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-7489218991074697022 | The Great Wave off Kanagawa | The Great Wave off Kanagawa - wikipedia The Great Wave off Kanagawa Jump to : navigation , search The Great Wave off Kanagawa Print at the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( JP1847 ) Artist Katsushika Hokusai Year ca . 1829 -- 1833 Type color woodblock 25.7 cm × 37.8 cm ( 10.1 in × 14.9 in ) The Great Wave off Kanagawa ( 神奈川 沖 浪 裏 , Kanagawa - oki nami ura , `` Under a wave off Kanagawa '' ) , also known as The Great Wave or simply The Wave , is a woodblock print by the Japanese ukiyo - e artist Hokusai . It was published sometime between 1829 and 1833 in the late Edo period as the first print in Hokusai 's series Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji . It is Hokusai 's most famous work , and one of the most recognizable works of Japanese art in the world . The image depicts an enormous wave threatening boats off the coast of the town of Kanagawa ( the present - day city of Yokohama , Kanagawa Prefecture ) . While sometimes assumed to be a tsunami , the wave is more likely to be a large rogue wave . As in all the prints in the series , it depicts the area around Mount Fuji under particular conditions , and the mountain itself appears in the background . Impressions of the print are in many Western collections , including the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the British Museum , the Art Institute of Chicago , the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne , and in Claude Monet 's home in Giverny , France , among many other collections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hokusai 2 Precursors 3 Image 3.1 Description 3.1. 1 The mountain 3.1. 2 Boats 3.1. 3 Sea and waves 3.1. 4 Signature 4 Technique 5 Impressions 6 Influence 7 On screen 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 External links Hokusai ( edit ) Main article : Hokusai Hokusai , self - portrait from 1839 Hokusai began painting when he was six years old , and aged twelve , his father sent him to work at a booksellers . At sixteen , he was apprenticed as an engraver and spent three years learning the trade . At the same time he began to produce his own illustrations . At eighteen he was accepted as an apprentice to Katsukawa Shunshō , one of the foremost ukiyo - e artists of the time . In 1804 he became famous as an artist when , during a festival in Tokyo , he completed a 240m2 painting of a Buddhist monk named Daruma . In 1814 , he published the first of fifteen volumes of sketches entitled Manga . His Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji , from which The Great Wave comes , was produced from c. 1830 . Precursors ( edit ) A View of Seven - League Beach painting by Shiba Kōkan , 1796 Spring at Enoshima print by Hokusai , c. 1797 From the sixteenth century fantastic depictions of waves crashing on rocky shores were painted on folding screens known as `` rough seas screens '' ( ariso byōbu ) . Hokusai drew many waves throughout his career ; the genesis of the Great Wave can be traced back over thirty years . The combination of wave and mountain was inspired by an oil painting by Shiba Kōkan , an artist strongly influenced by the Western art , particularly Dutch paintings , he had seen at Nagasaki , the only port open to foreigners in this period . Kōkan 's A View of Seven - League Beach was executed in middle of 1796 and exhibited publicly at the Atago shrine in Shiba . Hokusai 's print Springtime at Enoshima , which he contributed to The Willow Branch poetry anthology published in 1797 , is clearly derived from Kōkan 's work , although the wave in Hokusai 's version rises noticeably higher . Kanagawa - oki honmoku no zu , print by Hokusai , c. 1803 Oshiokuri hato tsūsen no zu , print by Hokusai , c. 1805 Closer compositionally to the Great Wave are two later prints by Hokusai : Kanagawa - oki Honmoku no zu ( c. 1803 ) and Oshiokuri Hato Tsusen no Zu , ( c. 1805 ) Both works have subjects identical to the Great Wave : a sailboat and a rowboat respectively . In both precursor works , the subjects are in the midst of a storm , beneath a great wave that threatens to devour them . An analysis of the differences between the two works and the Great Wave demonstrates the artistic and technical development of Hokusai : In the earlier two designs the waves appear to be dense and uniform ; they almost seem to be minerals . Their rigidity and verticality evoke the shape of a snow - capped mountain , while in the Great Wave the wave stands out because it is more active , dynamic , and aggressive , which make it threatening . The earlier images are very marked by the perspective traditionally used in Japanese painting , where the viewer sees the scene from a bird 's - eye view . The Great Wave , on the other hand , is depicted in a more western perspective , giving the feeling that the wave will break on top of the viewer . In the earlier prints the horizon is in the middle , whereas in the