Jump up ^ Blocked by Kelly . The battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds started on March 19 . Season fourteen 's advisors include : Julia Michaels for Team Adam , Shawn Mendes for Team Alicia , Hailee Steinfeld for Team Kelly , and Trace Adkins for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from other coaches . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Artist voluntarily left the competition Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser ' Steal ' result Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Episode 7 ( Monday , March 19 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys Sharane Calister `` Mercy '' Jamai -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli `` ... Ready for It ? '' Dylan Hartigan -- -- N / A ✔ Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` One Last Time '' JessLee -- -- -- N / A Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` Sweet Thing '' Tish Haynes Keys N / A -- ✔ -- Alicia Keys 5 Christiana Danielle `` Use Somebody '' Shana Halligan -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson 6 D.R. King `` Sign of the Times '' Jackie Foster ✔ ✔ N / A ✔ Episode 8 ( Tuesday , March 20 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Jorge Eduardo `` Starving '' Amber Sauer -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Reid Umstattd `` Love on the Brain '' Davison N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Jaron Strom `` Head Over Boots '' Bransen Ireland -- -- -- N / A Alicia Keys Johnny Bliss `` Versace on the Floor '' Megan Lee -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson 5 Jamella `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' Teana Boston -- -- N / A -- Alicia Keys 6 Kelsea Johnson `` Do n't Let Go ( Love ) '' Jordyn Simone ✔ N / A ✔ -- Episode 9 ( Monday , March 26 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Do n't Do Me Like That '' Kaleb Lee Team full -- ✔ N / A Adam Levine Mia Boostrom `` Because of You '' Genesis Diaz -- Team full -- Kelly Clarkson Justin Kilgore `` Burning House '' Molly Stevens -- -- Adam Levine Drew Cole `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Miya Bass ✔ -- Blake Shelton 5 WILKES `` Nobody to Blame '' Jordan Kirkdorffer -- N / A Alicia Keys 6 Britton Buchanan `` Thinking Out Loud '' Jaclyn Lovey N / A ✔ Episode 10 ( Tuesday , March 27 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` These Dreams '' Stephanie Skipper Team full -- Team full Team full Gary Edwards `` When You Believe '' Angel Bonilla -- Alicia Keys Terrence Cunningham `` Stars '' Livia Faith N / A Blake Shelton Austin Giorgio `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' Brett Hunter -- Kelly Clarkson 5 Alexa Cappelli `` Pray '' Hannah Goebel -- Blake Shelton 6 Spensha Baker `` I Could Use a Love Song '' Dallas Caroline ✔ Episode 11 ( Wednesday , March 28 , 2018 ) The eleventh episode was a special episode titled `` The Best of the Blinds and Battles '' . It featured some of the best moments from the blind auditions , battles , and other unseen content . ^ Alexa Cappelli was paired with Hannah Goebel for the battles , but due to personal reasons , Goebel withdrew . Therefore , Cappelli performed alone and moved on by default . The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round started on April 2 . The coaches can each steal one losing artist from another team and save one artist who lost their Knockout on their own team . The top 24 contestants then moved on to the Live Playoffs . For the first time in Voice history , past winners of the show returned as Key Advisors -- Jordan Smith for Team Adam , Chris Blue for Team Alicia , Cassadee Pope for Team Kelly , and Chloe Kohanski for Team Blake . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was saved by their coach and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was Eliminated Episodes Coach Order Song Artists Song ' Steal ' / ' Save ' result Winner Loser Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Episode 12 ( Monday , April 2 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton `` You Do n't Own Me '' Kyla Jade Jaclyn Lovey `` Put Your Records On '' -- -- -- -- Kelly Clarkson `` Free '' Kaleb Lee Justin Kilgore `` Shameless '' -- -- -- -- Adam Levine `` Wade in the Water '' Mia Boostrom Jackie Foster `` Bring Me to Life '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Blake Shelton `` Broken Halos '' Spensha Baker Austin Giorgio `` Almost Like Being in Love '' -- Steal Used -- ✔ Alicia Keys 5 `` Alive '' Johnny Bliss Miya Bass `` Castle on the Hill '' -- -- -- -- Adam Levine 6 `` American Honey '' Jackie Verna Drew Cole `` Slow Hands '' ✔ Steal Used -- ✔ Episode 13 ( Tuesday , April 3 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson `` Here Comes Goodbye '' Brynn Cartelli Jamella `` Girl Crush '' -- Steal Used -- -- Blake Shelton `` Will It Go Round in Circles '' Pryor Baird Jaron Strom `` Grenade '' -- -- Save Used Alicia Keys `` Tell Me Something Good '' Terrence Cunningham Christiana Danielle `` Elastic Heart '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Episode 14 ( Monday , April 9 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys `` New York State of Mind '' Britton Buchanan Dallas Caroline `` Bless the Broken Road '' -- Team full -- -- Kelly Clarkson `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' D.R. King Tish Haynes Keys `` Lady Marmalade '' ✔ ✔ -- Blake Shelton `` The Climb '' WILKES Dylan Hartigan `` You Are the Best Thing '' -- ✔ Save Used Adam Levine `` Fallin ' '' Rayshun LaMarr Gary Edwards `` Many Rivers to Cross '' Save Used Team Full ✔ Kelly Clarkson 5 `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' Alexa Cappelli Jorge Eduardo `` Adorn '' -- Team Full Adam Levine 6 `` Let Him Fly '' Reid Umstattd Jordyn Simone `` Tell Me You Love Me '' Save Used Alicia Keys 7 `` Rise Up '' Kelsea Johnson Sharane Calister `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' ✔ Episode 15 ( Tuesday , April 10 , 2018 ) The fifteenth episode was a special episode titled `` The Road to the Live Shows . '' The episode showed the best moments of the season so far , including the blind auditions , the journey of the top 24 contestants , and some unseen footage . Live Shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three or was saved by the coach Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Live Playoffs ( April 16 , 17 , and 18 ) ( edit ) For the first time , the Live Playoffs were split into two rounds and introduced immunity to the highest vote - getters to advance to the Top 12 in Round 1 . Round 1 ( edit ) During the first round of the Live Playoffs , all of the Top 24 performed for the votes of the public . The artist with the highest amount of votes on each team directly advanced to the Top 12 , receiving immunity from the Round 2 eliminations , and left the remaining five artists from each team to perform again in Round 2 . Color key : Artist received the highest number of votes on his / her team and directly advanced to the Top 12 Artist was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again in Round 2 Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 16 ( Monday , April 16 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Alexa Cappelli `` It Hurt So Bad '' Not Chosen Kaleb Lee `` You Do n't Even Know Who I Am '' Not Chosen Tish Haynes Keys `` Nothing Left For You '' Not Chosen Brynn Cartelli `` Unstoppable '' Public 's vote 5 Dylan Hartigan `` Come Pick Me Up '' Not Chosen 6 D.R. King `` Home '' Not Chosen Adam Levine 7 Drew Cole `` Man In the Mirror '' Not Chosen 8 Mia Boostrom `` Baby I Love You '' Not Chosen 9 Jackie Verna `` Tim McGraw '' Not Chosen 10 Rayshun LaMarr `` Overjoyed '' Not Chosen 11 Sharane Calister `` Never Enough '' Public 's vote 12 Reid Umstattd `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Not Chosen Blake Shelton 13 Austin Giorgio `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' Not Chosen 14 Pryor Baird `` I Was Wrong '' Not Chosen 15 Kyla Jade `` How Great Thou Art '' Public 's vote 16 Gary Edwards `` Finesse '' Not Chosen 17 Spensha Baker `` I Still Believe in You '' Not Chosen 18 WILKES `` Brother '' Not Chosen Alicia Keys 19 Johnny Bliss `` América América '' Not Chosen 20 Kelsea Johnson `` You Know I 'm No Good '' Not Chosen 21 Terrence Cunningham `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore '' Not Chosen 22 Jackie Foster `` Never Tear Us Apart '' Not Chosen 23 Christiana Danielle `` Hey Ya ! '' Not Chosen 24 Britton Buchanan `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' Public 's vote Round 2 ( edit ) On Nights 2 and 3 , the twenty remaining artists performed a second time for the votes of the public ( this vote was separate from the Round 1 vote ) . The highest vote - getter and a coach 's choice from each team joined the other four artists from Round 1 in the Top 12 . Color key : Artist received the Public 's vote and advanced to the Top 12 Artist was selected by their coach to advance to the Top 12 Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 17 ( Tuesday , April 17 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Smoke Break '' Blake 's choice WILKES `` Do n't Speak '' Eliminated Pryor Baird `` 9 to 5 '' Public 's vote Austin Giorgio `` Love Yourself '' Eliminated 5 Gary Edwards `` America the Beautiful '' Eliminated Alicia Keys 6 Terrence Cunningham `` Ai n't Nobody '' Eliminated 7 Christiana Danielle `` Take Me To Church '' Alicia 's choice 8 Jackie Foster `` Alone '' Public 's vote 9 Kelsea Johnson `` Need U Bad '' Eliminated 10 Johnny Bliss `` One and Only '' Eliminated Episode 18 ( Wednesday , April 18 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Die a Happy Man '' Public 's vote Alexa Cappelli `` Stop And Stare '' Eliminated D.R. King `` All on My Mind '' Kelly 's choice Dylan Hartigan `` Mary Jane 's Last Dance '' Eliminated 5 Tish Haynes Keys At Last '' Eliminated Adam Levine 6 Reid Umstattd `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' Eliminated 7 Jackie Verna `` Once '' Adam 's choice 8 Drew Cole `` Wild Horses '' Eliminated 9 Mia Boostrom `` Either Way '' Eliminated 10 Rayshun LaMarr `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Public 's vote Week 2 : Top 12 ( April 23 & 24 ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was `` Story Behind The Song '' . The two artists with the fewest votes competed for an Instant Save , with one or two leaving the competition each week until the semifinals . None of the artists reached the top 10 on iTunes , so no bonuses were awarded . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 19 ( Monday , April 23 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` When Love Takes Over '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Amazed '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Toxic '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Down on My Knees '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 5 Christiana Danielle `` Say Something '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 6 D.R. King `` White Flag '' Bottom two Adam Levine 7 Sharane Calister `` In My Blood '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 8 Pryor Baird `` Pickin ' Wildflowers '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 9 Brynn Cartelli `` Up to the Mountain '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Jackie Verna `` I 'm With You '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 11 Britton Buchanan `` Small Town '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 12 Kyla Jade `` One Night Only '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 20 ( Tuesday , April 24 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson D.R. King `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Eliminated Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 20.1 Kelly Clarkson and her team ( Brynn Cartelli , D.R. King , and Kaleb Lee ) `` Do n't Take the Money '' 20.2 Maroon 5 `` Wait '' 20.3 The cast of Rise `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' 20.4 Blake Shelton and his team ( Pryor Baird , Spensha Baker , and Kyla Jade ) `` I Thank You '' Week 3 : Top 11 ( April 30 & May 1 ) ( edit ) The theme for this week was `` Fan Night '' , meaning that the artists performed songs chosen by the fans . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Pryor Baird ( # 4 ) and Britton Buchanan ( # 6 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 21 ( Monday , April 30 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Night Moves '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Sharane Calister `` Hero '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Love , Reign O'er Me '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 5 Jackie Verna `` Strawberry Wine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 6 Kyla Jade `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 7 Christiana Danielle `` Umbrella '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson 8 Brynn Cartelli `` You and I '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Rayshun LaMarr `` Try a Little Tenderness '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 10 Britton Buchanan `` Perfect '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Spensha Baker `` Better Man '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 22 ( Tuesday , May 1 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Sharane Calister `` If I Were a Boy '' Eliminated Alicia Keys Christiana Danielle `` A Thousand Years '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 22.1 Janelle Monáe `` Make Me Feel '' 22.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Sharane Calister , Rayshun LaMarr and Jackie Verna ) `` The Scientist '' 22.3 Alicia Keys and her team ( Britton Buchanan , Christiana Danielle and Jackie Foster ) `` Gimme Shelter '' Week 4 : Top 10 ( May 7 & 8 ) ( edit ) The theme for this week was `` Overcoming Struggles '' . Different from previous weeks , the bottom three vote - getters competed in the Instant Save , with two artists being eliminated . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Kyla Jade ( # 5 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 8 ) , Britton Buchanan ( # 9 ) and Pryor Baird ( # 10 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 23 ( Monday , May 7 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` This Is Me '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Boondocks '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` Love Triangle '' Bottom three Rayshun LaMarr `` Grant Green '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Spensha Baker `` Red '' Public 's Vote Alicia Keys 6 Jackie Foster `` Gravity '' Public 's vote 7 Britton Buchanan `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' Public 's vote 8 Christiana Danielle Ai n't No Sunshine '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 9 Pryor Baird `` My Town '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 10 Brynn Cartelli `` Fix You '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 24 ( Tuesday , May 8 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys Christiana Danielle `` Unchain My Heart '' Eliminated Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` I Told You So '' Eliminated Rayshun LaMarr `` Let 's Get It On '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 23.1 Kelly Clarkson `` I Do n't Think About You '' 24.1 Charlie Puth `` Done for Me '' 24.2 5 Seconds of Summer `` Youngblood '' Week 5 : semifinals ( May 14 & 15 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , May 14 , 2018 , with the results following on Tuesday , May 15 , 2018 . In the semifinals , three artists automatically moved on to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes were immediately eliminated and the middle three contended for the remaining spot in next week 's finale via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Kyla Jade ( # 2 ) , Britton Buchanan ( # 3 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 4 ) , Kaleb Lee ( # 5 ) , Pryor Baird ( # 7 ) and Spensha Baker ( # 10 ) . In addition to their individual songs , each artist performed a duet with another artist in the competition , though these duets were not available for purchase on iTunes . With the elimination of Rayshun LaMarr , Adam Levine no longer had any artists remaining on his team . This is the first time since the fourth season that he had lost his entire team prior to the finale . In addition , with the advancement of Brynn Cartelli to the finale , Kelly Clarkson became the third new coach to successfully get an artist on her team to the finale on her first attempt as a coach , the second being Alicia Keys , who coached Wé McDonald all the way to the finale of the eleventh season , and the first being Usher , who coached Michelle Chamuel all the way to the finale of the fourth season . This also marked the first time ever that two female coaches were represented in the finale . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 25 ( Monday , May 14 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Here I Go Again '' Eliminated Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` Imagine '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` My Church '' Public 's vote 5 Kyla Jade `` Let It Be '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 6 Kaleb Lee `` It Is Well with My Soul '' Middle Three Blake Shelton 7 Pryor Baird `` Change the World '' Middle Three Alicia Keys 8 Britton Buchanan `` The Rising '' Middle Three Instant Save Performances Episode 26 ( Tuesday , May 15 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Soulshine '' Eliminated Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Simple Man '' Eliminated Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan `` Dancing on My Own '' Instant Save Duets Order Performers Song 25.2 Kaleb Lee and Pryor Baird `` Hillbilly Bone '' / `` Hillbilly Deluxe '' 25.4 Kyla Jade and Spensha Baker `` What 's Going On '' / `` Rise Up '' 25.8 Britton Buchanan and Brynn Cartelli `` FourFiveSeconds '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' 25.10 Jackie Foster and Rayshun LaMarr `` Believer '' / `` Radioactive '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Kane Brown `` Heaven '' 26.2 Panic ! at the Disco `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' 26.3 Blake Shelton `` I Lived It '' Week 6 : finale ( May 21 & 22 ) ( edit ) The Final 4 performed on Monday , May 21 , 2018 , with the final results following on Tuesday , May 22 , 2018 . This week , the four finalists performed a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Britton Buchanan ( # 1 and # 10 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 3 and # 6 ) , Spensha Baker ( # 4 ) and Kyla Jade ( # 9 ) . Buchanan 's `` Where You Come From '' and Cartelli 's `` Walk My Way '' are the only songs that charted # 1 on iTunes . This is the first time that an artist who won the Instant Save in the semifinals did not finish in the last two spots in the finals , with Britton Buchanan finishing 2nd . With Britton Buchanan and Brynn Cartelli making it to the Top 2 , this marked the first time in which the final results came down to two artists who have neither represented Blake Shelton nor Adam Levine . This is also the first time that the final results came down to two artists coached by two female coaches , with Buchanan representing Alicia Keys , and Cartelli representing Kelly Clarkson . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' 9 `` Only Love '' 6 `` The Last Tear '' Third Place Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan 10 `` Good Lovin ' '' 5 `` Wake Me Up '' `` Where You Come From '' Runner up Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli 12 `` Skyfall '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' 8 `` Walk My Way '' Winner Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Merry Go ' Round '' 7 `` Tell Me About It '' 11 `` Old Soul '' Fourth Place Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 28.1 Britton Buchanan ( with WILKES , Jackie Foster , Christiana Danielle and Mia Boostrom ) `` In the Air Tonight '' 28.2 Dua Lipa `` IDGAF '' 28.3 Kane Brown and Spensha Baker `` What Ifs '' 28.4 James Bay and Alicia Keys `` Us '' 28.5 Chloe Kohanski `` Come This Far '' 28.6 Julia Michaels and Brynn Cartelli `` Issues '' / `` Jump '' 28.7 Kyla Jade ( with Johnny Bliss , Rayshun LaMarr and Sharane Calister ) `` Killer '' / `` Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' 28.8 Florence and The Machine `` Hunger '' 28.9 Ryan Adams and Britton Buchanan `` To Be Without You '' 28.10 Halsey and Big Sean `` Alone '' 28.11 Jason Aldean '' Drowns The Whiskey '' 28.12 Jennifer Hudson and Kyla Jade `` I Know Where I 've Been '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by the public Saved by their coach Artist did not receive immunity from the Round 2 eliminations Immune Eliminated Live Show Results per week Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Finale Round 1 Round 2 Brynn Cartelli Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Britton Buchanan Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Kyla Jade Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe 3rd place Spensha Baker Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 4th place Pryor Baird Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 5 ) Kaleb Lee Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Jackie Foster Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Rayshun LaMarr Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Christiana Danielle Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Jackie Verna Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Sharane Calister Safe Immune Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 3 ) D.R. King Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Johnny Bliss Not Chosen Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Mia Boostrom Not Chosen Eliminated Tish Haynes Keys Not Chosen Eliminated Drew Cole Not Chosen Eliminated Terrence Cunningham Not Chosen Eliminated Gary Edwards Not Chosen Eliminated Austin Giorgio Not Chosen Eliminated Dylan Hartigan Not Chosen Eliminated Kelsea Johnson Not Chosen Eliminated Alexa Cappelli Not Chosen Eliminated Reid Umstattd Not Chosen Eliminated WILKES Not Chosen Eliminated Teams ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Artist did not receive immunity for the Round 2 eliminations Immune Eliminated Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Finale Round 1 Round 2 Rayshun LaMarr Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jackie Verna Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Advanced Advanced Eliminated Sharane Calister Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Eliminated Mia Boostrom Not Chosen Eliminated Drew Cole Not Chosen Eliminated Reid Umstattd Not Chosen Eliminated Britton Buchanan Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Runner - up Jackie Foster Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Christiana Danielle Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Advanced Advanced Eliminated Johnny Bliss Not Chosen Eliminated Terrence Cunningham Not Chosen Eliminated Kelsea Johnson Not Chosen Eliminated Brynn Cartelli Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Winner Kaleb Lee Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated D.R. King Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Eliminated Alexa Cappelli Not Chosen Eliminated Dylan Hartigan Not Chosen Eliminated Tish Haynes Keys Not Chosen Eliminated Kyla Jade Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Third place Spensha Baker Not Chosen Coach 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Fourth place Pryor Baird Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Gary Edwards Not Chosen Eliminated Austin Giorgio Not Chosen Eliminated WILKES Not Chosen Eliminated Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 1 '' February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 1401 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12.31 2.8 10 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1402 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.84 2.4 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 1403 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.62 2.5 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1404 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.09 8 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1405 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.87 2.4 9 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1406 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.17 2.3 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 1 '' March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1407 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.83 2.4 9 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 1408 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.96 9 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1409 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.37 2.0 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1410 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.02 1.7 7 11 `` Best of Blinds & Battles '' March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1411 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.95 1.3 5 12 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 1 '' April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 1412 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.03 1.9 7 13 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 2 '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1413 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.43 1.8 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 1414 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.9 7 15 `` The Road To The Lives '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 1415 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.82 1.3 5 16 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 1 '' April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 1416 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.35 1.8 7 17 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 2 '' April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1417 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.35 1.5 6 18 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 3 '' April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1418 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.38 1.5 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Performance '' April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 1419 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.43 1.5 6 20 `` Live Top 12 Results '' April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 1420 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.26 1.6 6 21 `` Live Top 11 Performance '' April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 1421 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.82 1.7 6 22 `` Live Top 11 Results '' May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1422 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.64 5 23 `` Live Top 10 Performance '' May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 1423 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.38 1.5 6 24 `` Live Top 10 Results '' May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1424 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.26 1.3 5 25 `` Live Top 8 Semifinals Performance '' May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1425 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.71 1.6 6 26 `` Live Top 8 Semifinals Results '' May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1426 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.15 1.4 6 27 `` Live Finale Performance '' May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 1427 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.67 1.5 6 28 `` Live Finale Results '' May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1428 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.77 1.5 6 Artists who appeared on other Shows or previous seasons ( edit ) Jorge Eduardo appeared on the fifth season of La Voz ... México and finished in fourth place . Megan Lee appeared as Sun Hi on the musical comedy show Make It Pop . Mia Boostrom was a contestant on the fourth season of America 's Got Talent . She was eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Jordyn Simone was a Top 50 contestant on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Johnny Bliss was a contestant on Va Por Ti , broadcast on Univision in 2016 . Spensha Baker was a contestant on Star Search in the Junior Singer category in 2004 . She finished in the finals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' To Succeed ' This Is Us ' On Tuesday , ' Good Girls ' Gets ' The Braves ' Slot On NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : WPTV Webteam ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson , Jennifer Hudson join ' The Voice ' as coaches for upcoming seasons '' . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Voice The Voice 's new gimmick : The block '' . IdolChatter.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Top 12 results : No artist gets iTunes bonus , D.R. King and Rayshun LaMarr to sing for Instant Save ? '' . GoldDerby.com . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Pryor Baird and Britton Buchanan Reach Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Win Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Kyla , Brynn , Britton and Baird Reach Top 10 On iTunes , Earn Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Kyla , Britton , Brynn , Kaleb , Pryor , Spensha Make Top 10 On iTunes , Earn Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Britton Buchanan Rockets To # 1 On iTunes Chart ; Brynn , Spensha , Kyla Also In Top 10 '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final rating '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website hide The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' `` Walk My Way '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Britton Buchanan Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_14)&oldid=850174002 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 04 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the 4 left on the voice 2018 | [
"\nLive Show Results per week\n\n\nArtist\n\nWeek 1\n\nWeek 2\n\nWeek 3\n\nWeek 4\n\nWeek 5\n\nWeek 6 Finale\n\n\nRound 1\n\nRound 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrynn Cartelli\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nWinner\n\n\n\n\n\nBritton Buchanan\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nRunner-up\n\n\n\n\nKyla Jade\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n3rd place\n\n\n\n\nSpensha Baker\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n4th place\n\n\n\n\nPryor Baird\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 5)\n\n\n\n\nKaleb Lee\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nJackie Foster\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nRayshun LaMarr\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nChristiana Danielle\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 4)\n\n\n\n\nJackie Verna\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nSharane Calister\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 3)\n\n\n\n\nD.R. King\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 2)\n\n\n\n\nJohnny Bliss\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 1)\n\n\n\n\nMia Boostrom\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTish Haynes Keys\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDrew Cole\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTerrence Cunningham\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nGary Edwards\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAustin Giorgio\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDylan Hartigan\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nKelsea Johnson\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAlexa Cappelli\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nReid Umstattd\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nWILKES\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n",
"\nLive Show Results per week\n\n\nArtist\n\nWeek 1\n\nWeek 2\n\nWeek 3\n\nWeek 4\n\nWeek 5\n\nWeek 6 Finale\n\n\nRound 1\n\nRound 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrynn Cartelli\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nWinner\n\n\n\n\n\nBritton Buchanan\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nRunner-up\n\n\n\n\nKyla Jade\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n3rd place\n\n\n\n\nSpensha Baker\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n4th place\n\n\n\n\nPryor Baird\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 5)\n\n\n\n\nKaleb Lee\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nJackie Foster\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nRayshun LaMarr\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nChristiana Danielle\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 4)\n\n\n\n\nJackie Verna\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nSharane Calister\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 3)\n\n\n\n\nD.R. King\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 2)\n\n\n\n\nJohnny Bliss\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 1)\n\n\n\n\nMia Boostrom\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTish Haynes Keys\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDrew Cole\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTerrence Cunningham\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nGary Edwards\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAustin Giorgio\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDylan Hartigan\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nKelsea Johnson\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAlexa Cappelli\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nReid Umstattd\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nWILKES\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n",
"\nLive Show Results per week\n\n\nArtist\n\nWeek 1\n\nWeek 2\n\nWeek 3\n\nWeek 4\n\nWeek 5\n\nWeek 6 Finale\n\n\nRound 1\n\nRound 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrynn Cartelli\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nWinner\n\n\n\n\n\nBritton Buchanan\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nRunner-up\n\n\n\n\nKyla Jade\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n3rd place\n\n\n\n\nSpensha Baker\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n4th place\n\n\n\n\nPryor Baird\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 5)\n\n\n\n\nKaleb Lee\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nJackie Foster\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nRayshun LaMarr\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nChristiana Danielle\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 4)\n\n\n\n\nJackie Verna\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nSharane Calister\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 3)\n\n\n\n\nD.R. King\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 2)\n\n\n\n\nJohnny Bliss\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 1)\n\n\n\n\nMia Boostrom\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTish Haynes Keys\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDrew Cole\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTerrence Cunningham\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nGary Edwards\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAustin Giorgio\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDylan Hartigan\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nKelsea Johnson\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAlexa Cappelli\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nReid Umstattd\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nWILKES\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n",
"\nLive Show Results per week\n\n\nArtist\n\nWeek 1\n\nWeek 2\n\nWeek 3\n\nWeek 4\n\nWeek 5\n\nWeek 6 Finale\n\n\nRound 1\n\nRound 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrynn Cartelli\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nWinner\n\n\n\n\n\nBritton Buchanan\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nRunner-up\n\n\n\n\nKyla Jade\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n3rd place\n\n\n\n\nSpensha Baker\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\n4th place\n\n\n\n\nPryor Baird\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 5)\n\n\n\n\nKaleb Lee\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nJackie Foster\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nRayshun LaMarr\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nChristiana Danielle\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 4)\n\n\n\n\nJackie Verna\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nSharane Calister\n\nSafe\n\nImmune\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 3)\n\n\n\n\nD.R. King\n\nNot Chosen\n\nSafe\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 2)\n\n\n\n\nJohnny Bliss\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\nEliminated (Week 1)\n\n\n\n\nMia Boostrom\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTish Haynes Keys\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDrew Cole\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nTerrence Cunningham\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nGary Edwards\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAustin Giorgio\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nDylan Hartigan\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nKelsea Johnson\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nAlexa Cappelli\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nReid Umstattd\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n\n\n\nWILKES\n\nNot Chosen\n\nEliminated\n\n"
] | [
"Brynn Cartelli",
"Britton Buchanan",
"Kyla Jade",
"Spensha Baker"
] |
2573169506682460230 | Shooting ranges in the United States | Shooting ranges in the United States - Wikipedia Shooting ranges in the United States hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language . Please help improve it by merging similar text or removing repeated statements . ( December 2014 ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Shooting range There are shooting ranges in the United States open to the public , both indoor and outdoor . Both privately owned firearms or those rented from the shooting range may be used , depending on the range rules set by the owner . Ranges rent their own handguns and provide instruction in use of rental guns at shooting ranges by a range master or similar individual to help one to easily learn use of any rental firearm in just a few minutes . Major tourist destinations in gun - friendly U.S. States have such `` rental ranges '' to cater to the domestic and international tourists that want to try their hand at the shooting sports . Each shooting range facility in the United States is typically overseen by one or more range masters to ensure gun safety rules are always stringently followed . Contents 1 Specialized classes and licenses 2 Locations 2.1 Outdoor ranges 2.2 Indoor ranges 3 Common safety practices 4 Cost of shooting 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Specialized classes and licenses ( edit ) Typically , no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization ( for rentals ) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States ; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old ( or have a legal guardian present ) , and must sign a waiver prior to shooting . Self - defense classes may be available for a fee at shooting ranges , covering firearm use in much more detail . Some ranges offer a class for concealed carry licenses , which are available in almost every state . Some states issue the license only after a short course , and in some courses are optional . Locations ( edit ) Shooting range near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania In most states in the United States , there are numerous public - access shooting ranges , ranging for example from 144 in Florida with a population in excess of 18.2 million to 9 in Hawaii with a population of 1.3 million ( numbers taken as of October 2008 ) . Exceptions include cities in the states of Hawaii , California , Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , Illinois , and Washington , DC , all known for gun control policies in general , where the numbers of ranges may be only one for every few hundred thousand people , or none at all , such as in the Washington , DC case . Throughout much of the rest of the United States , though , especially in areas where the dominant side of the gun politics debate leans towards gun rights , and where no license is usually required to own a handgun or rifle or shotgun , the typical number of ranges often surpasses one for every 100,000 residents . Of particular interest to international tourists interested in public access shooting ranges in the United States while on vacation , especially gun - friendly states include Kentucky , Tennessee , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , New Hampshire , Arizona , Nevada , Colorado , and Utah , among others . All of these states have publicly accessible shooting ranges with rental guns available at a modest fee . Ammunition costs for rental guns varies , of course , but 9 × 19mm Luger ( usually the cheapest service caliber round ) is often available for around $15 per 50 at sporting goods stores or slightly higher ( $18 -- 25 ) at most public access shooting ranges . Private or restricted - access shooting ranges are owned and used by police departments , private companies , private membership shooting clubs , and the military for qualification and / or continued firearms practice and training . These private ranges have more - specialized features not seen in public ranges , e.g. , large caliber rifle and automatic weapons ranges . There are several types of shooting ranges , each catering to different classes of firearms , and meeting different needs . Some are inside buildings ; others are outdoors and cover many acres . Outdoor ranges ( edit ) On a shotgun or trap range , the shooter aims to hit sporting clays or skeet that are mechanically - fired ( or in some cases , thrown by hand ) across an open field . These involve shooting clay disks also known as clay pigeons thrown in various ways . Both skeet and trap are Olympic sports ( or , more precisely , are disciplines of an Olympic sport that are contested in the Summer Olympics ) , and are practiced by many bird hunters to sharpen their marksmanship . On a rifle range , shooters typically fire at targets 100 - 300 yards ( 91 -- 275 meters ) or greater distance . Many rifle ranges feature mechanized steel targets that automatically reset upon being hit . Hunters in particular often use rifle ranges to calibrate or sight - in their rifles prior to hunting . On a handgun range , shooters fire semi-automatic pistols , revolvers , and sometimes pistol - caliber carbines or submachine guns at stationary targets along , or at the end of , a 15 - 100 yard ( 13 - 91 meter ) long lane . Most outdoor ranges have established strictly - followed procedures for ensuring that a range is either active ( `` hot '' ) or inactive ( `` cold '' ) . When everyone on the firing line agrees for the line to go hot , actions may be closed , magazines may be loaded , rounds may be chambered and firearms may be fired . When everyone on the firing line agrees for the line to go cold , magazines must be removed , firearms must be unloaded , actions opened , and all the firearms must be placed on tables . Only upon confirmation does the line actually go cold . Firearms may not be loaded or even touched when the line is cold . Outdoor shooting ranges are usually backed by a sandbagged barrier or specially - designed funnel - shaped traps to prevent bullets from ricocheting back at the shooters . Many older outdoor ranges only use an earthen berm , which is often composed of sand , and called the impact berm . Most outdoor ranges restrict the maximum caliber size , or have separate ranges devoted to use with rifles firing heavy caliber cartridges . Many outdoor ranges do permit the use of automatic weapons on specially adapted Class III weapons ranges . The largest problem currently with outdoor ranges is the lack of sufficient area behind and beside the impact berms . This area , usually called the Surface Danger Zone ( SDZ ) , is a fan - shaped area that extends lengthwise to the ultimate ballistic distance of the round fired . Outdoor ranges often use baffles to contain fired rounds within the range , and , with proper design can reduce the surface danger zone area . Guidelines for surface danger zones vary widely . The National Rifle Association maintains guidelines for range design , but often the U.S. military range design guidelines are more prescriptive , specific and easier to use . Targets using Tannerite are sometimes used for indicating long - range markmanship accuracy at high power rifle and full - auto outdoor ranges . Tannerite is a binary explosive that is not exploded unless hit with high - velocity rounds . Most pistol rounds will not set it off . Indoor ranges ( edit ) An estimated 16,000 to 18,000 indoor firing ranges are in operation in the United States . Indoor ranges differ in construction , depending on the type of weapons to be fired : On a rifle range , shooters typically fire pistol caliber carbines at targets 100 yards ( 91 meters ) distant . The common practice is to follow rules much like those required on outdoor ranges . On a handgun range , shooters fire semi-automatic pistols , revolvers , and ( sometimes ) submachine guns at stationary targets along , or at the end of , a 15 - 100 yard ( 14 - 91 meter ) long lane . Paper or cardboard targets are hung from a dummy or target holder positioned on a slide ; this arrangement allows the shooter to control the shooting distance and retrieve targets for inspection . The target is typically hung from a replaceable hanger attached to a mechanized or motorized assembly that can be placed at varying distances from the shooter , by means of an electrical switch or manual pulley system . Common range shooting distances are 5 yards ( 4.5 meters ) to 33 yards ( 23 -- 30 meters ) . Most ranges have minimum shooter - to - target distances , set by the range master , determined by safety considerations . Fees for using indoor public shooting ranges vary widely with local costs , but a typical rate starts at $10 per hour of use , with targets available at a modest charge . Additional fees usually will pertain to damaging target hangers , lights or baffles , up to damaging motors , which may cost as much as $200 , per incident . Unlike for outdoor ranges , or for indoor rifle ranges , indoor public handgun shooting ranges are usually run continuously `` hot '' . The only exception is if a target falls from a holder and needs to be retrieved . In this rather rare scenario , some ranges will go `` cold '' , after all firearms are placed on the firing line table with their actions open . Other ranges have a policy that no shooters may go forward of the firing line at any time , so the dropped target is considered lost and must be replaced . Indoor ranges usually have a projectile trap consisting of curved or angled steel plates , shredded rubber , or specially packed and groomed sand , with reinforced baffles attached to the ceiling and walls . The most modern ranges additionally include anechoic chamber technology ( foam wedges ) , or place other sound absorbing materials on walls , floors and ceilings for additional noise reduction . Such ranges also usually have an air - locked corridor for soundproofing , with doors at opposite ends of the corridor . Noise from the range is effectively contained as long as only one door is opened at a time ; it is considered a breach of etiquette to open both doors simultaneously . Ventilation is designed to be sufficient in quantity and directional control to reduce concentrations of lead in the air to safe levels in the shooting area . A small group of high volume indoor ranges are now using lead - free and frangible ammunition to create a safer and healthier shooting experience for consumers . The maximum caliber size is sometimes posted on the door of the airlock on each particular range , or in the lobby or ready area if the facility only contains one range . Most indoor ranges restrict the use of certain magnum calibers , or the use of automatic weapons , primarily to prevent damage to the facilities . Other ranges do not have a caliber restriction , but instead limit projectiles to a certain muzzle velocity , often 2000 feet per second , or bullet construction . Common safety practices ( edit ) Nearly all public ranges require that all firearms be unloaded prior to entering , or leaving , the range facility , irrespective of whether one holds a concealed carry license . The same is true for rental firearms leaving or returning to the rental counter , going to and from the shooting range . Whether indoors or outdoors , all shooters are required to wear safety glasses or goggles , although some ranges will allow impact - resistant corrective glasses as the only eye protection . Ear protection is mandatory either ear muffs or ear plugs , as long as one is within the defined boundaries of the range and the range is hot . For indoor ranges , these must be donned before going through the air lock door , and kept on as long as individuals are within the high noise area . Indoor ranges can introduce the risk of lead poisoning if they are not ventilated or cleaned properly . Lead dust in these facilities can be inhaled or can contaminate skin and clothing . The instructions of the appointed range master are to be followed at all times . Holster drawing , cowboy action shooting and combat - style shooting are not generally allowed , except on specially designated action shooting ranges , which often have additional safety requirements and equipment . Regular public ranges that do allow such shooting usually restrict the practice to designated persons , such as Law Enforcement , professional shooters , or others designated by range personnel . Cost of shooting ( edit ) If one brings one 's own firearms , ear and eye protection , it is often possible to buy a 50 - round box of 9 mm ammunition and target , rent an indoor lane for an hour , and enjoy shooting for under $50 in the United States . Fees for outdoor ranges are often even less , often running $6.50 for 3 hours of range time . Along with a 500 - round brick of . 22 LR ammunition that often costs less than $60.00 , it is possible on an outdoor range to enjoy an afternoon of shooting for under $70 . Firearm rental fees vary , depending on the model and caliber , but for a typical , non-exotic handgun , costs are only modestly higher . Hearing and eye protection rental fees are modest , often available for under $3 each . Shooting ranges that cater to foreign tourists interested in shooting handguns may have special package deals for under $20 for instruction , assistance , and shooting . Larger caliber firearms and automatic weapons are available for tourists at some ranges as well . Fees for renting larger caliber firearms are only modestly more , but rental fees for automatic weapons can rise quickly , to hundreds of dollars , depending on the number of rounds fired . For those interested in more heavy use of the local shooting range , annual memberships are available at many indoor U.S. shooting ranges . Both individual and family memberships are often available . Typical costs vary but annual membership is usually available for around $200 per person , or slightly more for an entire family . Such plans typically have unlimited usage of the range , unlike the typical 1 / 2 hour or 1 - , 2 - , or 3 - hour rental time slots when renting a shooting lane as an occasional shooter . For anyone shooting more than 8 - 10 times a year , annual membership is often cheaper than paying an hourly rate . For the more exotic outdoor sporting club private ranges , annual membership in the NRA is usually mandatory . It is worth noting that there are many unsupervised outdoor ranges on public land in the U.S. where shooting is free and unfettered . See also ( edit ) Shooting ranges in Norway Shooting ranges in Switzerland Shooting sports Gun politics in the United States Schützenverein References ( edit ) `` The United States Department of Game and Fish ; also located on Wikipedia ; provides sighting in ranges for firearms in all 50 states depending on the type of weapon and season of hunting . Firearms are weapons and not to be confused with anything but a tool ; regardless of politics ; governed by federal regulations under both the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms as well as Game and Fish Departments '' This posting is of original nature ; supporting the previous posting , however for further reference regarding this disputed issue , a citizen should reference the appropriate legal authority . www.atf.gov `` United States Department of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms '' www.yourstate.gov `` ENTER YOUR STATE '' for appropriate local regulations and range and availability nationwide . www.doi.gov `` United States Department of Interior '' for additional National references and guides when traveling . ^ Jump up to : `` Places to Shoot '' . National Rifle Association . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Kardous , Chucri . Take Aim at Protecting Yourself : Solutions for Preventing Lead Poisoning and Hearing Loss at Indoor Firing Ranges . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . May 18 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Health and Safety : Indoor Firing Ranges . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shooting_ranges_in_the_United_States&oldid=851689070 '' Categories : Shooting ranges Shooting ranges in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 23 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how old do you have to be to go to a gun range in massachusetts | [
"Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old (or have a legal guardian present), and must sign a waiver prior to shooting.\n"
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"at least 18 or 21 years old (or have a legal guardian present)"
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-1944358640900975480 | Charge of the Light Brigade | Charge of the Light Brigade - wikipedia Charge of the Light Brigade This article is about the military manoeuvre . For the poem , see The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) . For other uses , see Charge of the Light Brigade ( disambiguation ) . Charge of the Light Brigade Part of Battle of Balaclava , Crimean War The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson ( 1855 ) , illustrating the Light Brigade 's charge into the `` Valley of Death '' from the Russian perspective . Date 25 October 1854 Location 44 ° 32 ′ 16 '' N 33 ° 37 ′ 27 '' E / 44.53778 ° N 33.62417 ° E / 44.53778 ; 33.62417 Result Russian victory Belligerents British Empire French Empire Russian Empire Commanders and leaders James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan Armand - Octave - Marie d'Allonville Pavel Liprandi Strength About 670 ( Adkin : 668 ; Brighton : `` at least '' 666 ) Unknown Casualties and losses 110 killed 161 wounded Unknown The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War . British commander Lord Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions , a task for which the light cavalry were well - suited . However , there was miscommunication in the chain of command , and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery , one well - prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire . The Light Brigade reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners , but they were forced to retreat immediately , and the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains . The events were the subject of Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's narrative poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , published just six weeks after the event . Its lines emphasise the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders , regardless of the nearly inevitable outcome . Blame has remained controversial for the miscommunication , as the order was vague and Louis Edward Nolan delivered the written orders with some verbal interpretation , then died in the first minute of the assault . Contents 1 Background 2 The charge 2.1 New information found in 2016 3 Aftermath 4 Survivor postscript 5 Remembrance 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charge of the Light Brigade by Richard Caton Woodville , Jr . The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry , which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons , 17th Lancers , and the 8th and 11th Hussars , under the command of Major General James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan . Also present that day was the Heavy Brigade , commanded by Major General James Yorke Scarlett , who was a past Commanding Officer of the 5th Dragoon Guards . The Heavy Brigade was made up of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards , the 5th Dragoon Guards , the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons and the Scots Greys . The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle . The Light Brigade were the British light cavalry force . It mounted light , fast horses which were unarmoured . The men were armed with lances and sabres . Optimized for maximum mobility and speed , they were intended for reconnaissance and skirmishing . They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat . The Heavy Brigade under James Scarlett was the British heavy cavalry force . It mounted large , heavy chargers . The men were equipped with metal helmets and armed with cavalry swords for close combat . They were intended as the primary British shock force , leading frontal charges in order to break enemy lines . Overall command of the British cavalry resided with Lieutenant General George Bingham , 3rd Earl of Lucan . Cardigan and Lucan were brothers - in - law who disliked each other intensely . Lucan received an order from the army commander Lord Raglan stating : `` Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front , follow the enemy , and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns . Troop horse artillery may accompany . French cavalry is on your left . Immediate . '' Raglan wanted the light cavalry to prevent the Russians from successfully withdrawing the naval guns from the redoubts they had captured on the reverse side of the Causeway Heights , the hill forming the south side of the valley . This was an optimum task for the Light Brigade , as their superior speed would ensure the Russians would be forced to either quickly abandon the cumbersome guns or be cut down en masse while they attempted to flee with them . Raglan could see what was happening from his high vantage point on the west side of the valley . However , the lie of the land around Lucan and the cavalry prevented him from seeing the Russians ' efforts to remove the guns from the redoubts and retreat . The order was drafted by Brigadier Richard Airey and carried by Captain Louis Edward Nolan . Nolan carried the further oral instruction that the cavalry was to attack immediately . When Lucan asked what guns were referred to , Nolan is said to have indicated with a wide sweep of his arm -- not the causeway redoubts -- but the mass of Russian guns in a redoubt at the end of the valley , around a mile away . His reasons for the misdirection are unknown because he was killed in the ensuing battle . In response to the order , Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights . In his poem , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , Tennyson dubbed this hollow `` The Valley of Death '' . The opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces . These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley . Lucan himself was to follow with the Heavy Brigade . Although the Heavy Brigade was better armoured and intended for frontal assaults on infantry positions , neither force was remotely equipped for a frontal assault on a fully dug - in and alerted artillery battery -- much less one with an excellent line of sight over a mile in length and supported on two sides by artillery batteries providing enfilading fire from elevated ground . The semi-suicidal nature of this charge was surely evident to the troopers of the Light Brigade , but if there were any objection to the orders , it was not recorded . The charge The Timeline of the Charge taken from Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 2007 ) . Contemporaneous map showing line of the charge , `` Charge des Anglais '' The charge was from left to right , with the Russian batteries at the extreme right The Light Brigade set off down the valley with Cardigan in front , leading the charge on his horse Ronald . Almost at once , Nolan rushed across the front , passing in front of Cardigan . It may be that he realised that the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade , but he was killed by an artillery shell and the cavalry continued on its course . Captain Godfrey Morgan was close by and saw what happened : The first shell burst in the air about 100 yards in front of us . The next one dropped in front of Nolan 's horse and exploded on touching the ground . He uttered a wild yell as his horse turned round , and , with his arms extended , the reins dropped on the animal 's neck , he trotted towards us , but in a few yards dropped dead off his horse . I do not imagine that anybody except those in the front line of the 17th Lancers saw what had happened . We went on . When we got about two or three hundred yards the battery of the Russian Horse Artillery opened fire . I do not recollect hearing a word from anybody as we gradually broke from a trot to a canter , though the noise of the striking of men and horses by grape and round shot was deafening , while the dust and gravel struck up by the round shot that fell short was almost blinding , and irritated my horse so that I could scarcely hold him at all . But as we came nearer I could see plainly enough , especially when I was about a hundred yards from the guns . I appeared to be riding straight on to the muzzle of one of the guns , and I distinctly saw the gunner apply his fuse . I shut my eyes then , for I thought that settled the question as far as I was concerned . But the shot just missed me and struck the man on my right full in the chest . In another minute I was on the gun and the leading Russian 's grey horse , shot , I suppose , with a pistol by somebody on my right , fell across my horse , dragging it over with him and pinning me in between the gun and himself . A Russian gunner on foot at once covered me with his carbine . He was just within reach of my sword , and I struck him across his neck . The blow did not do much harm , but it disconcerted his aim . At the same time a mounted gunner struck my horse on the forehead with his sabre . Spurring `` Sir Briggs , '' he half jumped , half blundered , over the fallen horses , and then for a short time bolted with me . I only remember finding myself alone among the Russians trying to get out as best I could . This , by some chance , I did , in spite of the attempts of the Russians to cut me down . The Light Brigade faced withering fire from three sides which devastated their force on the ride , yet they were able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt . Nonetheless , they suffered heavy casualties and were soon forced to retire . The surviving Russian artillerymen returned to their guns and opened fire with Grapeshot and Canister shot , indiscriminately at the mêlée of friend and foe before them . Captain Morgan continues : When clear again of the guns I saw two or three of my men making their way back , and as the fire from both flanks was still heavy it was a matter of running the gauntlet again . I have not sufficient recollection of minor incidents to describe them , as probably no two men who were in that charge would describe it in the same way . When I was back pretty nearly where we started from I found that I was the senior officer of those not wounded , and , consequently , in command , there being two others , both juniors to me , in the same position -- Lieut . Wombwell and Cornet Cleveland . Lucan and his troops of the Heavy Brigade failed to provide any support for the Light Brigade -- they entered the mouth of the valley but did not advance farther . Lucan 's explanation was that he saw no point in having a second brigade mown down , and he was best positioned to render assistance to Light Brigade survivors returning from the charge . The French light cavalry , the Chasseurs d'Afrique , was more effective by clearing the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half - batteries of guns , two infantry battalions , and Cossacks to ensure that the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank , and it provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew . The Chasseurs d'Afrique led by General d'Allonville clearing Russian artillery from the Fedyukhin Heights . War correspondent William Howard Russell witnessed the battle and declared : `` Our Light Brigade was annihilated by their own rashness , and by the brutality of a ferocious enemy . '' Cardigan survived the battle , although stories circulated that he was not actually present . He led the charge from the front , never looking back , and did not see what was happening to the troops behind him . He reached the Russian guns , took part in the fight , and then returned alone up the valley without bothering to rally or even find out what had happened to the survivors . He afterwards said that all he could think about was his rage against Captain Nolan , who he thought had tried to take over the leadership of the charge . After riding back up the valley , he considered that he had done all that he could and then , with considerable sang - froid , left the field and went on board his yacht in Balaclava harbour where he ate a champagne dinner . He described the engagement in a speech delivered at Mansion House , London which was quoted in the House of Commons : We advanced down a gradual descent of more than three - quarters of a mile , with the batteries vomiting forth upon us shells and shot , round and grape , with one battery on our right flank and another on the left , and all the intermediate ground covered with the Russian riflemen ; so that when we came to within a distance of fifty yards from the mouths of the artillery which had been hurling destruction upon us , we were , in fact , surrounded and encircled by a blaze of fire , in addition to the fire of the riflemen upon our flanks . As we ascended the hill , the oblique fire of the artillery poured upon our rear , so that we had thus a strong fire upon our front , our flank , and our rear . We entered the battery -- we went through the battery -- the two leading regiments cutting down a great number of the Russian gunners in their onset . In the two regiments which I had the honour to lead , every officer , with one exception , was either killed or wounded , or had his horse shot under him or injured . Those regiments proceeded , followed by the second line , consisting of two more regiments of cavalry , which continued to perform the duty of cutting down the Russian gunners . Then came the third line , formed of another regiment , which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade . I believe that this was achieved with great success , and the result was that this body , composed of only about 670 men , succeeded in passing through the mass of Russian cavalry of -- as we have since learned -- 5,240 strong ; and having broken through that mass , they went , according to our technical military expression , `` threes about , '' and retired in the same manner , doing as much execution in their course as they possibly could upon the enemy 's cavalry . Upon our returning up the hill which we had descended in the attack , we had to run the same gauntlet and to incur the same risk from the flank fire of the Tirailleur as we had encountered before . Numbers of our men were shot down -- men and horses were killed , and many of the soldiers who had lost their horses were also shot down while endeavouring to escape . But what , my Lord , was the feeling and what the bearing of those brave men who returned to the position . Of each of these regiments there returned but a small detachment , two - thirds of the men engaged having been destroyed ? I think that every man who was engaged in that disastrous affair at Balaklava , and who was fortunate enough to come out of it alive , must feel that it was only by a merciful decree of Almighty Providence that he escaped from the greatest apparent certainty of death which could possibly be conceived . New information found in 2016 Captain Louis Nolan A newspaper report on 11 December 2016 revealed another version of what happened when a letter was found in the British Library , written by Lieutenant Frederick Maxse who was on Lord Raglan 's staff at Balaklava . It said that Lord Raglan had sent an order for the Light Brigade to `` follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy from carrying away the guns '' , referring to some British artillery which were at risk . Raglan sent the order with 36 year - old Captain Louis Nolan , who passed it on to Lucan orally instead of handing over the written orders . He said , `` There , my lord , is your enemy ! There are your guns ! '' , and he added the word `` attack '' , whereas Raglan had intended merely a show of force . Nolan 's version of the order and accompanying gesture were misunderstood , causing the disaster described above . Nolan rode with the charge and died in it . Maxse 's letter said that Nolan was annoyed at how little the Light Brigade had done previously , and that he was angry against Lucan . Nigel Kingscote was another of Raglan 's staff officers , and he agreed that the fault was Nolan 's and said that Nolan would have been `` broke by court martial '' if he had survived . Aftermath Initial London Gazette dispatches , addressed to the Duke of Newcastle , in which the event was first reported . Raglan blamed Lucan in the dispatch , igniting significant controversy . Officers and men of the 13th Light Dragoons , survivors of the charge , photographed by Roger Fenton The brigade was not completely destroyed , but did suffer terribly , with 118 men killed , 127 wounded , and about 60 taken prisoner . After regrouping , only 195 men were still with horses . The futility of the action and its reckless bravery prompted the French Marshal Pierre Bosquet to state : `` C'est magnifique , mais ce n'est pas la guerre . '' ( `` It is magnificent , but it is not war . '' ) He continued , in a rarely quoted phrase : `` C'est de la folie '' -- `` It is madness . '' The Russian commanders are said to have initially believed that the British soldiers must have been drunk . Somerset Calthorpe , aide - de-camp to Lord Raglan , wrote a letter to a friend three days after the charge . He detailed casualty numbers but did not distinguish between those killed and those taken prisoner : `` Killed and missing . Wounded . 9 Officers 12 14 Sergeants 9 Trumpeters 129 Rank and file 98 156 Total 122 278 casualties ; -- besides 335 horses killed in action , or obliged afterwards to be destroyed from wounds . It has since been ascertained that the Russians made a good many prisoners ; the exact number is not yet known . '' The reputation of the British cavalry was significantly enhanced as a result of the charge , though the same can not be said for their commanders . Slow communications meant that news of the disaster did not reach the British public until three weeks after the action . The British commanders ' dispatches from the front were published in an extraordinary edition of the London Gazette of 12 November 1854 . Raglan blamed Lucan for the charge , claiming that `` from some misconception of the order to advance , the Lieutenant - General ( Lucan ) considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards , and he accordingly ordered Major - General the Earl of Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade . '' Lucan was furious at being made a scapegoat : Raglan claimed he should have exercised his discretion , but throughout the campaign up to that date Lucan considered Raglan had allowed him no independence at all and required that his orders be followed to the letter . Cardigan , who had merely obeyed orders , blamed Lucan for giving those orders . He returned home a hero and was promoted to Inspector General of the Cavalry . Grave of Charles Macaulay , former Sergeant 8th KRI Hussars `` One of the Six Hundred '' in Woodhouse Cemetery , Leeds Lucan attempted to publish a letter refuting point by point Raglan 's London Gazette dispatch , but his criticism of his superior was not tolerated , and Lucan was recalled to England in March 1855 . The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return . He strongly rejected Raglan 's version of events , calling it `` an imputation reflecting seriously on my professional character . '' In an exchange of public correspondence printed in the pages of The Times , Lucan blamed Raglan and his deceased aide - de-camp Captain Nolan , who had been the actual deliverer of the disputed order . Lucan subsequently defended himself with a speech in the House of Lords on 19 March . Lucan evidently escaped blame for the charge , as he was made a member of the Order of the Bath in July of that same year . Although he never again saw active duty , he reached the rank of general in 1865 and was made a field marshal in the year before his death . The charge continues to be studied by modern military historians and students as an example of what can go wrong when accurate military intelligence is lacking and orders are unclear . Prime Minister Winston Churchill , who was a keen military historian and a former cavalryman , insisted on taking time out during the Yalta Conference in 1945 to see the battlefield for himself . One research project used a mathematical model to examine how the charge might have turned out if conducted differently . The analysis suggested that a charge toward the redoubt on the Causeway Heights , as Raglan had apparently intended , would have led to even higher British casualties . By contrast , the charge might have succeeded if the Heavy Brigade had accompanied the Light Brigade along the valley , as Lucan had initially directed . According to Norman Dixon , 19th - century accounts of the charge tended to focus on the bravery and glory of the cavalrymen , much more than the military blunders involved , with the perverse effect that it `` did much to strengthen those very forms of tradition which put such an incapacitating stranglehold on military endeavor for the next eighty or so years , '' i.e. , until after World War I . The fate of the surviving members of the charge was investigated by Edward James Boys , a military historian , who documented their lives from leaving the army to their deaths . His records are described as being the most definitive project of its kind ever undertaken . Edwin Hughes , who died on 14 May 1927 , aged 96 , was the last survivor . Souvenir picture of the 1904 survivors ' reunion In October 1875 , survivors of the charge met at the Alexandra Palace in London to celebrate its 21st anniversary . The celebrations were fully reported in the Illustrated London News of 30 October 1875 , which included the recollections of several of the survivors , including those of Edward Richard Woodham , the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration . Tennyson was invited , but could not attend . Lucan , the senior commander surviving , was not present , but attended a separate celebration , held later in the day , with other senior officers at the fashionable Willis 's Rooms , St James 's Square . Reunion dinners were held for a number of years . On 2 August 1890 , trumpeter Martin Leonard Landfried , from the 17th Lancers , who may ( or may not ) have sounded the bugle charge at Balaclava , made a recording on an Edison cylinder that can be heard here , with a bugle which had been used at Waterloo in 1815 . ( Landfried 's name is misspelled as `` Landfrey '' on the Edison cylinder recording ) . In 2004 , on the 150th anniversary of the charge , a commemoration of the event was held at Balaklava . As part of the anniversary , a monument dedicated to the 25,000 British participants of the conflict was unveiled by Prince Michael of Kent . Survivor postscript A survivor , John Penn , who died in Dunbar in 1886 , left a personal account of his military career , including the Charge , written for a friend . This survives and is held by East Lothian Council Archives . A number of individuals who died during 1916 - 17 were thought to be the ' last ' survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade . For example , Sergeant James A. Mustard of the 17th Lancers , aged 85 , had his funeral with military honours at Twickenham in early February 1916 . In the Abergavenny Chronicle news report published on 11 February it was stated : He was one of thirty - eight men of the 145 of the 17th Lancers that came out of the charge led by Cardigan , and was always of the opinion that no one sounded the charge at all . He was in the battles of Alma and Mackenzie 's Farm , and the storming and taking of Sebastopol , and before leaving for Varna marched with his regiment from Hampton Court to Portsmouth . In The Cambrian News of 30 June 1916 , the passing of another ' last ' was noted , Thomas Warr , aged 85 , at Dorchester : At the meeting of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation in London last week Mr. Hayes Fisher , M.P. , who presided , said that the last pensioned survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade died on the previous day . His name was Thomas Warr . The last survivor was Edwin Hughes of the 13th Light Dragoons , who died on the 18th May 1927 , aged 96 . Remembrance Main article : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Charge of the Light Brigade Poet Laureate Alfred , Lord Tennyson wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Tennyson 's poem , written 2 December and published on 9 December 1854 , in The Examiner , praises the Brigade ( `` When can their glory fade ? O the wild charge they made ! '' ) while trenchantly mourning the appalling futility of the charge ( `` Not tho ' the soldier knew , someone had blunder 'd ... Charging an army , while all the world wonder 'd '' ) . Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times , according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson . It immediately became hugely popular , and even reached the troops in the Crimea , where it was distributed in pamphlet form . Nearly 36 years later Kipling wrote `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' ( 1890 ) , commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson ( then aged 80 ) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers . Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event , but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical , with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living , in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' ( 1899 ) . See also Back to the Army Again for a poem by Rudyard Kipling about a discharged soldier who re-joins the army under a false name as the only way to get away from long - term unemployment . References Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , Cecil ( 1953 ) . The Reason Why . Constable . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Correspondent ( 14 November 1854 ) . `` The Cavalry Action at Balaclava 25 October '' . The Times ( 21898 ) . pp. 7 -- 8 . Although unnamed , the correspondent was William Howard Russell Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Russell 's report in The Times recorded that just short of 200 men were sick or for other reasons left behind in camp on the day , leaving `` 607 sabres '' to take part in the charge . Jump up ^ Dutton , Roy ( 2007 ) . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade . InfoDial Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel ( later Lieutenant - General ) James Thomas Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan , 11th ( Prince Albert 's Own ) Hussars , 1854 '' , Online Collection National Army Museum , London Jump up ^ Undated issue of Saddle & Bridle ISSN 0036 - 2271 , St Louis , MO , quoted in Ronald , Heroic War Horse of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Muncie , IN : Horse Show Central , retrieved 3 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Earl Cardigan 's Cavalry Horses '' , The Era , London : Frederick Ledger ( 852 ) , 21 January 1855 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Godfrey Charles ( 4 November 1897 ) . `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . Lord Tredegar Interviewed '' . Flintshire Observer , Mining Journal and General Advertiser , for the Counties of Flint and Denbigh , 43 ( 1,827 ) . p. 6 , c. 2 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battles : Charge of the Light Brigade '' . History of war . Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Woodham Smith , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph Sunday 11 December 2016 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Letter sheds light on who was to blame for ' blunder ' which sent Light Brigade into the Valley of Death '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2016 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Raugh , Harold E. ( 2004 ) . The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC CLIO . p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 926 - 0 . Jump up ^ Calthorpe , Somerset John Gough ( 1857 ) . Letters from Headquarters : Or , The Realities of the War in the Crimea , by an Officer on the Staff . London : John Murray . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` No. 21624 '' . The London Gazette. 12 November 1854 . p. 3456 . Jump up ^ Connors D. ; Armstrong , M.J. & Bonnett , J. ( 2015 ) . `` A counterfactual study of the Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Historical Methods. 48 ( 2 ) : 80 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Norman ( 1976 ) . On the Psychology of Military Incompetence . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01161 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The E.J. Boys Archive online '' . ChargeOfTheLightBrigade.com . Jump up ^ `` Edwin Hughes '' . BBC . 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Calaclava '' ( PDF ) . Julienco.com . Jump up ^ `` The Officers ' Dinner '' . Illustrated London News . 67 ( 1890 ) : 6 . 30 October 1875 . Jump up ^ Dutton lists them , and the attendees where known Jump up ^ Greenwood , Hilary ( October 2012 ) . `` '' Martin Leonard Landfried `` '' . Shoreham Fort . Friends of Shoreham Fort . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Later Landfried became famous as the man who sounded the charge of the Light Brigade but it is not clear whether this was his responsibility or not . Taking part in the charge were 17 men listed as trumpeters on the muster rolls ... including William Brittain who rode with Lord Cardigan in the Charge . ( ... ) There is much argument about whether the ' charge ' was actually sounded at all ( ... ) William Brittain , it is agreed , sounded the ' walk , trot , gallop ' and he may have sounded the ' charge . ' It may be that one or more of the other trumpeters sounded the charge . Jump up ^ Hilary Greenwood ( 22 June 2004 ) . `` Trumpeter Landfrey 's Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Internet Archive . Internet Archive . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Martin Landfried retired as bandmaster for the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers at Shoreham Fort , West Sussex , UK . He left the army in 1865 ( ... ) At the time of his death he was living in Portland Road Hove and his grave is Hove Cemetery . The recording was made and distributed by the Light Brigade Relief Fund . The aim was to benefit the remaining veterans and inform the public about the bad times some of them had fallen on . ( ... ) Researched by Hilary Greenwood , Shoreham Fort historian Jump up ^ `` Remembering Together : Sevastopol In The Crimean War '' . The quarterly magazine of the British Embassy in Kyiv . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Penn , John . `` You searched for '' . John Gray Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 11 February 1916 ) . `` Last Balaclava Hero '' . Abergavenny Chronicle , Monmouthshire Advertiser , Brynmawr , Blaenavon , Tredegar , Abersychan , Crickhowell , Pontypool , Usk , Raglan , Monmouth , Longtown , Pontrilas , Grosmont and Skenfrith Record , 80 . p. 2 , c. 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 30 June 1916 ) . `` Brevities '' . The Cambrian News , Merionethshire Standard and Welsh Farmers ' Gazette , ( 2,891 ) . p. 3 , c. 5 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Adkin ( 30 April 2017 ) . The Charge : The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade Was Lost . Pen and Sword . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5267 - 0722 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard ( 28 April 1890 ) . `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' . St James 's Gazette . London . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2 November 1913 ) . `` Last `` Light Brigade '' officer dies ; Kipling poem discovered `` . The New York Times . p . SM8 . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Brighton , Terry ( 2004 ) . Hell riders : the true story of the charge of the Light Brigade . New York : Henry Holt . pp. 229 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lootens , Tricia ( 2000 ) . `` Victorian poetry and patriotism '' . In Bristow , Joseph . The Cambridge companion to Victorian poetry . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 269 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64115 - 2 . Further reading The Reason Why , Story of the Fatal Charge of the Light Brigade , Cecil Woodham - Smith , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 139031 - X , first published in 1953 by Constable for the Book Society . Hell Riders : The True Story of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Terry Brighton , Henry Holt and Co , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 , published 2 November 2004 . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade , Roy Dutton , InfoDial Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 , published 25 October 2007 . The Charge of the Light Brigade Contemporary eyewitness account from journalist William Howard Russell . Illustrated London News 30 October 1875 , reporting the celebration at Alexandra Palace of the survivors of the Charge and some of their recollections including those of Edward Richard Woodham the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration The Charge . The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade was Lost , Mark Adkin , Leo Cooper , London 1996 , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 469 - 5 , ( also : Pimlico , London 2004 , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 734 - 1 ) . `` New Accounts Emerge of Charge of the Light Brigade '' , Jasper Copping , The Telegraph , London , Apr. 20 , 2014 . External links ( 1 ) , Confirmed Chargers : Forgotten Heroes Charge of the Light Brigade Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Times '' account of The Charge of the Light Brigade Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charge of the Light Brigade . Charge of the Light Brigade on In Our Time at the BBC Nationalarchives.gov.uk , The National Archives : Charge of the Light Brigade Eserver.org , The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Alfred Tennyson Virginia. eud , A copy of the poem hand - written by Tennyson BBC.co.uk , illustrated history of the Charge of the Light Brigade Loc.gov , Roger Fenton photographs Kipling.org.uk , The Last of the Light Brigade by Rudyard Kipling Plus.com , Casualty list NPR.org , Retelling the Tale of the Light Brigade The monument to the charge in Ukraine at Find a Grave www.archive.org Trumpeter Martin Landfrey ( or Lanfried ) plays the charge he sounded at the Charge of the Light Brigade . He uses a bugle which was previously used by Wellington 's forces at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . Edison cylinder recording , 2 August 1890 , London . Julienco.com , Illustrated London News Article dated 30 October 1875 about the 21st Anniversary Reunion dinner at Alexandra Palace on 25 October 1875 . Queen 's Royal Hussars Predecessors 1st generation 3rd The King 's Own Hussars ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 7th Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1689 -- 1958 ) 4th Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars ( 1693 -- 1958 ) 2nd generation Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1958 -- 1993 ) Queen 's Royal Irish Hussars ( 1958 -- 1993 ) Victoria Cross James Champion Samuel Parkes Clement Walker Heneage George Hollis John Pearson Joseph Ward William Bankes Charles Craufurd Fraser See also Hussar Cavalry regiments of the British Army Armoured regiment Royal Armoured Corps 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade Charge of the Light Brigade The Queen 's Own Hussars Museum Irish in the British Armed Forces Royal Irish Regiment Irish Guards Royal Dragoon Guards North Irish Horse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade&oldid=865686136 '' Categories : 19th - century history of the British Army Crimean War Conflicts in 1854 Cavalry charges October 1854 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska עברית Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 14 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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"Charge of the Light BrigadePart of Battle of Balaclava, Crimean WarThe Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson (1855), illustrating the Light Brigade's charge into the \"Valley of Death\" from the Russian perspective.Date25 October 1854Location44°32′16″N 33°37′27″E / 44.53778°N 33.62417°E / 44.53778; 33.62417Result\nRussian victoryBelligerents\n British Empire French Empire\n Russian EmpireCommanders and leaders\n James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan Armand-Octave-Marie d’Allonville\n Pavel LiprandiStrength\nAbout 670 (Adkin: 668; Brighton: \"at least\" 666)\nUnknownCasualties and losses\n110 killed161 wounded\nUnknown"
] | [
"Russian victory"
] |
1683176729450562938 | Two-front war | Two - front war - wikipedia Two - front war This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In military terminology , a two - front war is a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts . It is usually executed by two or more separate forces simultaneously or nearly simultaneously , in the hope that their opponent will be forced to split their fighting force to deal with both threats , therefore reducing their odds of success . Where one of the contending forces is surrounded , the fronts are called interior lines . Contents 1 Ancient times 2 Seven Years ' War 3 Napoleonic Wars 4 World War I 5 World War II 6 Israeli - Arab Wars 7 Cold War 8 Metaphorical usage Ancient times ( edit ) One of the earliest examples of a two - front war occurred in the third century BC , when the Roman Republic fought the First Macedonian War contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage . Also , after the consolidation of the Roman Empire 's frontier in the reign of Augustus , the Roman forces had to contend with multiple enemies in its frontiers : in the Rhine , Danube and Mesopotamia , with various examples of emperors ( such as Septimius Severus and Aurelian ) who marched their armies from one side of the empire to another to face them . In the later period , after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , the surviving part , the Byzantine Empire had to face invaders coming from both west and east and simultaneously trying to preserve its territories in Italy . Seven Years ' war ( edit ) During the Seven Years ' War , the Kingdom of Great Britain invaded New France , creating a two - front war with France . Napoleonic wars ( edit ) During the Napoleonic Wars , France repeatedly fought on multiple fronts . For example , France fought the Spanish and Anglo - Portuguese army in the Peninsular War while fighting the Russian Empire at the same time during its invasion of Russia . Their main adversaries the British were also engaged on multiple fronts at various times , having also to contend with the United States starting with the War of 1812 in Canada , the Chesapeake Bay , and Louisiana . World war I ( edit ) During World War I , Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm II fought a two - front war against French , British , Belgian , and ( later ) American forces on the Western Front while simultaneously fighting the Russians on the Eastern Front . Russia 's participation ended in the First World War , when the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany in March 1918 . Germany had foreseen such a scenario , and developed the Schlieffen Plan in order to counteract being surrounded by its enemies . Under the Schlieffen Plan , German forces would invade France via Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands ( the idea to go through the Netherlands was abandoned because of the country 's neutrality ) , quickly capturing Paris and forcing France to sue for peace . The Germans would then turn their attention to Russia in the east before the Tsar could mobilize his massive forces . Due to several factors however , the Germans failed to achieve the plan 's aims . World war II ( edit ) The most famous example of a two - front war was the European theatre during World War II , when Hitler 's Nazi Germany had to confront the Western Allies on the west and the Soviet Union to the east . The Germans were unable to repel either of the advances on the two fronts and eventually lost the war . While there were other contributing factors , such as the insufficiency of the Wehrmacht for a long war and the abandonment of blitzkrieg tactics because of fuel shortages and a rising need to defend territory , the two - front war was an important factor in deciding when the German military would be forced to surrender . The Allies , especially the United States , also fought a two - front war , splitting their forces between the European theatre against Nazi Germany and the Pacific War against the Japanese Empire , which was fighting in both Asia and the Pacific . The Axis Powers had the opportunity to force the Soviet Union into a two - front war by means of a Japanese attack on the Soviet Far East , but the Japanese decided against doing so because of their defeats in the Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts . While Germany and the United States remained respective threats , the Soviets and Japanese did not fight each another until the August 9 Soviet -- Japanese War , three months after the surrender of Germany . Japan thus fought a two - front war as well and split its forces between China in the Second Sino - Japanese War and the United States in the Pacific Theatre . The Soviet Union later invaded Manchuria , worsening the situation for Japan . In the case of the United States , the Pacific Theatre was primarily a naval and air effort despite losing ships during the 1941 Pearl Harbor Attack while ground forces were used in Europe . Like in Japan , most ground troops were fighting China , and the Pacific Theatre was also primarily a naval and aerial battle . It was also the first time the United States ever fought a two - front war . Israeli - Arab wars ( edit ) In the 1948 Israeli - Arab War , the Israelis fought the Egyptians to the south and the Jordanians and Syria in the east and the north . Israel again fought two - front wars in the Six - Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 . Cold war ( edit ) A major rationale for the American 600 - ship Navy plan in the 1980s was to threaten the Soviet Union with a two - front war , in Europe and the Pacific Ocean , in the event of hostilities . Metaphorical usage ( edit ) The term is often used metaphorically . An example is when a moderate politician faces political `` attacks '' from those to his left and those to his right . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-front_war&oldid=844908008 '' Categories : Military strategy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2014 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Română Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 00 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | during world war ii the united states was forced to fight a two-front war in | [
"The most famous example of a two-front war was the European theatre during World War II, when Hitler's Nazi Germany had to confront the Western Allies on the west and the Soviet Union to the east. The Germans were unable to repel either of the advances on the two fronts and eventually lost the war. While there were other contributing factors, such as the insufficiency of the Wehrmacht for a long war and the abandonment of blitzkrieg tactics because of fuel shortages and a rising need to defend territory, the two-front war was an important factor in deciding when the German military would be forced to surrender.\n"
] | [
"the European theatre"
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-4348819544061732005 | Mad Max (2015 video game) | Mad Max ( 2015 video game ) - wikipedia Mad Max ( 2015 video game ) Jump to : navigation , search Mad Max Developer ( s ) Avalanche Studios Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Frank Rooke Producer ( s ) John Fuller Designer ( s ) Magnus Nedfors Programmer ( s ) Fredrik Lönn Artist ( s ) Martin Bergquist Writer ( s ) Odd Ahlgren Composer ( s ) Mats Lundgren Series Mad Max Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Linux OS X PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release NA : 1 September 2015 AU : 2 September 2015 NZ : 3 September 2015 EU : 4 September 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , vehicular combat Mode ( s ) Single - player Mad Max is an action - adventure video game based on the Mad Max franchise . Developed by Avalanche Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , it was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in September 2015 . Feral Interactive published the game 's OS X and Linux versions . It is set in an open post-apocalyptic wasteland consisting of deserts , canyons , and caves . Players control Max Rockatansky as he progresses through the wasteland to seek revenge on a gang of raiders , led by Scabrous Scrotus , who robbed him of his possessions , and along with his assistant Chumbucket , he aims to build the ultimate car : the Magnum Opus . Mad Max emphasizes vehicular combat , in which the player uses weapon and armor upgrades on their car to fight enemies , while on - foot combat combines professional wrestling attacks and boxing techniques . The game features extensive car and character customization , and soft boundaries , also known as the `` Big Nothing . '' Two other Mad Max games , developed by Cory Barlog and Interplay Entertainment respectively , were in production before the announcement of this game , but neither of them were successfully released . Although Mad Max is not based on the film series , it was inspired by its universe , and franchise creator George Miller was consulted during the game 's pre-production . Avalanche Studios found developing a vehicular - combat video game a challenge because of their inexperience with creating that type of game . Announced at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo , the game was re-tooled during development and the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were canceled . Originally planned for release in 2014 , it was released in September the following year , several months after the theatrical release of Mad Max : Fury Road , the fourth film in the series . Mad Max received mixed - to - positive reviews from critics . Although the game 's environment , direction , vehicular combat , and graphics were praised , its quest design and story were criticized . The game became the eighth best - selling retail game in the US in September 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Pre-release 4.2 Post-release 4.3 Sales 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Gameplay screenshot showcasing vehicular combat Mad Max is a post-apocalyptic action - adventure game emphasizing vehicular combat , in which the player is the eponymous Mad Max ( Bren Foster ) . According to its publisher , up to 60 percent of the game focuses on driving . Some weapons and tools , including flamethrowers and turbo boosts , are mounted directly onto the Magnum Opus , while others , such as a grappling hook and sniper rifle , are used in conjunction with the vehicle by Chumbucket , Max 's assistant , or Max himself . Max 's Magnum Opus , with its V8 engine and powerful ramming ability , can destroy enemies ' vehicles and weaponry . When simultaneously driving and aiming , the game changes to slow motion to allow the player to toggle between targets . Although Mad Max primarily uses a third - person perspective , the player can switch to first - person view when fighting enemies while driving the Magnum Opus . Chumbucket repairs the car when instructed to do so or when the player exits . To encourage exploration , the Magnum Opus can be upgraded with materials scavenged from the desert , by hijacking enemies ' cars or collecting their car parts . An enemy can jump on top of the Magnum Opus to make it explode , but the player can avoid that by surrounding the car with hazards such as spikes . The player can access the garage screen throughout the game , allowing them to customize the Magnum Opus . Max 's garage can change and modify the car 's engine , chassis , wheels , body work , paint job , and its `` shell '' . Upgrading one aspect of the car will negatively affect other aspects ; upgrading the engine will allow Max to drive faster , but handling will be more difficult . The sound produced by the engine changes when players change , add , or remove parts of the Magnum Opus . Max , his armor , and weapons are customizable ; the player can unlock new skills and upgrades for him as he progresses through the game and earns experience points . Max is also customizable , with his clothing , appearance , fighting skills , and weapons being modifiable . Griffa , a wasteland wanderer , also offers Max tokens which can be used to upgrade his abilities . Although the game has many choices ( such as playing stealthily or aggressively ) , it emphasizes action over stealth . Mad Max features a variety of weapons , including Max 's iconic shotgun , but ammunition is scarce and the game emphasizes melee combat over firearms . One weapon is the explosive Thunderstick , which can be lanced into an enemy 's chest . The game has a free - flow combat system combining professional wrestling attacks and boxing techniques , similar to Warner Bros . ' previous Batman : Arkham video - game series ( in which indicators on enemies ' heads remind the player when to strike , counter or make finishing moves ) . Attacks by Max during his `` frenzied '' state are more powerful than usual . Mad Max 's landscape consists of canyons , caves , deserts , and abandoned wastelands . The game 's world is divided into several regions , with each having its own backstory and landscape . Unique landmarks and ruins can be discovered in each region . Side activities such as races , time trials , invading enemy fortresses , and eliminating enemy convoys can be found in each region . A region 's threat level is lowered by completing these activities , facilitating its navigation . Each region has a boss , who can be found and defeated in their base . Some of the game 's strongholds are friendly , and eliminating hostile strongholds gives Max additional quests and rewards . These strongholds can be upgraded , offering Max different benefits such as helping Max to collect scraps when the game is turned off , or restoring Max 's health and shotgun ammo upon visits . Max can ascend in a hot - air balloon ( permanently attached to the ground ) to look for new objectives and locations . After seeing the objectives through binoculars , they are highlighted on the map . Max can be guided by Chumbucket in strategically completing his objectives . Max is accompanied by a dog companion called Dinki - Di , who can help players detect land mines . Max has limited climbing abilities , and objects that he can climb are highlighted in yellow . Most resources in the game are scarce except for gasoline , which is needed for driving . The player can collect one jerrycan at a time , storing it in the back of the Magnum Opus , and can find collectibles ( history relics ) throughout the game . The relics are primarily photos and notes of the wasteland before the apocalypse . Food and water are vital to Max 's survival ; the player can collect them in the wasteland and use them to replenish their health . Max can also eat small animals , such as rodents , and maggots from decomposing corpses , to replenish his health , and areas where he can find food and supplies have crows flying around them . The player can venture into the Big Nothing , an uncharted , volatile area of the wasteland with dangerous sandstorms and no food or water in which rare parts for the Magnum Opus can be found . According to Avalanche , due to the `` Big Nothing '' , the game 's map is infinite . A dynamic day - night cycle , a weather system and a variety of environmental hazards are included in the game , whose terrain is affected by weather and natural disasters . Plot ( edit ) In search of fuel , highway patrol officer - turned - survivalist Max Rockatansky journeys to the Plains of Silence . His voyage takes an unexpected turn when he runs into a group of War Boys led by Scabrous Scrotus ( Travis Willingham ) , psychotic son of Immortan Joe ( Fred Tatasciore ) and ruler of Gastown . Scrotus and the War Boys run Max off the road and steal his clothes , supplies , weapons and car , leaving him to die in the desert . Max chases them and challenges Scrotus to a duel on the Land Mover . Scrotus sicks his dog on Max but fails and it brutally kicked off the moving Land Mover by him . He stabs Scrotus in the head with his own chainsaw but is no match for Scrotus , who kicks Max and his dog out of the Land Mover . With his dog , Max obtains a weapon and clothes from a dead Wastelander . Wandering around the desert , Max finds an overzealous , hunchbacked mechanic named Chumbucket ( Jason Spisak ) who calls him the Driver . Chumbucket leads Max to Scrotus and the War Boys and tells him that he built a car , the Magnum Opus , which has a few missing parts ; Max agrees to search for them . Max must first liberate Wasteland leaders ' territories from the War Boys : Jeet ( Josh Keaton ) , whose stronghold is in an old lighthouse , and Gut Gash ( Liam O'Brien ) , whose followers believe that they will be protected from a flood in their ship stronghold . His stronghold is the remains of an oil tanker . He must penetrate the Jaw , a massive gate protected by War Boys , with the Magnum Opus outfitted with the Thunderpoon ( an exploding harpoon ) . Max and Chumbucket must then save Pink Eye ( Adrienne Barbeau ) , a woman whose mechanical skill rivals Chumbucket 's , from an invasion led by Stank Gum -- one of Scrotus ' Top Dogs -- of her silo base . Searching for a V8 engine for the Magnum Opus , Max learns about a race in Gastown with a Big Chief V8 as a prize . After winning the race against Stank Gum ( Yuri Lowenthal ) and defeating the fighter Tenderloin in a Thunderdome duel , Max receives the engine and the concubine Hope ( Courtenay Taylor ) . His victory is short - lived ; Scrotus delivers the prize and attacks him . After he is shot with a crossbow and thrown down a mine shaft Max is saved by Hope , who takes him to the Organic Mechanic and Scab ( Orion Acaba ) -- also known as the Bloodbag . While Max is undergoing surgery , he has a hallucination that his wedding to Hope is officiated by Chumbucket and a man with a dog 's head . When he wakes up , he and Hope steal the Big Chief ; they drive to the temple of Deep Friah ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , a friendly fire cultist . At the temple Hope asks Max to find her daughter , Glory ( Madison Carlon ) , who had fled to Buzzard territory . He eventually agrees , and travels to the Underdune . After Max rescues Glory from the Buzzards he returns to the temple to discover that Chumbucket , in a fit of jealous rage , had brought the Magnum Opus back to his old home in the south . Max follows him in one of Deep Friah 's cars , but learns that Scrotus and Stank Gum had arrived first . They tortured Chumbucket , who revealed Hope and Glory 's location and their ties to Max . Max kills Stank Gum , rushes back to the temple and finds Hope hanged to death and Glory ( who had also been tortured ) on the floor . Glory soon dies too , and Max swears vengeance against Scrotus . He returns to Gastown and learns Scrotus ' location from Scab . Max and Chumbucket find Scrotus driving around the Purgatory Flatlands an area far away from the Great White and use the Magnum Opus to crash the Land Mover , which is pushed to the edge of a cliff . Max wants to push the Mover off the cliff with the Magnum Opus but is opposed by Chumbucket , who considers himself the car 's protector . Ignoring Chumbucket , he rams the Mover at full speed ; Chumbucket dies , and the Land Mover and Magnum Opus are destroyed . Scrotus escapes with the Interceptor , Max 's car at the start of the game , and challenges him . Max wins the battle , pulling the chainsaw blade out of Scrotus ' head and killing him . The game ends with Max entering the Interceptor and placing a picture of his family on the dashboard before he leaves for parts unknown . Development ( edit ) George Miller provided input during the game 's pre-production period . A video game set in the Mad Max universe was mentioned by franchise creator George Miller in a 2008 interview . Miller joined God of War II director Cory Barlog to develop the game after Barlog left Sony Computer Entertainment . The project was originally intended as a tie - in with a Mad Max animated film which would be released simultaneously . The film 's production was suspended to allow adequate production time for the game . After Barlog announced in 2008 that a publisher for the game was being sought , no further information about the project was forthcoming . In 2010 , Barlog was a consultant for Avalanche Studios , leaving in 2012 for Crystal Dynamics . A Fury Road tie - in video game was in development by Interplay Entertainment , but was scrapped when Electronic Arts acquired the franchise 's video - game rights for $20 million . On 14 February 2013 , a blurry screenshot of the game was released by Avalanche Studios founder and CEO Christofer Sundberg . The game was announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 on 10 June at Sony 's press conference , with a scheduled 2014 release for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One . Although Sundberg said during the expo that Miller and Barlog 's project was not the Mad Max game announced by Avalanche , he later said that Barlog had worked on a Mad Max game at Avalanche . Despite the unclear relationship between the projects , according to the game 's design director , Miller had collaborated with Avalanche during the game 's pre-production in mid-2011 . Despite having Miller to offer input , Warner Bros. inclined to give lots of creative freedom to Avalanche . Full production of the game began before May 2012 . In April 2014 , Avalanche announced that Mad Max would be delayed until the following year , making it one of the titles released during Avalanche 's `` biggest year since ( its ) inception '' . The game was retooled during development . Despite its release that year , the game is not directly connected to 2015 's Mad Max : Fury Road and was not intended to be a tie - in ; its setting and story are original . This decision was made because the game 's publisher , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , believed that a standalone game was more beneficial to players than a `` play - the - movie game '' after the success of its Batman : Arkham series . Locations which have appeared in the films , such as Gas Town and Thunderdome , are featured in the game . Unlike previous Avalanche games , such as Just Cause 2 , the game 's tone is more mature and its narrative is emphasized . Similar to the films , Max seldom speaks or expresses emotion ; his thoughts are reflected by his actions . The team aimed at developing a complex character and personality for him . According to the game 's director , Max is traumatized by past experiences ( such as losing his family ) ; this makes him `` insane '' , `` unstable '' , and `` mad '' . These qualities are reflected in the game 's `` rage '' mode , in which Max inflicts additional damage on enemies . Chumbucket , Max 's mechanic and companion , is obsessed with the Magnum Opus ; according to the game 's lead writer , he `` has a pseudo-religious / sexual relationship with engines '' . Scabrous Scrotus , the game 's main antagonist , is a warlord designed as a `` bloodthirsty monster that only can find solace from his own pain through the suffering of others '' . Enemies ' faces are painted and scarred ; according to game director Frank Rooke , their appearance `` is kind of the approach of how this civilization merged into this kind of state '' . Lead designer Emil Krafting said that gameplay was the top priority during development . Like the Just Cause series , Mad Max 's developer aimed to give players autonomy by providing tools to create their own events . The studios intended to build a dynamic world , creating `` a seamless series of events '' . The game was inspired by the atmosphere of the Mad Max universe , rather than a particular film in the series . According to Avalanche , they did not plan to be influenced by other post-apocalyptic video games such as Fallout , Rage , and Borderlands since most of those games were inspired by the original Mad Max . The company said that the game 's vehicular combat posed a challenge because of their inexperience with that type of game . The car customization system was designed to increase the game 's fun factor and give players more freedom . Regions feature different landmarks to create a variety of environments . The developers used vibrant colors to depict the sky in contrast to the brown ground . The game 's world was inspired by the Just Cause series , which features large sandboxes for players to explore . Avalanche Studios CEO Christofer Sundberg hoped that players would compare Mad Max 's desert setting to the western setting of Red Dead Redemption . The game world is scaled according to gameplay density and frequency ; the development team emphasized creating a world with choices and distractions , rather than focusing on size . Designed as dead , threatening , and hostile , it is also exciting and engaging ( encouraging exploration ) . One challenge faced by the developers was building a wasteland with a variety of environments , since Mad Max is Avalanche 's first post-apocalyptic game . They spent most of their time designing ground and terrain variations to minimize repetition in the landscape . Since the game is set in a desert , the team used vibrant colors for the sky . Avalanche Studios sent a team to a Costa Rican jungle to inspect local landscapes and environments in preparation for creating the world of Mad Max , particularly its sky . Like the films , the game does not identify the apocalypse ; its developers wanted to give `` a sense of mystery '' to the wasteland so players could imagine how the wasteland evolved . Garages allowing players to upgrade and repair their cars were originally intended to be featured in the game . The idea was later scrapped , since the studio thought the element `` interfered with gameplay '' . Mad Max is powered by the Avalanche Engine , an in - house proprietary engine developed by Avalanche and also used in Just Cause 2 . According to lead graphics designer Alvar Jansson , new graphical features were introduced to the engine during the development of Mad Max and it was designed and optimized for open - world games . The team also worked on improving the world 's draw distance and ensuring that gameplay across the three major platforms have no significant difference . Gaming journalists invited to preview a private gameplay demonstration at E3 2013 noted that Max had an American accent , rather than the Australian accent of the film series , and fans protested his new American voice ; Avalanche Studios later confirmed that he would have an Australian accent . The game 's setting is described as `` wasteland creole '' , with elements of a number of civilizations , so its characters have a variety of accents . Release ( edit ) Mad Max was released on 1 September 2015 in North America and the United Kingdom , 2 September in Australia , 3 September in New Zealand and 4 September in Europe for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . It was announced on 3 May 2015 that the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions had been cancelled due to hardware restrictions , but a Linux port was announced . Players who pre-ordered the game could receive the Ripper , an additional Magnum Opus design . The Ripper , a steelbook , collector 's box , mini-license plate and Blu - ray copy of Mad Max : Fury Road were included in the Post-Apocalypse Edition . PlayStation 4 - version purchasers could access a Road Warrior Survival Kit , with twelve hood ornaments for the Magnum Opus , exclusively until 30 November 2015 . To promote Mad Max , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment sponsored launch events . In Australia , the company invited artists to create artwork on their vehicles with dust . They joined Uber for a Seattle promotion in which Uber users could access a free ride `` straight from the post-apocalypse '' . The offer was free , since `` dollars are worthless in the wasteland '' . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) Before release , Mad Max received positive reviews . Game Revolution called its gameplay `` exhilarating , fast , violent , and fun '' and said it would be the title that fans of the series would want to play . Hardcore Gamer thought the game could be `` the biggest surprise of 2015 '' and praised its vehicle customization , which it compared to the ship customization of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . According to IGN , Mad Max was 2015 's Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor . PC Gamer expressed concern that the game `` is trying to be too many things at once '' and some critics compared it negatively to the critically acclaimed film Mad Max : Fury Road . Post-release ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 73 / 100 ( XONE ) 72 / 100 ( PS4 ) 69 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 Eurogamer Recommended Game Informer 7.5 / 10 GameSpot 6 / 10 GamesRadar GameTrailers 7.4 / 10 IGN 8.4 / 10 Polygon 5.5 / 10 Mad Max received some mixed , but generally positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic rated the Microsoft Windows version at 73 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . The Xbox One version was rated at 72 out of 100 based on 18 reviews , and the PlayStation 4 version was rated 69 out of 100 based on 71 reviews . Its story received a mixed response . Brandin Tyrrel of IGN found the story surprising and genuine , despite most of the action occurring later in the game . Tyrrel wrote that the characters have different personalities and distinct qualities , and considered them the `` true star '' of the game . According to Chris Carter of Destructoid , the game 's story engages the player . Leon Hurley of GamesRadar found the overall story weak and `` barely exist ( ing ) for the majority of the game '' , but thought the game 's climax was exciting . Matt Bertz of Game Informer also criticized the story , calling it thin and light , and called the voice actors ' performances uneven . Mad Max 's world design received generally positive reviews . According to Brandin Tyrrel , it captured the films ' savage tone and the game 's sandbox was a `` gorgeous '' setting for players to explore . GamesRadar 's Leon Hurley praised the game 's scale , which he compared to The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt . Martin Robinson of Eurogamer compared its scale favorably to Avalanche 's previous Just Cause game series , and opined that Avalanche had successfully combined the Mad Max universe with an open - world game design . Matt Bertz praised the game 's inhospitable atmosphere , commending Avalanche for adding a variety of styles and a vibrant sky to an otherwise - boring sandbox . Daniel Bloodworth of GameTrailers echoed Bertz , calling each region unique and distinct . Bloodworth also praised Avalanche for its efforts in crafting the world . Peter Brown of GameSpot praised Mad Max 's natural disasters , writing that it set a new standard for in - game weather effects . Philip Kollar of Polygon criticized the game 's layout , writing that every location in the game feels identical and its bland environments discourage exploration . Tyrrel considered the vehicular combat one of the game 's best elements , adding a layer of creativity . Brown praised the car action , calling it intense , complex , and unpredictable , but criticized the over-simplistic and shallow on - foot combat . Carter compared the game 's vehicular controls to the best racing games , and commended its handling . He also praised the car mechanics , writing that it has offered players a cinematic experience . Tyrrel liked the additions to the game 's combat ( such as the introduction of weapons and the Fury mode ) , writing that they added depth to the combat . Hurley praised the game 's progression system , which he found satisfying , and the balance between vehicular and on - foot combat . Bloodworth wrote that the melee combat used a `` tried - and - true system '' which worked well , despite awkward camera angles . Kollar criticized the boss fights , which he thought lacked variety . Other gameplay aspects received mixed reviews . Tyrrel praised the customization system for Max and the Magnum Opus , since the customization impacts the gameplay and makes the overall experience more rewarding ; Kollar echoed this . Brown criticized the game for failing to offer much challenge or a sense of accomplishment to players . He called the health system a redundant addition in which resources , such as water and food , play an insignificant role and can be neglected by players . Brown also criticized the scrap - collecting system , writing that it frustrated most players and slowed the game 's pace . However , Robinson wrote that those elements reflect the barbarian nature of the wasteland . He praised its world design ( which he thought echoed the films ) , describing it as `` a world of twisted metal and sudden violence that 's there to be survived rather than conquered '' . Bloodworth criticized the game 's stronghold system , which he called repetitive . Brown criticized the game 's lack of a climbing system , which hinders movement ; this was echoed by Carter . Mad Max 's quest design also received mixed reviews . Tyrrel praised the content and activities scattered across the world , calling the activities engaging for most players . However , he disliked the repetition which dragged down their replay value . Hurley found it easy for players to become confused in the game 's early stages , since the objectives are unclear . Brown criticized the structure of several quests which force players to use a certain method , removing freedom and creativity . Chris Carter of Destructoid wrote that the game brought nothing new to the genre , and its quests and features were too similar to typical Ubisoft open - world design . The game had some technical problems when it was released . Tyrrel noted an unstable frame rate and occasional texture pop - up , and Kollar identified audio problems . Sales ( edit ) Mad Max was the second - best selling game in the United Kingdom in its first week of release on the UK software retail chart , only behind Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain , which was released the same day . According to the NPD Group , it was the eighth - best selling game in the US in September 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pacific , MCV ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` New pre-order bonus for Mad Max unveiled '' . MCV Pacific . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` April Cover Revealed -- Mad Max '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max is Melee Car Combat in an Open Wasteland '' . Polygon . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turi , Tim ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Behind The Wheel Of Mad Max 's Vehicular Combat '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max hands - on preview -- Fallout on wheels '' . Metro. 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Mad Max has ' creative approaches to combat ' and a first person mode '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aoife ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` The Mad Max game takes a different path to Fury Road '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turi , Tim ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` 10 Badass Things We Did In Mad Max 's Open World '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Oravasaari , Dan ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 -- Mad Max Hands - On Preview : Grappling With Fun '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Turi , Tim ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Building Your Nightmarish Dream Car In Mad Max '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Reseigh - Lincoln , Dom ( 11 July 2015 ) . `` Mad Max 's audio lets you recognise your car by sound and even models echos '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Gameplay Reveal Trailer Shows Punishing Wasteland '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Maity , Prarthito ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Five Reasons Why You Should Play the Mad Max Game '' . iDigitalTimes . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Livington , Christopher ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Mad Max tips : 12 things we wish we 'd known before we started '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Justin ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` E3 2013 : Harpoon Dudes In the Face of Mad Max '' . IGN . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max Walkthrough and Guide '' . USgamer. 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` New Mad Max Trailer Offers A Load of Gameplay Details '' . IGN . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsay , Randolph ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` In Mad Max , Car Combat Reigns Supreme '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Mad Max pimps his ride and fights like Batman '' . Polygon . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` 17 chaotic and brutal things I did in 2 hours in the Wasteland in Mad Max '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lahti , Evan ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max hands - on : The fast and the Furiosa '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Mad Max : an open world destruction derby of pain -- interview '' . VG247 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Phillip ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Six Tips For Getting Most Out Of Mad Max 's Wasteland '' . Polygon . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Chandler ( 23 June 2013 ) . `` Mad Max ( PS4 ) -- E3 Preview '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Meet The Weirdos Of Mad Max 's Wasteland '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` The best dog of 2015 : Fallout 4 's Dogmeat vs. Mad Max 's Dinki - Di vs. Metal Gear 's DD '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Driven to distraction -- how Mad Max is dropping a bomb on the open - world '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Wasteland Lore 101 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Robert ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` You 'll Have to Find Food and Water to Survive in PS4 's Mad Max , Plus More Dusty Gameplay Details '' . Push Square . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sirani , Jordan ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` New Mad Max Gameplay Details Emerge '' . IGN . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Is 1080p On Xbox One and PS4 , Map Is n't Finite '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , John ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` First Look at Mad Max Gameplay '' . PlayStation Blog . Avalanche Studios . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corriea , Alexa Ray ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Mad Max borrows the series ' bombastic elements to create a new , open - world adventure '' . Polygon . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Croal , N'Gai ( 12 March 2008 ) . `` The George Miller Interview , Part II '' . Newseeker . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Michael ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Film legend , God of War 2 director announce Mad Max game '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mad Max game 's had a confusing life but George Miller was involved `` super early on '' `` . GamesRadar. 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` Cory Barlog heads to Crystal Dynamics '' . VG247 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Fallout Dev Was Working on Mad Max Game , Here 's What Happened to It '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Just Cause creators tease new project with blurry shot of blurry men doing blurry violence '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Leo , Jon ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` Mad Max out for next - gen consoles in 2014 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Mad Max maker says he was n't making the Mad Max he was rumored to be making ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aoife ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` The Mad Max game takes a different path to Fury Road '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` Mad Max delayed to 2015 , new trailer shows you how to survive in the wasteland '' . Polygon . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` Just Cause dev 's Mad Max game drifts to 2015 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Just Cause dev has ' several surprises ' in store for 2015 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Dean ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` The road to Mad Max game was long and twisted for Avalanche Studios '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` Mad Max game coming in 2014 to PC , PS4 , Xbox One , PS3 , Xbox 360 from Avalanche Studios ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Ozzie ( 22 August 2013 ) . `` Mad Max not a movie tie - in , says Avalanche game designer '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Turi , Tim ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` 10 Things Mad Max : Fury Road Shares With The Upcoming Game '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rad , Chloi ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Trailer Reveals Thunderdome , The Iconic Caged Arena From The Third Film '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Just Cause , Mad Max and the future of Avalanche Studios '' . Polygon . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kubba , Sinan ( 22 August 2013 ) . `` Mad Max story is standalone because ' movie tie - in games tend to be bad ' '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Turi , Tim ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Meet Mad Max , Saint Of The Wasteland '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Meet The Weirdos Of Mad Max 's Wasteland : Chumbucket '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cork , Jeff ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Meet The Weirdos Of Mad Max 's Wasteland : Scrotus ' Minions '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Luke ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Not Looking for Inspiration From Fallout , Rage Or Borderlands '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Dave ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Mad Max : an open world destruction derby of pain -- interview '' . VG247 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max video game reveals a desert full of danger ( hands - on preview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gmyrek , Roland ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Interview : Avalanche 's John Fuller On Mad Max '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Michael ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Avalanche Studios Teases Just Cause 3 With New Development Video '' . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Mad Max devs on maintaining the game world 's ' sense of mystery ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Will ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` From Just Cause to Mad Max -- Avalanche ten years on '' . Develop . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , John ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` Avalanche on Avalanche Engine 's Future , Tech Features , DX12 & Dynamic Tessellation Plans '' . Dark Side of Gaming . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Max mad as Australian accent scrubbed '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jonathan . `` ' American ' Mad Max angers Australians '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Serrels , Mark ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` The New Mad Max Game Looks Great But ... Kotaku Australia '' . Kotaku.com.au . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` Avalanche : Mad Max Will Have Australian Accent After All '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` Where Is Mad Max 's Wasteland , And Does It Fit With The Films ? '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Justin ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Mad Max game canned on Xbox 360 and PS3 , other versions dated '' . Polygon . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Mad Max release date set for September , PS3 and Xbox 360 versions canned '' . VG247 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Post-Apocalypse Edition includes Blu - ray , license plate '' . VG247 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Mad Max game coming in 2014 to PC , PS4 , Xbox One , PS3 , Xbox 360 from Avalanche Studios ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max PS4 - Exclusive Content Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Gets Road Warrior - Themed Hood Ornaments On PS4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Farrelly , Steve ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Dust Art Helps Celebrate the Game 's Release in Australia '' . AusGamers . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Uber is offering Mad Max rides in Seattle '' . The Verge . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Blake ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Preview '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jason ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Could Be the Biggest Surprise of 2015 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Daemon ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Game Scoop ! Mad Max Is The New Shadow Of Mordor '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ John Agnello , Anthony ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' the game lacks the charm and detail of ' Fury Road ' '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Bd ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Game Is n't Nearly As Fun As The Movie '' . Wired.co.uk . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Max for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Max for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Max for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Review : Mad Max '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Martin ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Mad Max review : Fast and Furiosa '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bertz , Matt ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max review : Desert Sessions In Repetition '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hurley , Leon ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max review : World Is Fire And Blood '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Review : Hit The Road , Max '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloodworth , Daniel ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Mad Max -- Review '' . GameTrailers . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Review : Give Me Fire , Give Me Fuel '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Review : Wasted Land '' . Polygon . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` UK Video Game Charts : Metal Gear Solid 5 : The Phantom Pain beats Mad Max to the UK No. 1 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` September 2015 NPD : NBA , NFL games have big month as hardware sputters '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mad Max on IMDb Mad Max Films Mad Max The Road Warrior Beyond Thunderdome Fury Road Music Mad Max The Road Warrior Beyond Thunderdome `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' `` One of the Living '' Fury Road Other media Mad Max ( 1990 video game ) Mad Max ( 2015 video game ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( comic book ) Characters Max Rockatansky Imperator Furiosa Nux Miscellaneous Pursuit Special Legacy and influence Fury Road accolades Wasteland Weekend Avalanche Studios Just Cause series Just Cause Just Cause 2 Just Cause 3 Other games The Hunter Renegade Ops Mad Max Related companies Square Enix Eidos Interactive Sega Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Max_(2015_video_game)&oldid=801050314 '' Categories : 2015 video games Cancelled PlayStation 3 games Cancelled Xbox 360 games Mad Max Open world video games PlayStation 4 games Post-apocalyptic video games Vehicular combat games Death games in fiction Video games based on films directed by George Miller Video games developed in Sweden Video games set in Australia Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Windows games MacOS games Linux games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 10 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the mad max game take place | [
"It is set in an open post-apocalyptic wasteland consisting of deserts, canyons, and caves. Players control Max Rockatansky as he progresses through the wasteland to seek revenge on a gang of raiders, led by Scabrous Scrotus, who robbed him of his possessions, and along with his assistant Chumbucket, he aims to build the ultimate car: the Magnum Opus. Mad Max emphasizes vehicular combat, in which the player uses weapon and armor upgrades on their car to fight enemies, while on-foot combat combines professional wrestling attacks and boxing techniques. The game features extensive car and character customization, and soft boundaries, also known as the \"Big Nothing.\""
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"an open post-apocalyptic wasteland consisting of deserts, canyons, and caves"
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-6179907414995621143 | Pattern (casting) | Pattern ( casting ) - wikipedia Pattern ( casting ) Wooden pattern for a cast - iron gear with curved spokes The top and bottom halves of a sand casting mould showing the cavity prepared by patterns . Cores to accommodate holes can be seen in the bottom half of the mould , which is called the drag . The top half of the mould is called the cope . In casting , a pattern is a replica of the object to be cast , used to prepare the cavity into which molten material will be poured during the casting process . Patterns used in sand casting may be made of wood , metal , plastics or other materials . Patterns are made to exacting standards of construction , so that they can last for a reasonable length of time , according to the quality grade of the pattern being built , and so that they will repeatably provide a dimensionally acceptable casting . Contents 1 Patternmaking 2 Materials used 3 Design 3.1 Sprues , gates , risers , cores , and chills 4 Types of Patterns 5 Allowances 5.1 Contraction allowance / Shrinkage allowance 5.2 Draft allowance 5.3 Finishing or Machining allowance 5.4 Shake allowance 5.5 Distortion allowance 6 Demand 7 References Patternmaking ( edit ) The making of patterns , called patternmaking ( sometimes styled pattern - making or pattern making ) , is a skilled trade that is related to the trades of tool and die making and moldmaking , but also often incorporates elements of fine woodworking . Patternmakers ( sometimes styled pattern - makers or pattern makers ) learn their skills through apprenticeships and trade schools over many years of experience . Although an engineer may help to design the pattern , it is usually a patternmaker who executes the design Materials used ( edit ) Typically , materials used for pattern making are wood , metal or plastics . Wax and Plaster of Paris are also used , but only for specialized applications . Sugar pine is the most commonly used material for patterns , primarily because it is soft , light , and easy to work . Honduras Mahogany was used for more production parts because it is harder and would last longer than pine . Once properly cured it is about as stable as any wood available , not subject to warping or curling . Once the pattern is built the foundry does not want it changing shape . True Honduras Mahogany is harder to find now because of the decimation of the rain forests , so now there are a variety of woods marketed as Mahogany . Fiberglass and plastic patterns have gained popularity in recent years because they are water proof and very durable . Metal patterns are long lasting and do not succumb to moisture , but they are heavier , more expensive and difficult to repair once damaged . Wax patterns are used in a casting process called investment casting . A combination of paraffin wax , bees wax and carnauba wax is used for this purpose . Plaster of paris is usually used in making master dies and molds , as it gains hardness quickly , with a lot of flexibility when in the setting stage . Design ( edit ) Sprues , gates , risers , cores , and chills ( edit ) The patternmaker or foundry engineer decides where the sprues , gating systems , and risers are placed with respect to the pattern . Where a hole is desired in a casting , a core may be used which defines a volume or location in a casting where metal will not flow into . Sometimes chills may be placed on a pattern surface prior to molding , which are then formed into the sand mould . Chills are heat sinks which enable localized rapid cooling . The rapid cooling may be desired to refine the grain structure or determine the freezing sequence of the molten metal which is poured into the mould . Because they are at a much cooler temperature , and often a different metal than what is being poured , they do not attach to the casting when the casting cools . The chills can then be reclaimed and reused . The design of the feeding and gating system is usually referred to as methoding or methods design . It can be carried out manually , or interactively using general - purpose CAD software , or semi-automatically using special - purpose software ( such as AutoCAST ) Types of patterns ( edit ) Patterns are made of wood , metal , ceramic , or hard plastics and vary in complexity . A single piece pattern , or loose pattern , is the simplest . It is a replica of dinasour the desired casting -- usually in a slightly extra larger size to offset the shrinkage of the intended metal . Gated patterns connect a number of loose patterns together with a series of runners that will be detached after shake - out . Segmented or multi-piece patterns create a casting in several pieces to be joined in post-processing . Match plate patterns are patterns with the top and bottom parts of the pattern , also known as the cope and drag portions , mounted on opposite sides of a board . This adaptation allows patterns to be quickly pressed into the molding material . A similar technique called a cope and drag pattern is often used for large castings or large production runs : in this variation , the two sides of the pattern are mounted on separate pattern plates that can be hooked up to horizontal or vertical machines and pressed into the molding material . When the parting lines between the cope and drag are irregular , a follow board can be used to support irregularly shaped , loose patterns . Sweep patterns are used for symmetric molds and casting , which are counter strikes shapes rotated around a center axis or pole snooker through the molding material . A sweep pattern is a form of skeleton pattern : any geometrical pattern that creates a mold by being moved through the molding material . Allowances ( edit ) To compensate for any dimensional and structural changes which will happen during the casting or patterning process , allowances are usually made in the pattern . Contraction allowance / shrinkage allowance ( edit ) shrinkage allowance : almost all metals shrink or contract volumaterically after solidification to obtain a particular size of casting an amount is equal to the shrinkage or contraction ... The metal which undergo shrinkage during solidification and contract further on cooling to room temperature . To compensate this , the pattern is made larger than the required casting . This extra size is given on the pattern for metal shrinkage is called shrinkage allowance . The pattern needs to incorporate suitable allowances for shrinkage ; these are called contraction allowances , and their exact values depend on the alloy being cast and the exact sand casting method being used . Some alloys will have overall linear shrinkage of up to 2.5 % , whereas other alloys may actually experience no shrinkage or a slight `` positive '' shrinkage or increase in size in the casting process ( notably type metal and certain cast irons ) . The shrinkage amount is also dependent on the sand casting process employed , for example clay - bonded sand , chemical bonded sands , or other bonding materials used within the sand . This was traditionally accounted for using a shrink rule , which is an oversized rule . Shrinkage can again be classified into liquid shrinkage and solid shrinkage . Liquid shrinkage is the reduction in volume during the process of solidification , and Solid shrinkage is the reduction in volume during the cooling of the cast metal . Shrinkage allowance takes into account only the solid shrinkage . The liquid shrinkage is accounted for by risers . Draft allowance ( edit ) When the pattern is to be removed from the sand mold , there is a possibility that any leading edges may break off , or get damaged in the process . To avoid this , a taper is provided on the pattern , so as to facilitate easy removal of the pattern from the mold , and hence reduce damage to edges . The taper angle provided is called the Draft angle . The value of the draft angle depends upon the complexity of the pattern , the type of molding ( hand molding or machine molding ) , height of the surface , etc . Draft provided on the casting is usually 1 to 3 degrees on external surfaces ( 5 to 8 internal surfaces ) . Finishing or machining allowance ( edit ) The surface finish obtained in sand castings is generally poor ( dimensionally inaccurate ) , and hence in many cases , the cast product is subjected to machining processes like turning or grinding in order to improve the surface finish . During machining processes , some metal is removed from the piece . To compensate for this , a machining allowance ( additional material ) should be given in the casting . the amount of finish allowance depends on the material of the casting , size of casting , volume of production , method of molding , and etc ... Shake allowance ( edit ) Usually during removal of the pattern from the mold cavity , the pattern is rapped all around the faces , in order to facilitate easy removal . In this process , the final cavity is enlarged . To compensate for this , the pattern dimensions need to be reduced . There are no standard values for this allowance , as it is heavily dependent on the personnel . This allowance is a negative allowance , and a common way of going around this allowance is to increase the draft allowance . Shaking of the pattern causes an enlargement of the mould cavity and results in a bigger casting . Distortion allowance ( edit ) During cooling of the mould , stresses developed in the solid metal may induce distortions in the cast . This is more evident when the mould is thinner in width as compared to its length . This can be eliminated by initially distorting the pattern in the opposite direction . Demand ( edit ) Patterns continue to be needed for sand casting of metals . For the production of gray iron , ductile iron and steel castings , sand casting remains the most widely used process . For aluminum castings , sand casting represents about 12 % of the total tonnage by weight ( surpassed only by die casting at 57 % , and semi-permanent and permanent mold at 19 % ; based on 2006 shipments ) . The exact process and pattern equipment is always determined by the order quantities and the casting design . Sand casting can produce as little as one part , or as many as a million copies . Although additive manufacturing modalities such as SLS or SLM have potential to replace casting for some production situations , casting is still far from being completely displaced . Wherever it provides suitable material properties at competitive unit cost , it will remain in demand . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casting patterns . Jump up ^ Bawa , HS ( 2004 ) . Manufacturing Processes -- I. Tata McGraw - Hill . pp. 1 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 058372 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ammen , C.W. ( 1999 ) . Metalcasting . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 159 -- 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 134246 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://mechanicalinventions.blogspot.com/2012/12/types-of-patterns.html Jump up ^ Shelly , Joseph Atkinson . Patternmaking : A treatise on the construction and application of patterns , including the use of woodworking tools , the art of joinery , wood turning , and various methods of building patterns and core - boxes of different types. The common types of patterns are : 1 ) Single piece pattern 2 ) Split piece pattern 3 ) Loose piece pattern 4 ) Gated pattern 5 ) Match pattern 6 ) Sweep pattern 7 ) Cope and drag pattern 8 ) Skeleton pattern 9 ) Shell pattern 10 ) Follow board pattern 11 ) segmental pattern New York : Industrial Press , 1920 ; pp. 2 - 5 et seq ^ Jump up to : Radhakrishna , K ( 2011 ) . Manufacturing Process - 1 . Bangalore : Sapna Book House . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 280 - 0207 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/what-is-a-casting-pattern ^ Jump up to : Praveen , Kestoor ( 2011 ) . Manufacturing process - 1 . Bangalore : Star -- tech education . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , P.N. ( 2003 ) . Manufacturing Technology . New Delhi : Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 463180 - 2 . Metalworking Casting Processes Centrifugal Continuous Die Evaporative - pattern Full mold Lost foam Investment ( Lost wax ) Permanent mold Plaster mold Sand Semi-solid metal Shaw process Shell molding Spin Components Chill Cope and drag Core Flask Molding sand Pattern Riser Sprue Terminology Casting defects Draft Dross Ingot Semi-finished casting products Slag Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools and terminology Welding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pattern_(casting)&oldid=863495708 '' Categories : Casting ( manufacturing ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 04 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | shake allowance is a positive or negative allowance | [
"Usually during removal of the pattern from the mold cavity, the pattern is rapped all around the faces, in order to facilitate easy removal. In this process, the final cavity is enlarged. To compensate for this, the pattern dimensions need to be reduced. There are no standard values for this allowance, as it is heavily dependent on the personnel. This allowance is a negative allowance, and a common way of going around this allowance is to increase the draft allowance. Shaking of the pattern causes an enlargement of the mould cavity and results in a bigger casting.[8]\n"
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"negative allowance"
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877134194625664757 | Stations of the Cross | Stations of the Cross - wikipedia Stations of the Cross For other uses , see Stations of the Cross ( disambiguation ) . The 12th Station of the Cross -- Jesus dies on the Cross . St. Raphael 's Cathedral , Dubuque , Iowa . Part of a series on Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church Jesus Christ in the Catacombs of Rome ( 4th century ) Devotions Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Holy Face Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration Holy Name Holy Hour Acts of Reparation Stations of the Cross Precious Blood Infant of Prague Prayers Anima Christi Shoulder Wound Morning offering Sacred Heart prayer Sacred Heart Consecration You are Christ Vianney 's prayer Perboyre 's prayer Montfort 's prayer Crucifix prayer Catholicism portal The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross , also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis , refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers . The stations grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary . The object of the stations is to help the Christians faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage through contemplation of the Passion of Christ . It has become one of the most popular devotions and the stations can be found in many Western Christian churches , including Anglican , Lutheran , Methodist , and Roman Catholic ones . Commonly , a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image , in order , stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections . This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent , especially on Good Friday , in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion . The style , form , and placement of the stations vary widely . The typical stations are small plaques with reliefs or paintings placed around a church nave . Modern minimalist stations can be simple crosses with a numeral in the centre . Occasionally the faithful might say the stations of the cross without there being any image , such as when the pope leads the stations of the cross around the Colosseum in Rome on Good Friday . Contents 1 History 2 Stations 2.1 Scriptural form 3 Modern usage 4 Debates 4.1 Place of Christ 's resurrection 5 Music 6 Literature 7 Via Dolorosa sites 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Three chapels of Verkiai Calvary Station of the Cross in the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima , in Portugal Outdoor station in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou Typical indoor placement along the nave ( Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ) The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa . Imitating holy places was not a new concept . For example , the religious complex of Santo Stefano in Bologna , Italy , replicated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other religious sites , including Mount of Olives and Valley of Josaphat . After the siege of 1187 , Jerusalem fell to Muslims . Forty years later Franciscans were allowed back into the Holy Land . Their founder , Saint Francis of Assisi , held the Passion of Christ in special veneration and was the first person to receive stigmata . In 1217 , St. Francis also founded the Custody of the Holy Land to guard and promote the devotion to holy places . Their efforts were recognized when Franciscans were officially proclaimed custodians of holy places by Pope Clement VI in 1342 . Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the 12 -- 14th centuries ( e.g. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce , Burchard of Mount Sion , James of Verona ) , mention a `` Via Sacra '' , i.e. a settled route that pilgrims followed , there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross , as we understand it . The earliest use of the word `` stations '' , as applied to the accustomed halting - places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem , occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim , William Wey , who visited the Holy Land in the mid-15th century , and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross . In 1521 , a book called Geystlich Strass ( German : `` spiritual road '' ) was printed with illustrations of the stations in the Holy Land . During the 15th and 16th centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land . The number of stations varied between seven and thirty ; seven was common . These were usually placed , often in small buildings , along the approach to a church , as in a set of 1490 by Adam Kraft , leading to the Johanniskirche in Nuremberg . A number of rural examples were established as attractions in their own right , usually on attractive wooded hills . These include the Sacro Monte di Domodossola ( 1657 ) and Sacro Monte di Belmonte ( 1712 ) , and form part of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy World Heritage Site , together with other examples on different devotional themes . In these the sculptures are often approaching life - size and very elaborate . Remnants of these are often referred to as calvary hills . In 1686 , in answer to their petition , Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches . In 1731 , Pope Clement XII extended to all churches the right to have the stations , provided that a Franciscan father erected them , with the consent of the local bishop . At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen . In 1857 , the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves , without the intervention of a Franciscan priest , and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church . Stations ( edit ) A set of the traditional 14 scenes from Portuguese Church , Kolkata A set of the traditional 14 scenes in Limoges enamel Outdoor set at Camp Zimmerman , an ecumenical retreat center rooted in the Methodist and Moravian traditions ( Gnadenhutten ) The 15th station ( Resurrection of Jesus ) in the Saint Mary Rawaseneng Prayer Garden , in the Monastery of Saint Mary Rawaseneng ( id ) complex , Temanggung , Indonesia The early set of seven scenes was usually numbers 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 and 14 from the list below . The standard set from the 17th to 20th centuries has consisted of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes : Pilate condemns Jesus to die Jesus accepts his cross Jesus falls for the first time Jesus meets his mother , Mary Simon of Cyrene helps carry the cross Veronica wipes the face of Jesus Jesus falls for the second time Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem Jesus falls for the third time Jesus is stripped of his clothes Jesus is nailed to the cross Jesus dies on the cross Jesus is taken down from the cross Jesus is placed in the tomb Although not traditionally part of the Stations , the Resurrection of Jesus is , in very rare instances , included as a fifteenth station . Scriptural form ( edit ) Main article : Scriptural Way of the Cross Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross , only eight have clear scriptural foundation . Stations 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels ( in particular , no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times ) and Station 13 ( representing Jesus 's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary ) seems to embellish the gospels ' record , which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him . To provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts , Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion , called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991 . He celebrated that form many times but not exclusively at the Colosseum in Rome . In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI approved an overlapping but distinct set of stations for meditation and public celebration ; they follow this sequence : Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane ; Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested ; Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin ; Jesus is denied by Peter ; Jesus is judged by Pilate ; Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns ; Jesus takes up his cross ; Jesus is helped by Simon of Cyrene to carry his cross ; Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus promises his kingdom to the repentant thief ; Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other ; Jesus dies on the cross ; and Jesus is laid in the tomb . Modern usage ( edit ) Station 5 : Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the Cross , Good Friday procession 2011 at Ulm , Germany In the Roman Catholic Church , the devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful , making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers , or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses . The stations themselves must consist of , at the very least , fourteen wooden crosses , pictures alone do not suffice , and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations . Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday . Originally , the pope himself carried the cross from station to station , but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength , John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill , while others carried the cross . Just days prior to his death in 2005 , Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel . Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations . Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics . The pope himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations . The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent , especially Good Friday . Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers . Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater . At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung . The Alleluia is also sung , except during Lent . Structurally , Mel Gibson 's 2004 film , The Passion of the Christ , follows the Stations of the Cross . The fourteenth and last station , the Burial , is not prominently depicted ( compared to the other thirteen ) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb . Debates ( edit ) Place of Christ 's Resurrection ( edit ) Some modern liturgists say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and the resurrection of Jesus because Jesus ' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on Earth . Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus , and not as a complete picture of his life , death , and resurrection . Another point of contention , at least between some ranking liturgists and traditionalists , is ( the use of ) the `` New Way of the Cross '' being recited exclusively in the Philippines and by Filipinos abroad . The Stations of the Resurrection ( also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis , Way of Light ) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . Music ( edit ) Franz Liszt wrote a Via crucis for choir , soloists and piano or organ or harmonium in 1879 . In 1931 , French organist Marcel Dupré improvised and transcribed musical meditations based on fourteen poems by Paul Claudel , one for each station . Peter Maxwell Davies 's Vesalii Icones ( 1969 ) , for male dancer , solo cello and instrumental ensemble , brings together the Stations of the Cross and a series of drawings from the anatomical treatise De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) by the Belgian physician Andreas van Wesel ( Vesalius ) . In Davies 's sequence , the final `` station '' represents the Resurrection , but of Antichrist , the composer 's moral point being the need to distinguish what is false from what is real . David Bowie regarded his 1976 song `` Station to Station '' as `` very much concerned with the stations of the cross '' . Michael Valenti ( known primarily as a Broadway composer ) wrote , with librettist Diane Seymour , an oratorio depicting the fourteen Stations of the Cross entitled `` The Way '' . It was premiered in 1991 . Paweł_Łukaszewski wrote Via Crucis in 2000 and it was premiered by the Wrocław_Opera on Good Friday March 30 , 2018 and transmitted on TVP_Kultura . Stefano Vagnini 's 2002 modular oratorio , Via Crucis , a composition for organ , computer , choir , string orchestra and brass quartet , depicts the fourteen Stations of the Cross . In 2009 , U2 released Moment of Surrender , mentioning the Stations of the Cross . As the Stations of the Cross are prayed during the season of Lent in Catholic churches , each station is traditionally followed by a verse of the Stabat Mater , composed in the 13th century by Franciscan Jacopone da Todi . James Matthew Wilson 's poetic sequence , The Stations of the Cross , is written in the same meter as da Todi 's poem . Literature ( edit ) Dimitris Lyacos ' third part of the Poena Damni trilogy , The First Death , is divided in fourteen sections in order to emphasise the `` Via Dolorosa '' of its marooned protagonist during his ascent on the mount of the island which constitutes the setting of the work . Via Dolorosa sites ( edit ) These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened , according to tradition . These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today . 1st Station , Jesus is condemned to death 2nd Station , Jesus carries his cross 3rd Station , Jesus falls for the first time 4th Station , Jesus meets his mother 5th Station , Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross 6th Station , Veronica wipes the face of Jesus 7th Station , Jesus falls for the second time 8th Station , Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem 9th Station , Jesus falls for the third time 10th Station , Jesus is stripped of his garments 11th Station , Crucifixion : Jesus is nailed to the cross 12th Station , Jesus dies on the cross 13th Station , Jesus is taken down from the cross 14th Station , Jesus is laid in the tomb See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stations of the Cross . Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ Life of Jesus in the New Testament Sayings of Jesus on the cross Seven Sorrows of Mary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lent '' ( PDF ) . Church of England . 236 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Holy Trinity Lutheran Church . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross '' . Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stations of the Cross '' . St. Michael 's Episcopal Church . 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ; Wilkins , Margaret Z. ( 11 September 2014 ) . Christians in the Twenty - First Century . Taylor & Francis . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54557 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ousterhout , Robert G. ( 1981 ) . `` The Church of Santo Stefano : A `` Jerusalem '' in Bologna `` . Gesta. 2 ( 20 ) : 311 . doi : 10.2307 / 766940 . ISSN 0016 - 920X . JSTOR 766940 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel Gibbons , Mary ( 1995 ) . Giambologna : Narrator of the Catholic Reformation . University of California Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 9780520082137 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1914 ) . The Stations of the Cross : an account of their history and devotional purpose . London : Burns & Oates . pp. 20 -- 21 , 46 . OCLC 843213 . ^ Jump up to : Schiller , Gertrud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , p. 82 , 1972 ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1907 ) . s.v. `` The Way of the Cross '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . In some contemporary Stations of the Cross , a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord . Jump up ^ `` Fr . William Saunders '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection , several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station , which commemorates the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II , Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum , Good Friday , 2000 Jump up ^ Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Way of the Cross at the Colosseum '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Way of the Cross '' . Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Review Archived 2012 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2004 Jump up ^ McBrien , Richard P. ; Harold W. Attridge ( 1995 ) . The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism . p. 1222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Composer 's note in the published score ( Boosey and Hawkes , B & H 20286 ) . Jump up ^ Cavanagh , David ( February 1997 ) . `` ChangesFiftyBowie '' . Q magazine : 52 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Falcon Valley Music Ed. , Stefano Vagnini , Via Crucis , Rome , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Stations of the Cross : Clarion Review '' . www.clarionreview.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) `` Way of the Cross '' article from The Catholic Encyclopedia A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays from the Official Vatican website . Scriptural Stations of the Cross from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Video : Corine Schleif . Adam Kraft 's Seven Falls of Christ . Walking the History of Emotions in Nuremberg . Part 1 Video : Corine Schleif . Adam Kraft 's Seven Falls of Christ . Walking the History of Emotions in Nuremberg . Part 2 Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub tuum praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . Catholicism portal Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stations_of_the_Cross&oldid=856451103 '' Categories : Stations of the Cross Christian iconography Christian terminology Cross symbols Passion of Jesus in art Franciscan spirituality Catholic art by subject Roman Catholic devotions Sorrowful Mysteries Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 08 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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"Pilate condemns Jesus to die\nJesus accepts his cross\nJesus falls for the first time\nJesus meets his mother, Mary\nSimon of Cyrene helps carry the cross\nVeronica wipes the face of Jesus\nJesus falls for the second time\nJesus meets the women of Jerusalem\nJesus falls for the third time\nJesus is stripped of his clothes\nJesus is nailed to the cross\nJesus dies on the cross\nJesus is taken down from the cross\nJesus is placed in the tomb"
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"Jesus falls for the third time"
] |
-6333388263711929199 | The Killing (season 4) | The Killing ( season 4 ) - Wikipedia The Killing ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Killing ( season 4 ) Season 4 promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network Netflix Original release August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Killing episodes The fourth and final season of the American crime drama television series The Killing consists of six episodes and was released on Netflix on August 1 , 2014 . Netflix picked up the series after it was canceled by AMC in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest star 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Promotional video 5 Critical reception 6 Home media releases 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The season features detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder handling the fallout of their actions from the previous season while investigating the murder of a family whose only survivor is a member of an all - boys military academy . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Mireille Enos as Sarah Linden Joel Kinnaman as Stephen Holder Gregg Henry as Carl Reddick Tyler Ross as Kyle Stansbury , a member of the all - boys military academy and survivor of a family massacre Sterling Beaumon as Lincoln Knopf Levi Meaden as AJ Fielding Liam James as Jack Linden , Sarah 's son Amy Seimetz as Danette Leeds Billy Campbell as Darren Richmond Special guest star ( edit ) Joan Allen as Colonel Margaret Rayne , headmaster of the all - boys military academy Guest stars ( edit ) Jewel Staite as Caroline Swift , Holder 's girlfriend and a District Attorney Frances Fisher as Gena Geddes , Sarah 's mother Annie Corley as Regi Darnell , Sarah 's social worker and mother figure Marin Ireland as Liz Holder , Stephen 's sister Patti Smith as Female Doctor Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 39 `` Blood in the Water '' Nicole Kassell Veena Sud August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH401 Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder deal with the aftermath of her killing James Skinner , the serial killer who was also their boss and her lover . Holder plans a cover - up -- he lies to Carl Reddick about their whereabouts at the time ; she tells Adrian Seward that Joe Mills killed his mother . While Reddick must officially close the serial killer case , Holder and Linden investigate the murders of the Stansbury family and a survivor , Kyle , the son suspected of the murders whose apparent attempt to also kill himself failed . Holder and Linden question Colonel Margaret Rayne , the superintendent of Kyle 's military academy , who believes Kyle is incapable of violence . Holder 's girlfriend , District Attorney Caroline Swift , discloses that she is pregnant . 40 `` Unraveling '' Lodge Kerrigan Dan Nowak August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH402 Linden becomes further unnerved when she learns that Kyle was shot in the same position as was Skinner when she shot Skinner . At the academy , Kyle is bullied by Lincoln Knopf and others . When the detectives question Kyle about his sister , Phoebe , he says she was an exhibitionist , and he had told his parents . Phoebe had punished Kyle for this by cutting his piano wires . Linden , knowing about family dysfunction , believes Kyle ; Holder holds him accountable for the murders . Holder and Linden learn about fingerprints in the Stansbury house belonging to Katrina Nelson , who had assaulted the father . They seek to question Kyle about her but are stopped by Col. Rayne , who threatens Linden with a formal complaint . Later , Katrina tells Kyle that his family `` got what they deserved '' . When Reddick questions Linden about Skinner , she admits they had an affair but suggests he ask Skinner about anything more . She then stakes out the Skinner house , watching his daughter , Bethany , who still unknowingly has a ring from one of the victims . 41 `` The Good Soldier '' Ed Bianchi Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH403 Linden 's slipping sanity forces her to suggest to Holder that they turn themselves in . He mentions Caroline 's pregnancy as something he will never lose and suggests Linden move on . When Knopf tells Rayne about Katrina 's visit to Kyle , Rayne tries to get Linden involved . Linden then questions Katrina , who gives more insight on the Stansburys and admits to staying in the family beach house the night of the murders . Linden then takes Kyle back to the family home to jog his memory of what happened . He admits to hating his father enough to kill him but does n't confess to anything . The detectives discover that Kyle 's mother , Linda , had been fired from her teaching job for having an affair with Knopf . Holder becomes unnerved when Reddick learns he asked Skinner 's wife about the lake house . Reddick even calls him and Linden in when Bethany receives a text from her father . Holder knows Linden still has Skinner 's phone . He nearly confesses to the group at his Narcotics Anonymous meeting , where Reddick has an informant . Linden goes to the lake and dumps the phone , as Skinner 's wife watches nearby . 42 `` Dream Baby Dream '' Gregory Middleton Sean Whitesell August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH404 The detectives question Knopf , who admits to having a gun at his parents ' house . ? However , Holder gets so rude with the mother that she threatens to file a report . Linden asks Holder if he is abusing drugs . At the academy , Kyle must bear a form of initiation from Knopf and his superior , AJ Fielding . At home , Linden finds that her social worker and mother figure , Regi Darnell , has already cooked dinner , although Linden had made previous plans with her son , Jack . Feeling out of control , Linden argues with Regi . Holder later apologizes to Linden . They question Kyle about an injury his mother once received . He replies he broke her wrist when she wanted to become sexual with him . Rayne breaks up the questioning , and the detectives spot a car matching one that had frequented the Stansbury home and was up the road from it on the night of the murders ; the car belongs to Rayne . Kyle keeps finding a map of his home with Xs drawn on it and gun . A note is attached , telling him to `` Finish what ( he ) started . '' Reddick gathers all the clues that lead him to the lake . Holder calls Linden to also get her there . Red bags containing bodies , and Skinner 's car , are being pulled from the lake . 43 5 `` Truth Asunder '' Coky Giedroyc Dan Nowak August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH405 As Skinner 's body is being looked over , Linden , believing Reddick only has circumstantial evidence , coaches Holder to stay strong and on the same page as her . Holder then sees Kallie Leeds ' body in the morgue . Reddick offers his theory to Linden , to which she says he has n't arrested her yet . He mentions that he dredged the lake because Holder confessed at the NA meeting . At the academy , Knopf tells Kyle to search Fielding 's room . There , he finds a map similar to those being left for him . Rayne gives her alibi for the night of the murders , and Linden talks with her about the deaths of a man and his son that led to Rayne 's military discharge . Linden visits her mother to ask if she will take care of Jack should something happen to her . They reminisce about Linden 's childhood before she was placed in foster care and achieve a form of reconciliation . Linden then sends Jack on an airplane to live with his father . Reddick offers Holder a deal , by saying Linden was spotted at the lake , which led to the dredging . At the academy , Kyle notices similarities for Family Day preparations with the night of the murders . He mentions this to Knopf , who , in turn , tells Fielding at Rayne 's house . The three plot to learn all that Kyle remembers . The cadets try to bully Kyle , but he flees to get help from Rayne . Seeing that she could be a part of it , he flees again , while being shot at by the cadets . 44 6 `` Eden '' Jonathan Demme Veena Sud August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH406 Holder tells Caroline that he must make a choice -- `` between me or her . '' She knows he means Linden and says only their unborn daughter matters now . Linden gets called and finds Kyle , who 's been shot by the cadet search party . He identifies Fielding , Knopf , and Rayne as the murderers . Meanwhile , Knopf suggests killing Rayne , but she mentions cleaning up after them when they stole her car the night of the murders . As the detectives arrive , Knopf and Fielding are shot . Rayne confesses to murdering the Stansbury family , insisting that Kyle be left alone leading Linden to infer that Kyle is in fact Rayne 's son who she gave away 17 years previously . Linden wants to use Rayne 's confession and arrest her for all the murders , but Holder wants Kyle for the Stansburys ' . Frantic , Linden points her gun at Holder , thinking he has worked against her , even with Reddick 's investigation . She takes Kyle to his family home , where he becomes aware of committing the murders . Fielding and Knopf were there that night , but left , and Kyle killed his family . At the station , Linden confesses to Reddick having killed Skinner and absolves Holder . Mayor Darren Richmond arrives to squelch the confession . Skinner 's death was ruled a suicide , and no killer cop shall tarnish another cop 's or Richmond 's image . Five years later : Holder and Caroline are divorced , with joint custody of their daughter , Kalia . Linden has been traveling , now that Jack is in college . She apologizes to Holder for not believing in him , as he was her one true friend . She calls Seattle a `` city of the dead '' , intent on leaving it . He hugs her to try to get her to stay with him , but she drives away . However , she later returns to him . Development and production ( edit ) AMC , the network which broadcast the first three seasons , canceled the series after its second season , and revived it for a third , ultimately cancelling it again after the third season in September 2013 . However , in November 2013 , Netflix , partnering with Fox Television Studios ( the production company for The Killing ) , announced it had picked up the series for a fourth and final season consisting of six episodes . Series developer and executive producer Veena Sud returned as showrunner , with Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin returning as writers and executive producers . Because they are airing on Netflix , episodes in the fourth season have a longer running time of approximately 55 -- 59 minutes compared to 43 minutes when the series aired on AMC with commercials , and characters are able to use stronger profanity . Casting ( edit ) Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder , respectively . New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne , the head of an all - boys military academy . In February 2014 , Sterling Beaumon , Levi Meaden , and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf , AJ Fielding , and Cameron Stanton ( later changed to Kyle Stansbury ) , respectively ; playing teens connected to the military academy . Gregg Henry , who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick , was promoted to series regular for the fourth season . The season also introduces Sarah Linden 's mother , played by Frances Fisher , who abandoned her daughter when Sarah was young . Promotional Video ( edit ) In July 2014 , an official 90 - second trailer was released showing detectives Linden and Holder attempting to cover up Linden 's killing Skinner at the end of the previous season as well as glimpses of a new case at the military academy . Critical reception ( edit ) The fourth season scored 53 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 44 % critics rating with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 based on 18 reviews . The website consensus reads : `` While its characters still intrigue and its atmosphere remains absorbingly dark , The Killing succumbs to silliness in its fourth season , straying into distractingly overwrought territory '' . Home media Releases ( edit ) The fourth season of The Killing was released on DVD on August 4 , 2015 , exclusively through Amazon 's CreateSpace manufacture - on - demand program . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Announces Premiere Date for ' The Killing ' Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Slezak , Michael ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing : Season 4 Promises Military - School Mystery , Plus Linden 's ... Mother ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Releases First Image of Joan Allen from ' The Killing ' '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AMC Cancels ' The Killing ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AMC and Fox Television Studios Partner on `` The Killing '' Season Three `` . The Futon Critic . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cancelled By AMC After Season 3 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing Lives ! Netflix Orders 6 - Episode Final Season of AMC 's Cancelled Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cheats Death A Second Time With 6 - Episode Final Season On Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : The Killing 's Veena Sud on Moving to Netflix , and Why You Should Binge Seasons 1 - 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Joan Allen Joins ' The Killing 's Final Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Killing ' Adds Tyler Ross , Sterling Beaumon & Levi Meaden '' . Deadline.com . February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gregg Henry Upped To Regular On ' The Killing ' , Sarah - Jane Potts Joins ' Gracepoint ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Killing Final Season Exclusive : Linden 's Mother Cast -- Look Who Landed the Pivotal Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Releases Trailer for Fourth Season of ' The Killing ' ( Video ) '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 4 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Killing - Fox Announces a Release Date , Art for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Killing on AMC The Killing on Netflix List of The Killing episodes on IMDb List of The Killing episodes at TV.com ( hide ) The Killing Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Cage '' `` El Diablo '' `` A Soundless Echo '' `` Super 8 '' `` What You Have Left '' `` Vengeance '' `` Stonewalled '' `` Undertow '' `` I 'll Let You Know When I Get There '' `` Missing '' `` Beau Soleil '' `` Orpheus Descending '' Season 2 `` Reflections '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Numb '' `` Ogi Jun '' `` Ghosts of the Past '' `` Openings '' `` Keylela '' `` Off the Reservation '' `` Sayonara , Hiawatha '' `` 72 Hours '' `` Bulldog '' `` Donnie or Marie '' `` What I Know '' Season 3 `` The Jungle '' `` That You Fear the Most '' `` Seventeen '' `` Head Shots '' `` Scared and Running '' `` Eminent Domain '' `` Hope Kills '' `` Try '' `` Reckoning '' `` Six Minutes '' `` From Up Here '' `` The Road to Hamelin '' Season 4 Other Characters Forbrydelsen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Killing_(season_4)&oldid=826965406 '' Categories : The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) 2014 American television seasons Netflix original programming Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who killed the family in season 4 of the killing | [
"Holder tells Caroline that he must make a choice – \"between me or her.\" She knows he means Linden and says only their unborn daughter matters now. Linden gets called and finds Kyle, who's been shot by the cadet search party. He identifies Fielding, Knopf, and Rayne as the murderers. Meanwhile, Knopf suggests killing Rayne, but she mentions cleaning up after them when they stole her car the night of the murders. As the detectives arrive, Knopf and Fielding are shot. Rayne confesses to murdering the Stansbury family, insisting that Kyle be left alone leading Linden to infer that Kyle is in fact Rayne's son who she gave away 17 years previously. Linden wants to use Rayne's confession and arrest her for all the murders, but Holder wants Kyle for the Stansburys'. Frantic, Linden points her gun at Holder, thinking he has worked against her, even with Reddick's investigation. She takes Kyle to his family home, where he becomes aware of committing the murders. Fielding and Knopf were there that night, but left, and Kyle killed his family. At the station, Linden confesses to Reddick having killed Skinner and absolves Holder. Mayor Darren Richmond arrives to squelch the confession. Skinner's death was ruled a suicide, and no killer cop shall tarnish another cop's or Richmond's image."
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"Kyle"
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-3304017952126407949 | Doctor of Physical Therapy | Doctor of Physical Therapy - wikipedia Doctor of Physical Therapy Jump to : navigation , search A Doctor of Physical Therapy ( DPT ) degree is a post-baccalaureate degree that takes 3 years ( 8 - 9 semesters ) to complete . A DPT is considered as a clinical doctor who is educated in many areas of rehabilitation . A Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree is also offered for those who already hold a professional Bachelor or Master of Physical Therapy ( PT or MPT ) degree . As of 2015 , all accredited and developing physical therapist programs are DPT programs . The DPT degree currently prepares students to be eligible for the PT license examination in all 50 states . As of March 2017 , there are 222 accredited Doctor of Physical Therapy programs in the United States . After completing a DPT program the doctor of physical therapy may continue training in a residency and then fellowship . As of December 2013 , there are 178 credentialed physical therapy residencies and 34 fellowships in the US with 63 additional developing residencies and fellowships . Credentialed residencies are between 9 and 36 months while credentialed fellowships are between 6 and 36 months . In 2000 the American Physical Therapy Association ( APTA ) passed its Vision 2020 statement , which states ( in part ) : `` By 2020 , physical therapy will be provided by physical therapists who are doctors of physical therapy , recognized by consumers and other health care professionals as the practitioners of choice to whom consumers have direct access for the diagnosis of , interventions for , and prevention of impairments , functional limitations , and disabilities related to movement , function , and health . '' As this statement highlights , the DPT program is an integral part of the APTA 's continued advocacy for legislation granting consumers ( i.e. patients and clients ) direct access to physical therapists , rather than requiring physician referral . Direct access is said to decrease wait times for access to care and even help reduce both cost to consumer and overall healthcare costs . As of January 1 , 2015 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia currently allow some form of direct access to physical therapists . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the DPT degree 2 Time frame 3 Admission 4 Transition Doctor of Physical Therapy degree 5 Controversies 6 Professional degree ( entry - level ) 7 Advanced clinical science degree 8 United Kingdom 9 References 10 External links History of the DPT degree ( edit ) In 1992 , the University of Southern California initiated the first post-professional `` transitional '' ( DPT ) program in the United States . This `` transitional '' DPT takes into account a physiotherapist 's current level of knowledge and skill and purports to offer programs that upgrade clinical skills to meet the needs of the current health care environment . Creighton University followed by initiating the first entry - level DPT program in 1993 . The Doctor of Physiotherapy has since been adopted in other countries such as the United Kingdom , Australia and Taiwan . In the United Kingdom and Australia the PhD or Professional Doctorate in Physiotherapy is offered by a number of Universities . These programmes are usually professional entry masters level programmes with the opportunity to undertake research to lead to a doctorate degree . Alternatively , these programmes are masters pre-qualifying Physiotherapy courses with an enhanced research element in the final phase of the course that leads to undertaking a doctorate . The first full pre-qualifying doctor in Physiotherapy programme is offered in the United Kingdom at Glasgow Caledonian University in Glasgow . Time frame ( edit ) Undergraduate Doctor of Physical Therapy Residency ( optional ) Fellowship ( optional ) 4 years 3 -- 4 years 9 to 36 months 6 to 36 months The typical time frame for completion of a Doctor of Physical Therapy is 3 to 4 years after earning a bachelor 's degree . Depending on residency and fellowship training , if undertaken , the doctor may have completed several years of additional training . Admission ( edit ) Admission to a Doctor of Physical Therapy program in the USA is highly competitive . As of 2011 the average GPA for enrolling students was 3.5 with a range of 3.1 to 3.9 for all programs . On average there were 354.7 applicants per program with an average of 43.3 students enrolled per class for an average matriculation rate of 12.2 % . The range for applicants to all programs as of 2011 was 34 - 1358 , and the range of enrolled students was 6 - 354 . A bachelor 's degree generally is required before beginning a Doctor of Physical Therapy program , but there is no requirement on the degree earned , as long as all prerequisite course requirements are met . Transition Doctor of Physical Therapy degree ( edit ) The t - DPT degree is conferred upon completion of a structured postprofessional educational experience that results in the augmentation of knowledge , skills , and behaviors to a level consistent with the current professional ( entry - level ) DPT standards . The t - DPT degree enables the US - licensed physical therapist to attain degree parity with therapists who hold the professional DPT by filling in any gaps between their professional baccalaureate or master 's degree PT education and the current professional DPT degree education . The post-professional DPT ( Transitional ) degree is designed to provide the doctoral credential to those who currently holding a master 's or bachelor 's degree in the field . Post-professional DPT ( Transitional ) degree programs are typically offered on a primarily online learning model and are often one year in length . Controversies ( edit ) The use of the title doctor by physical therapists and other non-physician health care professionals is controversial . In a letter to The New York Times , the president of the American Physical Therapy Association responded : `` To provide accurate information to consumers , the American Physical Therapy Association has taken a proactive approach and provides clear guidelines for physical therapists regarding the use of the title `` Doctor . '' These guidelines state that physical therapists , in all clinical settings , who hold a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree ( DPT ) shall indicate they are physical therapists when using the title `` Doctor '' or `` Dr , '' and shall use the titles in accord with jurisdictional law . '' The DPT degree has been described as an example of `` credential creep '' or degree inflation in The Chronicle of Higher Education . Citing concerns that the DPT , and similar professional doctorates in areas such as occupational therapy , do not meet the standards of traditional doctorate degrees , the journal states : `` The six - and - a-half - year doctor of physical therapy , or DPT , is rapidly replacing a six - year master 's degree ... The American Physical Therapy Association ... has not set separate requirements for doctoral programs . To be accredited they need only to meet the same requirements as master 's programs . '' Critics question whether the rigor of the physical therapy curriculum and the current scope of practice warrant the conferral of a professional degree similar to that characteristic of medicine , dentistry , or nursing . Proponents counter that the existing curricula are `` victims of ' curricular inflation ' . '' As Rothstein and Moffat noted , the previous master 's and even baccalaureate curricula rival that of most other doctoral programs , and these curricula often require more than the typical 72 credits mandated for a doctoral degree . The 2000 Fact Sheet from APTA reported that the mean number of credits required for the professional phase of the typical baccalaureate program was 83.0 credits and that the typical master 's degree program required 95.5 credits . As of 2009 the typical number of prerequisite credits was 114.2 and the total number of professional credits was 116.5 for a total of 230.7 credit hours . This is well in excess of the typical 72 professional credits mandated for a doctoral degree . Additional credit hours may be earned in residency and fellowship as well . Threlkeld et al. suggest that the scope of existing physical therapy curricula already matches that of a professional doctorate , further submitting that students of a well - defined DPT program will have earned the right to be recognized with the doctoral title . Professional degree ( entry - level ) ( edit ) The professional ( entry - level ) DPT degree is currently the degree conferred by all physical therapist professional programs upon successful completion of a three - to four - year post-baccalaureate degree program in the United States , preparing the graduate to enter the practice of physical therapy . Admission requirements for the program include completion of an undergraduate degree that includes specific prerequisite coursework , volunteer experience ( or other exposure to the profession ) , and completion of a standardized graduate examination ( e.g. , GRE ) . Typical prerequisite courses may include two semesters of anatomy and physiology with labs , two semesters of physics with labs , two semesters of chemistry with labs , a general course in psychology , another course in psychology , statistics , two semesters of biology , and may include other courses required by specific schools . The physical therapist curriculum consists of foundational sciences ( i.e. , gross anatomy , cellular histology , embryology , neurology , neuroscience , kinesiology , physiology , exercise physiology , pathology , pharmacology , radiology / imaging , medical screening ) , behavioral sciences ( communication , social and psychologic factors , ethics and values , law , business and management sciences , clinical reasoning and evidence - based practice ) , and clinical sciences ( cardiovascular / pulmonary , endocrine and metabolic , gastrointestinal and genitourinary , integumentary , musculoskeletal , neuromuscular ) . Coursework also includes material specific to the practice of physical therapy ( patient / client management model , prevention , wellness , and health promotion , practice management , management of care delivery , social responsibility , advocacy , and core values ) . Additionally , students have to engage in full - time clinical practice under the supervision of licensed physical therapists with an expectation of providing safe , competent , and effective physical therapy . Advanced clinical science degree ( edit ) The `` advanced clinical science '' doctorate ( e.g. , DPTSc or DScPT , DHSc , ScDPT ) is one of several degrees conferred by academic institutions upon successful completion of a post-professional physical therapist education program . This program is intended to provide an experienced clinician with advanced knowledge , clinical skills , and professional behavior , usually in a specific specialty practice area . These programs typically culminate work that contributes new knowledge to clinical practice in the profession . Completion of these advanced clinical science doctoral programs may include credentialed clinical residencies and lead to ABPTS clinical specialization or other advanced certifications . United Kingdom ( edit ) Some UK universities now offer a DPT as a post-professional qualification , but the qualifying degree remains Bachelor or Master of Science , Physiotherapy ( with honours ) . The Doctor of Physiotherapy in the UK differs from a US clinical doctorate in that it is a post-professional Physiotherapy specific research programme , which is offered at the University of Sussex in Brighton , Nottingham University and Robert Gordon University . Glasgow Caledonian University in Glasgow now offers a 3.5 year Doctor in Physiotherapy ( pre-registration ) programme which is the first clinical doctorate which leads to qualification as a Physiotherapist eligible to register with the CSP and HCPC in the United Kingdom . This programme provides a focus on researcher development as well as professional development within a health and social care context . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/State_Boards/MasterListofAccreditedPTPrograms.pdf#search=%22DPT%22 Jump up ^ http://aptaapps.apta.org/accreditedschoolsdirectory/default.aspx?UniqueKey= Jump up ^ http://www.abptrfe.org/home.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.abptrfe.org/apta/abptrfe/Directory.aspx?navID=10737432672 Jump up ^ `` Vision 2020 '' . American Physical Therapy Association . 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Direct access to physical therapists being sought '' . Elm Leaves. 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.apta.org/Media/Releases/Legislative/2014/7/1/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Physical Therapy : Jump up ^ The Postprofessional Clinical Doctorates ( Draft Document ) . Consensus Conference on Postprofessional Education . Alexandria , Va : American Physical Therapy Association ; 1998 . Jump up ^ Massey B. 2001 APTA Presidential Address : We have arrived ! Phys Ther. 2001 ; 81 : 1830 - 1833 . Jump up ^ Doctor of Physical Therapy DPT Program Creighton University Jump up ^ Murphy W. Healing the Generations : A History of Physical Therapy and the American Physical Therapy Association . Alexandria , Va : American Physical Therapy Association ; 1995 . Jump up ^ College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences - Entry - Level DPT Curriculum Jump up ^ http://www.oakland.edu/upload/docs/SHS/PT/2011DPTBrochure%20.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.northeastern.edu/bouve/pt/pdf/Post%20Baccalaureate%20DPT%20Curriculum%20Plan%20-%2011-9-11.pdf Jump up ^ DPT , Doctor of Physical Therapy , Overview , School of Health and Medical Sciences - Seton Hall University , New Jersey Jump up ^ `` www.apta.org '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Residency vs. Fellowship ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 - 2012 Fact Sheet : Physical Therapist Education Programs '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education . 2013 - 03 - 14 . p. 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.apta.org/ProspectiveStudents/Admissions/PTProcess/ Jump up ^ FAQ : Postprofessional DPT ( Transition ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Postprofessional DPT ( Transition ) '' . American Physical Therapy Association . 2011 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` When the Nurse Wants to Be Called ' Doctor ' '' . The New York Times . 2011 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` APTA Responds to The New York Times on Physical Therapists Using the Term ' Doctor ' '' . American Physical Therapy Association . 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Credential Creep '' ( PDF ) . The Chronicle of Higher Education . 2007 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Messaros , A ( October 1999 ) . `` Fatal assumption ( letter to the editor ) '' . Physical Therapy . 79 ( 10 ) : 981 -- 982 . Jump up ^ Threlkeld , A ; Jensen , G ; Royeen , C ( October 1999 ) . `` Author response '' . Physical Therapy . 79 ( 10 ) : 986 -- 990 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , J ( April 1998 ) . `` Education at the Crossroads : For Today 's Practice , the DPT ( editorial ) '' ( PDF ) . Physical Therapy . 78 ( 4 ) : 358 -- 360 . Jump up ^ Moffat M. APTA Presidential Address : Will the legacy of our past provide us with a legacy for the future ? Phys Ther. 1994 ; 74 : 1063 - 1066 . Jump up ^ Sahrmann , S ( November 1998 ) . `` Moving Precisely ? Or Taking the Path of Least Resistance ? '' ( PDF ) . Physical Therapy . 78 ( 11 ) : 1208 -- 1218 . Jump up ^ 2000 Fact Sheet : Physical Therapist Education Program . Alexandria , Va : American Physical Therapy Association ; October 2000 . Jump up ^ 2009 fact sheet : Physical Therapist Education Program . Alexandria , Va : American Physical Therapy Association ; August 2009 Jump up ^ Threlkeld A. Jensen G , Royeen C ( author response ) . PhysTher. 1999 : 79 : 986 - 990 . Jump up ^ http://www.paeaonline.org/index.php?ht=a/GetDocumentAction/i/69169 Jump up ^ DPT - Frequently Asked Questions - USC Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy Jump up ^ Columbia University Program in Physical Therapy Jump up ^ Doctor of Physical Therapy ( DPT ) Coursework -- Azusa Pacific University Jump up ^ Curriculum Physical Therapy Program George Fox University External links ( edit ) Information for Prospective Students from the American Physical Therapy Association medicine portal health portal education portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Physical_Therapy&oldid=800238625 '' Categories : Physical therapy Doctoral degrees Academic degrees in healthcare Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year did physical therapy become a doctorate degree | [
"In 1992, the University of Southern California initiated the first post-professional \"transitional\" (DPT) program in the United States.[8] This \"transitional\" DPT takes into account a physiotherapist's current level of knowledge and skill and purports to offer programs that upgrade clinical skills to meet the needs of the current health care environment.[9][10] Creighton University followed by initiating the first entry-level DPT program in 1993.[11][12]"
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4314745148027266965 | NATO | NATO - wikipedia NATO Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the military alliance . For other uses , see NATO ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 50 ° 52 ′ 34 '' N 4 ° 25 ′ 19 '' E / 50.87611 ° N 4.42194 ° E / 50.87611 ; 4.42194 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord Logo Member states of NATO Abbreviation NATO , OTAN Motto Animus in consulendo liber ( Latin ) Flag Formation 4 April 1949 ; 68 years ago ( 1949 - 04 - 04 ) Type Military alliance Headquarters Brussels , Belgium Membership 29 states ( show ) Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Official language English French Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg Chairman of the NATO Military Committee General Petr Pavel , Czech Land Forces Supreme Allied Commander Europe General Curtis Scaparrotti , USA Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Général Denis Mercier , French Air Force Expenses ( 2016 ) $892 billion Website nato.int The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO / ˈneɪtoʊ / ; French : Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord ; OTAN ) , also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949 . NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . Three NATO members ( the United States , France and the United Kingdom ) are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear - weapon states . NATO Headquarters are located in Haren , Brussels , Belgium , while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons , Belgium . NATO is an alliance that consists of 29 independent member countries across North America and Europe . An additional 21 countries participate in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 % of the global total . Members ' defense spending is supposed to amount to at least 2 % of GDP . NATO was little more than a political association until the Korean War galvanized the organization 's member states , and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two US Supreme Commanders . The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact , that formed in 1955 . Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed , along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defense against a prospective Soviet invasion -- doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO 's military structure in 1966 for 30 years . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in Germany in 1989 , the organization became involved in the breakup of Yugoslavia , and conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999 . Politically , the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries , several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004 . Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty , requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack , was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks , after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO - led ISAF . The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then , including sending trainers to Iraq , assisting in counter-piracy operations and in 2011 enforcing a no - fly zone over Libya in accordance with U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 . The less potent Article 4 , which merely invokes consultation among NATO members , has been invoked five times : by Turkey in 2003 over the Iraq War ; twice in 2012 by Turkey over the Syrian Civil War , after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F - 4 reconnaissance jet , and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria ; in 2014 by Poland , following the Russian intervention in Crimea ; and again by Turkey in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity . Since its founding , the admission of new member states has brought the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29 . The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017 . NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , and Macedonia as aspiring members . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Cold War 1.3 French withdrawal 1.4 Détente and escalation 1.5 After the Cold War 1.6 Enlargement and reform 2 Military operations 2.1 Early operations 2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention 2.3 Kosovo intervention 2.4 War in Afghanistan 2.5 Iraq training mission 2.6 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy 2.7 Libya intervention 3 Participating countries 3.1 Members 3.2 Enlargement 3.3 Partnerships 4 Structures 4.1 NATO Council 4.2 NATO Parliamentary Assembly 4.3 Military structures 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links History Beginnings The North Atlantic Treaty was signed by President Harry S. Truman in Washington , D.C. , on 4 April 1949 and was ratified by the United States in August 1949 . The Treaty of Brussels was a mutual defence treaty against the Soviet threat at the start of the Cold War . It was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , and the United Kingdom . It was the precursor to NATO . The Soviet threat became immediate with the Berlin Blockade in 1948 , leading to the creation of the Western European Union 's Defence Organization in September 1948 . However , the parties were too weak militarily to counter the military power of the USSR . In addition the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état by the Communists had overthrown a democratic government and British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin reiterated that the best way to prevent another Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy . He got a receptive hearing in the United States , especially considering American anxiety over Italy ( and the Italian Communist Party ) . In 1948 , European leaders met with U.S. defense , military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon , under U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall 's orders , exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association . Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty , which was signed by U.S. President Harry S. Truman in Washington , D.C. on 4 April 1949 . It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States , Canada , Portugal , Italy , Norway , Denmark and Iceland . The first NATO Secretary General , Lord Ismay , stated in 1949 that the organization 's goal was `` to keep the Russians out , the Americans in , and the Germans down '' . Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous , and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality , anti-membership riot in March 1949 . The creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans - Atlantic cooperation . The members agreed that an armed attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all . Consequently , they agreed that , if an armed attack occurred , each of them , in exercise of the right of individual or collective self - defence , would assist the member being attacked , taking such action as it deemed necessary , including the use of armed force , to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area . The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor . Although obliged to respond , they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so . This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels , which clearly states that the response will be military in nature . It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily . The treaty was later clarified to include both the member 's territory and their `` vessels , forces or aircraft '' above the Tropic of Cancer , including some overseas departments of France . The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology , procedures , and technology , which in many cases meant European countries adopting US practices . The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements ( STANAG ) codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved . Hence , the 7.62 × 51mm NATO rifle cartridge was introduced in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries . Fabrique Nationale de Herstal 's FAL , which used the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge , was adopted by 75 countries , including many outside of NATO . Also , aircraft marshalling signals were standardized , so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base . Other standards such as the NATO phonetic alphabet have made their way beyond NATO into civilian use . Cold War Main article : Cold War The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat of all Communist countries working together , and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans . Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) was formed to direct forces in Europe , and began work under Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower in January 1951 . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . The Lisbon conference , seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO 's Long - Term Defence Plan , called for an expansion to ninety - six divisions . However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly thirty - five divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons . At this time , NATO could call on about fifteen ready divisions in Central Europe , and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia . Also at Lisbon , the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization 's chief civilian was created , and Lord Ismay was eventually appointed to the post . The German Bundeswehr provided the largest element of the allied land forces guarding the frontier in Central Europe . In September 1952 , the first major NATO maritime exercises began ; Exercise Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway . Other major exercises that followed included Exercise Grand Slam and Exercise Longstep , naval and amphibious exercises in the Mediterranean Sea , Italic Weld , a combined air - naval - ground exercise in northern Italy , Grand Repulse , involving the British Army on the Rhine ( BAOR ) , the Netherlands Corps and Allied Air Forces Central Europe ( AAFCE ) , Monte Carlo , a simulated atomic air - ground exercise involving the Central Army Group , and Weldfast , a combined amphibious landing exercise in the Mediterranean Sea involving American , British , Greek , Italian and Turkish naval forces . Greece and Turkey also joined the alliance in 1952 , forcing a series of controversial negotiations , in which the United States and Britain were the primary disputants , over how to bring the two countries into the military command structure . While this overt military preparation was going on , covert stay - behind arrangements initially made by the Western European Union to continue resistance after a successful Soviet invasion , including Operation Gladio , were transferred to NATO control . Ultimately unofficial bonds began to grow between NATO 's armed forces , such as the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian Army Trophy for tank gunnery . A 1952 U.S. postage stamp commemorating the third anniversary of NATO . Stamps honoring the organization were issued by many member countries . In 1954 , the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe . The NATO countries , fearing that the Soviet Union 's motive was to weaken the alliance , ultimately rejected this proposal . On 17 December 1954 , the North Atlantic Council approved MC 48 , a key document in the evolution of NATO nuclear thought . MC 48 emphasized that NATO would have to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first . This gave SACEUR the same prerogatives for automatic use of nuclear weapons as existed for the commander - in - chief of the US Strategic Air Command . The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as `` a decisive turning point in the history of our continent '' by Halvard Lange , Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time . A major reason for Germany 's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower , it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion . One of its immediate results was the creation of the Warsaw Pact , which was signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Poland , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , and East Germany , as a formal response to this event , thereby delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War . Three major exercises were held concurrently in the northern autumn of 1957 . Operation Counter Punch , Operation Strikeback , and Operation Deep Water were the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance to date , involving more than 250,000 men , 300 ships , and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey . French withdrawal Map of the NATO air bases in France before Charles de Gaulle 's 1966 withdrawal from NATO military integrated command NATO 's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France . De Gaulle protested against the USA 's strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between it and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the US and the UK . Considering the response to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began constructing an independent defence force for his country . He wanted to give France , in the event of an East German incursion into West Germany , the option of coming to a separate peace with the Eastern bloc instead of being drawn into a larger NATO -- Warsaw Pact war . In February 1959 , France withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from NATO command , and later banned the stationing of foreign nuclear weapons on French soil . This caused the United States to transfer two hundred military aircraft out of France and return control of the air force bases that it had operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967 . Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 , de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defence by removing France 's Atlantic and Channel fleets from NATO command . In 1966 , all French armed forces were removed from NATO 's integrated military command , and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France . US Secretary of State Dean Rusk was later quoted as asking de Gaulle whether his order included `` the bodies of American soldiers in France 's cemeteries ? '' This withdrawal forced the relocation of SHAPE from Rocquencourt , near Paris , to Casteau , north of Mons , Belgium , by 16 October 1967 . France remained a member of the alliance , and committed to the defence of Europe from possible Warsaw Pact attack with its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War . A series of secret accords between U.S. and French officials , the Lemnitzer -- Ailleret Agreements , detailed how French forces would dovetail back into NATO 's command structure should East - West hostilities break out . France announced their return to full participation at the 2009 Strasbourg -- Kehl summit . Détente and escalation Main article : Détente Détente led to many high level meetings between leaders from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact . Wim van Eekelen , Minister of Defence of the Netherlands , greeting American soldiers arriving as they are deployed to NATO bases ( 1987 ) . During most of the Cold War , NATO 's watch against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact did not actually lead to direct military action . On 1 July 1968 , the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons opened for signature : NATO argued that its nuclear sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war , at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling . Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time , and they were not challenged . In May 1978 , NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance , to maintain security and pursue détente . This was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact 's offensive capabilities without spurring a further arms race . During the Cold War , most of Europe was divided between two alliances . Members of NATO are shown in blue , with members of the Warsaw Pact in red , unaffiliated countries are in grey . Yugoslavia , although communist , had left the Soviet sphere in 1948 , while Albania was only a Warsaw Pact member until 1968 . On 12 December 1979 , in light of a build - up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe , ministers approved the deployment of US GLCM cruise missiles and Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe . The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament . This policy was called the Dual Track policy . Similarly , in 1983 -- 84 , responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact SS - 20 medium - range missiles in Europe , NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military targets such as tank formations in the event of war . This action led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe , and support for the deployment wavered as many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained . The membership of the organization at this time remained largely static . In 1974 , as a consequence of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus , Greece withdrew its forces from NATO 's military command structure but , with Turkish cooperation , were readmitted in 1980 . The Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina did not result in NATO involvement because article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty specifies that collective self - defence is only applicable to attacks on member state territories north of the Tropic of Cancer . On 30 May 1982 , NATO gained a new member when the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance ; Spain 's membership was confirmed by referendum in 1986 . At the peak of the Cold War , 16 member nations maintained an approximate strength of 5,252,800 active military , including as many as 435,000 forward deployed US forces , under a command structure that reached a peak of 78 headquarters , organized into four echelons . After the Cold War Main article : NATO - Russia relations The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the de facto main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO 's purpose , nature , tasks , and their focus on the continent of Europe . This shift started with the 1990 signing in Paris of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe between NATO and the Soviet Union , which mandated specific military reductions across the continent that continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 . At that time , European countries accounted for 34 percent of NATO 's military spending ; by 2012 , this had fallen to 21 percent . NATO also began a gradual expansion to include newly autonomous Central and Eastern European nations , and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns . Reforms made under Mikhail Gorbachev led to the end of the Warsaw Pact . The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with German reunification on 3 October 1990 , when the former East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance . This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year . To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO , it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east , and there are diverging views on whether negotiators gave commitments regarding further NATO expansion east . Jack Matlock , American ambassador to the Soviet Union during its final years , said that the West gave a `` clear commitment '' not to expand , and declassified documents indicate that Soviet negotiators were given the impression that NATO membership was off the table for countries such as Czechoslovakia , Hungary , or Poland . Hans - Dietrich Genscher , the West German foreign minister at that time , said in a conversation with Eduard Shevardnadze that `` ( f ) or us , however , one thing is certain : NATO will not expand to the east . '' In 1996 , Gorbachev wrote in his Memoirs , that `` during the negotiations on the unification of Germany they gave assurances that NATO would not extend its zone of operation to the east , '' and repeated this view in an interview in 2008 . According to Robert Zoellick , a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process , this appears to be a misperception , and no formal commitment regarding enlargement was made . As part of post-Cold War restructuring , NATO 's military structure was cut back and reorganized , with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established . The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty , which was signed in 1999 . The policies of French President Nicolas Sarkozy resulted in a major reform of France 's military position , culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009 , which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure , while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent . Enlargement and reform Further information : Enlargement of NATO The NATO flag being raised in a ceremony marking Croatia 's joining of the alliance in 2009 . Between 1994 and 1997 , wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up , like the Partnership for Peace , the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council . In 1998 , the NATO - Russia Permanent Joint Council was established . On 8 July 1997 , three former communist countries , Hungary , the Czech Republic , and Poland , were invited to join NATO , which each did in 1999 . Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Central and Eastern European countries to NATO : Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Slovenia , Slovakia , Bulgaria , and Romania . They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague summit , and joined NATO on 29 March 2004 , shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit . At that time the decision was criticised in the US by many military , political and academic leaders as a `` a policy error of historic proportions . '' According to George F. Kennan , an American diplomat and an advocate of the containment policy , this decision `` may be expected to have an adverse effect on the development of Russian democracy ; to restore the atmosphere of the cold war to East - West relations , to impel Russian foreign policy in directions decidedly not to our liking . '' New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished . In 1997 , NATO reached agreement on a significant downsizing of its command structure from 65 headquarters to just 20 . The NATO Response Force ( NRF ) was launched at the 2002 Prague summit on 21 November , the first summit in a former Comecon country . On 19 June 2003 , a further restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander , Atlantic were abolished and a new command , Allied Command Transformation ( ACT ) , was established in Norfolk , United States , and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) became the Headquarters of Allied Command Operations ( ACO ) . ACT is responsible for driving transformation ( future capabilities ) in NATO , whilst ACO is responsible for current operations . In March 2004 , NATO 's Baltic Air Policing began , which supported the sovereignty of Latvia , Lithuania and Estonia by providing jet fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions . Eight multinational jet fighters are based in Lithuania , the number of which was increased from four in 2014 . Also at the 2004 Istanbul summit , NATO launched the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative with four Persian Gulf nations . Meetings between the government of Viktor Yushchenko and NATO leaders led to the Intensified Dialogue programme . The 2006 Riga summit was held in Riga , Latvia , and highlighted the issue of energy security . It was the first NATO summit to be held in a country that had been part of the Soviet Union . At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest , Romania , NATO agreed to the accession of Croatia and Albania and both countries joined NATO in April 2009 . Ukraine and Georgia were also told that they could eventually become members . The issue of Georgian and Ukrainian membership in NATO prompted harsh criticism from Russia , as did NATO plans for a missile defence system . Studies for this system began in 2002 , with negotiations centered on anti-ballistic missiles being stationed in Poland and the Czech Republic . Though NATO leaders gave assurances that the system was not targeting Russia , both presidents Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev criticized it as a threat . In 2009 , US President Barack Obama proposed using the ship - based Aegis Combat System , though this plan still includes stations being built in Turkey , Spain , Portugal , Romania , and Poland . NATO will also maintain the `` status quo '' in its nuclear deterrent in Europe by upgrading the targeting capabilities of the `` tactical '' B61 nuclear bombs stationed there and deploying them on the stealthier Lockheed Martin F - 35 Lightning II . Following the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia , NATO committed to forming a new `` spearhead '' force of 5,000 troops at bases in Estonia , Lithuania , Latvia , Poland , Romania , and Bulgaria . At the 2014 Wales summit , the leaders of NATO 's member states reaffirmed their pledge to spend the equivalent of at least 2 % of their gross domestic products on defense . In 2015 , five of its 28 members met that goal . On 15 June 2016 , NATO officially recognized cyberwarfare as an operational domain of war , just like land , sea and aerial warfare . This means that any cyber attack on NATO members can trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty . Montenegro became the 29th and newest member of NATO on 5 June 2017 , amid strong objections from Russia . Military operations Early operations No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War . Following the end of the Cold War , the first operations , Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991 , were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey , and later a quick - reaction force was deployed to the area . Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention Main article : NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina NATO planes engaged in aerial bombardments during Operation Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica massacre . The Bosnian War began in 1992 , as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia . The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992 , ordering a no - fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina , which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight . From June 1993 until October 1996 , Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 28 February 1994 , NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no - fly zone . On 10 and 11 April 1994 , during the Bosnian War , the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area , resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F - 16 jets acting under NATO direction . This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April . On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces . A two - week NATO bombing campaign , Operation Deliberate Force , began in August 1995 against the Army of the Republika Srpska , after the Srebrenica massacre . NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end , resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995 . As part of this agreement , NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force , under Operation Joint Endeavor , named IFOR . Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission . This transitioned into the smaller SFOR , which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004 , when operations were then passed onto European Union Force Althea . Following the lead of its member nations , NATO began to award a service medal , the NATO Medal , for these operations . Kosovo intervention Main articles : 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and KFOR German KFOR soldiers patrol southern Kosovo in 1999 In an effort to stop Slobodan Milošević 's Serbian - led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians in Kosovo , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire . Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999 , and he handed the matter to NATO , which started a 78 - day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999 . Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During the crisis , NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces , the ACE Mobile Force ( Land ) , to Albania as the Albania Force ( AFOR ) , to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo . Though the campaign was criticized for high civilian casualties , including bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade , Milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999 , ending the Kosovo War . On 11 June , Milošević further accepted UN resolution 1244 , under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force . Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo , and part of KFOR 's mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions , in addition to deterring violence . In August -- September 2001 , the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest , a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia . As of 1 December 2013 , 4,882 KFOR soldiers , representing 31 countries , continue to operate in the area . The US , the UK , and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes , such as the action against Serbia in 1999 , while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval . The US / UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance , and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia , and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required , thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization . Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment , NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management . War in Afghanistan Main articles : International Security Assistance Force and War in Afghanistan The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time . The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization 's history . The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all . The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty . The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour , a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction , as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general which began on 4 October 2001 . The alliance showed unity : On 16 April 2003 , NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , which includes troops from 42 countries . The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands , the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement , and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously . The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August , and marked the first time in NATO 's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area . ISAF General David M. Rodriguez at an Italian change of command in Herat . ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban , al Qaeda and factional warlords , so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai . In October 2003 , the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan , and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country . On 31 July 2006 , the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US - led anti-terrorism coalition . Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south , in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter / attack aircraft to be moved into the area , to Kandahar , in order to reinforce the alliance 's efforts . During its 2012 Chicago Summit , NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO - led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014 . ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow - on training Resolute Support Mission Iraq training mission Main article : NATO Training Mission -- Iraq In August 2004 , during the Iraq War , NATO formed the NATO Training Mission -- Iraq , a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US led MNF - I . The NATO Training Mission - Iraq ( NTM - I ) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 . The aim of NTM - I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation . NTM - I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission , under the political control of NATO 's North Atlantic Council . Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring . The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US - led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training , who was also dual - hatted as the Commander of NTM - I . The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011 . Gulf of Aden anti-piracy Main article : Operation Ocean Shield USS Farragut destroying a Somali pirate skiff in March 2010 Beginning on 17 August 2009 , NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates , and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states . The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involves warships primarily from the United States though vessels from many other nations are also included . Operation Ocean Shield focuses on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider which are distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia . Russia , China and South Korea have sent warships to participate in the activities as well . The operation seeks to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks , protect vessels , and abetting to increase the general level of security in the region . Libya intervention Main article : 2011 military intervention in Libya During the Libyan Civil War , violence between protestors and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated , and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which called for a ceasefire , and authorized military action to protect civilians . A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no - fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards . On 20 March 2011 , NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1 , and additional ships and submarines from NATO members . They would `` monitor , report and , if needed , interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries '' . Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers destroyed by the French Air Force near Benghazi in March 2011 On 24 March , NATO agreed to take control of the no - fly zone from the initial coalition , while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition 's forces . NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates . By June , reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member nations were participating in combat operations , resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland , Spain , the Netherlands , Turkey , and Germany to contribute more , the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict . In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June , Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO . The German foreign ministry pointed to `` a considerable ( German ) contribution to NATO and NATO - led operations '' and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama . While the mission was extended into September , Norway that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August . Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs . The following week , the head of the Royal Navy said the country 's operations in the conflict were not sustainable . By the end of the mission in October 2011 , after the death of Colonel Gaddafi , NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets . A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign . Following a coup d'état attempt in October 2013 , Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues . Participating countries Map of NATO affiliations in Europe Map of NATO partnerships globally NATO members Membership Action Plan Individual Partnership Action Plan Partnership for Peace Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Global Partners Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Bosnia - Herzegovina Macedonia Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia - Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Moldova Serbia Ukraine Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia Finland Georgia Ireland Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Malta Moldova Russia Serbia Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Algeria Egypt Israel Jordan Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Bahrain Kuwait Qatar United Arab Emirates Afghanistan Australia Colombia Iraq Japan Mongolia Pakistan New Zealand South Korea Members Main article : Member states of NATO NATO organizes regular summits for leaders of their members states and partnerships . NATO has twenty - nine members , mainly in Europe and North America . Some of these countries also have territory on multiple continents , which can be covered only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer in the Atlantic Ocean , which defines NATO 's `` area of responsibility '' under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty . During the original treaty negotiations , the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty . French Algeria was however covered until their independence on 3 July 1962 . Twelve of these twenty - nine are original members who joined in 1949 , while the other seventeen joined in one of eight enlargement rounds . Few members spend more than two percent of their gross domestic product on defence , with the United States accounting for three quarters of NATO defense spending . From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s , France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed `` Gaullo - Mitterrandism '' . Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009 , the latter being disbanded the following year . France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom , will not commit its nuclear - armed submarines to the alliance . Enlargement Main article : Enlargement of NATO NATO has added 13 new members since the German reunification and the end of the Cold War . New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe , including former members of the Warsaw Pact . Accession to the alliance is governed with individual Membership Action Plans , and requires approval by each current member . NATO currently has two candidate countries that are in the process of joining the alliance : Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia . In NATO official statements , the Republic of Macedonia is always referred to as the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' , with a footnote stating that `` Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name '' . Though Macedonia completed its requirements for membership at the same time as Croatia and Albania , NATO 's most recent members , its accession was blocked by Greece pending a resolution of the Macedonia naming dispute . In order to support each other in the process , new and potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter in 2003 . Georgia was also named as an aspiring member , and was promised `` future membership '' during the 2008 summit in Bucharest , though in 2014 , US President Barack Obama said the country was not `` currently on a path '' to membership . Russia continues to oppose further expansion , seeing it as inconsistent with understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and European and American negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification . NATO 's expansion efforts are often seen by Moscow leaders as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia , though they have also been criticised in the West . Ukraine 's relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically divisive , and contributed to `` Euromaidan '' protests that saw the ousting of pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014 . In March 2014 , Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk reiterated the government 's stance that Ukraine is not seeking NATO membership . Ukraine 's president subsequently signed a bill dropping his nation 's nonaligned status in order to pursue NATO membership , but signaled that it would hold a referendum before seeking to join . Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan . IPAPs began in 2002 , and are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO . Partnerships Further information : Foreign relations of NATO Partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises like Cooperative Archer , which took place in Tblisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members , eight PfP members , and Jordan , a Mediterranean Dialogue participant . The Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO : each country may choose the extent of its participation . Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC ) was first established on 29 May 1997 , and is a forum for regular coordination , consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants . The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro - Atlantic Partnership . Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework such as Afghanistan . The European Union ( EU ) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002 . With this agreement , the EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis , on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act -- the so - called `` right of first refusal '' . For example , Article 42 ( 7 ) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that `` If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory , the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power '' . The treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer . It provides a `` double framework '' for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP programme . Additionally , NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members . The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa . The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialog forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue . The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council . Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990 , and since then , the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives . In 1998 , NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalisation of relations , but reflect the Allies ' desire to increase cooperation . Following extensive debate , the term `` Contact Countries '' was agreed by the Allies in 2000 . By 2012 , the Alliance had broadened this group , which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange , under the names `` partners across the globe '' or `` global partners '' . Australia and New Zealand , both contact countries , are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance , and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation . Colombia is the NATO 's latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners ; Colombia became the first and only Latin American country to cooperate with NATO . Structures Main article : Structure of NATO Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg ( right ) and his predecessor , Anders Fogh Rasmussen ( left ) , talk with members of the Norwegian army 's Telemark Battalion in Oslo . The main headquarters of NATO is located on Boulevard Léopold III / Leopold III - laan , B - 1110 Brussels , which is in Haren , part of the City of Brussels municipality . A new € 750 million headquarters building began construction in 2010 , was completed in summer 2016 , and was dedicated on 25 May 2017 . The 250,000 square metres ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) complex was designed by Jo Palma and home to a staff of 3800 . Problems in the original building stemmed from its hurried construction in 1967 , when NATO was forced to move its headquarters from Porte Dauphine in Paris , France following the French withdrawal . The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries , as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states . Non-governmental citizens ' groups have also grown up in support of NATO , broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council / Atlantic Treaty Association movement . While the cost of the new headquarters structure was not mentioned on the NATO website 's `` NATO 's new headquarters '' page dated May 23 , 2017 , Daniel Halper , citing the NATO website 's February 2017 `` New NATO HQ '' page , reported in the May 25 , 2017 issue of The Washington Free Beacon that the cost was $1.23 billion . NATO Council Like any alliance , NATO is ultimately governed by its 29 member states . However , the North Atlantic Treaty and other agreements outline how decisions are to be made within NATO . Each of the 29 members sends a delegation or mission to NATO 's headquarters in Brussels , Belgium . The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador ( and holding that diplomatic rank ) . Several countries have diplomatic missions to NATO through embassies in Belgium . Together , the Permanent Members form the North Atlantic Council ( NAC ) , a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO . From time to time the Council also meets at higher level meetings involving foreign ministers , defence ministers or heads of state or government ( HOSG ) and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding NATO 's policies are generally taken . However , it is worth noting that the Council has the same authority and powers of decision - making , and its decisions have the same status and validity , at whatever level it meets . France , Germany , Italy , the United Kingdom and the United States are together referred to as the Quint , which is an informal discussion group within NATO . NATO summits also form a further venue for decisions on complex issues , such as enlargement . The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General of NATO and , when decisions have to be made , action is agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord . There is no voting or decision by majority . Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions . List of Secretaries General # Name Country Duration Lord Ismay United Kingdom 4 April 1952 -- 16 May 1957 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium 16 May 1957 -- 21 April 1961 Dirk Stikker Netherlands 21 April 1961 -- 1 August 1964 Manlio Brosio Italy 1 August 1964 -- 1 October 1971 5 Joseph Luns Netherlands 1 October 1971 -- 25 June 1984 6 Lord Carrington United Kingdom 25 June 1984 -- 1 July 1988 7 Manfred Wörner Germany 1 July 1988 -- 13 August 1994 -- Sergio Balanzino Italy 13 August 1994 -- 17 October 1994 8 Willy Claes Belgium 17 October 1994 -- 20 October 1995 -- Sergio Balanzino Italy 20 October 1995 -- 5 December 1995 9 Javier Solana Spain 5 December 1995 -- 6 October 1999 10 Lord Robertson United Kingdom 14 October 1999 -- 17 December 2003 -- Alessandro Minuto - Rizzo Italy 17 December 2003 -- 1 January 2004 11 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Netherlands 1 January 2004 -- 1 August 2009 12 Anders Fogh Rasmussen Denmark 1 August 2009 -- 30 September 2014 13 Jens Stoltenberg Norway 1 October 2014 -- present List of Deputy Secretaries General # Name Country Duration Jonkheer van Vredenburch Netherlands 1952 -- 1956 Baron Adolph Bentinck Netherlands 1956 -- 1958 Alberico Casardi Italy 1958 -- 1962 Guido Colonna di Paliano Italy 1962 -- 1964 5 James A. Roberts Canada 1964 -- 1968 6 Osman Olcay Turkey 1969 -- 1971 7 Paolo Pansa Cedronio Italy 1971 -- 1978 8 Rinaldo Petrignani Italy 1978 -- 1981 9 Eric da Rin Italy 1981 -- 1985 10 Marcello Guidi Italy 1985 -- 1989 11 Amedeo de Franchis Italy 1989 -- 1994 12 Sergio Balanzino Italy 1994 -- 2001 13 Alessandro Minuto Rizzo Italy 2001 -- 2007 14 Claudio Bisogniero Italy 2007 -- 2012 15 Alexander Vershbow United States 2012 -- 2016 16 Rose Gottemoeller United States 2016 -- present Acting Secretary General NATO Parliamentary Assembly Main article : NATO Parliamentary Assembly The NATO Parliamentary Assembly , an intergovernmental organization of NATO and associate countries ' elected representatives , meets in London prior to the start of the 2014 Newport summit . The body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO is the NATO Parliamentary Assembly ( NATO - PA ) which meets at the Annual Session , and one other time during the year , and is the organ that directly interacts with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members , or ambassadors to NATO . The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members . Karl A. Lamers , German Deputy Chairman of the Defence Committee of the Bundestag and a member of the Christian Democratic Union , became president of the assembly in 2010 . It is however officially a different structure from NATO , and has as aim to join together deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council . The Assembly is the political integration body of NATO that generates political policy agenda setting for the NATO Council via reports of its five committees : Committee on the Civil Dimension of Security Defence and Security Committee Economics and Security Committee Political Committee Science and Technology Committee These reports provide impetus and direction as agreed upon by the national governments of the member states through their own national political processes and influencers to the NATO administrative and executive organizational entities . Military structures Petr Pavel ( right ) , of the Czech Republic , has been Chairman of the NATO Military Committee since 2015 NATO 's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee , and split into two Strategic Commands commanded by a senior US officer and ( currently ) a senior French officer assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO . The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command . Each country 's delegation includes a Military Representative , a senior officer from each country 's armed forces , supported by the International Military Staff . Together the Military Representatives form the Military Committee , a body responsible for recommending to NATO 's political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area . Its principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy . It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders , whose representatives attend its meetings , and is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the Council . The Chairman of the NATO Military Committee is Petr Pavel of the Czech Republic , since 2015 . Like the Council , from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level , namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence , the most senior military officer in each nation 's armed forces . Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France , due to that country 's 1966 decision to remove itself from the NATO Military Command Structure , which it rejoined in 1995 . Until France rejoined NATO , it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee , and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members . Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom . The operational work of the Committee is supported by the International Military Staff . NATO flag raising at opening of Exercise Steadfast Jazz at Drawsko Pomorskie in Poland in November 2013 . The structure of NATO evolved throughout the Cold War and its aftermath . An integrated military structure for NATO was first established in 1950 as it became clear that NATO would need to enhance its defences for the longer term against a potential Soviet attack . In April 1951 , Allied Command Europe and its headquarters ( SHAPE ) were established ; later , four subordinate headquarters were added in Northern and Central Europe , the Southern Region , and the Mediterranean . From the 1950s to 2003 , the Strategic Commanders were the Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic ( SACLANT ) . The current arrangement is to separate responsibility between Allied Command Transformation ( ACT ) , responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces , and Allied Command Operations ( ACO ) , responsible for NATO operations worldwide . Starting in late 2003 NATO has restructured how it commands and deploys its troops by creating several NATO Rapid Deployable Corps , including Eurocorps , I. German / Dutch Corps , Multinational Corps Northeast , and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others , as well as naval High Readiness Forces ( HRFs ) , which all report to Allied Command Operations . In early 2015 , in the wake of the War in Donbass , meetings of NATO ministers decided that Multinational Corps Northeast would be augmented so as to develop greater capabilities , to , if thought necessary , prepare to defend the Baltic States , and that a new Multinational Division Southeast would be established in Romania . Six NATO Force Integration Units would also be established to coordinate preparations for defence of new Eastern members of NATO . Multinational Division Southeast was activated on 1 December 2015 . Headquarters Multinational Division South -- East ( HQ MND - SE ) is a North Atlantic Council ( NAC ) activated NATO military body under operational command ( OPCOM ) of Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) which may be employed and deployed in peacetime , crisis and operations by NATO on the authority of the appropriate NATO Military Authorities by means of an exercise or operational tasking issued in accordance with the Command and Control Technical Arrangement ( C2 TA ) and standard NATO procedures . During August 2016 , it was announced that 650 soldiers of the British Army would be deployed on an enduring basis in Eastern Europe , mainly in Estonia with some also being deployed to Poland . This British deployment forms part of a four - battle group ( four - battalion ) deployment by various allies , NATO Enhanced Forward Presence , one each spread from Poland ( the Poland - deployed battle group mostly led by the U.S. ) to Estonia . 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NATO Headquarters , Belgium . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Bibliography Art , Robert J. ( 1998 ) . `` Creating a Disaster : NATO 's Open Door Policy '' . Political Science Quarterly . 113 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 403 . JSTOR 2658073 . Auerswald , David P. , and Stephen M. Saideman , eds . NATO in Afghanistan : Fighting Together , Fighting Alone ( Princeton U.P. , 2014 ) Behrman , Greg ( 2007 ) . The Most Noble Adventure : The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8263 - 9 . Bethlehem , Daniel L. ; Weller , Marc ( 1997 ) . The ' Yugoslav ' Crisis in International Law . Cambridge International Documents Series . 5 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46304 - 1 . Clausson , M.I. ( 2006 ) . NATO : Status , Relations , and Decision - Making . Nova Publishers . ISBN 1 - 60021 - 098 - 8 . Collins , Brian J. ( 2011 ) . NATO : A Guide to the Issues . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 3133 - 5491 - X . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( 1994 ) . Détente and confrontation : American - Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gorbachev , Mikhail ( 1996 ) . Memoirs . London : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 40668 - 0 . Harsch , Michael F. ( 2015 ) . The Power of Dependence : NATO - UN Cooperation in Crisis Management . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 1910 - 3396 - 0 . Isby , David C. ; Kamps Jr. , Charles ( 1985 ) . Armies of NATO 's Central Front . Jane 's Information Group . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0341 - X . Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 2013 ) . NATO before the Korean War : April 1949 -- June 1950 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 2004 ) . NATO Divided , NATO United : The Evolution of an Alliance . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 2759 - 8006 - 5 . National Defense University ( 1997 ) . Allied command structures in the new NATO . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 1 - 57906 - 033 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The last decade of the Cold War : from conflict escalation to conflict transformation . 5 . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8539 - 9 . Osgood , Robert E. ( 1962 ) . NATO : The Entangling Alliance . University of Chicago Press . Park , William ( 1986 ) . Defending the West : a history of NATO . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0408 - 3 . Pedaliu , Effie G.H. ( 2003 ) . Britain , Italy , and the Origins of the Cold War . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 97380 - 1 . Reynolds , David ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Cold War in Europe : International Perspectives . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10562 - 2 . Schoenbaum , Thomas J. ( 1988 ) . Waging Peace and War : Dean Rusk in the Truman , Kennedy , and Johnson Years . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 60351 - 5 . van der Eyden , Ton ( 2003 ) . Public management of society : rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context . 1 . IOS Press . ISBN 1 - 58603 - 291 - 7 . Wenger , Andreas ; Nuenlist , Christian ; Locher , Anna ( 2007 ) . Transforming NATO in the Cold War : Challenges beyond deterrence in the 1960s . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39737 - 5 . Willbanks , James H. ( 2004 ) . Machine Guns : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 8510 - 9480 - 6 . Zenko , Micah ( 2010 ) . Between Threats and War : U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 7191 - X . Further reading Asmus , Ronald ( 2010 ) . A Little War that Shook the World : Georgia , Russia , and the Future of the West . NYU . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61773 - 5 . External links Find more aboutNATOat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Data from Wikidata Official Official website Basic NATO Documents `` NATO Declassified '' . Collected news NATO collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English NATO collected news and commentary at Dawn `` NATO collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` NATO collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . History `` Timeline : Nato -- A brief look at some of the key dates in the organisation 's history '' by The Guardian 's Simon Jeffery on February 11 , 2003 Historic films The short film Big Picture : Why NATO ? is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : NATO Maneuvers is available for free download at the Internet Archive North Atlantic Treaty Organization History North Atlantic Treaty Summit Operations Enlargement Structure Council Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization Agreement People Secretary General Chairman of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Main members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro - 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Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - 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3 SELIBR : 125434 SUDOC : 026438453 BNF : cb11868595r ( data ) BIBSYS : 90056314 ULAN : 500225812 NLA : 35390828 NDL : 00568052 NKC : kn20010711289 BNE : XX93263 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO&oldid=804437929 '' Categories : NATO 1949 in military history 20th - century military alliances 21st - century military alliances Anti-communist organizations Cold War organizations Cold War treaties Foreign relations of the Soviet Union International military organizations Military alliances involving Belgium Military alliances involving Bulgaria Military alliances involving Canada Military alliances involving Estonia Military alliances involving France Military alliances involving Greece Military alliances involving Hungary Military alliances involving Italy Military alliances involving Latvia Military alliances involving Lithuania Military alliances involving Luxembourg Military alliances involving Poland Military alliances involving Portugal Military alliances involving Romania Military alliances involving Spain Military alliances involving Turkey Military alliances involving the Netherlands Military alliances involving the United Kingdom Military alliances involving the United States Organisations based in Brussels Military units and formations established in 1949 Supraorganizations 1949 establishments in Washington , D.C. 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"The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/; French: Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.[4][5]"
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"North Atlantic Treaty Organization"
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-76142276895735839 | Supreme court | Supreme Court - Wikipedia Supreme Court highest court in a jurisdiction For specific national supreme courts , see List of supreme courts by country . A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions . Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort , apex court , and highest ( or final ) court of appeal . Broadly speaking , the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court . Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts , hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts , or from intermediate - level appellate courts . However , not all highest courts are named as such . Civil law states tend not to have a single highest court . Additionally , the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the `` Supreme Court '' , for example , the High Court of Australia ; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council . On the other hand , in some places the court named the `` Supreme Court '' is not in fact the highest court ; examples include the New York Supreme Court , the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces / territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales and Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland , which are all subordinate to higher courts of appeal . Some countries have multiple `` supreme courts '' whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents , or which are restricted to particular areas of law . Some countries with a federal system of government may have both a federal supreme court ( such as the Supreme Court of the United States ) , and supreme courts for each member state ( such as the Supreme Court of Nevada ) , with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law . However , other federations , such as Canada , may have a supreme court of general jurisdiction , able to decide any question of law . Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts , headed by a supreme administrative court as is the case in the Netherlands . A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court ( first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 ) , such as Austria , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Portugal , Russia , Spain and South Africa . Within the former British Empire , the highest court within a colony was often called the `` Supreme Court '' , even though appeals could be made from that court to the United Kingdom 's Privy Council ( based in London ) . A number of Commonwealth jurisdictions retain this system , but many others have reconstituted their own highest court as a court of last resort , with the right of appeal to the Privy Council being abolished . In jurisdictions using a common law system , the doctrine of stare decisis applies , whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts ; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law . In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common law jurisdictions 1.1 Bangladesh 1.2 Canada 1.3 Hong Kong 1.4 India 1.5 Ireland 1.6 Israel 1.7 Nauru 1.8 New Zealand 1.9 Pakistan 1.10 United Kingdom 1.11 United States 2 Civil law jurisdictions 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Austria 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Croatia 2.5 Denmark 2.6 France 2.7 Germany 2.8 Iceland 2.9 India 2.10 Italy 2.11 Japan 2.12 Luxembourg 2.13 Macau 2.14 Mexico 2.15 The Netherlands 2.16 Philippines 2.17 People 's Republic of China 2.18 Portugal 2.19 Republic of China 2.20 Scotland 2.21 Spain 2.22 Sweden 2.23 Switzerland 2.24 Sri Lanka 2.25 South Africa 2.26 Thailand 2.27 United Arab Emirates 2.28 Other civil law jurisdictions 3 Mixed - system jurisdictions 3.1 Indonesia 4 Soviet - model jurisdictions 5 See also 6 Notes and references Common law jurisdictions ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Bangladesh The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is created by the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh , 1972 . There are two Divisions of the Supreme Court , i.e. ( a ) Appellate Division and ( b ) High Court Division . Appellate Division is the highest Court of Appeal and usually does not exercise the powers of a court of first instance . Whereas , the High Court Division is a Court of first instance in writ / judicial review , company and admiralty matters . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Canada Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished . This court hears appeals from the courts of appeal from the provinces and territories , and also appeals from the Federal Court of Appeal . The Supreme Court is a `` General Court of Appeal . '' It can decide any question of law considered by the lower courts , including constitutional law , federal law , and provincial law . The court 's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories . The title `` Supreme '' can be confusing because , for example , the Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main articles : High Court of Hong Kong and Court of Final Appeal ( Hong Kong ) In Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Hong Kong ( now known as the High Court of Hong Kong ) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997 . The final adjudication power , as in any other British Colonies , rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( JCPC ) in London , United Kingdom . Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997 . Under the Basic Law , its constitution , the territory remains a common law jurisdiction . Consequently , judges from other common law jurisdictions ( including England and Wales ) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law . On the other hand , the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ) in Beijing ( without retroactive effect ) , and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases , in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law . This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999 , raising concerns for judicial independence . India ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Supreme Court of India In India , the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28 , 1950 after adoption of the Constitution . Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India . It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local bylaws ) . The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law . Note that within the constitutional framework of India , Jammu and Kashmir ( J&K ) has a special status vis - a-vis the other states of India . Article 370 of the Constitution of India carves out certain exceptions for J&K . However , the Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order 1954 makes Article 141 applicable to the state of J&K and hence law declared by the Supreme Court of India is equally applicable to all courts of J&K including the High Court . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Ireland The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Republic of Ireland . It has authority to interpret the constitution , and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional . It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law . Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law . The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member , the Chief Justice , and seven other judges . Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government . The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin . Israel ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Israel Israel 's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel . It is the highest judicial instance . The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem . The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State . A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court , other than the Supreme Court itself . The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice . As an appellate court , the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal ( both criminal and civil ) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts . It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds , such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association . As the High Court of Justice ( Hebrew : Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק ; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג `` ץ ) , the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance , primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities : Government decisions , those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law , and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset . The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice , and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal . The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction , mandamus and Habeas Corpus , as well as through declaratory judgments . The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment . In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices , it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices . A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance , difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing . The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order `` trial de novo '' ( a retrial ) . Nauru ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Nauru In Nauru , there is no single highest court for all types of cases . The Supreme Court has final jurisdiction on constitutional matters , but any other case may be appealed further to the Appellate Court . In addition , an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases , with the notable exception of constitutional cases . New Zealand ( edit ) Main articles : High Court of New Zealand and Supreme Court of New Zealand In New Zealand , the right of appeal to the Privy Council was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act ( 2003 ) . A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created , but it is likely that the successful appeal by Mark Lundy to the Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the Board from New Zealand . The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004 , although it did not come into operation until July . The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand . In some cases , an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court . For certain cases , particularly cases which commenced in the District Court , a lower court ( typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal ) may be the court of final jurisdiction . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Pakistan The Supreme Court has been the apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic in 1956 ( previously the Privy Council had that function ) . The Supreme Court has the final say on matters of constitutional law , federal law or on matters of mixed federal and provincial competence . It can hear appeals on matters of provincial competence only if a matter of a constitutional nature is raised . With respect to Pakistan 's territories ( i.e. FATA , Azad Kashmir , Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory ( ICT ) ) the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory ; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas , while ICT generally functions the same as provinces . Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such ; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan . The provinces have their own courts system , with the High Court as the apex court , except insofar as where an appeal can go to the Supreme Court as mentioned above . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England , Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland . ( The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary . ) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009 , replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords . Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998 , Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act , from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In respect of Community Law the Supreme Court is subject to the decisions of the European Court of Justice . Since there can be no appeal from the Supreme Court , there is an interlocutory procedure by which the Supreme Court may refer to the European Court questions of European law which arise in cases before it , and obtain a definitive ruling before the Supreme Court gives its judgment . The Supreme Court shares its members and accommodation at the Middlesex Guildhall in London with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which hears final appeals from certain smaller Commonwealth countries , admiralty cases , and certain appeals from the ecclesiastical courts and statutory private jurisdictions , such as professional and academic bodies . ( The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland to the Court of Judicature , and the rarely cited Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales as the Senior Courts of England and Wales ) . The Supreme Court was set up in 2009 ; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body , and the Lord Chancellor , with legislative and executive functions , was also a senior judge in the House of Lords . United states ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States , established in 1789 , is the highest federal court in the United States , with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull ( 1798 ) in Justice Iredell 's dissenting opinion . The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court . Each U.S. state has its own state supreme court , which is the highest authority interpreting that state 's law and administering that state 's judiciary . Two states , Oklahoma and Texas , each have two separate highest courts that hear criminal and civil appellate matters . In Texas , the state 's Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal appeals and has sole authority to grant the writ of habeas corpus to a person who has been convicted of a felony , but the Texas Supreme Court also hears appeals in juvenile delinquency matters in additional to civil cases as conventionally defined . Although juvenile cases fall under the Texas Family Code and are classified as civil proceedings , they are `` quasi-criminal '' in nature . In re M.A.F. , 966 S.W. 2d 448 , 450 ( Tex. 1998 ) ; see In re L.D.C. , 400 S.W. 3d 572 , 574 ( Tex . Crim . App . 2013 ) . Although Delaware has a specialized court , the Court of Chancery , which hears cases in equity and many disputes involving corporate governance because many corporations chose to incorporate in Delaware regardless of where in the United States their operations and head office may be located , it is not a supreme court because the Delaware Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over it . The official names of state supreme courts vary , as do the titles of its members , which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court . In New York , Maryland , and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals , a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts . Further , trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court , and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court , Appellate Division . In West Virginia , the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals . In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the `` Supreme Judicial Court '' ; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere . Even within the same jurisdiction , the titles for judicial officeholders can cause confusion . In Texas the members of the Supreme Court and of the 14 intermediate courts of appeals are Justices , while the members of the Court of Criminal Appeals carry the title Judge , which is also used generically . Judges at the lowest trial - court level are called Justices of the Peace or JPs . Civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) The Roman law and the Corpus Juris Civilis are generally held to be the historical model for civil law . From the late 18th century onwards , civil law jurisdictions began to codify their laws , most of all in civil codes . Argentina ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Argentina The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal . Its rulings can not be appealed . It also decides on cases dealing with the interpretation of the constitution ( for example , it can overturn a law passed by Congress if it deems it unconstitutional ) . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , the Austrian Constitution of 1920 ( based on a draft by Hans Kelsen ) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality . This function is performed by the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichtshof ) , which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights . Other than that , administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ) . The Supreme Court ( Oberste Gerichtshof ( OGH ) ) , stands at the top of Austria 's system of `` ordinary courts '' ( ordentliche Gerichte ) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the Supreme Federal Tribunal ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) is the highest court . It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law . It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases . It also judges , in original jurisdiction , cases involving members of congress , senators , ministers of state , members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic . The Superior Court of Justice ( Tribunal Superior de Justiça ) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases , when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings . The Superior Labour Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior do Trabalho ) reviews cases involving labour law . The Superior Electoral Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior Eleitoral ) is the court of last resort of electoral law , and also oversees general elections . The Superior Military Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior Militar ) is the highest court in matters of federal military law . Croatia ( edit ) In Croatia , the supreme jurisdiction is given to the Supreme Court , which secures a uniform application of laws . The Constitutional Court exists to verify constitutionality of laws and regulations , as well as decide on individual complaints on decisions on governmental bodies . It also decides on jurisdictional disputes between the legislative , executive and judicial branches . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , all ordinary courts have original jurisdiction to hear all types of cases , including cases of a constitutional or administrative nature . As a result , there exists no special constitutional court , and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the Danish Supreme Court ( Højesteret ) which was established 14 February 1661 by king Frederik III . France ( edit ) In France , supreme appellate jurisdiction is divided among three judicial bodies : for judicial cases , i.e. , civil or criminal matters : Court of Cassation ( Cour de cassation ) for administrative cases : Council of State ( Conseil d'État ) constitutional challenges of statutory laws : Constitutional Council ( Conseil constitutionnel ) When there is jurisdictional dispute between judicial and administrative courts : the Court of Arbitration ( Tribunal des conflits ) , which is empanelled half from the Court of Cassation and half from the Council of State and presided over by the Minister of Justice , is called together to settle the dispute or hand down a final decision . The High Court ( Haute Cour ) exists only to impeach the President of the French Republic in case of `` breach of his duties patently incompatible with his continuing in office '' . Since a constitutional amendment of 2007 , the French Constitution states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament . As of 2012 , it has never been convened . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , there is no de jure single supreme court . Instead , cases are handled by numerous federal courts , depending on their nature . Final interpretation of the German Constitution , the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht ( Federal Constitutional Court ) , which is the de facto highest German court , as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective , and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts , despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system . It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties . When it comes to civil and criminal cases , the Bundesgerichtshof ( Federal Court of Justice ) is at the top of the hierarchy of courts . The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems , each topped by a high court ; these are the Bundessozialgericht ( Federal Social Court ) for matters of social security , the Bundesarbeitsgericht ( Federal Labour Court ) for employment and labour , the Bundesfinanzhof ( Federal Fiscal Court ) for taxation and financial issues , and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht ( Federal Administrative Court ) for administrative law . The so - called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe ( Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts ) is not a supreme court in itself , but an ad - hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court 's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court . As the courts have well - defined areas of responsibility , situations like these are rather rare and so , the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently , and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory . Iceland ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Iceland ( Icelandic : Hæstiréttur Íslands , lit . Highest Court of Iceland ) was founded under Act No. 22 / 1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920 . The Court holds the highest judicial power in Iceland , where the court system has two levels . India ( edit ) The Supreme Court of India , also known colloquially as the ' apex court ' , is the highest judicial body in the Republic of India . Any decision taken by it is final and binding , and can only be modified in some cases ( death sentence , etc . ) by the President of India . It has several jurisdiction like 1 . Original 2. Appellate 3 . Advisory It is also known as court of records , i.e. all judgements are recorded and printed . These are cited in lower courts as case - law in various cases . Italy ( edit ) Italy follows the French system of different supreme courts . The Italian court of last resort for most disputes is the Corte Suprema di Cassazione . There is also a separate constitutional court , the Corte costituzionale , which has a duty of judicial review , and which can strike down legislation as being in conflict with the Constitution . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the Supreme Court of Japan is called 最高 裁判所 ( Saikō - Saibansho ; called 最高 裁 Saikō - Sai for short ) , located in Chiyoda , Tokyo , and is the highest court in Japan . It has ultimate judicial authority within Japan to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local by laws ) . It has the power of judicial review ( i.e. , it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly , and administrative actions , unconstitutional ) . Luxembourg ( edit ) In Luxembourg , challenges on the conformity of the law to the Constitution are brought before the Cour Constitutionnelle ( Constitutional Court ) . -- The most used and common procedure to present these challenges is by way of the `` question préjudicielle '' ( prejudicial question ) . The Court of last resort for civil and criminal proceedings is the `` Cour de Cassation '' . For administrative proceedings the highest court is the `` Cour Administrative '' ( Administrative Court ) . Macau ( edit ) The supreme court of Macau is the Court of Final Appeal ( Portuguese : Tribunal de Última Instância ; Chinese : 澳門 終審 法院 ) . Mexico ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ( Spanish : Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación ) is the highest court in Mexico . The Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the Netherlands In the Netherlands , the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest court . Its decisions , known as `` arresten '' , are absolutely final . The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution , pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States - General ; the court can , however , test legislation against some treaties . Also , the ordinary courts in the Netherlands , including the Hoge Raad , do not deal with administrative law , which is dealt with in separate administrative courts , the highest of which is the Council of State ( Raad van State ) Philippines ( edit ) While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation , its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court . This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States , and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence . Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified , the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court `` form part of the law of the land '' , belonging to the same class as statutes . The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions . The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices . The court sits either en banc or in divisions , depending on the nature of the case to be decided . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) In the judicial system of mainland China the highest court of appeal is the Supreme People 's Court . This supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate `` local '' and `` special '' people 's courts , and is the court of last resort for the whole People 's Republic of China except for Macau and Hong Kong Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , there are several supreme courts , each with a specific jurisdiction : The Supreme Court of Justice ( Supremo Tribunal de Justiça ) - for judicial ( civil and criminal ) matters ; The Constitutional Court ( Tribunal Constitucional ) - for the constitutional matters ; The Supreme Administrative Court ( Supremo Tribunal Administrativo ) - for administrative and fiscal matters ; The Court of Auditors ( Tribunal de Contas ) - for auditing the public expenditure . Until 2003 , a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction , this being the Supreme Military Court ( Supremo Tribunal Militar ) . Presently , in time of peace , the supreme court for military justice matters is the Supreme Court of Justice , which now includes four military judges . Republic of China ( edit ) In the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , there are three different courts of last resort : Supreme Court of the Republic of China ( 中華 民國 最高 法院 ) : civil and criminal cases . Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of China ( 中華 民國 最高 行政 法院 ) : executive cases . Council of Grand Justices ( 大 法官 會議 ) : interpretation of the Constitution , interpretation of laws and regulations , dissolution of political parties in violation of the Constitution , trial of impeachments against the President or Vice President . The Council of Grand Justices , consisting of 15 justices and mainly dealing with constitutional issues , is the counterpart of constitutional courts in some countries . All three courts are directly under the Judicial Yuan , whose president also serves as Chief Justice in the Council of Grand Justices . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : College of Justice Founded by papal bull in 1532 , the Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland , and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court . However , the absolute highest court ( excluding criminal matters ) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Spain Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain ( both private and public ) . Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court ( which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution ) . In Spain , high courts can not create binding precedents ; however , lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations . In most private law cases , two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court . Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court : Section one judges private law cases ( including commercial law ) . Section two decides about criminal appeals . Section three judges administrative cases and controls government normative powers . Section four is dedicated to labour law . Section five is dedicated to military justice . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land . The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs , as well as disputes among administrative organs , while the Supreme Court considers all other cases . The judges are appointed by the Government . In most cases , the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case ( prövningstillstånd ) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law . Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance . Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence , and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty . If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law , it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland is the final court of appeals . Due to Switzerland 's system of direct democracy , it has no authority to review the constitutionality of federal statutes , but the people can strike down a proposed law by referendum . According to settled case law , however , the Court is authorised to review the compliance of all Swiss law with certain categories of international law , especially the European Convention of Human Rights . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution . The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers , subject to the provisions of the Constitution . The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts . The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common - law and civil - law . In some cases such as capital punishment , the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions . However , when there is 2 / 3 majority in the parliament in favour of president ( as with present ) , the supreme court and its judges ' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution , if the president wants . Therefore , in such situations , Civil law empowerment vanishes . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , a `` two apex '' system existed from 1994 to 2013 . The Supreme Court of Appeal ( SCA ) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters . The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court , which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution . But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country 's single apex court , superior to the SCA in all matters , both constitutional and non-constitutional . Thailand ( edit ) Historically , citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace . A Thai King would adjudicate all disputes . During the reign of King Chulalongkorn , an official department for appeals was set up , and , after Thailand adopted a western - styled government , Thai Supreme Court was established in 1891 . At present , the Supreme Court of Thailand retains the important status as the highest court of justice in the country . Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court , the judgement of the Supreme Court is considered as final . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) In the United Arab Emirates , the Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates was created in 1973 after the adoption of the Constitution . The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers , subject to the provisions of the Constitution . The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts . The Emirati judicial system is complex blend of both Islamic law and civil law . In some cases such as capital punishment , the decision may be passed on to the President of the country ( currently Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ) . Other civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) For Honduras , see Supreme Court of Honduras . For Peru , see Supreme Court of Peru . For Poland , see Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland . For Romania , see High Court of Cassation and Justice . For Uganda , see Supreme Court of Uganda For Ukraine , see Supreme Court of Ukraine . For Vietnam , see Supreme People 's Court of Vietnam . Mixed - system jurisdictions ( edit ) Indonesia ( edit ) Law of Indonesia at the national level is based on a combination of civil law from the tradition of Roman - Dutch law and customary law from the tradition of Adat . Law in regional jurisdictions can vary from province to province , including even Sharia law , for example Islamic criminal law in Aceh , though even at the national level , individual justices can cite sharia or other forms of non-Dutch law in their legal opinions . The Supreme Court of Indonesia is the main judicial arm of the state , functioning as the final court of appeal as well as a means to re-open cases previously closed . The Supreme Court , which consists of a total of 51 justices , also oversees the regional high courts . It was founded at the country 's independence in 1945 . The Constitutional Court of Indonesia , on the other hand , is a part of the judicial branch tasked with review of bills and government actions for constitutionality , as well as regulation of the interactions between various arms of the state . The constitutional amendment to establish the court was passed in 2001 , and the court itself was established in 2003 . The Constitutional Court consists of nine justices serving nine year terms , and they 're appointed in tandem by the Supreme Court , the President of Indonesia and the People 's Representative Council . Soviet - model jurisdictions ( edit ) In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union , the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort . In the People 's Republic of China , the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ) . This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau , the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese - based legal system jurisdictions respectively . This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided . See also ( edit ) Constitutionalism Independence of the judiciary Judiciary List of national supreme courts Separation of powers Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme court - Define Supreme court at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 101 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru : Courts & Judgments '' , United States Department of State Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Nauru relating to Appeals to the High Court of Australia from the Supreme Court of Nauru , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Delaware Court System '' . Delaware Judicial Information Center . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hæstiréttur Íslands '' . haestirettur.is . Jump up ^ Spanish Civil Code , article 1 Jump up ^ Pablo Contreras , Pedro de ( ed . ) . `` Curso de Derecho Civil ( I ) '' . Colex 2008 , p. 167 , 168 and 175 Jump up ^ `` The Judiciary : The Federal Supreme Court '' . Government of Switzerland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Administrator , System . `` Reem Island murder : ' Ghost ' executed '' . Emirates 24 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems . University of Ottawa Faculty of Law World Legal Systems Research Group . Accessed 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Indonesia - Freedom in the World 2012 . Freedom House . Accessed 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Constitutional Court Website : History of The Constitution Court accessed 17 May 2009 Jump up ^ Ina Parlina and Margareth S Aritonang , ' House begins selection of new Constitutional Court justice ' , The Jakarta Post , 28 February 2013 . NDL : 00616852 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_court&oldid=847824085 '' Categories : Courts by type Supreme courts Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Kabɩyɛ 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 01 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who or what serves as the last or highest source for legal disputes in the united states | [
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-878833766698811243 | Saavedra (surname) | Saavedra ( surname ) - wikipedia Saavedra ( surname ) Saavedra is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the surname include : Abelardo Saavedra , American school district superintendent Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón , Spanish explorer Asya and Chloe Saavedra , American musicians , members of Chaos Chaos Catalina Saavedra ( born 1968 ) , Chilean television and film actress Cornelio Saavedra ( 1761 -- 1829 ) , Argentine soldier and politician Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez ( 1823 -- 1891 ) , Chilean soldier , grandson of Cornelio Saavedra Craig Saavedra ( born 1963 ) , American film director Daniel Ortega Saavedra ( born 1945 ) , Nicaraguan politician Diego de Saavedra Fajardo ( 1584 -- 1648 ) , Spanish diplomat , Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis ( 1746 -- 1819 ) , Spanish diplomat and administrator Héctor Puebla Saavedra ( born 1955 ) , Chilean footballer Guillermo Saavedra ( poet ) ( born 1960 ) , Argentine poet José Ángel Saavedra , Honduran politician Jose Vilalta Saavedra ( 1865 -- 1912 ) , Cuban sculptor Luis Saavedra ( 1935 − 2013 ) , Spanish footballer Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( 1547 -- 1616 ) , Spanish writer , author of Don Quixote Nélson Saavedra ( born 1988 ) , Chilean footballer Raúl Saavedra ( born 1978 ) , Argentinian football defender Raúl Saavedra ( cyclist ) ( born 1969 ) , Colombian road cyclist Sebastian Saavedra ( born 1990 ) , Colombian race car driver Surname list This page lists people with the surname Saavedra . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saavedra_(surname)&oldid=844930141 '' Categories : Surnames Galician - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 04 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where did the last name saavedra come from | [
"Saavedra is a Spanish surname. \n"
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3569922594744137911 | Assassin's Creed III | Assassin 's Creed III - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed III Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed III Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Additional work by : ( show ) Ubisoft Quebec ( Wii U ) Ubisoft Kiev ( Windows ) Ubisoft Bucharest ( Windows ) Ubisoft Annecy ( multiplayer ) Ubisoft Singapore ( naval gameplay ) Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Alex Hutchinson Producer ( s ) Francois Pelland Designer ( s ) Steven Masters Programmer ( s ) David Champagne Writer ( s ) Corey May Matt Turner Composer ( s ) Lorne Balfe Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii U Microsoft Windows Release PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 NA : October 30 , 2012 EU : October 31 , 2012 AU : October 31 , 2012 Wii U NA : November 18 , 2012 EU : November 30 , 2012 AU : November 30 , 2012 Microsoft Windows NA : November 20 , 2012 AU : November 22 , 2012 EU : November 23 , 2012 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed III is a 2012 action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U , and Microsoft Windows . It is the fifth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series , and a direct sequel to 2011 's Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . The game was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , beginning in North America on October 30 , 2012 , with a Wii U and Microsoft Windows release following in November 2012 . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and features series protagonist Desmond Miles who , with the aid of a machine known as the Animus , relives the memories of his ancestors to find a way to avert the 2012 apocalypse . The story is set in the 18th century , before , during and after the American Revolution from 1754 to 1783 , and follows Desmond 's half - English , half - Mohawk ancestor , Ratonhnhaké : ton ( / ˈrəduːnˈhəɡeɪduːn / ) , also known as Connor , as he fights the Templars ' attempts to gain control in the colonies . Assassin 's Creed III is set in an open world and presented from the third - person perspective with a primary focus on using Desmond and Connor 's combat and stealth abilities to eliminate targets and explore the environment . Connor is able to freely explore 18th - century Boston , New York City , and the American frontier to complete side missions away from the primary storyline . The game also features a multiplayer component , allowing players to compete online to complete solo and team based objectives including assassinations and evading pursuers . Ubisoft developed a new game engine , Anvil Next , for the game . The game received positive reviews from critics , who praised it for its gameplay , narrative , diverse cast of characters , visuals and grand , ambitious scale , while criticism was directed at the unevenly developed gameplay mechanics and the glitches within the game . It was a massive commercial success , selling more than 12 million copies worldwide . Its sequel , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag , was released in October 2013 , and follows Ratonhnhaké : ton 's grandfather -- Edward Kenway -- a pirate and Assassin operating in the Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Origins 3.2 Pre-announcement 3.2. 1 Internal leaks 3.3 Post-announcement 4 Music 5 Marketing 5.1 Allegations of pro-American and anti-British prejudice 5.2 Retail editions 6 Downloadable content 6.1 Uplay content 6.2 The Hidden Secrets Pack 6.3 The Battle Hardened Pack 6.4 The Tyranny of King Washington 7 Reception 7.1 Awards 7.2 Sales 7.3 Technical issues 8 Series continuation 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main article : Gameplay in the Assassin 's Creed series Assassin 's Creed III features new gameplay elements such as hunting and dual wielding of weaponry . Here the protagonist Connor uses two weapons , a tomahawk and a flintlock pistol , against a group of redcoats . Assassin 's Creed III is a third - person action - adventure title set in an open world in which the player uses a combination of stealth , parkour , and combat to complete various missions . The player takes the role of three characters during the course of the game . The main character is Desmond Miles , a 21st - century Assassin , working to uncover the secrets of a mysterious Precursor Vault that will protect the Earth from an upcoming solar flare on December 21 , 2012 . To uncover the secrets , Desmond uses the Animus to live out memories of two of his ancestors which the player controls during these sequences , both set at the time of the American Revolutionary War . The first , briefly played at the start of the game , is Haytham Kenway , a British Templar who seeks the location of the Vault . The second , and the primary character for the game , is Ratonhnhaké : ton , the result of a brief liaison between Kenway and a Native American woman . Ratonhnhaké : ton takes on the name Connor to blend in better with colonial society . When playing as Connor , the player has access to a huge wilderness known as the Frontier ( which is 1.5 times bigger than Rome in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood ) , the cities of Boston and New York City . Portions of the Eastern Seaboard and Caribbean Sea can be explored via the flagship of the Assassins ' navy , the Aquila , captained by Connor Kenway himself , with Robert Faulkner his first - mate advising and teaching him in the ways of the sea . Free running has been simplified to allow for more fluid parkour in the cities and wilderness , such as climbing and running on trees , mountains , cliffs , etc . Close combat has been modified , allowing Connor to dual - wield weapons and take down multiple opponents at once and players no longer need to manage the lock - on mechanic . Aiding this , Connor has access to a wide range of weapons which include muskets , swords , pistols , native weapons such as the tomahawk and bow and arrow , a rope dart ( used to pull foes or hang them , while on a tree ) as well as the Hidden Blades . In addition , the left Hidden Blade has a folding mechanism for blocking attacks , skinning an animal , and performing high - profile assassinations . Human shields can be used against firing lines of enemies . Medicine is no longer used as health recovers automatically . Stealth is also revamped , allowing players to use natural elements such as tall grass and trees to hide , along with the ability to blend between any two people . Assassin 's Creed III features new weather simulations such as snow , fog , and rain . The seasons can also change i.e. , Summer and Winter , which not only affect visuals but also gameplay , as the player will find that they run slower in deep snow . Snowfall can reduce visibility for the player and enemies , aiding stealth . Unlike the past games , this one includes animals varying from domestic ( horses , cows , dogs ) to wild ( deer , wolves , bears ) . The wild ones are found in the Frontier , and can be hunted for meat or marrow in order to be sold . The quality of the kill determines the price , encouraging the player to hunt silently . For this , traps and bait can also be used . Economy is now based on the Davenport Homestead , which also acts as Connor 's adoptive home . The site can be visited by people such as carpenters , tailors etc. suffering from displacement due to the war . Helping and interacting with these non-player characters ( NPCs ) will encourage them to settle in the Homestead . From there on , the player can craft various items and trade with them , and then sell the goods to the cities via caravan . The player can also help them build relationships with each other , which will then result in the formation of a small village . The player can also upgrade the Homestead manor as well as Connor 's ship , the Aquila . A revamped version of Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood 's recruitment feature returns as players can enlist citizens to the Assassins ' cause by completing `` Liberation '' missions . They also have a much larger skill set , which allows them to start a riot , provide a covert escort , act as a personal bodyguard etc . Other side missions include collecting Almanac pages , exploring underground tunnels to locate fast - travel stations , joining hunting and fighting clubs , investigating frontiersman rumors about UFOs and Sasquatch , `` peg - leg '' missions in which Connor goes to underground forts and wastelands to uncover the legend of Captain Kidd 's treasure , and others . Assassin 's Creed III also features naval expeditions . Using Connor 's warship , the Aquila , the player can navigate the high seas . Control of the ship relies on environmental factors such as wind direction and speed , local presence of storms , high waves , and rocks . Engagements are by cannon , with broadsides covering both flanks of the ship , swivel guns that can be used to damage smaller ships which can also be boarded to find treasure , and chain shots from the broadsides as well to take down the masts of larger ships and disable them . The Aquila is used in the side missions known as `` Privateer missions '' and is also used in some of the main missions . The Wii U version of the game has extra features . The player has the ability to change weapons on the go and the map is always visible on the Wii U Gamepad . The Wii U version also supports Off TV Play . With this feature enabled , the main screen is redirected to the Wii U Gamepad . Online multiplayer returns in this installment by Ubisoft Annecy . Along with returning modes , new ones feature a co-operative mode named Wolfpack , in which 1 -- 4 players are charged with killing certain NPCs within a time limit , through a sequence of 25 stages . It also features Domination , a team mode where players will have to capture certain areas of the map , protecting them from the opposing team . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Following the events of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , the game explores the life of an 18th - century assassin in Colonial America during the American Revolution ; a half - English , half - Mohawk man named Ratonhnhaké : ton , also known as Connor , whose father is Grand Master of the Templar Order in the colonies . Connor is caught up in the Assassins ' conflict with the Templar order when his Native American village is attacked by the Templars , who intend to seize control of the newly forming country . Connor 's story spans through two decades of his life . From his childhood in 1760 to 1783 . Boston and New York City are cities that can be explored , as well as the American Colonial Frontier , spanning forest , cliffs , rivers , Connor 's Mohawk village , and the settlements of Lexington , and Concord . The player can hunt small and large animals , and approximately one third of the story takes place in the Frontier . The city of Philadelphia can also be visited at one point during the game , as can The Caribbean during several naval missions . The entire Eastern seaboard is also explorable via Connor 's captaining his naval warship , the Aquila . Characters ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed III features a large cast of characters . The main character is Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Noah Watts ) , also known as Connor , an 18th - century assassin . The 18th century characters include Achilles Davenport ( Roger Aaron Brown ) , Connor 's mentor and a retired assassin ; Connor 's mother Kaniehtí : io or Ziio ( Kaniehtiio Horn ) ; Connor 's first mate aboard the Aquila Robert Faulkner ( Kevin McNally ) ; and the French taverner Stephane Chapheau ( Shawn Baichoo ) . The Colonial Templars are led by Connor 's father , the English nobleman Haytham Kenway ( Adrian Hough ) . He is aided by several historical figures who are portrayed as members of the Templar order including Charles Lee ( Neil Napier ) , Thomas Hickey ( Allen Leech ) , John Pitcairn ( Robert Lawrenson ) , Benjamin Church ( Harry Standjofski ) , William Johnson ( Julian Casey ) , and Nicholas Biddle . The era also features several other historical figures such as Israel Putnam ( Andreas Apergis ) , George Washington ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , Thomas Jefferson ( John Emmet Tracy ) , Mason Weems ( Tod Fennell ) , Paul Revere ( Bruce Dinsmore ) , Edward Braddock , Benjamin Franklin ( Rick Jones ) , and Samuel Adams ( Mark Lindsay Chapman ) . Other characters include Minerva ( Margaret Easley ) and Juno ( Nadia Verrucci ) , members of Those Who Came Before ; and the Grand Master of the 18th century Templar Order in England , Reginald Birch ( Gideon Emery ) . Plot ( edit ) Immediately after the events of the previous game , assassin Desmond Miles , his father William , with allies Rebecca Crane and Shaun Hastings find the Temple of the First Civilization in a cave in New York and access it using their Apple of Eden , an ancient artifact of immense power . After partially activating the temple , Juno uses it to communicate with Desmond . Desmond is placed in the Animus where Juno 's influence causes him to experience the life of his ancestor in 1754 England : the Templar Grand Master , Haytham Kenway . Haytham assassinates a patron at the Royal Opera House and steals a medallion ; the Key to the Temple 's inner chamber . Haytham is dispatched to the American Colonies to locate the Temple . While in Boston , he kills a slave trader , freeing a group of Mohawks including a woman named Kaniehti : io , who asks Haytham to refer to her as Ziio after he proves unable to pronounce her full name . She helps Haytham find the Temple in exchange for him killing General Braddock . Haytham and Ziio find that the Key is not able to open the temple itself . The pair develop a romantic relationship during their time together , which results in a son , Ratonhnhaké : ton . The perspective then shifts to Ratonhnhaké : ton 's childhood in 1760 . His mother dies during an attack on his village which Ratonhnhaké : ton believes was led by the Templar Charles Lee . Years later , the village Elder informs a teenage Ratonhnhaké : ton that their tribe 's duty is to prevent the Temple 's discovery . The Elder gives him a transparent Sphere which allows Juno to communicate with him ; she tells him of his importance and shows him the Assassins ' symbol . The symbol leads him to the retired Assassin Achilles Davenport , who reluctantly begins training him as an assassin . Achilles suggests Ratonhnhaké : ton rename himself `` Connor '' to enable him to move more freely throughout the Colonies , in fear that some colonists might reject him as a tribe member . While seeking supplies in Boston , Connor is framed by the Templars for instigating the Boston Massacre . Over the following years , Connor kills several Templars , and aids in the Revolutionary War between the Patriots and the British . Connor meets with his father , and the two forge a temporary alliance to eliminate a rogue Templar . Later , Haytham uncovers a letter detailing George Washington 's plan to remove the Indigenous population , including Connor 's tribe , from the frontier to prevent them supporting the Loyalists . Connor returns to his village and learns that Lee has recruited several Mohawk warriors to turn back the Patriots sent to eradicate them . Connor neutralizes the warriors to avoid conflict , but his childhood friend Kanen'tó : kon can not be reasoned with and Connor is forced to kill him . Meanwhile , Desmond is occasionally roused from the Animus to retrieve power cells from Manhattan and Brazil , necessary for activating the Temple , before the Templar Daniel Cross can take them . William goes after the final cell himself , but is captured by the Templars ' modern day front , Abstergo . Desmond assaults the facility , kills Cross and Warren Vidic , and rescues his father . Connor becomes conflicted about eliminating the Templars , and hopes to work with Haytham towards a common vision of peace and freedom . However , Haytham remains convinced of the chaos of freedom and the necessity to control the nation by replacing Washington with Lee . Lee is disgraced by Washington for attempting to sabotage the outcome of the Battle of Monmouth and takes refuge in the heavily fortified Fort George . Connor infiltrates the fort and is confronted by Haytham ; they duel , and Connor kills him . Connor later kills Lee and recovers the Key . With the Colonial Templars eliminated , Connor returns to his village only to find it empty , and the Sphere left behind . Using it , Juno instructs him to conceal the Key where it can not be found ; Connor buries the Key in the grave of Achilles ' son , Connor Davenport . In 2012 , Desmond retrieves the Key and accesses the Temple 's inner chambers . Juno informs him that activating the pedestal will save the world , but at the cost of his life . Minerva appears before them , opposing the plan as it will free Juno , who was sealed away in the temple to prevent her conquering humanity . Juno and Minerva explain that if the solar flare occurs , Desmond will be one of the few survivors in a post-apocalyptic world . After Desmond 's later death , he will become revered as a god , whose well - intended legacy will be manipulated to control future generations , restarting the cycle . Desmond chooses to sacrifice himself in order to save humanity and give them the opportunity to fight Juno rather than be destroyed . William , Shaun , and Rebecca leave the temple as Desmond activates the pedestal ; a global aurora protects the planet from the solar eruption . Juno commends Desmond 's choice and declares that it is time for her part to begin . In an epilogue , Connor takes down the Templar portraits in the Davenport Manor 's basement and burns them , signifying the end of his journey . In addition , his return to his village is detailed further , showing he spoke to a hunter there , who revealed that the land had been sold to settlers in order to settle the new United States government 's war debts . Connor also travels to the pier in New York , where he witnesses the last of the British Regulars leave America for good . However , he also sees evidence of the slave trade present in the newly formed nation , right next to the pier of citizens cheering at the departure of the British , learning that not all people have been freed . Following this , a modern - day voiceover can be heard directing the listener to locate a number of ' pivot points ' that have been spread out across the memories ' graphical representation of Colonial America . Once collected , the voiceover returns to congratulate , and informs that they have now connected to the cloud . Development ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Work on Assassin 's Creed III began in January 2010 ( almost immediately after the release of Assassin 's Creed II ) by a senior team of Ubisoft developers . The title was in development for two and a half years and had the longest development cycle since the first Assassin 's Creed . When Ubisoft first revealed Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood in 2010 , as new details came to light , there was some confusion within the gaming community as to whether this would be Assassin 's Creed III . According to the developers , Brotherhood was not Assassin 's Creed III , and the third installment would not star a `` pre-existing character . '' Ubisoft Montreal 's developers stated in their interviews that Assassin 's Creed III would be released eventually . Jean - François Boivin of Ubisoft also stated that each numbered title in the series will introduce a new lead character and a new setting . Patrice Désilets , former series ' creative director , said that the series has always been planned as a trilogy . He also commented on the story of Assassin 's Creed III , saying that it would focus on Assassins ' quest to prevent the end of the world in 2012 , and their race against time to find temples and Apples of Eden built by `` Those Who Came Before '' . Desmond would be searching for clues as to the locations of these temples , by exploring memories of one ( or more ) of his other ancestors . In October 2011 Alexandre Amacio , creative director of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , announced that the next installment of the franchise was to be released before December 2012 , however , Amacio himself would not be directing the game . This comes from the idea that Desmond Miles , the modern day protagonist of the series , was to finish his tale by December 2012 . Amacio said that gamers should not have to play a futuristic game after the time period in which it is set . Pre-announcement ( edit ) Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed during an earnings call on November 8 , 2011 , that a new `` major '' Assassin 's Creed game would be released in 2012 . Guillemot refused to go into any further detail on the title beyond its confirmation . Speaking to MCV , Guillemot dismissed the notion that annual Assassin 's Creed installments are diluting the brands , stating instead that they 're necessary to `` satisfy the demand '' . Guillemot also claimed in the same interview that this year 's Assassin 's Creed will be the series ' `` biggest to date . '' In February 2012 , Ubisoft officially confirmed the existence of Assassin 's Creed III , and its North American release date of October 30 , 2012 . Guillemot described Assassin 's Creed III as `` the true next generation of both the Assassin 's Creed brand and interactive entertainment / storytelling in general . We will push the title a lot because it 's a fantastic product that the team has been working on for three years . What we have seen is just fabulous . '' Guillemot went on to say the publisher 's investing more heavily in the game than in any other title in the series . Internal leaks ( edit ) An early screenshot of Assassin 's Creed III showed Connor paddling a canoe . However , the feature was removed from the final version . Reports that Assassin 's Creed III would take place during the American Revolution surfaced following a supposed `` inside source '' at Ubisoft , who made such a claim in January 2012 . On February 29 , 2012 , an upcoming promotional image of the game was sent to Kotaku by a Best Buy employee , along with information from the retailer that a full reveal was imminent . The leaked promotional image led to a general consensus that the game was set in North America during the American Revolution , and at least in part , a snowy setting . Around the same time , Ubisoft mentioned `` a major announcement from Assassin 's Creed '' was `` only days away '' via the series ' official Facebook . The page 's cover photo also depicted a snowy and bleak setting . Furthermore , Game Informer appeared ready to confirm the fresh details via an advertising banner posted on its site . Images showed the new assassin standing next to American revolutionary leader George Washington . Following the reports , Ubisoft released Assassin 's Creed III 's official box art on March 1 , 2012 , which confirmed the game 's American Revolution setting . The company said it will announce `` all the details '' at 5pm on March 5 . Additionally , Game Informer revealed its latest cover feature , which included more artwork of the game 's new main character . On March 2 , several screenshots were leaked ahead of Ubisoft 's official reveal , and the first gameplay details emerged via Game Informer . Post-announcement ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed III was unveiled with a cinematic trailer on March 5 , 2012 . Ubisoft described the game as the `` most ambitious '' project in the company 's history , with twice the production capacity of any previous title from the publisher . The game 's engine , AnvilNext , delivers improved visuals , character models and AI , allowing for battlefields full of fighters . Ubisoft later said it 's aiming to make Assassin 's Creed III `` look next - gen '' on current - gen consoles using the new AnvilNext engine . Ubisoft said that when Rockstar 's Red Dead Redemption released midway through Assassin 's Creed III 's development , it was surprised to see Rockstar had included wild animal hunting and a giant frontier to explore -- features both planned for its own sequel . Lead writer Corey May said Ubisoft 's now looking at Red Dead 's success and trying to take the formula in `` new directions '' . Similarities between these two games are down to `` a convergence of minds '' , said Assassin 's Creed III writer Matt Turner . Creative Director Alex Hutchinson said Ubisoft steered clear of making the Assassin 's Creed III protagonist a female character because the game 's setting is not a strong match . Hutchinson said while many people wanted to see female assassins in the series , the American Revolution setting makes it difficult this time round . Ubisoft recommends the PC version of the game to be played with a controller even though it will still support keyboard and mouse setup . Ubisoft Montreal 's creative director Alex Hutchinson admitted : `` We 're definitely supporting PC , we love PC , but I think it 'll be PC with a controller . I do n't see us investing hugely in a mouse and keyboard setup . I think if you want to play on PC and you want to play Assassin 's Creed , you have a controller . '' Music ( edit ) The score to Assassin 's Creed III was composed by Scottish composer Lorne Balfe , who previously co-composed the soundtrack of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations with longtime Assassin 's Creed series composer , Jesper Kyd . The game 's soundtrack is the first soundtrack of the series ' main games to not feature Jesper Kyd . The soundtrack was released via digital download on October 30 , 2012 . Balfe also composed the music within the DLC content , The Tyranny of King Washington , with the soundtrack released via digital distribution on April 23 , 2013 . The game also features additional compositions by Max Aruj , Dave Fleming , Andrew Kawczynski , Jasha Klebe , and Steve Mazzaro . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed III ( Original Game Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed III Main Theme '' 3 : 06 2 . `` An Uncertain Present '' 2 : 10 3 . `` Escape in Style '' 2 : 15 4 . `` Welcome To Boston '' 2 : 34 5 . `` Freedom Fighter '' 2 : 16 6 . `` A Bitter Truth '' 1 : 36 7 . `` Through the Frontier '' 3 : 02 8 . `` Connor 's Life '' 4 : 56 9 . `` Trouble in Town '' 2 : 25 10 . `` Farewell '' 1 : 05 11 . `` HomeStead '' 3 : 02 12 . `` The Battle of Breed 's Hill '' 2 : 18 13 . `` Speck of Dust '' 2 : 52 14 . `` Modern Assassin '' 3 : 05 15 . `` Desmond 's Destiny '' 1 : 38 16 . `` The Aquila '' 2 : 18 17 . `` Fight Club '' 2 : 05 18 . `` Eye of the Storm '' 2 : 07 19 . `` Temple Secrets '' 1 : 41 20 . `` Beer and Friends '' 1 : 10 21 . `` Battle at Sea '' 4 : 02 22 . `` Breaching the Walls '' 3 : 32 23 . `` Wild Instincts '' 2 : 44 24 . `` What Came Before '' 4 : 11 25 . `` Assassin 's Creed III Main Theme Variation '' 1 : 33 Total length : 1 : 03 : 43 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed III : The Tyranny of King Washington ( Original Game Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed III Main Theme ( Wall of Sound Remix ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Ratonhnhaké ton ( Ratonhnhaké : ton ) '' 2 : 30 3 . `` The Tyrant '' 3 : 19 4 . `` Frozen '' 2 : 56 5 . `` Solitude '' 1 : 38 6 . `` Frontier At Arms '' 3 : 19 7 . `` Winter 's Grasp '' 3 : 10 8 . `` You Must Succeed '' 2 : 16 9 . `` Seekers '' 1 : 28 10 . `` Tracking the Prey '' 2 : 53 11 . `` Against All Odds '' 2 : 35 12 . `` He Is Our Beacon '' 2 : 00 13 . `` The Betrayal '' 3 : 35 14 . `` Swift and Silent '' 2 : 31 15 . `` Rooftop Chase '' 2 : 28 16 . `` Dark Alleys '' 2 : 06 17 . `` The Key '' 2 : 14 18 . `` Escape Artist '' 1 : 50 19 . `` Closed City '' 2 : 18 20 . `` Helpless '' 2 : 26 21 . `` The Ruse '' 2 : 48 22 . `` Nightmares '' 2 : 20 23 . `` The Redemption '' 2 : 54 24 . `` Fallen Warriors '' 2 : 34 25 . `` Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing '' 1 : 11 26 . `` Taking Up Arms '' 1 : 39 27 . `` The True Rulers '' 1 : 21 28 . `` Risking Everything '' 2 : 12 29 . `` Alone Against All '' 2 : 53 30 . `` Unwavering Resolve '' 1 : 41 31 . `` Laying Up the Trap '' 0 : 59 32 . `` The Will to Endure '' 2 : 18 33 . `` King Washington '' 3 : 36 34 . `` Ghost Trail '' 2 : 30 35 . `` Duel At Dawn '' 2 : 17 36 . `` Man With the Wolf Hood '' 2 : 23 37 . `` The Betrayal ( Alternate Version ) '' 3 : 34 38 . `` The Redemption ( Alternate Version ) '' 2 : 54 39 . `` King Washington ( Alternate Version ) '' 3 : 37 40 . `` King Washington ( Revisited Version ) '' 1 : 48 Total length : 1 : 38 : 09 Marketing ( edit ) Ubisoft Australia put together a `` very special , very limited '' edition of Assassin 's Creed III to auction off in benefit of the Sydney Children 's Hospital Foundation . There are only ten of these editions in the world , and eight of them were auctioned off to raise money for the Sydney Children 's Hospital in Randwick . Ubisoft 's senior vice president of sales and marketing , Tony Key , said the game would enjoy the biggest marketing commitment in company history . Ubisoft UK MD Rob Cooper has said that Assassin 's Creed III is a good entry point for newcomers to the series , and that he thinks Assassin 's Creed III will hold its own against this year 's biggest releases . In March 2012 , the Assassin 's Creed : Double Pack was released both as a retail purchase for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and for download on PSN , which brings together the first Assassin 's Creed and Assassin 's Creed II in a virtual compilation box . Ubisoft has collaborated with several retail outlets on pre-order bonuses available through several store chains throughout the world . Which of the pre-order bonuses the player received depended upon where they pre-ordered the game . A free SteelBook collectible featuring artwork by renowned comic book artist Alex Ross is available as a pre-order incentive . The `` Captain of the Aquila '' DLC pack includes a single player weapon ( The Pirate Boarding Axe ) and a single player skin ( The Captain of the Aquila 's uniform ) . The `` Colonial Assassin '' DLC pack includes a single player weapon ( The Scottish Flintlock ) and a single player skin ( the Traditional Colonial Assassins outfit ) . `` Redcoat Multiplayer '' DLC pack includes redcoat costume , a snake emblem , and a `` doctor doll '' relic . In the US , Gamestop is offering the single - player mission Lost Mayan Ruins and the Sawtooth Sword , Best Buy is offering the single - player mission Ghost of War and the Pontiac 's War Club , while Amazon is offering the Steelbook Case . SCEE offers a digital version of Assassin 's Creed III via the PlayStation Store . Dubbed the `` Gold Edition '' , the download includes the game , PlayStation Vita title Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation and a Season Pass ( a first for the series ) . Another version of the `` Gold Edition '' features the game and the Season Pass , but not Liberation . Third version comes with Liberation , but without the Season Pass . All versions include A Dangerous Secret , the extra mission available with the Special Edition . Dutch site Entertainment Business reported that thieves made off with a truck on November 14 , 2012 , in transporting the entire launch shipment of Assassin 's Creed III on PC for Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . Ubisoft stated that it wo n't affect launch as copies will be sourced elsewhere . Those who pre-ordered the Join or Die edition , however , were affected as allegedly this can not be re-manufactured . Ubisoft also passed on serial numbers and barcodes to retailers of the stolen games , and placed the same numbers on a blacklist preventing them from receiving online authentication . American global technology company Nvidia bundled the PC version of Assassin 's Creed III with its new GeForce GTX 650 Ti . It is built on the Kepler architecture along with others in the Nvidia 's 600 series of GPUs . According to Nvidia , Assassin 's Creed III makes the most of the TXAA technology . Ubisoft Australia put together a `` very special , very limited '' edition of Assassin 's Creed III to auction off in benefit of the Sydney Children 's Hospital Foundation . There are only ten of these editions in the world , and eight of them will be auctioned off to raise money for the Sydney Children 's Hospital in Randwick . Each will be auctioned separately between November 30 , 2012 and December 17 . Allegations of pro-american and anti-British prejudice ( edit ) In June 2012 Ubisoft and in particular its French - Canadian subsidiary Ubisoft Montreal had to fend off increasing accusations of anti-British prejudice after trailers and box art depicting the killing of British Redcoats started to appear . One site described the ' July 4 ' live - action trailer as `` American nationalism '' . Lead script writer Corey May defended the developers and publisher Ubisoft from allegations of bigotry and discrimination . This controversy , however , continued because marketing materials continued to depict only the British as the enemy , with a number of gaming news outlets noting US trailers cutting scenes that did seem to depict the protagonist killing Patriots . The publisher eventually decided that the Limited Edition of the game would n't be sold in the UK or Europe . However upon the game 's release , critics said their depiction was balanced and fair . Official Xbox Magazine UK felt that `` the strongest aspect of ACIII is the more mature moral tone -- there 's none of the anticipated ' yay , America ' . '' In another review by Kotaku , the reviewer notes `` publishers from big video game companies are not known for subtlety or complexity of theme '' , going on to say `` the marketing always suggested that Assassin 's Creed III 's igniting of the Revolution would be a game of interactive jingoism ; its developers always said it was not . The developers were the ones being accurate . '' Retail editions ( edit ) On March 26 , 2012 , Ubisoft announced three collectors ' editions of Assassin 's Creed III , The Freedom , Join Or Die and Special editions , exclusive to EMEA countries and Australia . On June 1 , 2012 , Ubisoft also announced another collectors ' edition of Assassin 's Creed III , the UbiWorkshop Edition . Ubisoft and Sony partnered to offer the game as a bundle with the PlayStation 3 console , which was offered from the day of the game 's release . On the day of its release , Assassin 's Creed III on the PlayStation 3 received four exclusive single - player missions , titled The Benedict Arnold Missions . The gameplay revolves around Benedict Arnold and his connections with turning West Point over to the British . Script writer Matt Turner stated that the Benedict Arnold missions were some of the most historically accurate missions in the game , as `` some scenes have the actual words spoken by key players in the events at West Point , according to the records from the court proceedings following what happened . '' The Freedom Edition features a retail copy of the game , a steelbook case with cover art drawn by comic artist Alex Ross , George Washington 's notebook , a 24 cm figurine of the protagonist Connor and two exclusive lithographs . In - game content included is two exclusive single player missions ( Ghost of War and Lost Mayan Ruins ) and an additional multiplayer character ( Sharpshooter ) . The Join Or Die Edition features a retail copy of the game , Connor 's medallion ( the medallion of the Assassins with its curd ladle ) and George Washington 's notebook . In - game content included is one exclusive single player mission ( Ghost of War ) and an additional multiplayer character ( Sharpshooter ) . The Special Edition features a retail copy of the game and special packaging . In - game content included is one exclusive single - player mission ( A Dangerous Secret ) . The UbiWorkshop Edition features a retail copy of the game , the second edition of the Assassin 's Creed Encyclopedia , exclusive packaging , five rare prints , and a new graphic novel titled Assassin 's Creed : Subject 4 . The Limited Edition features a retail copy of the game , a 24 cm figurine of Connor , an embroidered 28 '' x 48 '' Assassin 's Creed - inspired Colonial flag , a 3 '' x 3.25 '' metal belt buckle with the Assassin insignia and George Washington 's notebook . In - game content included is an exclusive single player mission ( Lost Mayan Ruins ) . This edition is not available in the UK or Europe due to perceived anti-British sentiment portrayed in the content . The Digital Deluxe Edition features a retail copy of the game , George Washington 's notebook and the official Assassin 's Creed III soundtrack . In - game content included is three exclusive single player missions , two skins ( The Captain of the Aquila 's uniform and The Colonial Assassin outfit ) and two additional multiplayer characters ( Sharpshooter and Redcoat ) . It also includes the Benedict Arnold DLC previously exclusive only to the PS3 . The edition is exclusive to PC . Washington Edition includes : all 3 parts of DLC `` The Tyranny of King Washington '' , `` The Hidden Secrets Pack '' and `` The Battle Hardened Pack '' . It was released 20 June 2013 . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 3 , 2012 Ubisoft officially revealed a Season Pass for downloadable content ( DLC ) , made available for a six - month time period on PlayStation Network and on Xbox Live . The pass gives purchasers access to the three King Washington DLC packs , The Hidden Secrets pack with all the preorder , retailer exclusive , bonus material , and The Battle Hardened pack , featuring new maps and characters for multiplayer . Furthermore , players with the pass will have access to DLC a week before other gamers . Uplay content ( edit ) Ubisoft 's Uplay system enables further in - game enhancements which can be redeemed by points that are given when playing the game . The available awards are an `` Assassin 's Creed III Theme '' ( available for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and PC ) , `` The Life Scratcher Pack '' , which allows the player to increase the capacity of Connor 's tool pouches , and unlock exclusive multiplayer profile items , `` Ezio 's Outfit ' '' , an outfit similar to the one worn by Ezio Auditore in `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood '' , but with a differently colored cape , and `` The Renegade Pack '' , which unlocks the Multiplayer Night Stalker 's costume and additional profile items . The Hidden Secrets pack ( edit ) On December 4 , 2012 , The Hidden Secrets Pack was released for Season Pass players on the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and PC , with all gamers getting the pack December 11 , 2012 and Wii U players getting the pack on January 17 , 2013 . The pack includes three missions ( The Lost Mayan Ruins , The Ghost of War and A Dangerous Secret ) , which unlock the Sawtooth Cutlass , Pontiac War Club , and Flintlock Musket respectively , two single - player costumes ( the Captain of the Aquila and the Colonial Assassin ) , and two multiplayer characters ( the Redcoat and the Sharpshooter ) . All of the content was previously available as preorder bonuses through different retailers , or in different editions of the game . The Battle Hardened pack ( edit ) Announced on December 4 , 2012 with The Hidden Secrets Pack , The Battle Hardened Pack includes new maps and characters for multiplayer . On January 8 , 2013 , The Battle Hardened Pack was released to all players on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , with a PC release on January 15 and Wii U release on January 17 . The pack includes the Governor , Highlander and Coyote Man multiplayer characters and the Charlestown , Fort St - Mathieu and Saint Pierre maps . The Tyranny of King Washington ( edit ) On October 3 , 2012 Ubisoft revealed the first portion of DLC for the game , called The Tyranny of King Washington . The story revolves around an alternative history `` The United Kingdom of America '' , wherein George Washington has seized an Apple of Eden , becomes corrupted by its power , and dubs himself King . The player is tasked with overthrowing the dictator . The single - player campaign is separated into 3 episodic installments . In the DLC , Ratonhnhaké : ton gains new abilities : the `` Power of the Bear '' for strength , the `` Power of the Eagle '' for speed , the `` Power of the Wolf '' for stealth , `` Warpaint '' to enhance the abilities , and `` Alpha of the Pack '' , giving the ability to call wolves to help in battle . On January 24 , 2013 , the first episode of the DLC was announced , titled `` The Infamy '' . Set in 1783 , Ratonhnhaké : ton awakens from what appears to be an alternative reality where the events of the main game involving him have never happened . He is tasked to find George Washington , corrupted heavily by the Apple of Eden . Washington has crowned himself King and begun to enslave and massacre the Frontier 's population . Ratonhnhaké : ton must do everything in his power to dethrone him to return the land to freedom , including utilizing the new abilities granted to him . The first episode was released on February 19 for Xbox 360 and PC , February 20 for PlayStation 3 , and on February 21 for the Wii U . On February 6 , 2013 , it was announced that the second episode , titled `` The Betrayal '' , would be released on March 19 for Xbox 360 , PC and PlayStation 3 and an unknown date for Wii U ( available in the eShop as of March 27 ) and that the third episode , titled `` The Redemption '' , would be released on April 23 for Xbox 360 , PC and PlayStation 3 . Despite being given a release date of May 16 for Wii U , `` The Redemption '' has been available in the eShop since April 27 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PS3 ) 85.56 % ( X360 ) 84.92 % ( WIIU ) 83.00 % ( PC ) 80.75 % Metacritic ( PS3 ) 85 / 100 ( WIIU ) 85 / 100 ( X360 ) 84 / 100 ( PC ) 80 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Edge 8 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 G4 5 / 5 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8.5 / 10 GamesRadar+ GameTrailers 9.2 / 10 IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 7 / 10 OXM ( US ) 8.5 / 10 Assassin 's Creed III received positive reviews , with critics praising the visuals , narrative , combat style , hunting mechanics , naval missions and Homestead system , while complaining about the game 's glitches and some of the missions ' prescriptive layouts . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 85.56 % and 85 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 84.92 % and 84 / 100 , the Wii U version 83.00 % and 85 / 100 , and the PC version 80.75 % and 80 / 100 . IGN gave the game a score of 8.5 / 10 , saying `` It achieves so much that you ca n't help but respect it , no other open world game has ever given us a setting that 's as impressive to observe or as full of things to do as this '' . They did however say `` Not everything about the game gels together convincingly and the missions ' unnecessary prescriptiveness sometimes undermines the sense of freedom that the rest of the game works so hard to create '' . GameSpot gave a similar review , stating `` It takes chances with its opening , with its story , and with its characters . It expands the series ' gameplay in enjoyable and sensible ways . As with many ambitious games , not every arrow fired hits the bull 's eye , yet this big , narratively rich sequel is easy to get invested in '' and gave a score of 8.5 / 10 . Game Informer awarded the game 9.5 / 10 , saying `` Assassin 's Creed III delivers everything the series has promised , and throws in a little more for good measure ... Most players will likely spend the first six hours of Assassin 's Creed III wrapping their heads around the profound size and ambition of the game '' . G4 felt that `` Assassins Creed III ( was ) not perfect ... But there is so much story , so much multiplayer , and so much stuff to do that your average 10 hour game should be terribly ashamed of itself '' . Official Xbox Magazine gave it 8.5 / 10 , and said `` ( Its ) newly refined gameplay and incredibly rich setting are captivating stuff ... It improves on the underlying Assassin 's Creed formula in a handful of subtle but tangible ways ... And its unwavering commitment to storytelling is both rare and impressive '' . They did however criticize , `` Pacing problems which can drag the campaign into busy - work tedium '' . PC Gamer was more critical , giving the game a 72 / 100 and stating that Assassin 's Creed III had `` Entertaining storytelling and fantastic naval combat marred by terrible mission design and endemic feature creep '' The reviewer felt that homesteading detracted from the central theme and story , and narrowly scripted optional objectives punished players for thinking laterally . `` It 's about pattern recognition rather than creative thought , binary reactions with no room for life or dynamism . '' In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the ninth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed III was nominated for six awards in the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards : Game of the Year , Best Xbox 360 Game , Best PS3 Game , Best Action Adventure Game , Best Graphics , and Character of the Year ( Connor ) . GameTrailers awarded Assassin 's Creed 3 Best Action - Adventure Game of the Year 2012 while Game Revolution named Assassin 's Creed III its Game of the Year 2012 . For the 2013 D.I.C.E. Interactive Achievement Awards , the game won the award for Outstanding Achievement in Animation and was nominated for Adventure Game of the Year , and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design . Assassin 's Creed III also received four Game Developer 's Choice Awards nominations for Best Audio , Best Narrative , Best Technology , and Game of the Year . ( show ) List of awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed III Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2012 2012 Spike Video Game Awards Game of the Year Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Best Xbox 360 Game Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Best PS3 Game Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Best Action Adventure Game Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Best Graphics Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Character of the Year Connor Kenway Nominated 4th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Best Environmental Design Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Best Character Design Connor Kenway Nominated Gamers ' Choice Assassin 's Creed III Won 2013 16th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Adventure Game of the Year Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Assassin 's Creed III Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Assassin 's Creed III Nominated 2013 Writers Guild of America Award Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing Alex Hutchinson , Corey May , Matt Turner ( Story ) ; Richard Farrese , Jeffrey Yohalem ( Multiplayer Story ) ; Corey May ( Lead Scriptwriter ) ; Nicholas Grimwood , Russell Lees , Matt Turner , Danny Wallace , Ceri Young ( Scriptwriter ) Nominated 9th British Academy Video Games Awards Audio Achievement Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Online -- Multiplayer Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Original Music Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Performer Adrian Hough ( Haytham Kenway ) Nominated 13th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Audio Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Best Technology Assassin 's Creed III Nominated Sales ( edit ) On March 30 , 2012 , Ubisoft stated that in the three weeks since the game 's pre-order campaign began , numbers had already surpassed the total U.S. pre-order numbers of Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and exceeded 10 times more than the pre-orders Assassin 's Creed : Revelations attracted in a comparable time frame . On October 25 , 2012 , Ubisoft announced that the game is the most pre-ordered game in the company 's history , more than doubling pre-orders for Revelations , the previous record holder . Assassin 's Creed III was the bestselling game in the United Kingdom in the week of its release , with the best sales of the series to date . It was the biggest launch in publisher Ubisoft 's history and the third biggest launch of any game in the UK in 2012 ( behind Call of Duty : Black Ops II and FIFA 13 ) . It doubled the launch week sales of Assassin 's Creed II , and beat 2011 's Revelations by over 117,000 copies . According to Ubisoft , Assassin 's Creed III sold over 3.5 million units in its first week , which represents a 100 percent year - over-year increase from Revelations . On December 12 , 2012 , Ubisoft announced that the game had sold 7 million copies worldwide . In the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed III was the 3rd bestselling title of 2012 , after being on sale for 2 months . According to the NPD Group , the game was the 4th bestselling game of 2012 in North America . On February 7 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that the game had sold 12 million copies worldwide , representing an almost 70 percent increase over Revelations at the same point of its lifecycle , and making it the best - selling game in the franchise . Technical issues ( edit ) On November 14 , 2012 , Ubisoft reassured that the PC version of Assassin 's Creed III will launch with fewer bugs than the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions . A new patch was in the works to fix glitches on all versions . It was the second title update for the game following a large patch available day - one . The PC launch came with both of these patches included . After two days , Ubisoft detailed the sizable patch scheduled for release across the major platforms . This extensive patch was designed to address a list of around one hundred identified bugs present within the single - player campaign and online multiplayer modes plaguing the player experience . Some of the problems outlined involve substantial environmental instability , severe NPC technical issues , occasional console crashes and various issues involving sound synchronization amongst others . Series continuation ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag `` Assassin 's Creed is all about cycles -- we have the Ezio cycle and the Altair cycle , and both of those are set to conclude in Revelations and we have the Desmond cycle , which is set to end on December 2012 . But there 's many cycles within the brand -- that 's the whole point . History is our playground '' . -- Alexandre Amancio , game director of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , in October 2011 In September 2012 , franchise main writer Corey May stated that the Assassin 's Creed III plot leaves possible sequels `` plenty of room to play '' . Assassin 's Creed III associate producer Julien Laferrière said that further Assassin 's Creed games featuring new hero Connor depend on reaction to character , stating `` We made three games with Ezio because people loved Ezio . '' In November 2012 , The Gaming Liberty spotted a supposed Ubisoft survey that suggested another annual installment could be set for release next year . The survey asked participants how they would feel about a return of Desmond , Connor and the American Revolution setting , and if they would purchase such a title if it were to be released next year , suggesting that Ubisoft had its eye on repeating the Brotherhood and Revelations route of the Ezio trilogy . The survey was also said to ask how participants would feel about the introduction of a co-op mode , and how they feel about Naughty Dog 's Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , possibly suggesting a move to more scripted gameplay . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . Titled Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag , it serves as a sequel to Assassin 's Creed III 's modern story and a prequel to its ancestral storyline . The game is set in the Caribbean islands during the Golden Age of Piracy , and centers around Edward Kenway ; the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton , the playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Annecy working on Assassin 's Creed III Multiplayer '' . VG247 . 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The Washington Post . Associated Press . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences -- 16th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 14 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski , Alexander ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Journey takes ' Game of the Year ' at DICE awards '' ( PDF ) . Joystiq . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Here Are the 2012 Games That Developers Want to Give Awards to '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taormina , Anthony ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 Spike Video Game Awards Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sonntag , Lawrence ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Winners of the 4th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sonntag , Lawrence ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2012 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards -- Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America Award . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 3 : Liberation wins Writers Guild Award '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Games in 2013 -- BAFTA Awards '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed III Pre-Orders Break Ubisoft Record '' . IGN . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` UK chart : Assassin 's Creed 3 top , second biggest launch of the year '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AC3 Sales '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 3 sales estimated at over 3.5 million units '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Sales Pass 7 Million '' . IGN . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ding , Christopher ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Revealed : The UK 's Top 20 bestselling games of 2012 '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` December NPD : 2012 sales hit $13.26 billion , Black Ops 2 leads the pack '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` News : Assassin 's Creed 3 : 12 million sales boost Ubisoft 's Q3 '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 3 PC `` will be less buggy than the console versions '' at launch `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Ubisoft details huge Assassin 's Creed 3 patch '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris . `` Expect a Larger Gap Between Future Assassin 's Creed Releases '' . 1up . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike . `` Assassin 's Creed 3 plot leaves possible sequels ' plenty of room to play ' '' . CVG . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom . `` Ubisoft : Assassin 's Creed 3 sequels depend on reaction to new hero Connor '' . Eurogamer . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy . `` Assassin 's Creed survey suggests 2013 sequel with co-op '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` Would you like co-op in the next Assassin 's Creed ? '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Video games portal 2010s portal Official website Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Arno Dorian Related Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_III&oldid=824891972 '' Categories : 2012 video games Action - adventure games Assassin 's Creed Boston in fiction Multiplayer and single - player video games Nintendo Network games Open world video games PlayStation 3 games Stealth video games Ubisoft games Video game sequels Video games about the American Revolution Video games set in 2012 Video games set in the 18th century Video games set in the 21st century Video games set in the Bahamas Video games set in Belize Video games set in Brazil Video games set in Canada Video games set in the Caribbean Video games set in Boston Video games set in Jamaica Video games set in London Video games set in Martinique Video games set in New York City Video games set in Rome Video games set in São Paulo Video games set in the United States Video games developed in Canada Video games with downloadable content War video games set in the United States Wii U eShop games Wii U games Windows games Xbox 360 games Cultural depictions of William Kidd Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2012 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 04 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you play as in assassin's creed 3 | [
"The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries-old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with free will, and the Templars, who desire peace through control. The framing story is set in the 21st century and features series protagonist Desmond Miles who, with the aid of a machine known as the Animus, relives the memories of his ancestors to find a way to avert the 2012 apocalypse. The story is set in the 18th century, before, during and after the American Revolution from 1754 to 1783, and follows Desmond's half-English, half-Mohawk ancestor, Ratonhnhaké:ton (/ˈrəduːnˈhəɡeɪduːn/), also known as Connor, as he fights the Templars' attempts to gain control in the colonies."