Great Wave the horizon is so low that it forces the viewer 's eye to the very center of the action . In the first two , there is a sail boat on the crest of the wave , as if it had managed to escape . Hokusai eliminated this element for the Great Wave , because it interfered with the dynamic of the curve or to make the image more dramatic . The two first prints have an uneven composition , lacking consistency , whereas the Great Wave only has two important masses : the wave itself , and the vanishing point beneath the wave . The wave shows the level of control that Hokusai had reached . The image , although simple in its design is , however , the result of a long process , a methodical reflection . The basis of this method were laid out by Hokusai in his 1812 work Quick lessons of simplified drawing , in which he explains that every object can be drawn using the relationship of the circle and square . Image ( edit ) Description ( edit ) This print is a yoko - e , that is , a landscape format produced to the ōban size , about 25 cm high by 37 cm wide . The composition comprises three main elements : the sea whipped up by a storm , three boats and a mountain . It includes the signature in the upper left - hand corner . The mountain ( edit ) Further information : Mount Fuji The mountain with a snowcapped peak is Mount Fuji , which in Japan is considered sacred and a symbol of national identity , as well as a symbol of beauty . Mount Fuji is an iconic figure in many Japanese representations of famous places ( meisho - e ) , as is the case in Hokusai 's series of Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji , which opens with the present scene . The dark color around Mount Fuji seems to indicate that the scene occurs early in the morning , with the sun rising from behind the observer , illuminating the mountain 's snowy peak . While cumulonimbus storm clouds seem to be hanging in the sky between the viewer and Mount Fuji , no rain is to be seen either in the foreground scene or on Mount Fuji , which itself appears completely cloudless . Boats ( edit ) In the scene there are three oshiokuri - bune , fast boats that are used to transport live fish from the Izu and Bōsō peninsulas to the markets of the bay of Edo . As the name of the piece indicates the boats are in Kanagawa prefecture , with Tokyo to the north , Mt Fuji to the northwest , the bay of Sagami to the south and the bay of Tokyo to the east . The boats , oriented to the southeast , are returning to the capital . There are eight rowers per boat , clinging to their oars . There are two more passengers in the front of each boat , bringing the total number of human figures in the image to thirty . Using the boats as reference , one can approximate the size of the wave : the oshiokuri - bune were generally between 12 and 15 meters long , and noting that Hokusai reduced the vertical scale by 30 % , the wave must be between 10 and 12 meters tall . Sea and waves ( edit ) Detail of the crest of the wave , looking like claws Detail of the small wave , with similarity to the silhouette of Fuji The sea dominates the composition as an extending wave about to break . In the moment captured in this image , the wave forms a circle around the center of the design , framing Mount Fuji in the background . Edmond de Goncourt described the wave in this way : The drawing of the wave is a deification of the sea made by a painter who lived with the religious terror of the overwhelming ocean completely surrounding his country ; He is impressed by the sudden fury of the ocean 's leap toward the sky , by the deep blue of the inner side of the curve , by the splash of its claw - like crest as it sprays forth droplets . Andreas Ramos , a writer , notes : ... a seascape with Fuji . The waves form a frame through which we see the mountain . The gigantic wave is a yin yang of empty space beneath the mountain . The inevitable breaking that we await creates a tension in the picture . In the foreground , a small wave forming a miniature Fuji is reflected by the distant mountain , itself shrunk in perspective . The little wave is larger than the mountain . The small fishermen cling to thin fishing boats , slide on a sea - mount looking to dodge the wave . The violent Yang of nature is overcome by the yin of the confidence of these experienced fishermen . Strangely , despite a storm , the sun shines high . Signature ( edit ) Hokusai 's signature The Great Wave off Kanagawa has two inscriptions . The first , within a rectangular cartouche in the top - left corner is the series title : `` 冨嶽 三 十 六 景 / 神奈川 冲 / 浪 裏 '' Fugaku Sanjūrokkei / Kanagawa oki / nami ura , which translates as `` Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji / Offshore from Kanagawa / Beneath the wave '' . The second inscription , to the left , is the artist 's signature : 北斎 改 爲 一筆 Hokusai aratame Iitsu hitsu , ( `` From the brush of Hokusai , changing his name to Iitsu '' ) . Over his career , Hokusai used more than 30 different names , always