] | [
"Desmond's half-English, half-Mohawk ancestor, Ratonhnhaké:ton (/ˈrəduːnˈhəɡeɪduːn/), also known as Connor"
] |
4922207008324503488 | Urinary system | Urinary system - wikipedia Urinary system This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 August 2018 . Urinary system 1 . Human urinary system : 2 . Kidney , 3 . Renal pelvis , 4 . Ureter , 5 . Urinary bladder , 6 . Urethra . ( Left side with frontal section ) 7 . Adrenal gland Vessels : 8 . Renal artery and vein , 9 . Inferior vena cava , 10 . Abdominal aorta , 11 . Common iliac artery and vein Transparent : 12 . Liver , 13 . Large intestine , 14 . Pelvis Urinary system in the male . Urine flows from the kidneys via the ureters into the bladder where it is stored . When urinating , urine flows through the urethra ( longer in males , shorter in females ) to exit the body Details Identifiers Latin Systema urinarium MeSH D014551 TA A08. 0.00. 000 FMA 7159 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The urinary system , also known as the renal system or urinary tract , consists of the kidneys , ureters , bladder , and the urethra . The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body , regulate blood volume and blood pressure , control levels of electrolytes and metabolites , and regulate blood pH . The urinary tract is the body 's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine . The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein . Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons . Following filtration of blood and further processing , wastes ( in the form of urine ) exit the kidney via the ureters , tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder , where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination ( voiding ) . The female and male urinary system are very similar , differing only in the length of the urethra . Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood . The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder , where it is stored . During urination , the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . 800 -- 2,000 milliliters ( mL ) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human . This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Microanatomy 2 Function 2.1 Urine formation 2.1. 1 Regulation of concentration and volume 2.2 Urination 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) 3D 3D model of urinary system The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion . In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides . The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney , the nephrons . Urine then flows through the nephrons , through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts . These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces , followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis . From here , urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter , transporting urine into the urinary bladder . The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder . In males , the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder , continues through the external urethral orifice , and then becomes the prostatic , membranous , bulbar , and penile urethra . Urine exits through the external urethral meatus . The female urethra is much shorter , beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the urinary system Microanatomy ( edit ) See also : Urothelium Under microscopy , the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called urothelium , a type of transitional epithelium . Unlike the epithelial lining of most organs , transitional epithelium can flatten and distend . Urothelium covers most of the urinary system , including the renal pelvis , ureters , and bladder . Function ( edit ) The main functions of the urinary system and its components are to Regulate blood volume and composition ( e.g. sodium , potassium and calcium ) Regulate blood pressure . Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood . Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney . Helps synthesize calcitrol the ( active form of Vitamin D ) . Stores waste product ( mainly urea and uric acid ) before it and other products are removed from the body . Urine formation ( edit ) Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 -- 2 litres ( L ) per day , depending on state of hydration , activity level , environmental factors , weight , and the individual 's health . Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention . Polyuria is a condition of excessive urine production ( > 2.5 L / day ) . Oliguria when < 400 mL ( millilitres ) are produced , and anuria one of < 100 mL per day . The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys . In a healthy human the kidney receives between 12 and 30 % of cardiac output , but it averages about 20 % or about 1.25 L / min . The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood , reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine . In the first part of the nephron , Bowman 's capsule filters blood from the circulatory system into the tubules . Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane . The filtrate includes water , small molecules , and ions that easily pass through the filtration membrane . However larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells are prevented from passing through the filtration membrane . The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the glomerular filtration rate or GFR and amounts to 180 litres per day . About 99 % of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1 % becomes urine . The urinary system is regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone , aldosterone , and parathyroid hormone . Regulation of concentration and volume ( edit ) The urinary system is under influence of the circulatory system , nervous system , and endocrine system . Aldosterone plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney . It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate . Reabsorption of sodium results in retention of water , which increases blood pressure and blood volume . Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals . Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and vasoconstriction . Vasopressin regulates the body 's retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron . Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney 's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane . Urination ( edit ) Main article : Urination Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . In healthy humans ( and many other animals ) , the process of urination is under voluntary control . In infants , some elderly individuals , and those with neurological injury , urination may occur as an involuntary reflex . Physiologically , micturition involves coordination between the central , autonomic , and somatic nervous systems . Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center , periaqueductal gray , and the cerebral cortex . In placental mammals the male ejects urine through the penis , and the female through the vulva . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Urologic disease Further information : Urinary tract infection Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system . A urinary tract obstruction is a urologic disease that can cause urinary retention . Diseases of the kidney tissue are normally treated by nephrologists , while diseases of the urinary tract are treated by urologists . Gynecologists may also treat female urinary incontinence . Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function . For instance it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension . Diabetes also can have a direct effect in urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetes . Urinary incontinence can result from a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles caused by factors such as pregnancy , childbirth , aging and being overweight . Pelvic floor exercises known as Kegel exercises can help in this condition by strengthening the pelvic floor . There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable . In children the condition is called enuresis . Some cancers also target the urinary system , including bladder cancer , kidney cancer , ureteral cancer , and urethral cancer . Due to the role and location of these organs , treatment is often complicated . See also ( edit ) Major systems of the human body Medicine portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Urinary Tract & How It Works NIDDK '' . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . Jump up ^ C. Dugdale , David ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Female urinary tract '' . MedLine Plus Medical Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Caldwell HK , Young WS III , Lajtha A , Lim R ( 2006 ) . `` Oxytocin and Vasopressin : Genetics and Behavioral Implications '' ( PDF ) . Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology : Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides ( 3rd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . pp. 573 -- 607 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 30348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nielsen S , Chou CL , Marples D , Christensen EI , Kishore BK , Knepper MA ( February 1995 ) . `` Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels to plasma membrane '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 ( 4 ) : 1013 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.4. 1013 . PMC 42627 . PMID 7532304 . Jump up ^ Baba , T ; Murabayashi , S ; Tomiyama , T ; Takebe , K ( 1990 ) . `` Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function '' . The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine . 161 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 8 . doi : 10.1620 / tjem. 161.311 . PMID 2256104 . Jump up ^ `` Peripheral Neuropathy '' . Patient UK . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of : The Urinary System The Wikibook Anatomy and Physiology of Animals has a page on the topic of : Urinary System Library resources about Urinary system Resources in your library Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans GND : 4023494 - 0 NDL : 00563231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinary_system&oldid=856320179 '' Categories : Urinary system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 11 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | list the main functions of the urinary system | [
"The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine.[1] The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein. Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons. Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination (voiding). The female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.[2]\n"
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"to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH"
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-3499058328741896914 | End of Roman rule in Britain | End of Roman rule in Britain - wikipedia End of Roman rule in Britain Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of the British Isles Overview ( show ) United Kingdom England Isle of Wight Isles of Scilly Scotland Shetland Orkney Inner Hebrides Outer Hebrides Wales Anglesey Northern Ireland Ireland Isle of Man ( Mann ) Channel Islands Jersey Guernsey Prehistoric period ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Prehistoric England Prehistoric Scotland Prehistoric Shetland Prehistoric Orkney Prehistoric Wales Prehistoric Ireland Prehistoric Mann Classical period ( show ) Roman Britain Roman Scotland Roman Wales Protohistoric Ireland , Roman Ireland Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period ( show ) Medieval England Early medieval England High medieval England Late medieval England Medieval Scotland Early medieval Scotland High medieval Scotland Late medieval Scotland Medieval Wales Early medieval Wales High medieval Wales Late medieval Wales Medieval Ireland Early medieval Ireland High medieval Ireland Late medieval Ireland Medieval Mann Early modern period ( show ) Early modern Britain Early modern England Early modern Scotland Early modern Wales Early modern Ireland Early modern Mann Late modern period ( show ) United Kingdom ( since 1707 ) Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Post-war period ( social history ) Late modern Ireland Late modern Mann The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain . Roman rule ended in different parts of Britain at different times , and under different circumstances . In 383 , the usurper Magnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and western Britain , probably leaving local warlords in charge . Around 410 , the Romano - British expelled the magistrates of the usurper Constantine III , ostensibly in response to his failures to use the Roman garrison he had stripped from Britain to protect the island . Roman Emperor Honorius replied to a request for assistance with the Rescript of Honorius , telling the Roman cities to see to their own defence , a tacit acceptance of temporary British self - government . Honorius was fighting a large - scale war in Italy against the Visigoths under their leader Alaric , with Rome itself under siege . No forces could be spared to protect distant Britain . Though it is likely that Honorius expected to regain control over the provinces soon , by the mid-6th century Procopius recognised that Roman control of Britannia was entirely lost . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chronology 2.1 383 -- 388 2.2 389 -- 406 2.3 407 -- 410 3 Interpretative variations 4 Factual disputes 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Background ( edit ) The Eastern and Western Roman Empire of Theodosius I in 395 By the early 5th century , the Roman Empire could no longer defend itself against either internal rebellion or the external threat posed by expanding Germanic tribes in Northern Europe . This situation and its consequences governed the eventual permanence of Britain 's detachment from the rest of the Empire . In the late 4th century , the empire was controlled by members of a dynasty that included the Emperor Theodosius I . This family retained political power within itself and formed alliances by intermarriage with other dynasties , at the same time engaging in internecine power struggles and fighting off outside contenders ( called `` usurpers '' ) attempting to replace the ruling dynasty with one of their own . These internal machinations drained the Empire of both military and civilian resources . Many thousands of soldiers were lost in battling attempted coups by figures such as Firmus , Magnus Maximus and Eugenius . The Empire 's historical relationship with Germanic tribes was sometimes hostile , at other times cooperative , but ultimately fatal , as it was unable to prevent those tribes from assuming a dominant role in the relationship . By the early 5th century , as a result of severe losses and depleted tax income , the Western Roman Empire 's military forces were dominated by Germanic troops , and Romanised Germans played a significant role in the empire 's internal politics . Various Germanic and other tribes beyond the frontiers were able to take advantage of the Empire 's weakened state , both to expand into Roman territory and , in some cases , to move their entire populations into lands once considered exclusively Roman , culminating in various successful migrations from 406 onwards . The crossing of the Rhine caused intense fear in Britannia , prone as it was to being cut off from the Empire by raids on the primary communications route from Italy , to Trier to the Channel Coast . In the event , this was much more than just another raid . Chronology ( edit ) 383 -- 388 ( edit ) In 383 , the Roman general then assigned to Britain , Magnus Maximus , launched his successful bid for imperial power , crossing to Gaul with his troops . He killed the Western Roman Emperor Gratian and ruled Gaul and Britain as Augustus ( i.e. , as a `` sub-emperor '' under Theodosius I ) . 383 is the last date for any evidence of a Roman presence in the north and west of Britain , perhaps excepting troop assignments at the tower on Holyhead Mountain in Anglesey and at western coastal posts such as Lancaster . These outposts may have lasted into the 390s , but they were a very minor presence , intended primarily to stop attacks and settlement by groups from Ireland . Coins dated later than 383 have been excavated along Hadrian 's Wall , suggesting that troops were not stripped from it , as once thought or , if they were , they were quickly returned as soon as Maximus had won his victory in Gaul . In the De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , written c. 540 , Gildas attributed an exodus of troops and senior administrators from Britain to Maximus , saying that he left not only with all of its troops , but also with all of its armed bands , governors , and the flower of its youth , never to return . Raids by Saxons , Picts , and the Scoti of Ireland had been ongoing in the late 4th century , but these increased in the years after 383 . There were also large - scale permanent Irish settlements made along the coasts of Wales under circumstances that remain unclear . Maximus campaigned in Britain against both the Picts and Scoti , with historians differing on whether this was in the year 382 or 384 ( i.e. , whether the campaign was before or after he became Augustus ) . Welsh legend relates that before launching his usurpation , Maximus made preparations for an altered governmental and defence framework for the beleaguered provinces . Figures such as Coel Hen were said to be placed into key positions to protect the island in Maximus ' absence . As such claims were designed to buttress Welsh genealogy and land claims , they should be viewed with some scepticism . In 388 , Maximus led his army across the Alps into Italy in an attempt to claim the purple . The effort failed when he was defeated in Pannonia at the Battle of the Save ( in modern Croatia ) and at the Battle of Poetovio ( at Ptuj in modern Slovenia ) . He was then executed by Theodosius . 389 -- 406 ( edit ) With Maximus ' death , Britain came back under the rule of Emperor Theodosius I until 392 , when the usurper Eugenius would successfully bid for imperial power in the Western Roman Empire , surviving until 394 when he was defeated and killed by Theodosius . When Theodosius died in 395 , his 10 - year - old son Honorius succeeded him as Western Roman Emperor . The real power behind the throne , however , was Stilicho , the son - in - law of Theodosius ' brother and the father - in - law of Honorius . Britain was suffering raids by the Scoti , Saxons , and Picts and , sometime between 396 and 398 , Stilicho allegedly ordered a campaign against the Picts , likely a naval campaign intended to end their seaborne raids on the east coast of Britain . He may also have ordered campaigns against the Scoti and Saxons at the same time , but either way this would be the last Roman campaign in Britain of which there is any record . In 401 or 402 Stilicho faced wars with the Visigothic king Alaric and the Ostrogothic king Radagaisus . Needing military manpower , he stripped Hadrian 's Wall of troops for the final time . 402 is the last date of any Roman coinage found in large numbers in Britain , suggesting either that Stilicho also stripped the remaining troops from Britain , or that the Empire could no longer afford to pay the troops who were still there . Meanwhile , the Picts , Saxons and Scoti continued their raids , which may have increased in scope . In 405 , for example , Niall of the Nine Hostages is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain . 407 -- 410 ( edit ) On the last day of December 406 ( or , perhaps , 405 ) , the Alans , Vandals , and Suebi living east of Gaul crossed the Rhine , possibly when it was frozen over , and began widespread devastation . As there was no effective Roman response , the remaining Roman military in Britain feared that a Germanic crossing of the Channel into Britain was next , and dispensed with imperial authority -- an action perhaps made easier by the high probability that the troops had not been paid for some time . Their intent was to choose a commander who would lead them in securing their future but their first two choices , Marcus and Gratian , did not meet their expectations and were killed . Their third choice was the soldier Constantine III . Coin of Constantine III . In 407 Constantine took charge of the remaining troops in Britain , led them across the Channel into Gaul , rallied support there , and attempted to set himself up as Western Roman Emperor . Honorius ' loyalist forces south of the Alps were preoccupied with fending off the Visigoths and were unable to put down the rebellion swiftly , giving Constantine the opportunity to extend his new empire to include Spain . In 409 Constantine 's control of his empire fell apart . Part of his military forces were in Spain , making them unavailable for action in Gaul , and some of those in Gaul were swayed against him by loyalist Roman generals . The Germans living west of the Rhine River rose against him , perhaps encouraged by Roman loyalists , and those living east of the river crossed into Gaul . Britain , now without any troops for protection and having suffered particularly severe Saxon raids in 408 and 409 , viewed the situation in Gaul with renewed alarm . Perhaps feeling they had no hope of relief under Constantine , both the Romano - Britons and some of the Gauls expelled Constantine 's magistrates in 409 or 410 . The Byzantine historian Zosimus ( fl. 490 's -- 510 's ) directly blamed Constantine for the expulsion , saying that he had allowed the Saxons to raid , and that the Britons and Gauls were reduced to such straits that they revolted from the Roman Empire , ' rejected Roman law , reverted to their native customs , and armed themselves to ensure their own safety ' . It has been suggested that when Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration in 409 he might have been referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how , in the aftermath of the revolt , all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai . A later appeal for help by the British communities was , according to Zosimus , rejected by the Emperor Honorius in 410 AD . In the text called the Rescript of Honorius of 411 , the Western Emperor Honorius tells the British civitates to look to their own defence as his regime was still fighting usurpers in the south of Gaul and trying to deal with the Visigoths who were in the very south of Italy . The first reference to this rescript is written by the sixth - century Byzantine scholar Zosimus and is located randomly in the middle of a discussion of southern Italy ; no further mention of Britain is made , which has led some , though not all , modern academics to suggest that the rescript does not apply to Britain , but to Bruttium in Italy . Historian Christopher Snyder wrote that protocol dictated that Honorius address his correspondences to imperial officials , and the fact that he did not implies that the cities of Britain were now the highest Roman authority remaining on the island . The idea that there may have been larger - scale political formations still intact on the island has not been completely discredited however . At the time that the Rescript was sent , Honorius was holed up in Ravenna by the Visigoths and was unable to prevent their Sack of Rome ( 410 ) . He was certainly in no position to offer any relief to anyone . As for Constantine III , he was not equal to the intrigues of imperial Rome and by 411 his cause was spent . His son was killed along with those major supporters who had not turned against him , and he himself was assassinated . Interpretative variations ( edit ) There are various interpretations that characterise the events in a way that supports a particular thesis without taking issue with the basic chronology . The historian Theodor Mommsen ( Britain , 1885 ) said that `` It was not Britain that gave up Rome , but Rome that gave up Britain ... '' , arguing that Roman needs and priorities lay elsewhere . His position has retained scholarly support over the passage of time . Michael Jones ( The End of Roman Britain , 1998 ) took the opposite view , saying that it was Britain that left Rome , arguing that numerous usurpers based in Britain combined with poor administration caused the Romano - Britons to revolt . Factual disputes ( edit ) Romano - British or Anglo - Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo - Saxon cemetery , early 5th century , using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo - Saxon clients Regarding the events of 409 and 410 when the Romano - Britons expelled Roman officials and sent a request for aid to Honorius , Michael Jones ( The End of Roman Britain , 1998 ) offered a different chronology to the same end result : he suggested that the Britons first appealed to Rome and when no help was forthcoming , they expelled the Roman officials and took charge of their own affairs . One theory that occurs in some modern histories concerns the Rescript of Honorius , holding that it refers to the cities of the Bruttii ( who lived at the `` toe '' of Italy in modern Calabria ) , rather than to the cities of the Britons . The suggestion is based on the assumption that the source ( Zosimus ) or a copyist made an error and actually meant Brettia when Brettania was written , and noting that the passage that contains the Rescript is otherwise concerned with events in northern Italy . Criticisms of the suggestion range from treating the passage in the way it was written by Zosimus and ignoring the suggestion , to simply noting its speculative nature , to a discussion of problems with the suggestion ( e.g. , ' why would Honorius write to the cities of the Bruttii rather than to his own provincial governor for that region ? ' , and ' why does far - off southern Italy belong in a passage about northern Italy any more than far - off Britain ? ' ) . The theory also contradicts the account of Gildas , who provides independent support that the reference is to Britain by repeating the essence of Zosimus ' account and clearly applying it to Britain . E.A. Thompson ( `` Britain , A.D. 406 -- 410 '' , in Britannia , 8 ( 1977 ) , pp. 303 -- 318 ) offered a more provocative theory to explain the expulsion of officials and appeal for Roman aid . He suggested that a revolt consisting of dissident peasants , not unlike the Bagaudae of Gaul , also existing in Britain , and when they revolted and expelled the Roman officials , the landowning class then made an appeal for Roman aid . There is no textual proof that that was so , though it might be plausible if the definition of ' bagaudae ' is changed to fit the circumstances . There is no need to do this , as any number of rational scenarios already fit the circumstances . There is the possibility that some form of bagaudae existed in Britain , but were not necessarily relevant to the events of 409 and 410 . The alleged ubiquity of Pelagianism amongst the British population may have contributed to such a movement if it had existed , not to mention large - scale purges amongst the British elite over previous decades . Among the works that mention but skirt the issue is Koch 's Celtic Culture ( 2005 ) , which cites Thompson 's translation of Zosimus and goes on to say `` The revolt in Britain may have involved bacaudae or peasant rebels as was the case in Armorica , but this is not certain . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 13 , An Age of Tyrants . Snyder cites Zosimus 4.35. 2 - 6 and 37.1 - 3 , and Orosius ( 7.34. 9 - 10 ) , with the latter saying that Maximus was an unwilling usurper . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 354 , Britannia , The End of Roman Britain . Specifically , Frere refers to Wales , the western Pennines , and the fortress at Deva ; he then goes on to suggest that the same was true north of Hadrian 's Wall , referring to the lands of the Damnonii , Votadini , and the Novantae . ^ Jump up to : Higham 1992 : 75 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 354 , Britannia , The End of Roman Britain . Frere notes that excavation of coins dated after 383 suggests that Maximus did not strip the Wall of troops . Jump up ^ Giles 1841 : 13 , The Works of Gildas , The History , ch. 14 Jump up ^ Laing 1975 : 93 , Early Celtic Britain and Ireland , Wales and the Isle of Man . Jump up ^ Miller , Mollie ( 1977 ) , `` Date - Guessing and Dyfed '' , Studia Celtica , 12 , Cardiff : University of Wales , pp. 33 -- 61 Jump up ^ Coplestone - Crow , Bruce ( 1981 ) , `` The Dual Nature of Irish Colonization of Dyfed in the Dark Ages '' , Studia Celtica , 16 , Cardiff : University of Wales , pp. 1 -- 24 Jump up ^ Meyer , Kuno ( 1896 ) , `` Early Relations Between Gael and Brython '' , in Evans , E. Vincent , Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , Session 1895 -- 1896 , I , London : Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , pp. 55 -- 86 Jump up ^ Mattingly 2006 : 232 , An Imperial Possession . The Gallic Chronicle of 452 is cited as giving the year 382 / 383 . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 354 , In `` Britannia , The End of Roman Britain , '' Frere suggests that Maximus would return to Britain in 384 , after he became Augustus , to campaign against the Scoti and Picts . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 13 , Age of Tyrants . Snyder cites Sozomen 7.13 , and Orosius 7.35. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 62 , The Britons . The date is given as 398 . Stilicho himself was suppressing revolts in Africa at the time . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 355 , Britannia , `` The End of Roman Britain '' . ^ Jump up to : Jones & Mattingly 1990 : 307 , An Atlas of Roman Britain . Jump up ^ Mattingly 2006 : 238 , An Imperial Possession . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 62 -- 63 , The Britons . Stilicho had ordered measures for new fortifications in Britain prior to removing the troops . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , An Age of Tyrants . Snyder notes that the sometimes confused effort of Gildas to relate history may contain references to Stilicho 's actions in Britain . In De Excidio , ch. 16 - 18 , he talks of campaigns against the Scoti , Saxons and Picts , and then mistakenly says that that is when Hadrian 's Wall was built , followed by the removal of troops . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , An Age of Tyrants . ^ Jump up to : Frere 1987 : 357 , Britannia . Jump up ^ Michael Kulikowski , `` Barbarians in Gaul , Usurpers in Britain '' Britannia 31 ( 2000 : 325 - 345 ) . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 19 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 358 , Britannia . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 19 -- 20 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 79 , The Britons . Jump up ^ Higham 1992 : 72 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 20 -- 21 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 358 -- 359 , Britannia . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 20 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Higham 1992 : 71 -- 72 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 22 , An Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Birley , Anthony Richard The Roman Government of Britain OUP Oxford ( 29 Sep 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0199252374 pp. 461 - 463 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Halsall , Guy Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West , 376 - 568 Cambridge University Press ; illustrated edition ( 20 Dec 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0521434911 , pp. 217 - 18 Jump up ^ Discussion in Martin Millett , The Romanization of Britain , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) and in Philip Bartholomew ' Fifth - Century Facts ' Britannia vol. 13 , 1982 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Snyder 1998 : 21 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 21 -- 22 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Mommsen , Theodor ( 1885 ) , `` Britain '' , in Dickson , William P. ( translator ) , The Provinces of the Roman Empire , I , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons ( published 1887 ) , p. 211 Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 25 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Birley , Anthony ( 2005 ) The Roman Government of Britain . Oxford : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 925237 - 8 , pp. 461 -- 463 Jump up ^ Halsall , Guy Barbarian migrations and the Roman West , 376 - 568 Cambridge University Press ; illustrated edition ( 20 Dec 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43491 - 1 pp. 217 - 218 Jump up ^ Discussion in Martin Millett , The Romanization of Britain , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) and in Philip Bartholomew ' Fifth - Century Facts ' Britannia vol. 13 , 1982 p. 260 Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 359 , Britannia , `` The End of Roman Britain '' . Jump up ^ Higham 1992 : 73 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 24 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Woolf , Alex ( 2003 ) , `` The Britons : from Romans to Barbarians '' , in Goetz , Hans Werner ; Jarnut , Jörg ; Pohl , Walter , Regna and Gentes , Brill , pp. 346 -- 347 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 12524 - 8 . Woolf cites the argument of E.A. Thompson but does not choose sides , saying that the issue is neither provable nor disprovable . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , Age of Tyrants . Gildas ( De Excidio , 18.1 ) is quoted as saying `` The Romans therefore informed our country that they could not go on being bothered with such troublesome expeditions ... Rather , the British should stand alone , get used to arms , fight bravely , and defend with all their powers their land . '' Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 22 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 23 -- 24 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Koch , John T. , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Civitas '' , Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , ABL - CLIO ( published 2006 ) , pp. 450 -- 451 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 440 - 0 References ( edit ) Frere , Sheppard Sunderland ( 1987 ) , Britannia : A History of Roman Britain ( 3rd , revised ed . ) , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0 - 7102 - 1215 - 1 Giles , John Allen , ed. ( 1841 ) , `` The Works of Gildas '' , The Works of Gildas and Nennius , London : James Bohn Higham , Nicholas ( 1992 ) , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , London : B.A. Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 022 - 7 Jones , Barri ; Mattingly , David ( 1990 ) , An Atlas of Roman Britain , Cambridge : Blackwell Publishers ( published 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 Laing , Lloyd ( 1975 ) , The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland , c. 400 -- 1200 AD , Frome : Book Club Associates ( published 1977 ) Mattingly , David ( 2006 ) , An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire , London : Penguin Books ( published 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 1998 ) , An Age of Tyrants : Britain and the Britons A.D. 400 -- 600 , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , ISBN 0 - 271 - 01780 - 5 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) , The Britons , Malden : Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Speed , Gavin ( 2014 ) . Towns in the dark ? : urban transformations from late Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England . Oxford , UK : Archaeopress Archaeology . ISBN 9781784910044 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain&oldid=820860368 '' Categories : Roman Britain Migration Period Sub-Roman Britain 4th century in England 5th century in England 4th century in Wales 5th century in Wales 380s in the Roman Empire 390s in the Roman Empire 400s in the Roman Empire 410s in the Roman Empire 380s 390s 400s 410s Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Galego Hrvatski Italiano Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who got rid of the romans in britain | [
"In 383, the Roman general then assigned to Britain, Magnus Maximus, launched his successful bid for imperial power,[1] crossing to Gaul with his troops. He killed the Western Roman Emperor Gratian and ruled Gaul and Britain as Augustus (i.e., as a \"sub-emperor\" under Theodosius I). 383 is the last date for any evidence of a Roman presence in the north and west of Britain,[2] perhaps excepting troop assignments at the tower on Holyhead Mountain in Anglesey and at western coastal posts such as Lancaster. These outposts may have lasted into the 390s, but they were a very minor presence,[3] intended primarily to stop attacks and settlement by groups from Ireland."
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"Magnus Maximus"
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2967719817622171036 | One- and two-tailed tests | One - and two - tailed tests - wikipedia One - and two - tailed tests A two - tailed test applied to the normal distribution . A one - tailed test , showing the p - value as the size of one tail . In statistical significance testing , a one - tailed test and a two - tailed test are alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of a parameter inferred from a data set , in terms of a test statistic . A two - tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value may be more than or less than the reference value , for example , whether a test taker may score above or below the historical average . A one - tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value may depart from the reference value in only one direction , for example , whether a machine produces more than one - percent defective products . Alternative names are one - sided and two - sided tests ; the terminology `` tail '' is used because the extreme portions of distributions , where observations lead to rejection of the null hypothesis , are small and often `` tail off '' toward zero as in the normal distribution or `` bell curve '' , pictured on the right . Contents 1 Applications 2 Coin flipping example 3 History 4 Specific tests 5 See also 6 References Applications ( edit ) One - tailed tests are used for asymmetric distributions that have a single tail , such as the chi - squared distribution , which are common in measuring goodness - of - fit , or for one side of a distribution that has two tails , such as the normal distribution , which is common in estimating location ; this corresponds to specifying a direction . Two - tailed tests are only applicable when there are two tails , such as in the normal distribution , and correspond to considering either direction significant . In the approach of Ronald Fisher , the null hypothesis H will be rejected when the p - value of the test statistic is sufficiently extreme ( vis - a-vis the test statistic 's sampling distribution ) and thus judged unlikely to be the result of chance . In a one - tailed test , `` extreme '' is decided beforehand as either meaning `` sufficiently small '' or meaning `` sufficiently large '' -- values in the other direction are considered not significant . In a two - tailed test , `` extreme '' means `` either sufficiently small or sufficiently large '' , and values in either direction are considered significant . For a given test statistic there is a single two - tailed test , and two one - tailed tests , one each for either direction . Given data of a given significance level in a two - tailed test for a test statistic , in the corresponding one - tailed tests for the same test statistic it will be considered either twice as significant ( half the p - value ) , if the data is in the direction specified by the test , or not significant at all ( p - value above 0.05 ) , if the data is in the direction opposite that specified by the test . For example , if flipping a coin , testing whether it is biased towards heads is a one - tailed test , and getting data of `` all heads '' would be seen as highly significant , while getting data of `` all tails '' would be not significant at all ( p = 1 ) . By contrast , testing whether it is biased in either direction is a two - tailed test , and either `` all heads '' or `` all tails '' would both be seen as highly significant data . In medical testing , while one is generally interested in whether a treatment results in outcomes that are better than chance , thus suggesting a one - tailed test ; a worse outcome is also interesting for the scientific field , therefore one should use a two - tailed test that corresponds instead to testing whether the treatment results in outcomes that are different from chance , either better or worse . In the archetypal lady tasting tea experiment , Fisher tested whether the lady in question was better than chance at distinguishing two types of tea preparation , not whether her ability was different from chance , and thus he used a one - tailed test . Coin flipping example ( edit ) Main article : Checking whether a coin is fair In coin flipping , the null hypothesis is a sequence of Bernoulli trials with probability 0.5 , yielding a random variable X which is 1 for heads and 0 for tails , and a common test statistic is the sample mean ( of the number of heads ) X _̄ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ bar ( X ) ) . ) If testing for whether the coin is biased towards heads , a one - tailed test would be used -- only large numbers of heads would be significant . In that case a data set of five heads ( HHHHH ) , with sample mean of 1 , has a 1 / 32 = 0.03125 ≈ 0.03 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 32 = 0.03125 \ approx 0.03 ) chance of occurring , ( 5 consecutive flips with 2 outcomes - ( ( 1 / 2 ) ^ 5 = 1 / 32 ) , and thus would have p ≈ 0.03 ( \ displaystyle p \ approx 0.03 ) and would be significant ( rejecting the null hypothesis ) if using 0.05 as the cutoff . However , if testing for whether the coin is biased towards heads or tails , a two - tailed test would be used , and a data set of five heads ( sample mean 1 ) is as extreme as a data set of five tails ( sample mean 0 ) , so the p - value would be 2 / 32 = 0.0625 ≈ 0.06 ( \ displaystyle 2 / 32 = 0.0625 \ approx 0.06 ) and this would not be significant ( not rejecting the null hypothesis ) if using 0.05 as the cutoff . History ( edit ) p - value of chi - squared distribution for different number of degrees of freedom The p - value was introduced by Karl Pearson in the Pearson 's chi - squared test , where he defined P ( original notation ) as the probability that the statistic would be at or above a given level . This is a one - tailed definition , and the chi - squared distribution is asymmetric , only assuming positive or zero values , and has only one tail , the upper one . It measures goodness of fit of data with a theoretical distribution , with zero corresponding to exact agreement with the theoretical distribution ; the p - value thus measures how likely the fit would be this bad or worse . Normal distribution , showing two tails The distinction between one - tailed and two - tailed tests was popularized by Ronald Fisher in the influential book Statistical Methods for Research Workers , where he applied it especially to the normal distribution , which is a symmetric distribution with two equal tails . The normal distribution is a common measure of location , rather than goodness - of - fit , and has two tails , corresponding to the estimate of location being above or below the theoretical location ( e.g. , sample mean compared with theoretical mean ) . In the case of a symmetric distribution such as the normal distribution , the one - tailed p - value is exactly half the two - tailed p - value : Some confusion is sometimes introduced by the fact that in some cases we wish to know the probability that the deviation , known to be positive , shall exceed an observed value , whereas in other cases the probability required is that a deviation , which is equally frequently positive and negative , shall exceed an observed value ; the latter probability is always half the former . -- Ronald Fisher , Statistical Methods for Research Workers Fisher emphasized the importance of measuring the tail -- the observed value of the test statistic and all more extreme -- rather than simply the probability of specific outcome itself , in his The Design of Experiments ( 1935 ) . He explains this as because a specific set of data may be unlikely ( in the null hypothesis ) , but more extreme outcomes likely , so seen in this light , the specific but not extreme unlikely data should not be considered significant . Specific tests ( edit ) If the test statistic follows a Student 's t - distribution in the null hypothesis -- which is common where the underlying variable follows a normal distribution with unknown scaling factor , then the test is referred to as a one - tailed or two - tailed t - test . If the test is performed using the actual population mean and variance , rather than an estimate from a sample , it would be called a one - tailed or two - tailed Z - test . The statistical tables for t and for Z provide critical values for both one - and two - tailed tests . That is , they provide the critical values that cut off an entire region at one or the other end of the sampling distribution as well as the critical values that cut off the regions ( of half the size ) at both ends of the sampling distribution . See also ( edit ) Paired difference test , when two samples are being compared References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kock , N. ( 2015 ) . One - tailed or two - tailed P values in PLS - SEM ? International Journal of e-Collaboration , 11 ( 2 ) , 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mundry , R. , & Fischer , J. ( 1998 ) . Use of statistical programs for nonparametric tests of small samples often leads to incorrect P values : Examples from Animal Behaviour . Animal behaviour , 56 ( 1 ) , 256 - 259 . Jump up ^ Pillemer , D.B. ( 1991 ) . One - versus two - tailed hypothesis tests in contemporary educational research . Educational Researcher , 20 ( 9 ) , 13 - 17 . Jump up ^ John E. Freund , ( 1984 ) Modern Elementary Statistics , sixth edition . Prentice hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 593525 - 3 ( Section `` Inferences about Means '' , chapter `` Significance Tests '' , page 289 . ) Jump up ^ JM Bland , DG Bland ( BMJ , 1994 ) Statistics Notes : One and two sided tests of significance Jump up ^ Pearson , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . Series 5 . 50 ( 302 ) : 157 -- 175 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440009463897 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Ronald ( 1925 ) . Statistical Methods for Research Workers . Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd . ISBN 0 - 05 - 002170 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ronald A. ( 1971 ) ( 1935 ) . The Design of Experiments ( 9th ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 844690 - 9 . hide Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment hide Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao -- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z - test ( normal ) Student 's t - test F - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared G - test Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA , anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - series General Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey -- Fuller Johansen Q - statistic ( Ljung -- Box ) Durbin -- Watson Breusch -- Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation ( ACF ) partial ( PACF ) Cross-correlation ( XCF ) ARMA model ARIMA model ( Box -- Jenkins ) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) Vector autoregression ( VAR ) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Wavelet Whittle likelihood Survival Survival function Kaplan -- Meier estimator ( product limit ) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time ( AFT ) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson -- Aalen estimator Test Log - rank test Applications Biostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-_and_two-tailed_tests&oldid=808354488 '' Categories : Statistical tests Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 11 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do you know if you have a two tailed test | [
"In statistical significance testing, a one-tailed test and a two-tailed test are alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of a parameter inferred from a data set, in terms of a test statistic. A two-tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value may be more than or less than the reference value, for example, whether a test taker may score above or below the historical average. \nA one-tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value may depart from the reference value in only one direction, for example, whether a machine produces more than one-percent defective products. Alternative names are one-sided and two-sided tests; the terminology \"tail\" is used because the extreme portions of distributions, where observations lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, are small and often \"tail off\" toward zero as in the normal distribution or \"bell curve\", pictured on the right.\n"
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"if the estimated value may be more than or less than the reference value"
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1804901385052737779 | Al-Mulk | Al - Mulk - wikipedia Al - Mulk Jump to : navigation , search ← Sura 67 of the Quran → الملك Al - Mulk The Dominion Arabic text English translation Classification Meccan Other names Kingship Position Juzʼ 29 Tabāraka - lladhi No. of Rukus No. of verses 30 No. of words 337 No. of letters 1316 Quran Text ( show ) Chapter List Meccan Medinan Verse Section Muqatta'at Content ( show ) Animals Eschatology Female figures God Legends Miracles Parables Prophets Science Reading ( show ) Elocution Memorized Reciter School Speed Translations ( show ) List English translations by Ahmadis History ( show ) Samarkand Kufic Quran Sana'a manuscript Topkapi manuscript Birmingham manuscript Exegesis ( show ) Abrogation Biblical narratives Esoteric interpretation Hermeneutics Persons related to verses mentioned by name Revelation Related ( show ) Createdness Criticism Inimitability Quran and tradition Quranism Shi'a view Islam portal Wikipedia book Sūrat al - Mulk ( Arabic : سورة الملك , `` Sovereignty , Kingdom '' ) is the 67th chapter ( sura ) of the Quran , comprising 30 verses . The sura emphasizes that no individual can impose his will on another ; he may only guide and set an example ( 67 : 26 ) . Hadith ( edit ) The first and foremost exegesis / tafsir of the Qur'an is found in hadith of Muhammad and while hadith is literally `` speech '' ; recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by isnad ; with sira these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah and tafsir . Although scholars including ibn Taymiyyah claim that Muhammad has commented on the whole of the Qur'an , others including Ghazali cite the limited amount of narratives , thus indicating that he has commented only on a portion of the Qur'an . In either the case , higher count of hadith elevates the importance of the pertinent surah from a certain perspective . This surah holds special place in the sayings as well as practices of Muhammad , which can be observed by these related ahadith . Imam Ahmad recorded from Abu Hurayrah that Muhammad said , `` Verily , there is a chapter in the Qur'an which contains thirty Ayat that will intercede on behalf of its reciter until he is forgiven . ( It is ) : ' Blessed be He in Whose Hand is the dominion . ( Surat Al - Mulk 67 ) ' '' Muhammad said , ' There is a surah in the Qur'an which is only thirty verses . It defends whoever recites it until it puts him into Jannah ' Anas ibn Malik reported Muhammad as saying , `` There is a Surah which will plead for its reciter till it causes him to enter paradise . '' Muhammad said , ' Surah al Mulk is the protector from the torment of the grave ' Jabir said it was the custom of not to go to sleep until he had read Tabarakalladhi Biyadihil Mulk ( Al - Mulk ) and Alif Laam Meem Tanzeel ( As - Sajda ) . He used to recite Surah As - Sajdah and Surah Al - Mulk ( in Arabic ) before sleeping . Abdullah Ibn ' Abbas reported that Muhammad said , ' It is my desire / love that Surahtul Mulk should be in the heart of every Muslim ' Ibn Abbas said that one of Muhammad 's companions set up his tent over a grave without realising that it was a grave and it contained a man who was reciting the Surah Tabarakalladhi Biyadihil Mulk up to the end . He went and told Muhammad who said , ' It is The Defender ; it is The Protector which safeguards from Allah Ta'ala's Punishment ' Khalid bin Madam said about surat Al Mulk and As - Sajda that these two surahs will fight for their reciter in the grave and will say , ' O Allah ! If we belong to Your book , accept our intercession in his favour . In case we do not , get us obliterated . These surahs will spread their wings like birds and will save the person from the torment of the grave . ' It was narrated that Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud said : Whoever reads Tabarakalladhi Biyadihil Mulk ( i.e. Surah al - Mulk ) every night , Allah will protect him from the torment of the grave . At the time of the Messenger of Allah , we used to call it al - mani'ah ( that which protects ) . In the Book of Allah it is a surah which , whoever recites it every night has done very well . Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood is reported to have said , ' A man will be approached in his grave from his legs and from his chest and then from his head . And each time this Surah will defend him by saying , ' You can not do anything to him , he used to recite Surah Mulk ' . ' Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood further states , ' It is called , ' Al - maani'ah ' . For it protects from the punishment of the grave . ' Ibn Umar said that once that Muhammad recited verse 2 ( the One Who created death and life so that He may test you as to which of you is better in deeds ) and when he reached the words `` better in deeds '' , he stopped and explained that ' better in deeds ' is the person who abstains most from the things Allah has forbidden and is always ready to obey Him . '' Yahya related to me from Malik from Ibn Shihab that Humayd ibn Abd ar - Rahman ibn Awf had told him that Surat al - Ikhlas ( Sura 112 ) was equal to a third of the Qur'an , and that Surat al - mulk ( Sura 67 ) pleaded for its owner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Al - Mulk at Sacred Texts Jump up ^ Guppy , Shusha , For the good of Islam The Observer , 15 December 1991 Jump up ^ Tafsir # Muhammad Jump up ^ Şatibi , El - muvafakat Jump up ^ Muhsin Demirci , Tefsir Usulü , 120 Jump up ^ ( This Hadith was collected by At - Tirmidhi and the four Sunan Compilers . At - Tirmidhi said concerning it , `` This is a Hasan Hadith . '' ) Jump up ^ ( Jami ` at - Tirmidhi Hadith 2891 ) Imaam at - Tirmidhi has classified this narration as Hasan ( sound ) and Imaam Ibn Hibban and Abu Abdullah al - Hakim Nishapuri regarded it as Sahih ( authentic ) . See Saheeh ibn Hibbaan vol. 3 , p. 67 - 69 and Al - Mustadrak alaa al - Sahihain vol. 2 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Abu Dawood , Imam Ahmad , at - Tirmidhi , Riyad as - Salihin by Imam Al - Nawawi Ch. 183 # 1016 Jump up ^ Fath al Qadir 5 / 257 , Sahihul Jamiea 1 / 680 , Tabrani in Al - Awsat & Ibn Mardawaith Jump up ^ Al - Tabarani Jump up ^ Sahihul Jamiea 1 / 680 , Abu Abdullah al - Hakim Nishapuri - Al - Mustadrak alaa al - Sahihain 2 / 498 & Al - Nasa'i Jump up ^ Ahmad , Tirmidhi and Sunan al - Darimi Jump up ^ At - Tirmithi , An - Nasa'i . See also Al - Albani , Sahihul - Jami As - Saghir 4 / 255 Jump up ^ ( Hakim , al - Hisnul Haseen by the classical scholar Muhammad al - Jazri ) Jump up ^ at - Tirmidhi Jump up ^ Mishkat al - Misbah Jump up ^ Al - Nasa'i Jump up ^ ( Sahih at - Targhib wat - Tarhib , no . 1475 ) Jump up ^ ( Mustadrak al - Haakim vol. 2 , p. 498 ) . Abu Abdullah al - Hakim Nishapuri has classified this narration as Saheeh ( authentic ) and Haafiz Zahabiy has confirmed this . Jump up ^ Imam Malik 's Muwatta Chapter No : 15 , The Quran , Hadith no : 19 Narrated by Imam Malik External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Holy Qur'an ( Maulana Muhammad Ali ) / 67 . The Kingdom Surah 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mulk&oldid=792470585 '' Categories : Surahs Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenščina کوردی Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2017 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what page is surah mulk in the quran | [
"Sūrat al-Mulk (Arabic: سورة الملك, \"Sovereignty, Kingdom\") is the 67th chapter (sura) of the Quran, comprising 30 verses.[1] The sura emphasizes that no individual can impose his will on another; he may only guide and set an example (67:26).[2]"
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-3539299709540826893 | Twelfth grade | Twelfth grade - wikipedia Twelfth grade Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Twelfth grade , senior year , or grade 12 is the final year of secondary school in North America . In other regions it is also equivalently referred as class 12 or Year 13 . In most countries students then graduate at age 17 -- 18 . Some countries have a thirteenth grade , while other countries do not have a 12th grade / year at all . Twelfth grade is typically the last year of high school ; graduation year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Belgium 3 Brazil 4 Bulgaria 5 Canada 6 Denmark 7 Finland 8 France 9 Germany 10 Hong Kong 11 India 12 Ireland 13 Israel 14 Italy 15 Lebanon 16 Malaysia 17 Mexico 18 New Zealand 19 The Netherlands 20 Norway 21 Pakistan 22 Philippines 23 Portugal 24 Scotland 25 South Africa 26 Sweden 27 Turkey 28 United Kingdom 29 United States 29.1 Traditions associated with senior year 30 Latin America 31 References 32 See also Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the twelfth grade is referred to as Year 12 . In New South Wales , students are usually 16 or 17 years old when they enter Year 12 and 17 -- 18 years during graduation ( end of year ) . A majority of students in Year 12 work towards getting an ATAR ( Australian Tertiary Admission Rank ) or OP ( Overall Position , which applies only to students in the state of Queensland ) , which will allow them access to courses at university . In South Australia , this is achieved by completing the SACE ; in Victoria , this is achieved by completing the VCE ; in the Australian Capital Territory , this is achieved by completing the AST and in New South Wales this is achieved by completing the HSC . In New South Wales , when completing the ( HSC ) , students are required to satisfactorily complete at least 10 units of study in ATAR courses which must include : eight units from Category A courses two units of English three Board Developed courses of two units or greater four subjects Some Year 12s may receive a Year 12 Jersey . Schools choose the design , colours and writing which are printed or stitched onto the jersey . Sometimes the last two digits of the year they are graduating are printed on the back ( for example , `` 12 '' for 2012 school leavers ) along with a personalised nickname . The front may show the school emblem and the student 's name , which is occasionally stitched in . Many schools conduct end of year `` formals '' ( similar to a senior prom ) . They are held from any time between graduation in September to November . Australian private schools often conduct Year 12 balls in January or February of Year 12 instead of an end of year formal . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , the 12th grade is called 6de middelbaar or laatste jaar in Dutch , rétho or 6e année in French . In the General Education , this year guides and prepares students for their first year in University by recalling everything learned during the past six years of secondary school . In the Skills Education , this year prepares the students for the professional life with an Intership in the chosen domain . Brazil ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Brazil , the 12th grade is called terceiro ano do ensino médio , also informally called terceiro colegial , meaning literally third grade of high school . It is typically attended by 17 -- 18 years old students . During this grade , most students apply to what is called Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio ( ENEM ) , the Brazilian equivalent of the SATs in the US , and vestibular , the individual entrance examination particular to each university . As in many countries , Grade 12 students attend Graduation , which involves a formal official ceremony , a party where students , relatives and friends are invited and another party just for the students . Bulgaria ( edit ) In Bulgaria the twelfth grade is the last year of high - school . Twelfth - grade students tend to be 18 -- 19 years old . Usually students are preparing to take the Matriculation exam in the end of their 2nd semester . Canada ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Canada , the twelfth grade is referred to as Grade 12 . Grade 12 is the 12th year after kindergarten . Students generally enter their Grade 12 year when they are 16 or 17 years old . If they are 16 years old , they will be turning 17 by December 31 of that year . In many Canadian high schools , student during their year , hold a series of fundraisers , grade - class trips , and other social events . Grade 12 Canadian students attend Graduation which usually involves an official ceremony and a dinner dance . Ontario previously had Grade 13 , which was briefly renamed Ontario Academic Credit ( OAC ) , before being phased out , leaving Grade 12 as the final year . Grades 12 and 13 were similar to sixth form in England . Quebec is the lone province that does not have Grade 12 ; their students finish secondary school at the equivalent of Grade 11 and then do two years of college before going to university . Thus , when a student is in Grade 12 in Ontario , for instance , the student in Quebec is in his first year of college . Newfoundland and Labrador did not introduce Grade 12 until 1983 . Denmark ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Denmark , the twelfth grade is the 3rd G , which is the final year of secondary school . 3. g is equivalent to 3rd grade of secondary school , or gymnasium . This is not compulsory , as education is only compulsory through 9th grade . Students are often 18 - 19 or older when they finish secondary school . The age of graduation is caused by the fact that Danish children first start school at 6 . The reason that many students will be at the age of 20 when they graduate is because some people choose to have one - year gap between the 9th grade and gymnasium 's 1st G ( the first year of secondary school ) , where students typically go to special art - or sport - oriented boarding schools or become exchange students all over the world . This is optional though ; you can go directly to the first year of secondary school after 9th grade . Finland ( edit ) The twelfth grade is the third and usually last year ( a fourth year is possible ) of High School or secondary school ( or Gymnasium ) The students graduate from High School the year they turn 19 . The twelfth grade is shorter than the previous ones because the twelfth graders lessons end in February and they go on to take their final exams shortly afterwards . Compulsory education ends after the ninth grade , so the upper grades are optional . France ( edit ) The equivalent grade in this country is Terminale , it is the third year of lycée which is equivalent to High - School , upon completion of which students sit for a test , the Baccalauréat . French - language schools that teach the French government curriculum ( i.e. are part of the AEFE network ) use the same system of grades as their counterparts in France . This is not compulsory , as education is only compulsory until students turn 16 . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , students wishing to take the Abitur usually had to attend a thirteenth grade , but most states are shortening the Gymnasium ( the university - bound secondary school system in Germany ) from nine to eight years . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , 12th grade is called Form 6 . Students in Form 6 are required to take the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education ( DSE ) India ( edit ) In India , the equivalent grade is referred to as the `` HSC '' , or `` plus 2 '' or in some regions `` second year junior college '' ( SYJC ) or PreUniversity Course ( PUC ) . Most students who pass out of class 12 are 16 - 18 years old . With the introduction of separate entrance examinations for entry into medicine , engineering and law courses . Entrance exams usually comprise multiple - choice - questions on physics , chemistry and biology ( or mathematics ) and are conducted separately on national and state levels . Additionally some highly coveted institutions hold their own entrance tests . These competitive exams are among the toughest in the world with JEE MAIN , administered by CBSE being the second most competitive entrance exam . Over 14 , 00,000 students also appear for the IIT - JEE exam , competing for 9,800 odd seats at the IITs . From this year , NEET exam has been introduced for all medical admissions barring a few and is considered tougher than JEE MAIN due to lesser seats . The AIIMS entrance test is also one of the toughest exams for admission to undergraduate courses in medicine . Around 80,000 students compete for 50 seats . The CBSE and ICSE boards conduct twelfth standard courses nationally , while state boards operate at the state - level . See also : Education in India Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , it is the sixth and final year of Secondary School , referred to as Sixth Year ( for 17 - 18 year olds ) , in which students take the Leaving Certificate Examinations . Students usually attend a dance or formal party at the end of this year before they move on to third level education or start their adult lives : this is known as a Debs or Grad and is similar to prom in the United States . In Northern Ireland there is a 7th year of primary school and a 7th year of secondary school . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , the twelfth grade is the third and last year of High School . Students typically begin this grade when they are about 17 years old , and in order to graduate , they have to pass and get a Bagrut certificate . Once finished , student are required to either serve in the Israeli military or do the Israeli community service for a time period ( the number of years may vary ) . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , the twelfth grade is the fourth year of the high school ( which is called Scuola media superiore or Scuola secondaria di secondo grado ) . There are five years of high school total , sometimes grouped in different ways ( 2 + 3 , 2 + 1 + 2 ) , depending on the type of high school the student is attending . Students get the `` Maturità '' , when they are at the fifth year of high school , de facto the thirteenth grade . Last Day of Yeghishe Manoukian College Seniors of 2016 , Lebanon . Lebanon ( edit ) In Lebanon , the twelfth grade is the third year of high school , also referred to as The Third Year Of Higher Secondary Education . It can be called the class of seniors or the last class of school . People in the twelfth grade are between the ages of 17 and 18 . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , the 12th grade is also known as Form 6 in secondary school which is further divided into Lower 6 and Upper 6 . The students at this stage are 18 years old and will usually complete their schooling at 19 years old . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , the twelfth grade is the last year of high school , where students are normally aged 17 -- 18 . As in Mexico the education is divided in `` primaria '' ( 6 years ) , `` secundaria '' ( 3 years ) and `` preparatoria '' or `` bachillerato '' ( 3 years ) , the twelfth grade is usually called `` tercero de preparatoria '' ( third grade of preparatory ) or `` Quinto y Sexto Semestre '' ( Fifth and Sixth Semester ) . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , 12th grade is known as Year 13 ( New Zealand students attend 13 years of school , starting at the age of 5 ) . Students in Year 13 are usually 17 -- 18 years old . This is the last year of secondary school . In Year 13 , students complete NCEA Level 3 , which involves getting a certain number of ' credits ' from different external exams and other internal assessments . Students must gain 80 achieved credits or higher ( 20 of which are taken from Level 2 ) to pass the year . The Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , 12th grade is named by school level . From low to high : `` VMBO '' , `` HAVO '' and `` VWO '' . VMBO is composed of four years , with 12th grade being the fourth ( 4th ) and final year . A higher school level is the HAVO , which lasts for five ( 5 ) years . The highest school level is VWO , which lasts for six ( 6 ) years . So at the HAVO , students are considered senior if they are in `` 5th class '' , whereas at VWO , in `` 6th class '' respectively . The last year mainly focuses on preparing for the final exams , after which students should be ready to go to college or university . Usually , 4th and 5th grade students are aged 16 to 17 and those who are in 6th grade usually are aged 17 to 18 . Norway ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Norway , 12th grade does not officially exist , but its equivalent is the 2nd grade of secondary school , or gymnasium . This is not compulsory , as education is only compulsory until 10th grade . Courses vary as students choose a specific programme in 1st grade of secondary school , or gymnasium . Examples of programmes are : General Studies , Media and Communication , Health and Care , Industrial work , Design and craftmanship , agriculture . There are 12 national programmes , where 9 will get the students ready for work , and 3 will prepare the students for more advanced studies . Two of the vocational programs ( media and communication , and agriculture ) may also prepare the students for more advanced studies if taken a third year . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , the twelfth grade is the second and final year of college ( the first being the eleventh grade ) and is equivalently called the `` second year . '' Students who graduate from the second year are normally between seventeen and eighteen years old . For entrance into universities and postgraduate education , students undergo standardised academic exams conducted by the National Testing Service . Philippines ( edit ) From 1945 until 2011 , the basic education system was composed of six years of elementary education starting at the age of 6 , and four years of high school education starting at the age of 12 ( in which the fourth year was the equivalent of tenth grade / Grade 10 ) . Further education was provided by technical or vocational schools , or in higher education institutions such as universities . Although the 1987 Constitution stated that elementary education was compulsory , this was never enforced . In 2011 , the country started to transition from its old 10 - year basic educational system to a K to 12 educational system as mandated by the Department of Education ; the department stated that the 10 - year basic educational system was congested and designed for twelve years of teaching , not ten . Thus , the K to 12 system was introduced in order to establish educational continuity not just integrated with the ASEAN region system of basic education but aligned with the rest of the world . The 12 - year system is currently compulsory , along with the adoption of an improved , decongested curriculum for all schools ( see 2010s and the K -- 12 program ) . The transition period will end with the 2017 -- 2018 school year , which is the first graduation year for the first group of students who entered the new educational system . Grade 12 is the second year of Senior High School and is now the new final year of high school prior to employment , entrepreneurship , or college / university in the country . Students are usually 17 -- 18 years old . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , the 12th grade is considered the last year of compulsory education and the last year of high school . Students choose 5 out of a wide range of subjects , one of which being mandatorily physical education . Out of the other four , two of them are the subjects that will be evaluated in their final exams or national exams ( exames nacionais ) , one must be considered a branch of one of the two subjects that have been already evaluated in the 11th grade national exams and the last can be a broadening of an already studied subject or a whole new one . The obligatory subjects ( submitted to nacional exams ) depend on the field the student chose to study in the 10th grade : arts ; science and technologies ( best known as science ) ; socioeconomic sciences ( economy ) ; humanistic and linguistic sciences ( humanities ) or a professional / technical course . Even inside a field , you can opt between speciefics ( subjects , whose exam is compulsory to a certain college course application ) , depending on what the student intends to study in college and on which university he plans to attend . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , this is sixth year ( or S6 ) . Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education . Highers are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5 , S6 and college , with Advanced Highers being the equivalent to year one of university which can be sat following higher exams . South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In South Africa , Grade 12 is the final year of high school . It is more commonly referred to as matric , which is itself short for matriculation . ( See Matriculation in South Africa ) . At the end of Grade 12 , students are said to be matriculated . This also refers to the minimum requirement for progressing to University . On average , Grade 12 students are between the ages of 17 and 19 . Sweden ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Sweden , the twelfth grade does not officially exist , but its equivalent is the 3rd grade of secondary school , or gymnasium . This is not compulsory , as education is only compulsory until 9th grade . Courses vary as students choose a specific programme in 1st grade of secondary school , or gymnasium . Examples of programmes are : Nature and science , Arts , Economics , Health and care , Industry . There are 18 national programmes , where 12 of them will get the students ready for work , and 6 will prepare the students for more advanced studies . Students graduate the same year they 'll turn 19 , depending on if you are born early or late in the year you are either 19 or 18 at the day of your graduation . Turkey ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Turkey , 12th grade is the last year of high school and compulsory education . In March , students who are interested to go to college take a test named Transition to Higher Education Examination ( YGS ) . In this exam , students have to answer 160 questions ( 40 Turkish , 31 Maths , 9 Geometry , 15 History , 12 Geography , 8 Philosophy , 5 Religious Knowledge , 13 Biology , 14 Physics , 13 Chemistry ) in 160 minutes . Those who answer correct at least 25 % of this questions are allowed to take the Undergraduate Placement Examination ( LYS ) . This exam also has different sessions for different branches , which include Mathematics , Geometry , Physics , Chemistry , Biology , Turkish Literature , History , Geography , Philosophy , Religious Knowledge and Foreign Languages . It is not compulsory to take all of the subjects . Students usually are at the age of 18 at the end of the year . United kingdom ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In England and Wales , `` Year 13 '' ( or `` upper Sixth '' ) is the last year of A-Level certifications , which are completed at the end of the year . Students are usually 16 - 17 in Year 12 and 17 - 18 in Year 13 . In Northern Ireland this takes place in Years 13 and 14 . In England , these two years are now compulsory as of 2015 and are generally required for entry into higher education . There exist specific sixth form colleges dedicated to these years of education , sometimes known as `` further education '' to distinguish it from both secondary education , which is compulsory , and higher education , which implies university studies . In Scotland , this is sixth year ( or S6 ) . Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education . Highers are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5 , S6 and college , with Advanced Highers being the equivalent to year one of university ( 3 ) which can be sat following higher exams . United States ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The twelfth grade is the twelfth school year after kindergarten . It is also the last year of compulsory secondary education , or `` high school '' . Students often enter the grade as 17 - and 18 - year - olds and graduate as mostly 17 or 18 - year - olds . Twelfth graders are referred to as Seniors . Many students consider the twelfth grade a year to relax and prepare for transition out of their old lives into college / university or the workplace . Others take advantage of the opportunity to complete additional higher level courses , such as Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate , to earn credits for college / university . Mathematics courses normally include Pre-Calculus , Trigonometry , College Prep Math , Advanced Placement Calculus , Advanced Placement Statistics , Probability and Statistics , or SUPA Calculus . Science courses include Advanced Placement Chemistry , Advanced Placement Biology , Advanced Placement Environmental Science , Astronomy / Meteorology , CSI Forensic Science , Marine Biology or Advanced Placement Physics B , Advanced Placement Physics C : Mechanics , or Advanced Placement Physics C : Electricity and Magnetism . Social Studies courses include Government Law , Economics , Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics , Advanced Placement Comparative Government and Politics , Advanced Placement Psychology , Advanced Placement European History , Advanced Placement Microeconomics , or Advanced Placement Macroeconomics . English classes include Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition , Film and Literature , Sports and Literature , or Contemporary Lit . Popular works include Beowulf , The Canterbury Tales , Pygmalion , The Handmaid 's Tale , Frankenstein , Othello , Inferno , Goethe 's Faust , Hamlet , and Brave New World , as well as works of Romantic poets such as Edgar Allan Poe , John Keats , William Wordsworth , and Emily Dickinson . Art classes include Advanced Placement Art History , Advanced Placement Studio Art , Advanced Placement Music Theory , Applied art in Theatre , Music Theory For Garage Band Musicians , IB Musical Analysis , IB Theatre Arts , Advanced Technical Theatre , Advanced Photography , Advanced Cyramics , Fashion Design and Illustration , Theatre Dance , Jazz Dance , IB Dance Studies Madrigal Singers , Jazz Singers , or Wind Ensemble . Technology classes include Advanced Placement Computer Science , Java , Advanced Web Design , and C++ Programming . Business classes include College Marketing , College Entrepreneurship , Sports and Entertainment Marketing , College Preparatory Interview Classes , and Advanced Fundamentals in Business . Wellness classes include Physical Education , Health ( if not yet taken ) , Weightlifting , and Advanced Training in First Aid . Traditions Associated with senior year ( edit ) In the United States and some other countries , there is a graduation event near to the end of the school year ( typically in May or June ) more formally referred to as commencement , where `` seniors '' formally graduate from high school and receive their diplomas . In many schools , seniors sit for formal senior portraits at the beginning of the school year or the summer prior to their senior year . These portraits are used in the upcoming graduating class ' yearbook . The senior portraits in the yearbook are either in full color or black and white , but bigger than the smaller black and white pictures typically used for lower grades . Many modern yearbooks are in full color . Some may have a caption other than the student 's name , or a quote from the student . There is a formal dance for this year 's students , called senior prom . Some schools hold a combined prom for juniors and seniors , while others segregate the two grades into separate dances . Senior skip day ( also known as senior ditch day ) is a day during which the seniors do not attend school and skip all their classes . This event / tradition is often not recognized by school administrations and teachers . In some areas it is countered with an officially recognized senior day off , or by allowing graduating seniors to skip their final tests ( `` final exams '' ) . This official senior day can also be used to sponsor a `` senior field trip '' or `` senior class trip '' where the class would , for example , go to a theme park , a lake , a resort , the beach , or some other vacation - type activity . Following graduation , many seniors go on Senior Week , where they spend a week at the beach with their friends . Many seniors that are in the arts ( but sometimes other areas ) , such as band or choir , will have the opportunity to go on an extended vacation following graduation . The students , faculty , parents , and other people may fund the trip through fundraisers , donations , etc . Travel usually involves going out of the local state , and possibly overseas . In some schools , Seniors receive a class ring at the beginning of their senior year . A `` senior prank '' is another common tradition in which the class may contribute towards a practical joke on the school , administration , or local community . A related tradition is the senior class either raising money or contributing money for equipment or other things to the school as a token of gratitude and respect for the school 's support of the seniors . An example of this could be a senior class contributing money for a new weight room for the school or a state - of - the - art telescope for the science department . A similar project could involve the outside local community as well . Latin America ( edit ) In Latin America -- except in Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Panama , Paraguay and Uruguay -- there is no grade 12 ; secondary education terminates with the 11th grade . Mexico 's 12th grade is called `` tercero de preparatoria '' ( 3rd grade of preparatory school ) , or 5th & 6th semesters . Panama 's 12th grade is called `` Senior Year '' which is also 11th grade . In Chile the 12th grade is called 4to ( cuarto ) medio , meaning `` fourth secondary '' . Dominican Republic 's 12th grade is called `` cuarto de bachillerato '' or `` doceavo '' . In Guatemala is called `` quinto de bachillerato '' . In Argentina it is called quinto año , sexto año or tercero polimodal ( Provinces have different curriculums ) . Students usually rent a saloon and organize a dinner and a party for themselves , their friends and families . They have an entrance with specially chosen music and they are often accompanied with one of their parents . In Ecuador it is the final year of high school and it is called Tercero de Bachillerato ( formerly , Sexto Curso ) because secondary education consists of three years of Educación Basica ( basic education ) and three years of Bachillerato ( baccalaureate ) . This follows the Escuela Primaria ( primary school ) which consists of 7 years of basic education , beginning from Primero de Educación Básica ( First ) until Séptimo ( Seventh ) . In Brazil , the 12th grade is called terceiro ano and is the third and last grade of the secondary education . In Colombia there are some schools that use the 12th grade , so it can be called `` senior year '' in some of them . In Venezuela it is only available in technical schools , called as `` sexto año '' . In the rest of the country , the secondary education terminates with the 11th year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garnett , Patrick ( 13 January 2018 ) . `` Year 12 Student Achievement Data 2017 '' ( PDF ) . https://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/460293/Year-12-School-Achievement-Data-2017.PDF . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority , Queensland Government ( 13 January 2018 ) . `` 2016 Data summary '' ( PDF ) . https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/downloads/publications/qcaa_stats_yr12_enrol_cert_2016.pdf . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ View Table 3. : 56.8 % of Year 12 students receive an ATAR http://www.mitchellinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Educational-opportunity-in-Australia-2015-Who-succeeds-and-who-misses-out-19Nov15.pdf Lamb , S , Jackson , J , Walstab , A & Huo , S ( 2015 ) , Educational opportunity in Australia 2015 : Who succeeds and who misses out , Centre for International Research on Education Systems , Victoria University , for the Mitchell Institute , Melbourne : Mitchell Institute . Jump up ^ Figure 3.25 , Page 37 indicates that under 50 % of Year students receive an ATAR score . http://www.cese.nsw.gov.au/state-of-education/images/pdf/school_education_AA.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cost / Benefit Analysis Relating to the Implementation of a Common School Starting Age and Associated Nomenclature by 1 January 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Atelier Learning Solutions Pty Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NCEA levels and certificates '' . Nzqa.govt.nz . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Education in the Netherlands '' . Expatica . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` K - 12 Primer as of 20 December 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Education . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SQA '' . Sqa.org.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Dawn ( June 13 , 2002 ) . `` Senior Week : A blessing , a curse '' . Morning Star . Wilmington , NC . Knight Ridder . p. 7B . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ es : Estudiante See also ( edit ) Educational stage Senioritis Preceded by Eleventh grade Twelfth Grade age 17 - 18 Succeeded by Higher education or Thirteenth grade ( hide ) Educational years Pre-kindergarten / Preschool Kindergarten First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Fifth grade Sixth grade Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Tenth grade Eleventh grade Twelfth grade Thirteenth grade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_grade&oldid=830571775 '' Categories : Educational years Secondary education Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the last grade of high school | [
"Twelfth grade, senior year, or grade 12 is the final year of secondary school in North America. In other regions it is also equivalently referred as class 12 or Year 13. In most countries students then graduate at age 17–18. Some countries have a thirteenth grade, while other countries do not have a 12th grade/year at all. Twelfth grade is typically the last year of high school; graduation year."
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"Twelfth grade"
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-8142326944878761133 | Libya | Libya - Wikipedia Libya Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For other uses , see Libya ( disambiguation ) . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) State of Libya دولة ليبيا ( Arabic ) Flag National emblem ( de facto ) Anthem : ليبيا ليبيا ليبيا `` Libya , Libya , Libya '' Capital and largest city Tripoli 32 ° 52 ′ N 13 ° 11 ′ E / 32.867 ° N 13.183 ° E / 32.867 ; 13.183 Official languages Arabic Spoken languages Libyan Arabic Tamazight Religion Islam Demonym Libyan Government Provisional government Chairman of the Presidential Council Fayez al - Sarraj Prime Minister ( GNA ) Fayez al - Sarraj President of the House of Representatives ( Libya ) Aguila Saleh Issa Prime Minister ( Tobruk ) Abdullah al - Thani Legislature House of Representatives High Council of State ( advisory ) Formation Independence from Italy 10 February 1947 Released from British and French oversight 24 December 1951 Coup d'état by Muammar Gaddafi 1 September 1969 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 19 November 1977 Revolution Day 17 February 2011 Area Total 1,759,541 km ( 679,363 sq mi ) ( 16th ) Population 2016 estimate 6,293,253 ( 108th ) 2006 census 5,658,000 Density 3.55 / km ( 9.2 / sq mi ) ( 218th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $84.429 billion Per capita $12,963 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $47.491 billion Per capita $7,292 HDI ( 2015 ) 0.716 high 102nd Currency Libyan dinar ( LYD ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 218 ISO 3166 code LY Internet TLD . ly ^ United Nations note concerning official name : `` Following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 66 / 1 , the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations of a Declaration by the National Transitional Council of 3 August changing the official name of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to `` Libya '' and changing Libya 's national flag . '' ^ Libyan Arabic and other varieties and Amazigh languages in certain western and southern areas . The official language is simply identified as `` Arabic '' ( Constitutional Declaration , article 1 ) . ^ The UK and France held a joint condominium over Libya through the United Nations Trusteeship Council . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Libya ( / ˈlɪbiə / ( listen ) ; Arabic : ليبيا ) , officially the State of Libya ( Arabic : دولة ليبيا Dawlat Lībyā ) , is a sovereign state in the Maghreb region of North Africa , bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , Egypt to the east , Sudan to the southeast , Chad and Niger to the south , and Algeria and Tunisia to the west . The country is made of three historical regions , Tripolitania , Fezzan , and Cyrenaica . With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres ( 700,000 sq mi ) , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa , and is the 16th largest country in the world . Libya has the 10th - largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world . Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age . The Phoenicians established trading posts in western Libya , and ancient Greek colonists established city - states in eastern Libya . Libya was variously ruled by Carthaginians , Persians , Egyptians , and Greeks before becoming a part of the Roman Empire . Libya was an early centre of Christianity . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century , when invasions brought Islam to the region . In the 16th century , the Spanish Empire and the Knights of St John occupied Tripoli , until Ottoman rule began in 1551 . Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries . Ottoman rule continued until the Italian occupation of Libya resulted in the temporary Italian Libya colony from 1911 to 1943 . During the Second World War Libya was an important area of warfare in the North African Campaign . The Italian population then went into decline . Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951 . A military coup in 1969 overthrew King Idris I . The coup leader Muammar Gaddafi ruled the country from the Libyan Cultural Revolution in 1973 until he was overthrown and killed in the War of 2011 . The largest city and capital , Tripoli , is located in western Libya and contains over one million of Libya 's six million people . The other large city is Benghazi , which is located in eastern Libya . It is a member of the United Nations ( since 1955 ) , the Non-Aligned Movement , Arab League , OIC , and OPEC . The country 's official religion is Islam , with 96.6 % of the Libyan population being Sunni Muslims . In the second Libyan Civil War ongoing since 2014 , two authorities initially claimed to govern Libya : the Council of Deputies in Tobruk , and the 2014 General National Congress ( GNC ) in Tripoli , which considered itself the continuation of the General National Congress , elected in 2012 . After UN-led peace talks between the Tobruk and Tripoli governments , a unified interim UN-backed Government of National Accord was established in 2015 , and the GNC disbanded to support it . Parts of Libya remain outside either government 's control , with various Islamist , rebel , and tribal militias administering some areas . As of July 2017 talks are still ongoing between the GNA and the Tobruk - based authorities to end the strife and unify the divided establishments of the state including the Libyan National Army and the Central Bank of Libya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient Libya 2.2 Islamic Libya 2.3 Ottoman Tripolitania ( 1551 -- 1911 ) 2.4 Italian Libya ( 1911 -- 1943 ) 2.5 Independence , Kingdom of Libya and Libya under Gaddafi ( 1951 -- 2011 ) 2.6 2011 Civil War 2.7 Post-Gaddafi era and the Second Civil War 3 Geography 3.1 Libyan Desert 4 Government and politics 4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Military 4.3 Administrative divisions 4.4 Human rights 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6.1 Local demographics and ethnic groups 6.2 Immigrant labour 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Largest cities 7 Culture 7.1 Cuisine 8 Education 9 Health 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Libya and Libu Archaeological Site of Sabratha , Libya The Latin name Libya ( from Greek Λιβύη , Libyē ) referred to the region west of the Nile generally corresponding to its central location in North Africa historically visited by many Mediterranean cultures which referred to its original inhabitants as the `` Libúē . '' The name Libya was introduced in 1934 for Italian Libya , reviving the historical name for Northwest Africa , from the ancient Greek Λιβύη ( Libúē ) . It was intended to supplant terms applied to Ottoman Tripolitania , the coastal region of what is today Libya having been ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911 , as the Eyalet of Tripolitania . The name `` Libya '' was brought back into use in 1903 by Italian geographer Federico Minutilli . Libya gained independence in 1951 as the United Libyan Kingdom ( Arabic : المملكة الليبية المتحدة al - Mamlakah al - Lībiyyah al - Muttaḥidah ) , changing its name to the Kingdom of Libya ( Arabic : المملكة الليبية al - Mamlakah al - Lībiyyah ) in 1963 . Following a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969 , the name of the state was changed to the Libyan Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية الليبية aj - Jumhūriyyah al - ' Arabiyyah al - Lībiyyah ) . The official name was `` Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya '' from 1977 to 1986 , and `` Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya '' ( Arabic : الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى aj - Jamāhīriyyah al - ' Arabiyyah al - Lībiyyah ash - Sha'biyyah al - Ishtirākiyyah al - ' Uẓmá listen ( help info ) ) from 1986 to 2011 . The National Transitional Council , established in 2011 , referred to the state as simply `` Libya '' . The UN formally recognized the country as `` Libya '' in September 2011 , based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration of 3 August 2011 . In November 2011 , the ISO 3166 - 1 was altered to reflect the new country name `` Libya '' in English , `` Libye ( la ) '' in French . In December 2017 the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations informed the United Nations that the country 's official name was henceforth the `` State of Libya '' ; `` Libya '' remained the official short form , and the country continued to be listed under `` L '' in alphabetical lists . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Libya Ancient Libya ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Libya and Libu The temple of Zeus in the ancient Greek city of Cyrene The coastal plain of Libya was inhabited by Neolithic peoples from as early as 8000 BC . The Afroasiatic ancestors of the Berber people are assumed to have spread into the area by the Late Bronze Age . The earliest known name of such a tribe is that of the Garamantes , who were based in Germa . The Phoenicians were the first to establish trading posts in Libya . By the 5th century BC , the greatest of the Phoenician colonies , Carthage , had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa , where a distinctive civilization , known as Punic , came into being . In 630 BC , the ancient Greeks colonized Eastern Libya and founded the city of Cyrene . Within 200 years , four more important Greek cities were established in the area that became known as Cyrenaica . In 525 BC the Persian army of Cambyses II overran Cyrenaica , which for the next two centuries remained under Persian or Egyptian rule . Alexander the Great was greeted by the Greeks when he entered Cyrenaica in 331 BC , and Eastern Libya again fell under the control of the Greeks , this time as part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom . After the fall of Carthage the Romans did not immediately occupy Tripolitania ( the region around Tripoli ) , but left it under control of the kings of Numidia , until the coastal cities asked and obtained its protection . Ptolemy Apion , the last Greek ruler , bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome , which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as a Roman province . As part of the Africa Nova province , Tripolitania was prosperous , and reached a golden age in the 2nd and 3rd centuries , when the city of Leptis Magna , home to the Severan dynasty , was at its height . On the Eastern side , Cyrenaica 's first Christian communities were established by the time of the Emperor Claudius but was heavily devastated during the Kitos War and almost depopulated of Greeks and Jews alike , and , although repopulated by Trajan with military colonies , from then started its decline . Libya was early to convert to Nicene Christianity and was the home of Pope Victor I ; however , Libya was a hotbed for early heresies such as Arianism and Donatism . The decline of the Roman Empire saw the classical cities fall into ruin , a process hastened by the Vandals ' destructive sweep through North Africa in the 5th century . When the Empire returned ( now as East Romans ) as part of Justinian 's reconquests of the 6th century , efforts were made to strengthen the old cities , but it was only a last gasp before they collapsed into disuse . Cyrenaica , which had remained an outpost of the Byzantine Empire during the Vandal period , also took on the characteristics of an armed camp . Unpopular Byzantine governors imposed burdensome taxation to meet military costs , while the towns and public services -- including the water system -- were left to decay . By the beginning of the 7th century , Byzantine control over the region was weak , Berber rebellions were becoming more frequent , and there was little to oppose Muslim invasion . Islamic Libya ( edit ) Main article : History of Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica The Atiq Mosque in Awjila is the oldest mosque in the Sahara . Under the command of ' Amr ibn al - ' As , the Rashidun army conquered Cyrenaica . In 647 an army led by Abdullah ibn Saad took Tripoli from the Byzantines definitively . The Fezzan was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi in 663 . The Berber tribes of the hinterland accepted Islam , however they resisted Arab political rule . For the next several decades , Libya was under the purview of the Umayyad Caliph of Damascus until the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750 , and Libya came under the rule of Baghdad . When Caliph Harun al - Rashid appointed Ibrahim ibn al - Aghlab as his governor of Ifriqiya in 800 , Libya enjoyed considerable local autonomy under the Aghlabid dynasty . By the end of the 9th century , the Shiite Fatimids controlled Western Libya , and ruled the entire region in 972 and appointed Bologhine ibn Ziri as governor . Ibn Ziri 's Berber Zirid dynasty ultimately broke away from the Shiite Fatimids , and recognised the Sunni Abbasids of Baghdad as rightful Caliphs . In retaliation , the Fatimids brought about the migration of thousands from mainly two Arab Qaisi tribes , the Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal to North Africa . This act drastically altered the fabric of the Libyan countryside , and cemented the cultural and linguistic Arabisation of the region . Zirid rule in Tripolitania was short - lived though , and already in 1001 the Berbers of the Banu Khazrun broke away . Tripolitania remained under their control until 1146 , when the region was overtaken by the Normans of Sicily . It was not until 1159 that the Moroccan Almohad leader Abd al - Mu'min reconquered Tripoli from European rule . For the next 50 years , Tripolitania was the scene of numerous battles among Ayyubids , the Almohad rulers and insurgents of the Banu Ghaniya . Later , a general of the Almohads , Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs , ruled Libya from 1207 to 1221 before the later establishment of a Tunisian Hafsid dynasty independent from the Almohads . The Hafsids ruled Tripolitania for nearly 300 years . By the 16th century the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire . After weakening control of Abbasids , Cyrenaica was under Egypt based states such as Tulunids , Ikhshidids , Ayyubids and Mamluks before Ottoman conquest in 1517 . Finally Fezzan acquired independence under Awlad Muhammad dynasty after Kanem rule . Ottomans finally conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577 . Ottoman Tripolitania ( 1551 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman Tripolitania The Siege of Tripoli in 1551 allowed the Ottomans to capture the city from the Knights of St. John . After a successful invasion of Tripoli by Habsburg Spain in 1510 , and its handover to the Knights of St. John , the Ottoman admiral Sinan Pasha took control of Libya in 1551 . His successor Turgut Reis was named the Bey of Tripoli and later Pasha of Tripoli in 1556 . By 1565 , administrative authority as regent in Tripoli was vested in a pasha appointed directly by the sultan in Constantinople / Istanbul . In the 1580s , the rulers of Fezzan gave their allegiance to the sultan , and although Ottoman authority was absent in Cyrenaica , a bey was stationed in Benghazi late in the next century to act as agent of the government in Tripoli . European slaves and large numbers of enslaved Blacks transported from Sudan were also a feature of everyday life in Tripoli . In 1551 , Turgut Reis enslaved almost the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo , some 6,300 people , sending them to Libya . In time , real power came to rest with the pasha 's corps of janissaries . In 1611 the deys staged a coup against the pasha , and Dey Sulayman Safar was appointed as head of government . For the next hundred years , a series of deys effectively ruled Tripolitania . The two most important Deys were Mehmed Saqizli ( r . 1631 -- 49 ) and Osman Saqizli ( r . 1649 -- 72 ) , both also Pasha , who ruled effectively the region . The latter conquered also Cyrenaica . The USS Enterprise of the Mediterranean Squadron capturing a Tripolitan Corsair during the First Barbary War , 1801 Lacking direction from the Ottoman government , Tripoli lapsed into a period of military anarchy during which coup followed coup and few deys survived in office more than a year . One such coup was led by Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli . The Karamanlis ruled from 1711 until 1835 mainly in Tripolitania , and had influence in Cyrenaica and Fezzan as well by the mid-18th century . Ahmad 's successors proved to be less capable than himself , however , the region 's delicate balance of power allowed the Karamanli . The 1793 -- 95 Tripolitanian civil war occurred in those years . In 1793 , Turkish officer Ali Benghul deposed Hamet Karamanli and briefly restored Tripolitania to Ottoman rule . Hamet 's brother Yusuf ( r . 1795 -- 1832 ) re-established Tripolitania 's independence . In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania , and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War . By 1819 , the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely , and Tripolitania 's economy began to crumble . As Yusuf weakened , factions sprung up around his three sons . Civil war soon resulted . Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order , marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania . Order was not recovered easily , and the revolt of the Libyan under Abd - El - Gelil and Gûma ben Khalifa lasted until the death of the latter in 1858 . The second period of direct Ottoman rule saw administrative changes , and greater order in the governance of the three provinces of Libya . Ottoman rule finally reasserted to Fezzan between 1850 and 1875 for earning income from Saharan commerce . Italian Libya ( 1911 -- 1943 ) ( edit ) Main article : Italian Libya Omar Mukhtar was the leader of Libyan resistance in Cyrenaica against the Italian colonisation . Australian defenders of Tobruk during World War II . Beginning on 10 April 1941 , the Siege of Tobruk lasted for 240 days After the Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 1912 ) , Italy simultaneously turned the three regions into colonies . From 1912 to 1927 , the territory of Libya was known as Italian North Africa . From 1927 to 1934 , the territory was split into two colonies , Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania , run by Italian governors . Some 150,000 Italians settled in Libya , constituting roughly 20 % of the total population . In 1934 , Italy adopted the name `` Libya '' ( used by the Ancient Greeks for all of North Africa , except Egypt ) as the official name of the colony ( made up of the three provinces of Cyrenaica , Tripolitania and Fezzan ) . Omar Mukhtar was the resistance leader against the Italian colonization and became a national hero despite his capture and execution on 16 September 1931 . His face is currently printed on the Libyan ten dinar note in memory and recognition of his patriotism . Idris al - Mahdi as - Senussi ( later King Idris I ) , Emir of Cyrenaica , led the Libyan resistance to Italian occupation between the two world wars . Ilan Pappé estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military `` killed half the Bedouin population ( directly or through disease and starvation in camps ) . '' Italian historian Emilio Gentile estimates 50,000 deaths resulting from the suppression of resistance . In June 1940 , Italy entered World War II . Libya became the setting for the hard - fought North African Campaign that ultimately ended in defeat for Italy and its German ally in 1943 . From 1943 to 1951 , Libya was under Allied occupation . The British military administered the two former Italian Libyan provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaïca , while the French administered the province of Fezzan . In 1944 , Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal of some aspects of foreign control in 1947 . Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies , Italy relinquished all claims to Libya . Independence , Kingdom of Libya and Libya under Gaddafi ( 1951 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Kingdom of Libya and History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi King Idris I of the Senussi order became the first head of state of Libya in 1951 On 24 December 1951 , Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya , a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris , Libya 's only monarch . The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from petroleum sales enabled one of the world 's poorest nations to establish an extremely wealthy state . Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government 's finances , resentment among some factions began to build over the increased concentration of the nation 's wealth in the hands of King Idris . Gaddafi ( left ) with Egyptian President Nasser in 1969 On 1 September 1969 , a group of rebel military officers led by Muammar Gaddafi launched a coup d'état against King Idris , which became known as the Al Fateh Revolution . Gaddafi was referred to as the `` Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution '' in government statements and the official Libyan press . Moving to reduce Italian influence , in October 1970 all Italian - owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000 - strong Italian community was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of Libyan Jews . The day became a national holiday known as `` Vengeance Day '' . Libya 's increase in prosperity was accompanied by increased internal political repression and political dissent was illegal under Law 75 of 1973 . Widespread surveillance of the population was carried out through Gaddafi 's Revolutionary Committees . Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime , establishing the Revolutionary Women 's Formation to encourage reform . In 1970 , a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity . In 1971 , Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women 's Federation . In 1972 , a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring that a woman 's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage . On 25 October 1975 , a coup attempt was launched by some 20 military officers , mostly from the city of Misrata . This resulted in the arrest and executions of the coup plotters . On 2 March 1977 , Libya officially became the `` Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya '' . Gaddafi officially passed power to the General People 's Committees and henceforth claimed to be no more than a symbolic figurehead . The new `` jamahiriya '' governance structure he established was officially referred to as `` direct democracy '' . In February 1977 , Libya started delivering military supplies to Goukouni Oueddei and the People 's Armed Forces in Chad . The Chadian -- Libyan conflict began in earnest when Libya 's support of rebel forces in northern Chad escalated into an invasion . Later that same year , Libya and Egypt fought a four - day border war that came to be known as the Libyan - Egyptian War , both nations agreed to a ceasefire under the mediation of the Algerian president Houari Boumediène . Hundreds of Libyans lost their lives in the war against Tanzania . Gaddafi financed various other groups from anti-nuclear movements to Australian trade unions . From 1977 onward , per capita income in the country rose to more than US $11,000 , the fifth - highest in Africa , while the Human Development Index became the highest in Africa and greater than that of Saudi Arabia . This was achieved without borrowing any foreign loans , keeping Libya debt - free . The Great Manmade River was also built to allow free access to fresh water across large parts of the country . In addition , financial support was provided for university scholarships and employment programs . Much of Libya 's income from oil , which soared in the 1970s , was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring dozens of paramilitaries and terrorist groups around the world . An American airstrike intended to kill Gaddafi failed in 1986 . Libya was finally put under sanctions by the United Nations after the bombing of a commercial flight killed 270 people . Muammar Gaddafi gained power in a 1969 coup and was `` leader of the revolution '' until his overthrow in 2011 . 2011 civil War ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Parts of this article ( those related to The first civil war against Gaddafi and the second Libyan Civil war 2014 -- Present which needs to be added ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Main article : Libyan Civil War ( 2011 ) After the Arab Spring movements overturned the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt , Libya experienced a full - scale revolt beginning on 17 February 2011 . Libya 's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia . While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process , Gaddafi 's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprisings in Libya . The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared the Interim Transitional National Council as an alternative government . One of Gaddafi 's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet , wherein he resigned , defected , and advised Gaddafi to flee . By 20 February , the unrest had spread to Tripoli . On 27 February 2011 , the National Transitional Council was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control . On 10 March 2011 , France became the first state to officially recognise the council as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people . Pro-Gaddaffi forces were able to respond militarily to rebel pushes in Western Libya and launched a counterattack along the coast toward Benghazi , the de facto centre of the uprising . The town of Zawiya , 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) from Tripoli , was bombarded by air force planes and army tanks and seized by Jamahiriya troops , `` exercising a level of brutality not yet seen in the conflict . '' Organizations of the United Nations , including United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki - moon and the United Nations Human Rights Council , condemned the crackdown as violating international law , with the latter body expelling Libya outright in an unprecedented action urged by Libya 's own delegation to the UN . On 17 March 2011 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 , with a 10 -- 0 vote and five abstentions including Russia , China , India , Brazil and Germany . The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a no - fly zone and the use of `` all means necessary '' to protect civilians within Libya . On 19 March , the first act of NATO allies to secure the no - fly zone by destroying Libyan air defences began when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on a reconnaissance mission heralding attacks on enemy targets . In the weeks that followed , American forces were in the forefront of NATO operations against Libya . More than 8,000 American personnel in warships and aircraft were deployed in the area . At least 3,000 targets were struck in 14,202 strike sorties , 716 of them in Tripoli and 492 in Brega . The American air offensive included flights of B - 2 Stealth bombers , each bomber armed with sixteen 2000 - pound bombs , flying out of and returning to their base in Missouri on the continental United States . The support provided by the NATO airforces contributed to the ultimate success of the revolution . By 22 August 2011 , rebel fighters had entered Tripoli and occupied Green Square , which they renamed Martyrs ' Square in honour of those killed since 17 February 2011 . On 20 October 2011 the last heavy fighting of the uprising came to an end in the city of Sirte , where Gaddafi was captured and killed . The defeat of loyalist forces was celebrated on 23 October 2011 , three days after the fall of Sirte . At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war . In addition , the National Transitional Council estimated 50,000 wounded . Post-gaddafi era and the second civil War ( edit ) Main articles : Aftermath of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Libyan Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Areas of control in the Civil War , updated 29 June 2017 : Tobruk - led Government Government of National Accord Petroleum Facilities Guard Tuareg tribes Local forces Since the defeat of loyalist forces , Libya has been torn among numerous rival , armed militias affiliated with distinct regions , cities and tribes , while the central government has been weak and unable effectively to exert its authority over the country . Competing militias have pitted themselves against each other in a political struggle between Islamist politicians and their opponents . On 7 July 2012 , Libyans held their first parliamentary elections since the end of the former regime . On 8 August 2012 , the National Transitional Council officially handed power over to the wholly elected General National Congress , which was then tasked with the formation of an interim government and the drafting of a new Libyan Constitution to be approved in a general referendum . On 25 August 2012 , in what Reuters reported as `` the most blatant sectarian attack '' since the end of the civil war , unnamed organized assailants bulldozed a Sufi mosque with graves , in broad daylight in the center of the Libyan capital Tripoli . It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days . Numerous acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage were carried out by suspected Islamist militias , including the removal of the Nude Gazelle Statue and the destruction and desecration of World War II - era British grave sites near Benghazi . Many other cases of Heritage vandalism were carried out and were reported to be carried out by Islamist related radical militias and mobs that either destroyed , robbed , or looted a number of Historic sites which remain in danger at present . On 11 September 2012 , Islamist militants mounted a surprise attack on the American consulate in Benghazi , killing the U.S. ambassador to Libya , J. Christopher Stevens , and three others . The incident generated outrage in the United States and Libya . On 7 October 2012 , Libya 's Prime Minister - elect Mustafa A.G. Abushagur was ousted after failing a second time to win parliamentary approval for a new cabinet . On 14 October 2012 , the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer Ali Zeidan as prime minister - designate . Zeidan was sworn in after his cabinet was approved by the GNC . On 11 March 2014 , after having been ousted by the GNC for his inability to halt a rogue oil shipment , Prime Minister Zeiden stepped down , and was replaced by Prime Minister Abdullah al - Thani . On 25 March 2014 , in the face of mounting instability , al - Thani 's government briefly explored the possibility of the restoration of the Libyan monarchy . In June 2014 , elections were held to the Council of Deputies , a new legislative body intended to take over from the General National Congress . The elections were marred by violence and low turnout , with voting stations closed in some areas . Secularists and liberals did well in the elections , to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC , who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC , refusing to recognise the new Council of Deputies . Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli , forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to Tobruk . Libya has been riven by conflict between the rival parliaments since mid-2014 . Tribal militias and jihadist groups have taken advantage of the power vacuum . Most notably , radical Islamist fighters seized Derna in 2014 and Sirte in 2015 in the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . In early 2015 , neighbouring Egypt launched airstrikes against ISIL in support of the Tobruk government . Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar , the head of the Libyan National Army , one of the main factions in the 2014 civil war . In January 2015 , meetings were held with the aim to find a peaceful agreement between the rival parties in Libya . The so - called Geneva - Ghadames talks were supposed to bring the GNC and the Tobruk government together at one table to find a solution of the internal conflict . However , the GNC actually never participated , a sign that internal division not only affected the `` Tobruk Camp '' , but also the `` Tripoli Camp '' . Meanwhile , terrorism within Libya has steadily increased , affecting also neighbouring countries . The terrorist attack against the Bardo Museum on 18 March 2015 , was reportedly carried on by two Libyan - trained militants . During 2015 an extended series of diplomatic meetings and peace negotiations were supported by the United Nations , as conducted by the Special Representative of the Secretary - General ( SRSG ) , Spanish diplomat Bernardino Leon . UN support for the SRSG - led process of dialogue carried on in addition to the usual work of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya ( UNSMIL ) . In July 2015 SRSG Leon reported to the UN Security Council on the progress of the negotiations , which at that point had just achieved a political agreement on 11 July setting out `` a comprehensive framework ... includ ( ing ) guiding principles ... institutions and decision - making mechanisms to guide the transition until the adoption of a permanent constitution . '' The stated purpose of that process was `` ... intended to culminate in the creation of a modern , democratic state based on the principle of inclusion , the rule of law , separation of powers and respect for human rights . '' The SRSG praised the participants for achieving agreement , stating that `` The Libyan people have unequivocally expressed themselves in favour of peace . '' The SRSG then informed the Security Council that `` Libya is at a critical stage '' and urging `` all parties in Libya to continue to engage constructively in the dialogue process '' , stating that `` only through dialogue and political compromise , can a peaceful resolution of the conflict be achieved . A peaceful transition will only succeed in Libya through a significant and coordinated effort in supporting a future Government of National Accord ... '' . Talks , negotiations and dialogue continued on during mid-2015 at various international locations , culminating at Skhirat in Morocco in early September . Also in 2015 , as part of the ongoing support from the international community , the UN Human Rights Council requested a report about the Libyan situation and the High Commissioner for Human Rights , Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein , established an investigative body ( OIOL ) to report on human rights and rebuilding the Libyan justice system . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Libya A map of Libya Libya map of Köppen climate classification Sand dunes , rocks , and mountains in Tadrart Acacus , a desert area in southwestern Libya , part of the Sahara Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometres ( 679,362 sq mi ) , making it the 16th largest nation in the world by size . Libya is bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea , the west by Tunisia and Algeria , the southwest by Niger , the south by Chad , the southeast by Sudan , and the east by Egypt . Libya lies between latitudes 19 ° and 34 ° N , and longitudes 9 ° and 26 ° E . At 1,770 kilometres ( 1,100 mi ) , Libya 's coastline is the longest of any African country bordering the Mediterranean . The portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Libya is often called the Libyan Sea . The climate is mostly extremely dry and desertlike in nature . However , the northern regions enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate . Natural hazards come in the form of hot , dry , dust - laden sirocco ( known in Libya as the gibli ) . This is a southern wind blowing from one to four days in spring and autumn . There are also dust storms and sandstorms . Oases can also be found scattered throughout Libya , the most important of which are Ghadames and Kufra . Libya is one of the sunniest and driest countries in the world due to prevailing presence of desert environment . Libyan desert ( edit ) Libya is a predominantly desert country . Up to 90 % of the land area is covered in desert . The Libyan Desert , which covers much of Libya , is one of the most arid and sun - baked places on earth . In places , decades may pass without seeing any rainfall at all , and even in the highlands rainfall seldom happens , once every 5 -- 10 years . At Uweinat , as of 2006 the last recorded rainfall was in September 1998 . Likewise , the temperature in the Libyan Desert can be extreme ; on 13 September 1922 , the town of ' Aziziya , which is located southwest of Tripoli , recorded an air temperature of 58 ° C ( 136.4 ° F ) , considered to be a world record . In September 2012 , however , the world record figure of 58 ° C was overturned by the World Meteorological Organization . There are a few scattered uninhabited small oases , usually linked to the major depressions , where water can be found by digging to a few feet in depth . In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions , the Kufra group , consisting of Tazerbo , Rebianae and Kufra . Aside from the scarps , the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of plateaus and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert , around the convergence of the Egyptian - Sudanese - Libyan borders . Slightly further to the south are the massifs of Arkenu , Uweinat , and Kissu . These granite mountains are ancient , having formed long before the sandstones surrounding them . Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the Aïr Mountains . Eastern Uweinat ( the highest point in the Libyan Desert ) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west . The plain to the north of Uweinat is dotted with eroded volcanic features . With the discovery of oil in the 1950s also came the discovery of a massive aquifer underneath much of Libya . The water in this aquifer pre-dates the last ice ages and the Sahara Desert itself . This area also contains the Arkenu structures , which were once thought to be two impact craters . Government and politics ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2013 ) Main article : Politics of Libya The legislature of Libya is the unicameral Council of Deputies which meets in Tobruk . The former legislature was the General National Congress , which had 200 seats . The General National Congress ( 2014 ) , a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the de jure capital of Tripoli , claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC . On 7 July 2012 , Libyans voted in parliamentary elections , the first free elections in almost 40 years . Around thirty women were elected to become members of parliament . Early results of the vote showed the National Forces Alliance , led by former interim Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril , as front runner . The Justice and Construction Party , affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood , has done less well than similar parties in Egypt and Tunisia . It won 17 out of 80 seats that were contested by parties , but about 60 independents have since joined its caucus . As of January 2013 , there was mounting public pressure on the National Congress to set up a drafting body to create a new constitution . Congress had not yet decided whether the members of the body would be elected or appointed . On 30 March 2014 General National Congress voted to replace itself with new Council of Deputies . The new legislature allocates 30 seats for women , will have 200 seats overall ( with individuals able to run as members of political parties ) and allows Libyans of foreign nationalities to run for office . Following the 2012 elections , Freedom House improved Libya 's rating from Not Free to Partly Free , and now considers the country to be an electoral democracy . Gaddafi merged civil and sharia courts in 1973 . Civil courts now employ sharia judges who sit in regular courts of appeal and specialise in sharia appellate cases . Laws regarding personal status are derived from Islamic law . At a meeting of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs on 2 December 2014 , UN Special Representative Bernardino León described Libya as a non-state . An agreement to form a unified interim government was signed on 17 December 2015 . Under the terms of the agreement , a nine - member Presidency Council and a seventeen - member interim Government of National Accord would be formed , with a view to holding new elections within two years . The House of Representatives would continue to exist as a legislature and an advisory body , to be known as the State Council , will be formed with members nominated by the General National Congress ( 2014 ) . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Libya UK Foreign Secretary William Hague with Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry , November 2013 Libya 's foreign policies have fluctuated since 1951 . As a Kingdom , Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance , and was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States ( the present - day Arab League ) , of which it became a member in 1953 . The government was also friendly towards Western countries such as the United Kingdom , United States , France , Italy , Greece , and established full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1955 . Although the government supported Arab causes , including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements , it took little active part in the Arab - Israeli dispute or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s . The Kingdom was noted for its close association with the West , while it steered a conservative course at home . Libyan National Security Adviser Mutassim Gaddafi with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2009 After the 1969 coup , Muammar Gaddafi closed American and British bases and partly nationalized foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya . Gaddafi was known for backing a number of leaders viewed as anathema to Westernization and political liberalism , including Ugandan President Idi Amin , Central African Emperor Jean - Bédel Bokassa , Ethiopian strongman Haile Mariam Mengistu , Liberian President Charles Taylor , and Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević . Relations with the West were strained by a series of incidents for most of Gaddafi 's rule , including the killing of London policewoman Yvonne Fletcher , the bombing of a West Berlin nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen , and the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 , which led to UN sanctions in the 1990s , though by the late 2000s , the United States and other Western powers had normalised relations with Libya . Gaddafi 's decision to abandon the pursuit of weapons of mass destruction after the Iraq War saw Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein overthrown and put on trial led to Libya being hailed as a success for Western soft power initiatives in the War on Terror . In October 2010 , Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the African slave trade . Libya is included in the European Union 's European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer . Military ( edit ) Main article : Libyan National Army This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) The Libyan National Army comprises a ground army , an air force and a navy . It is currently being re-established by the Libyan government , as Libya 's previous national army was defeated in the Libyan Civil War and disbanded . As of May 2012 , an estimated 35,000 personnel have joined its ranks . As of November 2012 , it was deemed to be still in the embryonic stage of development . President Mohammed el - Megarif promised that empowering the army and police force is the government 's biggest priority . President el - Megarif also ordered that all of the country 's militias must come under government authority or disband . Militias have so far refused to be integrated into a central security force . Many of these militias are disciplined , but the most powerful of them answer only to the executive councils of various Libyan cities . These militias make up the so - called Libyan Shield , a parallel national force , which operates at the request , rather than at the order , of the defence ministry . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Subdivisions of Libya and Districts of Libya Districts of Libya since 2007 Historically , the area of Libya was considered three provinces ( or states ) , Tripolitania in the northwest , Barka ( Cyrenaica ) in the east , and Fezzan in the southwest . It was the conquest by Italy in the Italo - Turkish War that united them in a single political unit . Since 2007 , Libya has been divided into 22 districts ( baladiyat ) : Nuqat al Khams Zawiya Jafara Tripoli Murqub Misrata Sirte Benghazi Marj Jabal al Akhdar Derna Tobruk Nalut Jabal al Gharbi Wadi al Shatii Jufra Al Wahat Ghat Wadi al Hayaa Sabha Murzuq Kufra Human Rights ( edit ) See also : Human rights in Libya Homosexuality is illegal in Libya . According to Human Rights Watch annual report 2016 , journalists are still being targeted by the armed groups in Libya . The organization added that Libya has very low rank in the 2015 press freedom index as it occupied 154 out of 180 countries . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Libya This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) Libya under Gaddafi used to have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than the EU , and in some periods higher than the US . The ENI Oil Bouri DP4 in the Bouri Field The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector , which account for over half of GDP and 97 % of exports . Libya holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa and is an important contributor to the global supply of light , sweet crude . During 2010 , when oil averaged at $80 a barrel , oil production accounted for 54 % of GDP . Apart from petroleum , the other natural resources are natural gas and gypsum . The International Monetary Fund estimated Libya 's real GDP growth at 122 % in 2012 and 16.7 % in 2013 , after a 60 % plunge in 2011 . The World Bank defines Libya as an ' Upper Middle Income Economy ' , along with only seven other African countries . Substantial revenues from the energy sector , coupled with a small population , give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa . This allowed the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya state to provide an extensive level of social security , particularly in the fields of housing and education . Libya faces many structural problems including a lack of institutions , weak governance , and chronic structural unemployment . The economy displays a lack of economic diversification and significant reliance on immigrant labour . Libya has traditionally relied on unsustainably high levels of public sector hiring to create employment . In the mid-2000s , the government employed about 70 % of all national employees . Unemployment has risen from 8 % in 2008 to 21 % , according to the latest census figures . According to an Arab League report , based on data from 2010 , unemployment for women stands at 18 % while for the figure for men is 21 % , making Libya the only Arab country where there are more unemployed men than women . Libya has high levels of social inequality , high rates of youth unemployment and regional economic disparities . Water supply is also a problem , with some 28 % of the population not having access to safe drinking water in 2000 . Pivot irrigation in Kufra , southeast Cyrenaica Libya imports up to 90 % of its cereal consumption requirements , and imports of wheat in 2012 / 13 was estimated at about 1 million tonnes . The 2012 wheat production was estimated at about 200,000 tonnes . The government hopes to increase food production to 800,000 tonnes of cereals by 2020 . However , natural and environmental conditions limit Libya 's agricultural production potential . Before 1958 , agriculture was the country 's main source of revenue , making up about 30 % of GDP . With the discovery of oil in 1958 , the size of the agriculture sector declined rapidly , comprising less than 5 % GDP by 2005 . The country joined OPEC in 1962 . Libya is not a WTO member , but negotiations for its accession started in 2004 . In the early 1980s , Libya was one of the wealthiest countries in the world ; its GDP per capita was higher than some developed countries . Oil is the major natural resource of Libya , with estimated reserves of 43.6 billion barrels . In the early 2000s officials of the Jamahiriya era carried out economic reforms to reintegrate Libya into the global economy . UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003 , and Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction . Other steps have included applying for membership of the World Trade Organization , reducing subsidies , and announcing plans for privatization . Authorities privatized more than 100 government owned companies after 2003 in industries including oil refining , tourism and real estate , of which 29 were 100 % foreign owned . Many international oil companies returned to the country , including oil giants Shell and ExxonMobil . After sanctions were lifted there was a gradual increase of air traffic , and by 2005 there were 1.5 million yearly air travellers . Libya had long been a notoriously difficult country for Western tourists to visit due to stringent visa requirements . In 2007 Saif al - Islam Gaddafi , the second - eldest son of Muammar Gaddafi , was involved in a green development project called the Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area , which sought to bring tourism to Cyrene and to preserve Greek ruins in the area . In August 2011 it was estimated that it would take at least 10 years to rebuild Libya 's infrastructure . Even before the 2011 war , Libya 's infrastructure was in a poor state due to `` utter neglect '' by Gaddafi 's administration , according to the NTC . By October 2012 , the economy had recovered from the 2011 conflict , with oil production returning to near normal levels . Oil production was more than 1.6 million barrels per day before the war . By October 2012 , the average oil production has surpassed 1.4 million bpd . The resumption of production was made possible due to the quick return of major Western companies , like Total , Eni , Repsol , Wintershall and Occidental . In 2016 , an announcement from the company said the company aims 900,000 barrel per day in the next year . Oil production has fallen from 1.6 million barrel per day to 900,000 in four years of war . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Libya Libyan men in Bayda . Libya is a large country with a relatively small population , and the population is concentrated very narrowly along the coast . Population density is about 50 persons per km2 ( 130 / sq. mi . ) in the two northern regions of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica , but falls to less than one person per km2 ( 2.6 / sq. mi . ) elsewhere . Ninety percent of the people live in less than 10 % of the area , primarily along the coast . About 88 % of the population is urban , mostly concentrated in the three largest cities , Tripoli , Benghazi and Misrata . Libya has a population of about 6.3 million , 27.7 % of whom are under the age of 15 . In 1984 the population was 3.6 million , an increase from the 1.54 million reported in 1964 . An ancient Libyan ( Berbers ) represented on the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I . The majority of the Libyan population is today identified as Arab , that is , Arabic - speaking and Arab - cultured . However , according to DNA studies , 90 % of that Arab Libyan population is , in fact , Arabized Berbers , while Berber Libyans , those who retain Berber language and Berber culture , comprise a minority . There are about 140 tribes and clans in Libya . Family life is important for Libyan families , the majority of which live in apartment blocks and other independent housing units , with precise modes of housing depending on their income and wealth . Although the Arab Libyans traditionally lived nomadic lifestyles in tents , they have now settled in various towns and cities . Because of this , their old ways of life are gradually fading out . An unknown small number of Libyans still live in the desert as their families have done for centuries . Most of the population has occupations in industry and services , and a small percentage is in agriculture . According to the UNHCR , there were around 8,000 registered refugees , 5,500 unregistered refugees , and 7,000 asylum seekers of various origins in Libya in January 2013 . Additionally , 47,000 Libyan nationals were internally displaced and 46,570 were internally displaced returnees . Local demographics and ethnic groups ( edit ) The original inhabitants of Libya belonged predominantly to various Berber ethnic groups ; however , the long series of foreign invasions -- particularly by Arabs and Turks -- have had a profound and lasting linguistic , cultural , and identity influence on Libya 's demographics . Today , the majority of Libyans are Arabized Berbers , with many also tracing their ancestry to the Banu Sulaym tribe , beside Turkish and purely Berber ethnicities . The Turkish minority are often called `` Kouloughlis '' and are concentrated in and around villages and towns . Additionally , there are some Libyan ethnic minorities , such as the purelly Berber Tuareg and the Tebou . Most Italian settlers , at their height numbering over half a million , left after Italian Libya 's independence in 1947 . More repatriated in 1970 after the accession of Muammar Gaddafi . Immigrant labour ( edit ) A map indicating the ethnic composition of Libya in 1974 As of 2013 , the UN estimates that around 12 % of Libya 's population ( upwards of 740,000 people ) was made up of foreign migrants . Prior to the 2011 revolution official and unofficial figures of migrant labour range from 25 % to 40 % of the population ( between 1.5 and 2.4 million people ) . Historically , Libya has been a host state for millions of low - and high - skilled Egyptian migrants , in particular . It is difficult to estimate the total number of immigrants in Libya as there are often differences between census figures , official counts and usually more accurate unofficial estimates . In the 2006 census , around 359,540 foreign nationals were resident in Libya out of a population of over 5.5 million ( 6.35 % of the population ) . Almost half of these were Egyptians , followed by Sudanese and Palestinian immigrants . During the 2011 revolution , 768,362 immigrants fled Libya as calculated by the IOM , around 13 % of the population at the time , although many more stayed on in the country . If consular records prior to the revolution are used to estimate the immigrant population , as many as 2 million Egyptian migrants were recorded by the Egyptian embassy in Tripoli in 2009 , followed by 87,200 Tunisians , and 68,200 Moroccans by their respective embassies . The number of Asian migrants before the revolution were roughly 100,000 ( 60,000 Bangladeshis , 18,000 Indians , 10,000 Pakistanis , 8000 Filipinos as well as Chinese , Korean , Vietnamese , Thai and other workers ) . This would put the immigrant population at almost 40 % before the revolution and is a figure more consistent with government estimates in 2004 which put the regular and irregular migrant numbers at 1.35 to 1.8 million ( 25 -- 33 % of the population at the time ) . Libya 's native population of Arabs - Berbers as well as Arab migrants of various nationalities collectively make up 97 % of the population as of 2014 . The remaining 3 % of residents include mostly Bangladeshies , Greeks , Indians , Italians , Maltese , Turks , and Ukrainians as well as other nationalities . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Libya According to the CIA , the official language of Libya is Arabic . The local Libyan Arabic variety is spoken alongside Modern Standard Arabic . Various Berber languages are also spoken , including Tamasheq , Ghadamis , Nafusi , Suknah and Awjilah . The Libyan Amazigh High Council ( LAHC ) has declared the Amazigh ( Berber or Tamazight ) language as an official language in the cities and districts inhabited by the Berbers in Libya . In addition , Italian and English are widely understood in the major cities , with the former used in commerce and still spoken among the remaining Italian population . Religion ( edit ) Religion in Libya Islam ( 97 % ) Christianity ( 0.7 % ) Buddhism ( 0.3 % ) Main article : Religion in Libya Mosque in Ghadames , close to the Tunisian and Algerian border . 97 % of Libyans are followers of Islam . About 97 % of the population in Libya are Muslims , most of whom belong to the Sunni branch . Small numbers of Ibadi Muslims and Ahmadis also live in the country . Before the 1930s , the Senussi Sunni Sufi movement was the primary Islamic movement in Libya . This was a religious revival adapted to desert life . Its zawaaya ( lodges ) were found in Tripolitania and Fezzan , but Senussi influence was strongest in Cyrenaica . Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy , the Senussi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose . This Islamic movement , which was eventually destroyed by both Italian invasion and later the Gaddafi government , was very conservative and somewhat different from the Islam that exists in Libya today . Gaddafi asserted that he was a devout Muslim , and his government was taking a role in supporting Islamic institutions and in worldwide proselytising on behalf of Islam . Since the fall of Gaddafi , ultra-conservative strains of Islam have reasserted themselves in places . Derna in eastern Libya , historically a hotbed of jihadist thought , came under the control of militants aligned with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2014 . Jihadist elements have also spread to Sirte and Benghazi , among other areas , as a result of the Second Libyan Civil War . There are small foreign communities of Christians . Coptic Orthodox Christianity , which is the Christian Church of Egypt , is the largest and most historical Christian denomination in Libya . There are about 60,000 Egyptian Copts in Libya . Copts in Libya are Egyptian . There are three Coptic Churches in Libya , one in Tripoli , one in Benghazi , and one in Misurata . The Coptic Church has grown in recent years in Libya , due to the growing immigration of Egyptian Copts to Libya . As all followers of Christianity in Libya are foreigners who came to the country under work permits . There are an estimated 40,000 Roman Catholics in Libya who are served by two Bishops , one in Tripoli ( serving the Italian community ) and one in Benghazi ( serving the Maltese community ) . There is also a small Anglican community , made up mostly of African immigrant workers in Tripoli ; it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Egypt . People have been arrested on suspicion of being Christian missionaries , as proselytising is illegal . Christians have also faced the threat of violence from radical Islamists in some parts of the country , with a well - publicised video released by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in February 2015 depicting the mass beheading of Christian Copts . Libya was once the home of one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world , dating back to at least 300 BC . In 1942 , the Italian Fascist authorities set up forced labor camps south of Tripoli for the Jews , including Giado ( about 3,000 Jews ) , Gharyan , Jeren , and Tigrinna . In Giado some 500 Jews died of weakness , hunger , and disease . In 1942 , Jews who were not in the concentration camps were heavily restricted in their economic activity and all men between 18 and 45 years were drafted for forced labor . In August 1942 , Jews from Tripolitania were interned in a concentration camp at Sidi Azaz . In the three years after November 1945 , more than 140 Jews were murdered , and hundreds more wounded , in a series of pogroms . By 1948 , about 38,000 Jews remained in the country . Upon Libya 's independence in 1951 , most of the Jewish community emigrated . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Libya ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Rank Name District Pop . Tripoli Benghazi Tripoli Tripoli 1,250,000 Misurata Bayda Benghazi Benghazi 700,000 Misurata Misurata 350,000 Bayda Jabal al Akhdar 250,000 5 Al Khums Murqub 201,000 6 Zawiya Zawiya 200,000 7 Ajdabiya Al Wahat 134,000 8 Sabha Sabha 130,000 9 Sirte Sirte 128,000 10 Tobruk Butnan 120,000 Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Libya Further information : Music of Libya and Libyan literature Ancient Roman mosaic in Sabratha Many Arabic speaking Libyans consider themselves as part of a wider Arab community . This was strengthened by the spread of Pan-Arabism in the mid-20th century , and their reach to power in Libya where they instituted Arabic as the only official language of the state . Under their dictatorship the teaching and even use of indigenous Tamazight language was strictly forbidden . In addition to banning foreign languages previously taught in academic institutions , leaving entire generations of Libyans with limitations in their comprehension of the English language . Both the spoken Arabic dialects and Tamazight , still retain words from Italian , that were acquired before and during the Libia Italiana period . Libyans have a heritage in the traditions of the previously nomadic Bedouin Arabic speakers and sedentary Amazigh tribes . Most Libyans associate themselves with a particular family name originating from tribal or conquest based , typically from Ottoman forefathers , heritage. . Reflecting the `` nature of giving '' ( Arabic : الاحسان Ihsan , Tamazight : ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴽⴰⴼ Anakkaf ) , amongst the Libyan people as well as the sense of hospitality , recently the state of Libya made it to the top 20 on the world giving index in 2013 . According to CAF , in a typical month , almost three quarters ( 72 % ) of all Libyans helped somebody they did not know -- the third highest level across all 135 countries surveyed . There are few theaters or art galleries due to the decades of cultural repression under the Qaddafi regime and lack of infrastructure development under the regime of dictatorship . For many years there have been no public theaters , and only very few cinemas showing foreign films . The tradition of folk culture is still alive and well , with troupes performing music and dance at frequent festivals , both in Libya and abroad . A large number of Libyan television stations are devoted to political review , Islamic topics and cultural phenomena . A number of TV stations air various styles of traditional Libyan music . Tuareg music and dance are popular in Ghadames and the south . Libyan television broadcasts air programs mostly in Arabic though usually have time slots for English and French programs . A 1996 analysis by the Committee to Protect Journalists found Libya 's media was the most tightly controlled in the Arab world during the country 's dictatorship . As of 2012 hundreds of TV stations have begun to air due to the collapse of censorship from the old regime and the initiation of `` free media '' . Traditional dancing in Bayda in 1976 Many Libyans frequent the country 's beach and they also visit Libya 's archaeological sites -- especially Leptis Magna , which is widely considered to be one of the best preserved Roman archaeological sites in the world . The most common form of public transport between cities is the bus , though many people travel by automobile . There are no railway services in Libya , but these are planned for construction in the near future ( see rail transport in Libya ) . Libya 's capital , Tripoli , has many museums and archives . These include the Government Library , the Ethnographic Museum , the Archaeological Museum , the National Archives , the Epigraphy Museum and the Islamic Museum . The Red Castle Museum located in the capital near the coast and right in the city center , built in consultation with UNESCO , may be the country 's most famous . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Libyan cuisine Libyan cuisine is a mixture of the different Italian , Bedouin and traditional Arab culinary influences . Pasta is the staple food in the Western side of Libya , whereas rice is generally the staple food in the east . Common Libyan foods include several variations of red ( tomato ) sauce based pasta dishes ( similar to the Italian Sugo all'arrabbiata dish ) ; rice , usually served with lamb or chicken ( typically stewed , fried , grilled , or boiled in - sauce ) ; and couscous , which is steam cooked whilst held over boiling red ( tomato ) sauce and meat ( sometimes also containing courgettes / zucchini and chickpeas ) , which is typically served along with cucumber slices , lettuce and olives . Bazeen , a dish made from barley flour and served with red tomato sauce , is customarily eaten communally , with several people sharing the same dish , usually by hand . This dish is commonly served at traditional weddings or festivities . Asida is a sweet version of Bazeen , made from white flour and served with a mix of honey , ghee or butter . Another favorite way to serve Asida is with rub ( fresh date syrup ) and olive oil . Usban is animal tripe stitched and stuffed with rice and vegetables cooked in tomato based soup or steamed . Shurba is a red tomato sauce - based soup , usually served with small grains of pasta . A very common snack eaten by Libyans is known as khubs bi ' tun , literally meaning `` bread with tuna fish '' , usually served as a baked baguette or pita bread stuffed with tuna fish that has been mixed with harissa ( chili sauce ) and olive oil . Many snack vendors prepare these sandwiches and they can be found all over Libya . Libyan restaurants may serve international cuisine , or may serve simpler fare such as lamb , chicken , vegetable stew , potatoes and macaroni . Due to severe lack of infrastructure , many under - developed areas and small towns do not have restaurants and instead food stores may be the only source to obtain food products . Alcohol consumption is illegal in the entire country . There are four main ingredients of traditional Libyan food : olives ( and olive oil ) , dates , grains and milk . Grains are roasted , ground , sieved and used for making bread , cakes , soups and bazeen . Dates are harvested , dried and can be eaten as they are , made into syrup or slightly fried and eaten with bsisa and milk . After eating , Libyans often drink black tea . This is normally repeated a second time ( for the second glass of tea ) , and in the third round of tea , it is served with roasted peanuts or roasted almonds known as shay bi'l - luz ( mixed with the tea in the same glass ) . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Libya Parts of this article ( those related to post-23 October 2011 national tertiary level education in Libya ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : 22 July 2006 ( October 2012 ) Al Manar Royal Palace in central Benghazi -- the location of the University of Libya 's first campus , founded by royal decree in 1955 Libya 's population includes 1.7 million students , over 270,000 of whom study at the tertiary level . Basic education in Libya is free for all citizens , and is compulsory up to the secondary level . The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 89.2 % . After Libya 's independence in 1951 , its first university -- the University of Libya -- was established in Benghazi by royal decree . In the 1975 -- 76 academic year the number of university students was estimated to be 13,418 . As of 2004 , this number has increased to more than 200,000 , with an extra 70,000 enrolled in the higher technical and vocational sector . The rapid increase in the number of students in the higher education sector has been mirrored by an increase in the number of institutions of higher education . Since 1975 the number of universities has grown from two to nine and after their introduction in 1980 , the number of higher technical and vocational institutes currently stands at 84 ( with 12 public universities ) . Since 2007 some new private universities such as the Libyan International Medical University have been established . Although before 2011 a small number of private institutions were given accreditation , the majority of Libya 's higher education has always been financed by the public budget . In 1998 the budget allocation for education represented 38.2 % of Libya 's total national budget . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Libya This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) In 2010 , spending on healthcare accounted for 3.88 % of the country 's GDP . In 2009 , there were 18.71 physicians and 66.95 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants . The life expectancy at birth was 74.95 years in 2011 , or 72.44 years for males and 77.59 years for females . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Africa portal Libya portal Arab World portal Outline of Libya List of heads of state of Libya List of heads of government of Libya List of Libyans list of African countries Index of Libya - related articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook Africa : Libya '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . 18 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Chris ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Chief of Libya 's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did libya gain independence from in 1951 | [
"\n\nState of Libya\nدولة ليبيا (Arabic)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\n\n\n\nNational emblem\n(de facto)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnthem: ليبيا ليبيا ليبيا\n\"Libya, Libya, Libya\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCapital\nand largest city\nTripoli[1]\n32°52′N 13°11′E / 32.867°N 13.183°E / 32.867; 13.183\n\n\nOfficial languages\nArabic[b]\n\n\nSpoken languages\n\n\n\nLibyan Arabic\nTamazight\n\n\n\n\n\nReligion\nIslam\n\n\nDemonym\nLibyan\n\n\nGovernment\nProvisional government\n\n\n\n• Chairman of the Presidential Council\n\nFayez al-Sarraj\n\n\n\n• Prime Minister (GNA)[2]\n\nFayez al-Sarraj\n\n\n\n• President of the House of Representatives (Libya)\n\nAguila Saleh Issa\n\n\n\n• Prime Minister (Tobruk)\n\nAbdullah al-Thani\n\n\nLegislature\nHouse of Representatives\nHigh Council of State (advisory)\n\n\nFormation\n\n\n\n• Independence from Italy\n\n10 February 1947\n\n\n\n• Released from British and French oversight[c]\n\n24 December 1951\n\n\n\n• Coup d'état by Muammar Gaddafi\n\n1 September 1969\n\n\n\n• Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\n\n19 November 1977\n\n\n\n• Revolution Day\n\n17 February 2011\n\n\nArea\n\n\n\n• Total\n\n1,759,541 km2 (679,363 sq mi) (16th)\n\n\nPopulation\n\n\n\n• 2016 estimate\n\n6,293,253[3] (108th)\n\n\n\n• 2006 census\n\n5,658,000\n\n\n\n• Density\n\n3.55/km2 (9.2/sq mi) (218th)\n\n\nGDP (PPP)\n2018 estimate\n\n\n\n• Total\n\n$84.429 billion[4]\n\n\n\n• Per capita\n\n$12,963[4]\n\n\nGDP (nominal)\n2018 estimate\n\n\n\n• Total\n\n$47.491 billion[4]\n\n\n\n• Per capita\n\n$7,292[4]\n\n\nHDI (2015)\n 0.716[5]\nhigh · 102nd\n\n\nCurrency\nLibyan dinar (LYD)\n\n\nTime zone\nEET (UTC+2)\n\n\nDrives on the\nright\n\n\nCalling code\n+218\n\n\nISO 3166 code\nLY\n\n\nInternet TLD\n.ly\n\n\n\n\n\n^ United Nations note concerning official name: \"Following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 66/1, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations of a Declaration by the National Transitional Council of 3 August changing the official name of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to \"Libya\" and changing Libya's national flag.\"\n^ Libyan Arabic and other varieties and Amazigh languages in certain western and southern areas. The official language is simply identified as \"Arabic\" (Constitutional Declaration, article 1).\n^ The UK and France held a joint condominium over Libya through the United Nations Trusteeship Council.\n\n\n\n\n"
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"British and French oversight"
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-6153709598620756010 | Bad Lip Reading | Bad Lip Reading - wikipedia Bad Lip Reading Jump to : navigation , search Bad Lip Reading YouTube information Channel BadLipReading Years active 2011 -- present Genre Comedy Subscribers 6.6 million Total views 967 million Subscriber and view counts updated as of January 30 , 2018 . Bad Lip Reading ( abbreviated as BLR ) is a YouTube channel , run by an anonymous individual in the music production business , that spoofs clips from films , TV shows , songs , sports , and political news stories by overdubbing humorous vocal work that matches the lip movements of the targets . Rolling Stone described the channel as `` the breakout hit '' of the 2012 United States presidential cycle . As of January 2018 , the Bad Lip Reading YouTube channel had amassed over 6.5 million subscribers and over 942 million views across its videos . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Copyright dispute 3 Videos 3.1 Based on songs 3.2 Based on movies and TV shows 3.3 Other videos 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The `` Bad Lip Reader '' behind the channel is an anonymous music and video producer originally from Texas . The first Bad Lip Reading video released was a spoof of Rebecca Black 's song `` Friday '' , entitled `` Gang Fight '' . New music and lyrics were matched to Black 's video to make it appear as though she were singing about gang warfare . The `` Gang Fight '' YouTube video , released in March 2011 , earned BLR a million hits and thousands of subscribers . More spoof videos followed , including interpretations of The Black Eyed Peas ' `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( a viral video called `` Everybody Poops '' ) ; Taylor Swift 's `` Our Song '' ; and Michael Bublé 's `` Have n't Met You Yet '' . The latter was transformed into the `` electronica - inspired '' `` Russian Unicorn '' , which Bublé himself praised as his `` new favorite song '' and `` one of the coolest things I 've ever seen '' . In September 2011 , BLR branched out from pop singers to politicians with a `` bad lip - reading '' of Texas governor and US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry . BLR replaced clips of Perry with invented dialogue matched to his lip movements . After airing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , the video was featured by news and media outlets across the United States , leading to a sudden surge in Bad Lip Reading 's popularity . Following the Perry spoof , BLR released bad lip - readings of President Obama , Republican presidential candidates Michele Bachmann , Mitt Romney , Herman Cain , Ron Paul , Newt Gingrich , and Rick Santorum . The channel found even more success in November 2012 when it began overdubbing popular movie and television shows . BLR 's version of Twilight quickly went viral , followed by parodies of The Hunger Games ; The Walking Dead ; and Game of Thrones . The videos have been well - received not only by the public , but also by the cast and creators of the properties being spoofed . In her online blog , Elizabeth Banks , Jennifer Lawrence 's co-star in The Hunger Games , said , `` Bad Lip Reading is awesome . I was introduced to it by none other than Jennifer Lawrence . Yup -- she saw this , people . And she laughed . And so did I. A lot . '' Lawrence 's co-star Josh Hutcherson also praised the video , tweeting it to his fans . The cast and creators of The Walking Dead have publicly praised the Bad Lip Reading `` Walking Dead '' videos on several occasions . Expanding his scope yet again , in January 2013 BLR released a bad lip - reading of National Football League players , coaches , and referees , which would go on to become the channel 's most popular video . A second NFL video followed in 2014 , and a third was released in 2015 . The NFL Bad Lip Reading video would go on to become an annual event for the channel , with each video being released shortly before the Super Bowl each year . In December of 2015 , Bad Lip Reading simultaneously released three new videos , one for each of the three films in the original Star Wars trilogy . These videos found BLR using guest voices for the first time , featuring Jack Black as Darth Vader , Maya Rudolph as Princess Leia , and Bill Hader in multiple roles . The Empire Strikes Back BLR video featured a scene of Yoda singing to Luke about an unfortunate encounter with a seagull on the beach . BLR would later expand this scene into a full - length standalone song known as `` Seagulls ! ( Stop It Now ) '' , which was released in November 2016 ( eventually hitting # 1 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart . ) As of late 2017 , the `` Seagulls ! '' video is Bad Lip Reading 's second most viewed YouTube upload , and most popular musical production . In the song , Yoda sings to Luke Skywalker about the dangers posed by vicious seagulls if one dares to go to the beach . Mark Hamill , who played Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars films , publicly praised `` Seagulls ! '' ( and Bad Lip Reading in general ) while speaking at Star Wars Celebration in 2017 : `` I love them , and I showed Carrie ( Fisher ) the Yoda one ... we were dying . I showed it to her in her trailer . She loved it . I retweeted it ... and ( BLR ) contacted me and said ' Do you want to do Bad Lip Reading ? ' And I said , ' I 'd love to ... ' '' . Hamill and Bad Lip Reading would go on to collaborate on Bad Lip Reading 's version of The Force Awakens , with Hamill providing the voice of Han Solo . The Star Wars Trilogy Bad Lip Reading videos also spawned a second musical number titled `` Bushes of Love '' , which featured Ben Kenobi singing to Luke Skywalker about the perils of love . The song would hit # 2 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart . Hamilton creator and star Lin - Manuel Miranda described the song as `` THE summer jam of 2017 '' . In January 2017 , BLR released a Bad Lip Reading of Donald Trump 's inauguration , which quickly went viral , amassing over 36 million views in 2017 alone . YouTube would rank the video at # 7 on its list of the Top Ten Trending Videos of 2017 . In a Rolling Stone interview , the producer behind the Bad Lip Reading videos said that he first encountered the technique of lip reading when his mother , then in her 40s , lost her hearing due to unknown causes . While she excelled at lip reading , he was unable to pick up the skill despite trying : `` I was terrible at it . '' In 2013 , Bad Lip Reading won the Webby Awards ' People 's Voice Award for `` Comedy : Long Form or Series '' . In April 2014 , BLR won the American Comedy Award for Best Viral Video for its `` NFL : A Bad Lip Reading '' video . Patrick Stewart accepted the award on BLR 's behalf during the televised ceremony on NBC . On June 8 , 2014 the BLR Facebook page announced the release of the full version of `` Modify '' by Kniles , a song that has been used in multiple BLR productions . The fact that this song was used without previous attribution , as well as stylistic similarities to other BLR - produced songs , have prompted speculation that Kniles is another pseudonym for the individual behind Bad Lip Reading . A Bad Lip Reading of the Disney Channel original movie High School Musical premiered as a half - hour special on July 11 , 2016 on Disney XD . Copyright dispute ( edit ) One of Bad Lip Reading 's works , `` Dirty Spaceman '' , a redubbing of `` Check It Out '' by Will.i.am featuring Nicki Minaj , was taken down due to a claim of copyright infringement . It is unclear if Universal Music issued a formal DMCA takedown request or if YouTube 's Content ID Match system detected the work and removed it automatically . Also , in March 2012 , the video `` Beard With Glue , '' a bad lip reading of `` You 're Beautiful '' by James Blunt , was taken down by Warner Music Group on a copyright claim . Unlike `` Dirty Spaceman '' , the claim was soon released , and the video was returned . Likewise , `` Gang Fight '' was taken down in 2011 , but returned . UMG has also taken down `` Rockin ' All Nite Long '' , the Taylor Swift spoof that also features Wiz Khalifa . Videos ( edit ) Based on songs ( edit ) Artist Featuring Original song ( s ) Release date ( s ) BLR song Upload date Rebecca Black `` Friday '' Mar 14 , 2011 `` Gang Fight '' Mar 21 , 2011 Justin Bieber Rascal Flatts `` That Should Be Me '' Mar 19 , 2010 `` Asian Baby '' Mar 24 , 2011 Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' Mar 30 , 2009 `` Everybody Poops '' Mar 29 , 2011 Miley Cyrus Snoop Dogg `` Party in the U.S.A. '' , `` Boom '' Aug 11 , 2009 ; Mar 8 , 2011 `` Black Umbrella ( The Right Stuff ) '' Apr 7 , 2011 Ludacris The Bee Gees `` My Chick Bad '' , `` Too Much Heaven '' Feb 23 , 2010 ; Oct 24 , 1978 `` Magic Man '' Apr 18 , 2011 Justin Bieber Rascal Flatts `` That Should Be Me '' Mar 19 , 2010 `` Hot Jumping Beans '' May 1 , 2011 Taylor Swift `` Our Song '' Aug 22 , 2007 `` ( Rockin ' ) All Nite Long '' May 29 , 2011 Michael Bublé `` Have n't Met You Yet '' Aug 31 , 2009 `` Russian Unicorn '' Jul 11 , 2011 Bruno Mars Lady Gaga , Jay - Z `` The Lazy Song '' , `` Alejandro '' , `` Empire State of Mind '' , `` Do It Again ( Put Ya Hands Up ) '' Feb 15 , 2011 ; Apr 20 , 2010 ; Oct 20 , 2009 ; Dec 14 , 1999 `` Morning Dew '' Aug 8 , 2011 Barack Obama N / A N / A `` Trick the Bridesmaid '' Sep 19 , 2011 will.i.am Nicki Minaj `` Check It Out '' Sept 3 , 2010 `` Dirty Spaceman '' Oct 1 , 2011 James Blunt `` You 're Beautiful '' May 30 , 2005 `` Beard with Glue '' Oct 28 , 2011 Gotye Kimbra `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Jul 5 , 2011 `` Kicked Your Monkey '' May 3 , 2012 Double Take `` Hot Problems '' Apr 15 , 2012 `` Time to Rock '' May 16 , 2012 Coldplay `` In My Place '' Aug 5 , 2002 `` Yeti '' Jul 24 , 2012 One Direction `` Gotta Be You '' Nov 11 , 2011 `` SHADOW PICO Trailer '' Dec 27 , 2012 Beyoncé `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Jan 21 , 2013 `` La Fway '' Jan 26 , 2013 Carl Grimes Oct 10 , 2012 `` Carl Poppa '' Oct 2 , 2014 Obi - Wan Kenobi Luke Skywalker , R2 - D2 N / A N / A `` Bushes of Love '' Jan 1 , 2016 N / A Luke Skywalker , C - 3PO , Chewbacca , R2 - D2 N / A N / A `` Not The Future '' Feb 9 , 2016 Yoda Luke Skywalker , R2 - D2 N / A N / A `` SEAGULLS ! ( Stop It Now ) '' Nov 25 , 2016 Luke Skywalker General Veers , Wedge Antilles , Zev Senesca N / A N / A `` Hostiles on the Hill '' Dec 18 , 2017 Grand Moff Tarkin Leia Organa , Obi - Wan Kenobi , General Tagge , Admiral Motti , Saw Gerrera , Luke Skywalker N / A N / A `` It 's Not A Moon '' Mar 12 , 2018 Donald Trump `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Jan 8 , 2018 `` Trump Anthem '' Jan 9 , 2013 Based on movies and TV shows ( edit ) Film / TV show Release date BLR title ( s ) Upload date ( s ) High School Jun 1 , 2012 A BLR of a scene from `` High School '' May 30 , 2012 Veep Apr 22 , 2012 Selina Meyer - A BLR Sound Bite from `` VEEP '' Jun 4 , 2012 Jeff , Who Lives at Home Mar 16 , 2012 Jeff , Who Lives at Home Jul 6 , 2012 Twilight Nov 28 , 2008 Edward and Bella Sept 4 , 2012 The Hunger Games Mar 23 , 2012 The Hunger Games Sept 20 , 2012 The Campaign Aug 10 , 2012 Iraqi Gold Oct 26 , 2012 The Twilight Saga : New Moon Nov 20 , 2009 More Twilight Nov 21 , 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Jul 3 , 2012 Peter and Gwen Mar 4 , 2013 The Walking Dead Oct 31 , 2010 The Walking ( And Talking ) Dead May 2 , 2013 More Walking ( And Talking ) Dead : Part 1 Sept 25 , 2014 More Walking ( And Talking ) Dead : Part 2 Oct 10 , 2014 Game of Thrones Apr 17 , 2011 Medieval Land Fun - Time World -- Extended Trailer Oct 16 , 2013 Bonus and Extended Scenes -- Medieval Land Fun - Time World Oct 22 , 2013 The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Jun 24 , 2010 Twilight III Apr 24 , 2014 American Idol Jun 11 , 2002 Sing - Song Contest of America May 22 , 2014 The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Nov 22 , 2013 More Hunger Games Nov 27 , 2014 Obsidiots : Live From District 11 Nov 27 , 2014 The Avengers May 4 , 2012 Redneck Avengers : Tulsa Nights May 23 , 2015 Star Wars May 25 , 1977 Star Wars : A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16 , 2015 The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 The Empire Strikes Back : A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16 , 2015 Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 Return of the Jedi : A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16 , 2015 High School Musical Jan 20 , 2006 High School Musical : A Bad Lip Reading Jul 11 , 2016 The Force Awakens Dec 18 , 2015 THE FORCE AWAKENS : A Bad Lip Reading ( Featuring Mark Hamill as Han Solo ) Apr 6 , 2017 Narcos Aug 28 , 2015 `` SOY PABLO '' Extended Trailer Sept 13 , 2017 Descendants Jul 31 , 2015 Bad Lip Reading Presents : Descendants Nov 18 , 2017 Stranger Things Jul 15 , 2016 `` STRANGER THINGS : A Bad Lip Reading '' Dec 9 , 2017 Other videos ( edit ) BLR title Featuring Upload date Rick Perry Rick Perry Sept 18 , 2011 Michele Bachmann Michele Bachmann Oct 3 , 2011 Mitt Romney Mitt Romney Oct 14 , 2011 Herman Cain Herman Cain Oct 28 , 2011 Ron Paul Ron Paul Dec 5 , 2011 Rick Santorum Rick Santorum Jan 31 , 2012 Newt Gingrich Newt Gingrich Feb 7 , 2012 Joe Biden Joe Biden Apr 16 , 2012 A Bad Lip Reading of Rick Perry 's `` Strong '' Ad Rick Perry May 22 , 2012 Bush & Clinton Bill Clinton , George W. Bush June 28 , 2012 More Mitt Mitt Romney Aug 13 , 2012 Paul Ryan 's Video Diary Paul Ryan Oct 2 , 2012 Eye of the Sparrow Mitt Romney , Barack Obama , Jim Lehrer Oct 9 , 2012 2012 Debate Highlights Barack Obama , Mitt Romney , Joe Biden , Paul Ryan , Martha Raddatz , Bob Schieffer Nov 6 , 2012 The NFL : A Bad Lip Reading Jan 15 , 2013 Inauguration 2013 : A Bad Lip Reading Barack Obama , John Roberts , Beyoncé Jan 24 , 2013 2013 Independent Spirit Awards : Best Screenplay Nominees Bradley Cooper , Jennifer Lawrence , Sam Rockwell , Olga Kurylenko , Paul Dano , Zoe Kazan , Tilda Swinton , Bruce Willis , Edward Norton , Thure Lindhardt , Zachary Booth Feb 26 , 2013 More NFL Jan 24 , 2014 NFL 2015 Highlights from the 2014 NFL season Jan 22 , 2015 First Republican Debate Highlights : 2015 Bret Baier , Megyn Kelly , Chris Wallace , Chris Christie , Ted Cruz , Donald Trump , Ben Carson , Mike Huckabee , Jeb Bush , Marco Rubio , John Kasich , Scott Walker , Rand Paul Aug 19 , 2015 First Democratic Debate Highlights : 2015 Anderson Cooper , Bernie Sanders , Martin O'Malley , Hillary Clinton , Jim Webb , Lincoln Chafee Oct 28 , 2015 NFL 2016 : Part One Highlights from the 2015 NFL season Feb 2 , 2016 NFL 2016 : Part Two Feb 5 , 2016 Ted Cruz Ted Cruz Mar 1 , 2016 Bernie & Hillary Bernie Sanders , Hillary Clinton , Wolf Blitzer Apr 21 , 2016 Cruz Talks Trump Ted Cruz Jul 25 , 2016 Democratic National Convention Hillary Clinton , Bernie Sanders , Michelle Obama , Bill Clinton , Barack Obama , Chelsea Clinton , Alicia Keys Aug 19 , 2016 Debate Night ! Hillary Clinton , Donald Trump , Lester Holt Oct 6 , 2016 Presidential Poetry Slam Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton , Anderson Cooper , Martha Raddatz Oct 21 , 2016 Inauguration Day Donald Trump , Barack Obama , George W. Bush , Mike Pence , Clarence Thomas , John Roberts , Michelle Obama , Melania Trump , Hillary Clinton , Karen Pence Jan 25 , 2017 NFL 2017 Highlights from the 2016 NFL season Feb 1 , 2017 Mayweather vs. McGregor Floyd Mayweather , Conor McGregor Jul 14 , 2017 Christmas is Here ! Donald Trump , Melania Trump , Donald Trump animatronic Dec 27 , 2017 NFL 2018 Feb 3 , 2018 Interrogating Zuckerberg Mark Zuckerberg , Bill Nelson , Chuck Grassley , Roy Blunt , Gary Peters , Maria Cantwell , Patrick Leahy , Lindsey Graham , Ted Cruz , Jon Tester , Ben Sasse , Sheldon Whitehouse , John Kennedy , Tom Udall , Dan Sullivan Apr 24 , 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Tim ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : The Bad Lip Reader Speaks '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Melissa ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Bad Lip Reading : behind the viral videos everyone 's talking about '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Nick . `` Bad Lip Reading : An Interview With the Man Behind The Beautiful Nonsense '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Lip Reading Translates Rick Perry , Gets It About Right '' . The Huffington Post . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bublé Live On Ustream '' . Ustream.tv . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bublé , Michael ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Bublé Video Reply : Russian Unicorn '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Macarthur , Amber ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Why Bad Lip Reading is way more awesome than Auto - Tune The News '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frauenfelder , Mark ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Michele Bachmann honored by Bad Lip Reading '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Lip Reading : The NFL Like You 've Never Heard It '' . MTV . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' The NFL : A Bad Lip Reading ' stars Adrian Peterson , Tom Brady and more ( VIDEO ) '' . Sporting News . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Check out the latest edition of NFL Bad Lip Reading '' . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Lip Reading Facebook '' . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks Sales 12 - 17 - 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Hamill Does an Outstanding Han Solo in ' Bad Lip Reading ' Installment '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks January 23 , 2016 '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ Miranda , Lin - Manuel . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Reveals 2017 Top Viral and Music Videos '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Bad Lip Reading - A lot of people have asked about the ... Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike . `` Universal Uses Copyright To Censor Bad Lip Reading Parody ; Why Not Embrace It ? '' . techdirt . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CRUZ TALKS TRUMP '' -- A Bad Lip Reading of Ted Cruz on YouTube External links ( edit ) Official website Bad Lip Reading 's channel on YouTube MusicBrainz : f3278fc5 - 9e86 - 447a - a004 - 01d66ae01125 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Lip_Reading&oldid=838246224 '' Categories : American Internet celebrities Internet memes Maker Studios channels YouTube channels launched in 2011 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do they make bad lip reading videos | [
"Bad Lip Reading (abbreviated as BLR) is a YouTube channel, run by an anonymous individual[1][2] in the music production business, that spoofs clips from films, TV shows, songs, sports, and political news stories by overdubbing humorous vocal work that matches the lip movements of the targets. Rolling Stone described the channel as \"the breakout hit\" of the 2012 United States presidential cycle.[1] As of January 2018, the Bad Lip Reading YouTube channel had amassed over 6.5 million subscribers and over 942 million views across its videos."