beginning a new cycle of works by changing it , and letting his students use the previous name . In his work Thirty - Six Views of Mount Fuji he used four distinct signatures , changing it according to the phase of the work : Hokusai aratame Iitsu hitsu , zen Hokusai Iitsu hitsu , Hokusai Iitsu hitsu and zen saki no Hokusai Iitsu hitsu . Technique ( edit ) Block used to produce woodblock prints In Japanese woodblock printing the artist 's final preparatory sketch ( shita - e ) is taken to a horishi , or block carver , who glues the thin washi paper to a block of wood , usually cherry , and then carefully carves it away to form a relief of the lines of the image . In the process , the drawing is lost . Finally , with all the necessary blocks ( usually one for each color ) , a surishi , or printer , who places the printing paper on each block consecutively and rubs the back with a hand - tool known as a baren . There could be a great number of impressions produced , sometimes thousands , before the blocks wore out . Because of the nature of the production process , the final work was usually the result of a collaboration in which the painter generally did not participate in the production of the prints . The design uses only a small number of different color blocks . The water is rendered with three shades of blue ; the boats are yellow ; a dark grey for the sky behind Fuji and on the boat immediately below ; a pale grey in the sky above Fuji and on the foreground boat ; pink clouds at the top of the image . `` The block for these pink clouds seems to have been slightly abraded along parts of the edge to give a subtle gradated effect ( ita - bokashi ) '' . Even though no law of intellectual property existed in Japan before the Meiji era , there was still a sense of ownership and rights with respect to the blocks from which the prints were produced . Rather than belonging to the artist , the blocks were considered the property of the hanmoto ( publisher ) or honya ( publisher / bookseller ) who could do with them as he wished . In some cases the blocks were sold or transferred to other publishers , in which case they became known as kyūhan . Impressions ( edit ) A later impression of the Great Wave with characteristic darker sky . British Museum ( 1937 , 0710 , 0.147 ) Given that the series was very popular when it was produced , printing continued until the woodblocks started to show significant wear . It is likely that the original woodblocks printed around 5,000 copies . Given that many impressions have been lost , in wars , earthquakes , fires and other natural disasters , few early impressions survive in which the lines of the woodblocks were still sharp at the time of printing . The remaining prints and subsequent reproductions vary considerably in quality and condition . Later impressions typically have a darker grey sky , and can be identified by a break in the line of the wave behind the boat on the right . The highest price paid for a Great Wave print in a public sale is a relatively low $160,000 . Hokusai 's auction record is nearly $1.5 million as of 2012 . The print owned by the British Museum cost £ 130,000 in 2008 and is only on display for six months every five years to prevent fading . Influence ( edit ) La Vague by Camile Claudel ( 1897 ) Cover of Debussy 's La mer ( 1905 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) The print is one of the most reproduced and most instantly recognized artworks in the world . Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Japan ended a long period of national isolation and became open to imports from the West . In turn , much Japanese art came to Europe and America and quickly gained popularity . The influence of Japanese art on Western culture became known as Japonism . Japanese woodblock prints became a source of inspiration for artists in many genres , particularly the Impressionists . Hokusai was seen as the emblematic Japanese artist and images from his prints and books influenced many different works . Vincent van Gogh , a great admirer of Hokusai , praised the quality of drawing and use of line in the Great Wave , and said it had a terrifying emotional impact . French sculptor Camille Claudel 's La Vague ( 1897 ) replaces the boats in Hokusai 's Great Wave with sea - nymphs . The image inspired Claude Debussy 's orchestral work , La mer , and appeared on the cover of the score 's first edition published by A. Durand & Fils in 1905 . Indigenous Australian artist Lin Onus used the Great Wave as the basis for his 1992 painting Michael and I are just slipping down the pub for a minute . An artistic work named Uprisings by Japanese / American Artist Kozyndan is based on the print , with the foam of the wave being replaced by bunnies . Apple macOS and iOS display a small version of the Great Wave as the image for the Water Wave emoji . The logo used by the Quiksilver clothing company was inspired by the Great Wave . In the card game Magic : The Gathering , two cards reference The Great Wave off Kanagawa in their artwork : Rampant Growth and Kiora , The Crashing Wave . The image is featured on a limited mintage 2017 legal tender coin for the Republic of Fiji , as created by Scottsdale Mint . The image ( reversed and recolorized ) is featured on Kitchens of Distinction 's album Strange Free World . On screen ( edit ) The print is the subjects of two art documentary series : La Menace suspendue , Palettes by Alain Jaubert ( France , 1999 ) . The Great Wave , The Private Life of a Masterpiece ( BBC , 2004 ) . It details the fascination surrounding the work in the East and West , its influence , and the artist 's insights into a number of different areas , as revealed through the work . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A `` rough sea screen '' features in one of Hokusai 's earliest works , Segawa Kikunojo III as Masamune 's Daughter , Oren , printed over fifty years before the Great Wave Jump up ^ In early prints of the Great Wave the key - block , usually only used for outlines , is simultaneously used to print the dark - blue areas of the waves . Jump up ^ The pale red seen on the sides of two of the boats in the frequently reproduced Metropolitan Museum print ( JP 1847 ) has apparently been added by hand . Jump up ^ The concept of rights concerned with woodblock ownership was known as zōhan . Jump up ^ `` Kanagawa - oki nami - ura 神奈川 沖浪 裏 ( Under the Wave off Kanagawa ) '' . British Museum . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Cartwright , HE ; Nakamura , H. `` What kind of a wave is Hokusai 's Great wave off Kanagawa ? '' . Notes and records . Royal Society . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2007.0039 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Katsushika Hokusai '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Calza 2003 , p. 470 Jump up ^ Guth , p. 470 Jump up ^ Forrer 2003 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Forrer 2003 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Nagata & Bester 1999 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Hokusai 's Great Wave '' . 2010 - 07 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Katsushika Hokusai : The Great Wave at Kanagawa '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Wave off Kanagawa ( The Great Wave ) by Hokusai ( 1760 -- 1849 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nipponia . `` El Monte Fuji como Objeto Artístico '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kobayashi & Harbison 1997 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Radio UNAM . `` La Gran Ola de Kanagawa '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Guimet Museum . `` Hokusai `` Mad about his art '' from Edmond de Goncourt to Norbert Lagane `` . Archived from the original on 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France . `` Hokusai , Les Trente - six vues du mont Fuji '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woodblock Prints in the Ukiyo - e Style '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ukiyo - e , arte de grabado japonés '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ukiyo - e : Imágenes del mundo flotante '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Masterpieces from the Ota Memorial museum of Art Paintings and Japanese prints '' . Musée Guimet. 2005 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Clark ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Viewing Japanese Prints : What Is an Original Woodblock Print ? '' . Viewing Japanese Prints . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : BBC , ed. ( 2003 ) . Katsushika Hokusai : The Great Wave , inside the series The Private Life of a Masterpiece ( Documentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : Gamerman , Ellen ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Hokusai 's ' The Great Wave ' Went Viral '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Sooke , Alastair ( 20 May 2017 ) . `` The prince of tides '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Letter 676 : To Theo van Gogh . Arles , Saturday , 8 September 1888 '' . Van Gogh Museum . Jump up ^ Cirigliano II , Michael ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Hokusai and Debussy 's Evocations of the Sea '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Jump up ^ `` Uprisings -- Kozyndan '' . kozyndan.com . Jump up ^ `` Water Wave Emoji '' . Emojipedia . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Fiji Great Wave Proof Silver Coin ( Colorized ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Great Wave ' by Hokusai '' . Fulmartv.co.uk. 2004 - 04 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Sources ( edit ) Bayou , Hélène ( 2008 ) . Hokusai , 1760 -- 1849 : l'affolé de son art : d'Edmond de Goncourt à Norbert Lagane . Connaissance des Arts . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 5406 - 6 . Bibliothèque nationale de France ( 2008 ) . Estampes japonaises : images d'un monde éphémère . Bibliothèque nationale de France , Fundação Caixa Catalunya . ISBN 978 - 84 - 89860 - 92 - 6 . Timothy , Clark ( 2001 ) . 