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"overdubbing humorous vocal work that matches the lip movements of the targets"
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5296033492636666556 | America's Next Top Model (cycle 13) | America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) Cycle 13 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release September 9 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) -- November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker J. Alexander Winner Nicole Fox All - stars Laura Kirkpatrick Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 12 Next → Cycle 14 Season summary The thirteenth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on September 9 , 2009 and was the seventh season to be aired on The CW network . The cycle 's catch phrase is `` ' The Lineup Is 5 ' 7 '' And Under . Not The Usual Suspects . BOOK ' EM ! `` , and the promotional song was `` Good Girls Go Bad '' by Cobra Starship featuring Leighton Meester . The ending / elimination song , entitled `` Top Model '' , is sung by Marvin Fequiere , husband of Cycle 10 contestant Stacy - Ann . The prizes for this cycle are : A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models , replacing Elite Model Management A fashion spread and cover in Seventeen A US $ 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics The overseas destination for this cycle was Maui , Hawaii . This is the first cycle filmed entirely in the United States . The winner was 18 - year - old Nicole Fox from Louisville , Colorado . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season summary 2 Contestants 3 Episodes 3.1 How Short Can You Go 3.2 The Early Bird Gets A Makeover 3.3 Fortress of Fierceness 3.4 Make Me Tall 3.5 Take My Photo , Tyra ! 3.6 Dance With Me 3.7 Petite Ninja Warriors 3.8 Interview 101 3.9 Let 's Go Surfing 3.10 Dive Deeper 3.11 Hawaiian Hip Hop 3.12 America 's Next Top Model Is ... 3.13 Cycle 13 : REVEALED 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Photo shoot guide 4.3 Makeovers 4.4 Cast Members 5 Post-Top Model careers 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Season summary This cycle featured one major change to the judging panel : judge Paulina Porizkova left the show after the previous season , marking the first change to the judging panel since Cycle 10 . With her departure , only three permanent judges remained , a first for the series . This cycle also moved back to Los Angeles , after being filmed in New York City for cycle 12 . The cast size was once again increased to 14 contestants . All of the contestants for this season were of height 5'7 '' or shorter . Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Lisa Ramos 19 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Queens , New York Episode 2 14 Rachel Echelberger 18 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Woodland , California Episode 3 13 Courtney Davies 22 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) Plantation , Florida 12 Lulu Braithwaite 19 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Brooklyn , New York Episode 4 11 Bianca Richardson 21 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Columbia , South Carolina Episode 5 10 Ashley Howard 22 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 6 9 Kara Vincent 18 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Fort Wayne , Indiana Episode 7 8 Rae Weisz 21 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Rochester , Minnesota Episode 8 7 Brittany Markert 21 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Livermore , California Episode 9 6 Sundai Love 18 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) Bakersfield , California Episode 10 5 Jennifer An 23 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Episode 11 4 -- 3 Erin Wagner 18 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Spring Grove , Illinois Laura Kirkpatrick 19 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Stanford , Kentucky Episode 12 Nicole Fox 18 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Louisville , Colorado Episodes How Short Can You Go First aired September 9 , 2009 Special guest : Bradford Sisk The Early Bird Gets A Makeover First aired September 9 , 2009 Featured photographer : Baldomero Fernandez Special guests : Chanel Iman , Sally Hershberger Fortress of Fierceness First aired September 16 , 2009 Featured photographer : Firooz Zahedi Special guests : Sean Patterson , Lauren Conrad Make Me Tall First aired September 23 , 2009 Featured photographer : Jonathan Mannion Special guests : Diva Davanna , Kevan Hall , Yvonne Yue , Ann Shoket , Jaime Rishar Top Model in Action : McKey Sullivan ( Cycle 11 ) Take My Photo , Tyra ! First aired September 30 , 2009 Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Crissy Barker , China Chow , Sam Fine , Juan Munoz Hortado , Gene Williamson Top Model in Action : Samantha Francis ( Cycle 8 ) Dance With Me First aired October 7 , 2009 Featured photographer : Mike Rosenthal Special guests : Benny Ninja , Jabbawockeez , Josie Maran , Lil Mama , Rhonda Faber Green Top Model in Action : Lisa Jackson ( Cycle 9 ) Petite Ninja Warriors First aired October 14 , 2009 Featured photographer : Patricia Von Ah Special guests : Neil Lane , Skyler Mattson , Rozae Nichols , Sean Patterson , Gerard Seifert , Lauren Shiohama , Jonathan Skow , Trina Turk , Jessica White , Tracy Wong , Deborah Chen Top Model in Action : Fo Porter ( Cycle 12 ) Interview 101 First aired October 21 , 2009 Featured commercial director : Nigel Barker Special guests : Teyona Anderson , Ant , Jessica Lowndes , Kim Kardashian , Ann Shoket , Lara Spencer Top Model in Action : Nicole Linkletter ( Cycle 5 ) Let 's Go Surfing First aired October 28 , 2009 Featured photographers : Erik Aeder ( challenge ) , Tyra Banks ( photoshoot ) Special guests : Sofia Beschan , Buzzy Kerbox , Kirsty Hume Top Model in Action : Natalie Pack ( cycle 12 ) Dive Deeper First aired November 4 , 2009 Featured photographers : Jono Knight ( challenge ) , Russell James ( photoshoot ) Special guest : Marisa Miller Top Model in Action : Fatima Siad ( Cycle 10 ) Hawaiian Hip Hop First aired November 11 , 2009 Featured photographer : Steve Shaw Special guests : Ann Shoket , Anna Rita Sloss Top Model in Action : Katarzyna Dolinska ( Cycle 10 ) America 's Next Top Model Is ... First aired November 18 , 2009 Featured photographers : Nigel Barker , Gilles Bensimon Featured commercial director : Jonathan Mannion Special guests : Julia Clancey , Eddie Murphy , Bria Murphy , Teyona Anderson , Ann Shoket Top Model in Action : Teyona Anderson ( cycle 12 ) Cycle 13 : REVEALED First aired November 18 , 2009 Top Model in Action : Danielle Evans ( Cycle 6 ) Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jennifer Rae Erin Kara Brittany Brittany Rae Jennifer Nicole Jennifer Nicole Jennifer Nicole Nicole Erin Nicole Brittany Nicole Jennifer Laura Nicole Jennifer Nicole Laura Laura Rachel Jennifer Laura Erin Rae Brittany Brittany Laura Laura Erin Jennifer Kara Ashley Nicole Sundai Nicole Laura Erin Sundai Sundai Erin 5 Lulu Courtney Kara Jennifer Erin Nicole Jennifer Laura Erin Sundai 6 Rae Erin Jennifer Bianca Laura Sundai Rae Erin Brittany 7 Ashley Lulu Sundai Laura Sundai Erin Sundai Rae 8 Brittany Rachel Rae Ashley Kara Kara Kara 9 Bianca Laura Lulu Rae Ashley Ashley 10 Courtney Kara Ashley Brittany Bianca 11 Nicole Brittany Bianca Lulu 12 Amber Sundai Courtney 13 Laura Bianca Rachel 14 Sundai Lisa 15 Amber The contestant was eliminated The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant was eliminated outside of the judging panel The contestant quit the competition The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the group of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 14 . At the start of episode 2 , it was revealed that due to personal issues , Amber would not be continuing on in the competition . She was replaced by Lisa . In episode 3 , Rachel was eliminated from the competition after performing the worst during a meeting with a Wilhelmina representative . In episode 5 , Brittany won immunity from elimination for performing the best at the photo shoot . She also won an extra reward as a result . In episode 6 , Brittany , Jennifer and Rae were called first together , as they had the best group shot . Episode 13 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Runway shots / Polaroid shots ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Re-enacting baby photos Episode 3 photo shoot : Posing topless on a horse Episode 4 photo shoot : Elongating oneself Episode 5 photo shoot : Beauty shots with fabric Episode 6 photo shoot : Cirque du Soleil Mystère Episode 7 photo shoot : Ninja warriors Episode 8 commercial : CoverGirl exact eyelights collection Episode 9 photo shoot : Biracial Hapas Episode 10 photo shoot : Posing underwater Episode 11 photo shoot : Pele , Goddess of volcanoes Episode 12 photo shoots & Commercial : CoverGirl lashblast mascara & Seventeen Magazine cover Makeovers Ashley -- Centered in the middle and dark brown weave Bianca -- Bleached eyebrows Brittany -- Dyed dark brown Courtney -- Dyed red and trimmed Erin -- Dyed ice blonde with matching eyebrows Jennifer -- Cut off dead ends and eyebrows shorter Kara -- Brightened up and bigger Laura -- Added different colors of highlights Lisa -- Cut off a few inches of hair Lulu -- Weave added with bangs Nicole -- Super curly and dyed red Rachel -- Dyed darker brown Rae -- Dyed ice blonde with matching eyebrows Sundai -- Rihanna styled haircut Cast Members Jay Manuel -- photo shoot director Post-top Model careers Jennifer An has modeled for Knitscene Magazine and taken a few test shots . She was also a model for a skit on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . Lulu Braithwaite has modeled for D.A.M. Magazine , Issue 12 . Courtney Davies is signed with Wilhelmina Models in Miami and LA . She has appeared in Glamour , Atlantic Ave Magazine , Short Hair Guide , Fashion Market Magazine , and Venue Magazine . She also appeared in the ABC family TV series Pretty Little Liars as Quinn in a recurring role for 2 episodes in 2011 . Rachel Echelberger has been signed with BMG Models in New York . Nicole Fox is currently signed with Wilhelmina Models . She received a six - page spread in Seventeen Magazine , and an ad for Cover Girl Lash Blast Mascara . She has also modeled for Illiterate Magazine , in which she had a spread , and been featured on AOL.com , More magazine and in OK ! Magazine . She was featured in Wild Fox Couture 's 2010 fall collection lookbook along with models Rachel Ballinger and Daria Plyushko . Ashley Howard has done some modelling work but since then has gone back to her job as a dance teacher . Laura Kirkpatrick has been signed to Wünder Model Management and AB / FAB Management . She has received several representation offers from modeling agencies , including Tyra Banks ' Bankable Productions . She has also taken part for some charity print work for 2010 Haiti earthquake relief . In 2011 , she participated in America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 17 with several returning models . Sundai Love is taking a few more shots , as she did some modeling work previously . She 's also been on the cover of Bella Petite Magazine . She can be seen in the music video `` Dirty Picture '' by Taio Cruz . Brittany Markert is signed with Passport Model Management in San Francisco , Paragon Model Management in Mexico and has modeled for an editorial in Harper 's Bazaar . Lisa Ramos is signed with Basic Model Management in New York and Elite Model Management in Miami , has done some test shots and print work for a summer magazine . She 's also been in Seventeen Magazine and modeled for Ideeli.com , Anjel 's Hair Salon , Capture and Create Magazine , Peony Red , Me & Thee , Spring / Summer 2010 , W25 Magazine ( June 2010 ) and Supermodels Unlimited . Bianca Richardson is signed with Wilhelmina Models and Pink Models . She has modeled for Mallard Magazine and Betsey Johnson . Kara Vincent has taken a few test shots and has been signed to Paragon Model Management in Mexico City . Erin Wagner has been signed with Wilhelmina Models and Paragon Models and has done some test shots . She can be seen in an ad for Editor 's Closet for sunglasses , as well . Rae Weisz has modeled for Rochester Magazine in 2009 . Notes Jump up ^ Though this cycle had no international destination , Hawaii was a Sovereign Kingdom until United States made a Provisional Government in 1893 , made itself a republic a year later . Later it became the islands ' Territory for 61 years until it became part of the United States on August 21 , 1959 . References Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- Cycle 13 -- Cast '' . August 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Rachel Echelberger -- BMG Models Jump up ^ `` Teen Fashion 2016 -- Latest Fashion Trends & Clothing for Teens '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Winner Nicole Fox Covers Seventeen -- Celeb Dirty Laundry '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildfox Couture Fall 2010 -- Sidewalk Hustle '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildfox Couture Fall 2010 : It 's Witchcraft ! '' . November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laura Kirkpatrick -- Wunder Management Jump up ^ Laura Kirkpatrick AB / FAB Management Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ! MTV SHOW `` MADE '' Coach Sundai Love ( ANTM ) -- Bella Petite `` . Jump up ^ `` Sundai Love Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Sundai Love in Taio Cruz 's `` Dirty Picture '' Music Video ( June 2010 ) `` . October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Markert -- Page 2 -- the Fashion Spot '' . Jump up ^ `` Elite Model Management -- Portfolio '' . Elitemodel.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Markert & Bianca Richardson '' . November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KARA -- Paragon '' . Paragonmodelmanagement.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ERIN -- Paragon '' . Paragonmodelmanagement.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester Magazine ( RochesterMagazine.com ) '' . External links Official website ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_13)&oldid=834089276 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2009 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 21 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won america's next top model season 13 | [
"The winner was 18-year-old Nicole Fox from Louisville, Colorado."
] | [
"18-year-old Nicole Fox"
] |
-5763332558107427532 | Gun laws in Florida | Gun laws in Florida - wikipedia Gun laws in Florida Jump to : navigation , search Location of Florida in the United States Gun laws in Florida regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Florida in the United States . Florida is a `` shall issue '' state , and issues concealed carry licenses to both residents and non-residents . Florida recognizes licenses from any other state which recognizes Florida 's license , provided the non-resident individual is a resident of the other state and is at least 21 years old or may be under 21 if the applicant is a member or veteran of the United States Armed Forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Preemption 3 Concealed carry 4 Open carry 5 Vehicle carry 6 Castle doctrine and `` stand your ground '' 7 Firearm sales 8 Other laws 9 See also 10 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State license to Purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No Chapter 790.335 It is a felony under Florida law to create , maintain or publish any list , record or registry of legally owned firearms or law - abiding firearm owners . Owner license required ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No None Concealed Carry license required ? N / A Yes Chapter 790.06 Allows concealed possession of handguns , electronic weapons or devices , tear gas guns , knives , or billies , but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06 ( 1 ) . Open Carry ? No No Chapter 790.053 , Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities . Exceptions include in the home , place of work , hunting , fishing , camping , or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Chapter 790.33 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Chapter 790.161 Making , possessing , throwing , projecting , or discharging any destructive device , or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Duty to inform ? No No None Florida law does not require one to disclose one 's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Red flag law ? Yes Yes SB 7026 The police can get judicial approval to confiscate , for up to a year , the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others . Waiting period ? Yes Yes The state requires a three - day waiting period between purchasing and taking possession of a firearm . Individual counties can require a waiting period of up to five days . Preemption ( edit ) Florida law prohibits localities from regulating firearms , other than with regards to zoning laws ( i.e. , for restricting where gun sellers may locate their businesses ) . The Florida Legislature has since 1987 occupied the whole field of regulation of firearms and ammunition , including the purchase , sale , transfer , taxation , manufacture , ownership , possession , and transportation . Due to a lack of penalties associated with violating the preemption statute , it was almost universally ignored by city and county authorities until , on December 7 , 2010 , Representative Matt Gaetz introduced a bill to the Florida Legislature adding penalties for violating the existing preemption statute . It was signed into law by Governor Rick Scott on June 2 , 2011 . Penalties may include fines , removal from public office , termination of employment and other punishments . Concealed carry ( edit ) Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida , and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially - defined areas . These prohibited places include any police station , prison , courthouse , polling place , government meeting place , airport , seaport , or tavern . Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school , except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals . Anyone lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner , may briefly and openly display the firearm to the ordinary sight of another person , unless the firearm is intentionally displayed in an angry or threatening manner , not in necessary self - defense . Currently , Florida 's Concealed Weapon License is one of the most widely recognized , state - issued concealed weapon license . The resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty - five different states , while the non-resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty states . `` Concealed firearm '' is defined in F.S.S. 790.001 ( 2 ) as `` any firearm , as defined in subsection ( 6 ) , which is carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the firearm from the ordinary sight of another person . '' Unlicensed concealed carry is allowed during a mandatory evacuation as a result of a state of emergency . As of 2018 , some school employees may choose to receive special training in order to carry a firearm at school . Open carry ( edit ) Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal , but is permitted in certain circumstances , as defined by Florida statute 790.25 ( 3 ) . For example , open carry is permitted while hunting , fishing , camping , gun shows , or while shooting , and while going to and from such activities . The open carry ban statute was challenged in court but the ban was upheld . Vehicle carry ( edit ) Vehicle carry without a license when the weapon is not immediately accessible / available for use is permitted . Handguns must be either `` securely encased '' - F.S.S. 790.25 ( 3 ) ( l ) Some cite this as a grey area or risky - or not immediately available for use . `` Securely encased '' means in a glove compartment , whether or not locked ; snapped in a holster ; in a gun case , whether or not locked ; in a zippered gun case ; or in a closed box or container which requires a lid or cover to be opened for access . Carry of a Handgun on one 's person inside a vehicle without a license is not permitted ( except in the case of open carry in accordance with the law outlined above ) . Once a handgun is securely encased , it can be stored anywhere inside the vehicle and is not limited to just the glove compartment / center console . Long guns may be anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use . As of July 1 , 2008 , Florida became a `` Take your gun to work '' state ( F.S. 790.251 ) . This law prohibits most businesses from firing any employee for keeping a legal firearm locked in his or her vehicle in the company parking lot . The purpose of the new law is to allow citizens to exercise their Second Amendment rights during their commutes to and from work . Exceptions listed in F.S. 790.251 ( 7 ) include school property , correctional institutions , nuclear power plants , national defense facilities , facilities for explosives or combustible materials , or a motor vehicle owned , rented , or leased by a person 's employer . A case was filed against Walt Disney World Resort by a former Disney security guard who was fired , despite having a CWL , for having a firearm locked in his car on July 1 , in violation of Disney 's pre-existing no weapons allowed policy . The case was later dropped by the plaintiff citing personal and financial reasons . Disney claims that they are exempt from the new state law , on the basis of their having a fireworks license for conducting nightly fireworks shows at Disney World . Castle doctrine and `` stand your Ground '' ( edit ) `` Castle doctrine '' refers to the generally accepted common - law principle that one is not required to retreat when in one 's own dwelling . Eliminating the requirement to retreat outside the home ( i.e. in public ) is generally referred to as a `` stand your ground '' law . As of October 1 , 2005 , Florida became a `` No Duty to Retreat '' ( i.e. Stand Your Ground ) state . Florida Castle Doctrine law establishes that law - abiding residents and visitors may legally presume the threat of bodily harm or death from anyone who breaks into a residence or occupied vehicle and may use defensive force , including deadly force , against the intruder . With the passage of Florida 's Stand Your Ground law , this principle now also applies in any other place where a person `` has a right to be . '' Essentially , that person has `` no duty to retreat '' if attacked and may `` meet force with force , including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony '' . Note that all of the generally accepted common - law principles of self - defense must still be followed . A person who uses force within the parameters of the law is immune from criminal prosecution or civil action and can not be arrested unless a law enforcement agency determines there is probable cause that the force used was unlawful . If a civil action is brought and the court finds the defendant to be immune under the law , the defendant will be awarded all costs of defense . Firearm sales ( edit ) As of 2018 , one must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm in Florida . Florida law does not restrict private firearms transfers between Florida residents . The Florida Constitution , Art VIII Sec. 5 ( b ) , permits counties to enact ordinances that require a criminal history records check and a 3 to 5 - day waiting period when any part of a firearm sale is conducted on property to which the public has the `` right of access '' , such as at a gun show conducted on public property . These local option ordinances may not be applied to holders of a concealed weapons license . As of 2018 , this waiting period applies to all counties , with exceptions for concealed weapons licensees , hunters , military , and law enforcement . Prior , only Miami - Dade , Broward , Palm Beach , Hillsborough , and Volusia counties had enacted such ordinances . Other laws ( edit ) Under Florida 's red flag law , the police can get judicial approval to confiscate , for up to a year , the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others . The possession of a bump stock is illegal . This is a gun stock that can be used to increase the rate of fire of a semi-automatic rifle . See also ( edit ) Gun law in the United States Law of Florida Marion Hammer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Florida Statutes , Chapter 790 : Weapons and Firearms Jump up ^ Florida Statute 790.062 Members and veterans of United States Armed Forces ; exceptions from licensure provisions Jump up ^ http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44848& Jump up ^ http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/790.33 Jump up ^ `` Other Location Restrictions in Florida '' . Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns in Schools in Florida '' . Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://opinions.1dca.org/written/opinions2013/12-10-2013/12-2174.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/790.053 Jump up ^ Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services -- Division of Licensing Jump up ^ `` Florida Statutes , Title XLVI , Chapter 790 '' . Florida Legislature. 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine '' . www.leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Astor , Maggie ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Gun Bill : What 's In It , and What Is n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Section 790.25 Florida Statutes Jump up ^ Dale Lee Norman v. State of Florida Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Assault Rifle , Open - Carry Appeals '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Florida Statutes , Chapter 790.25 ( 5 ) : Weapons and Firearms Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Florida Statutes , Chapter 790.001 ( 17 ) : Weapons and Firearms ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) `` Nothing herein contained prohibits the carrying of a legal firearm other than a handgun anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use . '' Source : Florida Statutes , Chapter 790.25 ( 5 ) ) Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ; Garcia , Jason ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Walt Disney World fires back on guns at work '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( 8 July 2008 ) . `` After protesting gun rule , Disney guard is fired '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/776.012 Jump up ^ Open letter to federal firearms licensees from ATF Miami Field Division , November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 via archive.org . Jump up ^ http://flsenate.gov/Laws/Constitution ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Legislature Backs New Gun Restrictions After Parkland School Shooting '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dearen , Jason ; Lush , Tamara ; et al. ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Governor Signs Gun Restrictions 3 Weeks After Attack '' . Tampa Bay Times . Associated Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Florida&oldid=842090664 '' Categories : Florida law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where am i not allowed to carry a concealed weapon in florida | [
"Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida, and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially-defined areas. These prohibited places include any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport, seaport, or tavern.[5] Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school, except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals.[6][7]",
"Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida, and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially-defined areas. These prohibited places include any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport, seaport, or tavern.[5] Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school, except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals.[6][7]"
] | [
"any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport, seaport, or tavern",
"any school, except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals"
] |
-8896397622040047952 | Jay Baruchel | Jay Baruchel - Wikipedia Jay Baruchel Jump to : navigation , search Jay Baruchel Baruchel at Joint Base McGuire -- Dix -- Lakehurst , 2014 . Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel ( 1982 - 04 - 09 ) April 9 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Residence Toronto , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actor , comedian , screenwriter , director , producer , model Years active 1995 -- present Jonathan Adam Saunders `` Jay '' Baruchel ( / ˈbæruːˌʃɛl / ; born April 9 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actor , comedian , screenwriter , director , and producer . He played Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character in Judd Apatow 's comedy series , Undeclared . He is known for his voice role as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise , and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up , Tropic Thunder , Fanboys , She 's Out of My League , Goon , and This Is the End . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Baruchel was born in Ottawa , Ontario , the son of Robyne ( née Ropell ) , a freelance writer , and Serge Baruchel , an antiques dealer . He grew up in the Notre - Dame - de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montreal , Quebec , and has a younger sister , Taylor . His paternal grandfather was a Sephardic Jew , while his three other grandparents were from a Christian background ( of French , Irish , and German descent ) . Baruchel has said that he is `` probably agnostic '' . Career ( edit ) One of his first major acting roles was on local television series My Hometown in 1996 . From 1997 to 1998 , he co-hosted Popular Mechanics for Kids with Elisha Cuthbert . After appearing briefly in Cameron Crowe 's Oscar - winning Almost Famous , Baruchel won the role of Steven Karp on Judd Apatow 's acclaimed yet short - lived television series Undeclared , where he starred alongside Seth Rogen , Carla Gallo , Charlie Hunnam and Monica Keena . He then appeared with James Van Der Beek in Roger Avary 's The Rules of Attraction . In 2004 , Baruchel played boxing hopeful Danger Barch in Clint Eastwood 's Million Dollar Baby . Baruchel then starred in Nemesis Game and Fetching Cody , before appearing opposite Don Johnson on the WB 's Just Legal in 2005 , and guest - starring on the CBS drama Numb3rs in 2006 . Baruchel appeared in the films Knocked Up ( which reunited him with Judd Apatow , Jason Segel , and Seth Rogen ) , I 'm Reed Fish , Just Buried , and the Ben Stiller - directed Tropic Thunder , alongside Jack Black , Nick Nolte , Steve Coogan and Robert Downey , Jr . He co-starred with Seth Rogen in the 2007 trailer for Jay and Seth vs. The Apocalypse , created by Rogen and Evan Goldberg as a strategy to garner interest and funding for a similar , larger - scale project ( later made in 2013 as This Is the End ) . In 2008 , he appeared in Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist . He also made a brief appearance in Night at the Museum 2 : Battle of the Smithsonian . In 2010 , Baruchel starred in the films The Trotsky , DreamWorks ' She 's Out of My League ( opposite Alice Eve ) , and the live - action Disney adaptation of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . He also voiced the starring role in the acclaimed animated feature , How to Train Your Dragon , a role he has subsequently continued throughout the franchise , including its television series . Also in 2010 , he played two supporting characters in the Canadian comedy series The Drunk and On Drugs Happy Fun Time Hour . He developed the screenplay for Goon , with Evan Goldberg , playing Johnny Klutz , a character of his own creation . Goon co-stars Seann William Scott and fellow Canadian actor , Eugene Levy . Baruchel will also star in and direct the comedy / horror / slasher film Pig . Baruchel also appeared in the 2010 Adidas Originals ad campaign , `` Cantina '' , in conjunction with the FIFA World Cup and in video clips for Canadian prog - rockers Rush 's 2012 -- 13 Clockwork Angels tour . In July 2012 , he appeared in the music video for the song `` Toxsik Waltz '' by rapper Necro . In the summer of 2013 , he starred in the hit apocalyptic comedy This Is the End and in 2014 , he appeared in the RoboCop remake and reprised his role as Hiccup in How to Train Your Dragon 2 . Baruchel is in the process of writing the sequel to Goon . In July 2014 , it was announced that Baruchel will be starring in the FXX comedy Man Seeking Woman which premiered in January 2015 . Personal Life ( edit ) Baruchel was previously engaged to actress Alison Pill from 2011 to 2013 . He alluded to their break - up in a Twitter posting on February 16 , 2013 . Baruchel has several tattoos : a Celtic cross ( on his upper right arm ) to honour his Irish heritage , his mother 's maiden name ( on his forearm ) and a red Maple Leaf on his left pectoral ( which can be seen in Fanboys , Knocked Up , Tropic Thunder and This Is the End ) . Baruchel is also an avid fan of Celtic F.C. and the Montreal Canadiens . He appeared in the 2015 music video for the song `` Every Little Means Trust '' by Idlewild . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Running Home Kid # 2 Who Gets the House ? Jonathan 2000 Almost Famous Vic Munoz 2002 The Rules of Attraction Harry Edgar and Jane Short film ; director , writer and producer 2003 Nemesis Game Jeremy Curran Million Dollar Baby Danger Barch 2005 Fetching Cody Art Frankel 2007 Knocked Up Jay Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse Jay Baruchel Short film ; also writer I 'm Reed Fish Reed Fish Just Buried Oliver Whynacht 2008 Real Time Andy Hayes Tropic Thunder Kevin Sandusky Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist Tal Hanson 2009 Fanboys Windows Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Sailor Joey Motorola She 's Out of My League Kirk Kettner How to Train Your Dragon Hiccup ( voice ) The Trotsky Leon The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Dave Stutler Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Hiccup ( voice ) Short film Good Neighbours Victor 2011 Book of Dragons Hiccup ( voice ) Short film Gift of the Night Fury 2012 Goon Pat Also writer and producer Cosmopolis Shiner 2013 This Is the End Himself Also co-producer The Art of the Steal Francie 2014 RoboCop Tom Pope Don Peyote Bates How to Train Your Dragon 2 Hiccup ( voice ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers Short film 2016 Lovesick Mark 2017 Goon : Last of the Enforcers Pat Also director and writer Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 , 1999 -- 2000 Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Joe / Alex / Ross Doyle / Jason Midas 4 episodes 1996 -- 1998 My Hometown Thomas Thompson 40 episodes 1997 -- 1998 Popular Mechanics for Kids Himself 22 episodes 1998 The Worst Witch Bean Pole Episode : `` The Great Outdoors '' 2001 -- 2002 Undeclared Steven Karp 17 episodes 2002 Matthew Blackheart : Monster Smasher Jimmy Fleming Television film The Stones Winston Stone 6 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Just Legal Skip Ross 8 episodes 2006 -- 2007 Numb3rs Oswald Kittner 2 episodes 2011 The Drunk and On Drugs Happy Fun Time Hour Private Prosciutto / Falcon 2 episodes 2012 -- present DreamWorks Dragons Hiccup ( voice ) 92 episodes 2012 Being Human Stu Episode : `` When I Think About You I Shred Myself '' 2014 Trailer Park Boys Directed episode : `` Crawling Through the Shitpipe '' 2015 -- 2017 Man Seeking Woman Josh Greenberg 30 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Work 2007 US Comedy Arts Festival Best Actor Award Won I 'm Reed Fish Canadian Comedy Awards Best Performance by a Male - Film Won The Trotsky 2011 Jutra Awards Best Actor ( Meilleur Acteur ) Won The Trotsky 2011 Online Film & Television Association Best Voice - Over Performance Won How to Train Your Dragon 2011 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Best Actor in a Canadian Film Nominated The Trotsky 2011 Genie Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Nominated The Trotsky 2011 Annie Awards Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Won How to Train Your Dragon 2013 Canadian Screen Awards Adapted Screenplay ( shared with Evan Goldberg ) Nominated Goon 2013 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actor in a Canadian Film Nominated Goon 2014 Canadian Screen Awards Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated The Art of the Steal 2014 MTV Movie Awards Best Musical Moment Won This Is the End References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jay Baruchel says he adores living in Toronto '' . Jump up ^ `` Jay Baruchel talks about why he 's high on Hogtown '' . Jump up ^ Fontaine , Hugo ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hab at Heart -- Jay Baruchel '' . NHL . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . You 're born in Ottawa , but you were been raised and still live in Montreal . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jay Baruchel TV Show , ' Man Seeking Woman , ' Coming To FXX '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 ... a native of Ottawa who grew up in Montreal ... Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Jay Baruchel Makes Televised Voting Pitch as Justin Trudeau Wins Canadian Election '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 ... the Ottawa - born Baruchel ... Jump up ^ `` Quick Study '' . People . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Jay Baruchel On Why He Wo n't Do Nude Scenes '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JAY BARUCHEL : CANADA 'S PROUDEST SON '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Baruchel Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Simonpillai , Radheyan ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Jay Baruchel is the Trotsky '' . NOW Magazine . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . The funny thing is , Baruchel is only a quarter Jewish ... His background is also French and Irish - Catholic ... He may be hard to identify ethnically ... Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Interview : Jay Baruchel '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McLeod , Andre ( 2008 ) . `` Jay Baruchel : Breaking Out '' . Complex . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal actor improvising his way to the top '' . Canada.com . January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ INTERVIEW : Jay Baruchel On She 's Out Of My League -- Rip It Up Magazine Retrieved September 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Boys are back and on drugs '' . The Globe and Mail , July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Uni stumbles onto Jay Baruchel 's ' Klutz ' '' The Hollywood Reporter March 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Eugene Levy joins ' Goon ' squad , Variety '' . Jump up ^ Dyar , Amanda ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Is There a New Psycho Cop Getting Ready to Walk the Beat ? '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Baruchel Explains Plans for a Goon Sequel '' . bleedingcool.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Evan Goldberg Talks about Goon 2 ; Says They 're Trying to Figure out Deals '' . collider.com . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` FXX Orders ' Man Seeking Woman ' Starring Jay Baruchel '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Pill , Jay Baruchel Call Off Engagement '' . usmagazine.com . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Interview : Jay Baruchel '' . TV3. April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Farquharson , Vanessa ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Trotsky 's Jay Baruchel : On moviemaking , microphones and mom tattoos '' . The National Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hab at Heart -- Jay Baruchel '' . nhl.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brendan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Baruchel and Marc - Andre Grondin talk about the magic of the Stanley Cup '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lester , Paul ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jay Baruchel Meets Idlewild : ' You Saved My Life ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff . `` FXX Orders ' Man Seeking Woman ' Starring Jay Baruchel '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Comedy Awards '' . NOW Toronto Magazine - Think Free . 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jay Baruchel . Official website Jay Baruchel on IMDb Jay Baruchel on Twitter ( hide ) Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Hank Azaria / Ming - Na ( 1998 ) Eli Marienthal ( 1999 ) Tim Allen / Joan Cusack ( 2000 ) Eddie Murphy / Eartha Kitt ( 2001 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2002 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Peter Sallis ( 2005 ) Ian McKellen ( 2006 ) Ian Holm ( 2007 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2008 ) Jennifer Cody ( 2009 ) Jay Baruchel ( 2010 ) Bill Nighy ( 2011 ) Alan Tudyk ( 2012 ) Josh Gad ( 2013 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2014 ) Phyllis Smith ( 2015 ) Jason Bateman / Auli'i Cravalho ( 2016 ) VIAF : 164048059 LCCN : no2006079505 ISNI : 0000 0001 2197 6094 GND : 143705822 SUDOC : 094264635 BNF : cb162557684 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Baruchel&oldid=800971158 '' Categories : 1982 births 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Anglophone Quebec people Annie Award winners Canadian agnostics Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian male voice actors Canadian people of French descent Canadian people of German descent Canadian people of Irish descent Canadian people of Jewish descent Male actors from Montreal Male actors from Ottawa Living people People from Côte - des - Neiges -- Notre - Dame - de-Grâce Hidden categories : Use Canadian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from August 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voices hiccup from how to train your dragon | [
"Jonathan Adam Saunders \"Jay\" Baruchel (/ˈbæruːˌʃɛl/; born April 9, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter, director, and producer. He played Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character in Judd Apatow's comedy series, Undeclared. He is known for his voice role as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up, Tropic Thunder, Fanboys, She's Out of My League, Goon, and This Is the End."
] | [
"Jonathan Adam Saunders \"Jay\" Baruchel"
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-6159930822878114174 | Metric system | Metric system - wikipedia Metric system Jump to : navigation , search For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of the metric system . For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic , see Introduction to the metric system . Four metric measuring devices : a tape measure in centimetres , a thermometer in degrees Celsius , a kilogram weight and a multimeter that measures volts , amperes and ohms The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement . It was originally based on the mètre des Archives and the kilogramme des Archives introduced by the French First Republic in 1799 , but over the years the definitions of the metre and the kilogram have been refined , and the metric system has been extended to incorporate many more units . Although a number of variants of the metric system emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , the term is now often used as a synonym for `` SI '' or the `` International System of Units '' -- the official system of measurement in almost every country in the world . The metric system has been officially sanctioned for use in the United States since 1866 , but the U.S. remains the only industrialised country that has not fully adopted the metric system as its official system of measurement , although in 1988 the United States Congress passed the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act , which designates `` the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce '' . Among many other things , the act requires federal agencies to use metric measurements in nearly all of its activities , although there are still some exceptions allowing traditional linear units to be used in documents intended for consumers . Many sources also cite the countries of Liberia and Myanmar ( Burma ) as the only other countries not to have done so . Although the United Kingdom also uses the metric system for most administrative and trade purposes , imperial units are widely used by the public and are permitted or obligatory for some purposes , such as road signs . Although the originators intended to devise a system that was equally accessible to all , it proved necessary to use prototype units in the custody of national or local authorities as standards . Control of the prototype units of measure was maintained by the later French governments until 1875 , when it was passed to an international intergovernmental organisation , the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) . From its beginning , the main features of the metric system were the standard set of interrelated base units and a standard set of prefixes in powers of ten . These base units are used to derive larger and smaller units that could replace a huge number of other units of measure in existence . Although the system was first developed for commercial use , the development of coherent units of measure made it particularly suitable for science and engineering . The uncoordinated use of the metric system by different scientific and engineering disciplines , particularly in the late 19th century , resulted in different choices of base units even though all were based on the same definitions of the units of the metre and the kilogram . During the 20th century , efforts were made to rationalise these units , and in 1960 , the CGPM published the International System of Units , which has since then been the internationally recognised standard metric system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Universality 1.2 Decimal multiples 1.3 Realisability and replicable prototypes 1.3. 1 Metre and kilogram 1.3. 2 Other base units 1.4 Coherence 2 History 2.1 Original metric system 2.2 International adoption 2.3 International standards 3 Variants 3.1 Centimetre - gram - second systems 3.2 Metre - kilogram - second systems 3.3 Metre - tonne - second systems 3.4 Gravitational systems 3.5 International System of Units 4 Relating SI to the real world 5 Usage around the world 5.1 Variations in spelling 5.2 Conversion and calculation incidents 6 Conversion between SI and legacy units 7 Future developments 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Features ( edit ) Although the metric system has changed and developed since its inception , its basic concepts have hardly changed . Designed for transnational use , it consisted of a basic set of units of measurement , now known as base units . Derived units were built up from the base units using logical rather than empirical relationships while multiples and submultiples of both base and derived units were decimal - based and identified by a standard set of prefixes . Universality ( edit ) Chinese road sign listing distances on an expressway in eastern Beijing . Although the primary text is in Chinese , the distances use internationally recognised characters . At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 , most countries and even some cities had their own system of measurement . Although different countries might have used units of measure with the same name , such as the foot , or local language equivalents such as pied , Fuß , and voet , there was no consistency in the magnitude of those units , nor in the relationships with their multiples and submultiples , much like the modern - day differences between the US and the UK pints and gallons . The metric system was designed to be universal -- in the words of the French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet it was to be `` for all people for all time '' . It was designed for ordinary people , for engineers who worked in human - related measurements and for astronomers and physicists who worked with numbers both small and large , hence the huge range of the prefixes that have been defined in SI . When the French Government first investigated the idea of overhauling their system of measurement , the concept of universality was put into practice in 1789 : Maurice de Talleyrand , acting on Condorcet 's advice , invited John Riggs Miller , a British parliamentarian and Thomas Jefferson , the American Secretary of State to George Washington , to work with the French in producing an international standard by promoting legislation in their respective legislative bodies . However , these early overtures failed and the custody of the metric system remained in the hands of the French government until 1875 . In languages where the distinction is made , unit names are common nouns ( i.e. not proper nouns ) . They use the character set and follow the grammatical rules of the language concerned , for example `` kilomètre '' , `` kilómetro '' , but each unit has a symbol that is independent of language , for example `` km '' for `` kilometre '' , `` V '' for `` volts '' etc . Decimal multiples ( edit ) Main article : metric prefix In the metric system , multiples and submultiples of units follow a decimal pattern , a concept identified as a possibility in 1586 by Simon Stevin , the Flemish mathematician who had introduced decimal fractions into Europe . This is done at the cost of losing the simplicity associated with many traditional systems of units where division by 3 does not result in awkward fractions ; for example one third of a foot is four inches , a simplicity that in 1790 was debated , but rejected by the originators of the metric system . In 1854 , in the introduction to the proceedings of the ( British ) Decimal Association , the mathematician Augustus de Morgan summarised the advantages of a decimal - based system over a non-decimal system thus : `` In the simple rules of arithmetic , we practice a pure decimal system , nowhere interrupted by the entrance of any other system : from column to column we never carry anything but tens '' . Metric prefixes in everyday use Text Symbol Factor Power exa 7018100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000000000 10 peta 7015100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000000 10 tera 7012100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000 10 giga 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 10 mega 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 10 kilo k 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 10 hecto h 100 10 deca da 10 10 ( none ) ( none ) 10 deci d 0.1 10 centi 0.01 10 milli m 0.001 10 micro μ 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 10 nano n 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 10 pico p 6988100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 001 10 femto f 6985100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 001 10 atto 6982100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10 A common set of decimal - based prefixes that have the effect of multiplication or division by an integer power of ten can be applied to units that are themselves too large or too small for practical use . The concept of using consistent classical ( Latin or Greek ) names for the prefixes was first proposed in a report by the ( French Revolutionary ) Commission on Weights and Measures in May 1793 . The prefix kilo , for example , is used to multiply the unit by 1000 , and the prefix milli is to indicate a one - thousandth part of the unit . Thus the kilogram and kilometre are a thousand grams and metres respectively , and a milligram and millimetre are one thousandth of a gram and metre respectively . These relations can be written symbolically as : 1 mg = 0.001 g 1 km = 1000 m In the early days , multipliers that were positive powers of ten were given Greek - derived prefixes such as kilo - and mega - , and those that were negative powers of ten were given Latin - derived prefixes such as centi - and milli - . However , 1935 extensions to the prefix system did not follow this convention : the prefixes nano - and micro - , for example have Greek roots . During the 19th century the prefix myria - , derived from the Greek word μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , was used as a multiplier for 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 . When applying prefixes to derived units of area and volume that are expressed in terms of units of length squared or cubed , the square and cube operators are applied to the unit of length including the prefix , as illustrated below . 1 mm ( square millimetre ) = ( 1 mm ) = ( 0.001 m ) = 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 m 1 km ( square kilometre ) = ( 1 km ) = ( 1000 m ) = 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 m 1 mm ( cubic millimetre ) = ( 1 mm ) = ( 0.001 m ) = 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 m 1 km ( cubic kilometre ) = ( 1 km ) = ( 1000 m ) = 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 m Prefixes are not usually used to indicate multiples of a second greater than 1 ; the non-SI units of minute , hour and day are used instead . On the other hand , prefixes are used for multiples of the non-SI unit of volume , the litre ( l , L ) such as millilitres ( ml ) . Realisability and replicable prototypes ( edit ) The metre was originally defined to be one ten millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator through Paris . Main article : Realisation ( metrology ) The base units used in the metric system must be realisable , ideally with reference to natural phenomena rather than unique artefacts . Each of the base units in SI is accompanied by a mise en pratique ( practical realisation ) published by the BIPM that describes in detail at least one way in which the base unit can be measured . Where possible , definitions of the base units were developed so that any laboratory equipped with proper instruments would be able to realise a standard without reliance on an artefact held by another country . In practice , such realisation is done under the auspices of a mutual acceptance arrangement ( MAA ) . Metre and kilogram ( edit ) In the original version of the metric system the base units could be derived from a specified length ( the metre ) and the weight ( mass ) of a specified volume ( ⁄ of a cubic metre ) of pure water . Initially the de facto French Government of the day , the Assemblée nationale constituante , considered defining the metre as the length of a pendulum that has a period of one second at 45 ° N and an altitude equal to sea level . The altitude and latitude were specified to accommodate variations in gravity ; the specified latitude was a compromise between the latitude of London ( 51 ° 30'N ) , Paris ( 48 ° 50'N ) and the median parallel of the United States ( 38 ° N ) to accommodate variations . However the mathematician Borda persuaded the assembly that a survey having its ends at sea level and based on a meridian that spanned at least 10 % of the earth 's quadrant would be more appropriate for such a basis . One litre is equivalent to the volume of a cube with edges of 10 cm and the kilogram was originally designed to be one litre of water at the melting point of ice . The available technology of the 1790s made it impracticable to use these definitions as the basis of the kilogram and the metre , so prototypes that represented these quantities insofar as was practicable were manufactured . On 22 June 1799 these prototypes were adopted as the definitive reference pieces , deposited in the Archives nationales and became known as the mètre des Archives and the kilogramme des Archives . Copies were made and distributed around France . These artefacts were replaced in 1889 by the new prototypes manufactured under international supervision . Insofar as was possible , the new prototypes were exact copies of the original prototypes , but used a later technology to ensure better stability . One of each of the kilogram and metre prototypes were chosen by lot to serve as the definitive international reference piece with the remainder being distributed to signatories of the Metre Convention . In 1889 there was no generally accepted theory regarding the nature of light but by 1960 the wavelength of specific light spectra could give a more accurate and reproducible value than a prototype metre . In that year the prototype metre was replaced by a formal definition that defines the metre in terms of the wavelength of specified light spectra . By 1983 it was accepted that the speed of light in vacuum was constant and that this constant provided a more reproducible procedure for measuring length . Therefore , the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light . These definitions give a much better reproducibility and also allow anyone , anywhere with a suitably equipped laboratory , to make a standard metre . Other base units ( edit ) None of the other base units rely on a prototype -- all are based on phenomena that are directly observable and had been in use for many years before formally becoming part of the metric system . The second first became a de facto base unit within the metric system when , in 1832 , Carl Friedrich Gauss used it , the centimetre and the gram to derive the units associated with values of absolute measurements of the Earth 's magnetic field . The second , if based on the Earth 's rotation , is not a constant as the Earth 's rotation is slowing down -- in 2008 the solar day was 0.002 s longer than in 1820 . This had been known for many years ; consequently in 1952 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) defined the second in terms of the Earth 's rotation in the year 1900 . Measurements of time were made using extrapolation from readings based on astronomy . With the launch of SI in 1960 , the 11th CGPM adopted the IAU definition . In the years that followed , atomic clocks became significantly more reliable and precise ; and in 1968 the 13th CGPM redefined the second in terms of a specific frequency from the emission spectrum of the caesium 133 atom , a component of atomic clocks . This provided the means to measure the time associated with astronomical phenomena rather than using astronomical phenomena as the basis from which time measurements were made . The CGS absolute unit of electric current , the abampere , had been defined in terms of the force between two parallel current - carrying wires in 1881 . In the 1940s , the International Electrotechnical Commission adopted an MKS variant of this definition for the ampere , which was adopted in 1948 by the CGPM . Temperature has always been based on observable phenomena -- in 1744 the degree Centigrade was based on the freezing and boiling points of water . In 1948 the CGPM adopted the Centigrade scale , renamed it the `` Celsius '' temperature scale name and defined it in terms of the triple point of water . When the mole and the candela were accepted by the CGPM in 1971 and 1975 respectively , both had been defined by third parties by reference to phenomena rather than artefacts . Coherence ( edit ) Main article : Coherence ( units of measurement ) James Clerk Maxwell played a major role in developing the concept of a coherent CGS system and in extending the metric system to include electrical units . Each variant of the metric system has a degree of coherence -- the various derived units are directly related to the base units without the need for intermediate conversion factors . For example , in a coherent system the units of force , energy and power are chosen so that the equations force = mass × acceleration energy = force × distance power = energy ÷ time hold without the introduction of unit conversion factors . Once a set of coherent units have been defined , other relationships in physics that use those units will automatically be true . Therefore , Einstein 's mass - energy equation , E = mc , does not require extraneous constants when expressed in coherent units . The CGS system had two units of energy , the erg that was related to mechanics and the calorie that was related to thermal energy ; so only one of them ( the erg ) could bear a coherent relationship to the base units . Coherence was a design aim of SI resulting in only one unit of energy being defined -- the joule . In SI , which is a coherent system , the unit of power is the `` watt '' , which is defined as `` one joule per second '' . In the US customary system of measurement , which is non-coherent , the unit of power is the `` horsepower '' , which is defined as `` 550 foot - pounds per second '' ( the pound in this context being the pound - force ) . Similarly , neither the US gallon nor the imperial gallon is one cubic foot or one cubic yard -- the US gallon is 231 cubic inches and the imperial gallon is 277.42 cubic inches . The concept of coherence was only introduced into the metric system in the third quarter of the 19th century ; in its original form the metric system was non-coherent -- in particular the litre was 0.001 m and the are ( from which the hectare derives ) was 100 m . However the units of mass and length were related to each other through the physical properties of water , the gram having been designed as being the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at its freezing point . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the metric system See also : Metrication John Wilkins who , in 1668 , published an essay proposing a decimal system of measurement In 1585 the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin published a small pamphlet called De Theinde ( `` the tenth '' ) . Decimal fractions had been employed for the extraction of square roots some five centuries before his time , but nobody used decimal numbers in daily life . Stevin declared that using decimals was so important that the universal introduction of decimal weights , measures and coinage was only a matter of time . One of the earliest proposals for a decimal system in which length , area , volume and mass were linked to each other was made by John Wilkins , first secretary of the Royal Society of London in his 1668 essay `` An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language '' . His proposal used a pendulum that had a beat of one second as the basis of the unit of length . Two years later , in 1670 , Gabriel Mouton , a French abbot and scientist , proposed a decimal system of length based on the circumference of the Earth . His suggestion was that a unit , the milliare , be defined as a minute of arc along a meridian . He then suggested a system of sub-units , dividing successively by factors of ten into the centuria , decuria , virga , virgula , decima , centesima , and millesima . His ideas attracted interest at the time , and were supported by both Jean Picard and Christiaan Huygens in 1673 , and also studied at the Royal Society in London . In the same year , Gottfried Leibniz independently made proposals similar to those of Mouton . In pre-revolutionary Europe , each state had its own system of units of measure . Some countries , such as Spain and Russia , saw the advantages of harmonising their units of measure with those of their trading partners . However , vested interests who profited from variations in units of measure opposed this . This was particularly prevalent in France where the huge inconsistency in the size of units of measure was one of the causes that , in 1789 , led to the outbreak of the French Revolution . During the early years of the revolution , savants including the Marquis de Condorcet , Pierre - Simon Laplace , Adrien - Marie Legendre , Antoine Lavoisier and Jean - Charles de Borda set up a Commission of Weights and Measures . The commission was of the opinion that the country should adopt a completely new system of measure based on the principles of logic and natural phenomena . Logic dictated that such a system should be based on the radix used for counting . Their report of March 1791 to the Assemblée nationale constituante considered but rejected the view of Laplace that a duodecimal system of counting should replace the existing decimal system ; the view such a system was bound to fail prevailed . The commission 's final recommendation was that the assembly should promote a decimal - based system of measurement . The leaders of the assembly accepted the views of the commission . Initially France attempted to work with other countries towards the adoption of a common set of units of measure . Among the supporters of such an international system of units was Thomas Jefferson who , in 1790 , presented a document Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States to Congress in which he advocated a decimal system that used traditional names for units ( such as ten inches per foot ) . The report was considered but not adopted by Congress . Woodcut dated 1800 illustrating the new decimal units that became the legal norm across all France on 4 November 1800 Original metric system ( edit ) The French law of 18 Germinal , Year III ( 7 April 1795 ) defined five units of measure : The mètre for length The are ( 100 m ) for area ( of land ) The stère ( 1 m ) for volume of stacked firewood The litre ( 1 dm ) for volumes of liquid The gramme for mass . This system continued the tradition of having separate base units for geometrically related dimensions , e.g. , mètre for lengths , are ( 100 m ) for areas , stère ( 1 m ) for dry capacities , and litre ( 1 dm ) for liquid capacities . The hectare , equal to a hundred ares , the area of a square 100 metres on a side ( about 2.47 acres ) , is still in use . The early metric system included only a few prefixes from milli ( one thousandth ) to myria ( ten thousand ) . Originally the kilogramme , defined as being one pinte ( later renamed the litre ) of water at the melting point of ice , was called the grave ; the gramme being an alternative name for a thousandth of a grave . However , the word grave , being a synonym for the title `` count '' , had aristocratic connotations and was renamed the kilogramme . The name mètre was suggested by Auguste - Savinien Leblond in May 1790 . France officially adopted the metric system on 10 December 1799 . Although it was decreed that its use was to be mandatory in Paris that year and across the provinces the following year , the decree was not universally observed across France . International adoption ( edit ) Main article : Metrication Areas annexed by France during the Napoleonic era were the first to inherit the metric system . In 1812 , Napoleon introduced a system known as mesures usuelles , which used the names of pre-metric units of measure , but defined them in terms of metric units -- for example , the livre metrique ( metric pound ) was 500 g and the toise metrique ( metric fathom ) was 2 metres . After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , France lost the territories that she had annexed ; some , such as the Papal States reverted to their pre-revolutionary units of measure , others such as Baden adopted a modified version of the mesures usuelles , but France kept her system of measurement intact . In 1817 , the Netherlands reintroduced the metric system , but used pre-revolutionary names -- for example 1 centimetre became the duim ( thumb ) , the ons ( ounce ) became 100 g and so on . Certain German states adopted similar systems and in 1852 the German Zollverein ( customs union ) adopted the zollpfund ( customs pound ) of 500 g for intrastate commerce . In 1872 the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system as its official system of weights and measures and the newly formed Kingdom of Italy likewise , following the lead given by Piedmont , adopted the metric system in 1861 . The Exposition Universelle ( 1867 ) ( Paris Exhibition ) devoted a stand to the metric system and by 1875 , two thirds of the European population and close to half the world 's population had adopted the metric system . By 1872 , the only principal European countries not to have adopted the metric system were Russia and the United Kingdom . By 1920 , countries comprising 22 % of the world 's population , mainly English - speaking , used the imperial system or the closely related US customary system ; 25 % used mainly the metric system and the remaining 53 % used neither . In 1927 , several million people in the United States sent over 100,000 petitions backed by the Metric Association and The General Federation of Women 's Clubs urging Congress to adopt the metric system . The petition was opposed by the manufacturing industry , citing the cost of the conversion . International Standards ( edit ) In 1861 a committee of the British Association for Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) including William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) , James Clerk Maxwell and James Prescott Joule introduced the concept of a coherent system of units based on the metre , gram and second , which , in 1873 , was extended to include electrical units . Seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) On 20 May 1875 an international treaty known as the Convention du Mètre ( Metre Convention ) was signed by 17 states . This treaty established the following organisations to conduct international activities relating to a uniform system for measurements : General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) , an intergovernmental conference of official delegates of member nations and the supreme authority for all actions ; International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) , consisting of selected scientists and metrologists , which prepares and executes the decisions of the CGPM and is responsible for the supervision of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) ; International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) , a permanent laboratory and world centre of scientific metrology , the activities of which include the establishment of the basic standards and scales of the principal physical quantities and maintenance of the international prototype standards . In 1881 first International Electrical Congress adopted the BAAS recommendations on electrical units , followed by a series of congresses in which further units of measure were defined and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) was set up with the specific task of overseeing electrical units of measure . This was followed by the International Congress of Radiology ( ISR ) who , at their inaugural meeting in 1926 , initiated the definition of radiological - related units of measure . In 1921 the Metre Convention was extended to cover all units of measure , not just length and mass and in 1933 the 8th CGPM resolved to work with other international bodies to agree standards for electrical units that could be related back to the international prototypes . Since 1954 the CIPM committee that oversees the definition of units of measurement , the Consultative Committee for Units , has representatives from many international organisations including the ISR , IEC and ISO under the chairmanship of the CIPM . Variants ( edit ) A number of variants of the metric system evolved , all using the Mètre des Archives and Kilogramme des Archives ( or their descendants ) as their base units , but differing in the definitions of the various derived units . Variants of the metric system Quantity CGS MKS MTS distance , displacement , length , height , etc . ( d , x , l , h , etc . ) centimetre ( cm ) metre ( m ) metre mass ( m ) gram ( g ) kilogram ( kg ) tonne ( t ) time ( t ) second ( s ) second second speed , velocity ( v , v ) cm / s m / s m / s acceleration ( a ) gal ( Gal ) m / s m / s force ( F ) dyne ( dyn ) newton ( N ) sthene ( sn ) pressure ( P or p ) barye ( Ba ) pascal ( Pa ) pièze ( pz ) energy ( E , Q , W ) erg ( erg ) joule ( J ) kilojoule ( kJ ) power ( P ) erg / s watt ( W ) kilowatt ( kW ) viscosity ( μ ) poise ( p ) Pa s pz s Centimetre - gram - second systems ( edit ) The centimetre gram second system of units ( CGS ) was the first coherent metric system , having been developed in the 1860s and promoted by Maxwell and Thomson . In 1874 , this system was formally promoted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) . The system 's characteristics are that density is expressed in g / cm , force expressed in dynes and mechanical energy in ergs . Thermal energy was defined in calories , one calorie being the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15.5 ° C to 16.5 ° C. The meeting also proposed two sets of units for electrical and magnetic properties -- the electrostatic set of units and the electromagnetic set of units . Metre - kilogram - second systems ( edit ) The CGS units of electricity were cumbersome to work with . This was remedied at the 1893 International Electrical Congress held in Chicago by defining the `` international '' ampere and ohm using definitions based on the metre , kilogram and second . In 1901 , Giovanni Giorgi showed that by adding an electrical unit as a fourth base unit , the various anomalies in electromagnetic systems could be resolved . The metre - kilogram - second - coulomb ( MKSC ) and metre - kilogram - second - ampere ( MKSA ) systems are examples of such systems . The International System of Units ( Système international d'unités or SI ) is the current international standard metric system and is also the system most widely used around the world . It is an extension of Giorgi 's MKSA system -- its base units are the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , kelvin , candela and mole . Metre - tonne - second systems ( edit ) The metre - tonne - second system of units ( MTS ) was based on the metre , tonne and second -- the unit of force was the sthène and the unit of pressure was the pièze . It was invented in France for industrial use and from 1933 to 1955 was used both in France and in the Soviet Union . Gravitational systems ( edit ) Gravitational metric systems use the kilogram - force ( kilopond ) as a base unit of force , with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl , Technische Mass Einheit ( TME ) , mug or metric slug . Although the CGPM passed a resolution in 1901 defining the standard value of acceleration due to gravity to be 980.665 cm / s , gravitational units are not part of the International System of Units ( SI ) . International system of units ( edit ) Main articles : International System of Units and List of physical quantities Cover of brochure The International System of Units The 9th CGPM met in 1948 , three years after the end of the Second World War and fifteen years after the 8th CGPM . In response to formal requests made by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and by the French Government to establish a practical system of units of measure , the CGPM requested the CIPM to prepare recommendations for such a system , suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention . The recommendation also catalogued symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure and for the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units . At the same time the CGPM formally adopted a recommendation for the writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers . The CIPM 's draft proposal , which was an extensive revision and simplification of the metric unit definitions , symbols and terminology based on the MKS system of units , was put to the 10th CGPM in 1954 . In accordance with Giorgi 's proposals of 1901 , the CIPM also recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical units would be derived . The definitions for the ohm and volt that had previously been in use were discarded and these units became derived units based on the metre , ampere , second and kilogram . After negotiations with the International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) and IUPAP , two further base units , the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units . The full system and name `` Système International d'Unités '' were adopted at the 11th CGPM in October 1960 . During the years that followed the definitions of the base units and particularly the methods of applying these definitions have been refined . The formal definition of International System of Units ( SI ) along with the associated resolutions passed by the CGPM and the CIPM are published by the BIPM in brochure form at regular intervals . The eighth edition of the brochure Le Système International d'Unités -- The International System of Units was published in 2006 and is available on the internet . In October 2011 , at the 24th CGPM proposals were made to change the definitions of four of the base units . These changes should not affect the average person . Relating SI to the Real world ( edit ) Main article : Non-SI units mentioned in the SI Although SI , as published by the CGPM , should , in theory , meet all the requirements of commerce , science and technology , certain units of measure have acquired such a position within the world community that it is likely they will be used for many years to come . In order that such units are used consistently around the world , the CGPM catalogued such units in Tables 6 to 9 of the SI brochure . These categories are : Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units ( Table 6 ) . This list includes the hour and minute , the angular measures ( degree , minute and second of arc ) and the historic ( non-coherent ) metric units , the litre , tonne and hectare ( originally agreed by the CGPM in 1879 ) Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally ( Table 7 ) . This list includes various units of measure used in atomic and nuclear physics and in astronomy such as the dalton , the electron mass , the electron volt , the astronomical unit , the solar mass , and a number of other units of measure that are well - established , but dependent on experimentally - determined physical quantities . Other non-SI units ( Table 8 ) . This list catalogues a number of units of measure that have been used internationally in certain well - defined spheres including the bar for pressure , the ångström for atomic physics , the nautical mile and the knot in navigation . Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS - Gaussian system of units ( Table 9 ) . This table catalogues a number of units of measure based on the CGS system and dating from the nineteenth century . They appear frequently in the literature , but their continued use is discouraged by the CGPM . Usage around the world ( edit ) Further information : Metrication This article may overuse or misuse color , making it hard to understand for color - blind users . Please remove or fix instances of distracting or hard - to - read colors . See the category page and WP : COLOR for guidelines . ( February 2015 ) Countries by date of metrication . Colours red to green show the pattern of metrication from 1795 to 1998 . Black identifies countries that have not adopted the metric system as the primary measurement system . White identifies countries that already used the metric system at the time they gained their independence The usage of the metric system varies around the world . According to the US Central Intelligence Agency 's Factbook ( 2007 ) , the International System of Units has been adopted as the official system of weights and measures by all nations in the world except for Myanmar ( Burma ) , Liberia and the United States , while the NIST has identified the United States as the only industrialised country where the metric system is not the predominant system of units . However , reports published since 2007 hold this is no longer true of Myanmar or Liberia . An Agence France - Presse report from 2010 stated that Sierra Leone had passed a law to replace the imperial system with the metric system thereby aligning its system of measurement with that used by its Mano River Union ( MRU ) neighbours Guinea and Liberia . Reports from Myanmar suggest that the country is also planning to adopt the metric system . In the United States metric units , authorised by Congress in 1866 , are widely used in science , medicine , military , and partially in industry , but customary units predominate in household use . At retail stores the litre is a commonly used unit for volume , especially on bottles of beverages , and milligrams are used to denominate the amounts of medications , rather than grains . On the other hand , non-metric units are used in certain regulated environments such as nautical miles and knots in international aviation . Resistance to metrication , particularly in the UK and the US , has been connected to the perceived cost involved , a sense of patriotism and lack of desire to conform internationally . In the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations the metric system has replaced the imperial system by varying degrees : Australia , New Zealand and Commonwealth countries in Africa are almost totally metric , India is mostly metric while Canada is partly metric . In the United Kingdom , the metric system , the use of which was first permitted for trade in 1864 , is used in much government business , in most industries including building , health and engineering and for pricing by measure or weight in most trading situations , both wholesale and retail . However the imperial system is widely used by the British public , such as feet and inches as a measurement of height , weight in stone and pounds , and is legally mandated in various cases , such as road - sign distances , which must be given in yards and miles . In 2007 , the European Commission announced that it was to abandon the requirement for metric - only labelling on packaged goods in the UK , and to allow dual metric -- imperial marking to continue indefinitely . Some other jurisdictions , such as Hong Kong , have laws mandating or permitting other systems of measurement in parallel with the metric system in some or all contexts . Variations in spelling ( edit ) The SI symbols for the metric units are intended to be identical , regardless of the language used but unit names are ordinary nouns and use the character set and follow the grammatical rules of the language concerned . For example , the SI unit symbol for kilometre is `` km '' everywhere in the world , even though the local language word for the unit name may vary . Language variants for the kilometre unit name include : chilometro ( Italian ) , Kilometer ( German ) , kilometer ( Dutch ) , kilomètre ( French ) , χιλιόμετρο ( Greek ) , quilómetro / quilômetro ( Portuguese ) , kilómetro ( Spanish ) and километр ( Russian ) . Variations are also found with the spelling of unit names in countries using the same language , including differences in American English and British spelling . For example , meter and liter are used in the United States whereas metre and litre are used in other English - speaking countries . In addition , the official US spelling for the rarely used SI prefix for ten is deka . In American English the term metric ton is the normal usage whereas in other varieties of English tonne is common . Gram is also sometimes spelled gramme in English - speaking countries other than the United States , though this older usage is declining . Conversion and Calculation incidents ( edit ) The dual usage of or confusion between metric and non-metric units has resulted in a number of serious incidents . These include : Flying an overloaded American International Airways aircraft from Miami , Florida to Maiquetia , Venezuela on 26 May 1994 . The degree of overloading was consistent with ground crew reading the kilogram markings on the cargo as pounds . In 1999 the Institute for Safe Medication Practices reported that confusion between grains and grams led to a patient receiving phenobarbital 0.5 grams instead of 0.5 grains ( 0.03 grams ) after the practitioner misread the prescription . The Canadian `` Gimli Glider '' accident in 1983 , when a Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid-flight because of two mistakes made when calculating the fuel supply of Air Canada 's first aircraft to use metric measurements : mechanics miscalculated the amount of fuel required by the aircraft as a result of their unfamiliarity with metric units . The root cause of the loss in 1999 of NASA 's US $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter was a mismatch of units -- the spacecraft engineers calculated the thrust forces required for velocity changes using US customary units ( lbf s ) whereas the team who built the thrusters were expecting a value in metric units ( N s ) as per the agreed specification . Conversion between SI and legacy units ( edit ) Main article : Conversion of units During its evolution , the metric system has adopted many units of measure . The introduction of SI rationalised both the way in which units of measure were defined and also the list of units in use . These are now catalogued in the official SI Brochure . The table below lists the units of measure in this catalogue and shows the conversion factors connecting them with the equivalent units that were in use on the eve of the adoption of SI . Quantity Dimension SI unit and symbol Legacy unit and symbol Conversion factor Time second ( s ) second ( s ) Length metre ( m ) centimetre ( cm ) ångström ( Å ) 0.01 10 Mass kilogram ( kg ) gram ( g ) 0.001 Electric current ampere ( A ) international ampere abampere or biot statampere 7000100002200000000 ♠ 1.000 022 10.0 6990333564100000000 ♠ 3.335 641 × 10 Temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) degree Celsius ( ° C ) centigrade ( ° C ) ( K ) = ( ° C ) + 273.15 Luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) international candle 0.982 Amount of substance mole ( mol ) No legacy unit n / a Area square metre ( m ) are ( are ) 100 Acceleration LT ( m s ) gal ( gal ) 10 Frequency hertz ( Hz ) cycles per second Energy L MT joule ( J ) erg ( erg ) 10 Power L MT watt ( W ) ( erg / s ) horsepower ( HP ) Pferdestärke ( PS ) 10 745.7 735.5 Force LMT newton ( N ) dyne ( dyn ) sthene ( sn ) kilopond ( kp ) 10 10 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 Pressure L MT pascal ( Pa ) barye ( Ba ) pieze ( pz ) atmosphere ( at ) 0.1 10 7005101325000000000 ♠ 1.013 25 × 10 Electric charge IT coulomb ( C ) abcoulomb statcoulomb or franklin 10 6990333564100000000 ♠ 3.335 641 × 10 Potential difference L MT I volt ( V ) international volt abvolt statvolt 7000100034000000000 ♠ 1.000 34 10 7002299792500000000 ♠ 2.997 925 × 10 Capacitance farad ( F ) abfarad statfarad 10 6988111265000000000 ♠ 1.112 650 × 10 Inductance L MT I henry ( H ) abhenry stathenry 10 7011898755200000000 ♠ 8.987 552 × 10 Electric resistance L MT I ohm ( Ω ) international ohm abohm statohm 7000100049000000000 ♠ 1.000 49 10 7011898755200000000 ♠ 8.987 552 × 10 Electric conductance siemens ( S ) international mho ( ℧ ) abmho statmho 6999999510000000000 ♠ 0.999 51 10 6988111265000000000 ♠ 1.112 650 × 10 Magnetic flux L MT I weber ( Wb ) maxwell ( Mx ) 10 Magnetic flux density MT I tesla ( T ) gauss ( G ) 10 Magnetic field strength IL ( A / m ) oersted ( Oe ) ⁄ = 7001795774700000000 ♠ 79.577 47 Dynamic viscosity ML T ( Pa s ) poise ( P ) 0.1 Kinematic viscosity ( m s ) stokes ( St ) 10 Luminous flux J lumen ( lm ) stilb ( sb ) 10 Illuminance JL lux ( lx ) phot ( ph ) 10 ( Radioactive ) activity becquerel ( Bq ) curie ( Ci ) 7010370000000000000 ♠ 3.70 × 10 Absorbed ( radiation ) dose gray ( Gy ) roentgen ( R ) rad ( rad ) ≈ 0.01 0.01 Radiation dose equivalent sievert roentgen equivalent man ( rem ) 0.01 Catalytic activity NT katal ( kat ) No legacy unit n / a The SI Brochure also catalogues certain non-SI units that are widely used with the SI in matters of everyday life or units that are exactly defined values in terms of SI units and are used in particular circumstances to satisfy the needs of commercial , legal , or specialised scientific interests . These units include : Quantity Dimension Unit and symbol Equivalence Mass tonne ( t ) 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 kg Area hectare ( ha ) 0.01 km 10 m Volume litre ( L or l ) 0.001 m Time minute ( min ) hour ( h ) day ( d ) 60 s 7003360000000000000 ♠ 3600 s 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 s Pressure L MT bar 100 kPa Plane angle none degree ( ° ) minute ( ʹ ) second ( '' ) ( ⁄ ) rad ( ⁄ ) rad ( ⁄ ) rad Future developments ( edit ) Main article : Proposed redefinition of SI base units Relations between proposed SI units definitions ( in colour ) and with seven fundamental constants of nature ( in grey ) with fixed numerical values in the proposed system . After the metre was redefined in 1960 , the kilogram was the only SI base unit that relied on a specific artefact . After the 1996 -- 1998 recalibrations a clear divergence between the international and various national prototype kilograms was observed . At the 23rd CGPM ( 2007 ) , the CIPM was mandated to investigate the use of natural constants as the basis for all units of measure rather than the artefacts that were then in use . At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading , United Kingdom in September 2010 , a resolution and draft changes to the SI brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle . The CCU proposed to in addition to the speed of light , define four constants of nature -- Planck 's constant , an elementary charge , Boltzmann constant and Avogadro constant -- to have exact values retire the international prototype kilogram revise the current definitions of the kilogram , ampere , kelvin and mole to make use of the above four constants of nature tighten the wording of the definitions of all the base units The CIPM meeting of October 2010 found that `` the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met . For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time '' . The CIPM did however sponsor a resolution at the 24th CGPM in which the changes were agreed in principle and that were expected to be finalised at the 25th CGPM in 2014 . See also ( edit ) Binary prefix , used in computer science Conversion of units History of measurement ISO / IEC 80000 , style manual for measurements metric and non-metric , superseding ISO 31 Metrication , the process of introducing the SI metric system as the worldwide standard for physical measurements Category : Metrication by country Metrology Lyn Nofziger , a prime opponent of American metrication in the 1980s Reagan administration Units of measurement Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The following abbreviations are taken from the French rather than the English language SI : Le Système international d'unités CGPM : Conférence générale des poids et mesures CIPM : Comité international des poids et mesures BIPM : Bureau international des poids et mesures CIE : Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Jump up ^ Non-SI units for time and plane angle measurement , inherited from existing systems , are an exception to the decimal - multiplier rule Jump up ^ Now called the degree Celsius Jump up ^ An extremely learned or scholarly person -- Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ The CCU was set up in 1964 to replace the Commission for the System of Units -- a commission established in 1954 to advise on the definition of SI . Jump up ^ According to the Agence France - Presse report ( 2010 ) Liberia was metric , but Sierra Leone was not metric -- a statement that conflicted with the CIA statement ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ In German all nouns start with an upper - case letter Jump up ^ Roentgen is a measure of ionisation ( charge per mass ) , not of absorbed dose , so there is no well - defined conversion factor . However , a radiation field of gamma rays that produces 1 roentgen of ionisation in dry air would deposit 0.0096 gray in soft tissue , and between 0.01 and 0.04 grays in bone . Since this unit was often used in radiation detectors , a factor of 0.01 can be used to convert the detector reading in roentgens to the approximate absorbed dose in grays . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11507 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : 29th Congress of the United States , Session 1 ( 13 May 1866 ) . `` H.R. 596 , An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Palaiseau , JFG ( October 1816 ) . Métrologie universelle , ancienne et moderne : ou rapport des poids et mesures des empires , royaumes , duchés et principautés des quatre parties du monde . Bordeaux . pp. 71 -- 460 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` pint '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 121,122 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 130 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( January 2004 ) , `` Simon Stevin '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ^ Jump up to : Glaser , Anton ( 1981 ) ( 1971 ) . History of Binary and other Nondecimal Numeration ( PDF ) ( Revised ed . ) . Tomash . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 938228 - 00 - 5 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ de Morgan , Augustus ( 1854 ) . Decimal Association ( formed Jun 12 , 1854 ) -- Proceedings with an introduction by Professor de Morgan . London . p. 2 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Cunningham , Peter , ed . The Basis of Measurement : Volume 2 -- Metrication and Current Practice . Chippenham : Picton Publishing . pp. 222 -- 223 . ISBN 0 - 948251 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brewster , D ( 1830 ) . The Edinburgh Encyclopædia . p. 494 . Jump up ^ `` What is a mise en pratique ? '' . BIPM. 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OIML Mutual Acceptance Arrangement ( MAA ) '' . International Organization of Legal Metrology . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Robert A ( February 2000 ) . `` The International System of Units : Its History and Use in Science and Industry '' . Applied Technology Institute . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of the Metre '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The BIPM and the evolution of the definition of the metre '' . BIPM . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 109 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Leap Seconds '' . Washington , DC : Time Service Dept. , U.S. Naval Observatory . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , R.A ; McCarthy , D.D ; Malys , S ; Levine , J ; Guinot , B ; Fliegel , H.F ; Beard , R.L ; Bartholomew , T.R ( 2001 ) . `` The leap second : its history and possible future '' ( PDF ) . Metrologia. 38 ( 6 ) : 509 -- 529 . Bibcode : 2001Metro ... 38 ... 509N . doi : 10.1088 / 0026 - 1394 / 38 / 6 / 6 . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 111 -- 120 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Caesium Atoms at Work '' . Time Service Department -- U.S. Naval Observatory -- Department of the Navy . Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , A.E.E ( 1961 ) . Magnetism and Electricity . Cambridge University Press . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Wandmacher , Cornelius ; Johnson , Arnold Ivan ( 1995 ) . Metric Units in Engineering : Going SI ( Revised ed . ) . American Society of Civil Engineers . pp. 225 -- 226 . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 0070 - 9 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 113 , 144 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Mopberg , Roland , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` Linnaeus ' thermometer '' . Uppsala Universitet . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 113 , 114 , 144 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Page , Chester H ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 20 May 1975 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . pp. 238 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM / WG 2 ) . ( 2008 ) , International vocabulary of metrology -- Basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) , International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) on behalf of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology , 1.12 , retrieved 12 April 2012 Jump up ^ Good , Michael . `` Some Derivations of E = mc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horsepower '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ MacLean , RW ( 20 December 1957 ) . `` A Central Program for Weights and Measures in Canada '' . Report of the 42nd National Conference on Weights and Measures 1957 . National Bureau of Standards . p. 47 . Miscellaneous publication 222 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ JC Maxwell ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 2 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 242 -- 245 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 la mesure ( républicaine ) de superficie pour les terrains , égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté '' ( The law of 18 Germanial year 3 `` The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres '' ) ( in French ) . Le CIV ( Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis ) -- Forum des Anciens . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating metrology : 51 years of SI units '' . Institute of Physics. 20 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , John ( 1668 ) . `` An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language '' . Royal Society : 190 -- 194 . ( Reproduction -- 34 MB ) , ( Transcription -- 126 kB ) Jump up ^ Dew , Nicholas ( 15 -- 17 February 2008 ) . The Hive and the Pendulum : Universal Metrology and Baroque Science ( PDF ) . Baroque Science workshop . p. 5 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( January 2004 ) , `` Gabriel Mouton '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Loidi , Juan Navarro ; Saenz , Pilar Merino ( 6 -- 9 September 2006 ) . `` The units of length in the Spanish treatises of military engineering '' ( PDF ) . The Global and the Local : The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe . Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS . Cracow , Poland : The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Anticole , Matt . `` Why the metric system matters '' . Ted - Ed . TED . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson ( 4 July 1790 ) . `` Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States '' . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Thierry Thomasset . `` Le stère '' ( PDF ) . Tout sur les unités de mesure ( All the units of measure ) ( in French ) . Université de Technologie de Compiègne . 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Jump up ^ `` Fundstück des Monats November 2006 '' ( Exhibit of the month -- November 2006 ) ( in German ) . Bundesministerium der Finanzen ( German ) Federal Ministry of Finance . 4 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Rexmond Canning ( 1966 ) . Measures for Progress : A History of the National Bureau of Standards . National Bureau of Standards . p. 530 . LCCN 65 - 62472 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Maria Teresa Borgato ( 6 -- 9 September 2006 ) . `` The first applications of the metric system in Italy '' ( PDF ) . The Global and the Local : The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe . Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS . Cracow , Poland : The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Secretary , the Metric committee ( 1873 ) . `` Report on the best means of providing a Uniformity of Weights and Measures , with reference to the Interests of Science '' . Report of the forty second meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Brighton , August 1872 . British Association for the Advancement of Science : 25 -- 28 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metric Measure in U.S. Asked . '' Popular Science Monthly , January 1928 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , JC ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 2 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 242 -- 245 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Professor Everett ; et al. , eds. ( 1874 ) . `` First Report of the Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units '' . Report on the Forty - third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Bradford in September 1873 . British Association for the Advancement of Science : 222 -- 225 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Convention du mètre '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Bureau international des poids et mesures ( BIPM ) . Retrieved 22 March 2011 1875 text plus 1907 and 1921 amendments Jump up ^ `` The metre convention '' . Bureau international des poids et mesures ( BIPM ) . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` System of Measurement Units '' . IEEE Global History Network . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Linton , Otha W. `` History '' . International Society of Radiology . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Résolution 10 de la 8e réunion de la CGPM ( 1933 ) -- Substitution des unités électriques absolues aux unités dites '' internationales `` '' ( Resolution 10 of the 8th meeting of the CGPM ( 1933 ) -- Substitution of the so - called `` International '' electrical units by absolute electrical units ) ( in French ) . Bureau International des Poids et Meseures. 1935 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Criteria for membership of the CCU '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , William ; Joule , James Prescott ; Maxwell , James Clerk ; Jenkin , Flemming ( 1873 ) . `` First Report -- Cambridge 3 October 1862 '' . In Jenkin , Flemming . Reports on the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance -- Appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical context of the SI -- Unit of electric current ( ampere ) '' . The NIST Reference on Constants , Units and Uncertainty . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In the beginning ... Giovanni Giorgi '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notions de physique -- Systèmes d'unités '' ( Symbols used in physics -- units of measure ) ( in French ) . Hydrelect.info . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Michon , Gérard P ( 9 September 2000 ) . `` Final Answers '' . Numericana.com . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of the 3rd meeting of the CGPM ( 1901 ) '' . General Conference on Weights and Measures . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Resolution 6 -- Proposal for establishing a practical system of units of measurement . 9th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 12 -- 21 October 1948 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 7 -- Writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers . 9th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 12 -- 21 October 1948 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 6 -- Practical system of units . 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 5 -- 14 October 1954 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 12 -- Système International d'Unités . 11th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ) . 11 -- 20 October 1960 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Practical realization of the definitions of some important units '' . SI brochure , Appendix 2 . BIPM. 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Ian Mills ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure , following redefinitions of the base units '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 124 -- 129 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Washington : Central Intelligence Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . At this time , only three countries -- Burma , Liberia , and the US -- have not adopted the International System of Units ( SI , or metric system ) as their official system of weights and measures . Jump up ^ `` The United States and the metric system '' ( PDF ) . NIST . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . The United States is now the only industrialized country in the world that does not use the metric system as its predominant system of measurement . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Markus ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Metric System FAQ '' . misc. metric - system Newsgroup . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` S. Leone goes metric after 49 years '' . Agence France - Presse. 11 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ko Ko Gyi ( 18 -- 24 July 2011 ) . `` Ditch the viss , govt urges traders '' . The Myanmar Times . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jasper , Kelly ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Metric system use on the rise in the U.S. '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchholz , Susan ; Henke , Grace ( 2009 ) . Henke 's Med - Math : Dosage Calculation , Preparation & Administration ( Sixth ed . ) . Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7628 - 8 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Jon ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` Will British people ever think in metric ? '' . BBC ... but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures . Call it a proud expression of national identity or a stubborn refusal to engage with the neighbours , the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy ... Jump up ^ `` Why Wo n't America Go Metric ? '' . Time . Retrieved 6 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Why the US has n't fully adopted the metric system '' . CNBC . Retrieved 6 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Metric usage and metrication in other countries '' . U.S. Metric Association . 22 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 February 1999 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department for Transport statement on metric road signs '' ( online ) . BWMA. 12 July 2002 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EU gives up on ' metric Britain '' . BBC News . 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HK Weights and Measures Ordinance '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Online Translation -- Offering hundreds of dictionaries and translation in more than 800 language pairs '' . Babylon . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM / WG 2 ) . ( 2008 ) , International vocabulary of metrology -- Basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) , International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) on behalf of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology , p. 9 , retrieved 5 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 ( c. 72 ) '' . The UK Statute Law Database . Office of Public Sector Information . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . § 92 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Order No . EA - 4510 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : National Transportation Safety Board . 1996 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ISMP Medication Safety Alert '' . Institute for Safe Medication Practices. 14 July 1999 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Merran ( July -- August 2003 ) . `` The 156 - tonne Gimli Glider '' ( PDF ) . Flight Safety Australia : 22 -- 27 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss '' . CNN . 30 September 1999 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Climate Orbiter ; Mishap Investigation Board ; Phase I Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 10 November 1999 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Index to Units & Systems of Units '' . sizes.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically '' . NIST Guide to the SI. 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 1993 ) . Quantities , Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , 2nd edition , Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03583 - 8 . pp. 110 -- 116 . Electronic version ... Jump up ^ Fenna , Donald ( 2002 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Weights , Measures and Units . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860522 - 6 . Jump up ^ Peter Mohr ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` Recent progress in fundamental constants and the International System of Units '' ( PDF ) . Third Workshop on Precision Physics and Fundamental Physical Constants . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ian Mills ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Towards the `` new SI '' `` . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 1 -- On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI ( PDF ) . 24th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures . Sèvres , France . 17 -- 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mankiewicz , Frank ( March 29 , 2006 ) . `` Nofziger : A Friend With Whom It Was a Pleasure to Disagree '' . WashingtonPost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . 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Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution NDL : 00567628 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metric_system&oldid=807457464 '' Categories : Metric system Systems of units International System of Units French inventions Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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3664457446677514169 | Friday the 13th (franchise) | Friday the 13th ( franchise ) - wikipedia Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Friday the 13th Cover of Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , a documentary book on the Friday the 13th franchise . Created by Victor Miller Original work Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Owner Paramount Pictures Warner Bros. Pictures Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) List of films Television series Friday the 13th : The Series ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films , a television show , novels , comic books , video games , and tie ‐ in merchandise . The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees , who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff . Decades later , the lake is rumored to be `` cursed '' and is the setting for a series of mass murders . Jason is featured in all of the films , as either the killer or the motivation for the killings . The original film , created to cash in on the success of Halloween ( 1978 ) , was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham . The films have grossed over $464 million at the box - office worldwide . Frank Mancuso , Jr. , a producer of the films , also developed the television show Friday the 13th : The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives . The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting , but was created based on the idea of `` bad luck and curses '' , which the film series symbolized . While the franchise was owned by Paramount , four films were adapted into novels , with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors . When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema , Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films , in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare on Elm Street film series . Under New Line Cinema , thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published . Although the films were not popular with critics , Friday the 13th is considered one of the most successful media franchises in America -- not only for the success of the films , but also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated references to the series in popular culture . The franchise 's popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their own Friday the 13th films , fashioned replica Jason Voorhees costumes , and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th artwork . Jason 's hockey mask has become one of the most recognizable images in horror and popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Music 1.4 Reception 1.5 Future 2 Television 3 Literature 3.1 Novels 3.2 Comic books 4 Documentaries 5 Video games 6 Merchandise 7 Impact 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) Film Director Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Sean S. Cunningham Victor Miller Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) Steve Miner Ron Kurz Steve Miner Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) Martin Kitrosser and Carol Watson Frank Mancuso Jr . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) Joseph Zito Barney Cohen Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser , David Cohen and Danny Steinmann Timothy Silver Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) Tom McLoughlin Tom McLoughlin Don Behrns Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) John Carl Buechler Manuel Fidello and Daryl Haney Iain Paterson Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) Rob Hedden Rob Hedden Randy Cheveldave Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) Adam Marcus Jay Huguely , Adam Marcus and Dean Lorey Sean S. Cunningham Jason X ( 2001 ) James Isaac Todd Farmer Noel Cunningham Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) Ronny Yu Damian Shannon & Mark Swift Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Marcus Nispel Michael Bay , Andrew Form and Brad Fuller Overview ( edit ) In the original Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , Mrs. Pamela Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) stalks and murders the teenagers preparing Camp Crystal Lake for re ‐ opening . She is determined to ensure that the camp does not reopen after her son Jason ( Ari Lehman ) drowned in the lake due to the negligence of two staff members . The last counselor , Alice Hardy ( Adrienne King ) , fends off Mrs. Voorhees long enough to grab a machete and decapitate her . In Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) , Jason ( Steve Daskewisz / Warrington Gillette ) is revealed to be alive and fully grown . After killing Alice Hardy , Jason returns to Crystal Lake to guard it from all intruders . Five years later , a group of teenagers arrive at Crystal Lake to set up a new camp , but Jason murders them . Ginny Field ( Amy Steel ) , the last counselor Jason attempts to kill , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . During the events of Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) removes the machete from his shoulder and finds his way to Chris Higgins ' ( Dana Kimmell ) local homestead . Chris returns to her property with some friends , and Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , Jason leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris seemingly kills Jason with an axe to his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues where Part III leaves off , with Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe . Upon arrival , Jason kills the coroner and a nurse before returning to Crystal Lake . A group of friends rent a house on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason 's rampage . After killing the teens , Jason seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) , who live next door . While distracted by Trish , Jason is attacked and killed by Tommy . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental health institution after the events of The Final Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) would return . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy has moved . Tommy , supervisor Pam ( Melanie Kinnaman ) , and a young boy named Reggie ( Shavar Ross ) manage to defeat Roy . They eventually learn that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients at the institution , triggering Roy to take on Jason 's likeness and kill everyone there . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) begins with Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) visiting Jason 's grave after being released from another mental institution . Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery acting as a lightning rod . Jason immediately heads back to Crystal Lake and kills the people working at the new summer camp . Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that he tosses into the lake , where he leaves Jason to die . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an indeterminate length of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is resurrected again , this time by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who is trying to resurrect her father who drowned in the lake when Tina was a child . Jason once again begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake and is returned to the bottom of the lake after a battle with Tina . Jason is resurrected again in Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) by an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class cruise to Manhattan , where he kills the ship 's crew and the majority of the students . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason chases Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) , the two remaining students , into the sewers . Jason eventually melts away because the sewer is flooded with toxic waste . In Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) , Jason , through an unexplained resurrection , is hunted by the FBI at Crystal Lake . The FBI sets up a sting that successfully kills Jason . Through possession , Jason manages to survive by passing his black heart from one being to the next . It is revealed that he has a sister and a niece , and that he needs them to get his body back . Jason resurrects himself , but his niece , Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) , stabs him with a mystical dagger and he is dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2001 ) takes place in the future , when Jason has again been inexplicably resurrected . A scientist , Rowan Lafontaine ( Lexa Doig ) , decides that cryonic suspension is the only method of stopping him , but Jason breaks free and kills the army personnel guarding him before he can be again imprisoned . Rowan manages to lure Jason into the cryo ‐ chamber , but he ruptures the tank and freezes both himself and Rowan . Over 400 years later , a team of students studying Earth discover Jason 's body and take it into space . Upon being thawed by the team , he proceeds to murder everyone aboard the spacecraft . He is seemingly killed , but is then resurrected via nanotechnology as a cyborg version of himself . Finally , he is ejected into space and incinerated by Earth Two 's atmosphere , his mask falling to the bottom of a lake . The next Friday the 13th film , Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) , was a crossover with A Nightmare on Elm Street . Set in the contemporary period , Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) and sends him to Springwood hoping that he will create enough fear among the residents that Freddy will be strong enough to invade their dreams . Jason accomplishes this but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues both in the dream - world and at Crystal Lake . The outcome is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In 2009 , a new Friday the 13th film which restarted the film series continuity was released . In this film , after witnessing his mother being beheaded at a young age , an adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) follows in her footsteps and kills anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . Jason subsequently kidnaps a young woman , Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , who resembles his mother at a young age . Six weeks after her disappearance , her brother , Clay Miller ( Jared Padalecki ) , comes to look for her . The pair reunite and work together to seemingly kill Jason . Development ( edit ) Friday the 13th did not even have a completed script when Sean S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in International Variety magazine . The original Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham , who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) . Cunningham , inspired by the success of John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) , wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking , visually stunning , and `` ( make ) you jump out of your seat '' . Distancing himself from The Last House on the Left , Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a `` roller coaster ride '' . The first film was meant to be `` a real scary movie '' , and at the same time make audiences laugh . The concept for Friday the 13th began as nothing more than a title . A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title Victor Miller used while he drafted a script , but Cunningham believed in his `` Friday the 13th '' moniker and rushed to place an advertisement in International Variety . Worrying that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits , Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately . Cunningham commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his visual concept of the Friday the 13th logo , which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass . In the end , Cunningham believed there were `` no problems '' with the title , but distributor George Mansour contends that there was an issue : `` There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th : The Orphan . Moderately successful . But someone still threatened to sue . I do n't know whether Phil ( Scuderi ) paid them off , but it was finally resolved . '' Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980 , Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel and immediately acquired the worldwide distribution rights . According to Paramount Pictures ' Chairman and CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr. , `` We wanted it to be an event , where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode . '' Initial ideas for a sequel involved the Friday the 13th title being used for a series of discontinuous films , released once a year , and each would be a separate `` scary movie '' of its own right . Phil Scuderi -- a co ‐ owner of Esquire Theaters with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian and a producer of the original film -- insisted that the sequel must have Jason Voorhees , Pamela 's son , even though his appearance at the end of the original film was only meant to be a joke . Steve Miner , associate producer of the first film , believed in the idea , and he ultimately directed the first two sequels after Cunningham opted not to return to the director 's chair . The studio continued to generate sequels over the years , based on the financial success they produced compared to their relatively low budgets . With every film repeating the same basic premise , the filmmakers came up with subtle adjustments so the audience would return . Changes involved the addition of a subtitle -- as opposed to just a number attached to the end -- like `` The Final Chapter '' and `` Jason Takes Manhattan '' , or filming the movie in 3 - D , as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III . The third film would also be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable images in popular culture , that of Jason 's hockey mask . Producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. eventually decided to kill Jason for good , after he experienced problems finding new films to produce that were more than just horror movies , because his name brought constant association to the Friday the 13th film series . Jason would not stay buried for long , as the success of The Final Chapter ensured another Friday the 13th film . Mancuso , Sr. stated , `` Quite simply , the public still wanted to see these films . So until they really stopped coming , why not continue to make more ? '' A New Beginning shifted the focus of the story to the character of Tommy Jarvis and how he battles his inner demons , hallucinations , and `` rages to kill '' after his ordeal with Jason in The Final Chapter . This premise was not repeated , as the very next installment brought Jason back from the dead . Jason Lives attempted to create a `` funnier , faster , and more action - packed ( ... ) Friday '' than had previously been done . The limited financial success of Jason Lives provided enough incentive to create another sequel , The New Blood . The idea proposed by screenwriter Daryl Haney stemmed from his realization that the films always ended with Jason battling the `` final girl '' . Haney decided that this final girl should have telekinetic powers , which led Producer Barbara Sachs to dub the film , Jason vs. Carrie . `` Okay , we 'll make Vancouver look like New York and we 'll do it that way . But they came back again with , ' You ca n't do the Brooklyn Bridge in Vancouver . You ca n't do Madison Square Garden in Vancouver . You ca n't do the Statue of Liberty in Vancouver . ' Pretty soon it was half New York , half on the boat . Then it was the last third in New York . It just kept getting whittled down and down . '' -- Rob Hedden ( writer / director ) on the deconstruction of Jason Takes Manhattan 's story Plans were made to take Jason away from Crystal Lake and place him in a larger environment for the eighth film . New York City was selected as the main setting , with Jason spending approximately a third of the movie on a boat before reaching New York . The film was then subtitled Jason Takes Manhattan . Ultimately , the character spent the majority of the time on the cruise ship , as budget restrictions forced scenes of New York to be trimmed or downgraded . Vancouver had to substitute for the majority of the New York scenes . When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform successfully at the box office , Sean Cunningham decided that he wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason , as New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not new , since Paramount had approached New Line about filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the licensing rights to Friday the 13th . At that time , both companies wanted the license to the other 's character so that they could control the making of the film . Negotiations on the project were never finalized , which led Paramount to make The New Blood . After Jason Takes Manhattan was released in 1989 , the rights reverted to Scuderi , Minasian , and Barsamianto , who sold them to New Line . Before Cunningham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason , Wes Craven returned to New Line to make New Nightmare . This effectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold , but allowed Cunningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight with Jason Goes to Hell . The ninth installment `` turned a healthy profit '' , though it was only intended to open the door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger rather than to start a new series for New Line . Ultimately , the film series would go through another sequel before that would happen . Cunningham 's `` frustration '' with the delayed development of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in the minds of audiences . Based on Jason Takes Manhattan 's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake , the 10th film would put the titular character in space . The film suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter , President of Production Michael De Luca , when he resigned from his position . Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for two years before finally being released on April 26 , 2002 , and it would go on to become the lowest - grossing film in the franchise at the domestic box office . It also held the distinction of having the largest budget of any of the previous films at that time . After more than 15 years of off - and - on development , and approximately $6 million spent in 18 unused scripts from more than a dozen screenwriters , New Line finally produced a Freddy and Jason crossover for 2003 . One of the biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that managed to bring the two horror icons together . Potential stories varied widely , from Freddy having molested and drowned Jason as a child , to a cult of Freddy worshipers called the `` Fred Heads '' . Ultimately , screenwriting duo Damian Shannon and Mark Swift wrote a script that stayed true to both the established backstories of Freddy and Jason as well as to the continuity of the Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street films . In January 2007 , Platinum Dunes producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller outlined their intended goal to bring a Friday the 13th reboot to life . New Line approached Fuller and Form to create a reboot , but because Paramount still owned certain copyrights to the first film , the reboot would not be able to use anything from the original . Paramount , who wanted to be included in the development of a reboot , approached the producers and gave them license to use anything from the original films , including the title . With Paramount on board , Fuller and Form decided they wanted to use pieces from the early films . Fuller said , `` I think there are moments we want to address , like how does the hockey mask happen . '' Shannon and Swift , writers of Freddy vs. Jason , were brought on to pen the script for the new film , with Marcus Nispel , director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake of 2003 , hired in November 2007 to direct . Music ( edit ) When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score for the 1980 film , the decision was made to play the music only alongside the killer so as not to trick the audience into believing that the killer was around during moments that they were not supposed to be . Manfredini explains that the lack of music for certain scenes was deliberate : `` There 's a scene where one of the girls ( ... ) is setting up the archery area ( ... ) One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her . It 's a huge scare , but if you notice , there 's no music . That was a choice . '' Manfredini also noted that when something was about to happen , the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit , which allowed the scare to become more effective . Friday the 13th theme Harry Manfredini 's theme , used to identify the presence of the killer in the Friday the 13th film series Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since Mrs. Voorhees , the killer in the original Friday the 13th , does not show up until the final reel of the film , Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence . Manfredini was inspired by the 1975 film Jaws , where the shark is not seen for the majority of the film , but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience as to when the shark was present during scenes and unseen . While listening to a piece of Krzysztof Penderecki music , which contained a chorus with `` striking pronunciations '' , Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound for Friday the 13th . He came up with the sound `` ki ki ki , ma ma ma '' , based on the line `` Kill her mommy ! '' , which Mrs. Voorhees recites repeatedly in the final reel . The `` ki '' comes from `` kill '' , and the `` ma '' from `` mommy '' . To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film , Manfredini spoke the two words `` harshly , distinctly , and rhythmically into a microphone '' and ran them into an echo reverberation machine . Manfredini finished the original score after a few weeks and recorded it in a friend 's basement . Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is , with Keuper describing it as `` iconographic '' . Manfredini makes note of the mispronunciation of the sounds : `` Everybody thinks it 's cha , cha , cha . I 'm like , ' Cha , cha , cha ' ? What are you talking about ? '' When Manfredini returned for the first sequel , he had an easier time composing since he only needed to perfect what he had already created . Over the course of the sequels , Manfredini loosened the philosophy that the theme should be reserved just for the killer . Manfredini describes the style of the sequels as more of a `` setting ' em up and knocking ' em down '' approach , which meant that there were more `` McGuffins and red ‐ herrings '' that required the killer 's theme music be played to try to trick the audience . Manfredini explains , `` The original had the real myopic approach , and then we had to start thinking of the sequels as more conventional films . '' For Part 3 , Manfredini only returned to score the first and last reels of the film because he was busy with a Broadway production . Jack Tillar pieced together portions of the score from the first two films to fill the remaining time for Part 3 , while Michael Zagar composed an opening and closing theme . Manfredini and Zagar met at the latter 's apartment , where Zagar rescored the original opening theme using a disco beat . Manfredini returned for The Final Chapter , and although there were similar elements to the score , everything was newly recorded for the fourth Friday the 13th . When he began work on the score for A New Beginning , Manfredini created a theme just for the character of Tommy Jarvis . The idea was to suggest that there was `` madness afoot '' , which he believed helped to `` ' point the finger ' at various characters ( ... ) to suggest that things were not as you might expect '' . For Jason Lives , Tom McLoughlin instructed Manfredini to create a score that would not alert the audience about what was happening or about to happen , `` but instead allow the audience to do it to themselves '' . McLoughlin took this idea from John Carpenter 's 1978 film Halloween , which would always follow any shock in the film with Carpenter 's `` Eeeeeeee ! '' sound . McLoughlin wanted something more subtle , with a `` Gothic '' resonance . Manfredini did not score The New Blood and Jason Takes Manhattan because of prior film engagements , but his scores from previous films were reused . While Manfredini was working on Sean Cunningham 's DeepStar Six , Producer Iain Paterson hired Fred Mollin , who was scoring Friday the 13th : The Series , to finish composing the music to The New Blood . Manfredini 's original music only filled half the film . Mollin returned to fully score Jason Takes Manhattan , and worked with Steve Mizer to write an original song reminiscent of Robert Plant for the opening credits . Manfredini would score the next two entries in the series before being replaced on Freddy vs. Jason . The official reason for Manfredini 's replacement was because New Line wanted to take the series in a `` new direction '' , but Manfredini contends that the final cut of Freddy vs. Jason was `` just the same thing '' . Reception ( edit ) The Friday the 13th films generally received negative reception from professional critics , in contrast to other slashers like Halloween . Critics disliked how the series favored high body counts over plot and character development and how each film was almost indistinguishable from the last . Nevertheless , the films were a financial success , prompting Paramount to release more sequels contingent on the box office appeal . When comparing Friday the 13th to the other top - grossing American slasher franchises -- A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Halloween , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for the 2011 inflation , Friday the 13th is the highest grossing horror franchise in the United States , with approximately $687.1 million . A Nightmare on Elm Street follows with $592.8 million , with the Hannibal Lecter film series closely behind with $588.7 million . Then comes Halloween with $557.5 million , Saw with $457.4 million , Scream with $442.9 million , Psycho with $376.3 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $304.6 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with approximately $203 million . The financial success has extended to home release , with more than five million DVDs sold by 2005 . Title Release date ( United States ) Budget Box office ( USD ) Ref United States International Worldwide 1 . Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) May 9 , 1980 $550 K $39.76 million $20 million $59.75 million 2 . Friday the 13th Part 2 April 30 , 1981 $1.25 million $21.72 million N / A $21.72 million 3 . Friday the 13th Part III August 13 , 1982 May 13 , 1983 ( re-release ) $2.5 million $36.69 million N / A $36.69 million 4 . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter April 13 , 1984 $2.6 million $32.98 million N / A $32.98 million 5 . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning March 22 , 1985 $2.2 million $21.93 million N / A $21.93 million 6 . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives August 1 , 1986 $3 million $19.47 million N / A $19.47 million 7 . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood May 13 , 1988 $2.8 million $19.17 million N / A $19.17 million 8 . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan July 28 , 1989 $5 million $14.34 million N / A $14.34 million 9 . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday August 13 , 1993 $3 million $15.94 million N / A $15.94 million 10 . Jason X April 26 , 2002 $14 million $13.12 million $3.83 million $16.96 million 11 . Freddy vs. Jason August 15 , 2003 $25 million $82.62 million $32.29 million $114.9 million 12 . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) February 13 , 2009 $19 million $65 million $26.38 million $91.4 million Total $80.9 million $383.3 million $64.5 million $464.67 million Future ( edit ) Shortly after the 2009 reboot 's theatrical release , producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form expressed an interest in producing another Friday the 13th film , citing the enjoyment they had working on the reboot . On October 1 , 2009 , Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to release the Friday the 13th sequel on August 13 , 2010 . Subsequently , on December 10 , 2009 , Warner Bros. announced that it had pulled the sequel from the August 13 , 2010 release slot and listed its release as `` TBD '' ( to be determined ) . Warner Bros. also announced that Damian Shannon and Mark Swift were penning the sequel . On April 21 , 2010 , Fuller announced on his Twitter page that a sequel to the 2009 remake was no longer in the works , declaring it , `` dead -- not happening '' . In a later interview , Fuller explained that the 2009 reboot was the result of a joint effort between Paramount and New Line Cinema , as both owned portions of the Friday the 13th franchise . With a down economy , both studios were limiting the films they produced each year , opting to produce films carrying lower risks and higher rewards . Accordingly , the companies put Friday the 13th Part 2 on hold in hopes that they would move forward with this next installment when the economy bounced back . Form explained that neither studio would walk away from the sequel 's production to allow the other to move forward as the primary producing house , each studio concerned that its players would look like `` idiots '' should the sequel perform well without its involvement . Form and Fuller also mentioned that the Friday the 13th sequel may be a 3 ‐ D film , should it ever again be green - lit for production by the studios . On February 1 , 2011 , Fuller announced via Twitter that Shannon and Smith had completed writing a script for the sequel . Fuller reported that he was ready to begin production , but that New Line Cinema was not . On June 5 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. had relinquished its film rights to the Friday the 13th series to Paramount as part of a deal that would allow Warner Bros. to co-produce Interstellar . One week later , Derek Mears revealed that Paramount was working with Platinum Dunes to make a new installment `` as fast as possible . '' David Bruckner was set to direct the next installment of Friday the 13th . After altering the release date numerous times , Paramount set the film for a Friday , May 13 , 2016 release date . In March 2015 , it was announced that TV writer Nick Antosca would write the script . On October 20 , 2015 , The Wrap reported that Paramount pushed back the film 's release date to January 13 , 2017 . On December 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Aaron Guzikowski was negotiating a deal to write a new script , but that Bruckner , who had purportedly left the project in 2015 , would no longer be directing . On May 31 , 2016 , Fuller revealed that the reboot would be an origin story for Jason , and his mother would be in the film . On August 8 , 2016 , Variety reported that Breck Eisner was in talks to direct the reboot . In September 2016 , Paramount pushed back the reboot 's release date from Friday , January 13 , 2017 to Friday , October 13 , 2017 . On January 27 , 2017 , it was reported that the reboot 's working title was Friday the 13th : Part 13 , Platinum Dunes was looking for someone to play a young Jason Voorhees , and production would begin in March 2017 , slated for a Friday , October 13 , 2017 release date . On February 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Paramount officially canceled the project due to the low box office grosses of Rings , and Paramount assigned the October 13 , 2017 release date to its upcoming film , Mother ! . On October 10 , 2017 , Shannon and Swift revealed the title of their proposed sequel , Friday The 13th : Camp Blood -- The Death of Jason Voorhees . The rights to the franchise are slated to revert to New Line / Warner Bros. in 2018 . However , Victor Miller , who wrote the original Friday the 13th screenplay , asserted that Horror Inc. derived its current copyright to the screenplay from Miller 's transfer of copyright to Horror Inc. 's predecessor - in - interest , the Manny Company . Miller sent a Notice of Termination to Horror Inc. on January 26 , 2016 , purportedly reclaiming his rights to the screenplay and the content contained therein through termination of the transfer of rights he had formerly made to the Manny Company . Original film producer Sean S. Cunningham claims that Miller wrote the screenplay for Friday the 13th as a work - made - for - hire for the Manny Company . Under copyright law , an employer is considered the statutory author and copyright holder if a work is made in the employee 's scope of employment . If , as Cunningham contends , Miller wrote the screenplay as the Manny Company 's employee , he never held a copyright to the screenplay to transfer or reclaim . A lawsuit seeking the parties ' declaration of rights is currently pending in a federal court in Connecticut . Television ( edit ) On September 28 , 1987 , Paramount began airing Friday the 13th : The Series , a television series that focuses on two cousins ' attempts to recover cursed antiques that were sold from a shop they inherited from their uncle . The show starred John D. LeMay as Ryan Dallion and Louise Robey as Michelle Foster . It was created by Frank Mancuso , Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour , and the series ran for 72 episodes . Mancuso , Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the film series , but he utilized `` the idea of Friday the 13th , which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses '' . The creators wanted to tie ‐ in Jason 's trademark hockey mask to the series , but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own . Mancuso , Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from `` the new world that we were trying to create '' . The decision to name the show Friday the 13th over the original title was made because Mancuso , Jr. believed a `` Friday the 13th '' moniker would better help to sell the show to networks . Filming took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Friday the 13th : The Series initially aired in first - run syndication in a late - night spot ; the success of the series as a late - night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to primetime . Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode , the first season placed second in the male 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , just behind Paramount 's Star Trek : The Next Generation . In addition , the first season placed fifth in the female 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . In September 2003 , during a panel session at the Maniafest convention , Sean S. Cunningham spoke about the possibility of bringing Friday the 13th to television , with the series focusing on a group of teenagers living in the Crystal Lake area . On October 22 , 2005 , Cunningham discussed the potential series further . He explained that the idea was to call the series Crystal Lake Chronicles , and `` set ( it ) in a town with all this Jason history '' . The series would focus more on `` coming - of - age issues '' , in a similar style to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Dawson 's Creek , and Smallville , with Jason as more of a recurring `` background '' character . In April 2014 , it was announced that Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films and Crystal Lake Entertainment were planning to produce an hour - long Friday the 13th television series . The series is intended to focus on a group of characters at Crystal Lake , who have to deal with the return of Jason Voorhees , as well as discover new information about him and his family . On August 2015 , it was announced that the series was being developed by The CW . Steve Mitchell and Craig Van Sickle were hired to write the pilot , while Sean S. Cunningham , Randall Emmett , George Furla and Mark Canton would be the executive producers . On August 2016 , the network announced that decided to not move forward with the series . The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained , `` We had better pilots . The bottom line is we felt we had stronger things to go with , and we did n't go forward with it . It was well - written , it was darker than we wanted it to be , and we did n't believe it had sustainability ... We did n't believe that it was a sustainable script , a sustainable series . It was a very good pilot , but not a sustainable series . '' Literature ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) `` I could n't believe it . He started writing this book with low expectations , but a few pages in , he was already enjoying himself . He 'd found a way to tell the story in his own interesting way -- with his own imprint -- and he wrote the book in less than a week . Dad never wrote a book that he did n't like . '' -- David Avallone on his father 's experience writing Friday the 13th Part 3 Six of the 12 films have been adapted into novels -- Friday the 13th 1 -- 3 , Jason Lives , Jason X , and Freddy vs. Jason -- with Friday the 13th Part 3 being adapted twice . The first novel was Michael Avallone 's 1982 adaptation of Friday the 13th Part 3 ; Avallone had previously adapted Beneath the Planet of the Apes and Shock Treatment . The author chose to use an alternate ending , one that was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the conclusion for his adaptation . In the alternate ending , Chris , who is in a canoe , hears her boyfriend Rick 's voice and immediately runs back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete and decapitates her . The next book was not published until 1986 , when Simon Hawke adapted Jason Lives . Hawke would also adapt the first three films into novels , and his adaptation of the original Friday the 13th was published in 1987 , with novelizations of Part 2 and 3 both being published in 1988 . Hawke 's first adaptation , Jason Lives , introduced the character of Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , who was supposed to appear in the film before being cut by the studio . The book explains how Elias has Jason 's body buried , instead of the planned cremation , after his death in The Final Chapter . In 1994 , four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . These stories focused on different people finding Jason 's mask and becoming possessed by his spirit , but the actual character did not appear in the novels . The novels were written by author Eric Morse and published in 1994 . The books are titled Mother 's Day , Jason 's Curse , The Carnival , and Road Trip . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X . After the release of the Jason X novel , Black Flame began publishing two series of novels . One set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set used the Friday the 13th moniker . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the 2005 adaptation . The first to be published was Jason X : The Experiment , which saw the government attempting to exploit Jason 's indestructibility to create an army of `` super soldiers '' . The second novel , Planet of the Beast , follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone a comatose Jason and stay alive when Jason awakens . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana , and the final novel , To the Third Power , is about the discovery of a Jason clone underneath a prison . The Friday the 13th series of novels are not connected to the Jason X series and do not continue any story set forth by the films . Instead , each novel developed the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . In Friday the 13th : Hell Lake , a recently executed serial killer , Wayne Sanchez , persuades Jason to help him escape back to the real world . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . The Jason Strain places Jason on an island with a group of death row convicts -- placed there by television executives running a reality game show -- while a scientist attempts to create an age - retarding `` super drug '' from Jason 's DNA . Instead , she creates a virus that reanimates the dead into zombies . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs , and she searches for Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . Comic Books ( edit ) Since New Line Cinema 's acquisition of the franchise , several Friday the 13th comic books have been published by Topps Comics , Avatar Press , and DC Comics imprint WildStorm . The first comic book release for the franchise was the 1993 Topps Comics adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film with a few added scenes . Topps Comics published another series in 1995 , with Nancy A. Collins writing a three - issue , non ‐ canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 's Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train and eventually meeting Leatherface . The two initially become friends , with Leatherface adopting Jason into the former 's family . After a series of misunderstandings , Jason and Leatherface turn on each other . On May 13 , 2005 , New Line first exercised their rights to use the Friday the 13th moniker when they , along with Avatar comics , released a special issue of Friday the 13th . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller , the story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland inherit Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason with a paramilitary group so that she and her brother can sell the property . The issue pre ‐ sold more than 17,500 copies . Avatar released a three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath in September 2005 . The series was written by Brian Pulido , illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , and revolves around a group of teenagers who come to Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers begin to discover that they share common family backgrounds and soon awaken Jason , who proceeds to kill them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write another special issue for Avatar , titled Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Jason is now on Earth 2 where a bioengineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue him in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 , Avatar published their final Friday the 13th comic , a two - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . The series was written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer . The story takes place after the events of the film Jason X , where a salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason , a version of Jason with mechanical limbs , are drawn into a battle to the death . In June 2006 , a one - shot comic titled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . In the comic , Jason is captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization . Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , whom the Trent Organization is holding in their Crystal Lake headquarters . In December 2006 , WildStorm began publishing its own series of comic books under the Friday the 13th title . The first set was a six - issue miniseries that involves Jason 's return to Crystal Lake , a lone survivor 's tale of the murder of her friends by a monster , a new revelation about the evil surrounding Crystal Lake , and the truth of what Jason embodies . The miniseries pre ‐ sold approximately 60,318 copies altogether , with each issue pre ‐ selling 15,800 , 9,600 , 8,964 , 8,637 , 8,715 , and 8,602 copies , respectively . The trade paperback of the series , released in September 2007 , contained a foreword by musician Andrew W.K. . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , WildStorm published a two - part special titled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who is killed in the original film . The miniseries pre ‐ sold a combined 16,051 copies . `` I did about a 30 page treatment for the potential sequel , turned it in , and they all backed it . ( ... ) After some time passed and the Ash thing had gone away ( ... ) the New Line licensing guys started talking about doing it as a comic book . ( ... ) while I was at New Line ( ... ) I was trying to encourage it along as best I could , knowing ( the comic ) was the only way it was going to see the light of day . '' -- Jeff Katz on how the Freddy vs. Jason sequel became a comic WildStorm released another comic book special , titled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , consisting of two issues that were released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . The first issue of How I Spent My Summer Vacation pre ‐ sold approximately 7,837 copies . WildStorm released a six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason , titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two aforementioned killers and Ash from the Evil Dead film series . The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon , which is in the basement of the Voorhees home , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , but Ash , who is working at the local S ‐ Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it once and for all . The story , by Jeff Katz , was a sequel to the Freddy vs. Jason film in development before the former film had been theatrically released . After meeting with executives , the negotiations ended and the story was shelved . Following the success of Freddy vs. Jason , the idea of including Ash was brought up again , but New Line ultimately decided they would put the story in comic book form and bring in James Kuhoric to write and Jason Craig to do the artwork . On January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , WildStorm released another two - issue miniseries , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , which was written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston , respectively . The series explores the history of Crystal Lake before Pamela and Jason Voorhees arrived . Bad Land takes place in two time frames , the `` present day '' and 250 years before `` present day '' . It follows three hikers in the present and three fur trappers in the past , each of whom is snowed in by a blizzard at Crystal Lake . Each group experiences similar events , suggesting that there is a connection between the two groups . A one - shot comic , titled Friday the 13th : Abuser and the Abused , written by Joshua Hale Fialkov with artwork by Andy B. , was released on April 30 , 2008 . The story involves a teenager named Maggie tricking her abusive boyfriend into travelling to Crystal Lake , where she plans to murder him , but she encounters Jason shortly after arriving at the camp . On June 24 , 2009 , the six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , began . Written by Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric , and illustrated by Jason Craig , the miniseries has Ash and survivors of both Freddy and Jason banding together to defeat the two after Freddy is released from the world of the Deadites by government operatives who had discovered the Necronomicon . Documentaries ( edit ) There have been two documentary books released chronicling the making of the Friday the 13th films . In February 2005 , FAB Press published their book containing interviews with the cast and crew of the Friday the 13th series of films . David Grove , a film journalist who has written for Fangoria , Cinefantastique , and various other British magazines detailing the creation of the Friday the 13th films , wrote the comprehensive book , Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Grove interviewed over 100 `` key personnel involved in making the films '' to collect `` detailed production histories of each of the 11 films '' , not including interviews with other film professionals like Wes Craven . Grove 's book also includes previously unseen production photos which were acquired from private collections . Eight months after the release of Grove 's book , Titan Books , in association with Sparkplug Press , released a detailed history on the Friday the 13th series . Peter M. Bracke released Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th on October 24 , 2005 . The book chronicles the creation of the series up to the release of Freddy vs. Jason . Bracke spent three years researching the series and collecting more than 200 interviews from the cast and crew of each of the films . Bracke 's extensive work for the book prompted Sean S. Cunningham to provide a foreword . Crystal Lake Memories also includes images , storyboards , concept art , and publicity material that had not been released to the public . A private party was held on October 22 , 2005 at Universal Studios CityWalk Hollywood for the book 's premiere . A documentary film , titled His Name Was Jason : 30 Years of Friday the 13th , was released in February 2009 . This film was directed by Daniel Farrands , who had also written the film Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers as well as a documentary on The Amityville Horror . The film was broadcast on the Starz television channel during the first week of February , and afterwards it was released on DVD on February 3 , 2009 . The documentary is hosted by special make ‐ up effects artist Tom Savini , who interviews the cast and crew members of each of the Friday the 13th films , asking them questions on the choices they made during filming . It also features interviews with journalists and other filmmakers who offer their opinion of the series . In September 2013 , Farrands wrote and directed a second documentary film on the Friday franchise , this time directly inspired by Bracke 's book . Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th discusses each of the twelve films , from the original to the 2009 remake , as well as the television series . It is narrated by Corey Feldman , and also features interviews with key individuals in the franchise 's history . Farrands has suggested that his work on the well - received 2010 film , Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy , which documented the making of the Nightmare on Elm Street series , demonstrated the possibility for a documentary film that was more in depth and more comprehensive than his previous effort , His Name Was Jason . In making such a film , Farrands turned to Bracke 's book , which he had also worked on , and drew from its structure and content . Curious Goods : Behind the Scenes of Friday the 13th : The Series by Alyse Wax , a retrospective focusing on the 1987 television series , was released in October 2015 by BearManor Media . Video games ( edit ) Main articles : Friday the 13th ( 1985 computer game ) , Friday the 13th ( 1989 video game ) , Friday the 13th : The Game , and Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle In May 1986 , Domark released a Friday the 13th game for the Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , and ZX Spectrum . The plot involved the player picking a `` sanctuary '' and attempting to persuade others to hide there . Jason is `` disguised as a friend '' until he decides to attack the player . Three years later , LJN published a game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 2007 , Xendex released their own Friday the 13th game for mobile phones . In the game , the player plays as one of the counselors at Camp Crystal Lake . While the staff is preparing the camp for its first summer weekend , an `` unknown stalker '' begins murdering each of them . The player must discover the truth and escape the camp alive . Electronic Gaming Monthly announced in January 2015 that a new survival horror , multi-platform `` asymmetrical , co-operative and competitive multiplayer predator / prey horror experience '' is in development , with a tentative release date of October 2015 . This game was originally titled Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp , in which it was originally developed by IllFonic , but Gun Media joined and helped develop , in which they will publish the game . The game was raised through BackerKit and Kickstarter , with BackerKit collecting US $ 271,439.20 from 16,109 backers and Kickstarter collecting US $823,704.20 from 12,128 backers , collecting a total of US $1,095,143.40 from an overall 28,237 backers , with a confirmed title of Friday the 13th : The Game . A developer panel for Gun Media and IllFonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with alpha footage and a list of kill animations . A mobile game available on iOS , Android and Steam Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle was released on January 20 , 2018 . Merchandise ( edit ) In addition to the films , television series , and various literature based on the Friday the 13th franchise , there are over 100 licensed products that have grossed more than $125 million in revenue . Over the years , the characters of Friday the 13th have been marketed under various toy lines . In 1988 , Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit of Jason Voorhees . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a second model kit based on Jason 's appearance in Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are no longer in production . In 1998 , as part of McFarlane Toys ' Movie Maniacs 1 collection , a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell was released . Jason was one of the three most popular figures sold from the Movie Maniacs 1 collection , and the other two were Freddy Krueger and Leatherface . The following year , 6 in ( 150 mm ) scale models of Jason and Freddy in a glass display case were released by MacFarlane Toys . In 2002 , as part of its Movie Maniacs 5 collection , McFarlane released a model of Über - Jason from Jason X . McFarlane did not release another Friday the 13th collectable until November 2006 , when a 3 - dimensional movie poster was released . Since 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes , with more merchandise tying into the film Freddy vs. Jason . Apart from video games and toys , the series has also seen the release of its films ' soundtracks . In 1982 , Gramavision Records released a LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini 's scores from the first three films . On September 27 , 2005 , BSX Records released a limited edition CD of Fred Mollin 's scores . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six films . Beginning with Jason Goes to Hell , each film in the series has had their musical score and soundtrack released for sale . Impact ( edit ) In December 2006 , IGN ranked Friday the 13th seventh in the top 25 film franchises . Qualifications included : the franchise must have at least three films released before December 2006 ; the franchises must be either a commercial or artistic success ; and the franchise must have had some form of impact on popular culture . Three senior editors , the editor - in - chief , and IGN 's entertainment editorial manager judged the various film franchises . In commenting on Friday the 13th 's seventh - place ranking , the general consensus among the reviewers was that even though the Halloween franchise started the slasher genre , Friday the 13th became one of `` the most influential franchises of the 1980s '' and that its commercial success through 11 films , novelizations , comic books , and other collectables is proof of its legacy . ABC Online 's Arts and Entertainment reporter , Gary Kemble , makes note of the popularity of the franchise throughout popular culture . Kemble points out that Jason 's mask , which was not adopted until the third film in the series , is one of the most widely recognizable images in popular culture . Talking with Brenna O'Brien , co ‐ founder of the Fridaythe13thfilms.com website , the pair discusses how the fan base of the franchise has become so impassioned with the series that they have created films , latex body suits to emulate Jason 's appearance , and tattoos of Jason and the Friday the 13th moniker on their body . `` Everybody in the audience imitated hoot ‐ owls and hyenas . Another girl ( in the film ) went to her room and started to undress . Five guys sitting together ( in the theater ) started a chant : ' We want boobs ! ' '' -- Karnick believes that this excerpt from Ebert 's review of Friday the 13th Part 2 shows how critics have misunderstood the point the Friday the 13th films have tried to make . S.T. Karnick , editor of American Culture , wrote an article for the National Review detailing the impact Friday the 13th has had on the slasher genre and noting that the reasons critics have deplored the films are the same reasons why the franchise has had such a strong influence . Karnick explained that Friday the 13th did not try and recreate the same `` clever '' film that John Carpenter made in 1978 , but instead `` ( codified ) the formula '' of Halloween , and `` ( boiled ) it down to its essentials '' so that it could be copied by other filmmakers . In his assessment , Friday the 13th changed the horror genre by purposefully not providing back ‐ stories for characters so that when the audience witnessed a character 's death , they are `` strangely unaffected '' . Instead , Friday the 13th focuses on the history and motivations of the killer , who would exact revenge not on the people directly responsible , but on innocent people -- a formula Karnick notes was replicated in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Scream , I Know What You Did Last Summer , Saw , the Hannibal Lecter films , and the Halloween sequels . As Karnick sees it , `` these films spoke directly to fears of increasing crime and social dislocation ( and ) provided audiences with ways to detach from these worries and conquer their fears of violence by laughing at it . '' In Karnick 's eyes , contemporary critics have failed to see how the film has affected audiences and subsequently branded the film series as `` both irresponsible ( for numbing audiences to violence ) and puritanical ( for showing the murders of sexually active teens ) '' . Quoting director John Carpenter , Karnick emphasized that `` teens thus dispatched became victims not as punishment for sexual activity but simply because they were too preoccupied to notice the presence of a murderer '' . Pointing to Roger Ebert as a prime example of how critics have misunderstood the films ( Ebert wrote that during a screening of Friday the 13th Part 2 , he noticed that the audience had no sympathy for the victims and cheered during death scenes ) , Karnick explains that Ebert 's remarks show how the film series forces `` audiences to experience the very thing that motivates the murders : a lack of compassion '' . In closing , Karnick suggested that these films were not puritanical , but proved that audiences `` could be just as indifferent and callous as the characters in the films '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , David , pp. 189 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : `` IGN : Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time : # 7 '' . IGN. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Kemble ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 - ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Marcus Nispel ( Director ) ( 2009 ) . Friday the 13th . United States : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Grove , David , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brack , Peter , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 98 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 173 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 238 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 267 -- 269 Jump up ^ Devin Faraci ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : Paging Tommy Jarvis '' . CHUD . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Duo pumps new blood into ' Friday the 13th ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Nispel scores a date with next ' Friday ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini '' . Slasherama . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pg. 39 Jump up ^ Victor Miller , Jay Keuper , Harry Manfredini ( 1980 ) . `` Return to Crystal Lake : Making of Friday the 13th '' Friday the 13th DVD ( Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : WB . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 70 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 118 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 142 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 165 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 189 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 211 Jump up ^ `` Harry Manfredini 's filmography '' . HarryManfredini.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joseph Lee ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A Bloody Good Time 11.08. 07 : Horror History Lessons , Part 8 '' . 411mania . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Halfhill.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PR Web . 2005 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 314 -- 315 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) foreign box office '' . The - Numbers . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( June 15 , 2009 ) , Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller talk FRIDAY THE 13th Sequel , 3 - D , The Birds , BUTCHERHOUSE CHRONICLES , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( October 1 , 2009 ) , Warner Bros. Announces ' Friday the 13th Part 2 ' Release Date , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( December 10 , 2009 ) , Box Office Updates : ' Friday the 13th 2 ' Vanishes , ' Saw VII ' Locked Down , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 22 , 2010 ) , Friday the 13th Sequel `` Not Happening '' , Dread Central , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( April 26 , 2010 ) , Exclusive Interview : Platinum Dunes Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET -- Plus Updates on MONSTER SQUAD , OUIJA , FRIDAY THE 13th 2 , and the NIGHTMARE Blu - ray will Have a 6 - Minute Alternate Ending , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ McMahon , James ( February 1 , 2011 ) , ' Friday The 13th ' reboot sequel script completed , New Musical Express , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Masters , Kim ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Gives Up ' Friday the 13th ' Rights to Board Christopher Nolan 's `` Interstellar '' `` . Hollywood Reporter ( published June 14 , 2013 ) . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 11 , 2013 ) , EXCLUSIVE : Platinum Dunes Partnering With Paramount For ' Friday The 13th ' Sequel ! ! ! , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hanley , Ken W. 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Miller , 3 : 16 - cv - 01442 - SRU , at * 4 - 9 , ECF No. 1 ( D. Conn . Aug. 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 25 , 2016 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Rights at Stake in Lawsuit Over Horror Classic '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( June 13 , 2017 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Producer Points to Writers ' Union Membership in Bid to Retain Franchise Rights '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Docket Entries , Horror Inc. v. Miller ( 3 : 16 - cv - 01442 ) , Court Listener , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 171 Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( 1988 - 07 - 05 ) . `` TV Producers Discover New Path to Prime Time ( page 2 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Peter H. ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th ' Box - Set News and More ! '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather '' . Slasherama. 2005 - 10 - 22 . 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Jason Goes to Hell ( comic ) 1 - 3 ( 1993 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ `` Jason vs. Leatherface ( review ) '' . Digital - Retribution . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` May 2005 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Bloodbath '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` June 2006 Solicited Releases '' . Avatarpress.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics # 6 '' . G - Mart . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . 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Jump up ^ Mozuch , Mo ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th : The Game ' Panel At Pax South Reveals New Kill Animations For Jason Voorhees '' . iDigitalTimes . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/friday-the-13th-killer-puzzle/id1297059370?mt=8 Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . McFarlane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Maniacs III Monster Roster Growing '' . McFarlane.com. 1999 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason and Freddy in glass case '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Movie Poster : Friday the 13th '' . McFarlane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 94 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred Mollin '' . BuySoundtrax.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell - The Final Friday soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Vs. Jason soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : S.T. Karnick ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Babes in the Woods : A franchise of fear '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . References ( edit ) Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal A Nightmare on Elm Street portal Film portal Horror fiction portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friday the 13th films . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Databases Friday the 13th film series at Allmovie Friday the 13th film series at Box Office Mojo Domark 's Friday the 13th ' at SpectrumComputing.co.uk Miscellaneous Fridaythe13thfilms.com Interview with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti -- Writers of Windstorm 's six - issue Friday the 13th comic Bloody Disgusting - `` 13 days of Friday the 13th '' -- A series of articles exploring the series Q&A with Ronnie Hobbs and Randy Greenback , developers of Friday the 13th : The Game hide Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Mortal Kombat X Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th_(franchise)&oldid=846519769 '' Categories : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Horror films by series Zombies and revenants in popular culture American teen horror films American films American film series Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Film series introduced in 1980 Media franchises introduced in 1980 Paramount Pictures franchises New Line Cinema franchises Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 08 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the last friday the 13th come out | [
"\n\nFilm\nDirector\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\n\n\nFriday the 13th (1980)\nSean S. Cunningham\nVictor Miller\nSean S. Cunningham\n\n\nFriday the 13th Part 2 (1981)\nSteve Miner\nRon Kurz\nSteve Miner\n\n\nFriday the 13th Part III (1982)\nMartin Kitrosser and Carol Watson\nFrank Mancuso Jr.\n\n\nFriday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984)\nJoseph Zito\nBarney Cohen\n\n\nFriday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985)\nDanny Steinmann\nMartin Kitrosser, David Cohen and Danny Steinmann\nTimothy Silver\n\n\nFriday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986)\nTom McLoughlin\nTom McLoughlin\nDon Behrns\n\n\nFriday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988)\nJohn Carl Buechler\nManuel Fidello and Daryl Haney\nIain Paterson\n\n\nFriday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)\nRob Hedden\nRob Hedden\nRandy Cheveldave\n\n\nJason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993)\nAdam Marcus\nJay Huguely, Adam Marcus and Dean Lorey\nSean S. Cunningham\n\n\nJason X (2001)\nJames Isaac\nTodd Farmer\nNoel Cunningham\n\n\nFreddy vs. Jason (2003)\nRonny Yu\nDamian Shannon & Mark Swift\nSean S. Cunningham\n\n\nFriday the 13th (2009)\nMarcus Nispel\nMichael Bay, Andrew Form and Brad Fuller\n\n"
] | [
"2009"
] |
-26413082433771095 | Flag of the United States | Flag of the United States - wikipedia Flag of the United States `` American Flag '' and `` Flag of the USA '' redirect here . For other uses , see American Flag ( disambiguation ) . For the flag of the Union of South Africa , see Flag of South Africa ( 1928 -- 1994 ) . United States of America Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White , and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner ; US flag ; United States flag Use National flag and ensign Proportion 10 : 19 Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and the Star - Spangled Banner . Contents 1 History 1.1 First flag 1.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes 1.4 Later flag acts 1.5 The `` Flower Flag '' arrives in Asia 1.6 Historical progression of designs 2 Future of the flag 3 Symbolism 4 Design 4.1 Specifications 4.2 Colors 4.3 The 49 - and 50 - star unions 4.4 Decoration 5 Display and use 5.1 Flag etiquette 5.2 Display on vehicles 5.3 Display on uniforms 5.4 Postage stamps 5.5 Display in museums 5.6 Places of continuous display 5.7 Particular days for display 5.8 Display at half - staff 6 Folding for storage 7 Use in funerals 8 Related flags 8.1 Gallery of related flags 9 See also 9.1 Article sections 9.2 Associated people 9.3 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History See also : Timeline of the flag of the United States The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 58 years . First flag Main article : Grand Union Flag The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801 At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year . The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag . The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs . The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag . The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company 's flag by the United States as their national flag . He said to George Washington , `` While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design , it need not be entirely new in its elements . There is already in use a flag , I refer to the flag of the East India Company . '' This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States ' aspirations to be self - governing , as was the East India Company . Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence , as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies . Colonists therefore flew the Company 's flag , to endorse the Company . However , the theory that the Grand Union Flag was a direct descendant of the flag of the East India Company has been criticised as lacking written evidence . On the other hand , the resemblance is obvious , and a number of the Founding Fathers of the United States were aware of the East India Company 's activities and of their free administration of India under Company rule . In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts . The flag resolution of 1777 On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler . Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag . Francis Hopkinson 's flag for the U.S. Navy , featuring 13 six - pointed stars arranged in rows . 13 - star so - called `` Betsy Ross '' variant The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag . The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced . While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars . Designer of the first stars and stripes Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead , he asked to be paid for designing the `` great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill ; the `` Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill ; and `` the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third , along with the other items . The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed , that is , a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones . The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle . The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story . The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag . Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag . According to rumor , the Washington family coat of arms , shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey , was the origin of the stars and stripes . Later flag acts 15 - star , 15 - stripe Star Spangled Banner Flag The 48 - star flag was in use from 1912 to 1959 , the second longest - used U.S. flag . The current U.S. flag is the longest - used flag , having surpassed the 1912 version in 2007 . See also : Flag Acts ( U.S. ) In 1795 , the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 ( to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union ) . For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted , probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter . It was the 15 - star , 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , later known as `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , which is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view . Oil painting depicting the 39 historical U.S. flags On April 4 , 1818 , a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars , with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted , but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following admission of one or more new states . The most recent change , from 49 stars to 50 , occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen , after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959 . Before that , the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag . Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular . On July 4 , 2007 , the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use , surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959 . The `` flower flag '' arrives in asia The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble : When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton , much curiosity was excited among the people . News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world , bearing a flag `` as beautiful as a flower '' . Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen ( 花旗 船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ) , or `` flower flagship '' . This name at once established itself in the language , and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh ( 花旗 國 ; Fākeìgwok ) , the `` flower flag country '' -- and an American , kwa kee kwoh yin ( 花旗 國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ) -- `` flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of `` red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch . In the above quote , the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Vietnam has borrowed the term for the United States , as Hoa Kỳ or 花旗 ( `` Flower Flag '' ) in Vietnamese language . Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called flower flag ginseng ( simplified Chinese : 花旗 参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗 參 ) in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as Flower Flag Bank ( 花旗 银行 ) . The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase `` Old Glory '' , took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32 . The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871 . Historical progression of designs See also : List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag , the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns , often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs , prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag , had no official arrangement of the stars . Furthermore , the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934 . Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration 0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 1 ⁄ years 13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 18 years 15 15 Vermont , Kentucky May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 23 years 20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 1 year 21 13 Illinois July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 1 year 23 13 Alabama , Maine July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 2 years 24 13 Missouri July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 14 years 25 13 Arkansas July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 1 year 26 13 Michigan July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 8 years 27 13 Florida July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 1 year 28 13 Texas July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 1 year 29 13 Iowa July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 1 year 30 13 Wisconsin July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 3 years 31 13 California July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 7 years 32 13 Minnesota July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 1 year 33 13 Oregon July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 2 years 34 13 Kansas July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 2 years 35 13 West Virginia July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 2 years 36 13 Nevada July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 2 years 37 13 Nebraska July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 10 years 38 13 Colorado July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 13 years 43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 1 year 44 13 Wyoming July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 5 years 45 13 Utah July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 12 years 46 13 Oklahoma July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 4 years 48 13 Arizona , New Mexico July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 47 years 49 13 Alaska July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 1 year 50 13 Hawaii July 4 , 1960 -- present 58 years Future of the flag See also : 51st state 51 - star flags have been designed and used as a symbol by supporters of statehood in various areas . Above is one possible design for a 51 - star flag . In the November 2012 U.S. election , Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state . However , the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed . On June 11 , 2017 , another referendum was held , this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood , but it had a turnout of only 23 % . Similarly in November 2016 , a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal . If a new U.S. state were to be admitted , it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star . Symbolism The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States . The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions , with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers . Reverence for the flag has at times reached religion - like fervor : in 1919 William Norman Guthrie 's book The Religion of Old Glory discussed `` the cult of the flag '' and formally proposed vexillolatry . U.S. flag being burned in protest on the eve of the 2008 election . Despite a number of attempts to ban the practice , desecration of the flag remains protected as free speech . Scholars have noted the irony that `` ( t ) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free , and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest '' . Comparing practice worldwide , Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner , for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also `` beloved , domesticated , commercialized and sacralized objects '' . This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments ; the US flag was largely a `` military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory '' that rarely appeared outside of forts , embassies , and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April of 1861 , when Major Robert Anderson was forced to surrender Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor to Confederates . Anderson was celebrated in the North as a hero and U.S. citizens throughout Northern states co-opted the national flag to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism : For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . -- Adam Goodheart . Design Specifications The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1 ; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states . The specification gives the following values : Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0 Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9 Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes ) Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width ) E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton ) G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton ) Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 ) Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height ) These specifications are contained in an executive order which , strictly speaking , governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government . In practice , most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio ; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. ( flag ratio 1.5 ) , 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. ( 1.6 ) , or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. ( 1.667 ) . Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes . Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as `` G - spec '' ( for `` government specification '' ) flags . Colors The exact red , white , and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America , 10th edition . Specifically , the colors are `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' . The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946 . These colors form the standard for cloth , and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing . The `` relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's `` white '' . Official colors Name Absolute Relative CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118 Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122 A darker version of the flag using the official Pantone specifications As with the design , the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government , and other colors are often used for mass - market flags , printed reproductions , and other products intended to evoke flag colors . The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new . As Taylor , Knoche , and Granville wrote in 1950 : `` The color of the official wool bunting ( of the blue field ) is a very dark blue , but printed reproductions of the flag , as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag , present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool . '' Sometimes , Pantone Matching System ( PMS ) approximations to the flag colors are used . One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998 ; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone , and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set . A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002 . In 2001 , the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be `` ( 1 ) the same colors used in the United States flag ; and ( 2 ) defined as numbers 193 ( red ) and 281 ( dark blue ) of the Pantone Matching System . '' Pantone approximations Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063 281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231 U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 . 185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035 288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141 CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074 A subdued - color flag patch , similar to style worn on the United States Army 's ACU uniform . The patch is normally worn reversed on the right upper sleeve . See explanation in `` Display on uniforms '' section below . The 49 - and 50 - star unions A U.S. flag with gold fringe and a gold eagle on top of the flag pole . When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s , more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some of them were 49 - star versions , the vast majority were 50 - star proposals . At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag . At the time , credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design . Of these proposals , one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity . His mother was a seamstress , but refused to do any of the work for him . He originally received a B -- for the project . After discussing the grade with his teacher , it was agreed ( somewhat jokingly ) that if the flag was accepted by Congress , the grade would be reconsidered . Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959 . According to Heft , his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project . The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively . Decoration Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag . The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835 , and the Army used it officially in 1895 . No specific law governs the legality of fringe , but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe ( and the number of stars ) `` ... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian . However , according to the Army Institute of Heraldry , which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered , there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe . Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion , most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew , a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010 . Traditionally , the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade , color guard and indoor display , while the Sea Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions . Display and use A boy holds an American flag during the 2009 National Memorial Day Concert in Washington , D.C. The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings , and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size ( 3 by 5 feet ( 0.91 by 1.52 m ) ) flags . Some private use is year - round , but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day , Veterans Day , Presidents ' Day , Flag Day , and on Independence Day . On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans . Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff , until noon , in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars . Flag etiquette Main article : United States Flag Code The proper stationary vertical display . The canton ( blue box of stars ) should always be in the upper - left corner . The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear . A tattered flag at Spokane Valley Police Headquarters , Spokane , Washington The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and , if flown at night , must be illuminated . If the edges become tattered through wear , the flag should be repaired or replaced . When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States , it should be destroyed in a dignified manner , preferably by burning . The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies , often on Flag Day , June 14 . ( The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned , due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned . ) LDS Boy Scouts retiring an American Flag at a scout campout The Flag Code prohibits using the flag `` for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag `` should not be embroidered , printed , or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions , handkerchiefs , napkins , boxes , or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use '' . Both of these codes are generally ignored , almost always without comment . Section 8 , entitled Respect For Flag states in part : `` The flag should never be used as wearing apparel , bedding , or drapery '' , and `` No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform '' . Section 3 of the Flag Code defines `` the flag '' as anything `` by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America '' . An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag , that is frequently violated at sporting events is part ( c ) `` The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . '' Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law , there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed , punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established . Display on vehicles When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind ( e.g. : cars , boats , planes , any physical object that moves ) , it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle , as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward . Therefore , U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed , with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen . The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight , including Mercury , Gemini , Apollo Command / Service Module , Apollo Lunar Module , and the Space Shuttle . The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo . But since Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach , the `` streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally , perpendicular to the direction of flight . Display on uniforms The crew of Apollo 1 wore their flags on the right shoulder , unlike all other US astronaut flight crews Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong 's space suit Astronaut Buzz Aldrin salutes the United States flag on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission . On some U.S. military uniforms , flag patches are worn on the right shoulder , following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front . This rule dates back to the Army 's early history , when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer , who carried the Colors into battle . As he charged , his forward motion caused the flag to stream back . Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole , that section stayed to the right , while the stripes flew to the left . Several US military uniforms , such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy , have the flag patch on the left shoulder . Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction . The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms ; consequently , the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front , the reverse of the military style . Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch , either on a shoulder , or above a shirt pocket . Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit , with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1 , whose flags were worn on the right shoulder . In this case , the canton was on the left . Postage stamps Flags depicted on U.S. postage stamp issues The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926 , depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars . The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931 , though in a small monochrome depiction . The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4 , 1957 , Scott catalog number 1094 . Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps . Display in museums In 1907 Eben Appleton , New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead ( the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment ) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift . Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public . In 1994 , the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display . In 1998 teams of museum conservators , curators , and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a special exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem , '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes . Places of continuous display By presidential proclamation , acts of Congress , and custom , U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations . Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square . Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia . The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution The White House , Washington , D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C. Marine Corps War Memorial , Arlington , Virginia At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open . A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital . Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota . Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 . Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 . At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty . On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed . Particular days for display Flags covering the National Mall The New York Stock Exchange at Christmas time . The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days : January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday ) February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day ) March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies ) May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon ) June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day ) July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day ) September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day ) October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day ) November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day ) December : 25 ( Christmas Day ) and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays . Display at half - staff An American flag now flies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey , departure gate of United Airlines Flight 93 on 9 / 11 . The flag is displayed at half - staff ( half - mast in naval usage ) as a sign of respect or mourning . Nationwide , this action is proclaimed by the president ; statewide or territory - wide , the proclamation is made by the governor . In addition , there is no prohibition against municipal governments , private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning . However , many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices . President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1 , 1954 , standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings , grounds , and naval vessels ; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued . However , they are only guidelines to all other entities : typically followed at state and local government facilities , and encouraged of private businesses and citizens . To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff . Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates : May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff ) Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon ) September 11 : Patriot Day First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day For 30 days : Death of a president or former president For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives . From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor . On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day , on July 27 , was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003 . In 2009 , it became a day of full - staff observance . Folding for storage Folding the U.S. flag Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag : Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground . Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely . Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside . Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right . Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle . The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold . When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible . There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag . However , there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony . These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes . Use in funerals A flag prepared for presentation to the next of kin Traditionally , the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals , and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants ( such as law enforcement officers , fire fighters , and U.S. presidents ) . A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services . Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground , the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect . Related flags This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test . The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 . Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag . The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars . The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag . Gallery of related flags Flag of Bikini Atoll Flag of Liberia Flag of Malaysia Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912 Flag of Brittany See also Book : Flags of the United States Ensign of the United States Great Seal of the United States Flag Desecration Flags of the Confederate States Flags of the United States of America Flags of the United States Armed Forces Flags of the U.S. states Flags of United States cities Jack of the United States Nationalism in the United States Article sections Colors , standards and guidons : United States Flag desecration : United States Associated people Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , creator of the Pledge of Allegiance William Driver ( 1803 -- 1886 ) , who owned and named `` Old Glory '' Thomas E. Franklin ( 1966 -- present ) , photographer of Ground Zero Spirit , better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , after whom the Gadsden flag is named Robert G. Heft ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , a designer of the current flag 's canton Francis Hopkinson ( 1737 -- 1791 ) , designer of the first stars and stripes flag Jasper Johns ( born 1930 ) , painter of Flag ( 1954 -- 55 ) , inspired by a dream of the flag John Paul Jones ( 1747 -- 1792 ) , who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775 Francis Scott Key ( 1779 -- 1843 ) , writer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Katha Pollitt ( 1949 -- present ) , author of a controversial essay on post-9 / 11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag George Preble ( 1816 -- 1885 ) , author of History of the American Flag ( 1872 ) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag Joe Rosenthal ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Bibliography Allentown Art Museum . The American Flag in the Art of Our Country . Allentown Art Museum , 1976 . Herbert Ridgeway Collins . Threads of History : Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1979 . Grace Rogers Cooper . Thirteen - star Flags : Keys to Identification . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1973 . David D. Crouthers . Flags of American History . Hammond , 1978 . Louise Lawrence Devine . The Story of Our Flag . Rand McNally , 1960 . William Rea Furlong , Byron McCandless , and Harold D. Langley . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1981 . Scot M. Guenter , The American Flag , 1777 -- 1924 : Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . 1990 . online George E. Hastings . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . University of Chicago Press , 1926 . Kevin Keim & Peter Keim . A Grand Old Flag : A History of the United States through its Flags . DK Publishing . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2847 - 5 . Flag : An American Biography . Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press , 2005 . David Roger Manwaring . Render Unto Caesar : The Flag - Salute Controversy . University of Chicago Press , 1962 . Boleslaw Mastai and Marie - Louise D'Otrange Mastai . The Stars and the Stripes : The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present . Knopf , 1973 . Henry W. Moeller , Ph. D. `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms . '' NAVA News , Issue 173 , Jan. -- Mar. 2002 . Milo Milton Quaife . The Flag of the United States . 1942 . Milo Milton Quaife , Melvin J. Weig , and Roy Applebaum . The History of the United States Flag , from the Revolution to the Present , Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper , 1961 . Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office , 1978 ( 1976 i.e. 1978 ) . Albert M. Rosenblatt . `` Flag Desecration Statutes : History and Analysis '' , Washington University Law Quarterly 1972 : 193 -- 237 . George and Virginia Schaun . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill . '' The Greenberry Series on Maryland , Greenberry Publications . Volume 5 . Leonard A. Stevens . Salute ! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1973 . Arnaldo Testi . Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press ; 2010 ) 192 pages . A European perspective on the symbolism and political , social , and cultural significance of the flag . Earl P. Williams Jr . `` '' NAVA News , Issue 216 , Oct. -- Dec. 2012 . Paul M. Zall . `` Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . '' The Huntington Library , 1976 . References Jump up ^ John Warner ( 1998 ) . `` Senate Concurrent Resolution 61 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government Printing Office . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the American Flag '' . www.infoplease.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America - `` OLD GLORY ! '' `` . www.usflag.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- The 50 Star Flag '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leepson , Marc ( 2004 ) . Flag : An American Biography . ^ Jump up to : Ansoff , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` The Flag on Prospect Hill '' ( PDF ) . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology. 13 : 91 -- 98 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' at Flags of the World Jump up ^ East India Company ( United Kingdom ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert ( 2006 ) . Saint Croix 1770 -- 1776 : The First Salute to the Stars and Stripes . AuthorHouse . p. 71 . ISBN 1425970087 . Jump up ^ Horton , Tom ( 2014 ) . `` Exposing the Origins of Old Glory 's stripes '' . History 's Lost Moments : The Stories Your Teacher Never Told You . 5 . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 149074469X . ^ Jump up to : `` Saltires and Stars & Stripes '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , 8 : 464 '' . Jump up ^ Guenter ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Connell , R.W ; Mack , W.P ( 2004 ) . Naval Ceremonies , Customs , and Traditions . Naval Institute Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 330 - 5 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mastai , 60 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Rear Admiral William Rea ; McCandless , Commodore Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 115 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Williams Jr. , Earl P. ( October 2012 ) . `` Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags ? '' ( PDF ) . NAVA News ( 216 ) : 7 -- 9 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Megan ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Five hidden messages in the American flag '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 9 ( in paper ) ; pp. 21 / 80 ( in pdf ) . In 1792 , Trumbull painted thirteen stars in a circle in his General George Washington at Trenton in the Yale University Art Gallery . In his unfinished rendition of the Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown , 8 date not established , the circle of stars is suggested and one star shows six points while the thirteen stripes are of red , white , and blue . How accurately the artist depicted the star design that he saw is not known . At times , he may have offered a poetic version of the flag he was interpreting which was later copied by the flag maker . The flag sheets and the artists do not agree . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Furlong , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W ( 1992 ) . Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes . Mattituck , NY : Amereon House . pp. 25 -- 26 , color plates 5A , 5B . Jump up ^ Hess , Debra ( 2008 ) . The American Flag . Benchmark Books . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 3389 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hastings , George E. ( 1926 ) . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W. , Ph. D. ( January 2002 ) . `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms '' . NAVA News ( 173 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Richard Sharpe ; Dougall , Richardson ( 1978 ) ( 1976 i.e. 1978 ) . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . Department and Foreign Service series ; 161 Department of State publication ; 8900 . Washington : Office of the Historian , Bureau of Public Affairs , Dept. of State : for sale by the Supt. of Docs. , U.S. Govt . Print . Off . p. 37 . LCCN 78602518 . OCLC 4268298 . Jump up ^ Zall , Paul M. ( 1976 ) . Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . San Marino , California : Huntington Library . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress -- Friday , October 27 , 1780 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Federal Citizen Information Center : The History of the Stars and Stripes . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Embassy of the United States of America ( 1 ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` The Truth About Betsy Ross '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Canby , George ; Balderston , Lloyd ( 1917 ) . The Evolution of the American flag . Philadelphia : Ferris and Leach . pp. 48 , 103 . Jump up ^ Canby , William J. `` The History of the Flag of the United States : A Paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( March 1870 ) '' . Independence Hall Association . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaun , George and Virginia . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill '' . The Greenberry Series on Maryland . Annapolis , MD : Greenberry Publications . 5 : 356 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Making the Flag '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Window '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Star - Spangled Banner Online Exhibition '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Government ( 1861 ) . Our Flag ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Doc 105 - 013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Flag History '' . United States Embassy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America ( second revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams and Co. p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Tappan , Eva March ( 1917 ) . The Little Book of the Flag . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Choong ( June 15 , 1843 ) . `` Curiosa Sinica '' . Boston Courier . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Etymologies '' . Kendall 's Expositor. 3 ( 14 ) . Washington , D.C. : William Greer . June 27 , 1843 . p. 222 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : See Chinese English Dictionary Olsen , Kay Melchisedech , Chinese Immigrants : 1850 -- 1900 ( 2001 ) , p. 7 . `` Philadelphia 's Chinatown : An Overview '' , The Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Leonard , Dr. George , `` The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America : the Angel Island Poems '' . Jump up ^ `` American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4 , 1872 '' Archived February 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( For alternate versions of the flag of the United States , see the Stars of the U.S. Flag page Archived February 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Flags of the World website . ) Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc . ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico approves statehood '' . November 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CEE Event '' . resultados2017.ceepur.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Overwhelmingly Votes On U.S. Statehood In Nonbinding Referendum '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 2 - Same ; additional stars '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , William Norman ( 1919 ) . The Religion of Old Glory ( reprint ed . ) . New York : George H. Doran Company . p. 370 . ISBN 9781178236354 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Flag Bulletin . 23 . Winchester , Massachusetts : Flag Research Center . 1984 . p. 107 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . ( ... ) a formal book - length proposal for vexillolatry was made by William Norman Guthrie in his The Religion of Old Glory ( New York : Doran , l9l9 ) . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) This Is Why It 's Legal to Burn the American Flag Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press , 2010 ) , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8322 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Watson , ed. ( 2007 ) . White House Studies Compendium . Nova Publishers . p. 316 . ISBN 9781600215339 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart ( 2011 ) . Prologue. 1861 : The Civil War Awakening . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59666 - 6 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via adamgoodheart.com . Jump up ^ Note that the flag ratio ( B / A in the diagram ) is not absolutely fixed . Although the diagram in Executive Order 10834 gives a ratio of 1.9 , earlier in the order is a list of flag sizes authorized for executive agencies . This list permits eleven specific flag sizes ( specified by height and width ) for such agencies : 20.00 × 38.00 ; 10.00 × 19.00 ; 8.95 × 17.00 ; 7.00 × 11.00 ; 5.00 × 9.50 ; 4.33 × 5.50 ; 3.50 × 6.65 ; 3.00 × 4.00 ; 3.00 × 5.70 ; 2.37 × 4.50 ; and 1.32 × 2.50 . Eight of these sizes conform to the 1.9 ratio , within a small rounding error ( less than 0.01 ) . However , three of the authorized sizes vary significantly : 1.57 ( for 7.00 × 11.00 ) , 1.27 ( for 4.33 × 5.50 ) and 1.33 ( for 3.00 × 4.00 ) . Jump up ^ Ex . Ord . No. 10834 , August 21 , 1959 , 24 F.R. 6865 ( governing flags `` manufactured or purchased for the use of executive agencies '' , Section 22 ) . Section 32 explains that , `` As used in this order , the term ' executive agencies ' means the executive departments and independent establishments in the executive branch of the Government , including wholly owned Government corporations . '' Jump up ^ Architect of the Capitol : `` Flag Request Form '' , retrieved on July 1st , 2017 . Jump up ^ General Services Administration `` Federal Specification DDD - F - 416F : Flag , National , United States of America and Flag , Union Jack '' . March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Genevieve Reimann , Deane B. Judd , and Harry J. Keegan ( 1946 ) . `` Spectrophotometric and Colorimetric Determination of the Colors of the TCCA Standard Color Cards '' . JOSA 36 ( 3 ) , 128 -- 159 . Jump up ^ In the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America , `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' were , respectively , Cable No. 70001 , Cable No. 70180 , and Cable No. 70075 . The Munsell renotation coordinates for these were taken directly from the Reimann et al. paper , the CIELAB D coordinates were found by converting the xyY values in that paper to be relative to CIE Illuminant D from Illuminant C using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform , and relative to a perfect diffuse reflector as white . The `` relative '' values in the table were found by taking Cable No. 70001 's luminosity to be that of the white point , and were converted to D or D also using the CAT02 transformation . The values for CMYK were found by converting from the CIELAB D values using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 ICC profile in Adobe Photoshop . Jump up ^ Helen Taylor , Lucille Knoche , and Walter Granville , eds. ( 1950 ) , Descriptive Color Names Dictionary . Container Corporation of America . Jump up ^ In 1998 , `` U.S. Flag Facts '' at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 ( presumably PMS solid coated colors ) . By October 2002 , these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281 . These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations , such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation 's website Archived May 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also `` United States of America '' Archived July 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Flags of the World . The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office : `` Colors of the U.S. Flag '' . United States Embassy Stockholm . November 2001 . The Military Department of the State of California suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document , `` Flags over California , a history and guide '' . Jump up ^ The Government Code ; Title 11 . State Symbols and Honors ; Subtitle A ; Chapter 3100 . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The values in this table were taken by converting the CIELAB D coordinates for PMS 193 C , 200 C , and 281 C given in the Pantone color palettes of Adobe Photoshop to sRGB and GRACoL using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 and sRGB profiles in Photoshop . Since PMS 281 C ( blue ) is outside the gamut of sRGB , and both PMS 281 C and PMS 183 C ( red ) are outside the gamut of GRACoL , the RGB and CMYK values for those in the table below are necessarily less - colorful approximations to the colors of the Pantone swatches . Jump up ^ These designs are in the Eisenhower Presidential Archives in Abilene , Kansas . Only a small fraction of them have ever been published . Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Heft : Designer of America 's Current National Flag '' . USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ `` Fringe on the American Flag '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See McCann v. Greenway , 952 F. Supp. 647 ( W.D. Mo . 1997 ) , which discusses various court opinions denying any significance related to trim used on a flag . Jump up ^ Rebuttal of `` martial law flag '' claims by tax protesters . Evans-legal.com . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` state.co.us : `` COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS -- ORDER AFFIRMED : Colorado v Drew '' ( Munsinger ) 13 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . courts.state.co.us . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LA84 Foundation . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ London Olympics 1908 & 1948 . Web.archive.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consider Recycling , not Burning , a Retired Flag '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Sec. 8 ( i ) . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Chapter 1 Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) ; United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ About.com . Usmilitary.about.com ( October 1 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUBJECT : Air Force Guidance Memorandum to AFI 36 - 2903 , Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel '' ( PDF ) . Static.e-publishing.af.mil . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Navy aviators ditch new flight suit wear rules '' . Navytimes.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Self , Peter ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Is the American flag ' backward ' on Scout uniforms ? '' . Scoutingmagazine.org . Scouting . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Imitation of United States Army , Navy or Marine Corps uniforms is prohibited , in accordance with the provisions of the organization 's Congressional Charter . Jump up ^ Scott 's Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 2795 , July 2 , 1948 Code of Federal Regulations of the United States , Title 3 Compilation ( 1943 -- 1948 ) , HathiTrust , Google Books / University of Michigan scan , pages 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Public Law 83 - 319 , approved March 26 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 3418 , June 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Public Law 89 - 335 , approved November 8 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4000 , September 4 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4064 , July 6 , 1971 , effective July 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4131 , May 5 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Gettysburg College -- News Detail . Gettysburg.edu . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. 94 − 53 , 89 Stat. 259 , S.J. Res. 98 , approved July 4 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Madrid : My visit to Gate 32 at Boston 's Logan Airport '' . patrickmadrid.blogspot.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Old Glory kept perpetual shine Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , PE Press Archive . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Slover Mountain , The Sun , May 14 , 2008 Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ By Act of Congress . California Portland Cement Co Jump up ^ `` Calportland Media Center '' . Calportland.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irene Klotz ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Apollo flags on the Moon still standing '' . Discovery News . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 6 - Time and occasions for display '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 111 - 41 . 123 Stat. 1962 , H.R. 2632 , approved July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 36 U.S. Code § 111 - Gold Star Mother 's Day '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MDVA : Flag Information . Mdva.state.mn.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ US Code , Title 4 , Chapter 1 , § 7 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. Sec. 136 . None . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patriot Day , 2005 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Law 107 - 51 . Ushistory.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation Fire Prevention Week The White House Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 104 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flag - Folding Procedures The American Legion '' . Legion.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence of Events for an Army Honors Funeral At Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Presentation Protocol '' . Virginia Army National Guard . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bikinian Anthem & Flag '' . Bikiniatoll.com . March 1 , 1954 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Sirleaf Worships at Abyssinian Baptist Church ; Pleads with African Americans to Serve as Ambassadors for Liberia '' . Ministry of State Presidential Affairs , Executive Mansion , Government of Liberia . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Further reading `` Identity and Marking Standards '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of State . June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the 50 star flag first flown | [
"Of these proposals, one created by 17-year-old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B– for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959.[75] According to Heft, his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project.[76] The 49- and 50-star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day, in 1959 and 1960 respectively.[76]\n"
] | [
"Fort McHenry"
] |
-6083610451884662531 | Marks & Spencer | Marks & Spencer - wikipedia Marks & Spencer Jump to : navigation , search `` M&S '' redirects here . This article is about the department store . For other uses , see M&S ( disambiguation ) . Marks & Spencer plc Type Public limited company Traded as LSE : MKS FTSE 100 Component Industry Retail Founded 1884 ; 133 years ago ( 1884 ) Leeds , United Kingdom Founder Sir Michael Marks Thomas Spencer Headquarters London , United Kingdom Area served Worldwide Key people Robert Swannell ( Chairman ) Steve Rowe ( CEO ) Revenue £ 10,622.0 million ( 2017 ) Operating income £ 690.6 million ( 2017 ) Profit £ 115.7 million ( 2017 ) Number of employees 82,904 ( 2017 ) Website marksandspencer.com Marks and Spencer plc ( also known as M&S ) is a major British multinational retailer headquartered in the City of Westminster , London . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It specialises in the selling of clothing , home products and luxury food products . M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds . The company also began to sell branded goods like Kellogg 's Corn Flakes in November 2008 . M&S currently has 959 stores across the U.K including 615 that only sell food products . In 1998 , the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over £ 1 billion , although subsequently it went into a sudden slump , which took the company , its shareholders , who included hundreds of thousands of small investors , and nearly all retail analysts and business journalists , by surprise . In November 2009 , it was announced that Marc Bolland , formerly of Morrisons , would take over as chief executive from executive chairman Stuart Rose in early 2010 ; Rose remained in the role of non-executive chairman until he was replaced by Robert Swannell in January 2011 . M&S have 959 stores throughout the UK , as well as many international stores ; 58 stores in India , 48 stores in Turkey , 37 in Russia , 27 in Greece , 17 in Ireland , 14 in France , 11 in Poland , 6 in Hungary and Finland and 5 in Spain . In recent years its clothing sales have fallen whilst food sales have increased after the axing of `` St. Michael 's '' naming for their own brand . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Domestic growth 1.3 International expansion 1.4 Financial decline 1.5 Restructuring 1.6 2015 / 2016 store cull 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Head office locations 2.2 Financial performance 2.3 Social and environmental policy 2.3. 1 `` Look Behind the Label '' 2.3. 2 `` Plan A '' 2.3. 3 Charity work 2.4 Senior management 3 Stores 3.1 UK and Ireland 3.2 International 4 Store formats 4.1 Core shops 4.1. 1 New store format 4.2 M&S Foodhall 4.3 Hospitality 4.4 Home stores 4.5 Outlet stores 4.6 M&S Simply Food 4.7 Online services 5 Product line history 5.1 Per Una 5.2 Old labels 6 Marketing 6.1 New logo 6.2 Your M&S 6.3 High - profile media campaigns 7 Controversies 7.1 Israel 7.2 Comprehensive Spending Review 7.3 Contactless payment issues 7.4 Muslim checkout - staff policy 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Marks and Spencer on Briggate not far from their original branch in Leeds . The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks , a Polish Jew from Słonim ( Marks was born into a Polish - Jewish family , a Polish refugee living in the Russian Empire , now in Belarus ) , and Thomas Spencer , a cashier from the English market town of Skipton in North Yorkshire . On his arrival in England , Marks worked for a company in Leeds , called Barran , which employed refugees ( see Sir John Barran , 1st Baronet ) . In 1884 he met Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst while looking for work . Dewhirst lent Marks £ 5 which he used to establish his Penny Bazaar on Kirkgate Market , in Leeds . Dewhirst also taught him a little English . Dewhirst 's cashier was Tom Spencer , a bookkeeper , whose second wife , Agnes , helped improve Marks ' English . In 1894 , when Marks acquired a permanent stall in Leeds ' covered market , he invited Spencer to become his partner . In 1901 Marks moved to the Birkenhead open market where he amalgamated with Spencer . The pair were allocated stall numbers 11 & 12 in the centre aisle in 1903 , and there they opened the famous Penny Bazaar . The company left Birkenhead Market on 24 February 1923 . The next few years saw Michael Marks and Tom Spencer open market stalls in many locations around the North West of England and move the original Leeds Penny Bazaar to 20 , Cheetham Hill Road , Manchester . Domestic growth ( edit ) Representation of historic store from the 1930s , Bekonscot model village , UK Marks and Spencer , known colloquially as `` Marks and Sparks '' , or `` M&S '' , made its reputation in the early 20th century with a policy of only selling British - made goods ( it started to back down from this policy in the 1990s . ) It entered into long - term relationships with British manufacturers , and sold clothes and food under the `` St Michael '' brand , which was introduced in 1928 . The brand honours Michael Marks . It also accepted the return of unwanted items , giving a full cash refund if the receipt was shown , no matter how long ago the product was purchased , which was unusual for the time . M&S staff raised £ 5,000 to pay for a Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft called The Marksman in 1941 . By 1950 , virtually all goods were sold under the `` St Michael '' label . M&S lingerie , women 's clothes and girls ' school uniform were branded under the `` St Margaret '' label until the whole range of general merchandise became `` St Michael '' . Simon Marks , son of Michael Marks , died in 1964 , after fifty - six years ' service . Israel Sieff , the son - in - law of Michael Marks , took over as chairman and in 1968 , John Salisse became the company Director . A cautious international expansion began with the introduction of Asian food in 1974 . M&S opened stores in continental Europe in 1975 and in Ireland four years later . The company put its main emphasis on quality , including a 1957 stocking size measuring system . For most of its history , it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money . When this reputation began to waver , it encountered serious difficulties . Arguably , M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of ' British Quality Goods ' . The uncompromising attitude towards customer relations was summarised by the 1953 slogan : `` The customer is always and completely right ! '' Energy efficiency was improved by the addition of thermostatically controlled refrigerators in 1963 . M&S began selling Christmas cakes and Christmas puddings in 1958 . In an effort to improve the quality of their Swiss rolls , they hired the food expert Nat Goldberg , who made a major improvement across their entire cake range , which had lost the public 's favour a few years earlier . As a later measure to improve food quality , food labelling was improved and `` sell by dates '' were phased in between 1970 and 1972 . Smoking was banned from all M&S shops in 1959 because of the fire hazards it posed . In 1972 , Marcus Sieff became Chairman , remaining in place until 1984 , and emphasising the importance of good staff relations to the tradition of the store , while extending staff benefits to areas such as restaurants and chiropody . International expansion ( edit ) A Marks & Spencer store in Central , Hong Kong . A Marks & Spencer store in Times Square , Causeway Bay , Hong Kong . M&S expanded into Canada in 1973 , and at one point had forty seven stores across Canada . Despite various efforts to improve its image , the chain was never able to move beyond its reputation there as a stodgy retailer , one that catered primarily to senior citizens and expatriate Britons . The shops in Canada were smaller than British outlets , and did not carry the same selection . In the late 1990s , further efforts were made to modernise them and also expand the customer base . Unprofitable locations were closed . Nonetheless , the Canadian operations continued to lose money , and the last 38 shops in Canada were closed in 1999 . Expansion into France began with shops opening in Paris at Boulevard Haussmann and Lyon in 1975 , followed by a second Paris shop at Rosny 2 in 1977 . Further expansion into other French and Belgian cities followed into the 1980s . Although the Paris shops remained popular and profitable , the Western European operation as a whole did not fare as well and eighteen shops were sold in 2001 . However , in April 2011 , M&S changed directions again with an announcement to reopen a store that will not only sell clothing but food as well . In addition the group will also open several food outlets throughout the French capital . The first branch opened on 24 November 2011 at the Champs - Élysées in a ceremony attended by the company 's CEO Marc Bolland , the model Rosie Huntington - Whiteley and the British Ambassador to France , Sir Peter Westmacott . The Daily Mail reported that 1,000 customers queued outside for over 2 hours at the opening of the 1,400 m ( 15,000 sq ft ) store . In 1988 , the company acquired Brooks Brothers , an American clothing company and Kings Super Markets , a US food chain . In 2016 M&S expanded to sell through European marketplace Zalando on their German , French , Dutch , Belgian and Austrian sites with a range of kidswear and lingerie . Financial decline ( edit ) M&S shop in Inverness in 1998 M&S 's profits peaked in the financial year 1997 / 1998 . At the time it was seen as a continuing success story , but with hindsight it is considered that during Sir Richard Greenbury 's tenure as head of the company , profit margins were pushed to untenable levels , and the loyalty of its customers was seriously eroded . The rising cost of using British suppliers was also a burden , as rival retailers increasingly imported their goods from low - cost countries , but M&S 's belated switch to overseas suppliers undermined a core part of its appeal to the public . Another factor was the company 's refusal until 2001 to accept any credit cards except its own chargecard . These factors combined to plunge M&S into a sudden slump , which took the company , its shareholders , who included hundreds of thousands of small investors , and nearly all retail analysts and business journalists , by surprise . The company 's share price fell by more than two thirds , and its profits fell from more than a billion pounds in 1997 and 1998 to £ 145 million in the year ended 31 March 2001 . Marks & Spencer launched an online shopping service in 1999 . In 2001 , with changes in its business focus such as accepting credit cards , the introduction of the `` Per Una '' clothing range designed by George Davies , and a redesign of its underlying business model , profits recovered somewhat . In 2004 , M&S was in the throes of an attempted takeover by Arcadia Group and BHS boss , Philip Green . On 12 July a recovery plan was announced which would involve selling off its financial services business M&S Money to HSBC Bank plc , buying control of the Per Una range , closing the Gateshead Lifestore and stopping the expansion of its Simply Food line of shops . Philip Green withdrew his takeover bid after failing to get sufficient backing from shareholders . In February 2007 , M&S announced the opening of the world 's largest M&S shop outside the UK at Dubai Festival City . On 2 October 2008 , M&S opened its first mainland China shop in Shanghai . Problems with the supply chain for the first few months of opening led Stuart Rose , M&S chairman , to describe failures in `` basic shopkeeping '' . Restructuring ( edit ) Twenty - two unprofitable and minor food stores , such as the ones at Ripon and Balham , were closed in early 2009 as part of a cost cutting measure . In August 2010 , it was confirmed that the Grantham branch of M&S would close , along with two other Lincolnshire branches in Skegness and Scunthorpe due to low sales in these older format stores . The closures were met with protests from the local communities and petitions were signed in support of retaining the stores , although they went ahead . The Retail Knowledge Bank conducted an audit of the company 's brands in August 2010 , and revealed that sales of womenswear were at a 10 - year low . The audit covered both the Limited Collection , Autograph , Autograph Weekend , Classic Collection , Per Una , Portfolio and Indigo . Draper magazine claimed that Per Una was the only clothing brand not at risk of being axed while Marc Bolland considered which brands would be retained . Per Una was planned to stay due to its successful and distinctive flair , but Portfolio and Indigo were planned to go due to poor sales . Both the Limited Collection , Autograph , Autograph Weekend , Classic Collection brands were being considered for the cull during mid-2010 , but were later given a reprieve . On 9 November 2010 , chief executive Marc Bolland revealed plans to strengthen the company 's overall brand image and targeting sales of between £ 800m and £ 1bn for which company will increase capital expenditure to £ 850m to £ 900m over the next three years to fund the plans . The plan also involved the discontinuation of its ' Portfolio ' fashion brand and the sale of electrical products . The company also announced a new marketing strapline , ' Only at M&S ' , and that it would revamp its website . Bolland ordered a new store design in May 2011 , and it was announced that the company would spend around £ 600 million between 2011 and 2014 on its UK stores , involving the launch of a range of different store formats based on the age , affluence and demographics of people in those areas . The design also included the trial of a new in - store `` navigation scheme '' , which followed research showing that shoppers found M&S store layouts confusing and `` difficult to shop ( in ) '' . It also confirmed that the amount of money - off promotions and deals offered would be increased , and that it would replace the Marks & Spencer label on clothing with `` M&S Woman '' and `` M&S Man '' . By 2013 , M&S 's clothing division had an 11 % market share in the UK . In May 2013 saw the launch of the Best of British range as well as the overhaul of Per Una and Indigo . Patrick Bousquet - Chavanne became the new marketing director , succeeding Steven Sharp in July . Mark Bolland also vowed to bring `` quality and style back '' M&S also stated it intended to increase its number of UK suppliers from the 20 it had at the time . In November 2013 , it was revealed that Bill Adderley , founder of homeware chain Dunelm Group , had amassed a £ 250m stake in M&S over the past 18 months . This disclosure was made as stock market rules mean that any holding over 3 per cent share must be made public . On 7 January 2016 it was announced that Marc Bolland , who has been CEO since 2010 would step down on 2 April 2016 , and be replaced by Steve Rowe , head of clothing , and previously head of the food business . 2015 / 2016 store cull ( edit ) Stores identified for closure in July 2015 included Woolwich , Walsall , Erdington , Aldershot ( which was there since 1922 ) , Pontypridd in Wales , Hounslow in west London , and Royal Quays in North Shields , the three full - line stores in Stevenage , Wood Green in north London , and The Fort shopping park in Castle Bromwich and the Simply Food in Castle Bromwich . The Lewisham store also lost a floor . The closures in 2015 also included three traditional food and clothing shops , one Simply Food store and four Outlet stores that sell end - of - season clothing . Some 430 workers were affected by the closures . The cull cost up to £ 200m to implement ; the closure included loss - making stores in European markets such as France , Belgium and the Netherlands as well as outposts in China . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Head office locations ( edit ) Waterside House , 35 North Wharf Road , London The headquarters of M&S was for a hundred years at Michael House , 55 Baker Street , London . In 2004 the company moved to a new headquarters designed by mossessian & partners at Waterside House , in the new Paddington Basin , London . As well as the main offices in London , there are a number of other head office sites across the UK ; Stockley Park ( IT Services ) , Salford Quays and Spinningfields , Greater Manchester ( Marks & Spencer Shared Services Ltd. which provides human resources , and finance administration ) and Chester ( HSBC 's M&S Money and Retail Customer Services ) . The company has overseas sourcing offices in Malaysia , Hong Kong , Thailand , India , Bangladesh , Turkey , China , Italy , Indonesia and Sri Lanka . Financial performance ( edit ) M&S is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . Financial performance has been as follows : Until 1999 M&S 's financial year ended on 31 March . Since then , the company has changed to reporting for 52 - or 53 - week periods , ending on variable dates . Year ended Turnover ( £ M ) Profit before tax ( £ M ) Net profit ( £ M ) Basic eps ( p ) 1 April 2017 10,622.0 613.8 115.7 7.2 2 April 2016 10,555.4 488.8 404.4 24.9 28 March 2015 10,311.4 600.0 481.7 29.7 29 March 2014 10,309.7 580.4 506.0 32.5 30 March 2013 10,026.8 564.3 458.0 29.2 31 March 2012 9,934.3 658.0 489.6 32.5 2 April 2011 9,740.3 780.6 598.6 38.8 3 April 2010 9,536.6 702.7 523.0 33.5 28 March 2009 9,062.1 706.2 506.8 32.3 29 March 2008 9,022.0 1,129.1 821.0 49.2 31 March 2007 8,588.1 936.7 659.9 39.1 1 April 2006 7,797.7 745.7 520.6 36.4 2 April 2005 7,490.5 505.1 355.0 29.1 3 April 2004 8,301.5 781.6 452.3 24.2 29 March 2003 8,019.1 677.5 480.5 20.7 30 March 2002 8,135.4 335.9 153.0 5.4 31 March 2001 8,075.7 145.5 2.8 0.0 1 April 2000 8,195.5 417.5 258.7 9.0 31 March 1999 8,224.0 546.1 372.1 13.0 31 March 1998 8,243.3 1,155.0 815.9 28.6 31 March 1997 7,841.9 1,129.1 746.6 26.7 31 March 1996 7,233.7 965.8 652.6 455.8 While underlying sales of food rose 1.7 % , sales of general merchandise - which includes clothing - fell 4.1 % between May 2012 and May 2013 . Chief executive Marc Bolland described the current market as `` challenging '' . Social and environmental policy ( edit ) `` Look behind the label '' ( edit ) In 2006 , the Look Behind the Label marketing campaign was introduced . The aim of this campaign was to highlight to customers the various ethical and environmentally friendly aspects of the production and sourcing methods engaged in by M&S including : Fairtrade products , sustainable fishing and environmentally friendly textile dyes . All coffee and tea sold in M&S stores is now Fairtrade . In addition , the company offers clothing lines made from Fairtrade cotton in selected departments . At Christmas , the company introduces a range of food products to support the housing charity Shelter . `` Plan a '' ( edit ) M&S store on Birmingham High Street On 15 January 2007 , M&S launched an initiative , known as `` Plan A '' , to dramatically increase the environmental sustainability of the business within 5 years and expected to cost £ 200 million . The plan covers `` 100 commitments over 5 years to address the key social and environmental challenges facing M&S today and in the future '' with the tag - line `` Because there is no Plan B '' . The commitments span five themes : climate change , waste , sustainable raw materials , ' fair partnership ' and health , with the aim that , by 2012 , it will : Become carbon neutral Send no waste to landfill Extend sustainable sourcing Help improve the lives of people in their supply chain Help customers and employees live a healthier life - style Despite an 18 % fall in the share price in January 2008 , following publication of their latest trading statement , the company confirmed that they would be continuing with the plan , saying that there were ' compelling commercial -- as well as moral -- reasons to do so ' . M&S introduced a reusable hessian bag in 2007 as part of the plan , aiming to reduce the number of plastic bags used within five years . This was followed in May 2008 by the introduction of a 5p charge for standard sized carrier bags used for food purchases ( before this charge became compulsory ) . All profits from the sale of food bags originally went to the charity Groundwork UK ; M&S launched the `` Forever Fish '' campaign in June 2011 and switched funding to that campaign to promote protection of marine wildlife in the UK . In becoming carbon neutral the company has committed to only use carbon offsetting as a last resort , restricted to cases `` where it is required by government or where the technology for green air or road transport will not be available for the foreseeable future '' . As of August 2008 , M&S had three wind turbines in operation , one at Methlick and two near Strichen , generating enough power to supply three stores via the National Grid . In April 2009 the company began purchasing 2.6 TWh of renewable energy ( wind and hydroelectric ) from Npower , enough to power all Marks & Spencer stores and offices in England and Wales . In 2012 the company was awarded European Business Award for the Environment ( Management category ) by the European Union for Plan A . Charity work ( edit ) M&S has sold a wide range of charitable women 's clothes for Breakthrough Breast Cancer for many years and the Ashbourne store collected a total of £ 2,000 for a local Derbyshire hospital 's new ECG machine in 2010 . In 2011 M&S launch Oxfam 's clothes recycling initiative . On 29 July 2015 , the company organised their first ' Spark Something Good ' event as part of the ' Plan A ' initiative . Hundreds of volunteers worked for `` ... 24 hours on 24 projects '' at a variety of charities across the UK . Senior management ( edit ) The following have served as the Chairman of the company since it was founded : 1884 -- 1907 : Michael Marks ( set up first stall in Leeds in 1884 ) 1907 -- 1916 : William Chapman . 1916 -- 1964 : Simon Marks ( Lord Marks ) 1964 -- 1967 : Israel Sieff ( Lord Sieff ) 1967 -- 1972 : Edward Sieff 1972 -- 1984 : Marcus Sieff ( Lord Sieff ) 1984 -- 1991 : Derek Rayner ( Lord Rayner ) 1991 -- 1999 : Sir Richard Greenbury 2000 -- 2004 : Luc Vandevelde 2004 -- 2006 : Paul Myners 2006 -- 2009 : Lord Burns 2009 -- 2010 : Sir Stuart Rose 2011 -- present : Robert Swannell Stores ( edit ) UK and Ireland ( edit ) M&S White City in Westfield London is one of the company 's largest stores . The largest shop is at Marble Arch , on Oxford Street in London , which has around 16,000 square metres ( 170,000 sq ft ) of shop floor . The second largest is in Cheshire Oaks , Ellesmere Port , which is the largest outside London . The third largest shop is at the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington . In 1999 M&S opened its shop in Manchester 's Exchange Square , which was destroyed in the 1996 Manchester bombing and rebuilt . At re-opening , it was the largest M&S shop with 23,000 m ( 250,000 sq ft ) of retail space , but half was subsequently sold to Selfridges , the company 's second site in Manchester . The smallest branch is an outlet located in the Grainger Market in Newcastle upon Tyne . M&S has opened a number of stores at out of town locations since the trend to build shopping centres away from town centres became popular in the 1980s . The first was at the MetroCentre , Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , which opened in 1986 . Another notable example is the store at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre at Brierley Hill , West Midlands . This store opened on 23 October 1990 shortly after the closure of stores in the nearby town centres of Dudley and West Bromwich ; the Merry Hill store was not originally intended to replace these two town centre stores , but both the Dudley and West Bromwich stores had experienced a downturn in trade as the opening of the Merry Hill store loomed , and both stores were closed on 25 August 1990 . Before Christmas 2006 , twenty - two M&S shops were open for 24 - hour trading including the recently opened new retail park stores at Bolton Middlebrook and at the Abbey Centre , Newtownabbey , Northern Ireland . The company 's website has received criticism for having its prices in Pound sterling and not in euro , and for providing a search for its Irish stores through a `` UK Store Finder '' . The Irish Times pointed out that M&S failed to explain why the company is in a position to deliver goods ordered from its website to Brazil , Argentina , Iraq and Afghanistan but not to Ireland . M&S did not comment . International ( edit ) A Marks & Spencer branch in Athens The company reopened its store in Paris on 24 November 2011 , following the launch of a new French website on 11 October 2011 . In the Philippines there are 18 M&S shops , the largest of which is located in Greenbelt Mall . A new store opened on 17 April 2013 in Kalverstraat in Amsterdam , Netherlands , more than 10 years after closure of the previous store . On 17 September 2013 the British ambassador to the Netherlands , Sir Geoffrey Adams , opened the first Dutch Marks & Spencer Food pilot store at a BP petrol station in Bijleveld beside the A12 motorway . There are over 300 stores in some 40 overseas locations . On 11 November 2013 , Marks & Spencer announced `` that it is set to have about 80 stores open in the region by 2016 as part of its strategy to become a leading international , multichannel retailer '' with partner Reliance Retail . It opened a flagship store in Bandra in Mumbai . M&S sales of lingerie accounts for more than a fifth of the sales in the Indian market , with total lingerie sales increasing by a third during the last six months of 2013 . In May 2014 Marks & Spencer announced that their intention was now to open 100 stores in the country by 2016 . In the Netherlands , as of 2015 , M&S have a supermarket in the expensive Kalverstraat shopping street in Amsterdam , as well as a larger store including clothing in The Hague . A number of BP gas stations in the Western area of the Netherlands include M&S convenience food stores . In 2016 , M&S is due to open a much larger store in Amsterdam , with a direct underground link to a new metro station . Number of Marks & Spencer stores , as of 14 January 2016 . Africa Egypt : 4 Libya : 2 Morocco : 1 Oceania Australia : Online store only . New Zealand : Online store only . Asia India : 58 Hong Kong : 24 Philippines : 24 Saudi Arabia : 22 Thailand : 17 United Arab Emirates : 13 Indonesia : 11 China : 10 Singapore : 9 Malaysia : 8 Kazakhstan : 4 South Korea : 4 Kuwait : 3 Bahrain : 2 Jordan : 2 Macau : 2 Qatar : 2 Azerbaijan : 1 Georgia : 1 Oman : 1 Pakistan : 1 Europe United Kingdom : 852 Turkey : 48 Russia : 37 Greece : 27 Czech Republic : 20 Ireland : 17 France : 14 Cyprus : 13 Poland : 12 Ukraine : 10 Slovakia : 8 Finland : 6 Hungary : 6 Romania : 6 Croatia : 5 Spain : 5 Malta : 4 Bulgaria : 3 Armenia : 1 Estonia : 2 Netherlands : 2 Belgium : 1 Gibraltar : 1 Guernsey : 3 Jersey : 1 Latvia : 1 Lithuania : 1 Montenegro : 1 Slovenia : 1 Norway : 1 Store formats ( edit ) Core shops ( edit ) A typical example of an un-modernised ' core ' M&S store , located in Kirkcaldy , Fife . However , as of 2012 the store has now been fully refurbished with the so - called `` Light Touch '' re-fit . M&S core shops typically feature a selection of the company 's clothing ranges and an M&S food hall . The range of clothing sold and the space given to it depends on the location and customer demographic ( an example would be that some London shops do not stock the Classic Collection , but stock Limited Collection and a full Autograph range ) . Most core shops feature a Food hall . New store format ( edit ) A new store format designed by Urban Salon Architects was introduced in 2009 . M&S Foodhall ( edit ) An M&S Food Hall in the Sutton , London branch All the St Michael Food hall supermarkets were renamed M&S Food hall when Marks & Spencer dropped the St Michael brand in 2000 . Each M&S Foodhall sells groceries , which are all under the Marks & Spencer brand . However , in 2009 the company began selling a limited range of other brands , such as Coca - Cola and Stella Artois , without reducing the number of M&S goods they sold . This marked the first time in its 125 - year history that Marks & Spencer had sold any brands other than its own . M&S introduced self check - out tills in the food - halls of a small number of trial stores in 2002 . Self check - out was implemented in the general merchandise sections in three trial stores in 2006 . Hospitality ( edit ) Many large shops , such as Lisburn Sprucefield , Westfield , White City , Cribbs Causeway and Newcastle - upon - Tyne , also offer other hospitality outlets , such as a modern Deli Bar ( champagne , canapés , seafood ) , Restaurant ( table service -- the first of which was opened in Newcastle ) M&S Kitchen ( traditional home cooking & lunches ) or Hot Food To Go ( burgers , chips , soups ) . Many of these outlets are run in conjunction with Compass Group under franchise arrangements . Home stores ( edit ) In 2007 , M&S announced that new , dedicated shops for home furnishings were to be launched . Shops have now been opened in Cheltenham in Gloucestershire , Tunbridge Wells in Kent , Lisburn Sprucefield in Northern Ireland and in the Barton Square section of The Trafford Centre , Manchester . Outlet stores ( edit ) As of 2010 , M&S have 50 outlet stores and growth expansion plans for future . The Outlet division offers M&S products with the majority of them discounting at least 30 % from the original selling price . The first of these stores opened at Ashford in Kent in 2000 . Many of the Outlet shops are in locations such as retail parks and outlet centres , though some , including the shop in Woolwich , South London and Newton Abbot , Devon were previously main M&S shops which converted to the Outlet format . Meadow Bank Outlet Store in Edinburgh became the model for all the Marks and Spencer Outlet shop in the early months of 2010 . There are now also stores which combine a mainline M&S store and an Outlet store to create a store which offers both the main current full - price M&S ranges and the discounted Outlet ranges : one such store is at the Lewisham Shopping Centre , where the previously closed upper level of the M&S store was reopened in January 2009 as an Outlet format sub-store ; M&S Simply Food ( edit ) M&S Simply Food in Banstead , Surrey An M&S Food to Go store in Sutton station , Sutton , London M&S launched a convenience format , branded Simply Food in 2001 , with the first stores opening in Twickenham and Surbiton . The stores predominantly sell food but also carry a small selection of general merchandise . A number of these are run under franchise agreements : SSP Group runs the stores at mainline railway stations and airports . Moto has stores at 37 of its motorway service stations . BP has over 120 petrol stations with Simply Food offerings . Orders from M&S accounted for more than half of Uniq 's food product supplies to UK retailers in 2010 after several years service as a major M&S food product supplier . In 2011 it was noted that M&S were operating express pricing ; i.e. , charging more in their Simply Food branches than in regular branches . A spokesperson stated that `` prices are a little higher than at our high street stores but this reflects the fact that these stores are open longer and are highly convenient for customers on the move '' . The Simply Food brand has been phased out in all stand - alone larger stores since the rebrand in 2015 and the stores have now been branded as `` M&S Foodhall . '' Online Services ( edit ) Products could be ordered online since the mid-2000s , in response to Tesco launching their pioneering Tesco.com home shopping delivery service in the early 2000s . Both Tesco , M&S and others are expanding rapidly into this new niche market . The online flower service was accused of unfair trading and using Google to piggy - back advertise on online searches aimed at Interflora online in 2010 . The John Lewis shopping chain beat M&S to the title of the UK 's best high - street website by late 2010 . As of May 2013 , the Republic of Ireland now handles more than 50 % of online trade . Product line history ( edit ) Main article : List of Marks & Spencer brands Marks & Spencer Percy Pigs The company 's ranges include clothing for men , woman and children , as well as home products and food . Within these ranges , M&S use a number of own brands , such as those used within its womenswear division , including Indigo Collection Junior , Indigo Collection and Portfolio . Indigo Collection is aimed at women over 30s , while Portfolio is aimed at those aged over 45 . By 2010 , M&S had 10 sub-brands within womenswear and 6 sub-brands within menswear , following a reduction in brands . Marks & Spencer were selling clothes under the St Margaret and St Michael label by the mid-1950s and launched their school uniforms in the early 1950s , but would be scrapped in the early 2000s as part of the corporate modernisation plan . Within Marks & Spencer 's food ranges , it first pioneered boil - in - the - bag and sachet meals in 1972 . The company also sells main meals , lunches , sweets and other savoury items . It launched its `` Percy Pigs '' sweets in 1995 , and the billionth `` Percy Pig '' sweet was sold by October 2007 . M&S also has an extensive wine and beer range , which was first started in 1973 . In 2006 and 2007 , M&S entered over a hundred of its own wines into two wine competitions , The Decanter World Wine Awards and the International Wine Challenge . Both years , almost every wine won an award , ranging from the 2005 Secano Pinot Noir , Leyda Valley , Chile ( Best Pinot Noir in the world for under £ 10 ) to the Rosada Cava ( Commended ) . M&S 's relatively successful interior design ' Home ' brand was launched in 2005 and featured products like vases , furniture and beds . The children 's online only ' Living the Dream ' range of Lewis Hamilton and Heikki Kovalainen memorabilia and merchandise was launched in September 2009 . Merchandise also relating to fellow racing driver Jenson Button was added to the range during April 2010 . M&S launched its `` Plus Fit '' range for overweight children in selected stores in July 2010 . It has proven to be a popular line . Per Una ( edit ) Per Una 's logo , three hearts `` Per Una '' was launched on 28 September 2001 as a joint venture between M&S and Next founder George Davies with the contribution of Julie Strang . The Per Una brand has been a major success for the company , and in October 2004 , M&S bought the brand in a £ 125 million , two - year service contract with George Davies . Mr Davies was to stay on for at least two years to run the company , with 12 months notice required if he wished to leave . Old labels ( edit ) The `` St Michael '' brand was introduced by Simon Marks in 1928 in honour of his father and co-founder of Marks & Spencer , Michael Marks . By 1950 , virtually all goods were sold under the St Michael brand . M&S lingerie , women 's clothing and girls ' uniform were branded under the St Margaret brand , until the whole range of general merchandise became St Michael . The synthetic fibre Tricell was first used in 1957 and lasted until the 1970s . and another synthetic fibre called Courtelle was first launched , nationally , by Marks & Spencer during 1960 and also lasted well into the 1970s . Machine washable wool first appeared in 1972 and Lycra hosiery first came in during 1986 . M&S launched their own brands of domestic products , such as washing powder and aluminium foil in 1972 , under the brand name of ' House - care ' . The 1996 -- 1997 ' Orient Express Tagged ' brand was the first of numerous new brands , most of which were in feminine and children 's clothes . The ' Orient Express Tagged ' brand was part of the inspiration behind the ' Portfolio ' brand . The men 's Autograph brand was then launched in 2000 and continues to this day . In 2004 , Sir Stuart Rose axed a number of brands including the menswear brand `` SP Clothing '' , the `` View From '' sportswear range , the David Beckham children 's range `` DB07 '' and several food lines as he thought the company 's stock inventory management had become ' too complicated ' . A version of Per Una aimed at teenagers , `` Per Una Due '' , was also discontinued , despite having launched earlier in the year , due to poor sales . The company also began to sell branded goods like Kellogg 's Corn Flakes in November 2008 . Following a review by Marc Bolland in 2011 , M&S confirmed it would begin to reduce the number of branded items on sale , instead offering only those that it did not have an M&S alternative for . Marketing ( edit ) New logo ( edit ) The older logo , used from 2000 to 2007 During the height of the company 's troubles at the beginning of the 21st century , the St Michael brand used as the selling label for all M&S products was discontinued in favour of Marks & Spencer and a new logo in the Optima typeface was introduced and began to appear in place of St Michael on product packaging . The same logo was also applied to store fascias and carrier bags . The St Michael name was subsequently adopted as a ' quality guarantee ' and appeared as the St Michael Quality Promise on the back of food products , on the side of delivery vehicles and on in - store ordering receipts . This has since been phased out , although receipts for made - to - order furniture still feature this ' seal of approval ' on the bottom . Your M&S ( edit ) Your M&S promotional logo 2004 -- 2014 . When Steve Sharp joined as marketing director in 2004 , after being hired by new Chief Executive Sir Stuart Rose , he introduced a new promotional brand under the Your M&S banner , with a corresponding logo . High - profile media campaigns ( edit ) Logo 2007 - 2015 M&S has always run newspaper and / or Magazine ads since the early 1950s , but the introduction of some famous stars such as Twiggy and David Jason in various TV ads has helped raise the company 's profile . Twiggy first appeared in 1967 , returning later in 1995 and 2005 . Anne Grierson first featured in adverts during the late 1950s and most of the 1960s . In later years , Erin O'Connor , Myleene Klass , Tanja Nadjila , Peter Kay , David Beckham , Antonio Banderas , Claudia Schiffer , Helena Christensen , Tatjana Patitz , Lisa Snowdon , Dannii Minogue , VV Brown and Carmen Kass have also featured in a few ads , along with many others . John Sergeant , David Jason and Joanna Lumley have either appeared in or voiced over adverts since 2008 . The new look has been instrumental in the company 's recent resurgence , particularly with the success of a new clothing campaign featuring the celebrated model , Twiggy , and younger models associated with the bohemian styles of 2005 -- 6 , and the new TV ad campaign for its food range . These adverts have the tag - line `` This is not just food , this is M&S food '' and feature slow motion , close - up footage of various food products , described in a sultry voice - over by Dervla Kirwan , to an enticing instrumental song -- most notably Fleetwood Mac 's `` Albatross '' as well as Santana 's `` Samba Pa Ti '' , Olly Murs ' `` Busy '' , Groove Armada 's `` At the River '' or Spandau Ballet 's `` True '' . These adverts have been referred to by both fans and critics as being food porn , with a number of other companies copying the idea , such as Aldi and , most recently , Waitrose . The 2009 TV advertising campaign drew complaints , leading to national press coverage , regarding sexism . In 2010 , it was confirmed that Dannii Minogue would be one of the new faces of Marks & Spencer . She filmed her first commercial in South Africa , which featured Cheryl Lynn 's `` Got to Be Real '' , for their Spring campaign that aired on 24 March . Dannii travelled to Miami , Florida in January 2011 to shoot the commercial for M&S for the 2011 Spring collection , prior to her contractual termination . In August 2011 , M&S announced the new faces of their campaigns would be Rosie Huntington - Whiteley , Ryan Reynolds and David Gandy . Marks & Spencer dropped a series of planned television adverts in the July 2011 , featuring Twiggy , Dannii Minogue and VV Brown as it started its corporate image revamp . It confirmed that Twiggy , Lisa Snowden and Jamie Redknapp would return for future advertising . On 31 March 2014 , M&S launched the new iteration of its ' Leading Ladies ' marketing campaign featuring figures including Emma Thompson , Annie Lennox , Rita Ora and Baroness Lawrence . Controversies ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Marks & Spencer has been criticised by pro-Palestinian activists over what they claim is its past support for Zionism , and for fruit trading with Israel . A shop in Brighton was vandalised in 2004 with pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist graffiti . The company states , `` We deal with politicians and officials , in government and opposition . We do not support or align ourselves to political parties and make no political donations '' . Comprehensive spending review ( edit ) See also : 2010 Spending Review In October 2010 , chairman Sir Stuart Rose was a signatory to a controversial letter to The Daily Telegraph which claimed that `` The private sector should be more than capable of generating additional jobs to replace those lost in the public sector , and the redeployment of people to more productive activities will improve economic performance , so generating more employment opportunities '' , despite recent job cuts of 1,000 staff . This prompted calls for a boycott of Marks & Spencer and the companies represented by the other signatories to the letter . Contactless payment issues ( edit ) Some Marks & Spencer customers claim that the chain 's contactless payment terminals have taken money from cards other than the ones intended for payment . Contactless cards are supposed to be within about 4 cm of the front of the terminal to work . M&S investigated the incident and confirmed the new system had been extensively tested and was robust . It had recently rolled out the contactless payments system , provided by Visa Europe , to 644 UK stores . Muslim checkout - staff policy ( edit ) In December 2013 , Marks & Spencer announced that Muslim checkout staff in the UK could refuse to sell pork products or alcohol to customers at their till . The policy was announced after at least one news outlet reported that customers waiting with goods that included pork or alcohol were refused service , and were told by a Muslim checkout worker to wait until another till became available . The policy applied across all 703 UK M&S stores and prompted a strong backlash by customers . A company spokesman subsequently apologised and stated that they will attempt to reassign staff whose beliefs may impact their work to different departments , such as clothing . References ( edit ) London portal Companies portal Food portal ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Marks & Spencer . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M&S Key Facts '' . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M&S launches underwear boutiques '' ( Business ) . United Kingdom : BBC . BBC . 23 October 2000 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscott , Graham . `` Marks and Spencer to start selling top brands '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Robert ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` M&S online food delivery service will be no piece of cake '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marks & Spencer profits top expectations '' . 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Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Woolwich outlet from '' . MisterWhat. 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M&S Outlet on Lewisham Shopping Centre website '' . Lewishamcentre.co.uk . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Finch , Julia ( 8 November 2006 ) . `` Simply Food to triple in size with restaurant plan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Select Service Partner . Company Website Jump up ^ Perils of the motorway pit stops May , Maurice -- BBC News Online -- 10 November 2006 Jump up ^ `` M&S Simply Food at BP Connect '' . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Uniq : Brands will drive footfall at M&S , but not in the desserts fixture '' . Foodmanufacture.co.uk. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery shop : How much do you pay in M&S Simply Food ? '' . Confused.com . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marks & Spencer to open an M&S Foodhall in Bath '' . Bath Chronicle. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Robert ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` M&S online food delivery service will be no piece of cake '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interflora sues Marks & Spencer over Google ad links '' . BBC News . 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bold , Ben ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` John Lewis beats M&S as UK 's best high - street website '' . Marketing magazine . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Marks & Spencer '' . www.marksandspencer.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High on the hog : How Percy Pig came to dominate the sweetie market , and win the nation 's hearts '' . The Independent . London . 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wine : Food & Wine '' . Marks & Spencer . Retrieved 7 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decanter World Wine Awards 2007 '' . Decanter.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pit - stop press ! M&S launches ' Living the Dream ' boyswear collection '' . Lewis Hamilton.com. 17 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` News : Lewis , Heikki and M&S take over Westfields in London '' . Lewis Hamilton.com. 19 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Joe ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` M&S supports clothing range with Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button '' . Marketing magazine . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` M&S launches school - wear for obese kids , sells out '' . Thefamilygp.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M&S sales rise but Davies resigns '' . BBC News . 11 October 2005 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M&S completes Per Una purchase '' . BBC News . 5 October 2004 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Autograph '' . Marks & Spencer . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ David Birnbaum . `` Sir Stuart hands over golden baton : Apparel and textile news & analysis '' . Just-style.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hayes , David ( 7 February 2004 ) . `` M&S and teenage frills '' . Evening Standard . London . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marks and Spencer may cut sales of name brands '' . Food News . 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Sharp : Shy marketing whizz creating sparks at Marks '' . Martinson , Jane -- The Guardian , 23 June 2006 ^ Jump up to : Khan , Urmee ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` Supermodel Erin O'Connor told to have cosmetic surgery '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Watch Twiggy in Marks & Spencer 's 125th birthday ad '' . The Guardian . UK . 18 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Kollewe , Julia ( 4 July 2008 ) . `` Food porn for every hedonist in the world '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sexism complaints over Marks and Spencer 's Christmas ad '' . Belfast Telegraph . 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Rawi , Maysa ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` ' I 'm a very happy M&S girl ' : Dannii Minogue announced as new face of High Street chain '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` David Gandy and Ryan Reynolds Join Rosie Huntington - Whiteley for M&S '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 30 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Louisa ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` M&S drops ad featuring Twiggy , Minogue and VV Brown '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Emma Thompson , Annie Lennox and Rita Ora unveiled as Marks & Spencer ' Leading Ladies ' '' . Campaign Live . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boycott Israel Website '' . Boycott-israel.co.uk. 21 September 1941 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brighton Activists deface Marks and Spencer store Jump up ^ Working with Government Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Marks & Spencer Jump up ^ 18 October 2010 Comments ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Osborne 's cuts will strengthen Britain 's economy by allowing the private sector to generate more jobs '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ M&S cuts 1,000 jobs as fashion sales dive , Helen Power and Marcus Leroux , The Times , 6 January 2009 Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm boycotting the 35 businesses who support the cuts , Kate Belgrave '' . Liberalconspiracy.org. 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contactless ' charging errors ' at Marks and Spencer '' . BBC News . 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ; Delmar - Morgan , Alex ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` M&S says Muslim staff may refuse to serve customers pork and alcohol '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ( 21 December 2013 ) . `` Muslim staff at Marks & Spencer can refuse to sell alcohol and pork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` M&S faces furious backlash from customers over Muslim policy '' . Yahoo News . 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` M&S apology over Muslim alcohol refusal '' . BBC News . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Burns , Paul ( 2008 ) . Corporate Entrepreneurship : Building an Entrepreneurial Organization . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 023 - 054 - 263 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marks & Spencer . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did m and s start selling food | [
"All the St Michael Food hall supermarkets were renamed M&S Food hall when Marks & Spencer dropped the St Michael brand in 2000. Each M&S Foodhall sells groceries, which are all under the Marks & Spencer brand. However, in 2009 the company began selling a limited range of other brands, such as Coca-Cola and Stella Artois, without reducing the number of M&S goods they sold. This marked the first time in its 125-year history that Marks & Spencer had sold any brands other than its own.[95]"
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"2000"
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8499499491406740936 | Glycogen | Glycogen - wikipedia Glycogen Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) Schematic two - dimensional cross-sectional view of glycogen : A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of glucose units . The entire globular granule may contain around 30,000 glucose units . A view of the atomic structure of a single branched strand of glucose units in a glycogen molecule . Glycogen ( black granules ) in spermatozoa of a flatworm ; transmission electron microscopy , scale : 0.3 μm Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans , animals , fungi , and bacteria . The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body . Glycogen functions as one of two forms of long - term energy reserves , with the other form being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue ( i.e. , body fat ) . In humans , glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle . In the liver , glycogen can make up from 5 -- 6 % of the organ 's fresh weight and the liver of an adult weighing 70 kg can store roughly 100 -- 120 grams of glycogen . In skeletal muscle , glycogen is found in a low concentration ( 1 -- 2 % of the muscle mass ) and the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 kg can store roughly 400 grams of glycogen . The amount of glycogen stored in the body -- particularly within the muscles and liver -- mostly depends on physical training , basal metabolic rate , and eating habits . Small amounts of glycogen are also found in other tissues and cells , including the kidneys , red blood cells , white blood cells , and glial cells in the brain . The uterus also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo . Approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of humans at all times ; in fasted individuals , blood glucose is maintained constant at this level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle . Glycogen stores in skeletal muscle serve as a form of energy storage for the muscle itself ; however , the breakdown of muscle glycogen impedes muscle glucose uptake , thereby increasing the amount of blood glucose available for use in other tissues . Liver glycogen stores serve as a store of glucose for use throughout the body , particularly the central nervous system . The human brain consumes approximately 60 % of blood glucose in fasted , sedentary individuals . Glycogen is the analogue of starch , a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants . It has a structure similar to amylopectin ( a component of starch ) , but is more extensively branched and compact than starch . Both are white powders in their dry state . Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol / cytoplasm in many cell types , and plays an important role in the glucose cycle . Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose , but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides ( lipids ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Functions 2.1 Liver 2.2 Muscle 3 History 4 Metabolism 4.1 Synthesis 4.2 Breakdown 5 Clinical relevance 5.1 Disorders of glycogen metabolism 5.2 Glycogen depletion and endurance exercise 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) 1 , 4 - α - glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer 1 , 4 - α - glycosidic and 1 , 6 - glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8 -- 12 glucose units . Glucose units are linked together linearly by α ( 1 → 4 ) glycosidic bonds from one glucose to the next . Branches are linked to the chains from which they are branching off by α ( 1 → 6 ) glycosidic bonds between the first glucose of the new branch and a glucose on the stem chain . Due to the way glycogen is synthesised , every glycogen granule has at its core a glycogenin protein . Glycogen in muscle , liver , and fat cells is stored in a hydrated form , composed of three or four parts of water per part of glycogen associated with 0.45 millimoles ( 18 mg ) of potassium per gram of glycogen . Functions ( edit ) Liver ( edit ) As a meal containing carbohydrates or protein is eaten and digested , blood glucose levels rise , and the pancreas secretes insulin . Blood glucose from the portal vein enters liver cells ( hepatocytes ) . Insulin acts on the hepatocytes to stimulate the action of several enzymes , including glycogen synthase . Glucose molecules are added to the chains of glycogen as long as both insulin and glucose remain plentiful . In this postprandial or `` fed '' state , the liver takes in more glucose from the blood than it releases . After a meal has been digested and glucose levels begin to fall , insulin secretion is reduced , and glycogen synthesis stops . When it is needed for energy , glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose . Glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown . For the next 8 -- 12 hours , glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel . Glucagon , another hormone produced by the pancreas , in many respects serves as a countersignal to insulin . In response to insulin levels being below normal ( when blood levels of glucose begin to fall below the normal range ) , glucagon is secreted in increasing amounts and stimulates both glycogenolysis ( the breakdown of glycogen ) and gluconeogenesis ( the production of glucose from other sources ) . Muscle ( edit ) Muscle cell glycogen appears to function as an immediate reserve source of available glucose for muscle cells . Other cells that contain small amounts use it locally , as well . As muscle cells lack glucose - 6 - phosphatase , which is required to pass glucose into the blood , the glycogen they store is available solely for internal use and is not shared with other cells . This is in contrast to liver cells , which , on demand , readily do break down their stored glycogen into glucose and send it through the blood stream as fuel for other organs . History ( edit ) Glycogen was discovered by Claude Bernard . His experiments showed that the liver contained a substance that could give rise to reducing sugar by the action of a `` ferment '' in the liver . By 1857 , he described the isolation of a substance he called `` la matière glycogène '' , or `` sugar - forming substance '' . Soon after the discovery of glycogen in the liver , A. Sanson found that muscular tissue also contains glycogen . The empirical formula for glycogen of ( C ) was established by Kekule in 1858 . Metabolism ( edit ) Synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Glycogenesis Glycogen synthesis is , unlike its breakdown , endergonic -- it requires the input of energy . Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate ( UTP ) , which reacts with glucose - 1 - phosphate , forming UDP - glucose , in a reaction catalysed by UTP -- glucose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase . Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP - glucose initially by the protein glycogenin , which has two tyrosine anchors for the reducing end of glycogen , since glycogenin is a homodimer . After about eight glucose molecules have been added to a tyrosine residue , the enzyme glycogen synthase progressively lengthens the glycogen chain using UDP - glucose , adding α ( 1 → 4 ) - bonded glucose . The glycogen branching enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of six or seven glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C - 6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule . The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues , and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains . Breakdown ( edit ) Main article : Glycogenolysis Glycogen is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose - 1 - phosphate : In vivo , phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of glycogen breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose - 1 - phosphate is usually greater than 100 . Glucose - 1 - phosphate is then converted to glucose 6 - phosphate ( G6P ) by phosphoglucomutase . A special debranching enzyme is needed to remove the α ( 1 - 6 ) branches in branched glycogen and reshape the chain into a linear polymer . The G6P monomers produced have three possible fates : G6P can continue on the glycolysis pathway and be used as fuel . G6P can enter the pentose phosphate pathway via the enzyme glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase to produce NADPH and 5 - carbon sugars . In the liver and kidney , G6P can be dephosphorylated back to glucose by the enzyme glucose 6 - phosphatase . This is the final step in the gluconeogenesis pathway . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Disorders of glycogen metabolism ( edit ) The most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is diabetes , in which , because of abnormal amounts of insulin , liver glycogen can be abnormally accumulated or depleted . Restoration of normal glucose metabolism usually normalizes glycogen metabolism , as well . In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin , liver glycogen levels are high , but the high insulin levels prevent the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels . Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia . Various inborn errors of metabolism are caused by deficiencies of enzymes necessary for glycogen synthesis or breakdown . These are collectively referred to as glycogen storage diseases . Glycogen depletion and endurance exercise ( edit ) See also : Central nervous system fatigue Long - distance athletes , such as marathon runners , cross-country skiers , and cyclists , often experience glycogen depletion , where almost all of the athlete 's glycogen stores are depleted after long periods of exertion without sufficient carbohydrate consumption . This phenomenon is referred to as `` hitting the wall '' . Glycogen depletion can be forestalled in three possible ways . First , during exercise , carbohydrates with the highest possible rate of conversion to blood glucose ( high glycemic index ) are ingested continuously . The best possible outcome of this strategy replaces about 35 % of glucose consumed at heart rates above about 80 % of maximum . Second , through endurance training adaptations and specialized regimens ( e.g. fasting low - intensity endurance training ) , the body can condition type I muscle fibers to improve both fuel use efficiency and workload capacity to increase the percentage of fatty acids used as fuel , sparing carbohydrate use from all sources . Third , by consuming large quantities of carbohydrates after depleting glycogen stores as a result of exercise or diet , the body can increase storage capacity of intramuscular glycogen stores . This process is known as carbohydrate loading . In general , glycemic index of carbohydrate source does not matter since muscular insulin sensitivity is increased as a result of temporary glycogen depletion . When experiencing glycogen debt , athletes often experience extreme fatigue to the point that it is difficult to move . As a reference , the very best professional cyclists in the world will usually finish a 4 - to 5 - hr stage race right at the limit of glycogen depletion using the first three strategies . When athletes ingest both carbohydrate and caffeine following exhaustive exercise , their glycogen stores tend to be replenished more rapidly ; however , the minimum dose of caffeine at which there is a clinically significant effect on glycogen repletion has not been established . See also ( edit ) Chitin Peptidoglycan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William D. McArdle ; Frank I. Katch ; Victor L. Katch ( 2006 ) . Exercise physiology : energy , nutrition , and human performance ( 6 ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4990 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserman DH ( January 2009 ) . `` Four grams of glucose '' . American Journal of Physiology . Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296 ( 1 ) : E11 -- 21 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpendo. 90563.2008 . PMC 2636990 . PMID 18840763 . Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70 kg . This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types . In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose , a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant . Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated ... The brain consumes ∼ 60 % of the blood glucose used in the sedentary , fasted person ... The amount of glucose in the blood is preserved at the expense of glycogen reservoirs ( Fig. 2 ) . In postabsorptive humans , there are ∼ 100 g of glycogen in the liver and ∼ 400 g of glycogen in muscle . Carbohydrate oxidation by the working muscle can go up by ∼ 10-fold with exercise , and yet after 1 h , blood glucose is maintained at ∼ 4 g . Jump up ^ Sadava ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Life ( 9th , International ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 9781429254311 . ^ Jump up to : Kreitzman SN , Coxon AY , Szaz KF ( 1992 ) . `` Glycogen storage : illusions of easy weight loss , excessive weight regain , and distortions in estimates of body composition '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 1 Suppl ) : 292s -- 93s . PMID 1615908 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ; John Edward Hall ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . New York , New York : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 5 - 98657 - 013 - 6 . Jump up ^ Moses SW , Bashan N , Gutman A ( December 1972 ) . `` Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell '' . Blood . 40 ( 6 ) : 836 -- 43 . PMID 5083874 . Jump up ^ Ingermann RL , Virgin GL ( 1987 ) . `` Glycogen content and release of glucose from red blood cells of the sipunculan worm themiste dyscrita '' ( PDF ) . J Exp Biol. 129 : 141 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Miwa I , Suzuki S ( November 2002 ) . `` An improved quantitative assay of glycogen in erythrocytes '' . Annals of Clinical Biochemistry . 39 ( Pt 6 ) : 612 -- 13 . doi : 10.1258 / 000456302760413432 . PMID 12564847 . Jump up ^ Oe Y , Baba O , Ashida H , Nakamura KC , Hirase H ( June 2016 ) . `` Glycogen distribution in the microwave - fixed mouse brain reveals heterogeneous astrocytic patterns '' . Glia. 64 ( 9 ) : 1532 -- 45 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 23020 . PMC 5094520 . PMID 27353480 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Manners , D.J. Carbohydr . Polym. 1991 , 16 , 37 . Jump up ^ Berg , Tymoczko & Stryer ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th , International ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 338 . ISBN 1429203145 . Jump up ^ Berg ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th , International ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 650 . Jump up ^ `` Glycogen Biosynthesis ; Glycogen Breakdown '' . oregonstate.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ F.G. Young ( 1957 ) . `` Claude Bernard and the Discovery of Glycogen '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5033 ( Jun. 22 , 1957 ) ) : 1431 -- 37 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5033. 1431 . JSTOR 25382898 . Jump up ^ Stryer , L. ( 1988 ) Biochemistry , 3rd ed. , Freeman ( p. 451 ) Jump up ^ http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/training/methods-of-endurance-training-part-1.html Jump up ^ http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/qa-steady-state-vs-tempo-training-and-fat-loss.html Jump up ^ McDonald , Lyle . `` Research Review : An In - Depth Look Into Carbing Up On The Cyclical Ketogenic Diet '' . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Lyle . The Ketogenic Diet : A Complete Guide for the Dieter and the Practitioner . Lyle McDonald , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Costill DL et . al. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise on successive days . J Appl Physiol ( 1971 ) 31 : 834 -- 38 . '' Jump up ^ Glycogen depletion and increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in muscle after exerciseAm J Physiol Endocrinol MetabDecember 1 , 1986 251 : ( 6 ) E664 -- 69 Jump up ^ McDonald , Lyle . The Ultimate Diet 2.0 . Lyle McDonald , 2003 Jump up ^ Pedersen DJ , Lessard SJ , Coffey VG , et al. ( July 2008 ) . `` High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine '' . Journal of Applied Physiology ( Original article ) . 105 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 13 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01121.2007 . PMID 18467543 . Jump up ^ Gaudet , Laura ; Jackson , Allen ; Streitz , Carmyn ; McIntire , Kyle ; McDaniel , Larry . `` The Effects Of Caffeine On Athletic Performance '' . Clute Institute . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beelen M , Burke LM , Gibala MJ , van Loon L JC ( December 2010 ) . `` Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery '' . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 20 ( 6 ) : 515 -- 32 . doi : 10.1123 / ijsnem. 20.6. 515 . PMID 21116024 . External links ( edit ) Glycogen storage disease -- McArdle 's Disease Website Glycogen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Isomaltulose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum GND : 4157732 - 2 NDL : 00562647 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycogen&oldid=837440433 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Glycobiology Hepatology Nutrition Polysaccharides Biology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional medical references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 20 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is most glycogen in the body stored | [
"Glycogen functions as one of two forms of long-term energy reserves, with the other form being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue (i.e., body fat). In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle.[2][4] In the liver, glycogen can make up from 5–6% of the organ's fresh weight and the liver of an adult weighing 70 kg can store roughly 100–120 grams of glycogen.[2][5] In skeletal muscle, glycogen is found in a low concentration (1–2% of the muscle mass) and the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 kg can store roughly 400 grams of glycogen.[2] The amount of glycogen stored in the body—particularly within the muscles and liver—mostly depends on physical training, basal metabolic rate, and eating habits. Small amounts of glycogen are also found in other tissues and cells, including the kidneys, red blood cells,[6][7][8] white blood cells,[medical citation needed] and glial cells in the brain.[9] The uterus also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo.[10]"
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"in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle"
] |
-5396305391920656470 | The X-Files (season 10) | The X-Files ( season 10 ) - wikipedia The X-Files ( season 10 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2016 television season . For the 2013 comic line , see The X-Files Season 10 ( comics ) . The X-Files ( season 10 ) DVD and Blu - ray cover Starring David Duchovny Gillian Anderson Mitch Pileggi Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network Fox Original release January 24 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) -- February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 Next → Season 11 List of The X-Files episodes The tenth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files commenced airing in the United States on January 24 , 2016 , on Fox . The season consists of six episodes and concluded airing on February 22 , 2016 . When Fox initially announced the string of episodes , the network referred to them collectively as an `` event series '' . After the episodes ' release , Fox began referring to the string of episodes on their website as `` season 10 '' , as did streaming sites like Amazon.com and Hulu , and myriad critics . The season , which takes place fourteen years after the ninth season ( 2001 -- 02 ) and seven years after the film The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) , follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) as they learn more about the existence of extraterrestrials and their relationship with the government . Ever since The X-Files : I Want to Believe debuted in theaters , there was talk of a third X-Files movie to wrap - up the series ' remaining storylines . However , for years these talks never resulted in action until on March 24 , 2015 , Fox announced that the series would return as a short - format event series with six episodes . After the season aired , it received largely mixed reviews from critics . The second , third , and fourth episodes were met with mostly positive comments , with `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' receiving overwhelmingly positive comments . Conversely , the first , fifth , and sixth episodes were largely derided by critics . The mythology episodes , in particular , were poorly received . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Background 5 Broadcast 6 Production 6.1 Casting 6.2 Writing 6.3 Filming 7 Reception 7.1 Reviews 7.2 Ratings 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Future 9 Home media release 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Fourteen years after the closure of the X-Files , Mulder is contacted by Scully at the behest of FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner , who wants him to meet a right - wing online webcaster named Tad O'Malley . Mulder and Scully reunite in Washington , D.C. , where they are picked up by O'Malley in his limousine . They meet a young woman named Sveta , who claims to have fragmented memories of having her fetuses stolen from her during alien abductions and to possess alien DNA . O'Malley takes Mulder to a secret location where a triangular aircraft built from alien technology is being housed . Mulder now believes that Colonization and the alien invasion were all an elaborate hoax to distract . Instead , Mulder thinks it was a `` conspiracy of men '' who have used extraterrestrial technology on human parties for decades , and these events were subsequently made to look like alien abductions . Before O'Malley can go public with his claims , his website is shut down , the `` ARV '' craft and its scientists are destroyed by heavily armed men dressed in military uniforms , and a UFO intercepts Sveta while she is driving , destroying her car . Scully reveals that Sveta 's re-tested DNA sample confirms that she does in fact possess extraterrestrial DNA ; a test Scully has performed on herself has revealed that she does as well . Mulder states that Sveta is the key to exposing the conspiracy and those responsible . They then receive an urgent summons from Skinner requesting them to meet him . The Cigarette Smoking Man , now alive in the present day , receives word via telephone that the X-Files have been re-opened . Six weeks after the events of `` My Struggle '' , Scully arrives at FBI headquarters to find that Mulder has disappeared after watching an excerpt from Tad O'Malley's online news broadcast . As Scully informs Skinner and Einstein of Mulder 's absence , Mulder attempts to leave Washington -- visibly unwell and badly bruised . O'Malley explains to Scully that he suspects that alien DNA has been injected into every American citizen in order to facilitate the widespread outbreak of the Spartan Virus . Designed to strip humans of their immune systems , this contagion quickly manifests itself nationwide , with Scully and Einstein noting a sharp increase in the number of patients admitted to hospitals and triage centers . Miller finds a phone - tracking app on Mulder 's computer , notes his position in Spartanburg , South Carolina . Scully receives a phone - call from former X-Files agent Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , to meet with her . Reyes reveals that Cigarette Smoking Man offered to secure both Scully and Reyes a place among the designated survivors of the end - times . Scully and Einstein attempt to develop a vaccine using Scully 's DNA . Scully realizes that she is being protected from the contagion by a combination of the alien genomes that remained after she was abducted and experimented on , and the DNA anomalies instilled within her at the request of Reyes . Mulder approaches Cigarette Smoking Man , who offers him a chance to survive the outbreak . Mulder declines , and is found by Miller , who returns him to Washington with the hope of finding a cure . Scully travels to Mulder and Miller 's location , finding them at the 14th Street Bridge . Miller asks how Mulder will survive , Scully replies that William , their son , will have to be the donor of a stem cell transplant . Mulder begins to succumb to the virus . Suddenly , a beam of light shines down onto Miller , Scully , and Mulder , and a triangle - shaped UFO slowly descends and hovers above them . The episode ends with Scully looking at the lights of the spacecraft , shining down directly onto her and her partners . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) David Duchovny as Fox Mulder , an FBI special agent assigned to the newly reopened X-Files division . He remains a believer in the paranormal and the existence of extraterrestrial life , though , throughout the season , his faith begins to waver . Gillian Anderson as Dana Scully , a medical doctor and FBI special agent assigned to the X-Files . Although an initial skeptic , after Mulder 's abduction , she became more open - minded about the possibility of extraterrestrial life . Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner , an assistant director at the FBI and an ally of Mulder and Scully 's . a ^ Only credited for the episodes he appears in . Recurring cast ( edit ) William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man , a former government official , and nemesis of Mulder and Scully , who worked to cover up the truth of the existence of aliens and their plan to colonize the Earth . Joel McHale as Tad O'Malley , an Internet news anchor who is an ally of Mulder 's . Lauren Ambrose as Agent Liz Einstein , a medical doctor , Miller 's partner , and a hard - skeptic . Robbie Amell as Agent Kyd Miller , an open - minded FBI agent who believes in the paranormal , and is Einstein 's partner . Aliza Vellani as Sandeep , a nurse at the Our Lady of Sorrows Hospital . She acts as an assistant to Dana Scully . Guest cast ( edit ) Annabeth Gish as Monica Reyes , an FBI special agent and ally to Mulder and Scully who was formerly assigned to the X-Files division . Bruce Harwood as John Fitzgerald Byers , a member of The Lone Gunmen . Tom Braidwood as Melvin Frohike , a member of The Lone Gunmen . Dean Haglund as Richard Langly , a member of The Lone Gunmen . Sheila Larken as Margaret Scully , Scully 's mother . Annet Mahendru as Sveta , a victim of multiple alien abductions . Rhys Darby as Guy Mann , a shape - shifter . Kumail Nanjiani as Pasha , an animal control officer . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The X-Files episodes Episodes marked with a double dagger ( ) are episodes in the series ' alien mythology arc . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 203 `` My Struggle '' Chris Carter Chris Carter January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 1AYW01 16.19 204 `` Founder 's Mutation '' James Wong James Wong January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 1AYW05 9.67 205 `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' Darin Morgan Darin Morgan February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 1AYW03 8.37 206 `` Home Again '' Glen Morgan Glen Morgan February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 1AYW02 8.31 207 5 `` Babylon '' Chris Carter Chris Carter February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 1AYW04 7.07 208 6 `` My Struggle II '' Chris Carter Story by : Dr. Anne Simon & Dr. Margaret Fearon & Chris Carter Teleplay by : Chris Carter February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 1AYW06 7.60 Background ( edit ) The X-Files aired from 1993 to 2002 on Fox and followed the efforts of federal agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) as they investigated crimes linked to the paranormal . Following the series ' seventh season , however , Duchovny scaled back his involvement substantially , appearing in only half of the eighth season 's episodes , and only starring in two of season nine 's . Likewise , during the ninth season , both Anderson and Carter had signed on at the last minute , with their contract extensions only lasting until the end of 2002 , and Anderson specifically stated that she would leave the show following the conclusion of the season . During these final two seasons , FBI agents John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) and Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) became the series ' new leads . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz speculated that the show could extend into a tenth and possibly eleventh season , if the show was able to attract an audience . However , the show lost viewers and was eventually cancelled by Fox . In 2008 , both Duchovny and Anderson reprised their roles as Mulder and Scully in the film The X-Files : I Want to Believe . In several interviews around the release , series creator Chris Carter said that if The X-Files : I Want to Believe proved successful at the box office , a third installment would be made going back to the TV series ' mythology , focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the series finale , due to occur on December 22 , 2012 . In an October 2009 interview , Duchovny said he would want to do a 2012 X-Files film , but did not know if he would get the chance . Anderson stated in August 2012 that a third X-Files film was `` looking pretty good '' . At the New York Comic Con held October 10 -- 13 , 2013 , Duchovny and Anderson reaffirmed that they and Carter are interested in making a third film , with Anderson saying `` If it takes fan encouragement to get Fox interested in that , then I guess that 's what it would be . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman revealed that there was network interest in reviving The X-Files , not as a film franchise , but as a six - episode limited run . Broadcast ( edit ) The season had a two - night premiere on Fox , debuting on Sunday , January 24 , 2016 , with the following episode airing on Monday at 8 : 00 pm , the timeslot in which the remaining episodes also aired . The premiere episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2015 . Internationally , the season premiered in Canada on CTV on January 24 , 2016 , simultaneous with the American broadcast . It premiered in Ireland on RTÉ2 on January 26 , 2016 , two days after its U.S. premiere . It premiered in Australia on Network Ten on January 31 , 2016 . It premiered in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 on February 8 , 2016 , where it became the highest - rated drama in the channel 's history . Fox International Channels , where available , premiered the series the day after the American premiere . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) The revival features Gillian Anderson ( left ) and David Duchovny ( right , pictured in 2013 ) reprising their roles as Dana Scully and Fox Mulder , respectively . Once Newman revealed thoughts of bringing back the series , he noted that the revival would include `` all key players '' : Carter , Duchovny , and Anderson . Fox TV Group chairman Dana Walden later noted that finding the ideal time that the three key members of the series were free would pose a challenge . At the time of the announcement , Duchovny was working on the NBC series Aquarius , and Anderson was involved in the BBC drama The Fall . However , both co-stars expressed their desire to return to the series : prior to Newman 's announcement , Anderson said that she would be `` fucking overjoyed '' if Fox brought back The X-Files , and Duchovny said that he would be `` more than happy '' to reprise his role as Mulder . In a later interview with GQ magazine , Anderson revealed that , when asked about returning for a television continuation of the program , she was hesitant , since she assumed the network would want to order over twenty new episodes ( the length of a season when the show had originally aired ) . When it was revealed that the network would only order a short run , she enthusiastically agreed to reprise her role . Initially , Anderson was offered half the pay of Duchovny , but she negotiated her contract so that both leads received the same amount . Early on , it was reported that an offer went out for Mitch Pileggi , who played Walter Skinner , to reprise his role , and that `` other key cast members will also return . '' William B. Davis , the actor who portrayed Cigarette Smoking Man , also noted that he was asked about his availability during the summer of 2015 , hinting that his character would return in some form . Later , Duchovny revealed during his March 31 , 2015 appearance on Late Show with David Letterman that both Pileggi and Davis would return for the season . Pileggi confirmed his return in April 2015 . In an interview with XFilesNews.com , Carter expressed hope in having Robert Patrick and Annabeth Gish reprise their roles as John Doggett and Monica Reyes , respectively , although their involvement would be contingent upon their current acting commitments . Patrick ruled out a return , but it was confirmed in August 2015 that Gish was returning for at least one episode . Laurie Holden did not rule out a return as Marita Covarrubias , but did not appear in any of the episodes . Joel McHale was announced as a guest star in June 2015 , playing Tad O'Malley , an Internet news anchor who is an ally of Mulder 's . Carter chose to cast McHale after his roast of Barack Obama at the 2014 White House Correspondents ' Dinner . Writing ( edit ) We 're going to tell X-Files the way that we 've always told them ; we will of course set them in the time and place that they exist . We 're telling contemporary stories about contemporary situations , true to Mulder and Scully 's characters and their relationship and the passage of time . `` '' -- Chris Carter , on the nature of The X-Files revival . Carter himself was also confirmed to be helming the project , serving as writer and executive producer . Carter later confirmed that Darin Morgan and James Wong would return to the series as writers , and Glen Morgan would return in a `` productorial position . '' Wong and Glen Morgan had served as writers for the series during its first , second , and fourth seasons , and Darin Morgan had provided several scripts for the series during its second and third seasons . Following the announcement of the season , it was speculated as to whether long - time Carter collaborator Frank Spotnitz would return to assist with the writing , although this did not come to pass . In addition , former X-Files writer Vince Gilligan noted that he would have enjoyed returning to the series , but his busy work schedule did not allow it ; he later said , `` I 'll be watching every episode and rooting them on '' . Mark Snow also reprised his role as the series ' composer . `` There are some new musical elements I 've brought in for certain moments in the episodes , '' said Snow . `` It 's difficult to describe what is so completely different about them , except that there are some different sounds , different pulsing percussion elements , and different ambient designs , but the basic harmonic structure from the past is fairly intact . '' Prior to filming , Carter explained that he had `` ideas for every ( character ) '' and that the season would strive to tell fresh stories in a `` very new political environment '' . He explained that , since the original conclusion of the series back in 2002 , he had been collecting noteworthy news stories for future use . Carter also revealed that the seasons ' plot has no connection to the Season 10 comic book series , and is composed of both mythology episodes , as well as stand - alone `` Monster - of - the - Week '' episodes . It was later confirmed by Carter that the first and sixth episodes would be mythology episodes , and others would be standalones . Carter himself wrote the teleplays and directed the first , fifth , and sixth episodes . The second , `` Founder 's Mutation '' , was written and directed by James Wong ; the third , `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' , was written and directed by Darin Morgan ; and the fourth episode , titled `` Home Again '' , was written and directed by Glen Morgan . Scientist and biology professor Anne Simon , who first consulted on the series ' first - season finale episode `` The Erlenmeyer Flask '' , and for the rest of the original series run , returned as a biology science advisor . She later received writing credit for her contributions to the finale . A seventh episode , based on a spec script , was written ; however , it was not produced due to scheduling conflicts . According to Carter , if Fox orders more episodes , this unfilmed episode will be made . Filming ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was claimed by several sources that the network would order a short - run season of fewer than ten episodes , with an initial guess of six . The decision to cut the order down to only a few installments was reportedly done so that the network could work around the busy schedules of Duchovny and Anderson ; Duchovny himself said he had no interest in doing a full season because : `` We 're all old , we do n't have the energy for a full season . '' The article also claimed that , if all went as planned , the season would begin filming in the summer of 2015 . It was also confirmed by both Davis and Carter that the series would return to Vancouver for filming . Filming began on June 8 and finished on September 3 . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Critical reception to this season has been mixed . The first and last episodes were met with lukewarm to negative reviews from critics , whereas episodes two through five were generally well received . Overall , the review aggregator Metacritic gave it a score of 60 out of 100 based on 35 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Likewise , Rotten Tomatoes gave the revival a 64 % approval rating with an average score of 6.57 out of 10 based on 50 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny 's chemistry remains intact , but overall , The X-Files revival lacks the creative spark necessary to sustain the initial rush of nostalgia . '' `` My Struggle '' debuted to a select crowd at the 2015 New York Comic - Con , and critical reception was mostly positive . Sadie Gennis of TV Guide wrote , `` The episode immediately establishes that this is not a reboot nor a mere cash grab , but a thoughtful continuation of the beloved franchise . '' Chris Eggerstein of HitFix wrote that the tone of the revival was very reminiscent of the show 's original run , and that `` if you were a fan of the old X-Files , you 're probably going to like the new X-Files just fine . '' Jane Mulkerrins of The Telegraph called the debut `` fresh '' and `` one of the highlights '' of the convention . Furthermore , she noted that the premiere was popular with fans , who greeted the episode with a standing ovation . However , pre-release reviews of `` My Struggle '' released after the New York Comic - Con were more critical , with the consensus of many reviewers being that the first episode was not good . Reviewing the premiere episode , Brian Lowry of Variety panned the revival of the series , `` It 's simply hard to escape the prevailing malaise of this being a deal - driven exercise , a chance to cash in on the name recognition of the title in a format that mitigated the time commitment for all concerned . '' Similarly , Tim Goodman , writing for The Hollywood Reporter , described the premiere as `` a very underwhelming hour that will force even diehard fans ( ... ) to consider whether pushing onward is really worth the time . Matt Fowler of IGN awarded it a 7.2 out of 10 , denoting a `` good '' episode . Fowler wrote positively of Sveta 's performance , and he also applauded the focus on the conspiracy as well as the episode 's ending . However , he criticized it for having a `` bored , disinterested tone '' . Alex McCown of The A.V. Club reviewed the first three episodes of the revival and awarded them collectively a `` B + '' . He largely derided the first episode , writing that `` it indulges in all of ( Chris Carter 's ) worst ( writing ) tendencies . '' He was particularly critical of the episodes 's expository monologues . Ultimately , he wrote that `` the first episode demonstrates some of The X-Files ' weaker tendencies , though it possesses a hokey charm , one that comes from pretending as though the past 15 years of television never happened . '' Pre-release reviews of the following two episodes were much more positive . McCown argued that it `` immediately course corrects '' with Wong 's `` Founder 's Mutation '' ; he called the episode `` smart '' and `` unsettling '' . McCown lauded Morgan 's `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' , writing that the episode ultimately `` makes the case for why The X-Files is still worth having around . '' Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com wrote that `` Founder 's Mutation '' `` perfectly blends show mythology ( including Mulder and Scully 's kid ) with a modern plot '' and that `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' is `` hysterical , smart and so much fun . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly reiterated these thoughts , arguing that `` Founder 's Mutation '' is `` an improvement over the premiere '' , and that Darin Morgan 's episode is `` a wild , playful , brain - twisting , heart - pulling , and above all adventurous episode of television . '' The X-Files ( season 10 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 10 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) Before the season even began filming , an anonymous network insider revealed that Fox was interested in reviving the series because it would be a ratings success , noting : `` The network feels that they can draw huge numbers and a PR drive to bring back a show which offers both drama and a built - in cult following . '' It was speculated that the success of the 24 : Live Another Day event series , which aired in 2014 , inspired Fox to revive The X-Files . `` My Struggle '' debuted on January 24 , 2016 , and was watched by 16.19 million viewers . It scored a 6.1 Nielsen rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic ( Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States ) , which means that 6.1 percent of all individuals aged 18 - to 49 - years old were watching at the time of the episode 's airing . In terms of viewers , this made `` My Struggle '' the highest - rated premiere since the seventh season opener `` The Sixth Extinction '' in 1999 , which was viewed by 17.82 million people , as well as the most - watched episode of The X-Files to air since the eighth season episode `` This Is Not Happening '' in 2001 , which was watched by 16.9 million viewers . When DVR and streaming are taken into account , `` My Struggle '' was seen by 21.4 million viewers , scoring a 7.1 Nielsen rating . The second episode , `` Founder 's Mutation '' , was viewed by 9.67 million . The success of the first two episodes fueled speculation that Fox might order more episodes . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` My Struggle '' January 24 , 2016 6.1 / 19 16.19 2.2 5.28 8.3 21.47 `` Founder 's Mutation '' January 25 , 2016 3.2 / 10 9.67 1.9 4.71 5.1 14.38 `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' February 1 , 2016 2.7 / 8 8.37 1.8 4.56 4.5 12.93 `` Home Again '' February 8 , 2016 2.5 / 8 8.31 1.6 3.66 4.1 11.97 5 `` Babylon '' February 15 , 2016 2.1 / 7 7.07 1.6 3.47 3.8 10.9 6 `` My Struggle II '' February 22 , 2016 2.4 / 7 7.60 1.3 3.47 3.7 11.07 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Ceremony Category Nominee ( s ) Result 42nd Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The X-Files Nominated Best Actor on Television David Duchovny Nominated Best Actress on Television Gillian Anderson Nominated Future ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Duchovny stated that if the season were successful , he would be interested in another renewal , stating , `` I would be open to doing another cycle . I do n't know that I could do a 20 - episode version of this show at this point in my life , and I do n't know that Gillian could . But I think everybody is open ended on what happens after this . Certainly , we did n't bring it back with the idea of ending it . '' At the 2016 Television Critics Association panel for the series , Carter stated , `` If we do well in the ratings , I ca n't imagine we would n't be asked to do more . '' Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman stated that he and fellow executive Dana Walden would be open to another renewal , stating , `` We would love to do this again , so we 'd be on board if schedules can be worked out . '' In an interview with Variety prior to the premiere , Anderson , Duchovny , and Walden stated their willingness for another renewal . In an interview with TV Guide , Carter reaffirmed plans for more episodes , but stressed that everyone involved is waiting on the success of the season . On April 20 , 2017 , Fox officially announced that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes , which would air in the 2017 -- 18 television season after filming in mid-2017 . Home Media release ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on June 14 , 2016 . Special features include deleted and extended scenes ; a gag reel ; several featurettes -- `` The Makings of a Struggle '' , `` Season X : An In - Depth Behind - the - Scenes Look at The Event Series '' , `` Monsters of the Week : A Recap from the Wildest and Scariest from the Original Series '' , `` The X-Files -- Green Production PSA '' and `` Short Film -- Grace by Karen Nielsen '' ; and three audio commentaries -- `` Founder 's Mutation '' with Chris Carter and James Wong , `` Mulder & Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' with David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Kumail Nanjiani and Darin Morgan and `` My Struggle II '' with Chris Carter and Gabe Rotter . 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Associated Press . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Wants to Believe ' The X-Files ' Could Return Once More '' . Zap2it . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Fall Schedule : Scream Queens Takes Tuesday Crown , Sleepy Rises on Thursday , X-Files Held ' Til January '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files Revival Premiere to Screen at NY Comic - Con in October '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Fox 's ' The X-Files ' Revival Acquired by CTV for Canada '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dramas to Watch on Irish TV in 2016 '' . RTÉ Ten . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files Premiere Date Announced '' . Tenplay . January 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files Becomes Channel 5 's Highest Rating Drama Ever in Final Figures '' . Digital Spy . February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files Getting a Day & Date Release Across FOX International Channels Markets '' . Fox International . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fox International Releasing ' The X-Files ' Day - And - Date In 60 + Countries '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferies , Mark ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` The X Files is Coming Back as Mulder and Scully Ask Again if the Truth is Out There '' . Mirror.co.uk . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Confirms ' X-Files ' Reboot Talks , David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson To Return -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Is ' The X-Files ' Coming Back ? The Truth is Out There '' . CNN . Time Warner . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New ' The X-Files ' TV Series with David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson in the Works '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClurg , Jocelyn ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` David Duchovny is Onboard for ' X-Files ' Reboot '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larson , Lauren ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Gillian Anderson Answers All Your Questions about the New X-Files Revival '' . GQ . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` When ' The X-Files ' Became A-List : An Oral History of Fox 's Out - There Success Story '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Munn , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Revival Nears Greenlight At Fox ; Network Eyes Short Order , Gillian Anderson & David Duchovny To Return '' . tvwise.co.uk . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grainger , Peter ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` New ' X-Files ' Episodes to Shoot in Vancouver , Smoking Man Confirms '' . CTV Vancouver . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` X-Files Revival Plans Return of Walter Skinner , Cigarette Smoking Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Mitch Pileggi to Reprise Role as Walter Skinner in X-Files Revival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Quijada , Avi ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` XFN Exclusive : Chris Carter on # XFilesRevival '' . XFilesNews . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberely ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files : Annabeth Gish to Reprise Reyes in Fox 's Revival '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longo , Chris ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files Revival News : Robert Patrick Says No Agent Doggett '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingam , Russ ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Laurie Holden Does n't Rule Out Possible X-Files Return '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` X-Files Revival Casts Joel McHale as Mulder 's Dubious Ally '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heil , Emily ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Excited About Joel McHale 's Role in the X-Files Reboot ? Thank the White House Correspondents ' Dinner '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The X-Files : The Complete First Season ( booklet ) . Robert Mandel , et al. Fox Broadcasting Corporation . ^ Jump up to : The X-Files : The Complete Second Season ( booklet ) . David Nutter , et al. Fox Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ The X-Files : The Complete Fourth Season ( booklet ) . R.W. Goodwin , et al. Fox Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ The X-Files : The Complete Third Season ( booklet ) . R.W. Goodwin , et al. Fox Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gilligan Would ' Love ' To Be Involved With X-Files Revival '' . Den of Geek . February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mangla , Ismat ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Revival Update : Filming Starts June 8 , Celebrated Writers To Return '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larson , Randall D. ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Interview with Mark Snow : Scoring the X-Files Mini-Series '' . Musique Fantastique . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Do We Know From a Callsheet ? '' . XFilesNews . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anne Simon ( @ Annealiz1 ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tagging along with Chris Carter tomorrow on location with # XFiles episode 4 , written / directed by Chris . Hoping for good pics and live tweets '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Anne Simon ( @ Annealiz1 ) ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Chris has confirmed . Will get story credit on # XFiles episode 6 with BFF Margaret Fearon who gave medical advice and is real live Scully '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` X-Files Revival on Fox : Are We Getting a Sequel to the Season 4 Classic ' Home ' ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on CSI Finale , Arrow , Supernatural , X-Files , Hannibal , Secrets & Lies and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ X-Files News ( @ XFilesNews ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Episode No. 5 of # XFilesRevival is going to be written and directed by # JamesWong @ thexfiles # thexfiles '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Forzato , Jamie ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` U.Md . Professor Provides the Science Behind ' The X-Files ' '' . WTOP / Washington 's Top News . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Anne Simon , a plant virologist at the University of Maryland , has been the science adviser for `` The X-Files '' almost since the beginning . She 's excited about the revival , which she 's also worked on . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` X-Files Revival : An Extra Hour Is Out There -- Scoop on Ill - Fated Episode 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longo , Chris ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files Reboot News : Season Order Details , Returning Cast , and More '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : X-Files Revival Deal Close ; Could Shoot This Summer '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Production Weekly ( @ prodweek ) ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Updated production schedule for @ thexfilesfox is now ... June 8 - August 22 # XFiles '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ferreras , Jesse ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' X-Files ' Filming Begins In Vancouver '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillian Anderson ( @ GillianA ) ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` That 's a wrap on # XFiles Season 10 ! See you on January 24th ! @ davidduchovny @ RobbieAmell @ thexfiles '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files : Season 10 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 10 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files Premiere Will Make You a Believer '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggerstein , Chris ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` First ' X-Files ' Episode Reaction : Modern - Day Paranoia Wrapped in Comforting Nostalgia '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mulkerrins , Jane ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files , First Look Review : A Fresh Take on this Classic Really is Out There '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Dan ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` What Do Critics Have To Say About The New ' X-Files ' Season ? '' . Digg . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The X-Files ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files : `` My Struggle '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCown , Alex ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the New X-Files , Same as the Old X-Files '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Return of The X-Files Stumbles But Quickly Recovers '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files EW Review : Never Better , Never Worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 10 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shapiro ( 2000 ) , p. 281 Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ; Seitz , Matt Zoller ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` Blame it on Cable '' . The Star - Ledger . Advance Publications . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` X-Files Return Ratings Grow to Top its own Series Finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalos , Regina ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files : Fox Wants to Order a New Season Now , Chris Carter Ready '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 Ratings : ' X-Files ' Premiere Dominates Week 18 , ' Limitless ' Doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 Ratings : ' Lucifer ' Premiere Shows Solid Growth in Week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Gains the Most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' Double '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 Ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' 5 Other Shows Double in a DVR - Heavy Week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files : David Duchovny Says the New Script Made Him Cry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` X-Files Creator Admits Second Movie Was a Misstep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Creator Says Revival Is a Chance to ' Prove That the Show Has More Life ' In It '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' : How Fox Revived Mulder and Scully 's Search for the Truth '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files ' Chris Carter Is Already Preparing for More Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Coming Back Again For New Event Series Next Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files - Fox Press Release Sets a Date for ' The Event Series , ' New ' Complete Series ' Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Shapiro , Marc ( 2000 ) . All Things : The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6 . Harper Prism . ISBN 0 - 06 - 107611 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Official website The X-Files on IMDb The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Category Portal The X-Files episodes Seasons 5 The X-Files 6 7 8 9 I Want to Believe 10 11 Season 10 `` My Struggle '' `` Founder 's Mutation '' `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' `` Home Again '' `` Babylon '' `` My Struggle II '' Unmade episodes Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X-Files_(season_10)&oldid=834239692 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons The X-Files seasons Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית ქართული Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did season 10 of the x-files air | [
"The tenth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files commenced airing in the United States on January 24, 2016, on Fox. The season consists of six episodes and concluded airing on February 22, 2016. When Fox initially announced the string of episodes, the network referred to them collectively as an \"event series\".[1] After the episodes' release, Fox began referring to the string of episodes on their website as \"season 10\",[2] as did streaming sites like Amazon.com and Hulu,[3][4] and myriad critics.[5]"
] | [
"January 24, 2016"
] |
-1164656871681403519 | Refrigerator | Refrigerator - wikipedia Refrigerator Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Refrigerator ( disambiguation ) . See also : Refrigeration `` Fridge '' and `` Freezer '' redirect here . For other uses , see Fridge ( disambiguation ) and Freezer ( disambiguation ) . Food in a refrigerator with its door open A side - by - side refrigerator - freezer with an icemaker A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge or fridgefreezer in the UK ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 ° C ( 37 to 41 ° F ) . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage . The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor - compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice - making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self - contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace . Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . The freezer - on - top - and - refrigerator - on - bottom style has been the basic style since the 1940s , until modern refrigerators broke the trend . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water , and ice from a dispenser in the door . Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free - standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Refrigeration technology 1.2 Domestic refrigerator 2 Freezer 3 Commercial and domestic refrigerators 4 Styles of refrigerators 5 Production by country 6 General technical explanation 7 Features 8 Types of domestic refrigerators 9 Energy efficiency 9.1 Today 10 Effect on lifestyle 11 Temperature zones and ratings 12 Commercial refrigeration temperatures 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) Refrigeration technology ( edit ) See also : Refrigeration and Timeline of low - temperature technology Before the invention of the refrigerator , icehouses were used to provide cool storage for most of the year . Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter , they were once very common . Natural means are still used to cool foods today . On mountainsides , runoff from melting snow is a convenient way to cool drinks , and during the winter one can keep milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors . The word `` refrigeratory '' was used at least as early as the 17th century The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755 . Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether , which then boiled , absorbing heat from the surrounding air . The experiment even created a small amount of ice , but had no practical application at that time . Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie 's 1841 mechanical ice machine . In 1805 , American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor - compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum . In 1820 , the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures , and in 1834 , an American expatriate in Great Britain , Jacob Perkins , built the first working vapor - compression refrigeration system . It was a closed - cycle device that could operate continuously . A similar attempt was made in 1842 , by American physician , John Gorrie , who built a working prototype , but it was a commercial failure . American engineer Alexander Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor compression system that used ether . The first practical vapor compression refrigeration system was built by James Harrison , a British journalist who had emigrated to Australia . His 1856 patent was for a vapor compression system using ether , alcohol or ammonia . He built a mechanical ice - making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong , Victoria , and his first commercial ice - making machine followed in 1854 . Harrison also introduced commercial vapor - compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses , and by 1861 , a dozen of his systems were in operation . Ferdinand Carré 's ice - making device The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water ( referred to as `` aqua ammonia '' ) was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860 . Carl von Linde , an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany , patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876 . His new process made possible the use of gases such as ammonia ( NH ) , sulfur dioxide ( SO ) and methyl chloride ( CH Cl ) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s . Domestic refrigerator ( edit ) McCray pre-electric home refrigerator ad ( 1905 ) This company , founded in 1887 , is still in business . In 1913 , refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne , Indiana with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box . In 1914 , engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit , Michigan , introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit , which later became the basis for the Kelvinator . A self - contained refrigerator , with a compressor on the bottom of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916 . Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918 , who started the Frigidaire company to mass - produce refrigerators . In 1918 , Kelvinator company introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control . The absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922 , while they were still students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . It became a worldwide success and was commercialized by Electrolux . Other pioneers included Charles Tellier , David Boyle , and Raoul Pictet . Carl von Linde was the first to patent and make a practical and compact refrigerator . These home units usually required the installation of the mechanical parts , motor and compressor , in the basement or an adjacent room while the cold box was located in the kitchen . There was a 1922 model that consisted of a wooden cold box , water - cooled compressor , an ice cube tray and a 9 - cubic - foot ( 0.25 m ) compartment , and cost $714 . ( A 1922 Model - T Ford cost about $450 . ) By 1923 , Kelvinator held 80 percent of the market for electric refrigerators . Also in 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self - contained unit . About this same time porcelain - covered metal cabinets began to appear . Ice cube trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s ; up to this time freezing was not an auxiliary function of the modern refrigerator . General Electric `` Monitor - Top '' refrigerator , introduced in 1927 . The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric `` Monitor - Top '' refrigerator introduced in 1927 , so - called because of its resemblance to the gun turret on the ironclad warship USS Monitor of the 1860s . The compressor assembly , which emitted a great deal of heat , was placed above the cabinet , and enclosed by a decorative ring . Over a million units were produced . As the refrigerating medium , these refrigerators used either sulfur dioxide , which is corrosive to the eyes and may cause loss of vision , painful skin burns and lesions , or methyl formate , which is highly flammable , harmful to the eyes , and toxic if inhaled or ingested . Many of these units are still functional today , after requiring little more service than a replacement start relay or thermostat if at all . These cooling systems can not legally be recharged with the hazardous original refrigerants if they leak or break down . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s and provided a safer , low - toxicity alternative to previously used refrigerants . Separate freezers became common during the 1940s ; the popular term at the time for the unit was a deep freeze . These devices , or appliances , did not go into mass production for use in the home until after World War II . The 1950s and 1960s saw technical advances like automatic defrosting and automatic ice making . More efficient refrigerators were developed in the 1970s and 1980s , even though environmental issues led to the banning of very effective ( Freon ) refrigerants . Early refrigerator models ( from 1916 ) had a cold compartment for ice cube trays . From the late 1920s fresh vegetables were successfully processed through freezing by the Postum Company ( the forerunner of General Foods ) , which had acquired the technology when it bought the rights to Clarence Birdseye 's successful fresh freezing methods . The first successful application of frozen foods occurred when General Foods heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post ( then wife of Joseph E. Davies , United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union ) deployed commercial - grade freezers in Spaso House , the US Embassy in Moscow , in advance of the Davies ' arrival . Post , fearful of the USSR 's food processing safety standards , fully stocked the freezers with products from General Foods ' Birdseye unit . The frozen food stores allowed the Davies to entertain lavishly and serve fresh frozen foods that would otherwise be out of season . Upon returning from Moscow , Post ( who resumed her maiden name after divorcing Davies ) directed General Foods to market frozen product to upscale restaurants . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) , or as separate units , were introduced in the United States in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace . Freezer ( edit ) Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Food stored at or below − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) is safe indefinitely . Most household freezers maintain temperatures from − 23 to − 18 ° C ( − 9 to 0 ° F ) , although some freezer - only units can achieve − 34 ° C ( − 29 ° F ) and lower . Refrigerators generally do not achieve lower than − 23 ° C ( − 9 ° F ) , since the same coolant loop serves both compartments : Lowering the freezer compartment temperature excessively causes difficulties in maintaining above - freezing temperature in the refrigerator compartment . Domestic freezers can be included as a separate compartment in a refrigerator , or can be a separate appliance . Domestic freezers are generally upright units resembling refrigerators or chests ( upright units laid on their backs ) . Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door . Some upscale models include thermostat displays and controls , and sometimes flatscreen televisions as well . Commercial and domestic refrigerators ( edit ) Commercial refrigerator and freezer units , which go by many other names , were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . They used gas systems such as ammonia ( R - 717 ) or sulfur dioxide ( R - 764 ) , which occasionally leaked , making them unsafe for home use . Practical household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic , non-flammable synthetic refrigerants such as Freon - 12 ( R - 12 ) were introduced . However , R - 12 damaged the ozone layer , causing governments to issue a ban on its use in new refrigerators and air - conditioning systems in 1994 . The less harmful replacement for R - 12 , R - 134a ( tetrafluoroethane ) , has been in common use since 1990 , but R - 12 is still found in many old systems today . A common commercial refrigerator is the glass fronted beverage cooler . These type of appliances are typically designed for specific re-load conditions meaning that they generally have a larger cooling system . This ensures that they are able to cope with a large throughput of drinks and frequent door opening . As a result , it is common for these types of commercial refrigerators to have energy consumption of > 4 kWh / day . Styles of refrigerators ( edit ) Frigidaire Imperial `` Frost Proof '' model FPI - 16BC - 63 , top refrigerator / bottom freezer with brushed chrome door finish made by General Motors Canada in 1963 In the early 1950s most refrigerators were white , but from the mid-1950s through present day designers and manufacturers put color onto refrigerators . In the late - 1950s / early - 1960s , pastel colors like turquoise and pink became popular , brushed chrome - plating ( similar to stainless finish ) was available on some models from different brands . In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s , earth tone colors were popular , including Harvest Gold , Avocado Green and almond . In the 1980s , black became fashionable . In the late 1990s stainless steel came into vogue , and in 2009 , one manufacturer introduced multi-color designs . Production by country ( edit ) ( show ) Country Production Year China 29,871,000 ( 2005 ) United States 11,639,000 ( 2003 ) Italy 7,201,000 ( 2004 ) South Korea 7,122,000 ( 2004 ) Turkey 4,867,000 ( 2003 ) India 3,715,000 ( 2003 ) Brazil 3,544,000 ( 2003 ) Japan 2,821,000 ( 2005 ) Mexico 2,291,000 ( 2004 ) Thailand 2,246,000 ( 1996 ) Germany 2,061,000 ( 2004 ) Hungary 1,625,000 ( 2004 ) Poland 1,618,000 ( 2005 ) Spain 1,269,000 ( 1995 ) Romania 1,169,000 ( 2005 ) Belarus 995,000 ( 2005 ) Slovenia 863,000 ( 1995 ) Egypt 808,000 ( 2003 ) United Kingdom 745,000 ( 2003 ) South Africa 711,000 ( 2003 ) Sweden 639,000 ( 2004 ) Ukraine 562,000 ( 1995 ) France 544,000 ( 2003 ) Australia 423,000 ( 1995 ) Portugal 399,000 ( 2004 ) Bulgaria 353,000 ( 2005 ) Slovakia 330,000 ( 1995 ) Indonesia 291,000 ( 1995 ) Malaysia 187,000 ( 2003 ) Algeria 150,000 ( 2003 ) Lithuania 107,000 ( 2004 ) Finland 104,000 ( 1995 ) Argentina 49,000 ( 1995 ) Republic of Moldova 24,300 ( 1995 ) Uzbekistan 18,600 ( 1995 ) Azerbaijan 13,400 ( 2005 ) Kazakhstan 10,900 ( 1995 ) Tajikistan 50 ( 1995 ) General technical explanation ( edit ) See also : Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Basic functioning of a refrigerator Play media Process and components of a conventional refrigerator Vapor compression cycle -- A : hot compartment ( kitchen ) , B : cold compartment ( refrigerator box ) , I : insulation , 1 : Condenser , 2 : Expansion valve , 3 : Evaporator unit , 4 : Compressor An Embraco compressor and fan - assisted condenser coil A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . In this cycle , a circulating refrigerant such as R134a enters a compressor as low - pressure vapor at or slightly below the temperature of the refrigerator interior . The vapor is compressed and exits the compressor as high - pressure superheated vapor . The superheated vapor travels under pressure through coils or tubes that make up the condenser ; the coils or tubes are passively cooled by exposure to air in the room . The condenser cools the vapor , which liquefies . As the refrigerant leaves the condenser , it is still under pressure but is now only slightly above room temperature . This liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling device , also known as an expansion valve ( essentially a pin - hole sized constriction in the tubing ) to an area of much lower pressure . The sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive - like flash evaporation of a portion ( typically about half ) of the liquid . The latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is drawn mostly from adjacent still - liquid refrigerant , a phenomenon known as auto - refrigeration . This cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit . A fan blows air from the refrigerator or freezer compartment ( `` box air '' ) across these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes , drawing further latent heat from the box air . This cooled air is returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment , and so keeps the box air cold . Note that the cool air in the refrigerator or freezer is still warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator . Refrigerant leaves the evaporator , now fully vaporized and slightly heated , and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycle . Modern domestic refrigerators are extremely reliable because motor and compressor are integrated within a welded container , `` sealed unit '' , with greatly reduced likelihood of leakage or contamination . By comparison , externally - coupled refrigeration compressors , such as those in automobile air conditioning , inevitably leak fluid and lubricant past the shaft seals . This leads to a requirement for periodic recharging and , if ignored , possible compressor failure . An absorption refrigerator works differently from a compressor refrigerator , using a source of heat , such as combustion of liquefied petroleum gas , solar thermal energy or an electric heating element . These heat sources are much quieter than the compressor motor in a typical refrigerator . A fan or pump might be the only mechanical moving parts ; reliance on convection is considered impractical . The Peltier effect uses electricity to pump heat directly ; refrigerators employing this system are sometimes used for camping , or in situations where noise is not acceptable . They can be totally silent ( if a fan for air circulation is not fitted ) but are less energy - efficient than other methods . Other uses of an absorption refrigerator ( or `` chiller '' ) include large systems used in office buildings or complexes such as hospitals and universities . These large systems are used to chill a brine solution that is circulated through the building . Many modern refrigerator / freezers have the freezer on top and the refrigerator on the bottom . Most refrigerator - freezers -- except for manual defrost models or cheaper units -- use what appears to be two thermostats . Only the refrigerator compartment is properly temperature controlled . When the refrigerator gets too warm , the thermostat starts the cooling process and a fan circulates the air around the freezer . During this time , the refrigerator also gets colder . The freezer control knob only controls the amount of air that flows into the refrigerator via a damper system . Changing the refrigerator temperature will inadvertently change the freezer temperature in the opposite direction . Changing the freezer temperature will have no effect on the refrigerator temperature . The freezer control may also be adjusted to compensate for any refrigerator adjustment . This means the refrigerator may become too warm . However , because only enough air is diverted to the refrigerator compartment , the freezer usually re-acquires the set temperature quickly , unless the door is opened . When a door is opened , either in the refrigerator or the freezer , the fan in some units stops immediately to prevent excessive frost build up on the freezer 's evaporator coil , because this coil is cooling two areas . When the freezer reaches temperature , the unit cycles off , no matter what the refrigerator temperature is . Modern computerized refrigerators do not use the damper system . The computer manages fan speed for both compartments , although air is still blown from the freezer . A few manufacturers offer dual compressor models . These models have separate freezer and refrigerator compartments that operate independently of each other , sometimes mounted within a single cabinet . Each has its own separate compressor , condenser and evaporator coils , insulation , thermostat , and door . Typically , the compressors and condenser coils are mounted at the top of the cabinet , with a single fan to cool them both . This design , where no air passes between the two compartments , provides for more appropriate humidity levels and much tighter temperature control in each compartment . It also requires much less energy to operate , since each compressor & coolant system can be optimized for a specific temperature range . Further , opening the door of one compartment does not affect the temperature of the air or humidity level in the other compartment . Thus , it avoids many of the disadvantages of the much more common single compressor designs described above , although at a higher initial cost and increased system noise . Manufacturers of such designs argue that the increased cost is compensated over time due to reduced energy use and less food waste due to reduced spoilage . `` Ultra-cold '' or `` ultra-low temperature ( ULT ) '' ( typically - 80 C ) freezers , as used for storing biological samples , also generally employ two stages of cooling , but in cascade . The lower temperature stage uses methane , or a similar similar gas , as a refrigerant , with its condenser kept at around - 40 C by a second stage which uses a more conventional refrigerant . Well known brands include Forma and Revco ( both now Thermo Scientific ) and Thermoline . For much lower temperatures ( around - 196 C ) , laboratories usually purchase liquid nitrogen , kept in a Dewar flask , into which the samples are suspended . Alternatives to the vapor - compression cycle not in current use include : Acoustic cooling Air cycle Magnetic cooling Malone engine Pulse tube Stirling cycle Thermoelectric cooling and thermionic cooling Vortex tube Water cycle systems . Features ( edit ) The inside of a home refrigerator containing a large variety of everyday food items . Newer refrigerators may include : Automatic defrosting A power failure warning that alerts the user by flashing a temperature display . It may display the maximum temperature reached during the power failure , and whether frozen food has defrosted or may contain harmful bacteria . Chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door . Water and ice dispensing became available in the 1970s . In some refrigerators , the process of making ice is built - in so the user does n't have to manually use ice trays . Some refrigerators have water chillers and water filtration systems . Cabinet rollers that lets the refrigerator roll out for easier cleaning Adjustable shelves and trays A status indicator that notifies when it is time to change the water filter An in - door ice caddy , which relocates the ice - maker storage to the freezer door and saves approximately 60 litres ( 2 cu ft ) of usable freezer space . It is also removable , and helps to prevent ice - maker clogging . A cooling zone in the refrigerator door shelves . Air from the freezer section is diverted to the refrigerator door , to cool milk or juice stored in the door shelf . A drop down door built into the refrigerator main door , giving easy access to frequently used items such as milk , thus saving energy by not having to open the main door . A Fast Freeze function to rapidly cool foods by running the compressor for a predetermined amount of time and thus temporarily lowering the freezer temperature below normal operating levels . It is recommended to use this feature several hours before adding more than 1 kg of unfrozen food to the freezer . For freezers without this feature , lowering the temperature setting to the coldest will have the same effect . Early freezer units accumulated ice crystals around the freezing units . This was a result of humidity introduced into the units when the doors to the freezer were opened condensing on the cold parts , then freezing . This frost buildup required periodic thawing ( `` defrosting '' ) of the units to maintain their efficiency . Manual Defrost ( referred to as Cyclic ) units are still available . Advances in automatic defrosting eliminating the thawing task were introduced in the 1950s , but are not universal , due to energy performance and cost . These units used a counter that only defrosted the freezer compartment ( Freezer Chest ) when a specific number of door openings had been made . The units were just a small timer combined with an electrical heater wire that heated the freezer 's walls for a short amount of time to remove all traces of frost / frosting . Also , early units featured freezer compartments located within the larger refrigerator , and accessed by opening the refrigerator door , and then the smaller internal freezer door ; units featuring an entirely separate freezer compartment were introduced in the early 1960s , becoming the industry standard by the middle of that decade . These older freezer compartments were the main cooling body of the refrigerator , and only maintained a temperature of around − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) , which is suitable for keeping food for a week . In the early 1950s , the butter conditioner 's patent was filed and published by the inventor Nave Alfred E . This feature was supposed to `` provide a new and improved food storage receptacle for storing butter or the like which may quickly and easily be removed from the refrigerator cabinet for the purpose of cleaning . '' Because of the high interest to the invention , companies in UK , New Zealand , and Australia started to include the feature into the mass fridge production and soon it became a symbol of the local culture . However , not long after that it was removed from production as according to the companies this was the only way for them to meet new ecology regulations and they found it inefficient to have a heat generating device inside a fridge . Later advances included automatic ice units and self compartmentalized freezing units . An increasingly important environmental concern is the disposal of old refrigerators -- initially because freon coolant damages the ozone layer -- but as older generation refrigerators wear out , the destruction of CFC - bearing insulation also causes concern . Modern refrigerators usually use a refrigerant called HFC - 134a ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 - Tetrafluoroethane ) , which does not deplete the ozone layer , instead of Freon . A R - 134a is now becoming very uncommon in Europe . Newer refrigerants are being used instead . The main refrigerant now used is R - 600a , or isobutane which has a smaller effect on the atmosphere if released . There have been reports of refrigerators exploding if the refrigerant leaks isobutane in the presence of a spark . If the coolant leaks into the fridge , at times when the door is not being opened ( such as overnight ) the concentration of coolant in the air within the fridge can build up to form an explosive mixture that can be ignited either by a spark from the thermostat or when the light comes on as the door is opened , resulting in documented cases of serious property damage and injury or even death from the resulting explosion . Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated , often mandating the removal of doors ; children playing hide - and - seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded refrigerators , particularly older models with latching doors . Since 2 August 1956 , under U.S. federal law , refrigerator doors are no longer permitted to latch so they can not be opened from the inside . Modern units use a magnetic door gasket that holds the door sealed but allows it to be pushed open from the inside . This gasket was invented , developed and manufactured by Max Baermann ( 1903 - 1984 ) of Bergisch Gladbach / Germany . Types of domestic refrigerators ( edit ) Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Some models for small households fit under kitchen work surfaces , usually about 86 cm high . Refrigerators may be combined with freezers , either stacked with refrigerator or freezer above , below , or side by side . A refrigerator without a frozen food storage compartment may have a small section just to make ice cubes . Freezers may have drawers to store food in , or they may have no divisions ( chest freezers ) . Refrigerators and freezers may be free - standing , or built into a kitchen . Three distinct classes of refrigerator are common : Compressor refrigerators are by far the most common type ; they make a noticeable noise , but are most efficient and give greatest cooling effect . Portable compressor refrigerators for recreational vehicle ( RV ) and camping use are expensive but effective and reliable . Refrigeration units for commercial and industrial applications can be made in various sizes , shapes and styles to fit customer needs . Commercial and industrial refrigerators may have their compressors located away from the cabinet ( similar to split system air conditioners ) to reduce noise nuisance and reduce the load on air conditioning in hot weather . Absorption refrigerators may be used in caravans and trailers , and dwellings lacking electricity , such as farms or rural cabins , where they have a long history . They may be powered by any heat source : gas ( natural or propane ) or kerosene being common . Models made for camping and RV use often have the option of running ( inefficiently ) on 12 volt battery power . Solar refrigerators and Thermal mass refrigerators are designed to reduce electrical consumption . Solar refrigerators have the added advantage that they do not use refrigerants that are harmful to the environment or flammable . Typical solar designs are absorption refrigerators that use ammonia as the working gas , and employ large mirrors to concentrate sufficient sunlight to reach the temperature required to free gaseous ammonia from the solvent . Most thermal mass refrigerators are designed to use electricity intermittently . As these units are heavily insulated , cooling load is limited primarily to heat introduced by new items to be refrigerated , and ambient air transfer when the unit is open . Very little power is therefore required if opened infrequently . Peltier refrigerators are powered by electricity , usually 12 volt DC , but mains - powered wine coolers are available . Peltier refrigerators are inexpensive but inefficient and become progressively more inefficient with increased cooling effect ; much of this inefficiency may be related to the temperature differential across the short distance between the `` hot '' and `` cold '' sides of the Peltier cell . Peltier refrigerators generally use heat sinks and fans to lower this differential ; the only noise produced comes from the fan . Reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the Peltier cells results in a heating rather than cooling effect . Other specialised cooling mechanisms may be used for cooling , but have not been applied to domestic or commercial refrigerators . Magnetic refrigerators are refrigerators that work on the magnetocaloric effect . The cooling effect is triggered by placing a metal alloy in a magnetic field . Acoustic refrigerators are refrigerators that use resonant linear reciprocating motors / alternators to generate a sound that is converted to heat and cold using compressed helium gas . The heat is discarded and the cold is routed to the refrigerator . Energy efficiency ( edit ) European energy label for a fridge . Modern American - style / side - by - side refrigerators In a house without air - conditioning ( space heating and / or cooling ) refrigerators consumed more energy than any other home device . In the early 1990s a competition was held among the major manufacturers to encourage energy efficiency . Current US models that are Energy Star qualified use 50 % less energy than the average models made in 1974 . The most energy - efficient unit made in the US consumes about half a kilowatt - hour per day ( equivalent to 20 W continuously ) . But even ordinary units are quite efficient ; some smaller units use less than 0.2 kWh per day ( equivalent to 8 W continuously ) . Larger units , especially those with large freezers and icemakers , may use as much as 4 kW h per day ( equivalent to 170 W continuously ) . The European Union uses a letter - based mandatory energy efficiency rating label instead of the Energy Star ; thus EU refrigerators at the point of sale are labelled according to how energy - efficient they are . For US refrigerators , the Consortium on Energy Efficiency ( CEE ) further differentiates between Energy Star qualified refrigerators . Tier 1 refrigerators are those that are 20 % to 24.9 % more efficient than the Federal minimum standards set by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act ( NAECA ) . Tier 2 are those that are 25 % to 29.9 % more efficient . Tier 3 is the highest qualification , for those refrigerators that are at least 30 % more efficient than Federal standards . About 82 % of the Energy Star qualified refrigerators are Tier 1 , with 13 % qualifying as Tier 2 , and just 5 % at Tier 3 . Besides the standard style of compressor refrigeration used in normal household refrigerators and freezers , there are technologies such as absorption refrigeration and magnetic refrigeration . Although these designs generally use a much larger amount of energy compared to compressor refrigeration , other qualities such as silent operation or the ability to use gas can favor these refrigeration units in small enclosures , a mobile environment or in environments where unit failure would lead to devastating consequences . Many refrigerators made in the 1930s and 1940s were far more efficient than most that were made later . This is partly attributable to the addition of new features , such as auto - defrost , that reduced efficiency . Additionally , after World War 2 , refrigerator style became more important than efficiency . This was especially true in the USA in the 1970s , when side - by - side models ( known as American fridgefreezers outside of the US ) with ice dispensers and water chillers became popular . However , the reduction in efficiency also arose partly from reduction in the amount of insulation to cut costs . Today ( edit ) Because of the introduction of new energy efficiency standards , refrigerators made today are much more efficient than those made in the 1930s ; they consume the same amount of energy while being three times as large . The efficiency of older refrigerators can be improved by defrosting ( if the unit is manual defrost ) and cleaning them regularly , replacing old and worn door seals with new ones , adjusting the thermostat to accommodate the actual contents ( a refrigerator need n't be colder than 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) to store drinks and non-perishable items ) and also replacing insulation , where applicable . Some sites recommend you clean condenser coils every month or so on units with coils on the rear . It has been proven that this does very little for improving efficiency , however , the unit should be able to `` breathe '' with adequate spaces around the front , back , sides and above the unit . If the refrigerator uses a fan to keep the condenser cool , then this must be cleaned , at the very least , yearly . Frost - free refrigerators or freezers use electric fans to cool the appropriate compartment . This could be called a `` fan forced '' refrigerator , whereas manual defrost units rely on colder air lying at the bottom , versus the warm air at the top to achieve adequate cooling . The air is drawn in through an inlet duct and passed through the evaporator where it is cooled , the air is then circulated throughout the cabinet via a series of ducts and vents . Because the air passing the evaporator is supposedly warm and moist , frost begins to form on the evaporator ( especially on a freezer 's evaporator ) . In cheaper and / or older models , a defrost cycle is controlled via a mechanical timer . This timer is set to shut off the compressor and fan and energize a heating element located near or around the evaporator for about 15 to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours . This melts any frost or ice build up and allows the refrigerator to work normally once more . It is believed that frost free units have a lower tolerance for frost , due to their air - conditioner like evaporator coils . Therefore , if a door is left open accidentally ( especially the freezer ) , the defrost system may not remove all frost , in this case , the freezer ( or refrigerator ) must be defrosted . If the defrosting system melts all the ice before the timed defrosting period ends , then a small device ( called a defrost limiter ) acts like a thermostat and shuts off the heating element to prevent too large a temperature fluctuation , it also prevents hot blasts of air when the system starts again , should it finish defrosting early . On some early frost - free models , the defrost limiter also sends a signal to the defrost timer to start the compressor and fan as soon as it shuts off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends . When the defrost cycle is completed , the compressor and fan are allowed to cycle back on . Frost - free refrigerators , including some early frost free refrigerator / freezers that used a cold plate in their refrigerator section instead of airflow from the freezer section , generally do n't shut off their refrigerator fans during defrosting . This allows consumers to leave food in the main refrigerator compartment uncovered , and also helps keep vegetables moist . This method also helps reduce energy consumption , because the refrigerator is above freeze point and can pass the warmer - than - freezing air through the evaporator or cold plate to aid the defrosting cycle . Regarding total life - cycle costs , many governments offer incentives to encourage recycling of old refrigerators . One example is the Phoenix refrigerator program launched in Australia . This government incentive picked up old refrigerators , paying their owners for `` donating '' the refrigerator . The refrigerator was then refurbished , with new door seals , a thorough cleaning and the removal of items , such as the cover that is strapped to the back of many older units . The resulting refrigerators , now over 10 % more efficient , were then distributed to low income families . Effect on lifestyle ( edit ) The refrigerator allows the modern family to keep food fresh for longer than before . The most notable improvement is for meat and other highly perishable wares , which needed to be refined to gain anything resembling shelf life . ( On the other hand , refrigerators and freezers can also be stocked with processed , quick - cook foods that are less healthy . ) Refrigeration in transit makes it possible to enjoy food from distant places . Dairy products , meats , fish , poultry and vegetables can be kept refrigerated in the same space within the kitchen ( although raw meat should be kept separate from other food for reasons of hygiene ) . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money . Ice cream , a popular commodity of the 20th century , could previously only be obtained by traveling to where the product was made and eating it on the spot . Now it is a common food item . Ice on demand not only adds to the enjoyment of cold drinks , but is useful for first - aid , and for cold packs that can be kept frozen for picnics or in case of emergency . Temperature zones and ratings ( edit ) Play media Commercial for electric refrigerators in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , 1926 Some refrigerators are now divided into four zones to store different types of food : − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) ( freezer ) 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ( meat zone ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) ( cooling zone ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ( crisper ) The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either liters or cubic feet . Typically the volume of a combined refrigerator - freezer is split with 1 / 3rds to 1 / 4th of the volume allocated to the freezer although these values are highly variable . Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers by manufacturers ( for example , 1 through 9 , warmest to coldest ) , but generally 3 to 5 ° C ( 37 to 41 ° F ) is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) for the freezer . Some refrigerators must be within certain external temperature parameters to run properly . This can be an issue when placing units in an unfinished area , such as a garage . European freezers , and refrigerators with a freezer compartment , have a four star rating system to grade freezers . ( ∗ ) : min temperature = − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) . Maximum storage time for ( pre-frozen ) food is 1 week ( ∗ ∗ ) : min temperature = − 12 ° C ( 10 ° F ) . Maximum storage time for ( pre-frozen ) food is 1 month ( ∗ ∗ ∗ ) : min temperature = − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) . Maximum storage time for ( pre-frozen ) food is between 3 and 12 months depending on type ( meat , vegetables , fish , etc . ) ( ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ) : min temperature = − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) . Maximum storage time for pre-frozen or frozen - from - fresh food is between 3 and 12 months Although both the three and four star ratings specify the same storage times and same minimum temperature of − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , only a four star freezer is intended for freezing fresh food , and may include a `` fast freeze '' function ( runs the compressor continually , down to as low as − 26 ° C ( − 15 ° F ) ) to facilitate this . Three ( or fewer ) stars are used for frozen food compartments that are only suitable for storing frozen food ; introducing fresh food into such a compartment is likely to result in unacceptable temperature rises . This difference in categorisation is shown in the design of the 4 - star logo , where the `` standard '' three stars are displayed in a box using `` positive '' colours , denoting the same normal operation as a 3 - star freezer , and the fourth star showing the additional fresh food / fast freeze function is prefixed to the box in `` negative '' colours or with other distinct formatting . Most European refrigerators include a moist cold refrigerator section ( which does require ( automatic ) defrosting at irregular intervals ) and a ( rarely frost free ) freezer section . Commercial refrigeration temperatures ( edit ) ( from warmest to coolest ) Refrigerators 35 ° F to 38 ° F , and not greater than maximum refrigerator temperature at 41 ° F Freezer , Reach - in - 10 ° F to + 5 ° F Freezer , Walk - in - 10 ° F to 0 ° F Freezer , Ice Cream - 20 ° F to - 10 ° F See also ( edit ) Absorption refrigerator Cold chain Energy Star Ice cream maker Ice famine Internet refrigerator List of home appliances Magnetic refrigeration Pot - in - pot refrigerator Refrigerator death Refrigerator magnet Star rating Thermal mass refrigerator Thermoacoustics Thermoelectric cooling Kimchi refrigerator Wine cellar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keep your fridge - freezer clean and ice - free . BBC . 30 April 2008 Jump up ^ Venetum Britannicum , 1676 , London , p. 176 in the 1678 edition . Jump up ^ Arora , Ramesh Chandra . `` Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration '' . Refrigeration and Air Conditioning . New Delhi , India : PHI Learning . p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 203 - 3915 - 0 . Jump up ^ Burstall , Aubrey F. ( 1965 ) . A History of Mechanical Engineering . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52001 - X . Jump up ^ `` Improved process for the artificial production of ice '' , U.S. Patent Office , Patent 8080 , 1851 Archived 27 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dennis R. Heldman ( 29 August 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Agricultural , Food , and Biological Engineering ( Print ) . CRC Press . p. 350 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 0938 - 9 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Household Wonders : History of the Refrigerator '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . 2006 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Freezing and food safety '' . USDA . Archived from the original on 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chest Freezer Reviews '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Production -- household refrigerators -- Country and Region Comparisons Archived 29 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Statinfo.biz . Retrieved on 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Refrigerator -- Adjusting Temperature Controls . geappliances.com Jump up ^ James , Stephen J. ( 2003 ) . `` Developments in domestic refrigeration and consumer attitudes '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the IIR. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Butter Conditioner Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Google Patents . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Daily Mail February 2016 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Daily Mirror November 2015 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Daily Mail September 2009 Jump up ^ PART 1750 -- STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR DOORS FROM THE INSIDE : : PART 1750 - STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRI . Law.justia.com . Retrieved on 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( 2005 ) . `` Is it impossible to open a refrigerator door from the inside ? '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The Green V. Your Refrigerator , Thermal Mass Fridges , And Sustainability . / blog.thegreenv.com. 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ LaMonica , Martin ( 14 September 2007 ) Hawaiian firm shrinks solar thermal power Archived 23 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... News.cnet.com . Jump up ^ `` Towards the magnetic fridge '' Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Physorg. 21 April 2006 Jump up ^ `` Which UK - Saving Energy '' . Which UK . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Feist , J.W. ; Farhang , R. ; Erickson , J. ; Stergakos , E. ( 1994 ) . `` Super Efficient Refrigerators : The Golden Carrot from Concept to Reality '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the ACEEE. 3 : 3.67 -- 3.76 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Refrigerators & Freezers '' . Energy Star . Archived from the original on 7 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Itakura , Kosuke . Sun Frost - The World 's Most Efficient Refrigerators . Humboldt.edu Jump up ^ `` High - efficiency specifications for REFRIGERATORS '' ( PDF ) . Consortium for Energy Efficiency . January 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Energy Efficiency Standards '' . FridgeDimensions.com . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Successes of Energy Efficiency : The United States and California National Trust '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Calwell , Chris & Reeder , Travis ( 2001 ) . `` Out With the Old , In With the New '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Defense Council . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kakaç , Sadik ; Avelino , M.R. ; Smirnov , H.F. ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 9789401000994 . Jump up ^ Northeast Cooling Category : Commercial Refrigeration Maintenance Tips Archived 22 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Rees , Jonathan . Refrigeration Nation : A History of Ice , Appliances , and Enterprise in America ( Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2013 ) 256 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Domestic refrigerators . Look up refrigerator or freezer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The History of the Refrigerator and Freezers How Refrigerators Work Article by HowStuffWorks Refrigerators , Canada Science and Technology Museum How modern household refrigerators are made ( video ) GND : 4133461 - 9 NDL : 00569362 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refrigerator&oldid=815222215 '' Categories : Home appliances Heat pumps Food storage Cooling technology Food preservation American inventions Australian inventions Scottish inventions Products introduced in 1915 Kitchen Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first refrigerator invented and by who | [
"In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box.[6] In 1914, engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the Kelvinator. A self-contained refrigerator, with a compressor on the bottom of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916. Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918, who started the Frigidaire company to mass-produce refrigerators. In 1918, Kelvinator company introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control. The absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922, while they were still students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. It became a worldwide success and was commercialized by Electrolux. Other pioneers included Charles Tellier, David Boyle, and Raoul Pictet. Carl von Linde was the first to patent and make a practical and compact refrigerator."