100 Views of Mount Fuji . British Museum Press . Delay , Nelly ( 2004 ) . L'estampe japonaise . Hazan . ISBN 978 - 2 - 85025 - 807 - 7 . Fleming , John ; Honour , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Historia mundial del arte . Ediciones AKAL . ISBN 978 - 84 - 460 - 2092 - 9 . Forrer , Matthi ( 1996 ) . Hokusai . Bibliothèque de l'image . Forrer , Matthi ( 2003 ) . `` Western Influences in Hokusai 's Art '' . In Calza , Gian Carlo . Hokusai . Phaidon . ISBN 0714844578 . Guth , Christine ( 2009 ) . Arte en el Japón Edo . Ediciones AKAL . ISBN 978 - 84 - 460 - 2473 - 6 . Guth , Christine M.E. ( December 2011 ) . `` Hokusai 's Great Waves in Nineteenth - Century Japanese Visual Culture '' . The Art Bulletin . 93 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 485 . Hartman Ford , Elise ( 2005 ) . Frommer 's Washington . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 9591 - 2 . Hillier , Jack ( 1970 ) . Catalogue of the Japanese paintings and prints in the collection of Mr. & Mrs Richard P. Gale , Tomo II . Routledge & K. Paul . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 5406 - 6 . Kobayashi , Tadashi ; Harbison , Mark ( 1997 ) . Ukiyo - e : an introduction to Japanese woodblock prints . Kodansha International . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2182 - 3 . Lane , Richard ( 1962 ) . L'Estampe japonaise . Aimery Somogy . Nagata , Seiji ; Bester , John ( 1999 ) . Hokusai : Genius of the Japanese Ukiyo - e . Kodansha International . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2479 - 4 . Sueur - hermel , Valérie ( 2009 ) . Henri Rivière : entre impressionnisme et japonisme . Bibliothèque nationale de France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7177 - 2431 - 8 . Weston , Mark ( 2002 ) . Giants of Japan : The Lives of Japan 's Most Influential Men and Women . Kodansha America . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56836 - 324 - 0 . Calza , Gian Carlo ( 2003 ) . Hokusai . Phaidon . ISBN 0714844578 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Great Wave off Kanagawa . The Metropolitan Museum of Art 's ( New York ) entry on The Great Wave at Kanagawa BBC audio file A History of the World in 100 Objects Study of original work opposed to various copies from different publishers This article is about an item held in the British Museum . The object reference is 3097579 . Hokusai Woodblock prints The Dream of the Fisherman 's Wife ( 1816 ) Fine Wind , Clear Morning ( 1830 -- 1832 ) The Great Wave off Kanagawa ( 1830 -- 1833 ) Print series and collections A Tour of the Waterfalls of the Provinces Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji Hokusai Manga Oceans of Wisdom The British Museum Building Great Court King 's Library Round Reading Room Departments and objects Africa , Oceania and Americas Akan Drum Aubin Codex Benin Bronzes Briggs Enigma Codex Kingsborough Double - headed serpent Hoa Hakananai'a Throne of Weapons Kayung totem pole Yaxchilan Lintel 24 Ancient Egypt and Sudan Colossal head of Amenhotep III Gebelein predynastic mummies Hunters Palette Rhind Mathematical Papyrus Rosetta Stone Sphinx of Taharqo Younger Memnon Asia Admonitions Scroll Bimaran casket Kanishka casket Mathura lion capital Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art Seated Buddha from Gandhara Statue of Tara The Great Wave off Kanagawa Greece and Rome Bassae Frieze Elgin Marbles Esquiline Treasure Farnese Diadumenos Harpy Tomb Jennings Dog Lion of Knidos Minoan Bull - leaper Nereid Monument Portland Vase Warren Cup Middle East Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III Burney Relief Cylinder of Nabonidus Cyrus Cylinder Flood tablet ( Gilgamesh ) Library of Ashurbanipal Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal Oxus Treasure Taylor Prism Lachish reliefs Babylonian Chronicles Kurkh Monoliths Prehistory and Europe Franks Casket Holy Thorn Reliquary Hoxne Hoard Lewis chessmen Lindow Man Mildenhall Treasure Ringlemere Cup Royal Gold Cup Sutton Hoo Swimming Reindeer Vindolanda Tablets Prints and Drawings Dürer 's Rhinoceros Epifania I Modi Isabella Brant The Ancient of Days The Disasters of War The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies Triumphal Arch Other Coins and Medals Conservation and Scientific Research Libraries and Archives Portable Antiquities and Treasure A History of the World in 100 Objects Other British Museum Act 1902 British Museum Act 1963 Directors Films shot at the British Museum Friends Royal Commission on the British Museum Trustees Secretum Commons VIAF : 196921715 LCCN : n2012035539 GND : 7667256 - 6 SUDOC : 146687000 BNF : cb157807657 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa&oldid=800394165 '' Categories : 1832 works Works by Katsushika Hokusai Marine art Asian objects in the British Museum Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using infobox artwork with autolinked artist field Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar مازِرونی Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 07 : 50 . 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5334135361349369908 | List of Inner Hebrides | List of Inner Hebrides - wikipedia List of Inner Hebrides Jump to : navigation , search The Hebrides . The Outer Hebrides lie to the west , with the Inner Hebrides ( in red ) closer to the mainland of Scotland in the east . The Cuillin ridge from Portree harbour , Skye This List of Inner Hebrides summarises a chain of islands and skerries located off the west coast of mainland Scotland . There are 36 inhabited islands in this archipelago , of which Islay , Mull and Skye are the largest and most populous . The islands of Scotland 's west coast are known collectively as the Hebrides ; the Inner Hebrides are separated from the Outer Hebrides by The Minch to the north and the Sea of the Hebrides to the south . The Inner Hebrides that lie respectively north and south of Ardnamurchan are administered by two separate local authorities as part of larger territories . The northern Inner Hebrides , including Skye , the Small Isles and the Summer Isles , are part of the Highland unitary council region . The southern group , including Islay , Jura , the Slate Islands and Gigha are part of the Argyll and Bute council region . In the past , the Hebrides as a whole were a strong Scottish Gaelic - speaking area , and in 1921 more than 50 % of the populations of most of these islands , including Skye , Mull and Islay , were proficient in the language . However , although the Outer Hebrides have retained many Gaelic speakers , in the 2001 census only Skye ( 31 % ) and Tiree ( 48 % ) had more than 25 % of the resident population able to speak Gaelic ; Mull , Jura , Gigha and Coll each recorded figures of less than 15 % . The modern economy centres on tourism , crofting , farming , fishing , and whisky distilling . The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide . There are numerous lighthouses as an aid to navigation . There are various descriptions of the scope of the Hebrides . The Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland describes the Inner Hebrides as lying `` east of The Minch '' , which would include any and all offshore islands . There are various islands that lie in the sea lochs , such as Eilean Bàn and Eilean Donan , that might not ordinarily be described as `` Hebridean '' , but no formal definition exists and for simplicity they are included in this list rather than elsewhere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Inhabited islands 3 Uninhabited islands 4 Smaller islets and skerries 4.1 South Argyll Coast 4.2 Islay group 4.3 Firth of Lorn 4.4 Loch Linnhe 4.5 Mull group 4.6 Small Isles 4.7 North Argyll coast 4.8 South Highland coast 4.9 Skye group 4.10 North Highland coast 5 Small archipelagos 6 See also 7 References and footnotes 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) Various Gaelic names are used repeatedly . The suffix ay or aigh or aidh is generally from the Norse øy meaning `` island '' . Eilean ( plural : eileanan ) also means `` island '' . Beag and mòr ( also bheag and mhòr ) mean `` little '' and `` big '' and are often found together . Sgeir is `` skerry '' and often refers to a rock or rocks that lie submerged at high tide . Dubh is `` black '' , dearg is `` red '' and glas means `` grey '' or `` green '' . Orasaigh is from the Norse Örfirirsey meaning `` tidal '' or `` ebb island '' . Inhabited islands ( edit ) The Clachan Bridge , Seil , also known as the `` Bridge Over the Atlantic '' Eilean Donan castle The Bullough mausoleum with the Rùm Cullin in the distance A restored traditional house on Tiree Bowmore , Islay with its distinctive round church Tobermory harbour , Mull The inhabited islands of the Inner Hebrides had a population of 18,257 in 2001 , and 18,948 at the time of the 2011 census . The highest peaks of the islands have names deriving from both Gaelic and Old Norse , indicating the historical importance of these two cultures . The archaeological record for the period of Viking domination during the Early Historic period is , however , limited . In the Outer Hebrides all of the inhabited islands are now connected to at least one other island by a land transport route , but only four Inner Hebridean islands are connected by road , all to the mainland . The Clachan Bridge from Argyll to Seil was designed by Thomas Telford and dates from 1792 . Skye has been connected to Kyle of Lochalsh by the Skye Bridge since 1995 . Danna is also connected to the Tayvallich peninsula in Argyll by a stone causeway ; and tiny Eilean Donan , dominated by its castle , has had a connection to the mainland perhaps from as early as the 13th century . The arched bridge in use today was constructed in the early 20th century . Island Gaelic name Group Area ( ha ) Population Highest point Height ( m ) Canna Canaigh Small Isles 7003113000000000000 ♠ 1,130 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Càrn