] | [
"In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana"
] |
-6540182804799374179 | List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity | List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity This is a list of Indian Prime Ministers by longevity . Where the person in question is still living , the longevity is calculated up to 13 August 2018 . Two measures of the longevity are given - this is to allow for the differing number of leap days occurring within the life of each Prime Minister . The first column is the number of days between date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; the second column breaks this number down into years and days , with the years being the number of whole years the Prime Minister lived , and the days being the remaining number of days after his / her last birthday . Age of the Prime Ministers when assuming office is shown in this bar chart . It is not quite a bell curve ( mean age is 64.62 years and is marked by red line ) . If a Prime Minister served more than one non-consecutive term , the dates listed below are for the beginning of their first term , and the end of their final term . The median age at which a Prime Minister first takes office is roughly 64 years and 8 months , which falls between Gulzarilal Nanda and Chandra Shekhar . The youngest person to become Prime Minister was Rajiv Gandhi , who became Prime Minister at the age of 40 years , 72 days . The oldest person to become Prime Minister was Morarji Desai , who became Prime Minister at the age of 81 years , 23 days . The oldest living Prime Minister is Atal Bihari Vajpayee , born 25 December 1924 ( aged 93 years , 231 days ) . The youngest living Prime Minister is the incumbent Narendra Modi , born 17 September 1950 ( aged 67 years , 330 days ) . The longest lived Prime Minister was Gulzarilal Nanda , who lived to the age of 99 years , 195 days . ( Nanda , a cabinet minister , served as acting Prime Minister when both Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri died in office ) . Morarji Desai was the second - longest lived Prime Minister , and the longest lived elected Prime Minister lived to the age of 99 years , 41 days , only 154 days short of matching Nanda . The shortest lived Prime Minister was Rajiv Gandhi , who was assassinated at the age of 46 years , 274 days . Narendra Modi ( 17 September 1950 ) is the first Prime Minister of India to be born after the Independence of India . All other former Prime Ministers were born before the Independence of India . Before him , Rajiv Gandhi was the last born Prime Minister ( 20 August 1944 ) , but he was assassinated in 1991 . Prime Ministers of India ( edit ) # Prime Minister Date of birth Start date of ( first ) term Age at beginning of ( first ) term End date of ( final ) term Total time in office Date of death Lifespan Nehru , Jawaharlal Jawaharlal Nehru 1889 - 11 - 14 ( 1889 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1889 15 August 1947 ( 1947 - 08 - 15 ) 57 - 274 7004210920000000000 ♠ 57 years , 274 days 27 May 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) 06,130 6,130 days 1964 - 05 - 27 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1964 27,222 days ( 7004272220000000000 ♠ 74 years , 195 days ) Shastri , Lal Bahadur Lal Bahadur Shastri 1904 - 10 - 02 ( 1904 - 10 - 02 ) 2 October 1904 9 June 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 09 ) 59 - 251 7004218000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 251 days 11 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 11 ) 00,581 581 days 1966 - 01 - 11 ( 1966 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1966 22,381 days ( 7004223810000000000 ♠ 61 years , 101 days ) Nanda , Gulzarilal Gulzarilal Nanda 1898 - 07 - 04 ( 1898 - 07 - 04 ) 4 July 1898 27 May 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 27 ) 65 - 328 7004240680000000000 ♠ 65 years , 328 days 24 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 24 ) 00,026 26 days 1998 - 01 - 15 ( 1998 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1998 36,354 days ( 7004363540000000000 ♠ 99 years , 195 days ) Gandhi , Indira Indira Gandhi 1917 - 11 - 19 ( 1917 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1917 24 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 24 ) 48 - 066 7004175980000000000 ♠ 48 years , 66 days 31 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 05,829 5,829 days 1984 - 10 - 31 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1984 24,453 days ( 7004244530000000000 ♠ 66 years , 347 days ) Desai , Morarji Morarji Desai 1896 - 02 - 29 ( 1896 - 02 - 29 ) 29 February 1896 24 March 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 24 ) 81 - 023 7004296080000000000 ♠ 81 years , 24 days 28 July 1979 ( 1979 - 07 - 28 ) 00,856 856 days 1995 - 04 - 10 ( 1995 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1995 36,199 days ( 7004361990000000000 ♠ 99 years , 41 days ) 6 Singh , Charan Charan Singh 1902 - 12 - 23 ( 1902 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 1902 28 July 1979 ( 1979 - 07 - 28 ) 76 - 217 7004279760000000000 ♠ 76 years , 217 days 14 January 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 14 ) 00,170 170 days 1987 - 05 - 29 ( 1987 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1987 30,838 days ( 7004308380000000000 ♠ 84 years , 157 days ) 7 Gandhi , Rajiv Rajiv Gandhi 1944 - 08 - 20 ( 1944 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1944 31 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 40 - 072 7004146820000000000 ♠ 40 years , 72 days 2 December 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 02 ) 01,858 1,858 days 1991 - 05 - 21 ( 1991 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1991 17,075 days ( 7004170750000000000 ♠ 46 years , 274 days ) 8 Singh , V.P. V.P. Singh 1931 - 06 - 25 ( 1931 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1931 2 December 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 02 ) 58 - 160 7004213450000000000 ♠ 58 years , 160 days 10 November 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 10 ) 00,343 343 days 2008 - 11 - 27 ( 2008 - 11 - 27 ) 27 November 2008 28,280 days ( 7004282800000000000 ♠ 77 years , 155 days ) 9 Shekhar , Chandra Chandra Shekhar 1927 - 07 - 01 ( 1927 - 07 - 01 ) 1 July 1927 10 November 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 10 ) 63 - 132 7004231430000000000 ♠ 63 years , 132 days 21 June 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 21 ) 00,223 223 days 2007 - 07 - 08 ( 2007 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 2007 29,227 days ( 7004292270000000000 ♠ 80 years , 7 days ) 10 Rao , P.V. Narasimha P.V. Narasimha Rao 1921 - 06 - 28 ( 1921 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1921 21 June 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 21 ) 69 - 358 7004255600000000000 ♠ 69 years , 358 days 16 May 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 01,791 1,791 days 2004 - 12 - 23 ( 2004 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 2004 30,494 days ( 7004304940000000000 ♠ 83 years , 178 days ) 11 Vajpayee , Atal Bihari Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1924 - 12 - 25 ( 1924 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1924 16 May 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 71 - 143 7004260750000000000 ♠ 71 years , 143 days 22 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 02,272 2,272 days 2018 - 08 - 13 34,199 days ( 7004341990000000000 ♠ 93 years , 231 days ) 12 Gowda , H.D. Deve H.D. Deve Gowda 1933 - 05 - 18 ( 1933 - 05 - 18 ) 18 May 1933 1 June 1996 ( 1996 - 06 - 01 ) 63 - 014 7004230250000000000 ♠ 63 years , 14 days 21 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 21 ) 00,324 324 days 2018 - 08 - 13 31,133 days ( 7004311330000000000 ♠ 85 years , 87 days ) 13 Gujral , I.K. I.K. Gujral 1919 - 12 - 04 ( 1919 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1919 21 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 21 ) 77 - 138 7004282630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 138 days 19 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 19 ) 00,332 332 days 2012 - 11 - 30 ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) 30 November 2012 33,965 days ( 7004339650000000000 ♠ 92 years , 362 days ) 14 Singh , Dr. Manmohan Manmohan Singh 1932 - 09 - 26 ( 1932 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1932 22 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 71 - 239 7004261710000000000 ♠ 71 years , 239 days 26 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) 03,655 3,656 days 2018 - 08 - 13 31,367 days ( 7004313670000000000 ♠ 85 years , 321 days ) 15 Modi , Narendra Narendra Modi 1950 - 09 - 17 ( 1950 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1950 26 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) 63 - 251 7004232620000000000 ♠ 63 years , 251 days NA 00,889 1,540 days 2018 - 08 - 13 24,802 days ( 7004248020000000000 ♠ 67 years , 330 days ) See also ( edit ) Prime Minister of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Died in office on this date . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India_by_longevity&oldid=849704445 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders by age Prime Ministers of India Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 19 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which prime minister of india served the shortest term | [
"\n\n\n#\n\nPrime Minister\n\nDate of birth\n\nStart dateof (first) term\n\nAge at beginningof (first) term\n\nEnd dateof (final) term\n\nTotal timein office\n\nDate of death\n\nLifespan\n\n\n1\n\nNehru, JawaharlalJawaharlal Nehru\n\n1889-11-14(1889-11-14)14 November 1889\n\n15 August 1947 (1947-08-15)\n\n57-2747004210920000000000♠57 years, 274 days\n\n27 May 1964 (1964-05-27)[1]\n\n06,1306,130 days\n\n1964-05-27(1964-05-27)27 May 1964\n\n27,222 days (7004272220000000000♠74 years, 195 days)\n\n\n2\n\nShastri, Lal BahadurLal Bahadur Shastri\n\n1904-10-02(1904-10-02)2 October 1904\n\n9 June 1964 (1964-06-09)\n\n59-2517004218000000000000♠59 years, 251 days\n\n11 January 1966 (1966-01-11)[1]\n\n00,581581 days\n\n1966-01-11(1966-01-11)11 January 1966\n\n22,381 days (7004223810000000000♠61 years, 101 days)\n\n\n3\n\nNanda, GulzarilalGulzarilal Nanda\n\n1898-07-04(1898-07-04)4 July 1898\n\n27 May 1964 (1964-05-27)\n\n65-3287004240680000000000♠65 years, 328 days\n\n24 January 1966 (1966-01-24)\n\n00,02626 days\n\n1998-01-15(1998-01-15)15 January 1998\n\n36,354 days (7004363540000000000♠99 years, 195 days)\n\n\n4\n\nGandhi, IndiraIndira Gandhi\n\n1917-11-19(1917-11-19)19 November 1917\n\n24 January 1966 (1966-01-24)\n\n48-0667004175980000000000♠48 years, 66 days\n\n31 October 1984 (1984-10-31)[1]\n\n05,8295,829 days\n\n1984-10-31(1984-10-31)31 October 1984\n\n24,453 days (7004244530000000000♠66 years, 347 days)\n\n\n5\n\nDesai, MorarjiMorarji Desai\n\n1896-02-29(1896-02-29)29 February 1896\n\n24 March 1977 (1977-03-24)\n\n81-0237004296080000000000♠81 years, 24 days\n\n28 July 1979 (1979-07-28)\n\n00,856856 days\n\n1995-04-10(1995-04-10)10 April 1995\n\n36,199 days (7004361990000000000♠99 years, 41 days)\n\n\n6\n\nSingh, CharanCharan Singh\n\n1902-12-23(1902-12-23)23 December 1902\n\n28 July 1979 (1979-07-28)\n\n76-2177004279760000000000♠76 years, 217 days\n\n14 January 1980 (1980-01-14)\n\n00,170170 days\n\n1987-05-29(1987-05-29)29 May 1987\n\n30,838 days (7004308380000000000♠84 years, 157 days)\n\n\n7\n\nGandhi, RajivRajiv Gandhi\n\n1944-08-20(1944-08-20)20 August 1944\n\n31 October 1984 (1984-10-31)\n\n40-0727004146820000000000♠40 years, 72 days\n\n2 December 1989 (1989-12-02)\n\n01,8581,858 days\n\n1991-05-21(1991-05-21)21 May 1991\n\n17,075 days (7004170750000000000♠46 years, 274 days)\n\n\n8\n\nSingh, V. P.V. P. Singh\n\n1931-06-25(1931-06-25)25 June 1931\n\n2 December 1989 (1989-12-02)\n\n58-1607004213450000000000♠58 years, 160 days\n\n10 November 1990 (1990-11-10)\n\n00,343343 days\n\n2008-11-27(2008-11-27)27 November 2008\n\n28,280 days (7004282800000000000♠77 years, 155 days)\n\n\n9\n\nShekhar, ChandraChandra Shekhar\n\n1927-07-01(1927-07-01)1 July 1927\n\n10 November 1990 (1990-11-10)\n\n63-1327004231430000000000♠63 years, 132 days\n\n21 June 1991 (1991-06-21)\n\n00,223223 days\n\n2007-07-08(2007-07-08)8 July 2007\n\n29,227 days (7004292270000000000♠80 years, 7 days)\n\n\n10\n\nRao, P. V. NarasimhaP. V. Narasimha Rao\n\n1921-06-28(1921-06-28)28 June 1921\n\n21 June 1991 (1991-06-21)\n\n69-3587004255600000000000♠69 years, 358 days\n\n16 May 1996 (1996-05-16)\n\n01,7911,791 days\n\n2004-12-23(2004-12-23)23 December 2004\n\n30,494 days (7004304940000000000♠83 years, 178 days)\n\n\n11\n\nVajpayee, Atal BihariAtal Bihari Vajpayee\n\n1924-12-25(1924-12-25)25 December 1924\n\n16 May 1996 (1996-05-16)\n\n71-1437004260750000000000♠71 years, 143 days\n\n22 May 2004 (2004-05-22)\n\n02,2722,272 days\n\n2018-08-13\n\n34,199 days (7004341990000000000♠93 years, 231 days)\n\n\n12\n\nGowda, H. D. DeveH. D. Deve Gowda\n\n1933-05-18(1933-05-18)18 May 1933\n\n1 June 1996 (1996-06-01)\n\n63-0147004230250000000000♠63 years, 14 days\n\n21 April 1997 (1997-04-21)\n\n00,324324 days\n\n2018-08-13\n\n31,133 days (7004311330000000000♠85 years, 87 days)\n\n\n13\n\nGujral, I. K.I. K. Gujral\n\n1919-12-04(1919-12-04)4 December 1919\n\n21 April 1997 (1997-04-21)\n\n77-1387004282630000000000♠77 years, 138 days\n\n19 March 1998 (1998-03-19)\n\n00,332332 days\n\n2012-11-30(2012-11-30)30 November 2012\n\n33,965 days (7004339650000000000♠92 years, 362 days)\n\n\n14\n\nSingh, Dr. ManmohanManmohan Singh\n\n1932-09-26(1932-09-26)26 September 1932\n\n22 May 2004 (2004-05-22)\n\n71-2397004261710000000000♠71 years, 239 days\n\n26 May 2014 (2014-05-26)\n\n03,6553,656 days\n\n2018-08-13\n\n31,367 days (7004313670000000000♠85 years, 321 days)\n\n\n15\n\nModi, NarendraNarendra Modi\n\n1950-09-17(1950-09-17)17 September 1950\n\n26 May 2014 (2014-05-26)\n\n63-2517004232620000000000♠63 years, 251 days\n\nNA\n\n00,8891,540 days\n\n2018-08-13\n\n24,802 days (7004248020000000000♠67 years, 330 days)\n"
] | [
"Gulzarilal Nanda"
] |
-7699155550385264029 | History of the National Football League championship | History of the National Football league championship - wikipedia History of the National Football league championship Throughout its history , the National Football League ( NFL ) and other rival American football leagues have used several different formats to determine their league champions , including a period of inter-league matchups determining a true national champion . Following its founding in 1920 , the NFL first determined champions through end - of - season standings , but switched to a playoff system in 1933 . The rival All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and American Football League ( AFL ) have since merged with the NFL ( the only two AAFC teams that currently exist joined the NFL in 1950 -- the Cleveland Browns and the San Francisco 49ers ) , but AAFC championship games and records are not included in NFL record books . The AFL began play in 1960 and , like its rival league , used a playoff system to determine its champion . From 1966 -- 1969 prior to the merger in 1970 , the NFL and the AFL agreed to hold an ultimate championship game , first called the AFL - NFL World Championship Game and later renamed the Super Bowl after 1968 . Following the merger in 1970 , the Super Bowl name continued as the game to determine the NFL champion . The most important factor of the merger was that all ten AFL teams joined the NFL in 1970 and every AFL championship game and record is included in NFL record books . The old NFL Championship Game became the NFC Championship Game , while the old AFL Championship Game became the AFC Championship Game . The NFL lists the old AFL / NFL championship games with `` new '' AFC / NFC championship games in its record books . The Green Bay Packers have won the most championships with 13 total ( 9 NFL championships pre-merger , four ( 4 ) Super Bowl championships ) . The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive championships , having done so twice ( 1929 -- 1931 , 1965 -- 1967 ) . The Chicago Bears have won the second most overall championships with nine ( 9 ) ( eight NFL championships , one Super Bowl championship ) . Contents 1 1920 -- 1932 : The early years 2 1933 -- 1966 : The advent of the postseason 2.1 1933 -- 1966 : NFL Championship Game 2.2 1946 -- 1949 : AAFC Championship Game 2.3 1960 -- 1969 : AFL Championship Game 3 1966 -- 1969 : NFL vs. AFL -- The beginning of the Super Bowl era 4 1970 -- present : The Super Bowl era 4.1 Post -- merger 4.2 The institution of `` home - field advantage '' 4.3 Further playoff expansion 5 Championship games per season 5.1 APFA / NFL standings champions ( 1920 -- 1932 ) 5.2 NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1965 ) 5.3 Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) 6 NFL championships by franchise 7 List of various league / world championship game systems 8 Undefeated regular seasons and `` perfect seasons '' in professional football 9 See also 10 References 1920 -- 1932 : the early years ( edit ) For a list of NFL standings champions prior to 1933 , see List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) . At its inception in 1920 , the NFL had no playoff system or championship game : the champion was the team with the best record during the season as determined by winning percentage , with ties omitted . This sometimes led to very unusual results , as teams played anywhere from six to twenty league games in a season , and not all teams played the same number of games or against league talent . As a result , in the league 's first six seasons , four league titles were disputed and had to be resolved by the league 's executive committee . In 1920 , the Akron Pros went undefeated , tying three games , but two teams that had won more games ( and who had both tied Akron ) , the Buffalo All - Americans and Decatur Staleys , petitioned the league for a share of the title ; both teams ' petitions were denied , and Akron was awarded the first ( and only ) Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup . According to modern tie - breaking rules , Akron and Buffalo would be co-champions . Akron and Buffalo both awarded their team members with gold medallions . The next was in the 1921 NFL season , between the same All - Americans and Staleys ( with the latter now being based in Chicago ) . Buffalo had insisted that the last matchup between the two was an exhibition game not to be counted toward the standings , however , Chicago owner George Halas and league management insisted the game be counted in its standings ( the league , at the time , did not recognize exhibition matches ) . The result was that although the two teams were effectively tied in the standings , the disputed game , having been played later , was given more weight and thus ended up being considered a de facto championship game . Chicago also had one fewer tie game . A nearly identical situation recurred in 1924 , when Chicago tried the same tactic of a final game against the Cleveland Bulldogs , but the league ruled the opposite and declared the last game `` post-season '' , giving the Bulldogs their third consecutive league title . The fourth and final disputed title was the 1925 NFL Championship controversy between the Pottsville Maroons and the Chicago Cardinals . The Maroons had been controversially suspended by the league at the end of the 1925 NFL season for an unauthorized game against a non-NFL team , allowing the Cardinals to throw together two fairly easy matches ( one against a team consisting partly of high school players , also against league rules ) to pass Pottsville in the standings . The league awarded the Cardinals the title , one of only two in the team 's history , but the Cardinals declined the offer and the championship was vacated . Only in 1933 , when the Bidwill family ( which still owns the Cardinals ) bought the team , did the Cardinals reverse their decision and claim the title as their own , a decision that continues to be disputed , with the Bidwills opposing any change in the record and the two current Pennsylvania teams in favor . The league recognized the Bidwills ' claim to the title and has taken no other action on the issue , although a self - made championship trophy from the Maroons sits in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Ironically , it was Pottsville 's win in that game against the Notre Dame All - Stars that gave professional football legitimacy over college football . Part of the controversy over these stems from the criteria the league used to determine its champion . The league used a variation of win percentage as its criterion , in which the number of wins is divided by the sum of wins and losses , and ties were excluded . The league began considering ties in its standings in 1972 , counting them as half a win and half a loss , but this was not applied retroactively . Had it been , it would have changed the outcome of four 1920 - 1931 championships : the Buffalo All - Americans would have tied the Akron Pros for the 1920 title , the Duluth Kelleys would have tied the Cleveland Bulldogs for the 1924 title , the Pottsville Maroons would have won in 1925 , and the New York Giants would have won in 1930 . Had win - loss differential ( the standard method in baseball ) been used , the Decatur Staleys would have won the 1920 title by virtue of being one game ahead of Buffalo , and the 1924 title would have been won by the Frankford Yellow Jackets , who were four games ahead of actual champion Cleveland in the standings by that measure . At the end of the 1932 season , the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans were tied with the best winning percentage at . 857 , with the Spartans record of 6 -- 1 -- 4 and the Bears record of 6 -- 1 -- 6 taken to be six wins , one loss , while the Green Bay Packers finished 10 -- 3 -- 1 . In terms of pure win - loss differential , the Packers would have won their fourth consecutive title , as they had seven more wins than losses , compared to the + 5 of the Spartans and Bears , and had the current method of calculating winning percentage been in place , the Packers would have likewise won a fourth consecutive title at . 750 , with the Spartans runners - up at . 727 , and the Bears third at . 692 . To determine the champion , the league , reportedly at the behest of George Preston Marshall , voted to hold the first official playoff game in Chicago at Wrigley Field . Because of severe winter conditions before the game , and fear of low turnout , the game was held indoors at Chicago Stadium which forced some temporary rule changes . The game was played on a modified 80 - yard dirt field , and Chicago won 9 -- 0 , winning the league championship , with Portsmouth finishing third . A number of new rule changes were instituted , many inspired by the 1932 indoor championship game : the goal posts were moved forward to the goal line , every play started from between the hash marks , and forward passes could originate from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage ( instead of five yards behind ) . The playoff game proved so popular that the league reorganized into two divisions for the 1933 season , with the winners advancing to a scheduled championship game . 1933 -- 1966 : the advent of the postseason ( edit ) 1933 -- 1966 : NFL championship game ( edit ) For a list of NFL Championship Games and winners , see List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) . Starting in 1933 , the NFL decided its champion through a single postseason playoff game , called the NFL Championship Game . During this period , the league divided its teams into two groups , through 1949 as divisions and from 1950 onward as conferences . Divisions ( 1933 -- 1949 ) : Eastern and Western Conferences ( 1950 -- 1952 ) : American and National Conferences ( 1953 -- 1966 ) : Eastern and Western Conferences and Divisions ( 1967 -- 1969 ) : Eastern ( Capitol and Century ) and Western ( Central and Coastal ) Home field for the 1933 title game was determined by the won - lost percentage in use at the time ; the Western Division champion Chicago Bears ( 10 -- 2 -- 1 , . 833 ) , having a better record that the Eastern Division champion New York Giants ( 11 -- 3 -- 0 , . 786 ) , won the right to host the first title playoff . Thereafter , from 1934 onward , the divisions alternated the site of the playoff , with the East / American hosting in even years and the West / National in odd years . If there was a tie for first place within the conference , an extra playoff game decided who would go to the NFL Championship Game , with a coin toss deciding where the game would be played . ( This occurred nine times in these 34 seasons : 1941 , 1943 , 1947 , 1950 ( both conferences ) , 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , and 1965 . ) This last occurred during the 1965 season , when the Green Bay Packers and Baltimore Colts tied for first place in the Western Conference at 10 -- 3 -- 1 . Green Bay had won both its games with Baltimore during the regular season , but because no tie - breaker system was in place , a conference playoff game was held on December 26 ( what was scheduled to be an off - week between the end of the regular schedule and the NFL Championship Game ) . The Cleveland Browns , the Eastern champion at 11 -- 3 -- 0 , did not play that week . The championship game was then held on its originally - scheduled date , January 2 , 1966 -- the first time the NFL champion was crowned in January . Green Bay won both post-season games at home , beating the injury - riddled Colts ( with third - string QB Tom Matte ) in overtime by a controversial field goal , and taking the title 23 -- 12 on a very muddy field ( in what turned out to be Jim Brown 's final NFL game ) . For the 1960 through 1969 seasons , the NFL staged an additional postseason game called the `` Playoff Bowl '' ( aka the `` Bert Bell Benefit Bowl '' or the `` Runner - up Bowl '' ) . These games matched the second - place teams from the two conferences ; the CBS television network advertised them as `` playoff games for third place in the NFL . '' All ten of these consolation games were played in the Orange Bowl in Miami in January , the week after the NFL championship game . The NFL now classifies these contests as exhibition games and does not include the records , participants , or results in the official league playoff statistics . The Playoff Bowl was discontinued after the AFL -- NFL merger ; the final edition was played in January 1970 . Starting with the 1934 game the winning team received the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy . The trophy was named after Ed Thorp , a noted referee , rules expert , and sporting goods dealer . Thorp died in 1934 and a large , traveling trophy was made that year , passed along from champion to champion each season with each championship team 's name inscribed on it . Teams would also receive a replica trophy . The trophy was last awarded to the Minnesota Vikings in 1969 . The actual trophy , however , is now missing . Late in the 1940 season , NFL President Carl Storck announced that sudden death periods would be authorized for any playoff game needed to decide either division title . It was emphasized that this did not apply to the final championship game , which would crown co-champions in the event of a tie . While a shared championship was deemed an acceptable solution , it must have become obvious that an elimination game leading to the championship must necessarily produce a winner . Commissioner Elmer Layden approved a similar arrangement for the 1941 season , with the same limitation . A coin toss would decide possession of the Ed Thorp trophy that accompanied the league title should the championship game result in a tie . Sudden death overtime was finally approved for the NFL championship game in 1946 and has remained in effect ever since . The first playoff game requiring overtime was the 1958 NFL Championship Game . The 1955 and 1960 NFL championship games were played on Monday afternoons , Christmas having fallen on a Sunday in those years . 1946 -- 1949 : AAFC championship game ( edit ) For a list of AAFC Championship Games and winners , see List of AAFC champions The All - America Football Conference was created in June 1944 to compete against the NFL . Even though the league outdrew the NFL in attendance , the continuing dominance of the Cleveland Browns led to the league 's downfall . For its first three seasons , the league was divided into two divisions : Eastern and Western ( 1946 -- 1948 ) . The league had no divisions in 1949 . The site of the championship game during the first three was determined just as it was in the NFL -- a divisional rotation . In 1949 , the league held a four - team playoff , with home field based upon won - lost record . The Browns , led by Quarterback Otto Graham , won all four of the league championship games . A tiebreaker playoff game was played in 1948 to break a tie between the Baltimore Colts and Buffalo Bills ( AAFC ) for the Eastern Division championship . Semifinal playoff games were held in 1949 , setting up a championship final between the first - place Browns and the second - place San Francisco 49ers . In 1948 , the Browns became the first professional football team to complete an entire season undefeated and untied -- 24 years before the 1972 Miami Dolphins of the NFL would accomplish the task , but this feat is not recognized by NFL record books . Unlike the AFL statistics which are treated as NFL statistics , records of the AAFC and its teams ( most of which folded ) are not recognized . However , individual AAFC player statistics are included in Pro Football Hall of Fame records , and the defunct conference is memorialized in the Hall . 1960 -- 1969 : AFL championship game ( edit ) For a list of AFL Championship Games and winners , see American Football League Championship Game . With its creation in 1960 , the AFL determined its champion via a single playoff game between the winners of its two divisions , the Eastern and Western . The AFL Championship games featured classics such as the 1962 double - overtime championship game between the Dallas Texans and the defending champion Houston Oilers . At the time it was the longest professional football championship game ever played . Also in 1963 , an Eastern Division playoff was needed to determine the division winner between the Boston Patriots and Buffalo Bills . 1966 -- 1969 : NFL vs. AFL -- the beginning of the Super Bowl era ( edit ) For a list of AFL Championship Games and winners , see American Football League Championship Game . For a list of NFL Championship Games and winners , see List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) . For a list of AFL - NFL World Championship games , see List of Super Bowl champions § AFL - NFL World Championships . In 1966 , the success of the rival AFL , the spectre of the NFL 's losing more stars to the AFL , and concern over a costly `` bidding war '' for players precipitated by the NFL 's Giants ' signing of Pete Gogolak , who was under contract to the AFL 's Buffalo Bills , led the two leagues to discuss a merger . Pivotal to this was approval by Congress of a law ( PL 89 - 800 ) that would waive jeopardy to anti-trust statutes for the merged leagues . The major point of the testimony given by the leagues to obtain the law was that if the merger were permitted , `` Professional football operations will be preserved in the 23 cities and 25 stadiums where such operations are presently being conducted . '' The merger was announced on June 8 , 1966 , and became fully effective in 1970 . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) After expanding to enfranchise the New Orleans Saints in 1967 , the NFL split its 16 teams into two conferences with two divisions each : the Capitol and Century Divisions in the Eastern Conference , and the Coastal and Central Divisions in the Western Conference . The playoff format was expanded from a single championship game to a four - team tournament , with the four divisional champions participating . The two division winners in each conference met in the `` Conference Championships '' , with the winners advancing to the NFL Championship Game . Again , the home team for each playoff game was determined by a yearly divisional or conference rotation . The AFL on the other hand , raised its total franchise number to ten with the Miami Dolphins joining the Eastern Division in 1966 and the Cincinnati Bengals joining the Western Division in 1968 . The league until 1969 kept using the one - game - playoff format except when division tie - breakers were needed . In its final season , 1969 , the AFL adopted a four - team playoff to determine its champion . Following the NFL and AFL Championship Games for the 1966 through 1969 seasons , the NFL champion played the AFL champion in Super Bowls I through IV , the only true inter-league championship games in the history of professional football . The first two of these games were known as the AFL - NFL Championship Game , as the title Super Bowl was not chosen until 1968 . Thus the third AFL - NFL matchup was dubbed `` Super Bowl III '' and the first two matches were retronamed as Super Bowls I and II . The first two games were convincingly won by the NFL 's Packers , the last two by the AFL 's New York Jets and Kansas City Chiefs , leaving the leagues even at 2 - 2 in `` Championship '' competition when they subsequently merged . All participants in those four AFL - NFL championship games were either AFL champions or NFL champions in the record books , no matter the outcome of the Super Bowl . Three of the four league champions who lost one of the first four Super Bowls would eventually win at least one . The exception is the Minnesota Vikings which went to three others and lost all of them . 1970 -- present : the Super Bowl era ( edit ) For a complete list of post-merger Super Bowl winners , see List of Super Bowl champions § NFL Championships . Post -- merger ( edit ) After the 1969 season and Super Bowl IV , the AFL and NFL fully merged and underwent a re-alignment for the 1970 season . Three of the pre-merger NFL teams were transferred to the AFC ( Browns , Colts , and Steelers ) to level the conferences ( AFC and NFC ) at 13 teams each ; each conference split into three divisions . The Colts beat the Cowboys in the first Super Bowl after the AFL -- NFL merger ( Super Bowl V ) With only six division winners in the newly merged league , the NFL designed an eight - team playoff tournament , with four clubs from each conference qualifying . Along with the three division winners in each conference , two wild card teams ( one from each conference ) , the second - place finishers with the best records in each conference , were added to the tournament . The first round was named the `` Divisional Playoffs '' , the winners advancing to the `` Conference Championships '' ( AFC & NFC ) . Two weeks later , the AFC and NFC champions met in the Super Bowl , now the league 's championship game . Thus , Super Bowl V in January 1971 was the first Super Bowl played for the NFL title . With the introduction of the wild card , a rule was instituted to prohibit two teams from the same division ( champion and wild card ) from meeting in the first - round ( Divisional Playoffs ) . This rule would remain in effect through the 1989 season . More significantly , the home teams in the playoffs were still decided by a yearly divisional rotation , not on regular - season records ( excluding the wild - card teams , who would always play on the road ) . This lack of `` home - field advantage '' was most evident in the 1972 playoffs , when the undefeated Miami Dolphins played the AFC Championship Game at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh against the Steelers , who were undefeated at home during the regular season , but had three losses on the road . Beginning in 1972 , tie games were included in the computing of each team 's winning percentage . Each tie was then counted as half of a win and half of a loss , rather than being omitted from the computation . Previously , the NFL disregarded any tie games played when they computed the standings , basing it on winning percentage with any ties thrown out and ignored . Overtime games were not played during the regular season until 1974 . The institution of `` home - field advantage '' ( edit ) In 1975 , the league modified its 1970 playoff format by instituting a seeding system . The surviving clubs with the higher seeds were made the home teams for each playoff round . The three division champions in each conference were seeded first through third based on their regular - season records , with the wild - card team in each conference as the fourth seed . Teams that earned the top seed became known as clinching `` home - field advantage '' throughout the playoffs , since they played all of their playoff games at their home stadium ( except for the Super Bowl , played at a neutral site ) . However , the league continued to prohibit meetings between teams from the same division in the Divisional Playoffs . Thus , there would be times when the pairing in that round would pit the first seed versus the third , and the second versus the fourth . Further playoff expansion ( edit ) The league expanded the playoffs to 10 teams in 1978 , adding a second wild - card team ( a fifth seed ) from each conference . The two wild - card teams from each conference ( the fourth and fifth seeds ) played each other in the first round , called the `` Wild Card Playoffs . '' The division winners ( the first three seeds ) would then receive a bye to automatically advance to the Divisional Playoffs , which became the second round of the playoffs . In the divisional round , much like the 1970 playoff format , teams from the same division were still prohibited from playing each other , regardless of seeding . Under the 1978 format , teams from the same division could meet only in the wild - card round or the conference championship . Thus , as before , a divisional champion could only play a divisional foe in the conference championship game . A players ' strike shortened the 1982 season to nine games . The league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament for that year . The top eight teams from each conference qualified ( ignoring the divisional races -- there were no division standings , and in some cases 2 teams from the same division did not play each other at all that season ) . The playoffs reverted to the 1978 format in the following year . In 1990 , the NFL expanded the playoffs to twelve teams by adding a third wild - card team ( a sixth seed ) from each conference . The restrictions on intra-division playoff games during the Divisional Playoffs were removed . However , only the top two division winners in each conference ( the 1 and 2 seeds ) received byes and automatically advanced to the Divisional Playoffs as host teams . The 3 seed , the division winner with the worst regular season record in each conference , would then host the 6 seed in the Wild Card Playoffs . In 2002 , the NFL realigned into eight divisions , four per conference , to accommodate a 32nd team , the Houston Texans . The playoffs remained a 12 - team tournament , with four division winners ( the 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 seeds ) and two wild cards ( the 5 and 6 seeds ) from each conference advancing to the playoffs . Again , only the top two division winners in each conference would automatically advance to the Divisional Playoffs , while everybody else had to play in the Wild Card round . Furthermore , the league still maintains the names `` Wild Card Playoffs '' , `` Divisional Playoffs '' , and `` Conference Championships '' for the first , second , and third rounds of the playoffs , respectively . A proposal to expand the playoffs to 14 teams by adding a third wild card team ( a seventh seed ) from each conference , and only giving the 1 seeds the bye in the first round , was tabled by the league owners in 2013 . Championship games per season ( edit ) Below is a list of professional football champions per season as recognized by the Pro Football Hall of Fame . APFA / NFL standings champions ( 1920 -- 1932 ) ( edit ) For the first thirteen seasons , the APFA / NFL did not hold a championship game , except in 1932 , when a playoff game was held . Played indoors on a reduced - size field , it was the precursor to the championship game ( though the losing team finished in third place in the final standings ) . For the 51 seasons from 1921 -- 1971 , the NFL did not officially include tie games in the winning percentage , they were omitted from the calculation . Season League Team Win Loss Tie Pct . 1920 APFA Akron Pros ( 1 ) 8 0 1.000 1921 APFA Chicago Staleys ( 1 ) 9 . 900 1922 NFL Canton Bulldogs ( 1 ) 10 0 1.000 1923 NFL Canton Bulldogs ( 2 ) 11 0 1.000 1924 NFL Cleveland Bulldogs ( 1 ) 7 . 875 1925 NFL Chicago Cardinals ( 1 ) 11 . 846 1926 NFL Frankford Yellow Jackets ( 1 ) 14 . 933 1927 NFL New York Giants ( 1 ) 11 . 917 1928 NFL Providence Steam Roller ( 1 ) 8 . 889 1929 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 1 ) 12 0 1.000 1930 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 2 ) 10 . 769 1931 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 3 ) 12 0 . 857 1932 NFL Chicago Bears ( 2 ) 7 6 . 875 NFL championship game ( 1933 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Click on column heading to sort by teams , venue or attendance . Season League Winning Team Score Losing Team Venue Attendance 1933 NFL Chicago Bears ( 3 ) 23 -- 21 New York Giants Wrigley Field 26,000 1934 NFL New York Giants ( 2 ) 30 -- 13 Chicago Bears Polo Grounds 35,059 1935 NFL Detroit Lions ( 1 ) 26 -- 7 New York Giants University of Detroit Stadium 15,000 1936 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) 21 -- 6 Boston Redskins Polo Grounds 29,545 1937 NFL Washington Redskins ( 1 ) 28 -- 21 Chicago Bears Wrigley Field 15,870 1938 NFL New York Giants ( 3 ) 23 -- 17 Green Bay Packers Polo Grounds 48,120 1939 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 5 ) 27 -- 0 New York Giants Dairy Bowl 32,279 1940 NFL Chicago Bears ( 4 ) 73 -- 0 Washington Redskins Griffith Stadium 36,034 1941 NFL Chicago Bears ( 5 ) 37 -- 9 New York Giants Wrigley Field 13,341 1942 NFL Washington Redskins ( 2 ) 14 -- 6 Chicago Bears Griffith Stadium 36,006 1943 NFL Chicago Bears ( 6 ) 41 -- 21 Washington Redskins Wrigley Field 34,320 1944 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 6 ) 14 -- 7 New York Giants Polo Grounds 46,016 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams ( 1 ) 15 -- 14 Washington Redskins Cleveland Municipal Stadium 32,178 1946 NFL Chicago Bears ( 7 ) 24 -- 14 New York Giants Polo Grounds 58,346 1947 NFL Chicago Cardinals ( 2 ) 28 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles Comiskey Park 30,759 1948 NFL Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 ) 7 -- 0 Chicago Cardinals Shibe Park 36,309 1949 NFL Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) 14 -- 0 Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 27,980 1950 NFL Cleveland Browns ( 1 ) 30 -- 28 Los Angeles Rams Cleveland Municipal Stadium 29,751 1951 NFL Los Angeles Rams ( 2 ) 24 -- 17 Cleveland Browns Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 57,522 1952 NFL Detroit Lions ( 2 ) 17 -- 7 Cleveland Browns Cleveland Municipal Stadium 50,934 1953 NFL Detroit Lions ( 3 ) 17 -- 16 Cleveland Browns Briggs Stadium 54,577 1954 NFL Cleveland Browns ( 2 ) 56 -- 10 Detroit Lions Cleveland Municipal Stadium 43,827 1955 NFL Cleveland Browns ( 3 ) 38 -- 14 Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 85,693 1956 NFL New York Giants ( 4 ) 47 -- 7 Chicago Bears Yankee Stadium 56,836 1957 NFL Detroit Lions ( 4 ) 59 -- 14 Cleveland Browns Briggs Stadium 55,263 1958 NFL Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) 23 -- 17 ( OT ) New York Giants Yankee Stadium 64,185 1959 NFL Baltimore Colts ( 2 ) 31 -- 16 New York Giants Memorial Stadium 57,545 1960 NFL Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 ) 17 -- 13 Green Bay Packers Franklin Field 67,325 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 7 ) 37 -- 0 New York Giants `` New '' City Stadium 39,029 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 8 ) 16 -- 7 New York Giants Yankee Stadium 64,892 1963 NFL Chicago Bears ( 8 ) 14 -- 10 New York Giants Wrigley Field 45,801 1964 NFL Cleveland Browns ( 4 ) 27 -- 0 Baltimore Colts Cleveland Municipal Stadium 79,544 1965 NFL Green Bay Packers ( 9 ) 23 -- 12 Cleveland Browns Lambeau Field 50,777 Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) ( The creation of Super Bowl was the first sign of AFL -- NFL merger . The first four Super Bowls served as inter-league championship games because of these inter-league championship games this created some confusion amongst football fans that there was a special World Championship series in the pre-merger era . After the merger , the Super Bowl became the NFL 's championship game . The number in the parentheses is the total number of Super Bowl championships and the bolded number in parentheses is the total number of NFL championships . ) Further information : List of Super Bowl champions Season League Game Winning team Score Losing team Venue Attendance 1966 NFL AFL Green Bay Packers ( 1 ) ( 10 ) 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 61,946 1967 NFL AFL II Green Bay Packers ( 2 ) ( 11 ) 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders Miami Orange Bowl 75,546 1968 NFL AFL III New York Jets ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 16 -- 7 Baltimore Colts Miami Orange Bowl 75,389 1969 NFL AFL IV Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings Tulane Stadium 80,562 1970 NFL V Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) ( 3 ) 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys Miami Orange Bowl 79,204 1971 NFL VI Dallas Cowboys ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins Tulane Stadium 81,023 1972 NFL VII Miami Dolphins ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 90,182 1973 NFL VIII Miami Dolphins ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings Rice Stadium 71,882 NFL IX Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings Tulane Stadium 80,997 NFL X Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys Miami Orange Bowl 80,187 1976 NFL XI Oakland Raiders ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings Rose Bowl 103,438 1977 NFL XII Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos Louisiana Superdome 76,400 1978 NFL XIII Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Miami Orange Bowl 79,484 1979 NFL XIV Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams Rose Bowl 103,985 1980 NFL XV Oakland Raiders ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles Louisiana Superdome 76,135 1981 NFL XVI San Francisco 49ers ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals Pontiac Silverdome 81,270 1982 NFL XVII Washington Redskins ( 1 ) ( 3 ) 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins Rose Bowl 103,667 NFL XVIII Los Angeles Raiders ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins Tampa Stadium 72,920 1984 NFL XIX San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins Stanford Stadium 84,059 1985 NFL XX Chicago Bears ( 1 ) ( 9 ) 46 -- 10 New England Patriots Louisiana Superdome 73,818 1986 NFL XXI New York Giants ( 1 ) ( 5 ) 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos Rose Bowl 101,063 NFL XXII Washington Redskins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos Jack Murphy Stadium 73,302 1988 NFL XXIII San Francisco 49ers ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals Joe Robbie Stadium 75,129 1989 NFL XXIV San Francisco 49ers ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos Louisiana Superdome 72,919 1990 NFL XXV New York Giants ( 2 ) ( 6 ) 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills Tampa Stadium 73,813 1991 NFL XXVI Washington Redskins ( 3 ) ( 5 ) 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 63,130 1992 NFL XXVII Dallas Cowboys ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills Rose Bowl 98,374 1993 NFL XXVIII Dallas Cowboys ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills Georgia Dome 72,817 1994 NFL XXIX San Francisco 49ers ( 5 ) ( 5 ) 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers Joe Robbie Stadium 74,107 1995 NFL XXX Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) ( 5 ) 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers Sun Devil Stadium 76,347 NFL XXXI Green Bay Packers ( 3 ) ( 12 ) 35 - 21 New England Patriots Louisiana Superdome 72,301 1997 NFL XXXII Denver Broncos ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers Qualcomm Stadium 68,912 1998 NFL XXXIII Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons Pro Player Stadium 74,803 1999 NFL XXXIV St. Louis Rams ( 1 ) ( 3 ) 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans Georgia Dome 72,625 2000 NFL XXXV Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 34 -- 7 New York Giants Raymond James Stadium 71,921 2001 NFL XXXVI New England Patriots ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 20 -- 17 St. Louis Rams Louisiana Superdome 72,922 2002 NFL XXXVII Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders Qualcomm Stadium 67,603 2003 NFL XXXVIII New England Patriots ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers Reliant Stadium 71,525 NFL XXXIX New England Patriots ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles Alltel Stadium 78,125 2005 NFL XL Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 ) ( 5 ) 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks Ford Field 68,206 2006 NFL XLI Indianapolis Colts ( 2 ) ( 4 ) 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears Dolphin Stadium 74,512 2007 NFL XLII New York Giants ( 3 ) ( 7 ) 17 -- 14 New England Patriots University of Phoenix Stadium 71,101 2008 NFL XLIII Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 ) ( 6 ) 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals Raymond James Stadium 70,774 2009 NFL XLIV New Orleans Saints ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts Sun Life Stadium 74,059 NFL XLV Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) ( 13 ) 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers Cowboys Stadium 103,219 2011 NFL XLVI New York Giants ( 4 ) ( 8 ) 21 -- 17 New England Patriots Lucas Oil Stadium 68,658 2012 NFL XLVII Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers Mercedes - Benz Superdome 71,024 2013 NFL XLVIII Seattle Seahawks ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos MetLife Stadium 82,529 2014 NFL XLIX New England Patriots ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks University of Phoenix Stadium 70,288 2015 NFL 50 Denver Broncos ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers Levi 's Stadium 71,088 2016 NFL LI New England Patriots ( 5 ) ( 5 ) 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons NRG Stadium 70,807 2017 NFL LII Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 ) ( 4 ) 41 -- 33 New England Patriots U.S. Bank Stadium 67,612 NFL championships by franchise ( edit ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by year of first appearance . Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger . Does not include AFL titles won from 1960 -- 1965 or AAFC titles won from 1946 -- 1949 . Does not include Folded NFL teams with Zero `` Appearances / Top 2 Finishes . '' In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning NFL Championship years / appearances . Current NFL Team Folded Team Appearances / Top 2 Finishes Franchise Wins Losses / Runner - Ups Win % Seasons 22 New York Giants 8 14 . 364 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 19 Chicago Bears 9 10 . 474 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 , 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1946 , 1956 , 1963 , 1985 , 2006 18 Green Bay Packers 13 5 . 722 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1944 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 11 Washington Redskins 5 6 . 455 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 10 New England Patriots 5 5 . 500 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 9 Cleveland Browns 5 . 444 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1957 , 1964 , 1965 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 8 Cleveland / St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 5 . 375 1945 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1955 , 1979 , 1999 , 2001 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 7 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 571 1958 , 1959 , 1964 , 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 7 Philadelphia Eagles . 571 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1980 , 2004 , 2017 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 6 Detroit Lions . 667 1931 , 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1957 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 Chicago / Arizona Cardinals . 500 1925 , 1947 , 1948 , 2008 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 , 2013 , 2014 Canton Bulldogs 0 1.000 1922 , 1923 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 , 2012 Frankford Yellow Jackets . 500 1926 , 1928 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 , 1969 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 , 1988 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 , 2015 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 , 2016 Akron Pros 0 1.000 1920 Cleveland Bulldogs 0 1.000 1924 Providence Steam Rollers 0 1.000 1928 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 Buffalo All - Americans 0 . 000 1921 Pottsville Maroons 0 . 000 1925 Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- List of various league / world championship game systems ( edit ) Current NFL championship system Inter-league / world championship system Defunct league championship system League Official name Common name First year Last year Trophy name NFL NFL champion ( No championship game played ) NFL Champion 1920 1932 Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup , 1920 None , 1921 -- 32 NFL Championship Game NFL Championship 1933 1969 Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy AFL AFL Championship Game AFL Championship 1960 1969 AFL Trophy AFL NFL AFL - NFL World Championship Game World Championship of Pro Football AFL - NFL World Championship Game Super Bowl 1966 1969 Vince Lombardi Trophy NFL Super Bowl `` ( Modern ) NFL Championship '' Super Bowl World Championship ( Modern ) NFL Championship 1970 Present Undefeated regular seasons and `` perfect seasons '' in professional Football ( edit ) Perfect Season † League Season Franchise Regular Season Post Season Result ( s ) Recognition Wins Losses Ties Pct . Finish NFL 1920 Akron Pros * 8 0 1.000 1st NFL No Post-Season -- Championship by league vote . NFL : No HOF : No 1922 Canton Bulldogs * 10 0 1.000 1st NFL No Post-Season -- Championship by standings NFL : No HOF : No 1923 Canton Bulldogs * 11 0 1.000 1st NFL No Post-Season -- Championship by standings NFL : No HOF : No 1929 Green Bay Packers * 12 0 1.000 1st NFL No Post-Season -- Championship by standings NFL : No HOF : No 1934 Chicago Bears 13 0 0 1.000 1st NFL West Lost NFL Championship ( Giants ) ( 13 - 30 ) NFL : Yes HOF : Yes 1942 Chicago Bears 11 0 0 1.000 1st NFL West Lost NFL Championship ( Redskins ) ( 6 - 14 ) NFL : Yes HOF : Yes AAFC 1948 † Cleveland Browns 14 0 0 1.000 1st AAFC West Won AAFC championship ( Bills ) ( 49 - 7 ) NFL : No HOF : Yes NFL 1972 † Miami Dolphins 14 0 0 1.000 1st AFC East Won Divisional Playoffs ( Browns ) ( 20 - 14 ) Won Conference Championship ( Steelers ) ( 21 - 17 ) Won Super Bowl VII ( Redskins ) ( 14 - 7 ) NFL : Yes HOF : Yes NFL 2007 New England Patriots 16 0 0 1.000 1st AFC East Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jaguars ) ( 31 - 20 ) Won Conference Championship ( Chargers ) ( 21 - 12 ) Lost Super Bowl XLII ( Giants ) ( 14 - 17 ) NFL : Yes HOF : Yes ( * ) Because the NFL did not count tied games in league standings until 1972 ( when ties were added to past standings retroactively ) , these seasons were considered to be `` perfect '' at the time they finished . Because the rules existing at the times of those championships did not give the teams involved any incentive to avoid tie games in order to maintain a `` perfect '' season , the accuracy of calling these seasons `` imperfect '' is still disputed . See also ( edit ) National Football League lore NFC Championship Game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ; Mark Emmons ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` 49ers great Joe Perry and the stats that do n't count '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tony Grossi ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Browns put together a forgotten perfect season in 1948 '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL tie breaking rules '' . Jump up ^ `` Akron Pros ' Karl Johnson fob '' . Jump up ^ For more information on the trophy visit Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 19 , 1940 . Novel Plan Adopted to Decide Play - Offs , p. 22 Jump up ^ The New York Times , December 2 , 1941 . Play - Off Plans Given by Layden , p. 33 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , April 30 , 1946 . Danzig , Allison , Pro Giants To Play Seven Home Games , p. 27 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , December 18 , 1948 , Cards And Eagles Evenly Matched , p. 17 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , December 11 , 1950 , Sudden Death Overtime For Play - Off Contests , p. 33 Jump up ^ For more information on the proposed playoff expansion visit Jump up ^ No official standings were maintained for the 1920 season , and the championship was awarded to the Akron Pros in a league meeting on April 30 , 1921 . Clubs played schedules that included games against non-league opponents . Jump up ^ Became the Chicago Bears in 1922 National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_National_Football_League_championship&oldid=859258721 '' Categories : American Football League Championship Game History of the Super Bowl National Football League Championship games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most championship in the nfl | [
"From 1966–1969 prior to the merger in 1970, the NFL and the AFL agreed to hold an ultimate championship game, first called the AFL-NFL World Championship Game and later renamed the Super Bowl after 1968. Following the merger in 1970, the Super Bowl name continued as the game to determine the NFL champion. The most important factor of the merger was that all ten AFL teams joined the NFL in 1970 and every AFL championship game and record is included in NFL record books. The old NFL Championship Game became the NFC Championship Game, while the old AFL Championship Game became the AFC Championship Game. The NFL lists the old AFL/NFL championship games with \"new\" AFC/NFC championship games in its record books. The Green Bay Packers have won the most championships with 13 total (9 NFL championships pre-merger, four (4) Super Bowl championships). The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive championships, having done so twice (1929–1931, 1965–1967). The Chicago Bears have won the second most overall championships with nine (9) (eight NFL championships, one Super Bowl championship).\n"
] | [
"Green Bay Packers"
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-6281266501538018102 | Fear the Walking Dead (season 4) | Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Kim Dickens Frank Dillane Alycia Debnam - Carey Maggie Grace Colman Domingo Danay García Garret Dillahunt Lennie James Jenna Elfman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network AMC Original release April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead , an American horror - drama television series on AMC , premiered on April 15 , 2018 , and will comprise 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts . The second half of the season premiered on August 12 , 2018 . It is a companion series to The Walking Dead , and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series . The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg , as well as several new cast members including The Walking Dead 's Lennie James , who portrays Morgan Jones . The series also moved to a new filming location , Austin , Texas . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Production and writing 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Kim Dickens ( Madison Clark ) , Frank Dillane ( Nick Clark ) and Alycia Debnam - Carey ( Alicia Clark ) Main cast ( edit ) Kim Dickens as Madison Clark : An intelligent and domineering high school guidance counselor and the mother of Nick and Alicia . Frank Dillane as Nick Clark : A brave and selfless recovering heroin addict , Madison 's son , and Alicia 's brother . Alycia Debnam - Carey as Alicia Clark : The fiery yet compassionate daughter of Madison , and the sister of Nick . Maggie Grace as Althea : A curious and tactical journalist who encounters Morgan and John . Colman Domingo as Victor Strand : A smart and sophisticated conman - turned - businessman , who forms friendships with Nick and Madison . Danay García as Luciana Galvez : A strong and cautious former member of the La Colonia community in Tijuana , Mexico , and Nick 's girlfriend . Garret Dillahunt as John Dorie : A lonesome and friendly police officer whom Morgan encounters . Lennie James as Morgan Jones : A mentally unstable and ruthlessly pragmatic man , formerly a part of Rick Grimes ' group on The Walking Dead , who encounters the core group of survivors . Jenna Elfman as June / Naomi / Laura : A kind and mysterious nurse whom Madison encounters . Supporting cast ( edit ) Kevin Zegers as Melvin : The antagonistic leader of the Vultures . Evan Gamble as Ennis : A member of the Vultures . Sebastian Sozzi as Cole : A resident of the community within the baseball stadium . Rhoda Griffis as Vivian : A resident of the community within the baseball stadium . Alexa Nisenson as Charlie : A young girl who is a spy for the Vultures . Kenneth Wayne Bradley as Douglas : A resident of the community within the baseball stadium . Aaron Stanford as Jim Daryl Mitchell as Wendell Mo Collins as Sarah Tonya Pinkins Stephen Henderson Guest cast ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes : The main protagonist of The Walking Dead , Morgan 's friend , and the leader of Alexandria , a Safe - Zone in Virginia . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier : Morgan 's friend from Virginia who resides in the Kingdom . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia : Morgan 's friend from Virginia who resides in the Hilltop . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 `` What 's Your Story ? '' John Polson Scott M. Gimple & Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 4.09 Morgan Jones leaves his community in Virginia , despite being urged to stay by his various friends , including Rick Grimes . Morgan makes his way to the Texas border where he meets a man named John Dorie . The next day , Morgan and John are held captive by a group of survivors , but they are saved by a woman named Althea , who drives a SWAT vehicle . Althea tells Morgan and John that she is a journalist and wants to get their stories on camera . John tells Althea that he is on a mission to find his girlfriend , Laura . Morgan eventually opens up and tells Althea about his past in Atlanta and Virginia . The group stops their vehicle when they see a woman crawling on the ground , which turns out to be Alicia Clark . Morgan , John and Althea are then surrounded at gunpoint by Nick Clark , Victor Strand and Luciana Galvez . 39 `` Another Day in the Diamond '' Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 3.07 Madison , Nick , Alicia , Strand , and Luciana are a part of a community living in a baseball stadium . Nick is farming vegetables , but weevils are destroying them . Madison and others , excluding Nick , set out to find Charlie 's family , a young girl in the community . Madison 's group reaches a deserted town and they split up to search . Madison and Alicia find a burned down camp near giant oil tanks , which has a white flag with the number `` 457 '' . Madison comes across a woman named Naomi and Madison invites her to their community . At night , a large convoy of trucks approach the stadium . Mel , the leader of the group known as the Vultures , rounds up walkers outside the stadium and into a truck ; it is then labeled `` 12 '' . Madison goes out to talk with Mel , and he tells Madison he knows of their weevil problem , thanks to Charlie who is revealed as a spy . Mel orders Madison to give them all their supplies or they will die from their lack of resources . Madison refuses and walks away . Catching up to the events of the previous episode : Luciana finds a flag marked `` 51 '' in Althea 's SWAT vehicle , and Alicia orders them to take them to where they found the flag . 40 `` Good Out Here '' Dan Liu Shintaro Shimosawa April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 2.71 In flashbacks , Nick and Madison go on a supply run , however when arrive , they discover that Mel 's brother Ennis has already looted it . Charlie eavesdropped on Madison and obtained the location , giving it to Ennis . Nick pleads with Charlie to not listen to the Vultures . Nick then attacks Ennis with his knife , but Madison stops him from killing Ennis . Charlie goes with Ennis in his blue El Camino and they drove off . In the present , the SWAT vehicle swerves off the road and crashes after a commotion inside the vehicle between the two groups . Nick spots the blue El Camino and chases after it . The others find a service station which has a truck with wire cable , that they can use to tow the SWAT vehicle from the mud . Returning to the SWAT truck , they fight off various infected and successfully tow it . Nick finds Ennis at a farm and they fight inside a silo . Nick impales Ennis on a deer antler display , killing him . Nick is then shot by Charlie . The rest of the group arrives , where they try to revive him , but he dies . Alicia sobs and is left devastated . 41 `` Buried '' Magnus Martens Alex Delyle May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 2.49 Alicia , Strand , and Luciana tell Althea their stories about they ended up in their current situation , which led to Nick 's death . In flashbacks , various groups go on supply runs ; Strand and Cole search a nursery for plants ; Nick and Luciana search a library ; and Alicia and Naomi go to a water park . At the library , there is no food , but Nick insists on finding books because he argues people need more than just food . At the water park , Alicia and Naomi find various medical supplies and a machine gun . Strand shows Cole a secret car that is filled with supplies just for himself . At the stadium , Madison tells Mel she is willing to build a community together , but Mel scoffs at the idea . Nick suggests to Madison they should venture farther north to find seeds and fertilizer to bring back , instead of moving to a new location . In the present , the group tells Althea that they should have left the stadium . They stop the SWAT van , where they dig up a cache of weapons -- to kill the Vultures with . The group then buries Nick . John recognizes a backpack , which belongs to Naomi , revealing that she is Laura . Alicia tells John that Laura died at the stadium . Everyone leaves in the van , except Morgan and John , who go off alone . 42 5 `` Laura '' Michael E. Satrazemis Anna Fishko May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 2.46 In flashbacks , John finds Naomi unconscious in the water outside his cabin . John brings her inside , dresses her wound and lets her rest . Because she refuses to tell her name , John calls her Laura . John notices that more infected have been washing up on the creek surrounding his cabin , so he and Naomi canoe upstream to discover a broken guardrail on a bridge . They then patch the guardrail with a piece of metal . During the night , Naomi reveals to John that she lost a child . The next day , John teaches Naomi how to fish and they play Scrabble . The infected have still been floating downstream , so they investigate the bridge again . This time , they block the gap with a Jeep . During a scuffle with the infected , John refuses to use his pistols , but instead stabs them . He explains his refusal to use firearms is because of an incident from when he was a police officer . The infected eventually knock the Jeep into the river and float towards John 's cabin . John and Naomi fight off the infected , where John uses his weapons to save Naomi . Later , John tells Naomi he loves her and they kiss . The next day , John discovers Naomi has left , but leaves a note with Scrabble tiles : `` I love you too I 'm sorry . '' 43 6 `` Just in Case '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Richard Naing May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 2.31 In flashbacks , Madison and Strand join Naomi on a supply run to a FEMA shelter that may have seeds and fertilizer . They rest for the night at a motel , but when Madison wakes in the morning , she discovers Naomi is missing . Naomi goes to the shelter , which is filled with infected , and retrieves a set of keys marked `` JIC '' written . She is eventually surrounded by infected and takes refuge at the top of scaffolding . Madison and Strand arrive and are able to save her . Naomi explains that she and her daughter , Rose , had stayed at the shelter . When Rose caught pneumonia , she left to find antibiotics . But when she returned , she discovered that Rose had died , turned and infected everyone else . Naomi then takes Madison and Strand to a truck stocked with supplies . They return to the stadium with plants and fertilizer , and the Vultures decide to vacate the parking lot . In the present , Alicia , Strand and Luciana face off with Mel and the Vultures at the meeting spot . Morgan and John are also present . A woman pulls up in a vehicle , revealed to be Naomi . Alicia then shoots at Naomi but accidentally hits John when he steps in the way . 44 7 `` The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now '' Sarah Boyd Melissa Scrivner Love June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 1.97 In the present , the two groups engage in gunfire . Naomi tries to get medical supplies for John from the ambulance , but Mel drives off in it . Alicia fires at the ambulance with a grenade launcher and accuses Naomi of betraying her trust . Althea rides up in her SWAT vehicle , where Naomi and Morgan carry John inside , and Charlie joins them at Morgan 's request . Alicia finds Mel crawling from the ambulance and asks him how long Naomi had been colluding with them . He does not answer and Alicia then stabs him . In flashbacks , Charlie goes to the stadium and asks Madison if she can help Mel , who is injured from a car accident . Charlie claims she and Mel have left the Vultures after a fight with Ennis . Mel tells Madison that Ennis is planning on destroying the stadium . After patching up Mel , Madison gives him a truck with supplies and forces him to leave by himself . Charlie begs the others to bring back Mel . Alicia and Nick leave the stadium to find Mel . Ennis and the Vultures arrive at the stadium and unleash several trucks filled with the Infected . Back in the present , everyone in the SWAT vehicle arrives at the stadium , revealed to be filled with the Infected . 45 8 `` No One 's Gone '' Michael E. Satrazemis Ian Goldberg & Andrew Chambliss June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 2.32 Sometime after the destruction of the Gonzalez Dam , Madison meets Althea , whom she tries to rob without success . Madison eventually gives her a story from when her children were little and explains how she is trying to protect their innocence . Upon their departure , Althea gives Madison food , a radio and a map , allowing her to find her children . Althea 's kindness inspires Madison to form the stadium community , but Althea never learns Madison 's name . In the present , Naomi and Morgan struggle to get supplies to save John life while Al and Charlie deal with an attack from Alicia 's group . The subsequent revelation that Althea met Madison and Morgan 's intervention convinces Alicia to stop her path of vengeance . At night , Alicia 's group finishes telling their story about the fall of the stadium , including how everyone else died when they tried to flee and were overrun . Madison is revealed to have led the Infected into the stadium to contain the herd and give her children , Strand and Luciana a chance to survive . Madison ultimately sets the herd ablaze within the stadium , sacrificing herself to save the others . In honor of Madison 's memory , Althea names the story after her and the group shares the same noodles she gave to Madison when they first met . 46 9 `` People Like Us '' Magnus Martens Anna Fishko August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 1.88 Morgan decides to return to Virginia with the help of Althea , and asks the other members of the group to go with him . John , still recovering from his gunshot wound , intends on staying in Texas and returning to his cabin with June and Charlie ( the three are currently living in a school bus ) . Meanwhile , Strand , Luciana and Alicia are living in a mansion . Strand spends most of his days intoxicated , Luciana is severely depressed , and Alicia is off on her own ; none of them are interested in joining Morgan on his trip . Morgan helps Alicia , who is following a path of notes labeled `` HELP '' , to someone who is possibly in need . The two kill more Infected and reach the source of the notes , but the person has already turned . Disheartened , Alicia separates from Morgan and goes off on her own . Charlie flees the school bus , and John goes to Strand to ask for help in finding her . June confesses to Althea that she 's scared John wo n't love her , because John fell in love with `` Laura '' . Luciana catches Charlie in the mansion ( who is returning a book that Nick had given her ) , but she runs off as a fierce storm begins to develop . 47 10 `` Close Your Eyes '' Michael E. Satrazemis Shintaro Shimosawa August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 1.86 Alicia takes refuge in a house to escape the storm . She kills the dead Infected family and puts their bodies outside . She hears an intruder in the house , which is Charlie , who locks herself in an upstairs bedroom . Alicia guilts Charlie about killing Nick , telling her she 'll have to live with it for the rest of her life , which brings Charlie to tears . Alicia orders Charlie to help her hammer the window shutters closed , but stops once the noise begins to attract more Infected . Back inside , Alicia discovers Charlie has a gun , which Alicia keeps . The two eat dinner , and Charlie asks Alicia many questions about her past . The storm begins to intensify and a window shatters . They flee to the basement , which has flooded , and debris collapses on the basement door , trapping them . They try to escape through the exterior doors , but it 's locked from the outside . Believing they will soon drown , Charlie begs Alicia to kill her so she will not turn like her parents did . Alicia contemplates it , but refuses . Suddenly , an Infected impaled on a tree branch above falls and breaks the lock , allowing them to escape . They drive to the mansion to look for Strand and Luciana , but the house is empty and in ruins . They also discover John and June 's bus overturned on the bridge , and Alicia wonders if they are all dead . 48 11 `` The Code '' Tara Nicole Weyr Andrew Chambliss & Alex Delyle August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.83 49 12 `` Weak '' Colman Domingo Kalinda Vazquez September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBD 50 13 `` Blackjack '' Sharat Raju Ian Goldberg & Richard Naing September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) TBD 51 14 `` MM 54 '' Lou Diamond Phillips Anna Fishko & Shintaro Shimosawa September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) TBD 52 15 `` I Lose People ... '' David Barrett Kalinda Vazquez September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) TBD 53 16 `` ... I Lose Myself '' Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) TBD Production and writing ( edit ) On April 14 , 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners . Production began in November 2017 in Austin , Texas . Michael E. Satrazemis , a director of photography for The Walking Dead and director of 12 episodes , joined Fear the Walking Dead as a directing - producer . Lennie James joined the cast this season as Morgan Jones , his character from The Walking Dead . New cast members Maggie Grace , Garret Dillahunt and Jenna Elfman . In November 2017 , it was reported that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones on The Walking Dead would crossover and join the main cast in the fourth season . The fourth season also sees the additions of several new series regulars , played by Garret Dillahunt , Jenna Elfman , and Maggie Grace . On April 21 , 2018 , Colman Domingo revealed that he would be directing the twelfth episode of this season . The fourth season features a redesigned title sequence with new theme music . Each episode of the season has a different title card , and tells a story which will become apparent once the season is completed . The Hollywood Reporter reflected on the new intro , calling the new season , `` a Western with zombies , very much by design . '' Goldberg spoke of the season 's narrative structure , which features multiple timelines : `` We 're playing with the structure , depending on which story we 're telling in the episode . What we find so exciting about telling stories across time is it allows for mystery and for finding characters in an emotional place and exploring how they came to be that way , and finding them in a very different emotional place in the flashback storyline -- not only from a plot perspective of piecing it together , but also showing how people became who they are by charting them in the present and comparing it to where they 've been in the past . '' New showrunners Andrew Chambliss ( left ) and Ian B. Goldberg ( right ) . The new showrunners also were inspired by Westerns ; Chambliss stated , `` It all started with the themes we set out at the beginning : isolation and community . Those themes run through a lot of classic Western stories . '' Visually , the season is inspired by John Ford and Sergio Leone 's Westerns , using Once Upon a Time in the West as a template for directors . Chambliss said , `` it 's all about having wide shots , not moving the characters , but moving the characters within the frame . When we get to the editing room , it 's really about slowing down the cutting pattern , and harkening back to that style of filmmaking . It does infuse the show with a different feel than what we 've seen before . It 's something that we 're very excited for people to see . '' The third episode of the season features the death of Nick Clark , played by Frank Dillane . In an interview after the episode had aired , Dillane revealed he asked to leave the show prior to the fourth season . The actor explained : `` I had been doing it for three or four years , the show has undergone many changes in terms of different people in charge , all of this stuff , and I just felt like the beginning of this season kind of felt like the end of an era with this show . And television is hard work , and you have to shoot a lot . I also missed Europe very much . I 'm not American , so after a while I get quite homesick and all of those things . I also felt like we had achieved what needed to be achieved in the first few seasons , so I thought it was time to keep moving . '' Release ( edit ) On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season premiere and the season eight finale of The Walking Dead would be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the televised airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the fourth season has an approval rating of 82 % based on 73 reviews , with an average rating of 7.02 / 10 . TVLine reevaluated the series for its fourth season , giving it a grade of a `` B + '' . Reviewer Charlie Mason wrote , `` it 's gone from being an adequate stopgap between seasons of The Walking Dead to a show that 's as good or arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off . '' He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling . Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 4 ( 2018 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` What 's Your Story ? '' April 15 , 2018 1.6 4.09 0.9 2.01 2.5 6.11 `` Another Day in the Diamond '' April 22 , 2018 1.1 3.07 0.5 1.18 1.6 4.25 `` Good Out Here '' April 29 , 2018 1.0 2.71 0.6 1.50 1.6 4.21 `` Buried '' May 6 , 2018 0.9 2.49 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Laura '' May 13 , 2018 0.9 2.46 0.6 1.47 1.5 3.94 6 `` Just in Case '' May 20 , 2018 0.8 2.31 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now '' June 3 , 2018 0.6 1.97 0.5 1.19 1.1 3.16 8 `` No One 's Gone '' June 10 , 2018 0.7 2.32 0.6 1.52 1.3 3.85 9 `` People Like Us '' August 12 , 2018 0.6 1.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Close Your Eyes '' August 19 , 2018 0.6 1.86 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` The Code '' August 26 , 2018 0.6 1.83 TBD TBD TBD TBD ^ Jump up to : Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Crossover Season Premiere Date Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Sets August Return As Series Bids Farewell To Original Cast Member In Midseason Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Dalton ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead : Meet the new characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' : Kevin Zegers Digs Up Role In Season 4 '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Casts Evan Gamble ; Monique Green In ' One Day She 'll Darken ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tomasi , Rollo ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` FEAR THE WALKING DEAD : Season 4 TV Teaser Trailers : ' A New World to Fear ' & ' After the Fall ' ( AMC ) '' . film-book.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Surette , Tim ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Adds 12 Monkeys ' Aaron Stanford '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' Season 2 opens on par with series debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' and ' Fear the Walking Dead ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld , ' ' Silicon Valley , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' all dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Lifetime 's ' Harry & Meghan ' movie performs well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' dips opposite NBA Playoffs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' rebounds a little , ' Pose ' and ' Succession ' start slowly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' rises , ' Claws ' premieres well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' returns steady , ' Claws ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' returns on top , ' Ballers ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharp Objects ' finale hits series high , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Weak '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Blackjack '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : MM 54 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : I Lose People ... '' Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : ... I Lose Myself '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Renewed For Season 4 By AMC With New Showrunners '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Season 4 Moves Production To Texas '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead 's other key crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Garret Dillahunt Joins Fear TWD as Series Regular in Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Charlie ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jenna Elfman Joins Fear TWD Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : Maggie Grace Joins Season 4 As Series Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Domingo , Colman ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` A whirlwind of a week . With great comrades ... you can do anything you ever dreamed of . And I know a secret ... You are only as good as the company you keep . Our crew is the best crew . # feartwd '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Title Cards : Season 4 Intro Videos & Clues '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ; Goldberg , Lesley ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : Inside the Massive Season 4 Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead actor explains why he asked off the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Manson , Charlie ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Review : Why the AMC Drama Deserves a Reevaluation '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jersey Shore , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' get the biggest bumps in cable Live + 3 ratings for April 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' finale gets solid bump in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' stays down in cable Live + 3 ratings for May 28 - June 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Cloak & Dagger ' premiere makes good gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Four : The Final Season Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Tekken 7 Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Tara Chambler Madison Clark ( Fear the Walking Dead ) Clementine ( video game ) Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett ( video game ) King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_the_Walking_Dead_(season_4)&oldid=857003852 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Fear the Walking Dead Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does fear the walking dead season 4 come out | [
"The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and will comprise 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts.[1] The second half of the season premiered on August 12, 2018.[2] It is a companion series to The Walking Dead, and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, as well as several new cast members including The Walking Dead's Lennie James, who portrays Morgan Jones. The series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas.\n"
] | [
"April 15, 2018"
] |
1982072064483132949 | British passport | British passport - wikipedia British passport Jump to : navigation , search British passport The front cover of a British citizen biometric passport issued since 2006 The data page of the 2015 version of the British biometric passport Date first issued 1915 ( first ' modern ' passport ) 6 February 2006 ( biometric passport ) 7 October 2015 ( current version ) Issued by United Kingdom -- HM Passport Office -- CSRO ( Gibraltar ) -- Crown dependencies -- Overseas Territories Type of document Passport Purpose Identification Eligibility requirements British citizenship or any of the various other forms of British nationality Expiration 10 years ( 16 or older ) 5 years ( under 16 ) Cost Adult ( show ) Standard ( 32 pages ) : £ 72.50 Jumbo ( 48 pages ) : £ 85.50 Free if born before 2 September 1929 Child ( under 16 ) ( show ) £ 46.00 British passports are passports issued by the United Kingdom to those holding any form of British nationality . There are different types of British nationality , and different types of British passports as a result . A British passport enables the bearer to travel worldwide and serves as proof of citizenship . It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world , or if also a citizen of the European Union , any embassy of another European Union member state . Passports are issued using royal prerogative , which are exercised by Her Majesty 's Government . British citizen passports have been issued by Her Majesty 's Passport Office in the UK since 2006 . British citizens can use their passport as evidence of right of abode in the United Kingdom and EU citizenship . All passports issued in the UK since 2006 have been biometric . In 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa - on - arrival access to 175 countries and territories , ranking the British citizen passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Danish , Finnish , French , Italian , Japanese , Norwegian and Swedish passports ) according to the Visa Restrictions Index for travel . In 1988 , the UK Government voluntarily changed the colour of the passport to burgundy red , in line with all EU passports . The UK Government announced plans in December 2017 to return to the dark blue cover passport after Brexit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of British passports 1.1 British citizen , British overseas citizen , British subject , British protected person , British national ( overseas ) 1.2 Gibraltar 1.3 EU citizenship 1.4 Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories 1.5 Special British passports 2 History 2.1 Historical passports 2.2 Timeline 2.3 The pre-1988 passport 2.4 The British visitor 's passport 2.5 European format passports 2.6 Return to blue passport 3 Physical appearance 3.1 Generic design 3.1. 1 Front cover 3.1. 2 Passport note 3.1. 3 Information page 3.1. 4 Function - related passports 3.2 Passports issued to residents of the Crown dependencies and Gibraltar 3.3 Passports issued to residents of certain British Overseas Territories 4 Multiple passports 5 Endorsements 6 Abandoned plans for `` next generation '' biometric passports and national identity registration 7 Monarch 8 Visa requirements 9 Foreign travel statistics 10 Gallery of British passports 11 See also 12 References Types of British passports ( edit ) Owing to the many different categories in British nationality law , there are different types of passports for each class of British nationality . All categories of British passports are issued by Her Majesty 's Government under royal prerogative . Since all British passports are issued in the name of the Crown , the reigning monarch does not require a passport . The following table shows the number of valid British passports on the last day of 2016 and shows the different categories eligible to hold a British passport : Category Country code Valid passports as at 31 Dec 2017 Issuing authority Note British citizens GBR 49,728,584 In the UK : HM Passport Office ( HMPO ) In Gibraltar : Civil Status and Registration Office ( CSRO ) Individual Crown dependencies British Overseas Territories Citizens of Gibraltar GBD 2,202 CSRO formerly British Dependent Territories Citizens British Overseas Territories Citizens of other British Overseas Territories 30,252 Individual Overseas Territory HMPO British Overseas citizens GBO 13,379 HMPO British subjects with right of abode in UK GBS 36,029 HMPO British subjects without right of abode in UK 869 HMPO British protected persons GBP 1,408 HMPO British Nationals ( Overseas ) GBN 158,107 HMPO A British passport issued by Guernsey British citizen , British Overseas citizen , British subject , British protected person , British National ( Overseas ) ( edit ) British citizen , British overseas citizen , British subject , British protected person and British national ( overseas ) passports are issued by HM Passport Office in the UK . British nationals of these categories applying for passports outside the UK can apply for their passport online from HMPO . British passports were previously issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in British embassies around the world . However , in 2009 , this was stopped and British citizen passports can now only be issued by the Passport Office in the UK . The FCO says : `` In their 2006 report on consular services , the National Audit Office recommended limiting passport production to fewer locations to increase security and reduce expenditure . '' Gibraltar ( edit ) British citizens and British Overseas Territory citizens of Gibraltar can apply for their passport in Gibraltar , where it will be issued by the Gibraltar Civil Status and Registration Office . EU citizenship ( edit ) British citizens , British Overseas Territory citizens of Gibraltar and British subjects with right of abode are considered to be UK nationals for the purpose of EU law . They are therefore considered to be EU citizens , allowing them to move freely within the European Economic Area and Switzerland . Other types of British nationals are not considered to be EU citizens , but may nevertheless enjoy visa - free travel to the European Union as tourists . Crown dependencies and Overseas Territories ( edit ) British passports in Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are issued in the name of the Lieutenant - Governor of the respective Crown Dependencies on behalf of the States of Jersey , States of Guernsey and the Government of the Isle of Man respectively . Meanwhile , in British Overseas Territories , British Overseas Territories Citizen passports are issued in the name of the respective territory 's governor . British emergency passport with its cream cover Special British passports ( edit ) Diplomatic passports are issued in the UK by HMPO . They are issued to British diplomats and high - ranking government officials to facilitate travel abroad . Official passports are issued to those travelling abroad on official state business . Queen 's Messenger passports are issued to diplomatic couriers who transport documents on behalf of HM Government . Emergency passports are issued by British embassies across the world . Emergency passports may be issued to any person holding British nationality . Commonwealth citizens are also eligible to receive British emergency passports in countries where their country of nationality is unrepresented . Under a reciprocal agreement , British emergency passports may also be issued to EU citizens in countries where their own country does not have a diplomatic mission or is otherwise unable to assist . History ( edit ) Safe conduct documents , usually notes signed by the monarch , were issued to foreigners as well as English subjects in medieval times . They were first mentioned in an Act of Parliament , the Safe Conducts Act in 1414 . Between 1540 and 1685 , the Privy Council issued passports , although they were still signed by the monarch until the reign of Charles II when the Secretary of State could sign them instead . The Secretary of State signed all passports in place of the monarch from 1794 onwards , at which time formal records started to be kept . Passports were written in Latin or English until 1772 , when French was used instead . From about 1855 English was used , with some sections translated into French for many years . In 1855 passports became a standardised document issued solely to British nationals . They were a simple single - sheet paper document , and by 1914 included a photograph of the holder . The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 was passed on the outbreak of World War I. A new format was introduced in 1915 : a single sheet folded into eight with a cardboard cover . It included a description of the holder as well as a photograph , and had to be renewed after two years . Historical passports ( edit ) Some duplicate passports and passport records are available at the British Library ; for example IOR : L / P&J / 11 contain a few surviving passports of travelling ayahs for the 1930s . A passport issued on 18 June 1641 and signed by King Charles I still exists . Timeline ( edit ) Various changes to the design were made over the years : In 1927 , the country name changed from `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' to `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' ( alternatively the name of the colony appeared here ) In 1954 , the name of the Secretary of State was removed . In 1968 the validity was extended from five years renewable up to ten , to ten years non-renewable . At the end of 1972 , several modifications were made . A special blue watermarked paper was introduced to make alteration and forgery more difficult . The number of pages was reduced from 32 to 30 , and the holder 's eye colour and the maiden name of a married woman were removed . In May 1973 , an optional 94 - page passport was made available which provided many more pages for immigration stamps and visas for frequent travellers . In 1975 , lamination over the bearer 's photograph was introduced to make alteration harder . Overprinting of the laminate was added in 1981 to make removal easier to spot . In 1979 , UK exchange controls were abolished , and the foreign exchange page was removed . In 1982 , the holder 's occupation and country of residence were removed . In July 1988 , changes were made to ease the introduction of machine - readable passports later in the year . Joint passports were no longer issued and the descriptions of distinguishing features and height were removed . In August 1988 , the old style started to be replaced by the burgundy passport , which included the first - ever printed mention of the European Community on the cover and granted automatic free movement of labour to British citizens in the other 9 EEC countries ( at the time ) , and reciprocally provided access for those nation 's workers into the UK economy . Some offices issued the remaining stock of old - style passports until as late as 1993 . 1998 : Digital facial image rather than a laminated photograph , and intaglio or raised printing on the inside of the covers . Children under 16 are no longer included on new adult passports . 2006 : Biometric passports ( also called ePassports ) comply with the US Visa Waiver Program . 2010 : The Identity & Passport Service announced that the British passport was to be redesigned . Pages of the passport will contain well - known UK scenes including the White Cliffs of Dover , the Gower Peninsula , Ben Nevis and the Giant 's Causeway . There will also be new security features , namely moving the chip which stores the holder 's details to the inside of the passport cover where it will no longer be visible ( this gives additional physical protection as well as making it much harder to replace the chip without damage to the passport cover being spotted ) , a secondary image of the holder printed onto the observations page , new designs now stretching across two pages and a new transparent covering which includes several holograms to protect the holder 's personal details . 2015 : HM Passport Office unveiled the design and theme of the new passport as ' Creative United Kingdom ' at Shakespeare 's Globe , London on November . The design features British cultural icons such as William Shakespeare , John Harrison , John Constable , Charles Babbage , Ada Lovelace , Antony Gormley , Elisabeth Scott and Anish Kapoor ; iconic British innovations such as the Penny Black and the London Underground ; and UK landmark structures like the Houses of Parliament , London Eye , Edinburgh Castle , the Pierhead Building in Cardiff , Titanic Belfast and the Royal Observatory Greenwich . As part of the Press release the HM Passport Office said the new passport is the most secure in the world . The passport was released in December 2015 . De La Rue has got a 10 - year contract with HM Passport Office designing and producing the British Passports starting in 2010 as well as the new ' Creative UK ' passport in 2015 . The pre-1988 passport ( edit ) UK passport 1924 A 32 - page passport with a dark cover , commonly known as the old blue style , came into use in 1920 with the formation of the Passport Service following international agreement on a standard format for passports , and remained in use until replaced by the European Union - style machine - readable passport in late 1988 . As with many documents worldwide and all booklet - format documents , details were handwritten into the passport and ( as of 1955 ) included : number , holder 's name , `` accompanied by his wife '' and her maiden name , `` and '' ( number ) `` children '' , national status . For both bearer and wife : profession , place and date of birth , country of residence , height , eye and hair colour , special peculiarities , signature and photograph . Names , birth dates , and sexes of children , list of countries for which valid , issue place and date , expiry date , a page for renewals and , at the back , details of the amount of foreign exchange for travel expenses ( a limited amount of sterling , typically £ 50 but increasing with inflation , could be taken out of the country ) . The bearer 's sex was not explicitly stated , although the name was written in with title ( `` Mr John Smith '' ) . Descriptive text was printed in both English and French ( a practice which still continues ) , e.g. , `` Accompanied by his wife ( Maiden name ) / Accompagné de sa femme ( Née ) '' . Changed details were struck out and rewritten , with a rubber - stamped note confirming the change . If details and photograph of a man 's wife and details of children were entered ( this was not compulsory ) , the passport could be used by the bearer , wife , and children under 16 , if together ; separate passports were required for the wife or children to travel independently . The passport was valid for five years , renewable for another five , after which it had to be replaced . The passport had a printed list of countries for which it was valid , which was added to manually as validity increased . A passport of 1955 was valid for the British Commonwealth , USA , and all countries in Europe `` including the USSR , Turkey , Algeria , Azores , Canary Islands , Iceland , and Madeira '' ; during its period of validity restrictions eased and it was endorsed `` and for all other foreign countries '' . The British Visitor 's passport ( edit ) Cardboard identity card issued under arrangements regarding collective passports by the UK Passport Service in 2005 A new simplified type , the British Visitor 's Passport , was introduced in 1961 . It was a single - page cardboard document valid for one year obtainable for many years from Employment Exchanges , as agents of the Passport Office , and then from a Post Office . It was accepted for travel by most west European countries ( excluding surface travel to West Berlin ) , but was dropped in 1995 since it did not identify the holder 's nationality or meet new security standards . European format passports ( edit ) On 15 August 1988 , the Glasgow passport office became the first to issue burgundy - coloured machine - readable passports . They followed a common format agreed amongst member states of the European Community , and had the words ' European Community ' on the cover , changed to ' European Union ' in 1997 . The passport has 32 pages ; a 48 - page version is available with more space for stamps and visas . There are two lines of machine - readable text printed in a format agreed amongst members of the International Civil Aviation Organisation , and a section in which relevant terms ( `` surname '' , `` date of issue '' , etc . ) are translated into the official EU languages . Passports issued overseas did not all have a Machine Readable Zone but these was introduced gradually as appropriate equipment was made available overseas . In 1998 the first digital image passport was introduced with photographs being replaced with images printed directly on the bio-data page which was moved from the cover to an inside page to reduce the ease of fraud . These documents were all issued with machine readable zones and had a hologram over the photograph , which was the first time that British passports had been protected by an optically variable safeguard . These documents were issued until 2006 when the biometric passport was introduced . The bio-data page is printed with a finely detailed background including a drawing of a red grouse ( a native British bird ) , and the entire page is protected from modification by a laminate which incorporates a holographic image of the kingfisher ; visa pages are numbered and printed with detailed backgrounds including drawings of other birds : a merlin , curlew , avocet , and red kite . An RFID chip and antenna are located on the obverse of the data page and hold the same visual information as is printed , including a digital copy of the photograph with biometric information for use with facial recognition systems . The Welsh and Scottish Gaelic languages were included in all British passports for the first time in 2005 , and appear on the titles page replacing the official languages of the EU , although the EU languages still appear faintly as part of the background design . Welsh and Scottish Gaelic precede the official EU languages in the translations section . Return to blue passport ( edit ) Mockup released by HM Government showing what the new design could look like There was speculation regarding re-introduction of the old - style passport following completion of Britain 's exit from the European Union but the government denied any immediate plans . Such a change was supported by some due to its symbolic value , including Brexit Secretary David Davis , while others thought the undue weight put on such a trivial change raises the question of whether the government is able to prioritise its order of business ahead of Brexit . On 2 April 2017 , Michael Fabricant MP said that security printing and banknote manufacturer De La Rue , who hold the current £ 400 million contract with HM Passport Office , had stated that the crest would `` contrast better on navy blue than it currently does on the maroon passports '' as part of their pre-tender discussions with the government . The Sun newspaper launched a campaign in August 2016 , and a question was put to Home Secretary Amber Rudd in the House of Commons . In December 2017 , the Immigration Minister Brandon Lewis announced that the blue passport would `` return '' after the United Kingdom 's exit from the European Union . The announcement led to controversy regarding the actual colour of the pre-1988 passport , with Scottish Conservatives leader Ruth Davidson calling the campaign `` baffling '' as she `` always thought ( the old passports ) were black '' , and Channel 4 political journalist Michael Crick saying that `` any witness would describe ( the passport as black ) in court '' . Physical appearance ( edit ) British passports are , until 2019 , burgundy , with the coat of arms of the United Kingdom emblazoned in the centre of the front cover . With the sole exception of emergency passports which are printed and issued by the British diplomatic missions , all other types British passports have been printed and issued by Her Majesty 's Passport Office ( HMPO ) in the United Kingdom since May 2015 , although some British Overseas Territories , such as Bermuda , did not start forwarding the applications to HMPO until June 2016 when its own passport book stock was depleted . There are three types of covers among British passports . Passports with the generic cover are issued to British citizens not residing in the Crown dependencies and Gibraltar , and persons holding all other types of British nationality . Passports issued to residents of the Crown dependencies and Gibraltar has a slightly variated cover . Passports issued to British Overseas Territories citizens residing in certain territories has a completely different cover , albeit with the same interior design . Generic design ( edit ) See also : British National ( Overseas ) passport Front cover ( edit ) The words `` UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND '' are inscribed above the coat of arms , whilst the word `` PASSPORT '' is inscribed below . The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover under the word `` PASSPORT '' . The words `` EUROPEAN UNION '' are printed at the top of British passports issued to British nationals who are considered `` United Kingdom nationals for European Community purposes '' ( i.e. British Citizens , British Subjects with the right of abode in the UK and British Overseas Territories Citizens connected with Gibraltar ) . It is not included at the top of other British passports ( i.e. passports issued to British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Protected Persons , non-Gibraltarian British Overseas Territories Citizens and British Subjects without the right of abode in the UK ) Passport note ( edit ) Generic British passports contain on their inside cover the following words in English only : Her Britannic Majesty 's Secretary of State Requests and requires in the Name of Her Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance , and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary . In older passports , more specific reference was made to `` Her Britannic Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs '' , originally including the name of the incumbent . Information page ( edit ) British passports issued by HM Passport Office include the following data on the information page : Photograph of the owner / holder ( digital image printed on page ) Type ( P ) Code of issuing state ( GBR ) Passport number Surname ( see note below regarding titles ) Given names Nationality ( the class of British nationality , such as `` British Citizen '' or `` British Overseas Citizen '' , or if issued on behalf of a Commonwealth country , `` Commonwealth Citizen '' ) Date of birth Sex ( Gender ) Place of birth ( only the city or town is listed , even if born outside the UK ; places of birth in Wales are entered in Welsh upon request ) Date of issue Authority Date of expiry Holder 's signature ( digital image printed on page ) Machine Readable Zone starting with P < GBR The items are identified by text in English and French ( e.g. , `` Date of birth / Date de naissance '' ) ; there is a section in which all this text is translated into all official EU languages , as well as Welsh and Scottish Gaelic . According to the UK government , the current policy of using titles on passports requires that the applicant provides evidence that the Lord Lyon has recognised a feudal barony , or the title is included in Burke 's Peerage . If accepted ( and if the applicant wishes to include the title ) , the correct form is for the applicant to include the territorial designation as part of their surname ( Surname of territorial designation e.g. Smith of Inverglen ) . The Observation would then show the holder 's full name , followed by their feudal title e.g. The holder is John Smith , Baron of Inverglen . Function - related passports ( edit ) Besides the ordinary passports described above , special passports are issued to government officials from which diplomatic status may ( diplomatic passport ) or may not ( official passport ) be conferred by the text on the cover . A special passport is available for the Queen 's Messenger . The latter passport contains the text QUEEN 'S MESSENGER -- COURRIER DIPLOMATIQUE below the coat of arms , and the text `` BRITISH PASSPORT '' above it . Passports issued to residents of the Crown dependencies and Gibraltar ( edit ) See also : Gibraltar passport , Guernsey passport , Jersey passport , and Manx passport The front cover of a Gibraltar - issued biometric passport British passports issued directly by the Crown dependencies as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar are slightly different from those issued by HMPO to residents of the United Kingdom and to British nationals abroad . The words EUROPEAN UNION still appear across the front of their passports , signifying their citizenship of the EU . Passports for British citizens connected to the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man do not carry the words `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' on the front cover . In their place , these passports feature the words BRITISH ISLANDS -- BAILIWICK OF JERSEY or BAILIWICK OF GUERNSEY or ISLE OF MAN , as appropriate . Gibraltar passport covers are virtually identical to British passports issued by Her Majesty 's Passport Office , except that they feature the word GIBRALTAR directly above the coat of arms and below the words `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . '' In passports issued by the Crown dependencies , the passport note request is slightly different from those issued by the UK , coming from the Lieutenant Governor of the respective island . This difference results from the Crown dependencies owing allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II rather than the Government of the United Kingdom . In Gibraltar passports , the `` request '' in the passport note is made by the Governor of Gibraltar instead of `` Her Britannic Majesty 's Secretary of State '' . The issuing of a British Passport by the authorities in the Crown Dependencies can not be inferred from the machine readable zone as the issuing country code and citizenship code ( both GBR ) is identical to passports issued by the United Kingdom for British Citizens . Passports issued to residents of certain British Overseas Territories ( edit ) See also : British passport ( Anguilla ) , British passport ( Bermuda ) , British passport ( British Virgin Islands ) , British passport ( Cayman Islands ) , British passport ( Montserrat ) , British passport ( Saint Helena ) , and British passport ( Turks and Caicos Islands ) Traditionally , British passports issued to BOTCs residing in certain British Overseas Territories ( Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Montserrat , St. Helena , and Turks & Caicos Islands ) bear a different design , even when the HMPO assumed the responsibility of the manufacturing process of these passports in 2015 . Passports issued to BOTCs of those territories do not bear the words `` UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND '' , but instead have the words `` BRITISH PASSPORT '' above the royal coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth II and the name of the British Overseas Territory below it ( e.g. `` TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS '' ) . The only exception is the design of Bermudian passports , which bears the wordings `` GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA '' under the royal coat of arms . The nationality reads `` British Overseas Territories citizen '' regardless of the residence of the bearer . Previously , in the machine - readable zone , the three - letter ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 3 code of the territory is given in the field of the code of issuing state , while GBD ( British Overseas Territories citizens , formerly British Dependent Territories citizens ) is shown in the nationality field . Either of these features enabled automatic distinction between BOTCs related to different territories . Ever since the HMPO assumed the responsibility of the issuance of BOTC passports in 2015 , however , the code of issuing state is changed to GBD for all territories , thus making it impossible to identify the holder 's domicile without the aid of other features , such as the passport cover . Similar to passports issued to Crown dependencies and Gibraltar residents , the passport note request is made by the Governor of the British Overseas Territory on behalf of `` Her Majesty 's Secretary of State '' . Multiple passports ( edit ) People who have valid reasons may be allowed to hold more than one passport booklet . This applies usually to people who travel frequently on business , and may need to have a passport booklet to travel on while the other is awaiting a visa for another country . Some Muslim - majority countries including Syria , Lebanon , Libya , Kuwait , Iran , Iraq , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , and Yemen do not issue visas to visitors if their passports bear a stamp or visa issued by Israel , as a result of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict . In that case , a person can apply for a second passport to avoid travel issues . Reasons and supporting documentation ( such as a letter from an employer ) must be provided . In addition , a person who has dual British citizenship and British Overseas Territories citizenship are allowed to hold two British passports under different statuses at the same time . Persons who acquired their BOTC status with a connection to Gibraltar or Falkland Islands , however , are not eligible due to differences in regulations , and their BOTC passports will be cancelled when their British citizen passports are issued even when they possess both citizenships . Endorsements ( edit ) Certain British passports are issued with printed endorsements on the Official Observations page , usually in upper case ( capital letters ) . They form part of the passport when it is issued , as distinct from immigration stamps subsequently entered in the visa pages . Some examples are : The Holder is not entitled to benefit from European Union provisions relating to employment or establishment British citizens from Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man without a qualifying connection to the United Kingdom by descent or residency for more than five years have this endorsement in their passports . The Holder of this passport has Hong Kong permanent identity card no XXXXXXXX which states that the holder has the right of abode in Hong Kong British Nationals ( Overseas ) ( BN ( O ) s ) have this endorsement in their passports , as registration as a BN ( O ) before 1997 required the applicant to hold a valid Hong Kong permanent identity card , which guaranteed the holder 's right of abode in Hong Kong . Such persons would continue to have right of abode or right to land in Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 under the Immigration Ordinance . This endorsement is also found in a British citizen passport when the holder has both British citizenship and BN ( O ) status . The Holder is entitled to right of abode in the United Kingdom British Subjects with the right of abode ( usually from Ireland ) have this endorsement in their passports . The Holder is entitled to readmission in the United Kingdom British Overseas Citizens , British Subjects and British Protected Persons without the right of abode who have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain retain this entitlement for life , and their passports are accordingly issued with this endorsement . The Holder is subject to control under the Immigration Act 1971 British nationals without the right of abode in the UK will have this endorsements in their passports unless they have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain . However , even though a BN ( O ) passport does not entitle the holder the right of abode in the UK , this endorsement is not found in BN ( O ) passports ( 1999 and biometric versions ) . In accordance with the United Kingdom immigration rules the holder of this passport does not require an entry certificate or visa to visit the United Kingdom This endorsement is found in BN ( O ) passports , and accordingly holders of BN ( O ) passports are allowed to enter the UK as a visitor without an entry certificate or visa for up to six months per entry . The Holder is also a British National ( Overseas ) British citizens who also possess BN ( O ) status will have this endorsement in their passports to signify their additional status , as the two passports can not be held at the same time . The Holder is or The Holder is also known as ... This endorsement is found in passports where the holder uses or retains another professional , stage or religious name and is known by it `` for all purposes '' , or has a recognised form of address , academic , feudal or legal title ( e.g. Doctor , Judge , Queen 's Counsel , Professor , Minister of Religion ) regarded as important identifiers of an individual . The styling ' Dr ... ' , ' Professor ... ' or similar is recorded here , or the alternative professional / stage / religious name , usually on request by the passport holder . For example , Cliff Richard 's birth name was Harry Webb , and the passport Observations page would read : `` The Holder is also known as Cliff Richard '' This endorsement is also found if the passport holder 's name is too long to fit within the 30 - character limits ( including spaces ) on the passport information page ; applies to each line reserved for the surname and the first given name including any middle name ( s ) . In this scenario the holder 's full name will be written out in full on the Observations page . According to the UK passport agency guidelines , a person with a long or multiple given name , which can not fit within the 30 - character passport information page limits , should enter as much of the first given name , followed by the initials of all middle names ( if any ) . The same advice applies to a long or multiple surname . The holder 's full name is then shown printed out in its entirety on the passport Observations page . For example , Kiefer Sutherland 's birth name would read on the passport information page : Surname : `` Sutherland '' Given names : `` Kiefer WFDG R '' Observations page : `` The Holder is Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland '' The holder 's name in Chinese Commercial Code : XXXX XXXX XXXX This endorsement was found in BN ( O ) and Hong Kong British Dependent Territories Citizen passports held by BN ( O ) s and British Dependent Territories Citizens with a connection to Hong Kong who have a Chinese name recognised by the Hong Kong Immigration Department before the handover . After the handover , British passport issued in Hong Kong can only be issued at the British Consulate - General , and this endorsement is no longer in use . ( See also : Chinese commercial code ) Holder is a dependant of a member of Her Britannic Majesty 's Diplomatic Service This endorsement is found in British passports held by people who are dependants or spouses of British diplomats . Abandoned plans for `` next generation '' biometric passports and National Identity registration ( edit ) Main article : Identity Cards Act 2006 There had been plans , under the Identity Cards Act 2006 , to link passports to the Identity Cards scheme . However , in the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement that followed the 2010 General Election , the new government announced that they planned to scrap the ID card scheme , the National Identity Register , and the next generation of biometric passports , as part of their measures ' to reverse the substantial erosion of civil liberties under the Labour Government and roll back state intrusion . ' The Identity Cards Act 2006 would have required any person applying for a passport to have their details entered into a centralised computer database , the National Identity Register , part of the National Identity Scheme associated with identity cards and passports . Once registered , they would also have been obliged to update any change to their address and personal details . The identity card was expected to cost up to £ 60 ( with £ 30 going to the Government , and the remainder charged as processing fees by the companies that would be collecting the fingerprints and photographs ) . In May 2005 the Government said that the cost for a combined identity card and passport would be £ 93 plus processing fees . The next generation of biometric passports , which would have contained chips holding facial images and fingerprints , were to have been issued from 2012 . Everyone applying for a passport from 2012 would have had their 10 fingerprints digitally scanned and stored on a database , although only two would have been recorded in the passport . Monarch ( edit ) The Queen , Elizabeth II , does not have a passport because passports are issued in her name and on her authority , thus making it superfluous for her to hold one . All other members of the royal family , however , including the Queen 's husband Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh and their son , heir apparent Charles , Prince of Wales , do have passports . Visa requirements ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Main article : Visa requirements for British citizens See also : Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens See also : Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens See also : Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 1 January 2017 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Belgian , Dutch , French , Luxembourgish , Norwegian and Singaporean passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) . Visa requirements for other categories of British nationals , namely British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons , and British Subjects , are different . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : ( show ) Foreign travel statistics Country Number of visitors Albania 80,000 American Samoa 119 Angola 14,267 / 12,319 ? Andorra 150,000 Angola 12,319 Anguilla 6,272 Antarctica 3,233 Antigua and Barbuda 70,701 Aruba 10,447 Australia 716,700 Austria 919,500 Azerbaijan 29,514 Bahamas 28,022 Bangladesh 150,000 Barbados 218,638 Belarus 6,000 Belgium 868,173 Belize 13,342 Bermuda 21,738 Bhutan 3,124 Bolivia 17,528 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10,223 Botswana 41,011 Brazil 202,671 Brunei 18,222 Bulgaria 352,054 Burkina Faso 2,192 Cambodia 159,489 Cameroon 16,008 Canada 850,841 Cape Verde 126,685 Cayman Islands 14,919 Chile 51,611 China 579,600 Colombia 39,715 Congo 6,115 Cook Islands 2,568 Costa Rica 71,392 Croatia 596,444 Cuba 155,802 Curacao 2,806 Cyprus 1,253,839 Czech Republic 470,576 Denmark 150,000 Dominica 4,951 Dominican Republic 177,534 Ecuador 27,126 Egypt 865,000 Ethiopia 20,000 Estonia 58,402 Fiji 16,925 Finland 199,654 France 12,235,713 French Polynesia 2,840 Gambia 60,424 Ghana 90,000 Georgia 26,852 Germany 2,551,061 Greece 2,397,169 Greenland 1,595 Grenada 25,351 Guadeloupe < 1,000 Hong Kong 555,353 Hungary 376,573 Iceland 322,543 Indonesia 352,017 India 941,883 Ireland 3,547,000 Israel 197,100 Italy 4,922,000 Jamaica 217,647 Japan 310,500 Jordan 64,776 Kazakhstan 20,166 Kiribati 60 Kuwait 7,000 Kenya 100,000 Kyrgyzstan 6,600 Laos 39,170 Latvia 85,139 Lebanon 61,994 Lesotho 2,380 Liechtenstein 2,200 Lithuania 58,200 Luxembourg 69,350 Macau 61,301 Macedonia 8,856 Madagascar 3,167 Malaysia 400,269 Malawi 51,145 Maldives 103,977 Malta 559,987 Mali 900 Mauritius 149,807 Mexico 563,099 Moldova 7,820 Mongolia 6,012 Montenegro 37,464 Montserrat 1,380 Morocco 554,000 Myanmar 51,051 Namibia 27,365 Nepal 29,730 Nigeria 117,000 Niue 47 Norway 581,000 Netherlands 2,195,000 New Zealand 249,264 Nicaragua 16,923 Oman 133,529 Pakistan 275,400 Palau 852 Panama 16,338 Papua New Guinea 6,974 Peru 69,302 Philippines 154,589 Poland 796,900 Portugal 2,600,000 Qatar 132,301 Romania 179,265 Russia 193,522 Saba 200 Saint Lucia 68,175 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17,045 Samoa 1,773 San Marino 5,750 São Tomé and Príncipe 83 Serbia 31,658 Seychelles 21,906 Singapore 489,205 Sint Eustatius 200 Slovakia 77,837 Slovenia 118,508 Solomon Islands 387 South Africa 407,486 South Korea 126,024 Spain 18,779,466 Sri Lanka 201,879 Suriname 1,474 Swaziland 15,503 Switzerland 709,925 Sweden 603,000 Taiwan 104,911 Tanzania 67,742 Thailand 994,468 Timor - Leste 548 Tonga 787 Trinidad and Tobago 37,473 Turkey 1,658,715 Turks and Caicos 6,399 Tuvalu 43 Uganda 43,009 Uruguay 20,000 Ukraine 78,603 United Arab Emirates 1,483,167 United States 5,216,692 Venezuela 20,837 Vietnam 283,537 Zambia 36,997 ^ Jump up to : Data for 2014 ^ Jump up to : Data for 2015 ^ Jump up to : Data for 2016 ^ Jump up to : Data for 2017 ^ Jump up to : Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . Jump up ^ Data for 2011 ^ Jump up to : Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Jump up to : Data for 2012 ^ Jump up to : Data for 2013 ^ Jump up to : Data for 2009 Jump up ^ Data for 2010 Jump up ^ Data for 2005 Jump up ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . Gallery of British passports ( edit ) Passport gallery British National ( Overseas ) passport Anguilla passport Bermuda passport Guernsey passport Jersey passport Manx passport Saint Helena passport Queen 's Messenger passport Turks and Caicos Islands passport Virgin Islands passport Passport gallery ( defunct types and older versions ) 1929 UK passport Cypriot passport 1997 Hong Kong passport ( British Dependent Territories Citizen ) British Indian passport 1949 New Zealand passport 1939 Mandatory Palestine passport 1959 Grenadian passport Cardboard identity card issued under arrangements regarding collective passports by the UK Passport Agency in 2001 See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Visa requirements for British citizens References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Passport fees - GOV.UK '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue passport to return after Brexit '' . 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Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . What is an ' old blue ' passport ? This is a passport with a blue cover that was issued up until the early 1990s . Jump up ^ http://biblio-archive.unog.ch/detail.aspx?ID=40650 Conference on Passports , Customs Formalities and Through Tickets , Paris , 1920 ( Sub-sub - series ) Jump up ^ Printed information from 1955 passport Jump up ^ 1955 British passport , Notes section at back : `` A passport including particulars of the holder 's wife is not available for the wife 's use when she is travelling alone . '' Jump up ^ 1955 British passport , Notes section at back : `` ... available for five years in the first instance , ... may be renewed for further periods ... provided ... ten years from the original date is not exceeded . '' Jump up ^ 1955 passport , printed on page 4 Jump up ^ 1955 British passport , Notes section at back : `` ... only available for travel to the countries named on page 4 , but may be endorsed for other countries ... available for travelling to territory under British protection or trusteeship not including the Aden Protectorate . '' Jump up ^ `` Identity and Passport Service Home Office '' . Ips.gov.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The United Kingdom Passport Service - Welsh and Scottish Gaelic in UK Passports '' . National Archives . 2005 - 02 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brexit : Blue passport may actually be reintroduced once Britain leaves EU , from The Independent on 13 September 2016 , accessed on 19 February 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` After Brexit , is it time to bring back the traditional British passport ? '' . Birmingham Mail . 4 August 2016 . 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Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ `` Tourism Statistics 2015 p. 34 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . Jump up ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018 Jump up ^ `` International travel and migration : December 2017 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Estadísticas de Turismo '' . Jump up ^ `` Number of Tourists to Oman '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 - Pakistan Bureau of Statistics '' . Jump up ^ `` Immigration / Tourism Statistics - Palau National Government '' . Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived 2016 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 19 ) Jump up ^ `` in 2016 - tables TABL . III / 6 . NON-RESIDENTS VISITING POLAND IN 2016 AND THEIR EXPENDITURE '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Annual Tourism Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics Netherlands '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Jump up ^ `` Entrada de Visitantes / S. Tomé e Príncipe Ano 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tourist turnover - December 2017 Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Singapore Tourism Board '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( 24 ) Jump up ^ ( 25 ) Jump up ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . Jump up ^ ( 26 ) Jump up ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . Jump up ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . Jump up ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . Jump up ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Tillväxtverkets Publikationer - '' . Jump up ^ Visitor Arrivals by Nationality Jump up ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` สถิติ ด้าน การ ท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 ( Tourism Statistics 2017 ) '' . Ministry of Tourism & Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 27 ) Jump up ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . Jump up ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Turks and Caicos sto - over arrivals '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Dev1 . ( PDF ) https://corporate.southpacificislands.travel/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2016-Annual-Visitor-Arrivals-ReviewF.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 28 ) Jump up ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai Jump up ^ `` Reports & Statistics '' . translation category : ( social. media. translations ) , translation key : ( site name ) . Jump up ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality Jump up ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . Jump up ^ ( 29 ) Jump up ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 Jump up ^ `` Downloads '' . British passports British citizens ( BCs ) British subjects ( BSs ) ( under Part IV of the British Nationality Act 1981 , Chapter 61 ) British Overseas citizens ( BOCs ) British Protected Persons ( BPPs ) Main article : British passport ( United Kingdom ) Isle of Man passport Jersey passport Guernsey passport British passport ( Gibraltar ) British Overseas Territories citizens ( BOTCs ) formerly British Dependent Territories citizens ( BDTCs ) See British Overseas Territories citizenship British passport ( Gibraltar ) British passport ( Anguilla ) British passport ( Bermuda ) British passport ( Cayman Islands ) British passport ( Montserrat ) British passport ( Saint Helena ) British passport ( Turks and Caicos Islands ) British passport ( British Virgin Islands ) British Nationals ( Overseas ) ( BN ( O ) s ) Main article : British National ( Overseas ) passport Emergency passports British emergency passport Passports Africa Central CEMAC Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo , Republic of the Equatorial Guinea Gabon Angola Congo , Democratic Republic of the São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Somaliland South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Western Mauritania Saint Helena ECOWAS Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Anguilla British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands CARICOM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Dominica Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Costa Rica Panama CARICOM Belize Central America - 4 El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua North Bermuda Canada Greenland France ( Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) Mexico United States Iroquois League South Chile Venezuela Andean Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru CARICOM Guyana Suriname Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East People 's Republic of China Hong Kong ( SAR , BN ( O ) ) Macao Japan Korea , North Korea , South Mongolia Republic of China ( Taiwan ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Abkhazia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kurdistan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Other Europe Abkhazia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Guernsey Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kazakhstan Kosovo Liechtenstein Macedonia Malta , Sovereign Military Order of Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Norway Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Switzerland Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia Aboriginal Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia , Federated States of Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu International organizations Defunct passports Passport types International organizations European Union laissez - passer International Committee of the Red Cross Interpol United Nations laissez - passer Defunct British Indian Empire Czechoslovakia East Germany Korean Empire Nansen ( refugee ) Mandatory Palestine Rhodesia Soviet Union UNMIK Travel Document Yugoslavia Types Biometric Camouflage Diplomatic Fake Fantasy passport Hajj Horse Internal International Machine - readable Pet Travel document alien refugee stateless person World Notes A ) Includes Crown dependencies , British Overseas Territories , and former British plantations , crown colonies , colonies , protectorates , protected states , mandates , trust territories and other British possessions . B) The Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union , but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union ; the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey , and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves ( unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status ) , are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union . C ) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union . Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Turkey has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and Western Asia . Egypt has a small part of its territory in Western Asia called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Not recognized by any other state . Special administrative regions of China The Soviet Union was a transcontinental country located in Eurasia Category Commons List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_passport&oldid=828336538 '' Categories : Passports by country British passports European Union passports Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles with French - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Use British English from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Bahasa Melayu Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does a uk passport entitle you to | [
"British passports are passports issued by the United Kingdom to those holding any form of British nationality. There are different types of British nationality, and different types of British passports as a result. A British passport enables the bearer to travel worldwide and serves as proof of citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world, or if also a citizen of the European Union, any embassy of another European Union member state. Passports are issued using royal prerogative, which are exercised by Her Majesty's Government.",
"British passports are passports issued by the United Kingdom to those holding any form of British nationality. There are different types of British nationality, and different types of British passports as a result. A British passport enables the bearer to travel worldwide and serves as proof of citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world, or if also a citizen of the European Union, any embassy of another European Union member state. Passports are issued using royal prerogative, which are exercised by Her Majesty's Government."