a ' Ghaill 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 Coll Cola Mull 7003768500000000000 ♠ 7,685 7002195000000000000 ♠ 195 Ben Hogh 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Colonsay Colbhasa Islay 7003407400000000000 ♠ 4,074 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 Carnan Eoin 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Danna Danna Islay 7002315000000000000 ♠ 315 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Cruiadh Bharr 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Easdale Eilean Èisdeal Slate Islands 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 -- 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Eigg Eige Small Isles 7003304900000000000 ♠ 3,049 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 An Sgurr 7002393000000000000 ♠ 393 Eilean Bàn An t - Eilean Bàn Skye 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ c. 6 Eilean dà Mhèinn Eilean dà Mhèinn Knapdale 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Eilean Donan Eilean Donnain Loch Duich 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 -- 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Eilean Shona Eilean Seona Loch Moidart 7002525000000000000 ♠ 525 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Beinn a ' Bhàillidh 7002265000000000000 ♠ 265 Eilean Tioram Eilean Tioram Loch Moidart 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Eriska Aoraisge ! Aoraisge Loch Linnhe 7002310000000000000 ♠ 310 5000000000000000000 ♠ ? Ceann Garbh 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Erraid Eilean Earraid Mull 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Cnoc Mòr 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Gigha Giogha Islay 7003139500000000000 ♠ 1,395 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 Creag Bhàn 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 Gometra Gòmastra Mull 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 -- 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 Isle of Ewe Eilean Iùbh North Highland 7002309000000000000 ♠ 309 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Creag Streap 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Iona I Chaluim Chille ! Ì Chaluim Chille Mull 7002877000000000000 ♠ 877 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 Dùn Ì 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 Islay Ile ! Ìle Islay 7004619560000000000 ♠ 61,956 7003322800000000000 ♠ 3,228 Beinn Bheigeir 7002491000000000000 ♠ 491 Jura Diùra Islay 7004366920000000000 ♠ 36,692 7002196000000000000 ♠ 196 Beinn an Òir 7002785000000000000 ♠ 785 Kerrera Cearrara Firth of Lorn 7003121400000000000 ♠ 1,214 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Carn Breugach 7002189000000000000 ♠ 189 Lismore Lios Mòr Firth of Lorn 7003235100000000000 ♠ 2,351 7002192000000000000 ♠ 192 Barr Mòr 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 Luing Luinn Slate Islands 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 7002195000000000000 ♠ 195 Beinn Furachail 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 Lunga Lunga Slate Islands 7002254000000000000 ♠ 254 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Bidean na h - Iolaire 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Muck Eilean nam Muc Small Isles 7002559000000000000 ♠ 559 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Beinn Airein 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 Mull Muile Mull 7004875350000000000 ♠ 87,535 7003280000000000000 ♠ 2,800 Ben More 7002966000000000000 ♠ 966 Oronsay Orasaigh Islay 7002543000000000000 ♠ 543 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Beinn Orasaigh 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Raasay Ratharsair Skye 7003623100000000000 ♠ 6,231 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 Dùn Caan 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 Rona Rònaigh Skye 7002930000000000000 ♠ 930 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Meall Acairseidh 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 Rùm Rùm Small Isles 7004104630000000000 ♠ 10,463 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Askival 7002812000000000000 ♠ 812 Sanday Sandaigh Small Isles 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tallabric 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Scalpay Sgalpaigh Skye 7003248300000000000 ♠ 2,483 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mullach na Càrn 7002396000000000000 ♠ 396 Seil Saoil Slate Islands 7003132900000000000 ♠ 1,329 7002551000000000000 ♠ 551 Meall Chaise 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Shuna Siuna Slate Islands 7002451000000000000 ♠ 451 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Druim na Dubh Ghlaic 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Skye An t - Eilean Sgitheanach Skye 7005165625000000000 ♠ 165,625 7004100080000000000 ♠ 10,008 Sgurr Alasdair 7002993000000000000 ♠ 993 Soay Sòdhaigh Skye 7003103600000000000 ♠ 1,036 