] | [
"enables the bearer to travel worldwide",
"facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world"
] |
8380781134274666989 | Lead-based paint in the United States | Lead - based paint in the United States - wikipedia Lead - based paint in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Lead - based paint was widely used in the United States , because of its durability . The United States banned the manufacture of lead - based house paint in 1978 due to health concerns . Lead has long been considered to be a harmful environmental pollutant . Cited cases of lead poisoning date back to the early 20th century . In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication , paint manufacturer Sherwin - Williams reported the dangers of paint containing lead , noting that a French expert had deemed lead paint `` poisonous in a large degree , both for the workmen and for the inhabitants of a house painted with lead colors . '' Congress banned the use of lead - based paint in 1971 , and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed with implementing regulations , effective in 1978 . Additional regulations regarding lead abatement , testing and related issues have been issued by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Much of the government 's response to the lead public health problems in the 1970s can be credited to the work of epidemiologist and pediatrician Philip J. Landrigan , who conducted detailed studies of lead poisoning near lead refineries , as well as the effects of lead in gasoline . In 1991 , the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services , Louis Wade Sullivan , called lead the `` number one environmental threat to the health of children in the United States . '' Humans are exposed to lead in many ways . These can be through air , drinking water , food , contaminated soil , deteriorating paint , and dust . Airborne lead enters the body by breathing or swallowing lead particles or dust once it has settled . Old lead - based paint is the most significant source of lead exposure in the U.S. Most homes built before 1960 contain heavily leaded paint . Some homes built as recently as 1978 may also contain lead paint . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's ( CDC ) National Center for Health Statistics monitors blood lead levels in the United States . Experts use a new level based on the U.S. population of children ages 1 - 5 years who are in the top 2.5 % of children when tested for lead in their blood ( when compared to children who are exposed to more lead than most children ) . Currently that is 5 micrograms per deciliter of lead in blood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Definition 1.2 The Lead - Based Paint Disclosure Regulation 1.3 Renovation , Repair and Painting 2 State action against the lead paint industry 3 Real estate maintenance and renovation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) The U.S. government defines `` lead - based paint '' as any `` paint , surface coating that contains lead equal to or exceeding one milligram per square centimeter ( 1.0 mg / cm2 ) or 0.5 % by weight . '' Some states have adopted this or similar definitions of `` lead - based paint . '' These definitions are used to enforce regulations that apply to certain activities conducted in housing constructed prior to 1978 , such as abatement , or the permanent elimination of a `` lead - based paint hazard . '' The U.S. government and many states have regulations regarding lead - based paint . Many of them apply to evaluating a property for lead - based paint . There are two different testing procedures that are similar but yield different information . Lead - based paint inspections will evaluate all painted surfaces in a complex to determine where lead - based paint , if any , is present . The procedures for lead inspections is outlined in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) Guidelines , Chapter 7 , 1997 Revision . The other testing is a lead - based paint risk assessment . In this testing , only deteriorated painted surfaces are tested and dust wipe samples are collected . This information will help the risk assessor determine if there are any lead hazards . Many property owners decided to get a combination of both tests to determine where the lead - based paint is present and what hazards are present as well . Risk assessments are outlined in the HUD Guidelines , Chapter 5 . In addition , if a child is poisoned in a property , the owner may be required to perform abatement ( permanent elimination of the lead hazard ) . The lead - based paint disclosure regulation ( edit ) In 1996 , the Lead - Based Paint Disclosure Regulation was enacted . It requires owners of pre-1978 `` target housing '' to disclose to potential buyers or renters all known information about the presence of lead - based paint and / or lead - based paint hazards in the property . It requires that the potential buyer or tenant be given the lead information pamphlet , `` Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home , '' or other EPA - approved pamphlet as well as a specific disclosure statement . The option of whether to test for the presence of lead - based paint is left to the owner , so long as a decision not to test is disclosed . Renovation , repair and painting ( edit ) The EPA issued a new regulation called ' Renovation , Repair and Painting ' ( RRP ) regarding the renovation of residential housing and child - occupied buildings built before 1978 on April 22 , 2008 . The rule ( Federal Register : July 15 , 2009 ( Volume 74 , Number 134 ) ) became effective April 22 , 2010 . Under the rule , contractors performing renovation , repair and painting projects that disturb lead - based coatings ( including lead paint , shellac or varnish ) in child - occupied facilities built before 1978 must be certified and must follow specific work practices to prevent lead contamination . EPA 's RRP rule impacts many construction trades , including general contractors and special trade contractors , painters , plumbers , carpenters , glaziers , wood floor refinishers and electricians . Activities performed by all of these trades can disturb lead - based paint and have the potential to create hazardous lead dust . For most individuals , eight hours of training is required . However , individuals who have successfully completed renovation courses developed by HUD or EPA , or an abatement worker or supervisor course accredited by EPA or an authorized State or Tribal program , can become certified renovators by taking a four - hour EPA - accredited renovator refresher training . The RRP rule is controversial , primarily due to the increased cost remodelers incur as a result of having to set up dust containment apparatuses , including sealing off doorways and HVAC ducts with plastic . Various national trade associations have been very vocal in their opposition , some going so far as to sue the EPA . Though the EPA considered expanding the rule to require contractors to pass a third - party dust wipe clearance exam these revisions were rejected in July , 2011 . Although the rule was not fully implemented until April 2010 , certain elements were required before , and others required attention well before April 2010 . Before April 2009 , contractors that disturb paint in homes , residential buildings , schools and child care facilities built prior to 1978 had to provide lead hazard information prior to the start of the job to building owners , occupants , and to the families of children using the facilities by distributing EPA 's new Renovate Right brochure . As of April 2009 , trainers could begin to apply to EPA or an EPA - approved state for accreditation , and , once approved , contractors and construction trade workers could begin to take the training to become certified . Beginning October 2009 , firms could apply for EPA or state certification . Beginning April 2010 , all businesses engaged in renovation , repair or painting activities in homes , residential buildings , schools and child care facilities built prior to 1978 must be certified , use certified workers , and follow specific lead - safe work practices to prevent lead contamination . State action against the lead paint industry ( edit ) The state of Rhode Island filed a public nuisance lawsuit in 1999 ( State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association ) to get the former manufacturers of lead paint to pay for the cleanup of current lead hazards in Rhode Island . After a trial that ended in a hung jury in 2002 , the state refiled the case . In February 2006 , the jury decided in favor of the state and said that Sherwin - Williams , NL Industries and Millennium Holdings would have to pay for the clean - up of lead paint in the state . On July 1 , 2008 , the Rhode Island Supreme Court in a landmark decision overturned the verdict , dismissing the case stating that `` the State of Rhode Island ' can not allege ' facts sufficient to state a claim for common law public nuisance against lead pigment manufacturers . '' In 2007 , the Missouri Supreme Court and the New Jersey Supreme Court also rejected the use of the public nuisance theory in lead paint lawsuits , leaving Ohio and California as the only two remaining public nuisance cases . The California Supreme Court has reviewed the contingency fee agreement between the municipalities and private counsel . A briefing schedule is currently being set . But in recent rulings the Supreme Court held the contingent fee agreement is improper stating that `` When a government attorney has a personal interest in the litigation , the neutrality so essential to the system is violated . '' While the City of Columbus , Ohio voluntarily dropped its lawsuit against the paint industry after the Rhode Island decision , the State of Ohio 's suit remains . Real estate maintenance and renovation ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. ( April 2017 ) Humans can be poisoned during unsafe renovations or repainting jobs on housing that has lead paint . Therefore , homeowners are encouraged to carefully stabilize any deteriorated ( peeling , chipping , cracking , etc . ) paint in a lead - safe manner . More than 250,000 children in the United States have significantly harmful levels of lead in their bodies . There is no safe level of exposure . Working in a lead - safe manner means avoiding dry sanding , dry scraping , removing paint by torching / burning , the use of heat guns over 1100 ° F , machine - sanding or grinding without HEPA filtered dust collection or HEPA - filtered vacuum . These methods are now prohibited by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) because they have been proved to create significant levels of lead dust during remodeling , renovation and painting . They must be avoided , especially in properties where children under age six reside . Adult workers using unsafe work practices or improper protective gear may also become lead - poisoned . There are specialized paint strippers for use with lead paint such as `` Lead - Out '' paint stripper , `` Strip - Tox '' , `` Lead - X '' , and others . Some of these specialized strippers render lead non-hazardous decreasing the risks associated with lead paint removal . HUD requires a dust test for `` clearance '' at the end of any remodeling or repainting job be performed by a third - party professional who is independent of the entity performing the work . Lead evaluations of paint are usually performed by a field testing method known as X-Ray fluorescence ( XRF ) using equipment such as the Olympus Innov - X LBP4000 , RMD LPA - 1 , or the Thermo Scientific 's Niton . XRF is the preferred method because it is not destructive and a reading is usually obtained in about 4 -- 8 seconds with a 95 % accuracy at the 2 - sigma level . Instruments of this sort have an inconclusive range , and when a reading falls in this range ( range is different for each instrument and model ) , a paint chip may be taken and sent for laboratory analysis . Testing for lead in dust , water , and air also require laboratory analysis . Commercially available lead test kits are often used to test for the presence of lead , but they are not reliable and not authorized by HUD to be used in determining if a property is lead - based - paint free . The home 's year of construction can be a clue as to the likelihood that lead is present in its paint . As of April 2011 , 87 % of homes built before 1940 contain at least some lead paint , homes built between 1940 and 1960 have a 69 % chance of containing such paint , homes built between 1960 and 1978 have a 24 % chance of containing lead paint , while homes built after 1978 are unlikely to have lead - based paint . The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 's Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control performs regular studies of housing - based health hazards in the U.S. See also ( edit ) Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance Environmental issues with paint Environmental issues in the United States Lead abatement in the United States Lead safe work practices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lah , Katarina ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) . `` History of Lead Use '' . Toxipedia . Seattle , WA : Institute of Neurotoxicology & Neurological Disorders . Jump up ^ Guenther , Richard ( 1904 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dangers of White Lead '' . Hathitrust . Sherwin Williams Co . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ United States . Lead - Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act . Pub. L. 91 -- 695 . Approved 1971 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission , Washington , D.C. `` Lead - Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead - Containing Paint . '' Federal Register , 42 FR 44199 , 1977 - 09 - 01 . 16 C.F.R. 1303 . Bans residential lead - based paint manufactured after February 27 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Do Chemicals Affect Our Health ? Philip Landrigan tracks how dangers like the WTC can cause problems like ADD . '' . Discover . Kalmbach Publishing . May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Learn about Lead '' . EPA . 2013 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lead - Based Paint - Remodeling Your Home ? '' . US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` About Lead - based Paint '' . Washington , D.C. : US Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lead - Based Paint Abatement and Control Amendment Act of 2004 , Bill 15 - 721 '' . Dcwatch.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` RRP Overview & Contractor Certification '' . Jump up ^ Held , Tom ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Citing cost , contractors fight new lead paint rules '' . Jsonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Window and Door Dealers Voice Opposition to Expanded Lead Law '' . TestudoOnline.com. 2010 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions on ' Dust Wipe ' Clearance Testing Vary '' . TestudoOnline.com. 2010 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lead '' ( PDF ) . EPA . 2012 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lead '' ( PDF ) . EPA . 2012 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.courts.ri.gov/supreme/pdf-files/Corrected%20Version%20State%20v.%20Lead%20Paint%20Industries%20Assoc.,%20Inc...pdf Jump up ^ Thomas R. Bender : `` State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association '' Jump up ^ `` Law Library camlaw.rutgers.edu '' . Lawlibrary.rutgers.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ 04 / 22 / 13 12 : 25 pm ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Paint industry 's appeal of contingent fee contract will be heard by Calif . SC '' . Legal Newsline . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Court Decisions on Contingency Fee in Public Nuisance Litigations Item 2 Jump up ^ John O'Brien : Another paint suit brushed away Jump up ^ `` Center for Disease Control and Prevention '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steps to Lead Safe Renovation , Repair and Painting ( PDF ) ( Report ) . EPA . October 2011 . EPA - 740 - K - 11 - 001 . External links ( edit ) EPA - Lead Information HUD - Lead Cleanup Information Lead - Based Paint : Health Risk and Testing Information - Cincinnati Children 's Hospital Lead - based paint in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Lead - based paint in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States&oldid=799783174 '' Categories : Environmental issues in the United States Lead Painting and the environment Environmental controversies Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Articles with a promotional tone from April 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the use of lead paint end | [
"Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in 1971,[3] and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed with implementing regulations, effective in 1978.[4] Additional regulations regarding lead abatement, testing and related issues have been issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)."
] | [
"1978"
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15700891636726364 | Pride of the Marines | Pride of the Marines - wikipedia Pride of the Marines For the 1936 film , see Pride of the Marines ( 1936 film ) . Pride of the Marines Original film poster Directed by Delmer Daves Produced by Jerry Wald Written by Delmer Daves ( uncredited ) Marvin Borowsky Screenplay by Albert Maltz Based on Al Schmid , Marine 1944 book by Roger Butterfield Starring John Garfield Eleanor Parker Music by Franz Waxman Cinematography J. Peverell Marley Edited by Owen Marks Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date August 8 , 1945 ( 1945 - 08 - 08 ) ( Philadelphia ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1,072,000 Box office $3,019,000 Pride of the Marines is a 1945 American biographical war film starring John Garfield and Eleanor Parker . It tells the story of U.S. Marine Al Schmid in World War II , his heroic stand against a Japanese attack during the Battle of Guadalcanal , in which he was blinded by a grenade , and his subsequent rehabilitation . The film was based on the Roger Butterfield book Al Schmid , Marine . Albert Maltz was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box Office 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is divided into three parts . The first takes place prior to the war . Cocky Philadelphia steel worker and `` Man 's man '' Al Schmid ( John Garfield ) despises the idea of marriage and losing his independence until he meets his match in Ruth Hartley ( Eleanor Parker ) . Ruth takes no nonsense from Al and impresses him by enjoying a hunting trip he takes her on . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Al joins the Marines . Before he departs on a train to join the war , Al proposes marriage to Ruth on the station platform . Part two is set at the Battle of the Tenaru River on the Pacific island of Guadalcanal on August 21 , 1942 . Schmid is in the crew of a M1917 Browning machine gun at a gun emplacement with his buddies Lee Diamond ( Dane Clark ) and Johnny Rivers ( Anthony Caruso ) of `` H '' Company 2nd Battalion First Marines . The onslaught by the enemy is particularly heavy , but the men are able to kill some 200 of the enemy . Rivers is killed by a bullet through the head , Diamond is wounded in his right arm , and Schmid is blinded by a Japanese soldier dropping a hand grenade at the front of the gun pit . The third part is Schmid 's humbling rehabilitation , in which he resents being dependent upon others . He hopes that an operation will restore his sight , but the medical procedure is n't successful . He does n't want Ruth to know that he is almost completely blind , so he attempts to break up with her . Schmid is aided in his recovery by Diamond , hospital rehabilitation officer Virginia Pfeiffer ( Rosemary DeCamp ) , and the other wounded veterans . He is to be awarded the Navy Cross but is dismayed that the ceremony will take place in his home town . He initially feels anger at being dependent upon family and friends as he does n't want to be a burden to anyone . In spite of his resentment , Ruth stays by his side , helps him overcome his bitterness , and convinces him that he must learn to live with his new situation . Cast ( edit ) John Garfield as Al Schmid Eleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley Dane Clark as Lee Diamond John Ridgely as Jim Merchant Rosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer Ann Doran as Ella May Merchant Ann E. Todd as Loretta Merchant Anthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers Ann E. Todd is the last surviving cast member . Production ( edit ) During the Battle of Guadalcanal , two enlisted Marines , Mitchell Paige and John Basilone were awarded the Medal of Honor for their use of the M1917 Browning machine gun against massed Japanese charges . In Jim Proser 's book I 'm Staying With My Boys : The Heroic Life of Sgt . John Basilone USMC Proser tells of Basilone 's friendship with John Garfield and Eddie Bracken when they toured the United States selling war bonds . Screenwriters A.I. Bezzerides and Alvah Bessie developed a 26 - page treatment of Roger Butterfield 's book Al Schmid Marine . Martin Borowsky also did an adaptation of Butterfield 's book that was rewritten by Albert Maltz who Garfield has spoken to about Butterfield 's story . Prior to filming , Garfield visited American soldiers in hospitals in Italy . Garfield met Schmid during his rehabilitation before a movie was ever planned . Once the film was planned , Garfield lived with the Schmids for several weeks , becoming friends with the couple . Both Bessie and Maltz were later blacklisted over their `` un-American '' political opinions . Film locations include the 6500 block of Tulip Street in Philadelphia . Reception ( edit ) Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film `` a splendid documentation of a dramatic crisis in a hero 's life , '' with performances that were `` all unqualifiedly excellent ... To say that this picture is entertaining to a truly surprising degree is an inadequate recommendation . It is inspiring and eloquent of a quality of human courage that millions must try to generate today . '' Variety called it `` a two - hour celluloid saga which should inspire much pride for many . As an entertainment film with a forceful theme , so punchy that its ' message ' aspects are negligible , it is a credit to all concerned ... ( Garfield ) gives a vividly histrionic performance that will not be easily forgotten . '' Harrison 's Reports called the film `` sensitive and at times forceful '' and called Garfield `` very good , '' but found the discourses by hospitalized servicemen `` so long drawn out that they interrupt the flow of the story . '' Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker wrote : `` In spite of the fact that most of this has a somewhat familiar and mechanical air , the picture has its effective moments , mostly owing to Mr. Garfield 's honest and very intelligent performance . '' The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Box office ( edit ) According to Warner Bros records the film earned $2,295,000 domestically and $724,000 foreign . Adaptations ( edit ) Pride of the Marines was adapted as a radio play on the January 31 , 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater and the June 15 , 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater , both with John Garfield reprising his role . As a bonus feature in the Lux Radio Theater version , Al Schmid is introduced by phone and speaks with Garfield . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McGrath , Patrick J. ( 1993 ) . John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and on Stage . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 73 . ISBN 9780899508672 . ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros financial information in The William Shaefer Ledger . See Appendix 1 , Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television , ( 1995 ) 15 : sup1 , 1 - 31 p 26 DOI : 10.1080 / 01439689508604551 Jump up ^ Proser , Jim with Cutter , Jerry ( 2010 ) . I 'm Staying with My Boys : The Heroic Life of Sgt . John Basilone , USMC . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61144 - 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ p. 342 footnote Norden , Martin F. The Cinema of Isolation : A History of Physical Disability in Movies 1994 Rutgers University Press Jump up ^ p. 71 McGrath , Patrick J. John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland Jump up ^ p. 115 Gerber , David A . In Search of Al Schmid quoted in Mitchell , David T. and Snyder , Sharon L. The Body and Physical Difference : Discorses of Disability 1997 University of Michigan Press Jump up ^ p. 72 McGrath , Patrick J. John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland Jump up ^ http://nephillyhistory.com/hnep1994/tacony.htm Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( August 25 , 1945 ) . `` Movie Review - Pride of the Marines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film Reviews '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : p. 22 August 8 , 1945 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Pride of the Marines ' with John Garfield and Eleanor Parker '' . Harrison 's Reports : p. 126 . August 11 , 1945 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Gibbs , Wolcott ( September 8 , 1945 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 43 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Pride of the Marines at the TCM Movie Database Pride of the Marines on IMDb Pride of the Marines at AllMovie Pride of the Marines at the American Film Institute Catalog military.com biography of Albert A. Schmid hide Films directed by Delmer Daves Destination Tokyo ( 1943 ) The Very Thought of You ( 1944 ) Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) Pride of the Marines ( 1945 ) The Red House ( 1947 ) Dark Passage ( 1947 ) To the Victor ( 1948 ) A Kiss in the Dark ( 1949 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) Broken Arrow ( 1950 ) Bird of Paradise ( 1951 ) Return of the Texan ( 1952 ) Treasure of the Golden Condor ( 1953 ) Never Let Me Go ( 1953 ) Demetrius and the Gladiators ( 1954 ) Drum Beat ( 1954 ) Jubal ( 1956 ) The Last Wagon ( 1956 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) Cowboy ( 1958 ) Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) The Badlanders ( 1958 ) The Hanging Tree ( 1959 ) A Summer Place ( 1959 ) Parrish ( 1961 ) Susan Slade ( 1961 ) Rome Adventure ( 1962 ) Spencer 's Mountain ( 1963 ) Youngblood Hawke ( 1964 ) The Battle of the Villa Fiorita ( 1965 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_of_the_Marines&oldid=850368594 '' Categories : 1945 films English - language films 1940s drama films American biographical films American films American drama films American black - and - white films Films scored by Franz Waxman Films directed by Delmer Daves Pacific War films United States Marine Corps in films Warner Bros. films World War II films made in wartime Films shot in Pennsylvania Culture of Philadelphia Films shot in Philadelphia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played loretta in pride of the marines | [
"John Garfield as Al Schmid\nEleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley\nDane Clark as Lee Diamond\nJohn Ridgely as Jim Merchant\nRosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer\nAnn Doran as Ella May Merchant\nAnn E. Todd as Loretta Merchant\nAnthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers"
] | [
"Ann E. Todd"
] |
-5916193399979649743 | The Jungle Book (2016 film) | The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) The Jungle Book Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $177 million ( gross ) $154 million ( net ) Box office $966.6 million The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 40th - highest - grossing film of all time , praised for its visual effects , musical score , direction , faithfulness to the original animated film , and vocal performances , particularly those of Murray , Kingsley , and Elba . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings , while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives , detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo , and the boy agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against humans . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope . Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . On July 9 , 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's short story collection The Jungle Book was in development , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film and the 1998 direct - to - video film Mowgli 's Story ; and the studio 's fourth overall after the 1967 animated film . Jon Favreau was confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated film . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a film with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney John Debney chronology The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . The film had a special Hindi version with famous actors giving their voices to the main characters , including Irrfan Khan as Baloo , Om Puri as Bagheera , Priyanka Chopra as Ka , Nana Patekar as Sher Khan and Shefali Shah as Raksha , for its Indian audiences as the book and the Disney series based on it had been immensely popular in India in 1990s . Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' ( originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ) , overseen by the original Hindi song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a sleeper hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline Hollywood noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an overall positive score of 92 % . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B , and it got A 's from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 , that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Remember When Disney Made 2 Jungle Book Movies in the ' 90s ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2019 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=854507541 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films Annie Award winners Disney film remakes The Jungle Book ( franchise ) Films about animals Films about bears Films about elephants Films about orphans Films about snakes Films about tigers Films scored by John Debney Films directed by Jon Favreau Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in 1893 Films set in forests Films set in India Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award IMAX films Jungle adventure films The Jungle Book films Motion capture in film Walt Disney Pictures films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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2892592400603131593 | Grace Phipps | Grace Phipps - wikipedia Grace Phipps Jump to : navigation , search Grace Phipps Phipps in 2011 Grace Victoria Phipps ( 1992 - 05 - 04 ) May 4 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Austin , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer , and dancer Years active 2010 -- present Home town Boerne , Texas and San Antonio , Texas Grace Victoria Phipps ( born May 4 , 1992 ) is an American actress , singer and dancer . Grace Phipps is well known for starring in Disney channel movies Teen Beach Movie and Teen Beach 2 . In 2011 , immediately after graduating from high school , Phipps starred in the prime role as Bee in the 2011 movie remake of the 1985 horror film Fright Night , a DreamWorks movie . That year , she also originated the role of Amy in The Nine Lives of Chloe King , an ABC Family series . She was cast as edgy beauty April Young in The Vampire Diaries in 2012 , appearing in ten episodes in season four . In 2013 , she starred as Lela in Teen Beach Movie , the second highest - rated cable movie in television history , and a Disney Channel Original Movie . Her song `` Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' '' , with Ross Lynch and Jason Evigan , reached # 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 that year . In 2015 , she starred , again as Lela , in teen musical Teen Beach 2 , which premiered as the most - watched cable movie of 2015 . Phipps has also appeared in the comedy series Baby Daddy , in the fantasy horror TV series Supernatural , and in teen sitcom Austin & Ally . She has also acted in black comedy horror TV series Scream Queens , in horror comedy Tales of Halloween , in the police procedural drama TV series CSI : Cyber and Hawaii Five - 0 , and on the cover of the June / July 2015 issue of Girls ' Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Music 3 Filmography 4 Discography 4.1 Soundtrack albums 4.2 Singles 4.3 Other charted songs 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Phipps was born in Austin , Texas , to Kate and Gil Phipps . She has a younger brother . She was raised in Boerne , Texas , and San Antonio , Texas , where she graduated from Robert E. Lee High School 's North East School of the Arts , where she majored in Musical Theater and graduated summa cum laude . She is currently an undergraduate student at Columbia University . In 2010 , she won the Las Casas Performing Arts Scholarship Competition . A Los Angeles agent signed Phipps after seeing her star as tough girl Rizzo in a theater production of the musical Grease . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Following her 2010 high school graduation , Phipps moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting . After seven days in LA she landed the prime role as spunky Bee in the DreamWorks 2011 major movie remake of the 1985 comedy horror film Fright Night . That year she also originated the regular role of Amy in the ABC Family fantasy drama series The Nine Lives of Chloe King . The series was cancelled after one season . In 2012 through 2013 , Phipps was cast as April Young , a recurring character who plays an edgy natural beauty in The CW 's supernatural drama The Vampire Diaries , and appeared in ten episodes of the fourth season . In 2013 , Phipps appeared as cute biker girl Lela , in an Annette Funicello impression , in Teen Beach Movie , a Disney Channel Original Movie , singing and dancing along with Ross Lynch and Maia Mitchell . The movie , with an audience of 13.5 million viewers , was the second - highest - rated cable movie in television history . Phipps had a number of featured solos , including the song `` Falling for Ya '' . Also in 2013 , Phipps appeared in three episodes of the ABC TV comedy series Baby Daddy as Megan ( love interest of Ben ( Jean - Luc Bilodeau ) ) , in the fantasy horror TV series Supernatural as Hael , and in the short The Signal as Zoe . The following year , Phipps appeared in Disney 's teen sitcom Austin & Ally episode `` Directors & Divas , '' as diva movie star Brandy Braxton . In 2015 , Phipps starred and reprised her role as fiercely independent and brassy biker chick Lela in a sequel teen musical , Teen Beach 2 , along with Ross Lynch , Maia Mitchell , Garrett Clayton , and John DeLuca . It premiered with 5.8 million viewers , as the most - watched cable movie of 2015 . Also in 2015 , Phipps starred in the horror movie Dark Summer , playing the part of Mona Wilson . She also played the lead role of a troubled teen cheerleader named Kaitlin in the emotional horror / slasher film Some Kind of Hate , which was featured in the 2015 Stanley Film Festival . That year , she also appeared in three episodes of the black comedy horror TV series Scream Queens on Fox as Mandy , and was a beauty gangleader named Alice in Paul Solet 's punk rock revenge segment of horror comedy Tales of Halloween . In addition , she appeared in the police procedural drama TV series CSI : Cyber as Vanessa Gillerman , and in the police procedural TV series Hawaii Five - 0 as Erica Young . She was also featured on the cover of the June / July 2015 issue of Girls ' Life . Phipps starred with Spencer Breslin and Sierra McCormick in the 2016 horror movie Some Kind of Hate , which played at the Stanley Film Festival , the Fantasia International Film Festival , and FrightFest . Music ( edit ) The Teen Beach Movie soundtrack , which entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 8 in July 2013 , was released featuring songs performed by Phipps , including her as a main artist in the song `` Falling for Ya , '' and featured in the songs `` Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' , '' `` Like Me , '' `` Meant to Be , '' and `` Coolest Cats in Town . '' `` Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' '' and `` Falling for Ya '' topped Billboard 's Kid Digital charts for weeks , with `` Falling for Ya '' reaching # 25 on the Heatseekers Songs Chart and # 66 on the Hot Digital Songs Chart . In 2014 , Phipps appeared in the Austin & Ally episode `` Directors & Divas '' and performed `` The Pilot and the Mermaid '' with Ross Lynch . In 2015 , her song `` Gotta Be Me '' from Teen Beach 2 was nominated in the Teen Choice Awards as the Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show ; she sang the song with Ross Lynch , Maia Mitchell , Garrett Clayton , John Deluca , and Jordan Fisher . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2011 Fright Night Bee 2013 The Signal Zoe Short 2015 Dark Summer Mona Wilson 2015 Some Kind of Hate Kaitlin 2015 Tales of Halloween Alice Television Year Title Role Notes 2011 The Nine Lives of Chloe King Amy Tiffany Martin Main role 2012 -- 13 The Vampire Diaries April Young Recurring role 2013 - 2015 Baby Daddy Megan Recurring role 2013 Teen Beach Movie Lela TV film ; Disney Channel Original Movie 2013 Supernatural Hael Episode : `` I Think I 'm Gonna Like It Here '' 2014 Austin & Ally Brandy Braxton Episode : `` Directors & Divas '' 2015 Hawaii Five - 0 Erica Young Episode : `` Wawahi moeʻuhane ( Broken Dreams ) '' 2015 CSI : Cyber Vanessa Gillerman Episode : `` Selfie 2.0 '' 2015 Teen Beach 2 Lela TV film ; Disney Channel Original Movie 2015 Scream Queens Young Mandy Greenwell Recurring role Discography ( edit ) Soundtrack albums ( edit ) List of albums , with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US US OST BEL CAN FRA NL NZ SPA UK Teen Beach Movie Released : July 16 , 2013 Formats : CD , digital download Label : Walt Disney 176 14 76 56 30 15 36 Teen Beach 2 Released : June 23 , 2015 Formats : CD , digital download Label : Walt Disney 10 -- -- 129 -- -- 67 -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . Singles ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Album US US Heat . IRL UK `` Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' '' ( with Ross Lynch & Jason Evigan ) 2013 82 6 90 117 Teen Beach Movie `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . Other charted Songs ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Album US US Heat . US Holiday UK `` Like Me '' ( with Maia Mitchell , Ross Lynch & Spencer Lee ) 2013 101 10 -- 177 Teen Beach Movie `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Phipps Texas Births , 1926 -- 1995 '' . familytreelegends.com . Jump up ^ `` New Kids On Your TV Block 2011 : The Girls '' . Portrait Magazine . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Williams & Grace Phipps , ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . Zimbio . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace Phipps , Lee Grad Star '' . The Bugle Call . September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeanne Jakle : NESA grad is making friends in Hollywood '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Casas competition awards college - bound performers '' . San Antonio Current . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeanne Jakle : NESA grad is making friends in Hollywood '' . San Antonio Express - News . Jump up ^ `` S.A. 's TV presence : Who 's in , out ? '' . San Antonio Express - News . Jump up ^ `` Grace Phipps Bio '' . Alloy Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Meet Grace Phipps , Chloe King 's BFF '' . Alloy Entertainment . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Phipps Joins Vampire Diaries For Season 4 '' . CINEMABLEND . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Nine Lives Of Chloe King ' Canceled By ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ McGrath , Jenny ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Grace Phipps Cast as Vampire Diaries ' New Character April '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Grace Phipps Joins The Vampire Diaries '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Teen Beach 2 , ' a Return to Sun and Bubble Gum '' . The New York Times . June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the director of ' Some Kind of Hate ' turned a Disney star into a slasher villain '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipke , David . `` Disney Bets on the Sixties Look With ' Teen Beach Movie ' '' . WWD . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's up again in Disney Channel 's ' Teen Beach 2 ' '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` D23 Expo : ' Teen Beach Movie ' Cast on Big Ratings , Getting Mobbed and Hopes for a Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Phipps : From The Vampire Diaries to Teen Beach Movie '' . Alloy Entertainment . July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Grace Phipps on ' Baby Daddy ' - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Casts Lacey Chabert and Grace Phipps to Guest Star in New Episodes of Original Series ' Baby Daddy ' '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Heather ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` TV Show Characters With Perfect Valentine 's Day Hairstyle Ideas '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Teen Beach Movie ' Reunion : ' TVD ' Grace Phipps with Ross Lynch On ' Austin & Ally ' New WTW Episode '' . Classicalite . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Lauren . `` Grace Phipps '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel presents ' Teen Beach 2 , ' the highly anticipated sequel to its fun fantasy musical ' Teen Beach Movie ' '' . New York Daily News . June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This First Look at Teen Beach Movie 2 's Amazing ' 60s Fashion Will Have You Drooling - E ! Online '' . E ! Online . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings : ' Teen Beach 2 , ' BET Awards '' . USA Today . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Actress Grace Phipps on `` SOME KIND OF HATE '' `` . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Austin Siegemund - Broka ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Some Kind of Hate ' Teaser Trailer Feminist Slasher Horror - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Phipps Talks Some Kind of Hate '' . Dread Central . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Dennis . `` ' Tales of Halloween ' Review : Quantity Over Quality - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Phipps '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kat ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : THN Talks to Grace Phipps for ' Dark Summer ' '' . The Hollywood News . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak a peek at our June / July issue starring Grace Phipps ! '' . Girls ' Life . May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trammell , Mark . `` CSI : Cyber `` Selfie 2.0 '' Review ( Season 1 Episode 8 ) `` . TV Equals . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Actor Spencer Breslin talks `` SOME KIND OF HATE '' `` . Fangoria . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Some Kind of Hate Clip Goes to Lunch '' . Dread Central . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' You Wish ' Cast : Where Are They Now ? '' . J - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace Phipps '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Grace Phipps '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners ( COMPLETE LIST ) '' . Headlines & Global News . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : List of Lynch 's albums and singles on Billboard : Austin & Aly : `` Ross Lynch - Austin & Ally ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Teen Beach Movie : `` Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - Teen Beach Movie '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Austin & Aly : Turn It Up : `` Ross Lynch - Austin & Aly : Turn It Up ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium Charts - Soundtrack '' . Ultratop . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Teen Beach Movie '' ( in French ) . lescharts.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts - Soundtrack '' . dutchcharts.nl Mega Top . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart history : New Zealand '' . charts.org . New Zealand Singles Chart / Hung Medien . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish albums charts - Soundtrack '' . spanishcharts.com Productores de Música de España . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHART : CLUK Update 27.07. 2013 ( wk29 ) '' . Zobbel . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Beach Movie ( Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes Store . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Beach 2 '' . soundtrack.net . ^ Jump up to : Songs of Ross Lynch on Billboard : Hot 100 : `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Bubbling Under Hot 100 : `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland Charts - Ross Lynch '' . Irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHART : CLUK Update 27.07. 2013 ( wk29 ) '' . Zobbel . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Holiday Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grace Phipps . Grace Phipps on Twitter Grace Phipps on IMDb VIAF : 305231074 LCCN : no2014027575 GND : 1038353475 BNF : cb167290223 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Phipps&oldid=799775354 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from Austin , Texas Singers from Texas American film actresses American television actresses Musicians from Austin , Texas People from Kendall County , Texas Actresses from San Antonio Musicians from San Antonio Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 19 : 36 . 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"Phipps has also appeared in the comedy series Baby Daddy, in the fantasy horror TV series Supernatural, and in teen sitcom Austin & Ally. She has also acted in black comedy horror TV series Scream Queens, in horror comedy Tales of Halloween, in the police procedural drama TV series CSI: Cyber and Hawaii Five-0, and on the cover of the June/July 2015 issue of Girls' Life."
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-5101186210363115738 | Lion Capital of Ashoka | Lion capital of Ashoka - Wikipedia Lion capital of Ashoka Jump to : navigation , search The original Lion Capital . The angle from which this picture has been taken , minus the inverted bell - shaped lotus flower , has been adopted as the National Emblem of India showing the Horse on the left and the Bull on the right of the Ashoka Chakra in the circular base on which the four Indian lions are standing back to back . On the far side there is an Elephant and a Lion . The wheel `` Ashoka Chakra '' from its base has been placed onto the centre of the National Flag of India . The Lion Capital of Ashoka is a sculpture of four Asiatic lions standing back to back , on an elaborate base that includes other animals . A graphic representation of it was adopted as the official Emblem of India in 1950 . It was originally placed atop the Aśoka pillar at the important Buddhist site of Sarnath by the Emperor Ashoka , in about 250 BCE . The pillar , sometimes called the Aśoka Column , is still in its original location , but the Lion Capital is now in the Sarnath Museum , in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India . Standing 2.15 metres ( 7 feet ) high including the base , it is more elaborate than the other very similar surviving capitals of the pillars of Ashoka bearing the Edicts of Ashoka that were placed throughout India several of which feature single animals at the top ; one other damaged group of four lions survives , at Sanchi . The capital is carved out of a single block of polished sandstone , and was always a separate piece from the column itself . It features four Asiatic Lions standing back to back . They are mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant , a galloping horse , a bull , and a lion , separated by intervening spoked chariot - wheels . The whole sits upon a bell - shaped lotus . The capital was originally probably crowned by a ' Wheel of Dharma ' ( Dharmachakra popularly known in India as the `` Ashoka Chakra '' ) , with 24 spokes , of which a few fragments were found on the site . A 13th - century replica of the Sarnath pillar and capital in Wat Umong near Chiang Mai , Thailand built by King Mangrai , preserves its crowning Ashoka Chakra or Dharmachakra . The wheel on the capital , below the lions , is the model for the one in the flag of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Art history 2 Rediscovery 3 Symbolism 4 Government act 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Art history ( edit ) The horse motif on the capital . Currently seven animal sculptures from Ashoka pillars survive . These form `` the first important group of Indian stone sculpture '' , though it is thought they derive from an existing tradition of wooden columns topped by animal sculptures in copper , none of which have survived . There has been much discussion of the extent of influence from Achaemenid Persia , where the column capitals supporting the roofs at Persepolis have similarities , and the `` rather cold , hieratic style '' of the Sarnath sculptures especially shows `` obvious Achaemenid and Sargonid influence '' . Very similar four - lion sculptures are on the capitals of the two columns supporting the south torana of the Ashokan or Satavahana enclosure wall round the Great Stupa at Sanchi . Like other Ashoka pillars , the one at Sarnath was probably erected to commemorate a visit by the emperor . Rediscovery ( edit ) The Lion Capital on the ground at Sarnath , before 1911 , probably 1904 - 05 There were no surviving traces above ground of the Sarnath pillar , mentioned in the accounts of medieval Chinese pilgrims , when the Indian Civil Service engineer F.O. Oertel , with no real experience in archaeology , was allowed to excavate there in the winter of 1904 - 05 . He first uncovered the remains of a Gupta shrine west of the main stupa , overlying an Ashokan structure . To the west of that he found the lowest section of the pillar , upright but broken off near ground level . Most of the rest of the pillar was found in three sections nearby , and then , since the Sanchi capital had been excavated in 1851 , the search for an equivalent was continued , and it was found close by . It was both finer in execution and in much better condition than that at Sanchi . The pillar appeared to have been deliberately destroyed at some point . The finds were recognised as so important that the first onsite museum in India ( and one of the few then in the world ) was set up to house them . Symbolism ( edit ) The second stamp of independent India and the first for domestic use . What is being preached may be symbolised by the group of four lions of the capital . A group of four lions joined back to back symbolizes a group of four things of equal importance . The lion is frequently used as a symbol of the Buddha , as at Sanchi , and the animals on the abacus below also have symbolic meaning in Buddhism . The capital is clearly Buddhist and Mauryan in origin and thus probably symbolizes the spread of Dharma , and perhaps the extent of the Maurya Empire in all directions , or four parts of the empire . Alternatively , the group of four lions and bell jointly symbolize preaching of ' the Four Noble Truths ' of Buddhism to all ; those that emphasize the Middle Path . The symbol U with a vertical line placed symmetrically inside it symbolizes ' The Middle Path ' . The Middle Path is the fundamental philosophy of Buddhism , the Buddhist Dharma . National Emblem of India A further clue could be the cylindrical portion of the Lion Capital . On the wall of the cylinder the bull , the horse , the Lion and the Elephant all in the moving position are being placed in between the Chakras . These could symbolize Bull , Lion , Horse and Elephant rolling the Chakras . A study of the ancient coins and other archaeological finds of India and Sri Lanka reveals the fact that Buddha had been symbolized with a Horse , Lion , Bull , Elephant and a pair of feet . The Tamil epic Manimekalai mentions worship of a pair of feet . Pairs of feet made of stone had been discovered in Jaffna Peninsula , Anuradhapura and in a number of places of Tamil Nadu.In a number of Buddhist inscriptions of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka , a pair of feet had been symbolized with a pair of fish or a pair of conch shells . In this way the symbols sculpted in the cylindrical portion of the Lion Capital represents Buddha rolling the Dhamma Chakra ; that is , Preaching the Dhamma . As Theravada Buddhism rejects symbolization of Buddha and Buddhism , the Lion Capital may be claimed as one of the finest sculptures of the main tradition that developed into Mahayana Buddhism several centuries later . Government Act ( edit ) Whenever the emblem is used by state governments or any other government body , the words Satyameva Jayate in Devanagari script ( सत्यमेव जयते ) has to be used right under the emblem as per the statute , State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ State Emblem , Know India india.gov.in Jump up ^ `` Sarnath site '' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harle , 24 Jump up ^ Allen , caption at start of Chapter 15 Jump up ^ `` Wat Umong Chiang Mai '' . Thailand 's World . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Himanshu Prabha Ray . The Return of the Buddha : Ancient Symbols for a New Nation . Routledge . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Rebecca M. Brown , Deborah S. Hutton . A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture . John Wiley & Sons . p. 423 - 429 . Jump up ^ Harle , 22 , 24 , quoted in turn ; Companion , 429 - 430 ^ Jump up to : Allen , Chapter 15 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 - 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ `` Has Telangana government got the emblem wrong ? '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . References ( edit ) Allen , Charles , Ashoka : The Search for India 's Lost Emperor , 2012 , Hachette UK , ISBN 1408703882 , 9781408703885 , google books `` Companion '' : Brown , Rebecca M. , Hutton , Deborah S. , eds. , A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture , Volume 3 of Blackwell companions to art history , 2011 , John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , ISBN 1444396323 , 9781444396324 , google books Harle , J.C. , The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent , 2nd edn. 1994 , Yale University Press Pelican History of Art , ISBN 0300062176 External links ( edit ) For Pictures of the famous original `` Lion Capital of Ashoka '' preserved at the Sarnath Museum which has been adopted as the `` National Emblem of India '' and the Ashoka Chakra ( Wheel ) from which has been placed in the center of the `` National Flag of India '' - See `` lioncapital '' from Columbia University Website , New York , USA National emblem of India National symbols of India `` National Insignia '' , Embassy of India , Washington D.C. , USA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka&oldid=828095653 '' Categories : Indian art National symbols of India Indian sculpture Lions in art Buddhist symbols Memorials to Ashok Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Español فارسی Français हिन्दी മലയാളം 日本 語 Português संस्कृतम् Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lion capital of sarnath belongs to which king | [
"The Lion Capital of Ashoka is a sculpture of four Asiatic lions standing back to back, on an elaborate base that includes other animals. A graphic representation of it was adopted as the official Emblem of India in 1950.[1] It was originally placed atop the Aśoka pillar at the important Buddhist site of Sarnath by the Emperor Ashoka, in about 250 BCE.[2] The pillar, sometimes called the Aśoka Column, is still in its original location, but the Lion Capital is now in the Sarnath Museum, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Standing 2.15 metres (7 feet) high including the base, it is more elaborate than the other very similar surviving capitals of the pillars of Ashoka bearing the Edicts of Ashoka that were placed throughout India several of which feature single animals at the top; one other damaged group of four lions survives, at Sanchi.[3]"
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"Emperor Ashoka"
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2875325340020288259 | PT boat | PT boat - wikipedia PT boat This article is about US Navy patrol torpedo boats in World War II . For other similar vessels , see Torpedo boat . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PT - 105 underway A PT boat ( short for Patrol Torpedo boat ) was a torpedo - armed fast attack craft used by the United States Navy in World War II . It was small , fast , and inexpensive to build , valued for its maneuverability and speed but hampered at the beginning of the war by ineffective torpedoes , limited armament , and comparatively fragile construction that limited some of the variants to coastal waters . The PT boat was very different from the first generation of torpedo boat , which had been developed at the end of the 19th century and featured a displacement hull form . These first generation torpedo boats rode low in the water , displaced up to 300 tons , and had a top speed of 25 to 27 kn ( 29 to 31 mph ; 46 to 50 km / h ) . During World War I Italy , the US and UK developed the first high - performance motor torpedo boats ( often with top speeds over 40 kn ( 46 mph ; 74 km / h ) ) and corresponding torpedo tactics , but these projects were all quickly disbanded with the Armistice . World War II PT boats continued to exploit some of the advances in planing hull design borrowed from offshore powerboat racing and were able to grow in size due to advancements in engine technology . During World War II , PT boats engaged enemy warships , transports , tankers , barges , and sampans . As gunboats they could be effective against enemy small craft , especially armored barges used by the Japanese for inter-island transport . Several saw service with the Philippine Navy , where they were named `` Q - boats '' , most probably after President Manuel L. Quezon . Primary anti-ship armament was four 2,600 pound ( 1,179 kg ) Mark 8 torpedoes . Launched by 21 - inch Mark 18 ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes , each bore a 466 - pound ( 211 kg ) TNT warhead and had a range of 16,000 yards ( 14,630 m ) at 36 knots ( 66 km / h ) . Two twin M2 . 50 cal ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns were mounted for anti-aircraft defense and general fire support . Some boats shipped a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon . Propulsion was via a trio of Packard 4M - 2500 and later 5M - 2500 supercharged gasoline - fueled , liquid - cooled marine engines . Nicknamed `` the mosquito fleet '' -- and `` devil boats '' by the Japanese -- the PT boat squadrons were heralded for their daring and earned a durable place in the public imagination that remains strong into the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Plywood Derby 1.1. 1 Background 1.1. 2 The Board of Inspection and Survey 1.1. 2.1 First open - ocean trial 1.1. 2.2 Second open - ocean trial 1.1. 2.3 Board of Inspection and Survey 's findings 1.1. 2.4 Board of Inspection and Survey 's recommendations and opinions 1.1. 2.5 Analysis of the `` Plywood Derby '' findings 1.2 Elco 1.3 Higgins 1.4 Huckins Yacht Corporation 1.5 Vosper and other types of PT boats 2 Construction 3 Armament 3.1 Gunboats 4 Engines 5 Service 5.1 Early use 5.2 Night attacks 5.3 Solomon Islands campaign 5.4 D - Day invasion 5.5 Barge attacks 5.6 Repair training 6 Supply 7 Boats 8 Losses 9 Remaining boats 9.1 Experimental boats 9.2 Exported PT boats 10 Movie stand - ins 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 13.1 General printed reference 13.2 PT - 109 story printed references 14 External links History ( edit ) At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , W. Albert Hickman devised the first procedures and tactics for employing fast maneuverable seaworthy torpedo motorboats against capital ships , and presented his proposal to Rear Admiral David W. Taylor , the Chief of the US Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair . In September 1914 , Hickman completed plans for a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) Sea Sled torpedo boat and submitted these to the Navy in hopes of obtaining a contract . While favorably received , Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels rejected the proposal since the US was not at war , but Hickman was advised to submit his plans and proposal to the British Admiralty , which was done the following month . His plan was promptly rejected by the Admiralty , so Hickman built and launched his own privately financed 41 - foot ( 12 m ) Sea Sled capable of carrying a single 18 '' Whitehead Mark 5 torpedo . In February 1915 , this Hickman sea sled demonstrated 35 kn ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) speeds in rough winter seas off Boston to both US and foreign representatives but again , he received no contracts . The Admiralty representative for this sea sled demonstration was Lieutenant G.C.E. Hampden . In the summer of 1915 , Lieutenants Hampden , Bremner , and Anson approached John I. Thornycroft & Company about developing a small high speed torpedo boat , and this effort eventually led to the Coastal Motor Boat which first went into service in April 1916 . Meanwhile , in August 1915 , the General Board of the United States Navy approved the purchase of a single experimental small torpedo boat that could be transportable . This contract for C - 250 ended up going to Greenport Basin and Construction Company , of Greenport , NY . When it eventually was delivered and tested in the summer of 1917 , it was not deemed a success , so a second boat ( C - 378 ) of the sea sled design was ordered from Hickman in either late 1917 or early 1918 ( conflicting dates ) . Using his previous design from September 1914 and the previous unsuccessful bid for C - 250 , the new boat C - 378 was completed and fully tested just in time to be cancelled by the Armistice . With a full loaded weight of 56,000 pounds , C - 378 made a top speed of 37 kn ( 69 km / h ; 43 mph ) with 1400 HP , and maintained an average speed of 34.5 kn ( 63.9 km / h ; 39.7 mph ) in a winter northeaster storm with 12 to 14 foot seas , which would still be considered exceptional even 100 years later . The Sea Sled would not surface again as a torpedo boat topic until 1939 , but would continue to be used by both the Army and Navy as rescue boats and seaplane tenders during the 20s and 30s . In 1922 , the US Navy reconsidered using small internal combustion engine powered torpedo boats . As a result , two types ( 45 - ft and 55 - ft ) of British Royal Navy Coastal Motor Boats were obtained for testing . The larger boat was used for experiments until 1930 . In 1938 , the U.S. Navy renewed their investigation into the concept by requesting competitive bids for several different types of motor torpedo boats , but excluded Hickman 's Sea Sled . This competition led to eight prototype boats built to compete in two different classes . The first class was for 54 - foot ( 16 m ) boats , and the second class was for 70 - foot ( 21 m ) boats . The resulting PT boat designs were the product of a small cadre of respected naval architects and the Navy . On 11 July 1938 , invitations to builders and designers were issued with prizes awarded for the winning PT boat designs given out on 30 March 1939 . In an important note after winning the design competition for the smaller PT boat , George Crouch wrote that Hickman 's Sea Sled design would be far superior `` in either rough or smooth water to that of the best possible V - bottom or hard chine design '' . Earlier when Sea Sleds were specifically excluded , Crouch had informed the Bureau of Ships that the Sea Sled was the best type of vessel for the job . On 8 June 1939 , contracts were let to the Fogal Boat Yard , Inc. , later known as the Miami Shipbuilding Co. , of Miami , Florida , for PT - 1 and - 2 `` Crash Boats '' , and to the Fisher Boat Works , Detroit , Michigan , for PT - 3 and - 4 . These four boats were designed by George Crouch , and modified in some details by the Bureau of Ships . Then , three additional boats were built by Andrew Higgins of Higgins Industries in New Orleans . These boats were PT - 5 and PT - 6 ( built using government - required Sparkman and Stephens design , scaled to an overall length of 81 ft ( 25 m ) ) and then PT - 6 `` Prime '' which was redesigned by Andrew Higgins personally using his own methods . Later that same year , Higgins was to build PT - 70 ( at their own expense ) that incorporated slight improvements over PT - 6 Prime . The Philadelphia Navy Yard simultaneously began construction of two other boats ( PT - 7 and PT - 8 ) , created by designers at the Navy Yard and the Navy Bureau of Ships . These boats were constructed mainly out of aluminum and had 4 engines . Later , rigorous testing performed on each design as well as changes in armament revealed limitations or problems that had to be fixed before they could meet required performance specifications . As a result , the Navy ordered further investigation and refinement of the existing designs until a satisfactory working design could be obtained . PT - 9 in June 1940 At the same time , Henry R. Sutphen of Electric Launch Company ( Elco ) and his designers ( Irwin Chase , Bill Fleming , and Glenville Tremaine ) visited the United Kingdom in February 1939 at the Navy 's request to see British motor torpedo boat designs with a view to obtaining one that could be used as a check on the Navy 's efforts . While visiting the British Power Boat Company , they purchased a 70 - foot ( 21 m ) Motor Torpedo Boat ( MTB ) design - PV70 - ( later renamed PT - 9 ) , designed by Hubert Scott - Paine . PT - 9 was to serve as the prototype for all the early Elco PT boats . After the initial competition , in late 1939 , the Navy contracted Elco to build 11 copies of PT - 9 . The final PT boat design competitor was Huckins Yacht Corporation of Jacksonville , Florida . On 11 October 1940 , an agreement between the Navy and Huckins was finalized . The Navy would provide engines , and Huckins would build a PT boat at their own expense , with the caveat that the boat ( upon completion ) would be offered to the Navy for a later sum . This boat ( designated MT - 72 ) was a 72 - foot ( 22 m ) boat that became PT - 69 . ( Huckins reported a profit of $28.60 on this transaction . Plywood Derby ( edit ) Background ( edit ) In March 1941 , during a heavy weather run from Key West to New York by MTBRON 2 ( Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 2 ) , Elco 70 - footers pounded heavily in 8 to 10 foot waves even at moderate speeds , and seas continuously broke high over the bows . Operating personnel reported extreme discomfort and fatigue . All boats suffered from some sort of structural failure ( forward chine guards ripped away , bottom framing under bows broken , side planking cracked ( indicating lack of longitudinal strength ) , and other weaknesses ) . In April 1941 , MTBRON 1 reported enthusiasm over the 81 - foot Higgins ( PT - 6 ) , and with the Higgins showing such good seakeeping further purchase of Scott - Paine boats was unnecessary . And , in early 1941 , BuShips lent Packard engines to both Huckins and Higgins , which wanted to build competitive boats at their own expense . A Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) PT Boat Conference held in May 1941 , convened to discussed future PT characteristics . All PTs prior to the 77 ft ( 23 m ) Elcos had been found defective , and it was probable the extended 70 ft ( 21 m ) Elco would not be an improvement . This conference , including representatives from BuShips , BuOrd , MTBRONs , Interior Control Board , and CNO , recommended a series of comparative tests to evaluate what turned out to be five new designs of motor torpedo boats . Of note , the conference strongly recommended that no more Elco 77 - footers be ordered until the tests had shown that they were indeed satisfactory . The Board of inspection and Survey ( edit ) The Board of Inspection and Survey , headed by Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox , Jr. , conducted comparative service tests off New London , 21 to 24 July 1941 , using the following boats : PT - 6 : 81 ft ( 25 m ) Higgins ; 3 Packard 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) engines . PT - 8 : 81 ft ( 25 m ) Philadelphia Navy Yard ; aluminum hull ; 2 Allison 2,000 hp ( 1,500 kW ) engines , 1 Hall - Scott 550 hp ( 410 kW ) engine . PT - 20 : 77 ft ( 23 m ) Elco ; 3 Packard 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) engines ; equipped with special propellers ; special strengthening added to hull framing and deck . PT - 26 , - 30 , - 31 , - 33 : Same as PT - 20 , except with standard propellers and without special strengthening . PT - 69 : 72 ft ( 22 m ) Huckins ; 4 Packard 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) engines . PT - 70 : 76 ft ( 23 m ) Higgins ; 3 Packard 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) engines . One 70 ft ( 21 m ) MRB - 8 ( Motor Rescue Boat ) , built for the Royal Navy by Higgins ; 3 Hall - Scott 900 hp ( 670 kW ) engines . Each member of the Board conducted an independent inspection of every boat class , evaluating them for structural sufficiency , habitability , access , arrangement for attack control , and communication facilities . Boats were also evaluated under two conditions of armament loading : loaded and fully equipped with four 21 in ( 53 cm ) torpedoes and sufficient fuel to operate 500 NM at 20 knots ; and fully loaded with two 21 in ( 53 cm ) torpedoes and ten 300 lb ( 140 kg ) depth charges with sufficient fuel to operate 500 nmi ( 930 km ; 580 mi ) at 20 kn ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . Boats would have their tactical parameters of each design determined by photographs from an airship . First open - ocean trial ( edit ) Lastly , there was a demonstration of seakeeping qualities and hull strength by making a run at maximum sustained speed in the open ocean . Accelerometers were installed in the pilot house of each design to record `` pounding '' . Conducted 24 July 1941 , this open - water trial , 190 nmi ( 350 km ; 220 mi ) at full throttle , would forever after be referred to by PT personnel as the `` Plywood Derby . '' The course started from the mouth of New London Harbor , to Sarah Ledge , then led around the eastern end of Block Island , then around Fire Island Lightship , finishing at Montauk Point Whistling Buoy . At the time , only the Elco 77 - footers had the actual ordnance loadout . The rest of the competitors had copper ingots added topside ( mostly in the turrets ) to make up the difference . This resulted in severe conditions for several of the boats during the trial , and accounted for the transverse failure in PT - 70 's deck and subsequent hull failure as the copper plunged into the hull . Nine boats participated in the trial ( PT - 26 had previously developed deck failures while conducting standardization trials off Block Island on July 21 , 1941 ) , and six boats completed the trial ( PT - 33 suffered structural damage off Block Island and withdrew , PT - 70 suffered its damage from the ingots and withdrew , and MRB developed engine trouble at the start of the run and withdrew ) . By class , PT - 20 , the Elco 77 - footer , came in first with an average speed of 39.72 kn ( 73.56 km / h ; 45.71 mph ) ; followed by PT - 31 , with an average speed of 37.01 kn ( 68.54 km / h ; 42.59 mph ) ; PT - 69 , the Huckins 72 - foot ( 22 m ) boat , with an average speed of 33.83 kn ( 62.65 km / h ; 38.93 mph ) ( note the Huckins experienced a high pressure oil failure and had to go DIW ( Dead in the Water ) in order to effect the repair ) ; PT - 6 , the Higgins 81 - footer , with an average speed of 31.4 kn ( 58.2 km / h ; 36.1 mph ) ; and PT - 8 , the Philadelphia Navy Yard boat last , at 30.75 kn ( 56.95 km / h ; 35.39 mph ) . The other two Elco boats , PT - 30 and PT 23 ( standby boat ) , followed PT - 31 , placing before PT - 69 . The accelerometers ranked the boats as follows : First was the Philadelphia Navy Yard PT - 8 with the least pounding , Second was the Huckins PT - 69 , Third was the Higgins PT - 6 , and last were the Elco 77 - footers . Second open - ocean trial ( edit ) Due to the problem with ingot loading , a 185 nmi ( 343 km ; 213 mi ) trial ( with PTs fully fitted out ) was conducted on August 12 , 1941 . Four boats returned : PT - 8 , PT - 69 , PT - 70 , and MRB , and Elco sent two new boats , PT - 21 and PT - 29 . During this trial , boats faced heavier seas , as high as 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) . All except the Huckins ( PT - 69 ) completed the run . The Huckins withdrew due to bilge stringer failure . The Higgins 76 - footer ( PT - 70 ) completed the entire run but also suffered structural failures , attachments between planking and web frames pulling loose , and deck fastenings in the neighborhood of engine hatches showing extensive failures . PT - 21 suffered minor cracks in the deck in the same location ( but not to the same extent ) as previously observed in PT - 26 , PT - 30 , and PT - 33 . PT - 29 was assigned as a pace boat with PT - 8 in order to generate a pounding comparison . The average speed results from the 185 nmi ( 343 km ; 213 mi ) course were : Elco 77 - footer ( PT - 21 ) , 27.5 kn ( 50.9 km / h ; 31.6 mph ) ; Higgins 76 - footer ( PT - 70 ) , 27.2 kn ( 50.4 km / h ; 31.3 mph ) ; Higgins MRB and Philadelphia Navy Yard boat ( PT - 8 ) , 24.8 kn ( 45.9 km / h ; 28.5 mph ) . Accelerometers were again installed in the pilot house of each boat , but the readings were incomplete because the violent motion of the boats made observations extremely difficult and in some cases necessitated abandonment of the observing stations . Further , many of those taken were beyond the normal range of the instruments and were considered inaccurate . Elco boats were found to pound heavily and confirmed previous reports of their discomfort . Board of inspection and Survey 's findings ( edit ) The Elco 77 - Footer Design Demonstrates : Ability to make a maximum sustained speed of 39.7 knots ; maximum speed 44.1 knots with heavy ordnance load . Maneuverability satisfactory except for a large turning circle of 432 yards . Space available for four 21 '' torpedo tubes . Structural weaknesses resulting in transverse fractures of deck planking . Tendency to pound heavily in a seaway . Fittings and finish unnecessarily refined . Cost to the Government fully equipped $302,100 . The Huckins 72 - Foot Design Demonstrates : Ability to make a maximum sustained speed of 33.8 knots ; maximum speed 43.8 knots with light ordnance load . Maneuverability satisfactory with a turning circle of 336 yards . Space available for two 21 '' torpedo tubes and ten 300 lb . depth charges . Structural weaknesses resulting in fracture of bilge stringers . Very little tendency to pound in a seaway . Fittings and finish appropriate for a motor torpedo boat . Cost to the Government fully equipped $263,500 . The Navy Yard Philadelphia 81 - Foot Design Demonstrates : Ability to make a maximum sustained speed of 30.7 knots ; maximum speed 33.9 knots with light ordnance load . Maneuverability unsatisfactory due to inability to reverse outboard engines with a large turning circle of 443 yards . Space available for two 21 '' torpedo tubes and ten 300 lb . depth charges . Structural strength is adequate . Tendency to pound severely in a seaway . Fittings ( Navy standard for combatant ships ) entirely too heavy and cumbersome for this type of craft . Finish adequate . Cost to the Government fully equipped $756,400 . The Higgins 81 - Foot Design Demonstrates : Ability to make a maximum sustained speed of 31.4 knots ; maximum speed 34.3 knots with heavy ordnance load . Maneuverability satisfactory with a turning circle of 368 yards . Space available for four 21 '' torpedo tubes . Structural strength adequate . Moderate tendency to pound in a seaway . Fittings and finish satisfactory . Cost to the Government fully equipped $206,600 . The Higgins 76 - Foot Design Demonstrates : Maximum sustained speed of 27.2 knots in rough seas ; maximum speed 40.9 knots . Maneuverability satisfactory , turning circle not determined photographically , estimated 300 yards . Space available for four 21 '' torpedo tubes . Structural weaknesses caused failures in transverse bottom framing , separation of side planking from framing and extensive failures of deck fastenings . Moderate tendency to pound in a seaway . Fittings and finish satisfactory . Cost to the Government fully equipped $265,500 . Board of inspection and Survey 's recommendations and opinions ( edit ) The Board arrived at the following recommendations : That the Packard power plant having been found highly satisfactory be adopted as standard for future construction . That the ordnance installation of future motor torpedo boats consist of two torpedo tubes , machine guns and depth charges . That the Huckins 78 - foot ( PT - 69 ) design be considered acceptable for immediate construction . That the Higgins 80 - foot ( PT - 6 ) design suitably reduced in size to carry such ordnance loads as are required by our Navy be considered acceptable for immediate construction . That the Elco 77 - foot design be considered acceptable for future construction provided changes in the lines are made to reduce the tendency to pound in a seaway , and the structure be strengthened in a manner acceptable to the Bureau of Ships . That the Philadelphia 81 - foot boat ( PT - 8 ' ) be stripped of excess weight and be re-engined with three Packard engines . The Board also had the following opinion on structural sufficiency : `` During the first series of tests ( July 21 -- 24 ) the Huckins design ( PT - 69 ) , the Philadelphia design ( PT - 8 ) and the Higgins design ( PT - 6 ) completed the open sea endurance run without structural damage . The Higgins 70 ' ( British ) boat did not complete this run because of engine trouble . The Higgins 76 ' ( PT - 70 ) and boats of the Elco 77 ' ( PT - 20 Class ) developed structural failures even under moderate weather conditions prevailing . In the interval between the first and second test periods the PT - 70 was repaired and an effort made to eliminate the causes of the structural failures . However , during the second endurance run , which was made in a very rough sea for this size boat , structural failures again occurred in PT - 70 . PT - 69 and PT - 21 experienced structural failures during the second run though these were much localized as compared with those found on PT70 . The Board is of the opinion that certain changes in design are required to enable PT - 69 and boats of the PT - 20 Class to carry safely their military loads in rough weather . '' Analysis of the `` Plywood Derby '' findings ( edit ) The Board results provided very important benchmarks in the infancy of PT boat development . This type of craft presented design challenges that were still issues decades after , but there are some significant conclusions from the above recommendations and their order of merit . Those are : The Packard engines were the engines of choice . The Huckins 72 - foot ( PT - 69 ) and a reduced Higgins 81 - foot ( PT - 6 ) design were to be placed into production . Following an October 1941 BuShips conference and its new set of navy design requirements which included room to support four 21 in ( 53 cm ) torpedoes and an upper length restriction of 82 ' , the next two orders for pre-war PT boats ( PT - 71 through PT - 102 ) were awarded to Higgins and Huckins . Even though the Elco 77 - footers posted the fastest speeds , all seven Elcos suffered from structural damage and severe pounding causing the Board to recommend a redesign to correct these deficiencies . Elco competed for the PT - 71 to PT - 102 contract but did not win due to their higher unit price . After the start of the war and significantly revising their unit cost , Elco received the next PT boat order after Higgins and Huckins . This was to be their new Elco 80 - foot design . Elco and Higgins PT boats , as published in a 1945 training manual Elco ( edit ) The Elco Naval Division boats were the longest of the three types of PT boats built for the Navy used during World War II . By war 's end , more of the Elco 80 ft ( 24 m ) boats were built ( 326 in all ) than any other type of motor torpedo boat . The 80 - foot wooden - hulled craft were classified as boats in comparison with much larger steel - hulled destroyers , but were comparable in size to many wooden sailing ships in history . They had a 20 ft 8 in ( 6.30 m ) beam . Though often said to be made of plywood , they were actually made of two diagonal layered 1 in ( 25 mm ) thick mahogany planks , with a glue - impregnated layer of canvas in between . Holding all this together were thousands of bronze screws and copper rivets . This type of construction made it possible for damage to the wooden hulls of these boats to be easily repaired at the front lines by base force personnel . Five Elco Boats were manufactured in knock - down kit form and sent to Long Beach Boatworks for assembly on the West Coast as part of an experiment and as a proof of concept . Higgins ( edit ) Higgins Industries of New Orleans , Louisiana produced 199 78 ft ( 24 m ) boats of the PT - 71 / PT - 235 , PT - 265 and PT - 625 classes . The Higgins boats had the same beam , full load displacement , engines , generators , shaft horsepower , trial speed , armament , and crew accommodation as the 80 ft ( 24 m ) Elco boats . Many Higgins boats were sent to the Soviet Union and Great Britain at the beginning of the war , so many of the lower - numbered squadrons in the U.S. Navy were made up exclusively of Elcos . U.S. Navy PT boats were organized into Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons ( MTBRONs or simply RONs ) . The first Higgins boats for the U.S. Navy were used in the Battle for the Aleutian Islands ( Attu and Kiska ) as part of Squadrons 13 and 16 , and others ( RON15 and RON22 ) in the Mediterranean against the Germans . They were also used during the D - Day landings on 6 June 1944 . Even though only half as many Higgins boats were produced , far more survive ( seven hulls , three of which have been restored to their World War II configuration ) than the more numerous Elco boats . Of the Elco boats , only three hulls ( one restored ) are known to exist as of 2016 . PT - 259 underway near Midway c. 1944 Huckins yacht Corporation ( edit ) Frank P. Huckins and his innovative Quadraconic hull design were latecomers to PT boat design . Not invited to participate in the original design competition , by late 1940 , Huckins had a meeting with Captain James M. Irish , Chief of Design of BuShips , and offered to build a `` planing seagoing hull '' PT boat , on the condition the Navy loan Huckins engines and agree to look at the Huckins boat . In early July 1941 , the Navy accepted PT - 69 . After obtaining excellent testing results at the Plywood Derby , the Navy awarded Huckins Yacht Corporation a contract in 1941 for 8 boats , and later added 10 more . The design was enlarged and modified to meet the new requirements . The first three of the new design ( PT - 95 through PT - 97 ) were initially kept in the Jacksonville area for testing , resulting in several important modifications to the overall design ( these boats were later assigned to Squadron 4 in 1942 ) . Huckins ended up building just two squadrons of PT boats during World War II . Five 78 - foot ( 24 m ) boats were assigned to Squadron 14 ( PT - 98 through PT - 102 ) which was commissioned in early 1943 ; and ten boats assigned to Squadron 26 ( PT - 255 thru PT - 264 ) which was commissioned in mid 1943 . They were assigned to specific outposts in the Panama Canal Zone , Miami , Florida , the Hawaiian Sea Frontier at Pearl Harbor and Midway , and a training center in Melville , Rhode Island . Although not used in any other PT boat design , Huckins licensed the use of his patented Quadraconic hull in his PT boat construction . He also granted permission for Elco , Higgins , and the Philadelphia Navy Yard to use his patented laminated keel , which increased hull strength , although neither Elco nor Higgins ever chose to use it on their boats . Most probably due to the lateness in joining the PT boat program and unlike Elco and Higgins , the Huckins yard was never provided any government support to construct a larger facility prior to the war . The handcrafted Huckins PT was produced at their civilian facility at a speed of one per month . The success and ruggedness of the Huckins ' 78 - foot seagoing design is demonstrated by Squadron 26 's constant ready - boat operations and Fleet torpedo boat training in the oceans around Midway and Hawaii during the last two years of the war . Vosper and other types of PT boats ( edit ) During World War II , Vospers of Great Britain arranged for several boatyards in the United States to build British - designed 70 ft ( 21 m ) Motor Torpedo Boats under license to help the war effort . The boatyards were located in Annapolis , City Island , Miami , and Los Angeles . 146 boats , armed with 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedoes , were built for Lend Lease , and exported to Allied powers such as Canada , Britain , Norway , and the Soviet Union . These boats were never used by the U.S. Navy , and only about 50 were used by the Royal Navy ; most were passed to other countries . In addition , the Canadian Power Boat Company produced four Scott - Paine designed PTs for the U.S. These were to be provided to the Dutch forces under Lend Lease , but were re-requistioned to the USN as PT 368 - 371 . Construction ( edit ) With accommodation for three officers and 14 enlisted men , the crew varied from 12 to 17 , depending upon the number and type of weapons installed . Full - load displacement late in the war was 56 tons . The hull shape of the Elco and Higgins PT boats were similar to the warped `` planing hull '' found in pleasure boats of the time ( and still in use today ) : a sharp V at the bow softening to a flat bottom at the stern . A common characteristic of this type of warped hull is the `` rooster tail '' in the wake . Unlike the actual `` planing hull '' Huckins , which planed at 10 - 11 knots , the Elco and Higgins PT boats were intended to plane at higher speeds ( PT 71 and PT - 103 classes at around 27 knots , and the PT - 265 and 625 classes at around 23 knots ) . The Elco , Higgins and Huckins companies used varying lightweight techniques of hull construction which included two layers of double diagonal mahogany planking utilizing a glue - impregnated cloth layer between inner and outer planks . These planks were held together by thousands of copper rivets and bronze screws . The overall result was an extremely light and strong hull which could be easily repaired at the front lines when battle damage was sustained . Painting by Gerard Richardson : USS PT - 167 is struck by an enemy torpedo , on 5 November 1943 As a testament to the strength of this type of construction , several PT boats withstood catastrophic battle damage and still remained afloat . For example , the forward half of future President John F. Kennedy 's PT - 109 ( Elco ) stayed afloat for 12 hours after she was cut in half by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri . PT - 323 ( Elco ) was cut in half by a kamikaze aircraft on 10 December 1944 off Leyte , yet remained floating for several hours . PT - 308 ( Higgins ) had her stern sheared off by a collision with PT - 304 during a night mission in the Mediterranean on 9 March 1945 and yet returned to base for repairs . PT - 167 ( Elco ) was holed through the bow off Bougainville on 5 November 1943 , by a torpedo which failed to detonate ; the boat remained in action and was repaired the next day . In 1943 , an inquiry was held by the Navy to discuss planing , hull design , and fuel consumption issues . This resulted in the November 1943 Miami test trial between two Higgins and two Elco boats , but no major additional modifications were made before the end of the war . During the war , Elco came up with stepped hull designs ( `` ElcoPlane '' ) which achieved significant increase in top speed . Higgins developed the small and fast 70 ' Higgins Hellcat , which was a slight variation on their original hull form , but the Navy rejected them for full production due to increased fuel consumption and other considerations . After the war , Lindsay Lord , who was stationed in Hawaii during the war , recorded the Navy 's planing hull research and findings in the book Naval Architecture of Planing Hulls . This covers PT boat hull design and construction , and provides hull test data as well as detailed analysis of the various PT boat designs . Armament ( edit ) The primary anti-ship armament was two to four Mark 8 torpedoes , which weighed 2,600 pounds ( 1,179 kg ) and contained a 466 - pound ( 211 kg ) TNT warhead . These torpedoes were launched by Mark 18 21 - inch ( 530 mm ) steel torpedo tubes . Mark 8 torpedoes had a range of 16,000 yards ( 14,630 m ) at 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . These torpedoes and tubes were replaced in mid-1943 by four lightweight 22.5 - inch - diameter ( 570 mm ) Mark 13 torpedoes , which weighed 2,216 pounds ( 1,005 kg ) and contained a 600 - pound ( 270 kg ) Torpex - filled warhead . These torpedoes were carried on lightweight Mark 1 roll - off style torpedo launching racks . The Mk13 torpedo had a range of 6,300 yards ( 5,800 m ) and a speed of 33.5 knots ( 62.0 km / h ; 38.6 mph ) . PT boats were also well armed with numerous automatic weapons . Common to all US PT boats were the two twin M2 . 50 cal ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns . Early PT boats ( Elco PT20 through PT44 ) mounted Dewandre plexiglas - enclosed hydraulically operated rotating turrets . Almost immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the Dewandre turrets were replaced on the entire PT boat fleet with open ring twin mounts . The ring mount was designed by both Elco and Bell , and designated Mark 17 Twin 50 caliber aircraft mount . Part of the Mark 17 Mod 1 and Mod 2 ring mount consisted of the Bell Mark 9 twin cradle . Another automatic weapon commonly mounted on PT boats was the 20 mm Oerlikon cannon . On early series of boats , this cannon was mounted on the stern . Later in the war , several more of these 20 mm cannons were added amidships and on the forward deck . Forward of the chart house of some early Elco 77 - foot ( 23 m ) boats ( PT20 through PT44 ) were twin . 30 cal ( 7.62 mm ) Lewis machine guns on pedestal mounts . Beginning in mid-1943 , some boats were fitted with one or two . 30 cal Browning machine guns on the forward torpedo racks on pedestal mounts . Occasionally , some front line PT boats received ad hoc up - fits at forward bases , where they mounted such weapons as 37mm aircraft cannons , rocket launchers , or mortars . When these weapons were found to be successful , they were incorporated onto the PT boats as original armament . One such field modification was made to Kennedy 's PT - 109 , which was equipped with a single - shot Army M3 37mm anti-tank gun that her crew had commandeered ; they removed the wheels and lashed it to 2x8 timbers placed on the bow only one night before she was lost . The larger punch of the 37mm round was desirable , but the crews looked for something that could fire faster than the single - shot army anti-tank weapon . Their answer was found in the 37mm Oldsmobile M4 aircraft automatic cannon cannibalized from crashed P - 39 Airacobra fighter planes on Henderson Field , Guadalcanal . After having demonstrated its value on board PT boats , the M4 ( and later M9 ) cannon was installed at the factory . The M4 / M9 37mm auto cannon had a relatively high rate of fire ( 125 rounds per minute ) and large magazine ( 30 rounds ) . These features made it highly desirable due to the PT boat 's ever - increasing requirement for increased firepower to deal effectively with the Japanese Daihatsu - class barges , which were largely immune to torpedoes due to their shallow draft . By the war 's end , most PTs had these weapons . The installation of larger - bore cannons culminated in the fitting of the 40mm Bofors gun on the aft deck . Starting in mid-1943 , the installation of this gun had an immediate positive effect on the firepower available from a PT boat . The Bofors cannon had a firing rate of 120 rounds / min ( using 4 - round clips ) and had a range of 5,420 yards ( 4,960 m ) . This gun was served by a crew of 4 men , and was used against aircraft targets , as well as shore bombardment or enemy surface craft . Gunboats ( edit ) In the Solomon Islands in 1943 , three 77 - foot ( 23 m ) PT boats , PT - 59 , PT - 60 , and PT - 61 , were converted into `` PT gunboats '' by stripping them of all original armament except the two twin . 50 cal ( 12.7 mm ) gun mounts , then adding two 40mm and four twin . 50 cal ( 12.7 mm ) mounts . Lieutenant Kennedy was the first commanding officer of PT - 59 after its conversion . On 2 November 1943 , PT - 59 participated in the rescue of 40 to 50 Marines from Choiseul Island and a foundering landing craft ( LCP ( R ) ) which was under fire from Japanese soldiers on the beach . Towards the end of the war , beginning in 1945 , PTs received two eight - cell Mark 50 rocket launchers , launching 5 in ( 130 mm ) spin - stabilized flat trajectory Mark 7 and / or Mark 10 rockets with a range of 11,000 yards ( 10,000 m ) . These 16 rockets plus 16 reloads gave them as much firepower as a destroyer 's 5 - inch ( 127 mm ) guns . By war 's end , the PT boat had more `` firepower - per - ton '' than any other vessel in the U.S. Navy . PT boats also commonly carried between two and eight U.S. Navy Mark 6 depth charges in roll - off racks . Sometimes they were used as a last - ditch weapon to deter pursuing destroyers . The depth charge could be set to go off at 100 feet ( 30 m ) , and by the time it exploded , the pursuing destroyer might be above it . Additionally , a few PT boats were equipped to carry naval mines launched from mine racks , but these were not commonly used . Engines ( edit ) With the exception of the experimental PT boats , all U.S. PT boats were powered by three marine modified derivations of the Packard 3A - 2500 V - 12 liquid - cooled , gasoline - fueled aircraft engine . Improvements upon Packard 's World War I Liberty L - 12 2A engine , the successive `` M '' for `` marine '' designated 3M - 2500 , 4M - 2500 , and 5M - 2500 generations all featured slight changes and more power . Their superchargers , intercoolers , dual magnetos , and two spark plugs per cylinder reflected their aircraft origins . Packard 's licensed manufacture of the famed Rolls - Royce Merlin aircraft engine for the P - 51 Mustang alongside the marine 4M - 2500 has long been a source of confusion . Only the British built PT - 9 prototype boat brought from England for Elco to examine and copy featured a Merlin . The 4M - 2500 initially generated 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) . It was subsequently upgraded in stages to 1,500 hp ( 1,100 kW ) , allowing a designed speed of 41 knots ( 76 km / h ) . The 5M - 2500 introduced in late 1945 had a larger supercharger , aftercooler , and increased power output of 1,850 hp ( 1,380 kW ) . It could push fully loaded boats at 45 to 50 knots ( 83 to 93 km / h ) . However , subsequent additions of weaponry offset this potential increase in top speed . Fuel consumption of any version of these engines was exceptionally heavy . A PT boat carried 3,000 US gallons ( 11,400 l ) of 100 octane aviation fuel , enough for an 4M - 2500 equipped boat to conduct a maximum 12 - hour patrol . Some 200 US gallons ( 760 l ) an hour were consumed at a cruising speed of 23 knots ( 43 km / h ) , increasing to 500 US gallons ( 1,900 l ) per hour at top speed . Hull fouling and engine wear could both decrease top speed and increase fuel consumption materially . Service ( edit ) PT boats operated in the southern , western , and northern Pacific , as well as in the Mediterranean Sea and the English Channel . See also : List of PT boat bases Early use ( edit ) USS Hornet with PT - 28 and PT - 29 Originally conceived as anti-ship weapons , PT boats were publicly credited with sinking several Japanese warships during the period between December 1941 and the fall of the Philippines in May 1942 . Attacking at night , PT boat crews may have sometimes failed to note a possible torpedo failure . Although the American Mark 8 torpedo did have problems with porpoising and circular runs , it could and did have success against common classes of targets . The Mark 3 and Mark 4 exploders were not subject to the same problems as the Mark 6 exploders on U.S. submarines ' Mark 14 torpedoes . Introduction of the Mark 13 torpedo to PT boats in mid-1943 all but eliminated the early problems that PT boats had with their obsolete Mark 8s . Night attacks ( edit ) PTs would usually attack at night . The cockpits of PT boats were protected against small arms fire and splinters by armor plate . Direct hits from Japanese guns could and did result in catastrophic gasoline explosions with near - total crew loss . They feared attack by Japanese seaplanes , which were hard to detect even with radar , but which could easily spot the phosphorescent wake left by PT propellers . Bombing attacks killed and wounded crews even with near misses . There are several recorded instances of PT boats trading fire with friendly aircraft , a situation also familiar to U.S. submariners . Several PT boats were lost due to friendly fire from both Allied aircraft and destroyers . Initially , only a few boats were issued primitive radar sets . U.S. Navy PTs were eventually fitted with Raytheon SO radar , which had about a 17 nmi ( 20 mi ; 31 km ) range . Having radar gave Navy PTs a distinct advantage in intercepting enemy supply barges and ships at night . As more PTs were fitted with dependable radar , they developed superior night - fighting tactics and used them to locate and destroy many enemy targets . During the Guadalcanal and Solomon Island campaigns in 1942 -- 1943 , the PT boats of Squadrons ( RON ) 2 , 3 , 5 and 6 would lie in wait to ambush a target from torpedo range , generally about 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) . An 80 - foot ( 24 m ) Elco PT boat on patrol off the coast of New Guinea , 1943 During some of these nighttime attacks , PT boat positions may have been given away by a flash of light caused by grease inside the black powder - actuated Mark 8 torpedo tubes catching fire during the launching sequence . In order to evade return fire from the enemy ships , the PT boat could deploy a smoke screen using stern - mounted generators . Starting in mid-1943 , the old Mark 18 torpedo tubes and Mark 8 torpedoes were replaced . The new Mark 1 `` roll - off '' torpedo launcher rack ( loaded with an improved Mark 13 aerial torpedo ) effectively eliminated the telltale flash of light from burning grease , did not use any form of explosive to launch the torpedo , and weighed about 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) less than the tubes . Enemy forces would use searchlights or seaplane - dropped flares to illuminate fleeing PT boats . Solomon Islands campaign ( edit ) The effectiveness of PT boats in the Solomon Islands campaign , where there were numerous engagements between PTs and capital ships , as well as against Japanese shipborne resupply efforts dubbed `` The Tokyo Express '' operating in New Georgia Sound ( called `` the Slot '' by the Americans ) , was substantially undermined by defective Mark 8 torpedoes . The Japanese were initially cautious when operating their capital ships in areas known to have PT boats , knowing how dangerous their own Type 93 torpedoes were , and assumed the Americans had equally lethal weapons . The PT boats at Guadalcanal were given credit for several sinkings and successes against the vaunted Tokyo Express . In several engagements , the mere presence of PTs was sufficient to disrupt heavily escorted Japanese resupply activities at Guadalcanal . Afterwards , the PT mission in the Solomon Islands was deemed a success . D - Day invasion ( edit ) Some served during the Battle of Normandy . During the D - Day invasion , PTs patrolled the `` Mason Line '' , forming a barrier against the German S - boats attacking the Allied landing forces . They also performed lifesaving and anti-shipping mine destruction missions during the invasion . PT boat gunner mans a twin . 50 caliber Browning M2 machine gun off New Guinea . Barge attacks ( edit ) Perhaps the most effective use of PTs was as `` barge busters '' . Since both the Japanese in the New Guinea area and the Germans in the Mediterranean had lost numerous resupply vessels to Allied air power during daylight hours , each attempted to resupply their troop concentrations by using shallow draft barges at night in very shallow waters . The shallow depth meant Allied destroyers were unable to follow them due to the risk of running aground and the barges could be protected by an umbrella of shore batteries . The efficiency of the PT boats at sinking the Japanese supply barges was considered a key reason that the Japanese had severe food , ammunition , and replacement problems during the New Guinea and Solomon Island campaigns , and made the PT boats prime targets for enemy aircraft . The use of PT boat torpedoes was ineffective against these sometimes heavily armed barges , since the minimum depth setting of the torpedo was about 10 feet ( 3 m ) and the barges drew only 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) . To accomplish the task , PTs in the Mediterranean and the Pacific ( and RN and RCN MTBs in the Mediterranean ) installed more and heavier guns which were able to sink the barges . One captured Japanese soldier 's diary described their fear of PT boats by describing them as `` the monster that roars , flaps its wings , and shoots torpedoes in all directions . '' Though their primary mission continued to be attack on surface ships and craft , PT boats were also used effectively to lay mines and smoke screens , coordinate in air - sea rescue operations , rescue shipwreck survivors , destroy Japanese suicide boats , destroy floating mines , and carry out intelligence or raider operations . After the war , American military interviews with captured veterans of the Imperial Japanese Navy , supplemented by the available partial Japanese war records , were unable to verify that all the PT boat sinking claims were valid . Like many other victory claims by all parties involved ( aircraft pilots , surface ships , submarines ) this unclear verification was due in part to the Japanese military 's policies of destroying military records . Repair training ( edit ) In 1944 , several Higgins 78 - foot ( 24 m ) boats ( PT222 , PT - 283 , PT - 284 , PT - 285 , and PT - 282 ) were converted , releasing PT - 59 , PT - 60 , and PT - 61 for transfer back home to the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center ( MTBSTC ) school in Melville , Rhode Island for use in training in hull repair techniques . Supply ( edit ) PT boats lacked a large capacity refrigerator to store sufficient quantities of perishable foods . While docked , PT boat squadrons were supported by PT boat tenders or base facilities which supplied boat crews with hot meals . As PT boats were usually located near the end of the supply chain , their crews proved resourceful in bartering with nearby ships or military units for supplies and using munitions to harvest their own fish . Boats ( edit ) Lieutenant ( junior grade ) John Kennedy ( right ) with his PT - 109 crew Many PT boats became famous during and after World War II : PT - 41 , commanded by Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley , carried General Douglas MacArthur in his escape from Corregidor Island , Philippines . Bulkeley was awarded the Medal of Honor for his operations in the Philippines before rescuing MacArthur . Bulkeley 's story inspired a book and the movie They Were Expendable based on it . PT - 41 was the flagship of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three ( MTBRON 3 ) , based in the Philippine Islands 1941 -- 1942 ( PT - 41 , − 31 , − 32 , − 33 , − 34 , − 35 ) . Life magazine published an article about the PT boat captains in the battles off Guadalcanal , featuring the exploits of Lieutenants `` Stilly '' Taylor , Leonard A. Nikoloric , Lester Gamble , and Robert and John Searles ; the article mentioned many boats in MTB Squadrons Two and Five ( in particular , PT - 36 , PT - 37 , PT - 39 , PT - 44 , PT - 46 , PT - 48 , PT - 59 , PT - 109 , PT - 115 , and PT - 123 ) . Other PT boats gaining fame during the war were PT - 363 and PT - 489 , the boats used by Lieutenant Commander Murray Preston to rescue a downed aviator in Wasile Bay , off Halmahera Island , for which Preston was awarded the Medal of Honor . PT - 109 , commanded by future President John F. Kennedy , was made famous through Robert J. Donovan 's 1961 book PT - 109 : John F. Kennedy in World War II and the 1963 film based on it , PT 109 . PT - 157 : Commanded by Lieutenant , junior grade , William F. ' Bud ' Liebenow , Rescued crew of PT - 109 , Details in book `` FIRST - UP : Chronicles of the PT - 157 '' PT - 59 : Commanded by Lieutenant , junior grade , John F. Kennedy after the loss of PT - 109 PT - 105 : Commanded by Lieutenant Dick Keresey at the time of the loss of PT - 109 . Keresey wrote a book by the same name . PT - 373 : Commanded by Lieutenant Belton A. Copp was the first boat , of a two boat squadron , to enter Manila Harbor in order to `` test defenses '' since the U.S. retreat in 1942 . General McArthur honored LT Copp and the crew of PT - 373 by using it to carry him back into Manila Harbor on 2 March 1945 . Losses ( edit ) According to the book `` At Close Quarters : PT Boats in the United States Navy '' 99 of the 531 PT boats that served during World War II were lost to various causes . Accident , friendly fire , sea conditions -- 32 Scuttled to prevent capture -- 27 Rammed by the enemy -- 8 Kamikaze -- 2 Mined -- 9 Enemy coastal artillery -- 6 Strafed -- 8 Enemy naval gunfire -- 7 Remaining boats ( edit ) At the end of the war , almost all surviving U.S. PT boats were disposed of shortly after V-J Day . Hundreds of boats were deliberately stripped of all useful equipment and then dragged up on the beach and burned . This was done to minimize the amount of upkeep the Navy would have to do , since wooden boats require much continuous maintenance , and they were not considered worth the effort . The boats also used a lot of high octane gasoline for their size , making them too expensive to operate for a peacetime navy . Much of this destruction ( 121 boats ) occurred at PT Base 17 , on Samar , Philippines , near Bobon Point . A few ( one 80 ' Elco , one 72 ' Vosper , and three 78 ' Higgins ) were cut up and destroyed between 1998 and 2008 , leaving ( a known ) total of 12 PT boats , and 2 experimental PT boat hulls in various states of repair , surviving today in the U.S. : PT - 48 PT - 48 is possibly the last surviving 77 - foot ( 23 m ) Elco PT boat . In July 1942 , PT - 48 ( nicknamed `` Prep Tom '' and `` Deuce '' ) was assigned to MTBRON 3 . This second Squadron 3 was the first to arrive in the Solomons and saw heavy engagement with the `` Tokyo Express '' . PT 48 was one of the first 4 boats to arrive at Tulagi , on 12 October 1942 . On the night of 13 / 14 October 1942 , PT - 48 engaged a Japanese destroyer at 200 yards ( 180 m ) . This Squadron saw action in the Solomon Islands , Guadalcanal , and Funafuti . PT - 48 is today in need of major restoration , after having been cut down to 59 feet ( 18 m ) and used as a dinner cruise boat . Because of this boat 's extensive combat history , having survived 22 months in the combat zone at Guadalcanal ( more time in combat than any other surviving PT boat ) , a preservation group , `` Fleet Obsolete '' of Kingston , New York , acquired and transported it to Rondout Creek in 2008 for eventual repair . PT - 305 One of two fully restored and operational PT boats ( and the only combat veteran ) , PT - 305 ( `` Half Hitch '' , `` Barfly '' , `` USS Sudden Jerk '' ) is a Higgins 78 - foot ( 24 m ) boat , assigned during the war to RON 22 , and saw action against the Germans in the Mediterranean Sea . Squadron 22 was operating with the British Royal Navy Coastal Forces , and saw action along the northwest coast of Italy and southern coast of France . In June 1945 the squadron was shipped to the U.S. for refitting and transfer to the Pacific , but the war ended while still in New York . PT - 305 was cut down to 65 feet ( 20 m ) for use as an oyster seed boat in Crisfield , Maryland . PT - 305 was acquired by the Defenders of America Naval Museum ( DOANM ) , and then sold in May 2007 to the National World War II Museum in New Orleans . After a lengthy restoration PT - 305 has been restored to a seaworthy , operational vessel . It was relaunched in March 2017 , and the museum is booking rides on Lake Pontchartrain on Saturdays , or static tours other days of the week . PT - 309 A 78 - foot ( 24 m ) Higgins , PT - 309 ( `` Oh Frankie ! '' ) was assigned during the war to RON22 , and saw action against the Germans in the Mediterranean Sea . The squadron was operating under the British Coastal Forces , and saw action along the northwest coast of Italy and southern coast of France . In April 1945 the squadron was shipped to the U.S. for refitting and transfer to the Pacific , but the war ended while still in New York . Coincidentally , the PT - 309 ( `` Oh Frankie ! '' ) , was named in honor of Frank Sinatra , with whom the boats ' Commanding Officer met at a nightclub shortly before MTBRON 22 left New York for the Mediterranean Theatre . PT - 309 is located at the National Museum of the Pacific War / Admiral Nimitz Museum in Fredericksburg , Texas , and was restored by the ( now defunct ) Defenders of America Naval Museum ( DOANM ) . PT - 309 is restored ( but non-operational ) in a static diorama display without engines installed . Her external restoration was completed by the Texas group in 2002 , and is to a high standard . PT - 459 PT - 459 ( `` Mahogany Menace '' ) a Higgins 78 - foot ( 24 m ) boat , was assigned to MTBRON 30 on 15 February 1944 under the command of LCDR Robert L. Searles . MTBRON 30 saw action in the English Channel as part of the Invasion of Normandy . In late June 1945 the squadron was shipped to the U.S. for refitting and transfer to the Pacific , but the war ended while still in New York . After the war , the ex-PT459 was cut down to 65 ft ( 20 m ) and highly modified into a sightseeing boat and fishing trawler . She was acquired by Fleet Obsolete in June 2008 and moved to Kingston , New York for possible restoration . PT - 486 PT - 486 , an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) Elco boat , was placed in service on 2 December 1943 . It was used in the training squadron MTBRON 4 in Melville , Rhode Island during World War II until it was placed out of service 16 January 1946 . Along with PT - 557 , the vessel was purchased from BFM Industries ( Brooklyn , NY ) by Capt . George C. Sinn of Wildwood Crest , NJ on 9 October 1951 for $1,015.00 . The vessel was sold in 1952 to Otto Stocker who operated the `` Sightseer '' as an excursion vessel from Otten 's Harbor in Wildwood , New Jersey . The business was later sold to Capt . Charles Schumann in the 1980s . He named the vessel Schumann 's `` Big Blue '' and ran the business until 2002 . Remarkably , the PT486 was sold to the son of the original owner , Capt . Ronald G. Sinn , who in 2012 sold the boat to `` Fleet Obsolete '' of Kingston NY . Plans are for restoring the vessel to recreate the World War II appearance . PT - 615 PT - 615 , an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) Elco originally assigned to RON 42 , was commissioned after the war ended . PT - 615 was returned to Elco after being sold and was heavily modified into a yacht , which was leased to actor Clark Gable . He named the boat Tarbaby VI , and used her through the 1950s . The boat was serviced and stored by Elco . She was sold several times , and moved to Kingston , NY for possible restoration . PT - 617 PT - 617 is an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) Elco boat located at the Battleship Cove Naval Museum in Fall River , Massachusetts . She was obtained from the backwaters of Florida and moved to its current location by JM `` Boats '' Newberry , the founder of PT Boats Inc . `` Boats '' along with the team at Battleship Cove Museum restored her during 1984 -- 89 , inside and out , at a cost of US $1 million . The boat is owned by PT Boats , Inc. , a World War II PT veterans organization headquartered in Germantown , Tennessee . The quality of the restoration was extremely high , and the boat is on display inside a weatherproof building , on blocks out of the water . She is available for public viewing , and has portions of her hull cut away to display the cramped interior of the crew 's quarters . General visitors are not allowed inside the boat in order to help preserve her historic integrity . PT - 657 PT - 657 , a Higgins 78 - foot ( 24 m ) boat , has been converted into a charter fishing boat . She is located in San Diego and is now named Malahini . PT - 658 in Measure 31 - 20L Camouflage , May 2011 , Portland , Oregon PT - 658 One of the best examples of a surviving 78 - foot ( 24 m ) Higgins boat is PT - 658 , one of two 100 % authentically restored and operational U.S. Navy PT boats afloat today . Relaunched after hull restoration from 1995 to 2005 , it is located at Pier 308 , Vigor Shipyard in Portland , Oregon 's Swan Island Lagoon . Maintained by an all volunteer group , it is powered by the three Packard V12 5M - 2500 gas engines and includes all weapons , electronics , equipment and accessories restored to appear as they did the day the US Navy accepted the boat , July 31 , 1945 . PT - 658 was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 . PT - 724 PT - 724 , a surviving Vosper built at the Annapolis Boat yard in Maryland , has been used as a yacht , and has since been acquired by the Liberty Aviation Museum to be restored back to original Vosper configuration . PT - 728 PT - 728 , a surviving Vosper boat built under license at the Annapolis Boat Yard in Maryland , was restored in Key West , Florida . Her deck house was reconfigured to partially resemble an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) Elco instead of its original Vosper 70 - foot ( 21 m ) configuration . PT - 728 was acquired by Fleet Obsolete and moved to Kingston . There PT - 728 allows up to 49 tourists the chance to ride on a `` PT boat '' . This boat is the only U.S. Coast Guard regulation - approved PT boat licensed to take passengers for hire , and the only surviving U.S. - built Vosper design . In spring of 2012 , PT - 728 was acquired by the Liberty Aircraft Museum of Port Clinton , OH for further restoration . PT - 766 PT - 766 is an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) Elco boat that is a private yacht ( `` Finished Business '' ) located in Washington D.C. She represents the final class of Elco 's with significant updates to the superstructure and radar and was intended for MTB Ron 44 , but was cancelled due to the end of the war . PT - 796 PT - 796 ( `` Tail Ender '' ) is a 78 - foot ( 24 m ) Higgins . After the war ended PT - 796 was used in the Key West / Miami area for experimental purposes . She was retired from service in the late 1950s . Shortly after her retirement from service , the PT - 796 was used as a float during President John F. Kennedy 's inaugural parade to represent PT - 109 , with the PT - 109 hull number painted on the bow , and several of PT - 109 's surviving crew members manning the boat . Today , PT - 796 is located at the Battleship Cove Naval Museum in Fall River , Massachusetts in a Quonset hut - style building , protected from the weather , and up on blocks . The boat is owned by PT Boats , Inc. , a World War II PT veterans organization headquartered in Germantown , Tennessee . Experimental boats ( edit ) PT - 3 Two of the experimental PT - Boats also still survive , PT - 3 ( built by Fisher Boat Works ) in New Jersey and PT - 8 . PT - 3 was designed by George Crouch and employed lightweight planing hull construction methods . A 59 - foot ( 18 m ) barrel - back ( which provided increased strength to the sides and deck ) , a unique double longitudinal planked ( mahogany outer planking and Port Orford cedar inner planking ) lightweight hull on bent laminated oak framing , she was the `` featherweight '' of transportable PT boat design , but was later rejected by the Navy during trials in 1941 after being deemed too short to carry 4 torpedoes , as well as being able to only launch torpedoes stern first , which was a procedure considered too dangerous by BuOrd . PT - 3 and PT - 8 were both part of Squadron 1 ( RON 1 ) during the testing period . After testing was completed , PT - 3 was transferred to Canada in April 1941 under lend - lease . PT - 3 served with the RCAF Fleet as the RCAF Bras d'Or M413 ( B119 ) based at Eastern Air Command in Halifax . She was transferred back to the United States in April 1945 . Now located in a New Jersey boatyard in awaiting restoration . PT - 8 PT - 8 ( built at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard ) in Louisiana was built entirely from aluminum but did not pass the speed acceptance criteria for use as a PT boat for the U.S. Navy due to its weight . She was reclassified as a harbor patrol boat ( YP 110 ) for the duration of the war . UK Vosper The two Vosper boats in England were built by Vosper itself , and the first is in fairly good condition at Portsmouth . The second UK built boat is in private hands , floating on a canal north of London and being used as a private residence , though it is remarkably intact in its World War II configuration . Exported PT boats ( edit ) ARA Alakush . Ushuaia. 1962 Ten Higgins boats were delivered in 1948 for use by the Argentine Navy during the late 1940s up until the late 1970s . All of these boats are now retired from naval use , with two still in civil use today as sightseeing boats on Mar del Plata : the Leonardo da Vinci and the Mar de la Plata . The other six boats are in various states of disrepair , sunk or scrapped . The PT boat design was also exported after the end of the Second World War as an unarmed air - sea rescue launch for use by the South African Navy . Movie stand - ins ( edit ) The original 1962 -- 66 McHale 's Navy TV series used a Vosper design PT - 694 Prior to starring in the television series this boat was purchased as war surplus by Howard Hughes and was used as the camera chase boat when the Spruce Goose made its only flight . The stern of the Vosper boat is visible in the footage of that event . In John Ford 's 1945 war film , They Were Expendable , two 80 - foot Elcos were used during filming along with four former RON 14 78 - foot Huckins . For the 1962 movie PT - 109 , several 82 - foot USAF crash rescue boats were converted to resemble 80 - foot Elcos when the few surviving boats were found to need too much work to make them seaworthy for use during the film . See also ( edit ) British Power Boat Company Producer of the PT boat prototype Fairmile D motor torpedo boat British `` Dog Boats '' E-Boats MAS ( motorboat ) ( Italian equivalent ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Q - Boats : Heroes of the Off - Shore Patrol , The Untold Saga of Philippine Army 's PT Boats by Commodore Ramon Alcaraz , Philippine Navy ( Ret . ) ^ Jump up to : David Seidman ( June 1991 ) . `` Damned by Faint Praise : The life and hard times of Albert Hickman '' ( PDF ) . WoodenBoat . pp. 46 -- 57 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Acquires Small Speedy Torpedo Boats '' ( October 1922 ) . Popular Mechanics , pp. 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Former Site of Miami Shipbuilding Corporation ( Miami ) . Wikimapia.org . Jump up ^ `` Fast Patrol Boat Mounts Heavy Armament '' ( September 1940 ) , Popular Science , p. 93 . Books.google.com . Jump up ^ Bulkley p44 Jump up ^ Frank Huckins , Address Before the Great Lakes Cruising Club , Chicago ( April 21 , 1944 ) contained in Huckins , The Living Legacy Jump up ^ The Chief of Naval Operations , Report of Conference on Motor Torpedo Boats , Op - 23D - KM , PT / S1 ( 410414 ) Serial 181923 ( Navy Department , June 17 , 1941 ) ^ Jump up to : Board of Inspection and Survey , Report of Comparative Services Tests of Motor Torpedo Boats Held July 21 -- 24 , 1941 and August 11 -- 12 , 1941 at New London , Connecticut ( Navy Department , August 14 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ `` NH 64787 - KN '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . United States Navy . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Lord , Naval Architecture of Planing Hulls ( Cornell Maritime Press , 1946 ) Jump up ^ `` DESCRIPTION AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DEWANDRE - ELCO POWER - OPERATED MACHINE GUN TURRET '' . maritime.org . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ORDNANCE PAMPHLET NO . 951 '' . maritime.org . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motor Torpedo Boat Manual '' . Hyperwar Foundation . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twin . 50 Cal Browning Navy Aircraft Mount MK9 '' . Crane Technologies . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 9 - 252 '' . maritime.org . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Robert J. PT - 109 : John F. Kennedy in WW II , pp 176 -- 184 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Launcher Mark 50 '' . maritime.org . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US Explosive Ordnance '' . maritime.org . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bulkley , Robert J , At Close Quarters : PT Boats in the United States Navy ( Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1962 ) Jump up ^ `` Naval Ordnance and Gunnery . NAVPERS 16116 - A '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 1946 : 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Hamachek , LCDR Russell ( 1995 ) . `` '' Hot Straight and True `` , PT Boat Commanders Anecdotes of WW2 '' . New York , N.Y. : Carlton Press : 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ PT Boats , Inc. - Action Report -- Into Action , Southwest Pacific -- Return to the Philippines . Ptboats.org ( 15 September 1944 ) . Jump up ^ ( RJ Bulkley , ISBN 978 - 1 - 907521 - 07 - 2 , pages 10 , 43 , 97 ) Jump up ^ Fate of PT Boats at PT Boats Inc . Ptboats.org . Jump up ^ PT Boat burning -- November & December 1945 -- Samar , Philippines PT Boats Inc . Ptboats.org . Jump up ^ Ganey , Terry ( 8 November 2009 ) . `` The Saga of PT 305 '' . Columbia Daily Tribune . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FEATURED ARTIFACT : PT - 305 '' . National WWII Museum . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Mattise , Nathan ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` The decade - long , $6 M effort to put a 74 - year - old WWII boat back to water '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Barnes , Susan B. ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` PT - 305 : Ride a piece of history at the National WWII Museum '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` PT - 305 : The Ride of a Lifetime '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ National Museum of the Pacific War official site Jump up ^ At Close Quarters : PT Boats in the United States Navy by Captain Robert J. Bulkley , Jr . USNR ( Retired ) Jump up ^ PT - 658 Save the PT Boat website Jump up ^ PT - 658 under way video PT 658 under way video Jump up ^ Parks , Casey ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` PT - 658 , last remaining operable PT boat from World War II , named to National Register of Historic Places '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ PT Boats , Inc. - Museum . Ptboats.org . Jump up ^ PT - 3 and PT - 8 Status . Ptboatworld.com . Jump up ^ `` What should I do with this boat ? '' . WoodenBoat Forum . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Flota de Mar -- Lanchas Rapidas . Histarmar.com.ar . Jump up ^ Lanchas Higgins . Histarmar . Jump up ^ `` Motor Torpedo Boat Photo Archive : PT - 694 '' . NavSource Online . Jump up ^ `` PT Boat Trivia '' . PT Boats , Inc . Bibliography ( edit ) General printed reference ( edit ) Breuer , William ( 1987 ) . Devil Boats : The PT War Against Japan . Novato , California , U.S.A. : Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 586 - 6 . Robert J. Bulkley , At Close Quarters : PT Boats in the United States Navy ( Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1962 ) Victor Chun , American PT Boats in World War II : A Pictorial History ( Schiffer Publishing , 1997 ) T. Garth Connelly , Don Greer , Tom Tullis , Joe Sewell , Pt Boats in Action ( Warships , No 7 ) ( Squadron / Signal Publications , Inc. , 1994 ) David Doyle `` Elco 80 ' PT Boat On Deck '' ( Squadron / Signal Publications , Inc. , 2010 ) Michael Green , PT Boats ( Land and Sea ) ( Capstone Press , 1999 ) Keresey , Dick ( 2003 ) . pt 105 . Annapolis , Maryland , U.S.A. : United States Naval Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 469 - 2 . Angus Konstam , PT - Boat Squadrons -- US Navy Torpedo Boats ( Ian Allan Publishing , June 2005 ) An excellent compendium of information about the Elco PT boats can be found in `` Allied Coastal Forces of World War II '' Volume II by John Lambert and Al Ross . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 035 - 5 . This book has a detailed history of the development of the various Elco boats , with numerous drawings and photos . It also has sections on PT boat construction , as well as chapters on the Packard engines and typical weaponry used aboard PT boats . Board of Inspection and Survey , Report of Comparative Services Tests of Motor Torpedo Boats Held July 21 -- 24 , 1941 and August 11 -- 12 , 1941 at New London , Connecticut ( Navy Department , August 14 , 1941 ) Lindsay Lord , Naval Architecture of Planing Hulls ( Cornell Maritime Press , 1946 ) David Seidman , Damned by Faint Praise , The Life and Hard Times of Albert Hickman WoodenBoat 100th Issue , May / June 1991 , Published by Woodenboat Publications , Inc. , Brooklin , ME Andrée Conrad , Huckins , The Living Legacy ( Ortega River Books . 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 9664092 - 0 - 5 PT - 109 story printed references ( edit ) Robert J. Donovan , PT 109 : John F. Kennedy in WWII , 40th Anniversary Edition , McGraw Hill ( reprint ) , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 137643 - 7 Richard Tregaskis , John F. Kennedy and PT - 109 ( Random House , 1962 ) OCLC 826062 Robert D. Ballard , Collision With History : The Search for John F. Kennedy 's PT 109 ( National Geographic , 2002 ) Haruyoshi Kimmatsu , `` The night We sank John Kennedy 's PT 109 '' appeared in Argosy Magazine December 1970 , Vol. 371 No. 6 Tameichi Hara , Japanese Destroyer Captain ( Ballantine Books , 1978 ) ISBN 0 - 345 - 27894 - 1 Duane T. Hove , American Warriors : Five Presidents in the Pacific Theater of World War II , Burd Street Press , ( 2003 ) ISBN 1 - 57249 - 307 - 0 James Michener , Tales of the South Pacific , Fawcett Crest Books , ( 1947 ) ISBN 0 - 449 - 23852 - 0 Official Report on Loss of PT 109 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to PT boats . Navy History Hyperwar : Close Quarters , by Captain Robert J. Bulkley , Jr . original Elco movie Giant Killers www.pt728.com Home of PT 728 , a fully restored 72 - foot ( 22 m ) Vospor An example of daily life aboard a PT boat , recorded in the deck logs PT Boat Museum website Save the PT Boat USS PT - 658 website Project video PT - 617 Photos of the Elco PT boat PT - 617 in Fall River , MA PT - 796 Photos of the Higgins PT boat PT - 796 in Fall River , MA PT - 235 Photos of life on board a PT boat in the Pacific in World War II by PT boat Veteran Milt Donadt of PT - 235 Electric Launch Corp records Website dedicated to PT Boats HNSA Ship Page : PT Boats to visit as museums and memorials With The Mosquito Fleet , April 1941 one of the earliest large articles on PT boats in the US Elco 103 class PT boat resource site PT - 728 Touring the East Coast Fleet Obsolete Historic PT Boats Higgins Industries Motor Torpedo Boat Diagram Collection in the Louisiana Digital Library Higgins Industries Collection , University of New Orleans Earl K. Long Library Department of Louisiana and Special Collections PT - 109 Craft PT boat PT - 109 PT - 59 Japanese destroyer Amagiri People John F. Kennedy Biuku Gasa Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans Media 1962 Song 1963 Film Comic book PT - 109 ( model ) kit Video game The Search for Kennedy 's PT 109 ( 2002 film ) Related Kasolo Island ( Kennedy Island ) Naval ships and warships in the Late Modern period Naval ship classes in service submarine auxiliary Operational zones Blue - water navy Brown - water navy Green - water navy Gun placement Broadside Central battery Casemate Turrets Aircraft carriers Aircraft cruiser Amphibious assault ship Anti-submarine warfare carrier Balloon carrier CAM ship Escort carrier Fighter catapult ship Fleet carrier Helicopter carrier Light aircraft carrier Merchant aircraft carrier Seaplane tender Submarine aircraft carrier Supercarrier Battleships Coastal defence ship Dreadnought Fast battleship Pre-dreadnought battleship Super-dreadnought ( Standard - type battleship ) Treaty battleship Cruisers Armored cruiser Battlecruiser Flight deck cruiser Heavy cruiser Pocket battleship Light cruiser Merchant raider Protected cruiser Strike cruiser Torpedo cruiser Unprotected cruiser Escort Aviso Convoy rescue ship Destroyer Destroyer escort Destroyer leader Escort destroyer Escorteur Frigate Guided missile destroyer Kaibōkan Sloop Transport Amphibious transport dock Amphibious warfare ship Attack transport Dock landing ship Landing craft Landing craft carrier Landing Craft Support Landing Ship Heavy Landing ship , infantry Landing Ship Medium Landing Ship , Tank Landing Ship Vehicle Troopship Patrol craft Armed boarding steamer Armed yacht Coastal Motor Boat Corvette Gunboat Harbour Defence Motor Launch Motor Launch Naval drifter Naval trawler Ocean boarding vessel Patrol boat Q - ship Steam Gun Boat Submarine chaser Torpedo boat Fast attack craft E-boat MAS MGB Missile boat MTB MTM MTSM PT boat Shin'yō Mine warfare Danlayer Destroyer minesweeper Mine countermeasures vessel Mine planter Minehunter Minelayer Minesweeper Command and support Amenities ship Ammunition ship Auxiliary repair dock Auxiliary ship Collier Combat stores ship Command ship Crane vessel Depot ship Destroyer tender Dispatch boat Fast combat support ship General stores issue ship Hospital ship Naval tugboat Net laying ship Repair ship Replenishment oiler Submarine tender Submarines Attack submarine Ballistic missile submarine Coastal submarine Cruise missile submarine Cruiser submarine Deep - submergence vehicle DSRV Fleet submarine Midget submarine U-boat Miscellaneous Arsenal ship Barracks ship Breastwork monitor Capital ship Flagship Guard ship Littoral combat ship Monitor River monitor Training ship United States naval ship classes of World War II Aircraft carriers Lexington Ranger Yorktown Wasp Essex Midway Light aircraft carriers Independence Saipan Escort carriers Long Island Charger Bogue Sangamon Casablanca Commencement Bay Battleships Wyoming New York Nevada Pennsylvania New Mexico Tennessee Colorado North Carolina South Dakota Iowa Montana Battlecruiser Alaska Heavy cruisers Pensacola Northampton Portland New Orleans Wichita Baltimore Oregon City Des Moines Light cruisers Omaha Brooklyn St. Louis Atlanta Cleveland Fargo Juneau Worcester Gunboats Asheville Tulsa Dubuque Plymouth Williamsburg St. Augustine Vixen Erie Destroyers Sampson Caldwell Wickes Clemson Farragut Porter Mahan Gridley Bagley Somers Benham Sims Benson Gleaves Fletcher Allen M. Sumner Robert H. Smith Gearing Destroyer escorts Evarts Buckley Cannon Edsall Rudderow John C. Butler Patrol frigates Asheville Tacoma Patrol boats Action PT boat Minesweepers Lapwing Raven Auk Eagle Hawk Admirable Submarines Barracuda Argonaut Narwhal Dolphin Cachalot Porpoise Salmon Sargo Tambor Mackerel Gato Balao Tench Tankers T1 tanker T2 tanker T3 tanker Minelayers Camanche Class Chimo Class Other minelayers Cargo Liberty Victory Haskell Andromeda Arcturus Artemis Tolland Alstede Aldebaran Adria Acubens Arctic Denebola Hyades Mizar Single ship of class Completed after the war X Cancelled Yugoslav ship classes built during the interwar period and the Cold War List of ships ( Royal Yugoslav Navy ) List of ships ( SFR Yugoslav Navy ) Destroyers Beograd Split Frigates Kotor Submarines Sutjeska Heroj Sava Una Lora Fast attack craft ( T / M boats ) Higgins Shershen Končar Kralj Patrol boats Kraljevica Mornar 131 Mirna Minesweepers and minehunters Malinska 101 Sirius Ham Landing craft - minelayers 21 22 Silba Rescue ship Spasilac Swimmer delivery vehicles R - 1 R - 2 Mala Licence built . Canceled due to the breakup of Yugoslavia . Austro - Hungarian design . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PT_boat&oldid=845674278 '' Categories : Boat types Patrol vessels of the United States Navy PT boats Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 11 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the pt stand for in pt boat | [
"A PT boat (short for Patrol Torpedo boat) was a torpedo-armed fast attack craft used by the United States Navy in World War II. It was small, fast, and inexpensive to build, valued for its maneuverability and speed but hampered at the beginning of the war by ineffective torpedoes, limited armament, and comparatively fragile construction that limited some of the variants to coastal waters."
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"Patrol Torpedo"
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3335228464739263994 | A Pair of Silk Stockings | A Pair of Silk stockings - wikipedia A Pair of Silk stockings Jump to : navigation , search `` A Pair of Silk Stockings '' Author Kate Chopin Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Short story Published in Vogue Publication type Magazine Publication date September 1897 `` A Pair of Silk Stockings '' is a short story written by Kate Chopin . Published in 1897 , the story follows Mrs. Sommers who prefers spending a windfall on herself , rather than on her children Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 References 5 Further reading Plot summary ( edit ) Mrs. Sommers comes into the small fortune of $15 . After a few days of reflection , she decides to use the money to purchase clothing for her children so they may look `` fresh and dainty and new for once in their lives . '' That narrative suggests that Mrs. Sommers had been before her marriage a wealthy woman , but now `` needs of the present absorbed her every faculty . '' An exhausted Mrs. Sommers rests at counter where she will begin her shopping adventure . There she finds a pair of silk stockings for sale and is entranced by their smoothness . `` Not thinking at all , '' she disregards her plans of procuring clothes for her children and instead spends her money and her afternoon for herself . She purchases boots to go with her stockings , gets fitted for gloves , reads expensive magazines while lunching at a high - class restaurant , and ends her day sharing chocolates with a fellow theatre goer . After the play ends , she boards the cable car to return home with `` a poignant wish , a powerful longing that the cable car would never stop anywhere , but go on and on with her forever . '' Publication history ( edit ) The story was first published in Vogue . Chopin chose to write for Vogue because the magazine was uncharacteristically `` fearless and truthful '' for the 1890s in its depiction of women and their lives . Scholar Emily Toth observes that many of Chopin 's boldest stories were published in Vogue , including `` The Story of an Hour '' . Vogue published these stories so earnestly that , Toth suggests , it gave Chopin the decidedly false impression that American reviewers would be accepting of her coming scandalous The Awakening . Analysis ( edit ) Allen Stein argues that serpentine silk stockings represent the empty consumerism that Mrs. Sommers uses to try to escape her life . Chopin critic and biographer Barbara Ewell concurs , and calls the story `` a small masterpiece . '' She posits that `` the power of money to enhance self - esteem and confidence is the core '' of the narrative . Describing Mrs. Sommers as `` little , '' Chopin refers to more than her physical stature . The neighbors are all aware of what Mrs. Sommers ' social standing had been before her marriage , and see how her marriage has reduced her . On the day of her shopping trip , Mrs. Sommers ' physical exhaustion also mirrors the weakening of her self resolve . Until she finds the stockings , Mrs. Sommers has been able to maintain her selflessness . But the temptation proves too much and she succumbs to the `` mechanical impulse that directed her actions and freed her of responsibility '' -- words which prefigure Edna Pontellier in Chopin 's later novel The Awakening . Mrs. Sommers ' sojourn into a materialistic world brings her confidence , but her experience , just like the matinee she finds there , is ultimately transient . Mrs. Sommers ' brief moment of happiness , Ewell suggests , must end as it does for many of Chopin 's characters . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Toth , Emily ( 1999 ) . Unveiling Kate Chopin. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 170 -- 173 . ISBN 978 - 1578061020 . Jump up ^ Stein , Allen ( Summer 2004 ) . `` Kate Chopin 's `` A Pair of Silk Stockings '' : The Marital Burden and the Lure of Consumerism `` . Mississippi Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 368 . ^ Jump up to : Ewell , Barbara ( 1986 ) . Kate Chopin . New York : Ungar Publishing . pp. 118 -- 121 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` A Pair of Silk Stockings '' Further reading ( edit ) Arner , Robert D. ( 2009 ) . `` On First Looking ( and Looking Once Again ) into Chopin 's Fiction '' . In Bernard Koloski . Awakenings : The Story of the Kate Chopin Revival . Southern Literary Studies . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . pp. 112 -- 130 . ISBN 978 - 0807134955 . Gallardo , Pere . `` Two Sides of Feminine Solitude : ' A Pair of Silk Stockings ' and ' Regret ' by Kate Chopin . '' In Festschrift from Lleida for Professor Doireann MacDermott , 25 - 28 . Lérida , Spain : Estudi General de Lleida , Universitat de Barcelona , 1990 . Giorcelli , Cristina . `` Sheer Luxury : Kate Chopin 's ' A Pair of Silk Stockings ' . '' In Exchanging Clothes : Habits of Being 2 , 78 - 96 . Minneapolis , MN : U of Minnesota P , 2012 . Papke , Mary E. ( 1990 ) . Verging on the Abyss : The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton . Contributions in Women 's Studies 119 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0313268779 . Valentine , Kristin B. ; Janet Larsen Palmer ( Fall 1987 ) . `` The Rhetoric of Nineteenth - Century Feminism in Kate Chopin 's ' A Pair of Silk Stockings ' '' . Weber Studies 4 ( 2 ) : 59 -- 67 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Pair_of_Silk_Stockings&oldid=809624349 '' Categories : Short stories by Kate Chopin 1897 short stories Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 10 : 07 . About Wikipedia | when was a pair of silk stockings written | [
"\"A Pair of Silk Stockings\" is a short story written by Kate Chopin. Published in 1897, the story follows Mrs. Sommers who prefers spending a windfall on herself, rather than on her children"
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-3262454703602519857 | Captain America: The First Avenger | Captain America : the First Avenger - wikipedia Captain America : the First Avenger This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 July 2018 . 2011 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Captain America : The First Avenger Theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Johnston Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on Captain America by Joe Simon Jack Kirby Starring Chris Evans Tommy Lee Jones Hugo Weaving Hayley Atwell Sebastian Stan Dominic Cooper Neal McDonough Derek Luke Stanley Tucci Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Shelly Johnson Edited by Jeffrey Ford Robert Dalva Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $140 -- 216.7 million Box office $370.6 million Captain America : The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Joe Johnston , written by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside Tommy Lee Jones , Hugo Weaving , Hayley Atwell , Sebastian Stan , Dominic Cooper , Neal McDonough , Derek Luke , and Stanley Tucci . Set predominantly during World War II , Captain America : The First Avenger tells the story of Steve Rogers , a sickly man from Brooklyn who is transformed into super-soldier Captain America and must stop the Red Skull , who intends to use an artifact called the `` Tesseract '' as an energy - source for world domination . Captain America : The First Avenger began as a concept in 1997 and was scheduled for distribution by Artisan Entertainment . However , a lawsuit , not settled until September 2003 , disrupted the project . In 2005 , Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch , and planned to finance and release it through Paramount Pictures . Directors Jon Favreau and Louis Leterrier were interested in directing the project before Johnston was approached in 2008 . The principal characters were cast between March and June 2010 . Production of Captain America : The First Avenger began in June 2010 , and filming took place in London , Manchester , Caerwent , and Liverpool in the United Kingdom , and Los Angeles in the United States . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . Captain America : The First Avenger premiered in Hollywood on July 19 , 2011 , and was released in the United States on July 22 , 2011 . The film was commercially successful , grossing over $370 million worldwide . Critics particularly praised Evans ' performance , the film 's depiction of its 1940s time period and Johnston 's direction , though some felt that the film only served to set up the forthcoming Avengers film . A sequel titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released on April 4 , 2014 , and a third film titled Captain America : Civil War was released on May 6 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Captain America : The Winter Soldier 7.2 Captain America : Civil War 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot In the present day , scientists in the Arctic uncover an old , frozen aircraft . In March 1942 , Nazi officer Johann Schmidt and his men steal a mysterious relic called the Tesseract , which possesses untold powers , from the town of Tønsberg in German - occupied Norway . In New York City , Steve Rogers is rejected for World War II military recruitment because of various health and physical problems . While attending an exhibition of future technologies with his friend , Sgt . James `` Bucky '' Barnes , Rogers again attempts to enlist . Overhearing Rogers ' conversation with Barnes about wanting to help in the war , Dr. Abraham Erskine allows Rogers to enlist . He is recruited into the Strategic Scientific Reserve as part of a `` super-soldier '' experiment under Erskine , Col. Chester Phillips , and British agent Peggy Carter . Phillips is unconvinced by Erskine 's claims that Rogers is the right person for the procedure but relents after seeing Rogers commit an act of self - sacrificing bravery . The night before the treatment , Erskine reveals to Rogers that Schmidt underwent an imperfect version of the procedure and suffered permanent side - effects . Schmidt and Dr. Arnim Zola harness the energies of the Tesseract , intending to use the power to fuel Zola 's inventions , mounting an offensive that will change the world . Schmidt discovers Erskine 's location and dispatches assassin Heinz Kruger to kill him . Erskine subjects Rogers to the super-soldier treatment , injecting him with a special serum and dosing him with `` vita - rays '' . After Rogers emerges from the experiment taller and more muscular , an undercover Kruger kills Erskine and flees. Rogers pursues and captures Kruger , but the assassin avoids interrogation by committing suicide with a cyanide capsule . With Erskine dead and his super-soldier formula lost , U.S. Senator Brandt has Rogers tour the nation in a colorful costume as `` Captain America '' to promote war bonds while scientists study him and attempt to reverse - engineer the formula . In 1943 , while on tour in Italy performing for active servicemen , Rogers learns that Barnes ' unit was MIA in a battle against Schmidt 's forces . Refusing to believe that Barnes is dead , Rogers has Carter and engineer Howard Stark fly him behind enemy lines to mount a solo rescue attempt . Rogers infiltrates the fortress of Schmidt 's Nazi division Hydra , freeing Barnes and the other prisoners . Rogers confronts Schmidt , who removes a mask to reveal a red , skull - like visage that earned him the sobriquet `` the Red Skull '' . Schmidt escapes and Rogers returns to base with the freed soldiers . Rogers recruits Barnes , Dum Dum Dugan , Gabe Jones , Jim Morita , James Montgomery Falsworth , and Jacques Dernier to attack other known Hydra bases . Stark outfits Rogers with advanced equipment , most notably a circular shield made of vibranium , a rare , nearly indestructible metal . Rogers and his team sabotage various Hydra operations . The team later assaults a train carrying Zola. Rogers and Jones succeed in capturing Zola , but Barnes falls from the train to his assumed death . Using information extracted from Zola , the final Hydra stronghold is located , and Rogers leads an attack to stop Schmidt from using weapons of mass destruction on major American cities . Rogers climbs aboard Schmidt 's aircraft as it takes off . During the subsequent fight , the Tesseract 's container is damaged . Schmidt physically handles the Tesseract , which opens a wormhole into space , sucking him into it . The Tesseract burns through the plane and is lost in the ocean . Seeing no way to land the plane without the risk of detonating its weapons , Rogers crashes it in the Arctic . Stark later recovers the Tesseract from the ocean floor but is unable to locate Rogers or the aircraft , presuming him dead . Rogers awakens in a 1940s - style hospital room . Deducing from an anachronistic radio broadcast that something is wrong , he flees outside and finds himself in present - day Times Square , where S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury informs him that he has been `` asleep '' for nearly 70 years . In a post-credits scene , Fury approaches Rogers and proposes a mission with worldwide ramifications . Cast Kevin Feige , Joe Johnston , Chris Evans , and Hugo Weaving at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A frail , sickly young man who is enhanced to the peak of human ability by an experimental serum in order to aid the United States war effort . Evans , who previously worked with Marvel as the Human Torch in the Fantastic Four film series , said he declined the part three times before signing a six - picture deal with Marvel , explaining that , `` At the time , I remember telling a buddy of mine , ' If the movie bombs , I 'm f -- - ed ( sic ) . If the movie hits , I 'm f -- - ed ! ' I was just scared . I realized my whole decision - making process was fear - based , and you never want to make a decision out of fear . I ca n't believe I was almost too chicken to play Captain America . '' Evans ultimately agreed to the role , saying , `` I think Marvel is doing a lot of good things right now , and it 's a fun character ... I think the story of Steve Rogers is great . He 's a great guy . Even if it ( were ) just a script about anybody , I would probably want to do it . So it was n't necessarily about the comic itself . '' Regarding the extent of the character 's abilities Evans remarked , `` He would crush the Olympics . Any Olympic sport he 's gon na dominate . He can jump higher , run faster , lift stronger weight , but he can be injured . He could roll an ankle and be out for the season . He 's not perfect , he 's not untouchable . So a lot of the effects , if I 'm going to punch someone they 're not going to put them on a cable and fly them back 50 feet , but he 's going to go down , probably not getting back up , which I think humanizes it . It makes it something that , again , I think everyone can relate to a little bit more , which I really like . '' Theater actor Leander Deeny was the body double in some shots for Steve Rogers ' pre-transformation physique as well as appearing as a bartender . Tommy Lee Jones as Chester Phillips : A colonel in the United States Army and member of the Strategic Scientific Reserve who heads the project to create super soldiers . The character was updated from the comics , where Phillips was the one to recruit Rogers to join Project Rebirth that made him Captain America . Jones described the character as `` the one you 've seen in a thousand movies : the gruff , skeptical officer overseeing a team of talented , slightly sarcastic , specially talented soldiers '' . Hugo Weaving as Johann Schmidt / Red Skull : Adolf Hitler 's head of advanced weaponry and commander of the terrorist organization Hydra , whose own plan for world domination involves harnessing the power of the magical object known as the Tesseract . Weaving stated that he patterned Red Skull 's accent on those of Werner Herzog and Klaus Maria Brandauer . About the character , Weaving remarked , `` I think the major difference between Skull and Cap , they 've both had the serum , and the serum seems to augment certain qualities that each of them have . Cap is much more in tune with other people I think . Schmidt is in tune with himself , and his own needs , and his own ego , so I suppose it augments that . From that point of view , they 're quite opposite . '' Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter : An officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve who works with Phillips on the super soldier project . Regarding her preparation for the role , she said , `` I 'm training at the moment six days a week to make her a bit more military and make it convincing that I could kick butt . '' About the character , Atwell stated , `` I likened her character to that famous Ginger Rogers quote . She can do everything Captain America can do , but backwards and in high heels . She 's an English soldier through and through , although she always looks fabulous . She might stand there with a machine - gun shooting Nazis , but she 's obviously gone to the loo beforehand and applied a bit of lipstick . She does n't need to be rescued . That 's exciting to me -- her strength . '' She added , `` I think she 's quite stubborn , a slightly frustrated woman who struggles with being a woman in that time . But more importantly she 's a modern woman and she sees something in Captain America that she relates to , and becomes kindred spirits . He treats her very differently to how she 's been treated by lots of men , in this kind of dominated world she lives in . So she 's very much a fighter . '' Sebastian Stan as James Buchanan `` Bucky '' Barnes : A sergeant in the United States Army , Rogers ' best friend and member of his squad of commandos . Stan has signed on for `` five or six pictures '' . He revealed that he did not know anything about the comic books , but watched a lot of documentaries and films about World War II in preparation for the role , calling Band of Brothers `` very helpful '' . About the role , Stan stated , `` Steve Rogers and Bucky are both orphans and kind of like brothers . They kind of grow up together and look after each other . It 's a very human , relatable thing ... I also wanted to look out for how their relationship changes once Steve Rogers becomes Captain America . There 's always a competition and they 're always one - upping each other . I paid attention to how Bucky is affected by Steve 's change and suddenly Steve is this leader '' . Dominic Cooper as Howard Stark : The father of Tony Stark , who worked on various government projects dating back to the World War II era . About the role , Cooper stated , `` It 's an opportunity where you can see his future because I know the guy who becomes my son and I see myself as an older version in Iron Man 2 which is great for an actor to have those tools . All I know of him is that he 's a fantastic engineer and inventor and a very slick Howard Hughes type that 's into aviation and women ! '' Neal McDonough as Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan : A member of Steve Rogers ' squad of commandos . McDonough said he grew Dugan 's trademark mustache and wore the character 's signature bowler hat . About his role in the film he remarked , `` Oh , I 'm going to see a lot of action . ( I 'm ) the go - to guy , so I 'm very happy with that . '' Derek Luke as Gabe Jones : A member of Rogers ' squad of commandos . Luke said he was cast without a script or much of a description of the character . As to why he took the part , `` I just believed that Marvel was doing some really great work , great messages in films . The good versus evil and I was just like , ' How can I be down ? ' '' Stanley Tucci as Abraham Erskine : The scientist who created the Super Soldier Serum . Tucci said that what drew him to the role was the opportunity to do a German accent , which was something he always wanted to try . Samuel L. Jackson reprises his role as Nick Fury , the director of the super-spy agency , S.H.I.E.L.D. Kenneth Choi appears as Jim Morita , a Japanese - American member of Rogers ' squad of commandos . Choi said he was the last actor to audition for the part and that he read sides from Saving Private Ryan . About his preparation for the role , Choi said , `` ( I ) did a lot of WWII research especially in regards to the ' Nisei ' soldiers , or Japanese - American soldiers . I wanted to get as much true , real - life information for a guy like Jim Morita fighting in WWII . I felt that if I had built a factual basis for him , I could then let go and permit the character to exist in the Marvel Universe , which allows for a lot of imaginative circumstances . '' Bruno Ricci stars as Jacques Dernier , a French member of Rogers ' squad of commandos . Ricci auditioned for and got the part while filming the French series The Hawk . JJ Feild appears as James Montgomery Falsworth , a British member of Rogers ' squad of commandos . Feild called his part in the film `` a very physical job . I play one of the Captain 's sidekicks so I 've been running around shooting things and blowing things up and trying to look cool for about a year . '' Additionally , Toby Jones was cast as Arnim Zola , a biochemist for the Nazi party , Richard Armitage portrays Heinz Kruger , the Red Skull 's top assassin , Lex Shrapnel portrays Gilmore Hodge , a candidate for the super soldier program , Michael Brandon portrays Brandt , a United States Senator who recognizes the PR potential of Captain America . Jeff Goldblum had originally been approached to play the part ; he later played Grandmaster in Thor : Ragnarok . Natalie Dormer portrays Lorraine , a private who attempts to seduce Rogers , and Jenna Coleman appears as Connie , Bucky 's date at the World Expo . Laura Haddock , who would go on to portray Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy , has a brief appearance as an autograph seeker . Writer and director of Guardians of the Galaxy James Gunn jokingly claimed that this was Peter Quill 's grandmother . Stan Lee has a cameo appearance as a general . Production Development `` ( Captain America ) wants to serve his country , but he 's not this sort of jingoistic American flag - waver . He 's just a good person . We make a point of that in the script : Do n't change who you are once you go from Steve Rogers to this super-soldier ; you have to stay who you are inside , that 's really what 's important more than your strength and everything ... It 's also the idea that this is not about America so much as it is about the spirit of doing the right thing . It 's an international cast and an international story . It 's about what makes America great and what make the rest of the world great too . '' -- Joe Johnston , director of Captain America : The First Avenger , about the film . In April 1997 , Marvel was in negotiations with Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn to produce Captain America , and Larry Wilson and Leslie Bohem were set to write a script . In May 2000 , Marvel teamed with Artisan Entertainment to help finance the film . However , a lawsuit arose between Marvel Comics and Joe Simon over the ownership of Captain America copyrights , disrupting the development process of the film . The lawsuit was eventually settled in September 2003 . In 2005 , Marvel received a $525 million investment from Merrill Lynch , allowing them to independently produce ten films , including Captain America . Paramount Pictures agreed to distribute the film . Originally , the film would stand alone ; producer Kevin Feige said `` about half '' the movie would be set during World War II before moving into the modern day . Producer Avi Arad said , `` The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man ' out of time ' , coming back today , looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small - town United States . Sixty years go by , and who are we today ? Are we better ? '' He cited the Back to the Future trilogy as an influence , and claimed he had `` someone in mind to be the star , and definitely someone in mind to be the director '' . In February 2006 , Arad hoped to have a summer 2008 theatrical release date . Jon Favreau approached Arad to direct the film as a comedy , but he chose to make Iron Man instead . In April 2006 , David Self was hired to write the script . He explained that Captain America was his favorite superhero as a child because `` my dad told me I could one day be Captain America '' . Joe Johnston met with Marvel to discuss directing the film . Captain America was put on hold during the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . However , in January 2008 , Marvel Entertainment reached an interim comprehensive agreement with the Writers Guild of America that would put writers immediately back to work on various projects that were under the company 's development . On May 5 , 2008 ( after the success of Iron Man ) , Marvel announced the film The First Avenger : Captain America ( the working title ) for release in May 6 , 2011 ( before being pushed back to July 22 ) . Louis Leterrier , director of The Incredible Hulk , viewed some of the concept art being created for the film and was impressed enough to offer his services , but Marvel turned him down . Johnston finally signed on in November 2008 , and he hired Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely to rewrite . Feige cited Johnston 's directorial work on October Sky and The Rocketeer and his special effects work on the original Star Wars trilogy to explain why he was an appropriate choice . Raiders of the Lost Ark was an influence on the film , because they hoped the film would not feel like a period piece . When asked whether anti-US sentiments would affect the film 's box office , Feige said , `` Marvel is perceived pretty well around the world right now , and I think putting another uber - Marvel hero into the worldwide box office would be a good thing ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America , when thawed from the Arctic ice , entered a world that he did n't recognize , '' similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s . Likewise , Arad noted , `` Captain America stands for freedom for all democracies , for hope all around the world . He was created to stop tyranny and the idea of stopping tyranny is important today as it was then . So I think that we will have some interesting challenges but at the end of the day if the movie is terrific and the movie talks to the world , it 's not about one place , it 's about the world and I think ( on ) that basis it will be very successful . '' Later , after the election of US President Barack Obama , Feige commented , `` The idea of change and hope has permeated the country , regardless of politics , and that includes Hollywood . Discussions in all our development meetings include the zeitgeist and how it 's changed in the last two weeks . Things are being adjusted '' . Pre-production Johnston at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . In December 2009 , director Joe Johnston indicated that he planned to start filming in April 2010 . In a separate interview that month , he described the film 's pre-production : `` Rick Heinrichs is production - designing and we 're set up down in Manhattan Beach , California ... We have eight or ten really talented artists , and we all just sit around all day and draw pictures and say , ' Hey , would n't it be cool if we could do this ? ' It 's that phase of the production where money does n't matter : ' Let 's put all the greatest stuff up on the wall and ( then later ) see what we can afford . ' '' The film , he said , will begin `` in 1942 , 1943 '' during World War II . `` The stuff in the ' 60s and ' 70s ( comic books ) we 're sort of avoiding . We 're going back to the ' 40s , and then forward to what they 're doing with Captain America now . '' In February 2010 , Johnston stated that the Invaders will appear in `` the entire second half '' of the film , leading fans to speculate this was the World War II - era Marvel superhero team of that name , and in November Johnston refuted speculation that the Sub-Mariner , an Invaders team - member in the comics , would be included . Johnston later explained that `` the Invaders '' had been discussed simply as a possible name for the squad of commandos Captain America leads in the film . Christopher Markus , one of the screenwriters , said the unnamed group was `` called the Howling Commandos in the script , but no one says that out loud . '' The design as a whole tried to create technology that could be built in the 1940s , though with the added Cube technology in Hydra 's case . Abandoned Nazi projects or actual vehicles from the period were used as inspiration . Daniel Simon , who was previously responsible for many vehicle designs in Tron : Legacy , was appointed Lead Vehicle Designer . Director Johnston cited Simon 's book Cosmic Motors as a reason to trust his influence , saying `` he 's sort of the guy I wanted to be when I was designing stuff for Star Wars '' . The Red Skull 's car , for instance , was based on two Mercedes - Benz vehicles from the 1930s , the 540K and the G4 . Variety reported in March 2010 that Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving as the Red Skull ; Marvel Studios confirmed the latter in May . Ryan Phillippe and John Krasinski were also considered for the role of Captain America . In April 2010 , Sebastian Stan , who had been mentioned in media accounts as a possibility for the title role , was cast as Bucky Barnes . Stan is contracted for multiple films . Also in April , Marvel announced that Hayley Atwell had been cast as Peggy Carter , and that the film 's name had been changed from The First Avenger : Captain America to Captain America : The First Avenger . The next day it was reported that Joss Whedon would be rewriting the script as part of his negotiation to write and direct The Avengers . Whedon said in August , `` I just got to make some character connections . The structure of the thing was really tight and I loved it , but there were a couple of opportunities to find his voice a little bit -- and some of the other characters ' -- and make the connections so that you understood exactly why he wanted to be who he wanted to be . And progressing through the script to flesh it out a little bit '' . Samuel L. Jackson revealed in an interview that he would reprise his role as Nick Fury in the film . In May , Toby Jones entered final negotiations to play Arnim Zola . Iron Man director Jon Favreau said a younger Howard Stark would appear in the film , played by Dominic Cooper . Atwell revealed that Tommy Lee Jones would have a role in the film . By June , Neal McDonough was in talks to play Dum Dum Dugan . Four days later , he confirmed he was taking the part . The same day , Stanley Tucci joined the cast as Dr. Abraham Erskine , the scientist who created the super-soldier serum . In November 2013 , McDonough revealed that he is signed to appear in multiple projects for Marvel , not limited to films . Filming Photo taken in Manchester on the set of Captain America : The First Avenger . Principal photography began on June 28 , 2010 , with the working title FrostBite . On the same day , Marvel confirmed that Tommy Lee Jones had been cast to play US Army Colonel Chester Phillips . The next day Marvel confirmed that Dominic Cooper would portray the younger version of Howard Stark , the character played by John Slattery in Iron Man 2 . It was announced that the film would shoot in London in late July and was expected to include scenes featuring key London landmarks . War scenes were filmed in September at the former Royal Navy Propellant Factory in the Welsh village of Caerwent . Filming was scheduled to take place that month in the Northern Quarter of Manchester , where parts of the 2004 film Alfie and the 2009 Sherlock Holmes had been shot , followed by the Stanley Dock area of Liverpool , both doubling for the period 's Lower East Side of Manhattan . Further scenes were scheduled to be shot in Liverpool 's Albert Dock . Johnston included a scene of a technology fair that includes in passing a display case containing the 1940s android superhero known as the original Human Torch , another character , like Captain America , in comics published by Marvel Comics ' predecessor , Timely Comics . In July 2010 , Marvel Studios head Kevin Feige said that both this film and Thor would be released in 3 - D. Johnston did a one - day test shooting with a 3 - D rig , rather than shooting in 2 - D and converting , and found it `` a nightmare '' due to bulky gear , calibration issues and restricted filmmaking options . Nevertheless , he said he believes 3 - D is `` a new challenge and it 's exciting '' . Feige insisted that the conversion would not compromise the film 's image quality , as the decision to release the film in 3 - D was made early in development , and that `` an unprecedented amount of time '' would be devoted to the conversion process , to render all the film 's visual effects in true 3 - D . Post-production Evans as pre-serum Steve Rogers before ( top ) and after ( bottom ) he was visually reduced . In November 2010 , Stanley Tucci stated that he had completed filming his scenes and that the rest of the production would wrap in about three weeks . In February 2011 , it was announced that Alan Silvestri had been chosen to compose the film score . In March 2011 , it was reported that Captain America : The First Avenger would be undergoing reshoots in the United Kingdom and in Los Angeles in April 2011 . A scene was also filmed in New York City 's Times Square on April 23 , 2011 . The film features nearly 1,600 visual effects shots , which were split between thirteen different companies . To achieve the appearance of the skinny , pre-serum Steve Rogers , director Joe Johnston stated that he used two major techniques : Most of the shots were done by an L.A. company called LOLA that specializes in digital `` plastic surgery . '' The technique involved shrinking Chris in all dimensions . We shot each skinny Steve scene at least four times ; once like a normal scene with Chris and his fellow actors in the scene , once with Chris alone in front of a green screen so his element could be reduced digitally , again with everyone in the scene but with Chris absent so that the shrunken Steve could be re-inserted into the scene , and finally with a body double mimicking Chris 's actions in case the second technique were required . When Chris had to interact with other characters in the scene , we had to either lower Chris or raise the other actors on apple boxes or elevated walkways to make skinny Steve shorter in comparison . For close - ups , Chris ' fellow actors had to look at marks on his chin that represented where his eyes would be after the shrinking process , and Chris had to look at marks on the tops of the actor 's head to represent their eyes ... The second technique involved grafting Chris 's head onto the body double . This technique was used mostly when Chris was sitting or lying down , or when a minimum of physical acting was required ... Captain America 's shield , which serves as both a defensive tool and a weapon , came in four types : metal , fiberglass , rubber , and computer graphics ( CG ) . Prop master Barry Gibbs specified that `` We had the ' hero shield , ' which was made of aluminum , for our beauty shots ( and ) close - up work . We then created a lighter shield that was aluminum - faced with a fiberglass back , for use on a daily basis ... And then we had a stunt shield made of polyurethane , which is sort of a synthetic rubber ... and we made an ultrasoft one we put on ( Evans ' ) back , so that if there were an accident , it would n't hurt him . '' Visual effects supervisor Christopher Townsend said Evans `` would practice swinging the practical shield so he knew the arc and the speed at which he should move . We would take the shield from him and shoot the scene with him miming it . Then we would add in a CG shield '' . Hugo Weaving , who portrayed the Red Skull , wore a latex mask conceived by prosthetic makeup designer David White . The visual effects team had to manipulate his face considerably , as the mask was bulky and they wanted to make it look like tight skin wrapped around a very bony structure . They thinned out Weaving 's cheeks and lower lip , hollowed out his eyes , and removed his eyelashes and nose to make him appear more like the Red Skull character . Closing credits were created by visual effects firm Rok ! t by means of 3 - D and stereoscopic processing that used iconic American war propaganda , such as James Montgomery Flagg 's Uncle Sam recruitment poster from World War I and J. Howard Miller 's `` We Can Do It ! '' poster from World War II . Music Further information : Captain America : The First Avenger ( soundtrack ) and Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe The soundtrack album for Captain America : The First Avenger includes the original score by Alan Silvestri , as well as an original song `` Star Spangled Man '' with music composed by Alan Menken and lyrics by David Zippel . The soundtrack was recorded at Air Studios in London and released by Walt Disney Records on July 19 , 2011 . Release El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California before the movie 's world premiere . The world premiere of Captain America : The First Avenger was held on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California . The film was screened at the San Diego Comic - Con International on July 21 , 2011 . It was commercially released in the United States and Canada on July 22 , 2011 . Paramount opted against altering the American - centric title when distributing to foreign territories , instead offering international markets a choice between the official title and the alternative The First Avenger . Many international distributors chose to retain the original title , believing the franchise name to be more identifiable than the alternative , and that the latter would risk losing ticket sales . Three countries chose the alternative title : Russia , South Korea , and Ukraine . An `` insider '' speaking to The New York Times explained that the name change in these countries stemmed from cultural and political concerns , though Marvel and Paramount both declined to state an official reason . In July 2011 , it was thought that the film would not be released in China because of a policy limiting the number of foreign films screened there each year , but it eventually opened there in the second weekend of September . Days before the film 's release , a teaser trailer for The Avengers that served as a post-credits scene of Captain America : The First Avenger was briefly leaked online . Entertainment Weekly speculated it came from a preview screening and described the footage as `` shaky , fuzzy , flickering and obviously filmed on a cell phone '' . Marketing Evans promoting the film at San Diego Comic - Con in July 2011 during the Military Salute . At the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , some footage that had been shot in the previous week was shown at the San Diego Convention Center . The first television advertisement aired during Super Bowl XLV on the Fox network in the United States . Paramount paid $3 million to run the 30 - second advertisement . The first full trailer was released in March 2011 . In May 2011 , the USO girls from the film performed aboard the USS Intrepid at the Intrepid Sea - Air - Space Museum as a part of the 2011 Fleet Week celebration in New York City . In June 2011 , Dunkin ' Donuts and Baskin - Robbins teamed with Marvel to search for real - life super-soldiers . The contest sought nominations for veterans or active U.S. servicepersons making a difference where they live or serve . In July 2011 , Paramount Pictures promoted the film during an Independence Day celebration hosted by the Chicago White Sox . Promotional partners include Harley - Davidson , Dunkin ' Donuts and Baskin - Robbins . In February 2011 , Marvel Comics launched the eight - issue digital comic Captain America : First Vengeance , on the same day as the first trailer aired . Written by Fred Van Lente and featuring a rotation of artists , the story is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Each of the eight issues focuses on a specific character from the movie , heroes and villains alike , and what brought them to the point where the movie begins . Sega announced a video game tie - in titled Captain America : Super Soldier , that was released in 2011 for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii and Nintendo DS . Marvel released the mobile game , Captain America : Sentinel of Liberty , in July 2011 . A toy line was released as well . Home media Captain America : The First Avenger was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on October 25 , 2011 . The three - disc set includes the film on Blu - ray in high - definition 3D and in high definition 2D , as well as on standard definition DVD with a digital copy . The two - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack includes a high - definition presentation of the film and a standard - definition presentation with a digital copy . Both sets include over an hour of bonus material , including the short film A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer , a sneak peek of The Avengers , six behind - the - scenes featurettes , and deleted scenes with commentary by director Joe Johnston , director of photography Shelly Johnson and editor Jeff Ford . In its first week of release , Captain America : The First Avenger topped the Blu - ray and DVD sales charts , selling 1.54 million Blu - ray units and 726,000 DVD units and making a combined total of $52.6 million . The film was also collected in a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on April 2 , 2013 . Reception Box office Captain America : The First Avenger earned $176.7 million in North America and $193.9 million internationally , for a worldwide total of $370.6 million . Captain America : The First Avenger opened on July 22 , 2011 , in the United States and earned $4 million in midnight showings , outgrossing other 2011 original superhero films like Thor and Green Lantern as well as the prequel X-Men : First Class , which all made between $3.25 million and $3.5 million in Friday midnights . On Friday , the film opened at the number one spot at the American and Canadian box office with $25.7 million . It then went on to make $65.1 million in what was the second highest - grossing opening weekend for a superhero film in 2011 , behind Thor ( $65.7 million ) . Captain America : The First Avenger is the third highest - grossing motion picture set during the World War II era , after Saving Private Ryan and Pearl Harbor . Critical response The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 79 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 / 10 based on 253 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` With plenty of pulpy action , a pleasantly retro vibe , and a handful of fine performances , Captain America is solidly old - fashioned blockbuster entertainment . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , rated the film 66 out of 100 based on 43 reviews from critics indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave Captain America : The First Avenger a positive review , saying , `` Johnston has delivered a light , clever and deftly balanced adventure picture with real lump in the throat nostalgia , with Nazis -- who make the best villains , and with loving references to Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark . ' '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times remarked , `` I enjoyed the movie . I appreciated the 1940s period settings and costumes , which were a break with the usual generic cityscapes . I admired the way that director Joe Johnston propelled the narrative . I got a sense of a broad story , rather than the impression of a series of sensational set pieces . If Marvel is wise , it will take this and Iron Man as its templates '' . A.O. Scott of The New York Times declared it `` pretty good fun '' . Karina Longworth of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review , calling it `` ( A ) hokey , hacky , two - hour - plus exercise in franchise transition / price gouging , complete with utterly unnecessary post-converted 3 - D '' . Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` Captain America : The First Avenger plays like a by - the - numbers prequel for Marvel Studios ' forthcoming The Avengers movie '' . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter had mixed feelings about the film , writing , `` As the last Marvel prequel that includes two Iron Man and Incredible Hulk movies before next summer 's The Avengers , this one feels perhaps a little too simplistic and routine '' . Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer : Movie Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Chris Evans Nominated Scream Awards The Ultimate Scream Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated Best Science Fiction Movie Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated Best Science Fiction Actress Hayley Atwell Nominated Best Science Fiction Actor Chris Evans Nominated Best Villain Hugo Weaving as Red Skull Nominated Best Superhero Chris Evans as Captain America Won Best Supporting Actor Tommy Lee Jones Nominated Breakout Performance -- Female Hayley Atwell Nominated Fight Scene of the Year Final Battle : Captain America vs. Red Skull Nominated Best 3 - D Movie Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated Best Comic Book Movie Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated 2012 BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Alan Silvestri Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Superhero Chris Evans Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Charlie Noble , Mark Soper , Christopher Townsend , and Edson Williams Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Casey Allen , Trent Claus , Brian Hajek , and Cliff Welsh Won Empire Awards Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Captain America Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Captain America : The First Avenger Nominated Best Actor Chris Evans Nominated Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Music Alan Silvestri Nominated Best Production Design Rick Heinrichs Nominated Best Costume Anne B. Sheppard Nominated Best Special Effects Mark Soper , Christopher Townsend , Paul Corbould Nominated Sequels Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America : the Winter Soldier Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier A sequel , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , directed by Anthony and Joseph Russo , was released on April 4 , 2014 . Evans , Stan , Atwell , Jones , and Jackson reprise their roles as Captain America , Bucky Barnes , Peggy Carter , Arnim Zola and Nick Fury , respectively . They are joined by Scarlett Johansson , Anthony Mackie , and Robert Redford as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow , Sam Wilson / Falcon , and Alexander Pierce , respectively . Captain America : Civil War Main article : Captain America : Civil War Captain America : Civil War was released on May 6 , 2016 , and again is directed by the Russo brothers . Evans , Johansson , Stan and Mackie reprise their roles from The Winter Soldier , and they are joined by Robert Downey , Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Paul Bettany as Vision , Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye , Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine , Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch , Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and William Hurt as Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross all reprising roles from previous MCU films . Notes ^ Jump up to : In July 2013 , the film 's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios . Jump up ^ Producer Kevin Feige stated that the Tesseract of the films is based on the Cosmic Cube of the comics . After Thor : The Dark World , he further stated it was also the Space Infinity Stone . Jump up ^ Speaking together , with some crosstalk , Joe Johnston , Shelly Johnson , and Jeffrey Ford said on the audio commentary that the experiments performed by Zola enabled Barnes to survive the fall shown in the film . Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2012 film The Avengers . References Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie . `` Disney Acquires Distribution Rights to Four Marvel Films From Paramount '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Completes Purchase of Marvel Home Entertainment Distribution Rights '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Buys Rights to Four Marvel Movies From Viacom 's Paramount '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America -- The First Avenger '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Should We Now Call Him ' Captain England ' ? '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Captain America : The First Avenger at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige on Avengers , Iron Man 3 , Thor 2 , Universe - Building , and Elektra '' . MovieLine . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . But as we were working on them we started to keep track of some things that the writers and filmmakers of one movie were doing anyway and we started to track them and realized that we could utilize those later down the line . That 's how the Cosmic Cube came about ; what started as a little seed would grow and grow and grow to The Avengers . 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Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bently , David ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Hayley Atwell talks Captain America , confirms Tommy Lee Jones in cast '' . Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Graeme ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Hayley Atwell on Any Human Heart and flirting with Captain America '' . Scotland Herald . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hayley Atwell 's machine gun fun '' . The Belfast Telegraph . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bruno , Mike ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` ' Captain America ' : Sebastian Stan cast as Bucky Barnes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Marvel.com . May 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain America : The First Avenger . 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Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Films directed by Joe Johnston Honey , I Shrunk the Kids ( 1989 ) The Rocketeer ( 1991 ) The Pagemaster ( 1994 ) Jumanji ( 1995 ) October Sky ( 1999 ) Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) Hidalgo ( 2004 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Not Safe for Work ( 2014 ) The Nutcracker and the Four Realms ( 2018 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair ( 2020 ) Screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger&oldid=849920508 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s superhero films 2011 3D films American 3D films American alternate history films American films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films Captain America ( film series ) Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Joe Johnston Films set in 1942 Films set in 1943 Films set in 1944 Films set in 1945 Films set in Austria Films set in Germany Films set in Greenland Films set in Italy Films set in London Films set in New York City Films set in Norway Films set in 2011 Films shot in England Films shot in Fife Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New York City Films using computer - generated imagery Marvel Cinematic Universe films Nazis in fiction Prequel films Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely War adventure films World War II films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Use mdy dates from March 2014 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 09 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the first captain america take place | [
"Captain America: The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[N 1] It is the fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Joe Johnston, written by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Hugo Weaving, Hayley Atwell, Sebastian Stan, Dominic Cooper, Neal McDonough, Derek Luke, and Stanley Tucci. Set predominantly during World War II, Captain America: The First Avenger tells the story of Steve Rogers, a sickly man from Brooklyn who is transformed into super-soldier Captain America and must stop the Red Skull, who intends to use an artifact called the \"Tesseract\" as an energy-source for world domination.\n"
] | [
"predominantly during World War II"
] |
-1798829646615770386 | Billy Dee Williams | Billy Dee Williams - wikipedia Billy Dee Williams Jump to : navigation , search Billy Dee Williams Williams at Paradise City Comic Con , December 2016 William December Williams Jr . ( 1937 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1937 ( age 80 ) New York City , United States Residence Los Angeles , United States Education Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art Occupation Actor artist singer writer Years active 1959 -- present Spouse ( s ) Audrey Sellers ( m . 1959 ; div. 1963 ) Marlene Clark ( m . 1968 ; div. 1971 ) Teruko Nakagami ( m . 1972 ) Children William December `` Billy Dee '' Williams Jr. ( born April 6 , 1937 ) is an American actor , artist , singer , and writer . He is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise . Williams has also appeared in critically acclaimed films like Brian 's Song , Lady Sings the Blues , Mahogany , Nighthawks , and Batman ; in which he played Harvey Dent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Film 2.3 Television 3 Other ventures 3.1 Music 3.2 Video games 3.3 Internet 3.4 Art 4 Personal life 4.1 Marriages and family 4.2 Legal problems 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Recorded musical work 6 Books 6.1 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Williams was born in New York , the son of Loretta Anne ( 1915 - 2016 ) , a West Indian - born elevator operator from Montserrat , and William December Williams , Sr. ( 1910 - 2007 ) , an African - American caretaker from Texas . He has a twin sister , Loretta , and grew up in Harlem , where he was raised by his maternal grandmother while his parents worked at several jobs . Williams graduated from The High School of Music & Art ( later merged with the High School of Performing Arts to become the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art ) in Manhattan , where he was a classmate of Diahann Carroll , who would later play the wife of his character Brady Lloyd on the 1980s prime - time soap opera Dynasty . Acting career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Williams first appeared on Broadway in 1945 in The Firebrand of Florence . He returned to Broadway as an adult in 1960 in the adaptation of The Cool Word . He appeared in A Taste of Honey in 1961 . A 1976 Broadway production , I Have a Dream , was directed by Robert Greenwald and starred Williams as Martin Luther King Jr . His most recent Broadway appearance was in August Wilson 's Fences , as a replacement for James Earl Jones in the role of Troy Maxson in 1988 . Film ( edit ) Billy Dee Williams at Phoenix Comicon ( 2011 ) . Williams made his film debut in 1959 in The Last Angry Man , opposite Paul Muni , in which he portrayed a delinquent young man . He rose to stardom after starring in the critically lauded blockbuster biographical television movie , Brian 's Song ( 1971 ) , in which he played Chicago Bears star football player Gale Sayers , who stood by his friend Brian Piccolo ( played by James Caan ) , during Piccolo 's struggle with terminal cancer . The film was so popular that it was given a theatrical release . Both Williams and Caan were nominated for Emmy Awards for best actor for their performances . Having broken through , Williams became one of America 's most well - known black film actors of the 1970s , after starring in a string of critically acclaimed and popular movies , many of them in the `` blaxploitation '' genre . In 1972 , he starred as Billie Holiday 's husband Louis McKay in Motown Productions ' Holiday biopic Lady Sings the Blues . The film was a box office blockbuster , becoming one of the highest - grossing films of the year and received five Academy Award nominations . Diana Ross starred in Lady Sings the Blues opposite Williams ; Motown paired the two of them again three years later in the successful follow - up project Mahogany . In early 1980s Williams played Lando Calrissian in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . Calrissian 's charm proved to be popular with audiences . He reprised the role when he lent his voice for the character in the 2002 video game Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast , as well as the audio dramatization of Dark Empire , the National Public Radio adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back , two productions for the Star Wars : Battlefront series : Star Wars : Battlefront II and Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron and in two episodes of the animated TV series Star Wars : Rebels . Between his appearances in the Star Wars films , he starred alongside Sylvester Stallone as a cop in the 1981 thriller Nighthawks . He co-starred in 1989 's Batman as district attorney Harvey Dent , a role that was planned to develop into Dent 's alter - ego , the villain Two - Face , in sequels . Unfortunately for Williams , that never came to pass ; he was set to reprise the role in the sequel Batman Returns , but his character was deleted and replaced with villain Max Shreck . When Joel Schumacher stepped in to direct Batman Forever , where Two - Face was to be a secondary villain , Schumacher decided to hire Tommy Lee Jones for the role . There was a rumor that Schumacher had to pay Williams a fee in order to hire Jones , but Williams said that it was not true : `` You only get paid if you do the movie . I had a two - picture deal with Star Wars . They paid me for that , but I only had a one picture deal for Batman . '' Williams eventually voiced Two - Face in the 2017 film The Lego Batman Movie . After The Walt Disney Company acquired ownership of Lucasfilm in 2012 , plans for a sequel trilogy to the Star Wars films were announced . On April 29 , 2014 , Disney announced a cast list for Star Wars Episode VII , set decades after Episode VI . The confirmed cast included the actors who portrayed Han Solo , Princess Leia and Luke Skywalker , along with Chewbacca , C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , but Calrissian 's character was omitted . Fans made their displeasure known on social networks immediately . Television ( edit ) Williams 's television work included a recurring guest - starring role on the short - lived show Gideon 's Crossing . He is also well known for his appearance in advertisements for Colt 45 ( a brand of malt liquor ) in the 1980s and early 1990s , for which he received much criticism . Williams responded indifferently to the criticism of his appearances in the liquor commercials . When questioned about his appearances , he allegedly replied by saying , `` I drink , you drink . Hell , if marijuana was legal , I 'd appear in a commercial for it . '' In the 1984 -- 1985 season of Dynasty , he played Brady Lloyd opposite Diahann Carroll . Williams was paired with actress Marla Gibbs on three situation comedies : The Jeffersons ( Gibbs 's character , Florence , had a crush on Williams and challenged him on everything because she thought he was an imposter ) ; 227 ( her character , Mary , pretending to be royalty , met Williams at a banquet ) ; and The Hughleys ( Gibbs and Williams portrayed Darryl 's parents ) . In 1992 , he portrayed Berry Gordy in The Jacksons : An American Dream . In 1993 , Williams had a guest appearance on the spin - off to The Cosby Show , A Different World , as Langston Paige , a grumpy landlord , in a backdoor pilot for his own series . He appeared as himself on Martin where he provided Martin with advice on getting back together with Gina . Williams made a special guest appearance on the hit sketch comedy show In Living Color in 1990 . He portrayed Pastor Dan in an episode of That ' 70s Show . In this episode entitled `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' ( 2004 ) , his character is obsessed with Star Wars , and uses this to help counsel Eric Forman ( himself a Star Wars fan ) and Donna Pinciotti about their premarital relationship . Williams made a cameo appearance as himself on the television series Lost in the episode `` Exposé '' . He also appears regularly on short clips on the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! as a semi-parody of himself . In February 2006 , he guest starred as himself in the season 5 episode `` Her Story II '' of Scrubs , where he plays the godfather of Julie ( Mandy Moore ) . Turk hugs him , calling him `` Lando '' , even though he prefers to be called Billy Dee . He played Toussaint Dubois for General Hospital : Night Shift in 2007 and 2008 . Williams reprised his role as Toussaint on General Hospital beginning in June 2009 . Also in 2009 , he took on the role of the voice of Admiral Bitchface , the head of the military on the planet Titan in the Adult Swim animated series Titan Maximum . In July 2010 , Williams appeared in the animated series The Boondocks , where he voiced a fictionalized version of himself in the episode `` The Story of Lando Freeman '' . In February 2011 , Williams appeared as a guest star on USA Network 's White Collar as Ford , an old friend of Neal Caffrey 's landlady June , played by Diahann Carroll . In February 2012 , Williams was the surprise guest during a taping of The Oprah Winfrey Show spotlighting Diana Ross . Ross and Williams were reunited after having not seen each other in 29 years . In October 2012 , Williams appeared as a guest star on NCIS in Season 10 Episode 5 titled `` Namesake '' , as Gibbs ' namesake and his father 's former best friend , Leroy Jethro Moore . On January 9 , 2013 , Williams appeared as himself in a cameo role on Modern Family , Season 4 / Episode 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' . It was announced on March 4 , 2014 that Williams would be competing on the 18th season of Dancing with the Stars . He partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . The couple had to withdraw from the competition on the third week due to an injury to Williams 's back . In spite of his absence from Episode VII , Williams returned to the role of Lando Calrissian in a 2015 episode of Star Wars Rebels . Other ventures ( edit ) Music ( edit ) In 1961 , Williams ventured into the music industry when he recorded a jazz LP produced by Prestige Records entitled Let 's Misbehave , on which he sang several swing standards . The album , which was a commercial success at the time , made Williams eligible for an appearance in the legendary Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) . Video games ( edit ) Williams voiced Lando Calrissian in the video game Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast and Star Wars Battlefront as well as the spin - off Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron ( however , the Battlefront appearances were archive footage and his voice - appearance in Elite Squadron is left uncredited or unknown ) . He also played a live - action character , GDI Director Redmond Boyle , in the game Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars , which was released in March 2007 . This made him the second former Star Wars actor to appear in a Command & Conquer game , with the first being James Earl Jones as GDI General James Solomon in Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun . Williams voiced Lando Calrissian in 2015 's Star Wars : Battlefront for the DLC pack Bespin . In the 2016 game Let It Die , Williams voices Colonel Jackson , who acts as the 2nd major boss players face . Internet ( edit ) In 2008 , Williams reprised his role as Lando Calrissian to appear in a video on Funny or Die in a mock political ad defending himself for leader of the Star Wars galaxy against vicious attack ads from Emperor Palpatine . Williams is currently a cast member of Diary of a Single Mom , a web based original series directed by award - winning filmmaker Robert Townsend . The series debuted on PIC.tv in 2009 . Art ( edit ) Before he began acting , Williams attended the National Academy of Fine Arts and Design in New York . In the late 1980s , he resumed painting . Some of his work can be seen at his online gallery BDW World Art . He has had solo exhibitions in various galleries around the United States , and his work hangs in the National Portrait Gallery , the Smithsonian Institution and the Schomburg Museum . The covers of the Thelonious Monk Competition programs since 1990 are by him . Personal Life ( edit ) Marriages and Family ( edit ) Williams has been married three times . His first marriage was to Audrey Sellers in 1959 . They were divorced some years later , after which he apparently became quite depressed : `` ( ... ) there was a period when I was very despondent , broke , depressed , my first marriage was on the rocks . '' They have a son , Corey Williams . In 1968 , Williams married model and actress Marlene Clark in Hawaii . Their marriage lasted only two years and they divorced in 1971 . He married Teruko Nakagami on December 27 , 1972 . She brought a daughter , Miyako ( b . 1962 ) , from her previous marriage to musician Wayne Shorter . They have a daughter Hanako ( b . 1973 ) . They filed for divorce in 1993 , but were reported to have reconciled in 1997 . Legal problems ( edit ) Williams was arrested on January 30 , 1996 after allegedly beating his live - in girlfriend , whom the police did not identify . He was freed from custody the following day after posting a US $50,000 bail . Williams stated through his attorney that he expected to be fully exonerated of the charges . The Los Angeles city attorney 's office filed misdemeanor charges of spousal battery and dissuading a witness against Williams . The woman , identified only as `` Patricia '' , later stated the incident was her fault and that she hoped the police would drop the case . In a plea bargain agreement to dismiss the charges , Williams was ordered to undergo 52 counseling sessions . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Billy Dee Williams filmography Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1959 The Last Angry Man Josh Quincy 1970 The Out - of - Towners Lost & Found - Boston 1972 The Final Comedown Johnny Johnson 1972 Lady Sings the Blues Louis McKay 1973 Hit ! Nick Allen The Take Sneed Mahogany Brian Walker 1976 The Bingo Long Traveling All - Stars & Motor Kings Bingo Long 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Lando Calrissian 1981 Nighthawks Sergeant Matthew Fox Marvin & Tige Richard Davis Return of the Jedi Lando Calrissian 1984 Fear City Al Wheeler 1984 Terror in the Aisles Sergeant Matthew Fox Number One with a Bullet Detective Hazeltine Deadly Illusion Hamberger Batman Harvey Dent 1990 Secret Agent OO Soul Secret Agent Zero 1991 Driving Me Crazy Max 1991 Trabbi Goes to Hollywood Max 1992 Giant Steps Slate Thompson 1993 Alien Intruder Commander Skyler Video Steel Sharks Admiral Jim Perry The Prince Jamie Hicks Mask of Death Agent Jeffries 1997 Moving Target Detective Don Racine 1998 The Contract Senator Harmon 1998 Woo Himself Uncredited 1999 Fear Runs Silent Sheriff Hammond Video 2000 The Visit Henry 2000 The Ladies Man Lester 2001 Good Neighbor Sergeant Paul Davidson 2001 Very Heavy Love Dante Brown Short 2002 The Last Place on Earth Dr Davis 2002 Undercover Brother General Warren Boutwell 2003 Today will be Yesterday Tomorrow Godot The Maintenance Man Melven Video Oedipus Bartender ( voice ) Short 2005 Constellation Helms Boxer 2006 Hood of Horror Pastor Charlie 2008 iMurders Robert Delgado 2009 Fanboys Judge Reinhold 2009 The Perfect Age of Rock ' n ' Roll Ace Millstone Barry Munday Lonnie Green 2012 This Bitter Earth Joe Watkins 2013 Blondie : The Florence Ballard Story Rev. C.L. Franklin 2014 Bloodlines Judge Devi 2014 The Lego Movie Lando Calrissian ( voice ) 2015 The Man in 3B Cain 2017 The Lego Batman Movie Harvey Dent / Two - Face ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1959 Look Up and Live 2 episodes 1964 The Defenders Private Austin George 3.22 `` Survivor '' 1964 Another World Assistant D.A. 1965 The Doctors and the Nurses Patrolman Cash 3.28 `` The Witnesses '' 1966 Guiding Light Dr. Jim Frazier 1967 Coronet Blue Second Technician 1.10 `` Six Months to Mars '' 1968 Premiere Dan Gardner / David Arnold Appeared in `` Crisis '' and Dan Gardner and `` Higher and Higher , Attorneys at Law '' as Dan Gardner 1969 NBC Experiment in Television Big Sur 1969 The New People Heath 1.14 `` The Prisoner of Bomano '' 1970 Lost Flight Merle Barnaby 1970 Carter 's Army Pvt . Lewis TV movie 1969 -- 1970 The F.B.I. James Borden / Nate Phelps / Edward Tobin Three episodes 1970 The Most Deadly Game Claude Miles One episode 1970 Carter 's Army Private Lewis TV movie 1971 Dan August Steve MacAdams `` The Manufactured Man '' 1971 Mod Squad Dr. Joe Goodson `` The Medicine Men '' 1971 Mission Impossible Hank Benton Guest starred in `` The Miracle '' episode 1971 Brian 's Song Gale Sayers TV movie 1972 The Glass House Lennox TV movie 1977 Scott Joplin Scott Joplin TV movie 1978 The Jeffersons Himself Episode : `` Me and Billy Dee '' 1979 Christmas Lilies of the Field Homer Smith TV movie 1980 The Hostage Tower Clarence Whitlock TV movie 1980 Children of Divorce Walter Williams TV movie Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Himself Shooting Stars Douglas Hawk TV movie Chiefs Tyler Watts ( aka Joshua Cole ) 3 episodes TV miniseries 1984 Time Bomb Wes Tanner TV movie 1984 The Imposter Matthew Raines TV movie 1984 -- 85 Dynasty Brady Lloyd 5 episodes 1985 Double Dare Billy Diamond Canceled after 6 episodes 1986 Blood , Sweat and Tears Unsold pilot 1986 The Right of the People Mike Trainor TV movie 1986 Oceans of Fire Jim McKinley TV movie 1986 Courage Bobby Jay TV movie Diana Ross : Red Hot Rhythm & Blues Himself The Return of Desperado Daniel Lancaster TV movie 1990 Dangerous Passion Lou TV movie 1990 Wiseguy Jesse Hains Episode : `` Changing Houses '' 1990 In Living Color Himself Episode : `` Laquita Meets Billy Dee '' 1992 The Jacksons : An American Dream Berry Gordy TV movie 1993 Marked for Murder Captain Jack Reilly TV movie 1993 A Different World Langston Paige Episode : `` College Kid '' 1993 Martin Himself Episode : `` The Break Up : Part 3 '' 1993 Percy & Thunder Ralph Tate TV movie 1993 Message from Nam Felix TV movie 1994 Heaven & Hell : North & South , Book III Francis Cardozo 3 episodes TV miniseries 1994 Lonesome Dove : The Series Aaron Grayson 3 episodes 1995 Triplecross Oscar TV movie 1995 Falling for You Lieutenant Frank TV movie 1997 The Fourth King Gasparre TV movie 1998 Hard Time Leo Barker TV movie 1999 Promised Land Lennie Trebant `` Darkness Visible '' 1999 -- 2001 The Hughleys Jerry Rose Episodes : `` Roots : Part 2 '' & `` Forty Acres and a Fool '' 2000 Code Name : Eternity Dr. Jim Graham `` Never Go Home '' 2000 -- 2001 18 Wheels of Justice Burton Hardesty 2000 -- 2001 Epoch : Evolution Ferguson 2003 Street Time Charles White 2 episodes That 70s Show Pastor Dan Episode : `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' Half & Half Otis ' Omar Funk ' Wright Episode : `` The Big Fetish What You Started Episode '' 2005 Clubhouse Billy Beaumont `` Old Timers Day '' 2005 Weekends at the DL God # 1.16 2006 Scrubs Himself Episode : `` Her Story II '' 2007 -- 2008 General Hospital : Night Shift Toussaint DuBois 2007 Lost Himself Episode : `` Exposé '' 2007 -- 2014 Robot Chicken Various 3 episodes Voice only 2008 Private Practice Henry Episode : `` Serving Two Masters '' 2008 Bring Back ... Star Wars Himself TV documentary 2009 General Hospital Toussaint DuBois 5 episodes 2009 Titan Maximum Admiral Bitchface 5 episodes Jimmy Kimmel Live : Game Night Himself Episode : `` Samuel L. Jackson / Minnie Driver / Pitbull '' The Boondocks Himself Episode : `` The Story of Lando Freeman '' Voice only Robot Chicken : Star Wars Episode III Lando Calrissian TV movie Voice only 2009 -- 2011 Diary of a Single Mom Uncle Bo 2011 White Collar Ford / Bradford Toman Episode : `` Countermeasures '' 2011 The Cleveland Show Lando Calrissian Episode : `` Back to Cool '' Voice only 2012 The Life & Times of Tim Himself Episode : `` A Tale of Two Rodneys / Keith to the Rescue '' Voice only 2012 Mad Lando Calrissian Episode : `` Potions 11 / Moves Like Jabba '' Voice only 2012 -- 2014 NCIS Leroy Jethro Moore 2012 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Old Carrot Voice only 2013 Modern Family Himself Episode : `` New Year 's Eve '' 2013 Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles - The Phantom Clone Lindo Calrissian Lando Calrissian TV Movie , Voice only 2013 Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles - Attack of the Jedi 2014 The Rebels Coach Paysinger 1 episode 2014 Dancing with the Stars Himself Season 18 2014 Glee Andy Collins Season 5 , 1 episode 2015 Star Wars Rebels Lando Calrissian ( voice ) 2 episodes 2015 Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales 2 episodes 2016 - 2017 Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures 2 episodes 2017 Dirty Dancing Tito Suarez Television film Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Lando Calrissian 2005 Star Wars : Battlefront II Lando Calrissian archive footage 2007 Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars GDI Director Redmond Boyle 2009 Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron Lando Calrissian archive footage 2015 Star Wars Battlefront Lando Calrissian Bespin DLC 2017 Star Wars Battlefront II Lando Calrissian Recorded musical work ( edit ) Let 's Misbehave LP ( 1961 ) Books ( edit ) PSI / Net ( 1999 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 86766 - 9 JUST / In Time ( 2001 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8125 - 7240 - 7 Further reading ( edit ) Nishikawa , Kinohi . `` Billy Dee Williams . '' The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature . Ed . Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey Jr . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 2005 . 1742 -- 43 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams - Interview '' . African American Literature Book Club . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SWAD - Williams , Billy Dee '' . nerf-herders-anonymous.net . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Billy Dee Williams at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` The Theater : A King in Darkness '' , Time , October 4 , 1976 , retrieved January 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ Falkner , David ( February 7 , 1988 ) , `` The Actor as Athlete : Subtle and Complex Portrait '' , New York Times , retrieved January 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( July 2008 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart on creating the new face of Two Face '' . Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Talks Two - Face , Did Not Get Paid For Batman Forever '' . Comicbook.com . November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams on Secret ' Star Wars ' Lunch with Donald Glover and Finally Playing Two - Face '' . Hollywood Reporter . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars 7 cast : Where is Lando Calrissian ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kiefaber , David ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Billy Dee 's charisma still works every time '' . AdWeek Blogs . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With the Stars Cast Revealed ! Cody Simpson , Nene Leakes and James Maslow Are Among the Names -- See the Full List ! '' . E ! Online . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Writer - Producer Simon Kinberg Talks STAR WARS REBELS , His Duties on the Show , and the Thrill of Writing for Original Trilogy Characters '' . Collider . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Lando Calrissian ! w / BILLY DEE WILLIAMS '' . Funny or Die . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the show - Robert Townsend 's Diary of a Single Mom '' . PIC.tv . June 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 26 , 1975 ) . `` Interview with Billy Dee Williams '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldweber , David Elroy ( 2014 ) . Claws & Saucers : Science Fiction , Horror , and Fantasy Film 1902 - 1982 : A Complete Guide . Lulu Press , Inc . ISBN 9781312288034 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Lois ( July 7 , 1980 ) . `` Out of this World '' . People . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` At Home With Billy Dee '' . Jet . January 18 , 1979 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Charles L. ( June 1983 ) . `` Billy Dee Williams : The Serious Side of a Sex Symbol '' . Ebony . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates Jr. , Henry Louis ; Appiah , Kwame Anthony ( 2005 ) . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African - American Experience 5 - Volume Set . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195170559 . Jump up ^ McCann , Bob ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television . McFarland . ISBN 9780786458042 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Ponchitta ( April 1974 ) . `` A Look Into The Private Life of Billy Dee Williams '' . Ebony . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jet , July 5 , 1993 Archived March 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Biography ( 1937 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Merril , Laurie C ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` COPS NAB BILLY DEE WILLIAMS IN BEATING '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Arrested '' . Chicago Tribune . January 31 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Billy Dee Williams Is Freed in Domestic Violence Case '' . Los Angeles Times . February 1 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Dee Williams Charged in Spousal Battery Case '' . Los Angeles Times . February 8 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benza , A.J. ; Lewittes , Michael ( February 20 , 1996 ) . `` GAL PAL 'S BILLY DEE - FENSE '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Billy Dee Williams charged with slapping girlfriend ; ordered to undergo counseling '' . Jet. April 15 , 1996 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Jedi Knight II -- Jedi Outcast '' . Allgame . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billy Dee Williams . Billy Dee Williams on IMDb Billy Dee Williams at the Internet Broadway Database Billy Dee Williams at Internet Off - Broadway Database Billy Dee Williams at the TCM Movie Database Billy Dee Williams at AllMovie Billy Dee Williams ( Aveleyman ) VIAF : 32194483 LCCN : n91100420 ISNI : 0000 0000 7839 2148 GND : 139087087 SUDOC : 084286857 BNF : cb14001751s ( data ) MusicBrainz : 62ba65a0 - e05b - 4170 - 83b9 - 0314742bad87 BNE : XX1536540 IATH : w65h84jd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Dee_Williams&oldid=819072874 '' Categories : 1937 births 20th - century American novelists 21st - century American novelists Male actors from New York City American male film actors African - American novelists American male novelists American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of African descent American people of Montserratian descent The High School of Music & Art alumni Living people People from Manhattan Twin people from the United States 20th - century American male actors African - American male actors American male television actors 21st - century American male actors Writers from New York City People from Harlem 20th - century male writers 21st - century male writers Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that played lando calrissian | [
"William December \"Billy Dee\" Williams Jr. (born April 6, 1937) is an American actor, artist, singer, and writer. He is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise. Williams has also appeared in critically acclaimed films like Brian's Song, Lady Sings the Blues, Mahogany, Nighthawks, and Batman; in which he played Harvey Dent."
] | [
"William December \"Billy Dee\" Williams Jr."
] |
-867621655510893351 | Old Crow Medicine Show | Old Crow Medicine Show - Wikipedia Old Crow Medicine Show Old Crow Medicine Show Performing on A Prairie Home Companion in 2014 Background information Origin Harrisonburg , Virginia Genres Old - time , folk , alternative country , Americana , bluegrass Years active 1998 -- present Labels Columbia Nashville , Nettwerk , ATO , MapleMusic ( Canada ) Associated acts Gillian Welch , David Rawlings , Mumford & Sons , The Felice Brothers , Justin Townes Earle , The Hackensaw Boys , Jason White Website crowmedicine.com Members Joe Andrews Critter Fuqua Morgan Jahnig Chance McCoy Ketch Secor Cory Younts Past members Ben Gould Kevin Hayes Matt Kinman Gill Landry Willie Watson Old Crow Medicine Show is an Americana string band based in Nashville , Tennessee , that has been recording since 1998 . They were inducted into the Grand Ole Opry on September 17 , 2013 . Their ninth album , Remedy , released in 2014 , won the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album . The group 's music has been called old - time , folk , and alternative country . Along with original songs , the band performs many pre-World War II blues and folk songs . Bluegrass musician Doc Watson discovered the band while its members were busking outside a pharmacy in Boone , North Carolina , in 2000 . With an old - time string sound fueled by punk rock energy , it has influenced acts like Mumford & Sons and contributed to a revival of banjo - picking string bands playing Americana music -- leading to variations on it . The group released their sixth studio album , Volunteer , through Columbia Nashville on April 20 , 2018 -- coinciding with their 20th anniversary as a group . They released 50 Years of Blonde on Blonde on April 28 , 2017 ( their first album on Columbia Nashville ) . Previous studio albums were O.C.M.S. ( 2004 ) , Big Iron World ( 2006 ) , Tennessee Pusher ( 2008 ) , Carry Me Back ( 2012 ) , and Remedy ( 2014 ) . Their song `` Wagon Wheel '' , written by frontman Ketch Secor through a co-authoring arrangement with Bob Dylan , was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013 and has been covered by a number of acts , including Darius Rucker , who made the song a top 40 hit . The band was featured along with Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros and Mumford & Sons in the music documentary Big Easy Express , which won a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2013 . They performed on the Railroad Revival Tour across the U.S. in 2011 . They appeared at the Stagecoach Festival 2013 and multiple times at other major festivals , e.g. , Bonnaroo Music Festival , MerleFest , Telluride Bluegrass Festival , Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival , and Newport Folk Festival . They have made frequent guest appearances on A Prairie Home Companion with Garrison Keillor . The group received the 2013 Trailblazer Award from the Americana Music Association , performing at the Americana Honors & Awards Show . Publishing administrator Downtown Music Publishing represents the works of Old Crow Medicine Show . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early 1.2 `` Wagon Wheel '' 1.3 Upstate New York / Canada / North Carolina 1.4 Busking break 1.5 Grand Ole Opry 1.6 Nettwerk 1.7 Hiatus / Founder returns 1.8 Carry Me Back ( 2012 ) 1.9 Remedy ( 2014 ) 1.10 Blonde on Blonde ( 2017 ) 1.11 Volunteer ( 2018 ) 2 Musical style 2.1 Songwriting 2.2 Influences 2.3 Impact 3 Awards , honors , and distinctions 4 Honors and distinctions 5 Commemorations 6 Broadcast 7 Film 8 Members 9 Discography 9.1 Studio albums 9.2 EPs 9.3 Contributions 9.4 Solo 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Articles , etc . 12.2 Interviews 12.3 Listings 12.4 Reviews 12.5 Websites 13 External links History ( edit ) Early ( edit ) Little Grill Collective in Harrisonburg , Virginia . Ketch Secor and Critter Fuqua first met in the seventh grade in Harrisonburg , Virginia and began playing music together . They performed open mics at the Little Grill diner , as did Robert St. Ours who went on to found The Hackensaw Boys . Secor 's early influences included `` driving up to Mt. Jackson , VA to the bluegrass Saturday night in the summer , going up to Davis and Elkins College to participate in the Old Time Music week there , and meeting guys like Richie Stearns . '' Secor formed the Route 11 Boys with St. Ours and his brothers , and performed often at Little Grill . Willie Watson first met Ben Gould in high school in Watkins Glen , New York ( Schuyler County ) , and began playing music together . Both Watson and Gould dropped out of school and formed the band The Funnest Game . Their brand of electric / old - time was heavily influenced by the old - time music scene prominent in Tompkins and Schuyler County , New York , including The Horse Flies and The Highwoods Stringband . `` Wagon Wheel '' ( edit ) Main article : Wagon Wheel ( song ) Fuqua , school friend and future bandmate , first brought home a Bob Dylan bootleg from a family trip to London containing a rough outtake called `` Rock Me , Mama '' ( from the `` Pat Garrett and Billy The Kid '' soundtrack sessions ) and passed it to Secor . Not `` so much a song as a sketch , crudely recorded featuring most prominently a stomping boot , the candy - coated chorus and a mumbled verse that was hard to make out '' , the tune kept going through Secor 's mind . A few months later , while attending Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire , and `` feeling homesick for the South , '' he added verses about `` hitchhiking his way home full of romantic notions put in his head by the Beat poets and , most of all , Dylan . '' Dylan was a major influence on the young musician , as he puts it : I listened to Bob Dylan and nothing else . Nothin ' but Bob for four years . It was like schooling . Every album and every outtake of every album and every live record I could get my hands on and every show I could go see live . I was a teenager who was really turned on to Bob . The Dylan outtake , generally titled `` Rock Me Mama '' , came out of recording sessions for the Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid movie soundtrack ( 1973 ) in Burbank , California . Secor says it `` ... was an outtake of something he had mumbled out on one of those tapes . I sang it all around the country from about 17 to 26 , before I ever even thought , ' oh I better look into this . ' '' When Secor sought copyright on the song in 2003 to release it on O.C.M.S. in ( 2004 ) , he discovered Dylan credited the phrase `` Rock me , mama '' to bluesman Arthur `` Big Boy '' Crudup , who likely got it from a Big Bill Broonzy recording . As Secor says : `` In a way , it 's taken something like 85 years to get completed . '' Secor and Dylan signed a co-writing agreement , and share copyright on the song ; agreeing to a `` 50 - 50 split in authorship . '' Secor later met Dylan 's son , Jakob , who said `` it made sense that I was a teenager when I did that , because no one in their 30s would have the guts to try to write a Bob Dylan song . '' The song would be an early entry in the group 's catalog when it formed a few years later . Officially released twice , on an early EP and their second album ( `` O.C.M.S. '' in 2004 ) , the song would become the group 's signature song -- going gold in 2011 and platinum in 2013 . Upstate New York / Canada / North Carolina ( edit ) After the breakup of the Route 11 Boys , Secor attended Ithaca College . He brought Fuqua up to New York State , where they met Willie Watson . Watson dissolved The Funnest Game and they assembled players all around Ithaca , New York `` where there is a very lively old - time music scene '' , including Kevin Hayes They recorded an album that they could sell on the road -- a cassette of ten songs called Trans : mission . Fuqua says of the influence of that region ... Ithaca and that surrounding area was a big influence on us . We would n't be here without a lot of the people we met there , like Richie Stearns , the Red Hots and Mac Benford . All those old - time banjo players brought the music from the South back up to New York , and it was kind of a hotbed . The group left Ithaca for their Trans : mission tour in October 1998 . They busked their way west across Canada and circled back east again in the Spring of 1999 when they moved into a farmhouse on Beech Mountain , near Boone , North Carolina . They were embraced by the Appalachian community , and their repertoire of old - time songs grew as they played with local musicians . '' Busking break ( edit ) Boone Drug ( left ) looking west down King Street , Boone , North Carolina ; where the group had their big busking break . Sculpture of Doc Watson at the corner King and Depot Streets in Boone , North Carolina ; he would invite Old Crow to perform at MerleFest after hearing them at his `` old corner '' . One day the group were busking outside a pharmacy called Boone Drug -- `` playing on Doc 's old corner '' where he 'd `` started playing in the 1950s '' on King Street in Boone , North Carolina -- when the daughter of folk - country legend Doc Watson ( d . May 29 , 2012 ) heard them . Certain her father would be impressed , she led the blind musician over for a listen . The group `` struck up ' Oh My Little Darling ' , a well - known old - time song they thought Doc would like . '' When they finished , he said : `` Boys , that was some of the most authentic old - time music I 've heard in a long while . You almost got me crying . '' Doc invited the band to participate in his annual MerleFest music festival in Wilkesboro , North Carolina ( for 2000 ) . To Secor : `` That gig changed our lives and we look to it as a pivotal turning point as Old Crow Medicine Show . He and Fuqua have written a song `` about Doc Watson . About being on the corner in Boone and him discovering us . It honors Doc and the high country blues sound . '' Busking has `` always been our heart and soul , '' claims Secor . `` Our performance comes out of all those years spent cutting our teeth on the street corner . '' The earliest beginnings of the group involved busking in the Northeast U.S. , attracting fresh talent . Guitjo player Kevin Hayes -- originally from Haverhill , Massachusetts -- was in Bar Harbor , Maine raking blueberries when he encountered Secor `` on the street in front of a jewelry store playing the banjo . '' Bassist Morgan Jahnig joined the group as a result of a `` random '' encounter with early Old Crow performing on the streets of Nashville in 2000 . Guitarist Gill Landry first met the group in 2000 while both were street performing during Mardi Gras in New Orleans , joining full - time in 2007 . To promote Carry Me Back Home ( 2012 ) , the group did a series of `` guerilla '' shows around Nashville , including busking in front of the Ryman Auditorium where they performed `` Sewanee Mountain Catfight '' for an `` unsuspecting crowd of tourists . '' Grand Ole Opry ( edit ) The big busking break led to the act 's relocation to Nashville in October 2000 . At MerleFest , Secor explains , Sally Williams `` from the Grand Ole Opry ... invited us to participate in some summer music events at the Grand Ole Opry House doing our street act , our busking , and that 's why we came to Nashville ... '' Williams first booked them for `` an Opryland Plaza outdoor show . '' In Nashville they were `` embraced and mentored '' by Marty Stuart , the president of the Grand Ole Opry , who first spied the group at the Nashville - area Uncle Dave Macon Days festival and added them to his `` Electric Barnyard old - fashioned country variety package show bus tour '' with acts like Merle Haggard , Connie Smith , and BR5 - 49 . Soon they were opening for `` everyone from Loretta Lynn and Dolly Parton to Ricky Skaggs and Del McCoury ... '' The Ryman Auditorium on 116 5th Avenue North in Nashville , Tennessee , known as `` The Mother Church of Country Music '' . The group made their Grand Ole Opry debut at the Ryman Auditorium , `` The Mother Church of Country Music '' , in January 2001 . Given just four minutes on stage , they played their original `` Tear It Down '' -- a `` singing jug - band romp about punishing infidelity '' -- and received a `` rare first - time - out standing ovation , and a call for an encore . '' In August 2013 , Stuart unexpectedly appeared onstage at the Ohio Theatre in Cleveland , where the group was performing , to invite them to become official members of the Opry . They were formally inducted at a special ceremony at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville , September 17 , 2013 . Nettwerk ( edit ) Shortly after their Opry debut , the group signed with Bobby Cudd at Monterey Peninsula Artists , who also represented Robert Earl Keen , the Dave Matthews Band , Chris Isaak , Aerosmith , and Fiona Apple . They went on their `` first real tour '' May 2001 , opening for the Del McCoury band . Appearances at the 2003 South by Southwest ( SXSW ) in Austin -- a `` scene '' that 's `` all about getting behind young artists '' , as Secor puts it -- led to the group being signed by Nettwerk , securing their recording future for the next several years . Their first Nettwerk offering , Old Crow Medicine Show in 2004 ( popularly known as O.C.M.S. ) , was produced by Dave Rawlings and mixes `` old blues and jug band music with originals that fit smoothly into the tradition '' -- including the Fuqua `` Take ' em Away '' and Secor `` Wagon Wheel '' . More than 100,000 copies of O.C.M.S. were sold , behind a `` rigorous tour schedule and a memorable live show '' ; what CMT regarded as `` an impressive number for a new band that did n't know much about record deals and everything that goes with it . '' Big Iron World ( 2006 ) , another Rawlings production , added a sense of urgency on new songs like `` I Hear Them All '' . They recorded Tennessee Pusher ( 2008 ) in Hollywood with producer Don Was , `` rocking harder '' with `` Alabama High Test '' and `` Methamphetamine '' . Secor says the band `` figured they 'd take some leftover material from the first album , add a few traditional songs and suddenly have a new record . '' But , he says ... ... it was n't that easy . Pretty soon , after we realized that that was n't going to work that way , the gods up above started sending down some lightning bolts of good music and we were able to collect some new material -- write some and craft some -- that has made the record what it is . Starting with an appearance on radio show A Prairie Home Companion with Garrison Keillor in 2004 they 've had a recurring engagement with the show , including several appearances in the show 's home state of Minnesota and special live shows -- including the Hollywood Bowl and a New Year 's Eve show at the Ryman . They 've participated in three of the show 's Cinecasts , all from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul , `` seen on movie screens across North America . '' Justin Townes Earle and Gillian Welch appear at debut show for The Big Surprise Tour at Casino Ballroom in Hampton Beach , New Hampshire August 4 , 2009 . The Big Surprise Tour featuring Old Crow , Gillian Welch and Dave Rawlings , the Felice Brothers , and Justin Townes Earle kicked off in Hampton Beach , New Hampshire August 2009 . The `` nine - stop tour '' included shows in Knoxville , Nashville , Boston , New York and Philadelphia -- and `` mark ( ed ) the first major showcasing of the Dave Rawlings Machine . '' In April 2011 the group joined Mumford and Sons and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros on The Railroad Revival Tour , a tour inspired by the Festival Express tour across Canada in 1970 that included Buddy Guy , Janis Joplin , The Grateful Dead , and The Band . Traveling exclusively in vintage rail cars , the three bands performed in six `` unique outdoor locations '' over the course of a week starting in Oakland , California . They appear in the musical documentary about the tour , Big Easy Express directed by Emmett Malloy , which premiered March 2012 at the South by Southwest Film Conference and Festival ( SXSW Film ) in Austin , Texas -- winning the Headliner Audience Award . Ketch Secor on fiddle at benefit show for Our Community Place -- Little Grill Collective in Harrisonburg , Virginia on January 14 , 2012 . Big Easy Express won the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2013 . Hiatus / founder returns ( edit ) In August 2011 , the group announced they were on hiatus , cancelling three shows scheduled for the following month , with `` little word from the band on whether there would continue to be a band . '' Original member Willie Watson left in Fall of 2011 , a couple months before Fuqua returned . Recording of their next album had been largely done before the break . Chris ' Critter ' Fuqua performs with group on acoustic guitar at 9 : 30 Club in Washington , D.C. on August 2 , 2012 . Founding member Fuqua rejoined the group in January 2012 , after leaving in 2004 `` initially leaving to go to rehab for his drinking , then staying out to attend college . '' Cory Younts , who left Old Crow a few months into 2012 to perform in Jack White 's backup band Los Buzzardos ( or The Buzzards ) on world tour to support White 's album Blunderbuss , returned to the group in 2013 . Chance McCoy performing at What 's Cookin ' at The Birkbeck Tavern in Leyton , London . Carry Me Back ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Carry Me Back was released July 17 , 2012 on According to Our Records ( or ATO Records ) . Founded by Dave Matthews and his business manager Coran Capshaw in 2000 as a division of RCA Records . Recorded at Sound Emporium Studios in Nashville , the album was produced by Ted Hutt who had worked with Gaslight Anthem , Dropkick Murphys , and Flogging Molly . The name derives from `` Carry Me Back to Old Virginny '' , former official state song of Virginia . The song `` Levi '' is `` about a soldier who grew up in the wild hillbilly woods of Virginia . '' First Lieutenant Leevi Barnard -- from Ararat , Virginia -- on his first tour of duty overseas with the National Guard , was `` killed by a suicide bomber '' in Baghdad 's Dora Market in 2009 . Near the end of the NPR broadcast , where Secor first heard the story in 2009 , several of the late lieutenant 's friends , part of the funeral congregation , `` broke into Barnard 's favorite song '' ... `` Wagon Wheel '' . `` Genevieve '' by Landry is `` an evocative eulogy of a Creole queen who steals a young man 's heart . '' The album `` sold over 17,000 copies in its debut week , landing at # 22 on the Billboard Albums Chart , leading to both the band 's best ever sales week and their highest ever charting position . It was # 1 on both the Bluegrass and Folk charts and is the # 4 Country album in the nation '' ( as of July 31 , 2012 ) . To promote the album , the group played five unannounced shows at historical locations around Nashville ( including one surprise show in front of Ryman Auditorium ) and toured July / August 2012 with The Lumineers , The Milk Carton Kids , and Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three visiting such cities as : Louisville , Cincinnati , Nashville , Richmond , Washington , D.C. , Philadelphia , New York , Boston , and Atlanta . American Songwriter , and London - based The Independent and The Financial Times , each gave the album 4 out of 5 stars . To Secor the album `` is as close as that original inspiration to be in a band as when we first got started . It 's very much the root of our sound . '' Carry Me Back exploits a kaleidoscopic galaxy of joyous old - timey string sounds updated for the 21st century . -- Dave Dawson , Nu Country Kevin Hayes plays guitjo with Old Crow Medicine Show at Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga , Tennessee on May 5 , 2010 , adding a unique sound . Chance McCoy -- who grew up in Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , but was born in Washington , D.C. -- joined just prior to the Carry Me Back promotional tour in 2012 . As a teacher of old - time music at Augusta Heritage Center of Davis & Elkins College in Elkins , West Virginia he 'd attracted the attention of the group who `` wanted to get Old Crow back together and on the road again . '' `` He got the gig '' because Secor `` knew that anyone who worked at Augusta knew all about old - time music . '' Remedy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The group 's ninth album , Remedy , was released in July 2014 by ATO Records and produced by Ted Hutt -- who produced their previous studio record . The album features a collaboration with Bob Dylan , `` Sweet Amarillo '' , and ballads `` Dearly Departed Friend '' and `` Firewater '' , the latter written by Fuqua . Remedy won the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2015 . This award -- created in 2012 to address `` challenges in distinguishing between '' previous category Best Contemporary Folk Album and Best Traditional Folk Album musical genres -- was won by Guy Clark the previous year and Béla Fleck & Abigail Washburn the next . Also nominated in 2015 were Mike Auldridge , Jerry Douglas & Rob Ickes for Three Bells , Alice Gerrard for Follow the Music , Eliza Gilkyson for The Nocturen Diaries , and Jesse Winchester ( 1944 - 2014 ) for A Reasonable Amount of Trouble . Blonde on Blonde ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The group released 50 Years of Blonde on Blonde on April 28 , 2017 on their new label Columbia Nashville . The album pays tribute to Dylan 's 1966 masterpiece Blonde on Blonde with live recordings of the group 's re-creation of it at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville in May 2016 . The project doubles as the group 's first release for the Columbia label , which also released Blonde on Blonde . They announced their addition to the roster with an impromptu performance of `` Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 '' from the Dylan album . In support of the album release , Secor states : Fifty years is a long time for a place like Nashville , Tennessee . Time rolls on slowly around here like flotsam and jetsam in the muddy Cumberland River . But certain things have accelerated the pace of our city . And certain people have sent the hands of the clock spinning . Bob Dylan is the greatest of these time - bending , paradigm - shifting Nashville cats . Volunteer ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Old Crow Medicine Show released their sixth studio album , Volunteer , through Columbia Nashville on April 20 , 2018 -- coinciding with their 20th anniversary as a group . The album was recorded at Nashville 's `` historic '' RCA Studio A with Americana `` super-producer '' Dave Cobb , who known for his work with Jason Isbell and Chris Stapleton . The album features electric guitar for the first time since 2004 -- when David Rawlings added his Telecaster to `` Wagon Wheel '' . Joe Jackson Andrews plays pedal steel guitar . As quoted in Billboard , Secor says of the album 's sound : Because we were working with Dave , we wanted to pull out some of our more , I guess , rockin ' sounds and do less of a roots music or old time acoustic record . We wanted to have it be a little bigger . We were in a big room , RCA Studio A as opposed to Studio B , and a lot of times the music kind of matches the space . `` Look Away '' is a `` Rolling Stones - inspired tribute to the history of the American South , '' while `` A World Away '' is an `` upbeat homage to refugees . '' `` Dixie Avenue '' is a wistful tribute to the place in Virginia where Secor and Fuqua first `` fell in love with music . '' The closing song `` Whirlwind '' is a `` bittersweet love song that could easily describe Old Crow Medicine 's rise to prominence from the ground up . '' The lead single `` Flicker & Shine '' was released January 19 , 2018 . Musical Style ( edit ) The sound is invigorating on their recordings , but at a live show the fiddle , banjo , and harmonica are practically on fire , creating a crazy , addictive mix of some of the best traditional music America has to offer with the intensity of a modern - day rock show . -- Elizabeth Pandolfi , Charleston City Paper Variously described as old - time , Americana , bluegrass , alternative country , and `` folk - country '' , the group started out infusing old Appalachian sounds with new punk energy . Country Music Television notes their `` tunes from jug bands and traveling shows , back porches and dance halls , southern Appalachian string music and Memphis blues . '' Gabrielle Gray , executive director of the International Bluegrass Music Museum -- who sponsors ROMP : Bluegrass Roots & Branches Festival , which Old Crow headlined one night in 2012 -- holds the group `` is in the direction of progressive bluegrass . '' Their live touring show has been described as a `` folk - bluegrass - alt - country blend . '' `` We just knew we wanted to combine the technical side of the old sound with the energy of a Nirvana , '' states Fuqua . Starting from old - time music in the Appalachian hills , the group found themselves `` making a foray into electric instruments and ' really knocking up the rock ' n ' roll tree ' on their 2008 release ' Tennessee Pusher ' . '' On the documentary `` Big Easy Express '' about the Railroad Revival Tour with Mumford & Sons and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros they `` practice ( d ) a complementary variation of folk '' bringing `` a pleasingly smoky amalgam of country , bluegrass , and blues . '' With `` Carry Me Back '' ( 2012 ) they 've `` circled back to the original sound that so excited ( Secor ) and Fuqua as kids ... full of old - timey string sounds updated for the 21st century -- sing - a-longs that lift the soul , ballads that rend the heart and a few moments of pure exhilaration . '' Songwriting ( edit ) It takes a lot to figure out how to keep one foot in old time and one foot in all time . It 's a bit of a dance to be rooted and modern at the same time . I think we 've figured out how to write those songs that sound like they were sung by some campfire 85 years ago , but sound good blasted from the stereo of a Ford Ranchero in a Burger King parking lot somewhere outside of Enid . -- Ketch Secor Early on the group did n't perform songs they 'd written , instead drawing on a storehouse of pre-war jug band , string band , minstrel show , blues and folk fare . As with other young groups in the genre , driven by all that punk music energy , they played this old material `` fast and hard '' . When they started writing original material they distinguished themselves `` from the crowded field of New Wave string bands as genuine stars . And both groups have done it by writing new songs more ambitious than mere rewrites of old hillbilly and blues numbers . '' Songs they write often have a socially conscious theme , such as `` I Hear Them All '' , `` Ways Of Man '' , `` Ai n't It Enough '' , and `` Levi '' . Secor admits to developing `` the habit of writing what he calls ' stolen melody songs ' '' -- in much the same way he 'd created `` Wagon Wheel '' , carrying on in the folk tradition -- `` like when he penned fresh , war tax - themed lyrics to a tune that had already passed through other wholesale re-writes during its descent from old - time Scots - Irish balladry . '' Dave Rawlings states : `` I 've always thought that a really important thing that the Old Crow Medicine Show brought to the table was new songs -- some reinterpreted old ones , some really nicely written and brand new -- with the old flavor , but also with that vitality . '' In August 2014 , Downtown Music Publishing signed a worldwide publishing agreement with Old Crow Medicine Show . This agreement covers all five of the band 's studio albums , including ' Remedy ' . Influences ( edit ) An early Secor influence was John Hartford who performed for his first grade class in Missouri , making him want `` to play the banjo after that ; '' and the first song he ever learned to play was Tom Paxton 's `` Ramblin ' Boy '' . Guns N ' Roses was Fuqua 's `` first influence '' : when they released Appetite for Destruction ( 1987 ) , while he was in seventh grade , he knew he wanted to be a musician . He also claims AC / DC and Nirvana as influences `` and then into blues and then into more obscure fiddlers . Some Conjunto from down in San Antonio . '' `` Take ' Em Away '' , written when he was 17 , is `` loosely based on Mance Lipscomb , a blues singer and sharecropper from Navasota County '' who he says `` was a big influence on me . '' Gill Landry plays resonator guitar with Old Crow Medicine Show at 9 : 30 Club in Washington , D.C. on August 2 , 2012 . Naming his major influences , Secor states : `` Certainly , Bob Dylan ... Bob Dylan ... Bob Dylan . More than anything else . More than any book or song or story or play . The work and the recorded work of Bob Dylan . It 's the most profound influence on me . And then the other people that really influenced me tend to be the same people who influenced Bob Dylan . '' Fuqua concurs on Dylan 's influence : He 's a link to Woody Guthrie , who 's a link to an even earlier form of American music history . He 's ... a great doorway for all sorts of artists because he 's not just folk , or just rock ... I think bands like us , Mumford and Sons , and Gillian Welch and David Rawlings are sort of doing what he has done before , in that we take our own experiences and observations and put them into songs made of traditional , American roots form . That form is still a great vehicle for songs , whether the song is about love , the Iraq War or anything else . The Dylan doorway led to the first recordings of the New Lost City Ramblers , the Jim Kweskin Jug Band , Canned Heat , The Lovin ' Spoonful , Dylan and The Band in the basement , and the Grateful Dead . Impact ( edit ) While it would be going a bit far to say Old Crow sparked a full - blown folk revival , these guys have contributed mightily to a major shift in youthful attitudes toward ownership , authenticity and what it means to feel included in a musical experience : lyrics do n't have to be strict autobiography to connect ; songs do n't have to be entirely original to showcase originality ; and younger generations need not turn up their noses at music that does n't treat them like they 're at the center of the universe . -- Jewly Hight , American Songwriter When Secor , Fuqua , and company first got together `` old - timey pickers their age were few and far between . Modern rock was still a force to be reckoned with . Now hard - driving string bands are where it 's at . '' Fuqua recalls : When we started the band in ' 98 , you did n't see anybody our age playing banjos or upright basses or fiddles , or playing this music . I mean , you did if you went to the fiddle festivals at Mt . Airy or in Galax , Virginia . But ... now you throw a stone in any direction ... you 'll hit someone in a band who 's ... playing banjo or playing these old - time tunes . To Americana Music Association ( AMA ) President Jed Hilly , the historic path of Americana music passes through the group : `` The baton is passed from Emmylou Harris to Gillian Welch and David Rawlings to Old Crow Medicine Show to the Avett Brothers . '' Emmylou Harris was , in fact ... ... among the gateway artists who helped Mumford and bandmates Ben Lovett , Ted Dwane and Winston Marshall discover their love for American roots music . It started with the ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' soundtrack ... That eventually led them to the Old Crow Medicine Show and then deep immersion in old - timey sounds from America 's long - neglected past . You ca n't swing a cat these days without hitting a hipster with a banjo in his hands . At least part of the credit for this phenomenon goes to Old Crow Medicine Show . -- Chrissie Dickinson , Chicago Tribune Marcus Mumford , front man of Mumford & Sons , recognizes the group 's influence : `` I first heard Old Crow 's music when I was , like , 16 , 17 , and that really got me into , like , folk music , bluegrass . I mean , I 'd listened to a lot of Dylan , but I had n't really ventured into the country world so much . So Old Crow were the band that made me fall in love with country music . '' Mumford acknowledges in `` Big Easy Express '' , Emmett Malloy 's `` moving documentary '' about the vintage train tour they 'd invited Old Crow to join them on , that `` the band inspired them to pick up the banjo and start their now famous country nights in London . '' Old Crow received the 2013 Trailblazer Award from the Americana Music Association . Awards , Honors , and distinctions ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result CMT Music Awards Top 10 Bluegrass Albums `` O.C.M.S. '' Won 2007 CMT Music Awards Best Group Old Crow Medicine Show Nominated Wide Open Country `` I Hear Them All '' ( video ) Nominated Americana Music Award Best Duo Or Group Old Crow Medicine Show Nominated 2012 Grammy Awards Best Long Form Music Video Big Easy Express Won 2013 Americana Honors & Awards Show Trailblazer Award Old Crow Medicine Show Won Country Music Association Awards Song of the Year `` Wagon Wheel '' Nominated 2015 Grammy Awards Best Folk Album Remedy Won Their music video of `` I Hear Them All '' ( from Big Iron World ) was first - round finalist in both CMT Award categories in which it was nominated . Directed by Danny Clinch , the video was shot in the Mid-City area of New Orleans featuring local residents with inspirational stories about surviving Hurricane Katrina . For the Americana Music Award show held November 1 , 2007 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville they joined Uncle Earl , Sunny Sweeney , Todd Snider , The Avett Brothers , Guy Clark , Emmylou Harris , the Hacienda Brothers , Elizabeth Cook , Amy LaVere , and Ricky Skaggs with Bruce Hornsby as performers on stage . The group performed during the 12th Annual Americana Honors & Awards Show , which took place September 18 , 2013 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville , sharing stage with such acts as Stephen Stills , Richard Thompson , Emmylou Harris , and Rodney Crowell . Darius Rucker 's version of `` Wagon Wheel '' was nominated for Single of the Year along with Florida Georgia Line ( `` Cruise '' ) , Tim McGraw with Taylor Swift & Keith Urban ( `` Highway Do n't Care '' ) , Miranda Lambert ( `` Mama 's Broken Heart '' ) , and Kacey Musgraves ( `` Merry Go ' Round '' ) . Rucker sang the song to close out the televised CMA awards ceremony November 6 , 2013 . Honors and distinctions ( edit ) Old Crow Medicine Show performed on a float for the 2003 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . They opened for the Dave Matthews Band in 2009 at the John Paul Jones Arena in Charlottesville , VA ; the Verizon Wireless Music Center in Pelham , AL ; and the Nikon at Jones Beach Theater in Wantagh , NY . The band headlined at the Grand Ole Opry , after earlier having performed at that institution 's 75th - anniversary celebration , and appeared in special New Year 's Eve shows in 2009 ( with special guest Chuck Mead ) and 2010 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . Their recording of `` Wagon Wheel '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013 . The music documentary Big Easy Express , in which the band was featured along with Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros and Mumford and Sons , won a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2013 . Directed by Emmett Malloy , the video was produced by Bryan Ling , Mike Luba , and Tim Lynch under the S2BN Films label . Old Crow Medicine Show was formally inducted into the Grand Ole Opry at a special ceremony at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville on September 17 , 2013 . They join other group Opry members like Gatlin Brothers , Oak Ridge Boys , Osborne Brothers , and Rascal Flatts -- and individual member acts Roy Clark , Clint Black , Garth Brooks , Charlie Daniels , Vince Gill , Emmylou Harris , Tom T. Hall , Alison Krauss , Loretta Lynn , Patti Loveless , Del McCoury , Charley Pride , and Ricky Scaggs . Commemorations ( edit ) Old Crow Medicine Show performed `` Tell Mother I Will Meet Her '' at the induction of Emmylou Harris and Ernest V. `` Pop '' Stoneman into the Country Music Hall of Fame April 27 , 2008 . The group helped celebrate the life of the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass festival founder / benefactor Warren Hellman at a free tribute concert in San Francisco February 19 , 2012 , appearing with such acts as John Doe , Dry Branch Fire Squad , Steve Earle , The Wronglers with Jimmie Dale Gilmore , Gillian Welch , Boz Scaggs , and Emmylou Harris . They took part in the Woody Guthrie Centennial Celebration Concert This Land Is Your Land March 10 , 2012 at the Brady Theater in Tulsa , Oklahoma , performing classic Woody Guthrie songs with Arlo Guthrie , John Mellencamp , Jackson Browne , Rosanne Cash , Del McCoury Band , The Flaming Lips , Hanson , Tim O'Brien , and Jimmy LaFave . The group performed with such acts as John Mellencamp , Jackson Browne , Dropkick Murphys , Tom Morello , and Arlo Guthrie at The Kennedy Center , in collaboration with the Grammy Museum , to celebrate the life and work of folk singer and icon Woody Guthrie on October 14 , 2012 at The Kennedy Center Concert Hall . The group joined Charley Pride and Connie Smith , wife of Marty Stuart , when he celebrated his 20th year as a member of the Grand Ole Opry December 8 , 2012 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . Broadcast ( edit ) Old Crow Medicine Show made their national television debut on CMT 's Grand Ole Opry Live in 2002 . They appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien with Lauren Graham and Paula Abdul on May 7 , 2004 ( Season 11 , Episode 109 ) and again on December 23 , 2008 -- appearing with Dustin Hoffman and Greg Giraldo ( Season 16 , Episode 65 ) . The group appeared on Austin City Limits -- after Lucinda Williams -- in a segment aired December 2007 ( taped September 2007 ) . They make frequent guest appearances on A Prairie Home Companion with Garrison Keillor , including October 23 , 2011 on a live Cinecast of the show from the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul , `` seen on movie screens across North America , '' with Nickel Creek 's Sara Watkins , Joe Ely , etc . Purdue Convocations presents a live broadcast performance of the show from the Elliott Hall of Music at Purdue University in West Lafayette , Indiana in partnership with WBAA 920AM 101.3 FM Public Radio from Purdue with the group and Purdue Varsity Glee Club on October 27 , 2012 . Ketch Secor and Chris `` Critter '' Fuqua were interviewed on NPR Weekend Edition Sunday July 8 , 2012 -- `` Old Crow Medicine Show : Something Borrowed '' ( 10 min 15 sec ) . '' The group appear in the PBS broadcast of Woody Guthrie AT 100 ! LIVE AT THE KENNEDY CENTER , recorded live October 14 , 2012 at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington , D.C. , and broadcast on PBS stations beginning June 1 , 2013 . The centennial concert , honoring Guthrie and his music , also featured Jackson Browne , Donovan , Ani DiFranco with Ry Cooder , Rosanne Cash , The Del McCoury Band with Tim O'Brien , John Mellencamp , etc . Old Crow performed `` Union Maid '' -- and `` This Land Is Your Land '' and `` This Train Is Bound for Glory '' with all performers . The concert was produced and directed by four - time Emmy Award - winning filmmaker Jim Brown , and produced in collaboration with The GRAMMY Museum Foundation . The group appeared on an episode of CMT Crossroads with Kesha which aired on December 6 , 2017 . Film ( edit ) Old Crow Medicine Show performed on the soundtrack for the film Transamerica in 2005 , which was nominated for a number of awards -- including two Academy Award nominations -- winning several around the world . `` Critter '' Fuqua wrote `` Take ' Em Away '' while `` We 're All in This Together '' was written by Ketch Secor and Willie Watson . They appeared in the PBS American Roots Music series ; `` In the Valley Where Time Stands Still '' , a film about the history of the Renfro Valley Barn Dance ; and `` Bluegrass Journey '' , a portrait of the contemporary bluegrass scene . They appeared in the musical documentary Big Easy Express , directed by Emmett Malloy , being made of The Railroad Revival Tour , which premiered March 2012 at the South by Southwest Film Conference and Festival ( SXSW Film ) in Austin , Texas -- winning the Headliner Audience Award . Members ( edit ) The line - up has changed , and we are n't the same group of guys that set out for the Indian Reservation in South Dakota in 1998 . We 're not the same group of individuals that picked grapes in New York State to fill our gas tank and roll out of town . -- Ketch Secor Current members of the band are : Joe Andrews - pedal steel , banjo , mandolin , guitjo , guitar , resonator guitar Critter Fuqua -- banjo , resonator guitar , guitar , accordion , vocals , drums Morgan Jahnig -- stand - up bass , vocals Chance McCoy -- fiddle , guitar , banjo , mandolin , vocals Ketch Secor -- fiddle , harmonica , banjo , guitar , bajo sexto , mandolin , vocals Cory Younts - mandolin , drums , percussion , keyboards , harmonica , Jew 's harp , vocals Former members of the band are : Ben Gould -- stand - up bass Kevin Hayes -- guitjo , vocals Matt Kinman -- bones , mandolin , vocals Gill Landry -- banjo , resonator guitar , guitar , vocals Willie Watson -- guitar , banjo , fiddle , harmonica , vocals At the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville , Tennessee February 23 , 2013 Chris ' Critter ' Fuqua ( guitar ) with Ketch Secor ( banjo ) at benefit show for Our Community Place Little Grill Collective in Harrisonburg , Virginia January 14 , 2012 . Ketch Secor ( harmonica ) Morgan Jahnig ( bass ) Willie Watson ( guitar ) Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga , Tennessee May 5 , 2010 . David Rawlings Machine performing at Waterloo Records in Austin , Texas December 13 , 2009 . ( l-r ) Gillian Welch , Ketch Secor , David Rawlings , Morgan Jahnig , and Willie Watson . Gill Landry at Cambridge Folk Festival Cambridge , England July 30 , 2005 . Cambridge Folk Festival in Cambridge , England July 30 , 2005 . Performing at Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival in San Francisco , October 2004 . Discography ( edit ) Studio Albums ( edit ) Year Album Peak chart positions Label US Grass US Country US US Heat US Indie US Folk 1998 Trans : mission ( cassette ) -- -- -- -- -- -- 2000 Greetings from Wawa -- -- -- -- -- -- Blood Donor Eutaw 6 -- -- -- -- -- 2003 Live -- -- -- -- -- -- O.C.M.S. 68 -- -- -- -- Nettwerk 2006 Big Iron World 27 125 -- 2008 Tennessee Pusher 7 50 -- -- -- 2012 Carry Me Back 22 -- 5 ATO 2014 Remedy -- 15 -- 2017 50 Years of Blonde on Blonde 14 115 -- -- 5 Columbia 2018 Volunteer 14 100 -- -- 7 Out of print . O.C.M.S. was re-released under the title Old Crow Medicine Show as an import in 2006 . Big Iron World charted : ( 27 ) Country Albums , ( 1 ) Bluegrass Albums , ( 2 ) Heatseekers Albums , ( 11 ) Tastemaker Albums . Tennessee Pusher charted : ( 7 ) Country Albums , ( 1 ) Bluegrass Albums , ( 16 ) Digital Albums , ( 9 ) Tastemaker Albums . Eps ( edit ) Vegas ( out of print ) * * Cassette only Troubles Up and Down the Road ( 2001 ) ( out of print ) The Webcor Sessions ( 2002 ) ( out of print ) NapsterLife 09 / 29 / 2004 ( 2004 ) Down Home Girl ( 2006 ) Three - track single featuring previously unreleased song `` Fall on my Knees '' World Cafe Live from iTunes ( 2006 ) Broadcast on NPR 's World Cafe October 25 , 2006 Caroline ( 2008 ) Nettwerk - Three track single featuring previously unreleased song `` Back to New Orleans '' Carry Me Back to Virginia ( 2013 ) Three track single featuring a cover of `` Dixieland Delight '' by Alabama Brushy Mountain Conjugal Trailer ( 2015 ) Four track single featuring the previously unreleased `` Mother Church '' , a live version of `` The Warden '' , and `` I Done Wrong Blues '' ( previously released as a B - Side on the `` Sweet Amarillo '' 7 `` ) . Contributions ( edit ) Old Crow Medicine Show performed `` Take ' Em Away '' ( by Fuqua ) and `` We 're All in This Together '' ( by Secor and Watson ) on the soundtrack for the film Transamerica ( 2005 ) . The film was nominated for a number of awards -- including two Oscars -- winning several worldwide . They perform Woody Guthrie 's `` Deportee ( Plane Wreck at Los Gatos ) '' ( Disc 2 / Track 15 ) on Song of America ( 2007 ) , a 3 - CD set tracing the history of the U.S. through new versions of songs by major artists . Produced by Split Rock Records / Thirty One Tigers . Proceeds benefit the Center for American Music , National History Day , and Folk Alliance . Secor wrote , arranged , and performs `` Send No Angels '' with Lani Marsh on Our Christmas Present : 2008 , a fundraising album for Our Community Place in Harrisonburg , Virginia as a favor to founder / director Ron Copeland , who was owner of Little Grill when / where his and Fuqua 's music careers began . The group recorded `` Angel From Montgomery '' for Broken Hearts & Dirty Windows : Songs of John Prine ( 2010 ) , an album celebrating Prine 's rich and influential catalog , joining other artists contributing such as Justin Vernon of Bon Iver , My Morning Jacket , Josh Ritter , The Avett Brothers , Conor Oberst & The Mystic Valley Band , Drive - By Truckers , Lambchop , and Justin Townes Earle . Old Crow Medicine Show appear on `` veteran roots / Americana band '' Marley 's Ghost album Jubilee , released June 2012 on Sage Arts , celebrating their 25th anniversary . Recorded at Nashville 's Sound Emporium and produced by Cowboy Jack Clement , the album features other `` full - on collaborations between the band and their friends '' such as Emmylou Harris , John Prine , Marty Stuart , and Larry Campbell . The album cover a wide variety of classic American songwriters including Kris Kristofferson , Levon Helm , Bobby and Shirley Womack , and John Prine `` alongside a half - dozen original compositions . '' The group performs `` Back Home Again '' ( track 6 ) on The Music Is You : A Tribute to John Denver ( 2013 ) on ATO Records , an album spotlighting `` Denver 's folky , sentimental songs done by popular and generally fashionable artists '' , including My Morning Jacket , Brandi Carlile , Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros , Dave Matthews , Lucinda Williams , and Josh Ritter . Solo ( edit ) In 2007 , Gill Landry released a solo album titled The Ballad of Lawless Soirez on Nettwerk . In Spring / Summer of 2010 , Landry released his second solo album titled Piety & Desire , which features the Felice Brothers , Brandi Carlile , Jolie Holland , Ketch Secor , and Samantha Parton ( of the Be Good Tanyas ) . On March 3 , 2015 Landry released a self - titled album through ATO Records , his third solo effort . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Crow Medicine Show . Old time fiddle Old - time music Old Crow Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A `` thirty - year - old friend who had actually grown up playing old - time music , lived in an unheated room off the kitchen '' at Dickerson Pike , where the group first lived in Nashville , and `` occasionally played with the band '' including their Opry debut . Jump up ^ A `` young folksy kind of jam element acoustic band that was really popular in the southern tier region of New York State ... '' as Secor describes it . Watson `` was playing shows statewide by the time he was sixteen '' with `` this group that had some congas and some clawhammer banjo ... '' Jump up ^ `` Ithaca is known far and wide as a hotbed of what 's called old - time music , '' says Pete `` Dr. Banjo '' Wernick . Adds Mac Benford : `` Ithaca for 40 years has been a center of old time music , nationally . '' Jump up ^ Secor recounts : `` In the year 2000 , his daughter heard us play outside of his favorite restaurant , the Boone Drug . Doc had something he liked on the menu at the Drug , so he was often there . '' Jump up ^ Founded in 1988 in memory of Doc 's son Eddy Merle Watson , who died in a farm tractor accident in 1985 , as a fundraiser for Wilkes Community College and to celebrate `` traditional plus '' music . Jump up ^ when Ben Gould `` had a baby , and could n't swing it down south '' , according to Secor . Jump up ^ They first `` occupied an inexpensive two - story house on a dead - end peninsula squeezed on three sides by highways , where the drone of passing cars was constant '' on Dickerson Pike in E. Nashville `` a thoroughfare best known for its whoring , drugging ways . '' Jump up ^ They would soon sign with Norm Parenteau , a Nashville agent who worked with Gillian Welch and Alison Krauss . Jump up ^ According to Fuqua , who wrote the song at 18 : `` The song is loosely based off Mance Lipscomb , a blues singer and sharecropper from Navasota County , and the rivers I remember as a child living in East Texas . He was a big influence on me . '' Jump up ^ Written when Secor was 17 , adding verses to a Bob Dylan chorus , the song appeared earlier on the self - produced Troubles Up and Down the Road ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Secor reflects : `` You ca n't always stay the same forever ... As much as it changed us to go through the break up with Will , it was tempered by the rejoining of Critter and now Corey Younts . '' Jump up ^ Left to pursue a solo career . References ( edit ) Articles , etc ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dellinger , Matt ( March -- April 2003 ) . `` Hardcore Troubadours : This ai n't your daddy 's country music . It 's your grandaddy 's '' . THE OXFORD AMERICAN . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paxman , Bob ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show Joins the Grand Ole Opry : Dierks Bentley and Marty Stuart help induct the popular group '' . Country Weekly . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List '' . Rolling Stone . February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perusse , Bernard ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wintergreen Concert Series : Tequila Mockingbird Orchestra marries the old and new '' . The Gazette . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferris , Jedd ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Whiskey Shivers rocks up the ' trash grass ' '' . Citizen - Times : Asheville Scene . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Talbott , Chris ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Emmylou , Mumford & Sons team for ' CMT Crossroads ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Chrissie ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` It took an Old Crow to make the banjo cool '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pandolfi , Elizabeth ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show is a bluegrass - powered locomotive : Ketch Them If You Can '' . Charleston City Paper . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Crow Medicine Show to release ' 50 Years of Blonde on Blonde ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Berkowitz , Kenny ( January 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show OCMS returns with a vibrant new album , Carry Me Back '' . Acoustic Guitar . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Pfeifle , Sam ( 24 July 2014 ) . `` Seven - man army Old Crow Medicine Show arrive with the Remedy '' . The Portland Phoenix . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tutwiler , Greg ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` American Roots from the Soul '' . Americana Rhythm Music Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Old Crow Medicine Show -- Wagon Wheel '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Darius Rucker previews ' True Believers ' in Nashville : Rucker covers Old Crow Medicine Show 's `` Wagon Wheel '' `` . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Garvanin , Sinead ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Mumford 's railroad revival : The band boarded the Big Easy Express for a US tour with a difference '' . BBC Radio : 6 Music News . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Stagecoach 2013 : Toby Keith , Lady Antebellum top the lineup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Duos Own Americana 's Biggest Night at 12th Annual Honors & Awards '' . Americana Music Association . September 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://plus.google.com/110686239645171179005 . `` Downtown Music Publishing Signs Deal With Old Crow Medicine Show '' . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Frank ( April 2004 ) . `` A Conversation with Ketch Secor of OCMS '' . Puremusic . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Talbott , Chris ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Darius Rucker rides ' Wagon Wheel ' to top of charts '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorner , Olof ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Burbank Studios , Burbank , California , February 1973 : 2nd Pat Garrett & Billy The Kid session , produced by Gordon Carroll '' . bjorner.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 1997 ) . Bob Dylan : The Recording Sessions , 1960 - 1994 . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15067 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Peter ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Wagon Wheel ' goes gold , one campfire at a time '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Josh ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` New York Banjo Summit moseys on down to Ithaca '' . The Ithacan . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Catalano , Jim ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show comes to Cooperstown on May 26 : String band to play at Brewery Ommegang '' . stargazette.com . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Doc Watson , Blind Guitar Wizard Who Influenced Generations , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinton , John ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Rosa Lee Watson , widow of Doc Watson , has died '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boydston , Joshua ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Crow about it : Riding the current folk wave is Old Crow Medicine Show , which has whipped up a prescription to string success along '' . Oklahoma Gazette . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hollerith , David ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show Busk In Front Of Ryman '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Elizabeth ( 20 March 2007 ) . `` Taking the ' Dick ' Outta Dickerson Pike '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mazor , Barry ( Jan -- Feb 2004 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show Making the ghosts walk faster '' . No Depression ( 49 ) . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Halsey , Derek ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show '' . Mountaintimes.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Ray ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Song of the Day : Pat Buzzard , `` Wagon Wheel '' ( Old Crow Medicine Show cover ) `` . Cover Me . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shelburne , Craig ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` The Revival of Old Crow Medicine Show Young Band Finds Its Way in Big Iron World '' . CMT News . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mazor , Barry ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` Renegades on the Road '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Jay ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` SXSW 2012 : ' Big Easy Express ' Wins Headliner Audience Award : Emmett Malloy 's film follows folk rock bands on the road '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hight , Jewly ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : The Wheel Of Life '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Pink , Dominic ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` JACK WHITE on THE COLBERT REPORT + Full AMEX UNSTAGED show '' . A Fistful of Culture . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack White `` Sixteen Saltines '' and `` Freedom at 21 '' `` . Rolling Stone . April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kersey , Lori ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show gets lots of mileage out of ' Wagon Wheel ' '' . The Charleston Gazette . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Himes , Geoffrey ( 2012 ) . `` Troubling Traditions '' . Paste Magazine ( 52 ) . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Talbott , Chris ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show starts new chapter with ' Carry Me Back ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Bill ( October 27 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show takes a Chance Harpers Ferry 's Chance McCoy invited to join alt - country ensemble '' . Saturday Gazette - Mail . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show Announce New Album `` Remedy '' `` . ATO Records . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Explanation For Category Restructuring '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show Ready Live Album of Dylan 's ' Blonde on Blonde ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Brittney ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show Announce New Album ' Volunteer ' '' . No Depression . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tingle , Lauren ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show 's Volunteer Arrives April 20 '' . CMT News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show Premieres ' Dixie Avenue , ' Talks Newfound Love for Kesha '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Himes , Geoffrey ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` That Old - Time Feeling : The new wave of string bands evolves '' . Baltimore City Paper . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fusilli , Jim ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` How Americana Stays True '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Craig ( 3 January 2005 ) . `` Top 10 Bluegrass Albums of 2004 Krauss , Skaggs , Lewis & Rozum Released Exceptional Albums This Year '' . CMT News . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lawless , John ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` Old Crows nominated for two CMT Awards '' . Bluegrass Today . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Darius Rucker Closes Out 2013 CMA Awards With ' Wagon Wheel ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ LaBate , Steve ( 1 February 2004 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show Does Turkey Day in Style '' . Paste Magazine . Scrapbook ( 8 ) . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Nikolai , Michelle ( 24 July 2000 ) . `` OpryFest Bluegrass Jamboree Has Cross-Generational Appeal '' . CMT News . Jump up ^ `` Marty Stuart To Celebrate 20 Years As Grand Ole Opry Member '' . All Access Music Group . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Brent ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show on Merle Haggard , puking in a hotel elevator in Louisville and ' Wagon Wheel ' '' . Leo Weekly . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show Looks to the Future While Picking at the Past '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scott , Craig ( 23 July 2015 ) . `` Interview : Gill Landry . I 'm Putting My Own Boots On And Taking A Walk '' . Rock Shot . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Chart history ( Bluegrass Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Chart history ( Top Country Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Chart history ( Heatseekers Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Chart history ( Independent Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Chart history ( Americana / Folk Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Farrand , Michael J. ( February 2012 ) . `` Hometown Boys Make Good '' ( PDF ) . Our Community Place Newsletter ( 23 ) . Jump up ^ `` New Marley 's Ghost Album Features Emmylou Harris , John Prine , Old Crow Medicine Show , Larry Campbell and More '' posted 2012 / 03 / 29 at jambands.com . Jump up ^ Oksenhorn , Stewart ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Stars line up for John Denver tribute album '' . The Aspen Times . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gill Landry Pre-Order '' . Atorecords.shop.musictoday.com. 2015 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 30 . Interviews ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Premo , Cole ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Curiocity Interview : Ketch Secor Of ' Old Crow Medicine Show ' '' . CBS Minnesota . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Jennifer V. ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Old Crow Medicine Show Performs at the Lyric Theatre '' . The Daily South . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ NPR STAFF ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : Something Borrowed '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael Alan ( 15 November 2007 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : Ketch Secor and company 's old - timey music invokes a simpler time '' . Denver Westword . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Hannah ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Q & A with Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show '' . The DePaulia . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milner , Dixon ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show talks new tour , a return to roots and Guns N ' Roses '' . CultureMap Austin . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Morgan Jahnig ' 97 : A Place in the Spotlight -- Old Crow Medicine Show '' . Baylor Magazine . Summer 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Mateer , Chris ( 13 December 2011 ) . `` Gill Landry Reflects On His Work With The Kitchen Syncopators & Old Crow Medicine Show , While Delivering His Own ' Piety & Desire ' '' . Uprooted Music Revue . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Comaratta , Len ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Critter Fuqua ( of Old Crow Medicine Show ) '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mateer , Chris ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Ketch , Critter , & Morgan of Old Crow Medicine Show Discuss `` Carry Me Back '' `` . No Depression . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jessica . `` Slain N.C. National Guardsman Remembered '' . North Carolina Public Radio Transcript : July 06 , 2009 . National Public Radio . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Léger , Dejah & Devon . `` INTERVIEW WITH CHANCE MCCOY OF OLD CROW MEDICINE SHOW '' . Hearth Music . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Beal Jr. , Jim ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` In concert : Old Crow strings music along '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dearmore , Kelly ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show 's Christopher `` Critter '' Fuqua On Getting Sober , Bob Dylan As a Gateway Drug `` . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Old Crow Medicine Show : Something Borrowed '' NPR webpage . Listings ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newport Folk Festival 2005 '' . WFUV 90.7 FM Public Radio from Fordham University . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avett Brothers , Feist , Old Crow Medicine Show , Amanda Palmer , Justin Townes Earle Added to Newport Folk '' . jambands.com. 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` SXSW Film Announces 2012 Features Lineup ; ' Big Easy Express ' to Close Festival '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Keith ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show added as headliner '' . Bluegrass Notes . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Crow Added to Americana Honors Show '' . CMT News . 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dauphin , Chuck ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` CMA Awards 2013 : Full Nominees List '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show with special guest Chuck Mead Presented by Ryman Auditorium at Ryman Auditorium '' . NowPlayingNashville.com. 31 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( 10 February 2012 ) . `` Warren Hellman tribute concert slated for Feb. 19 '' . Oakland Tribune . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Jennifer ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Jackson Browne joins lineup for Guthrie tribute concert '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Land is Your Land ~ A Woody Guthrie Centennial Celebration Concert '' . The Kennedy Center . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOODY GUTHRIE AT 100 ! LIVE AT THE KENNEDY CENTER to Premiere on PBS in June '' . BWWTVWorld. 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` See Kesha , Old Crow Medicine Show 's Rowdy ' Wagon Wheel ' on ' Crossroads ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Reviews ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Raymond E. ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : Carry Me Back '' . Surviving. the. Golden. Age . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Dave ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` OLD CROW MEDICINE SHOW CD REVIEW : OLD CROWS FLY BACK TO VIRGINIA '' . Dave 's Diary . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Nick ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` IoS album review : Old Crow Medicine Show , Carry Me Back ( ATO / Decca ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Honigmann , David ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Banjos , fiddles and yee - haws conceal a contemporary lyrical punch '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show : Carry Me Back '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hopson , Steve ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show at ACL Live ( Show Photos ) '' . austinist . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Big Easy Express ' on track when musicians are on stage '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Danielsen , Aarik . `` Gill Landry : The Ballad of Lawless Soirez '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Mitch . `` Gill Landry , Piety & Desire '' . Feature Review ( 18 October 2011 ) . Driftwood . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Websites ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 55th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners '' . Grammy.org . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Lineups '' . MerleFest . Wilkes Community College . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Festival Performers '' . Telluride Bluegrass . Planet Bluegrass . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Years '' . Hardly Strictly Bluegrass . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Wagon Wheel `` : PA0001233553 / 2004 - 07 - 08 '' . Public Catalog . U.S. Copyright Office . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MerleFest Mission '' . MerleFest Official Website . Wilkes Community College Endowment Corporation . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` KETCH & CRITTER '' ( PDF ) . Artist bios . Spoleto Festival USA . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Troubles Up and Down the Road - Liner Notes '' . Liner Notes . www.oldcrowfans.com . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Prairie Home Companion with Garrison Keillor '' . June 5 , 2004 . American Public Media . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHH ! THE MOVIE 'S STARTING '' . OCTOBER 23 , 2010 / / SHOW # 1263 . American Public Media . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Old Crow Medicine Show '' . Tour Archive . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ The Railroad Revival Tour Archived April 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . tour info . ^ Jump up to : `` Congratulations To Old Crow Medicine Show On Their Career High Chart Debut ! '' . News : July 31 , 2012 . Nettwerk Music Group . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Crow Medicine Show - Biography '' . CMT . Country Music Television . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` OLD CROW MEDICINE SHOW RETURN TO THE RYMAN STAGE FOR NEW YEAR 'S EVE 2010 '' Ryman Auditorium press release ; October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Opry Members and Guest Artists '' . Grand Ole Opry . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EMMYLOU HARRIS , ERNEST V. `` POP '' STONEMAN ENTER COUNTRY MUSIC HALL OF FAME `` . The Newsroom : 4 / 29 / 2008 . Country Music Hall of Fame . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Land is Your Land Concerts '' . Woody Guthrie Centennial Celebration Website . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night with Conan O'Brien > Season 11 > Episode 109 '' . 1channel.ch . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night with Conan O'Brien : Season 16 , Episode 65 Dustin Hoffman / Greg Giraldo / Old Crow Medicine Show ( 23 Dec. 2008 ) '' . IMDb . Amazon.com . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LUCINDA WILLIAMS / OLD CROW MEDICINE SHOW '' . Austin City Limits . KLRU - TV . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` October 27 , 2012 5 : 45 p.m. ET West Lafayette , IN '' . Prairie Home Companion . American Public Media . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transamerica ( 2005 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bluegrass Journey `` : Artists '' . `` Bluegrass Journey '' . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Crow Medicine Show '' . Official Website. Old Crow Medicine Show . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Old Crow Medicine Show Chart History , Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Broken Hearts & Dirty Windows : Songs of John Prine '' . About . Oh Boy Records . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Paradigm Talent Agency group biography Richie Stearns official site Awards Preceded by Bob Harris AMA Americana Trailblazer Award 2013 Succeeded by Don Henley ( 2015 ) Preceded by Guy Clark Grammy Award for Best Folk Album 2015 Succeeded by Béla Fleck & Abigail Washburn Old Crow Medicine Show Ketch Secor Critter Fuqua Kevin Hayes Morgan Jahnig Gill Landry Cory Younts Chance McCoy Studio albums O.C.M.S. ( 2004 ) Big Iron World ( 2006 ) Tennessee Pusher ( 2008 ) Carry Me Back ( 2012 ) Remedy ( 2014 ) 50 Years of Blonde on Blonde ( 2017 , live ) Volunteer ( 2018 ) Songs `` Cocaine Habit '' `` See See Rider '' `` Union Maid '' `` Wagon Wheel '' Films Transamerica ( 2005 ) Big Easy Express ( 2012 ) Nettwerk Music Group Principals : Terry McBride , Mark Jowett , Ric Arboit , Dan Fraser Nettwerk Management roster Alexi Murdoch Guster Liam Titcomb Shiny Toy Guns Ash Koley Hem Lucie Silvas State Radio Avalanche City Hey Ocean ! Marié Digby Stereophonics Ina Meaghan Smith The Colurs Family of the Year Joshua Hyslop Nneka The LeeVees fun . k - os Radical Face Wanting Qu Gareth Dunlop Nettwerk Records roster Admiral Fallow Dispatch Junkie XL Radical Face Angus & Julia Stone Family of the Year k - os Run River North Angus Stone Frazey Ford Ladytron Savoir Adore Ash Koley Ghost Beach Liam Titcomb State Radio BOY Great Lake Swimmers Lily Kershaw The Pack A.D. Boy & Bear Hey Ocean ! Morgan Page The Paper Kites Chadwick Stokes Jay Brannan Nadina Wanting Qu Current Swell Joshua Hyslop Passenger William Fitzsimmons Delerium Julia Stone Peter Murphy Young Liars Past label artists Abigail Washburn & The Sparrow Quartet Andy Hunter Autour de Lucie Bel Canto BT The Cardigans Margaret Cho Clumsy Lovers Consolidated Download Felix da Housecat Neil Finn Finn Brothers The Format fun . Ginger Gob The Grapes of Wrath Griffin House Hem Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions Junior Jack Jars of Clay Katzenjammer Kinky Lava Hay Lhasa Tara MacLean Matt and Kim MC 900 Ft . Jesus Erin McKeown Mediæval Bæbes Moev Marc Moulin Alexi Murdoch Nathan Old Crow Medicine Show Oh Susanna The Perishers Po ' Girl P.O.W.E.R. Rose Chronicles Sense Field Severed Heads Ron Sexsmith Single Gun Theory Skinny Puppy Maria Taylor The Tear Garden Tiësto Trespassers William Uh Huh Her Paul van Dyk Utah Saints The Weepies Jenny Owen Youngs Locations : Vancouver Los Angeles New York City London Hamburg Official website : http://nettwerk.com/ Grand Ole Opry Founder : George D. Hay Member Groups Diamond Rio Gatlin Brothers Montgomery Gentry Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Rascal Flatts Riders in the Sky The Whites Member Female Artists Terri Clark Emmylou Harris Alison Krauss Patty Loveless Loretta Lynn Martina McBride Reba McEntire Lorrie Morgan Dolly Parton Jeanne Pruett Jeannie Seely Connie Smith Pam Tillis Carrie Underwood Trisha Yearwood Member Male Artists Trace Adkins Bill Anderson Clint Black Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown Roy Clark John Conlee Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Vince Gill Jack Greene George Hamilton IV Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Hal Ketchum Del McCoury Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Craig Morgan Jimmy C. Newman Brad Paisley Stu Phillips Ray Pillow Charley Pride Darius Rucker Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Ricky Skaggs Mike Snider Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Mel Tillis Travis Tritt Josh Turner Keith Urban Steve Wariner Member Artist Legends Roy Acuff Patsy Cline Carter Family George Jones Bill Monroe Minnie Pearl Ernest Tubb Hank Williams Kitty Wells Members of the Grand Ole Opry Roy Acuff Trace Adkins David `` Stringbean '' Akeman Bill Anderson Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bobby Bare Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Dierks Bentley Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers Clint Black Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Terri Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower John Conlee Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Dailey & Vincent Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Diamond Rio Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Larry Gatlin Crystal Gayle Don Gibson Vince Gill Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Emmylou Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Chris Janson Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Alison Krauss Little Big Town Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Patty Loveless Bob Luman Dustin Lynch Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Barbara Mandrell Kerry Marx Martina McBride Del McCoury Mel McDaniel Reba McEntire McGee Brothers Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Bill Monroe Montgomery Gentry Craig Morgan George Morgan Lorrie Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Brad Paisley Dolly Parton Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Stu Phillips Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Del Reeves Jim Reeves Riders in the Sky Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Darius Rucker Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Jean Shepard Ricky Skaggs Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Connie Smith Fiddlin ' Arthur Smith Mike Snider Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Texas Ruby B.J. Thomas Uncle Jimmy Thompson Mel Tillis Pam Tillis Tompall & the Glaser Brothers Randy Travis Travis Tritt Ernest Tubb Justin Tubb Josh Turner Carrie Underwood Keith Urban Leroy Van Dyke Porter Wagoner Billy Walker Charlie Walker Steve Wariner Kitty Wells Dottie West The Whites Slim Whitman The Wilburn Brothers Don Williams Hank Williams Boxcar Willie The Willis Brothers Chubby Wise Del Wood Marion Worth Johnnie Wright Tammy Wynette Trisha Yearwood Chris Young Faron Young LCCN : n2005020206 MusicBrainz : 0202af38 - ac32 - 48d0 - a546 - 87caaef2dee2 VIAF : 135227083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Crow_Medicine_Show&oldid=852245390 '' Categories : Grand Ole Opry Musical groups established in 1998 Musical groups from Nashville , Tennessee Grand Ole Opry members Grammy Award winners Americana Music Honors & Awards winners Old - time bands American country music groups American alternative country groups American folk musical groups American bluegrass music groups American buskers Phillips Exeter Academy alumni People from Harrisonburg , Virginia ATO Records artists 1998 establishments in Virginia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Performing arts pages with videographic documentation Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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"Old Crow Medicine Show\nPerforming on A Prairie Home Companion in 2014Background informationOrigin\nHarrisonburg, VirginiaGenres\nOld-time, folk, alternative country, Americana, bluegrassYears active\n1998–presentLabels\nColumbia Nashville, Nettwerk, ATO, MapleMusic (Canada)Associated acts\nGillian Welch, David Rawlings, Mumford & Sons, The Felice Brothers, Justin Townes Earle, The Hackensaw Boys, Jason WhiteWebsite\ncrowmedicine.comMembers\nJoe Andrews Critter Fuqua Morgan Jahnig Chance McCoy Ketch Secor Cory YountsPast members\nBen Gould Kevin Hayes Matt Kinman[n 1] Gill Landry Willie Watson",
"Old Crow Medicine Show\nPerforming on A Prairie Home Companion in 2014Background informationOrigin\nHarrisonburg, VirginiaGenres\nOld-time, folk, alternative country, Americana, bluegrassYears active\n1998–presentLabels\nColumbia Nashville, Nettwerk, ATO, MapleMusic (Canada)Associated acts\nGillian Welch, David Rawlings, Mumford & Sons, The Felice Brothers, Justin Townes Earle, The Hackensaw Boys, Jason WhiteWebsite\ncrowmedicine.comMembers\nJoe Andrews Critter Fuqua Morgan Jahnig Chance McCoy Ketch Secor Cory YountsPast members\nBen Gould Kevin Hayes Matt Kinman[n 1] Gill Landry Willie Watson",
"Old Crow Medicine Show\nPerforming on A Prairie Home Companion in 2014Background informationOrigin\nHarrisonburg, VirginiaGenres\nOld-time, folk, alternative country, Americana, bluegrassYears active\n1998–presentLabels\nColumbia Nashville, Nettwerk, ATO, MapleMusic (Canada)Associated acts\nGillian Welch, David Rawlings, Mumford & Sons, The Felice Brothers, Justin Townes Earle, The Hackensaw Boys, Jason WhiteWebsite\ncrowmedicine.comMembers\nJoe Andrews Critter Fuqua Morgan Jahnig Chance McCoy Ketch Secor Cory YountsPast members\nBen Gould Kevin Hayes Matt Kinman[n 1] Gill Landry Willie Watson",
"Old Crow Medicine Show\nPerforming on A Prairie Home Companion in 2014Background informationOrigin\nHarrisonburg, VirginiaGenres\nOld-time, folk, alternative country, Americana, bluegrassYears active\n1998–presentLabels\nColumbia Nashville, Nettwerk, ATO, MapleMusic (Canada)Associated acts\nGillian Welch, David Rawlings, Mumford & Sons, The Felice Brothers, Justin Townes Earle, The Hackensaw Boys, Jason WhiteWebsite\ncrowmedicine.comMembers\nJoe Andrews Critter Fuqua Morgan Jahnig Chance McCoy Ketch Secor Cory YountsPast members\nBen Gould Kevin Hayes Matt Kinman[n 1] Gill Landry Willie Watson",
"Old Crow Medicine Show\nPerforming on A Prairie Home Companion in 2014Background informationOrigin\nHarrisonburg, VirginiaGenres\nOld-time, folk, alternative country, Americana, bluegrassYears active\n1998–presentLabels\nColumbia Nashville, Nettwerk, ATO, MapleMusic (Canada)Associated acts\nGillian Welch, David Rawlings, Mumford & Sons, The Felice Brothers, Justin Townes Earle, The Hackensaw Boys, Jason WhiteWebsite\ncrowmedicine.comMembers\nJoe Andrews Critter Fuqua Morgan Jahnig Chance McCoy Ketch Secor Cory YountsPast members\nBen Gould Kevin Hayes Matt Kinman[n 1] Gill Landry Willie Watson"
] | [
"Old-time",
"folk",
"alternative country",
"Americana",
"bluegrass"
] |
Subsets and Splits