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Beinn Bhreac 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Tanera Mòr Tannara Mòr Summer Isles 7002310000000000000 ♠ 310 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Meall Mòr 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 Tiree Tiriodh Mull 7003783400000000000 ♠ 7,834 7002653000000000000 ♠ 653 Ben Hynish 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Ulva Ulbha Mull 7003199000000000000 ♠ 1,990 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Beinn Chreagach 7002313000000000000 ♠ 313 Lunga in the Firth of Lorn had a population of 7 , Eilean Bàn a population of 2 and Eilean Donan a single resident in 2001 but none recorded a usually resident population in 2011 . Castle Stalker , Eilean Horrisdale , Eilean Loain and Inch Kenneth are `` included in the NRS statistical geography for inhabited islands but had no usual residents at the time of either the 2001 or 2011 censuses '' . Uninhabited islands ( edit ) Cara from the air Fingal 's Cave , Staffa There are 43 uninhabited Inner Hebrides with an area greater than 30 hectares ( approximately 74 acres ) . Records for the last date of settlement for the smaller uninhabited islands are incomplete , but most of the islands listed here would have been inhabited at some point during the Neolithic , Iron Age , Early Historic or Norse periods . In common with the other main island chains of Scotland many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries , in some cases after continuous habitation since prehistoric times . These places had been perceived as relatively self - sufficient agricultural economies , but both island residents and outsiders later came to consider that the more remote islands lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy . Some of the islands continue to contribute to modern culture . Staffa came to prominence in the late 18th century after a visit by Sir Joseph Banks . He and his fellow travellers extolled the natural beauty of the basalt columns in general , and in particular of the island 's main sea cavern , which Banks renamed `` Fingal 's Cave '' . Many other prominent personalities visited Staffa over the next two centuries , including Felix Mendelssohn , whose Hebrides Overture brought further fame to the island . During the Second World War , Gruinard was the site of a biological warfare test by British military scientists . At that time there was an investigation by the British government to test both the vulnerability of Britain to attack and the possibility of attacking Germany using anthrax . The difficulties of definition are considerable in some cases . For example , Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) treats Lunga as a single island , although during high tides it becomes one inhabited island and numerous uninhabited tidal islets . Another example is the smaller island of Eilean Mòr in Loch Dunvegan , which joins with nearby Eilean Dubh and Garay Island at low tides . Island Gaelic name Group Area ( ha ) Last inhabited Highest point Height ( m ) Calbha Beag Calbha Beag Eddrachillis Bay 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 01 ! Unknown -- 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Calbha Mor Calbha Mòr Eddrachillis Bay 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 01 ! Unknown -- 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Calve Island Eilean Chailbhe Mull 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 01 ! Unknown -- 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Cara Cara Gigha 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 1940s ! 1940s -- 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Càrna Càrna Loch Sunart 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213 1970s ! 1970s Cruachan Chàrna 7002169000000000000 ♠ 169 Eileach an Naoimh Eileach an Naoimh Garvellachs 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 10th century -- 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 Eilean an Ròin Mòr Eilean an Ròin Mòr North Highland 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 02 ! Unknown -- 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Eilean Dubh Mòr An t - Eilean Dubh Mòr Slate Islands 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 05 ! No census records -- 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Eilean Fladday Eilean Fhladaigh Skye 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 1970s -- 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Eilean Horrisdale Eilean Thòireasdal North Highland 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 19 ! 20th century Carn Garbh 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Eilean Ighe Eilean Ighe Sound of Arisaig 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 02 ! Unknown -- 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Eilean Macaskin Eilean MhicAsgain Loch Craignish 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1880s ! 1880s -- 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 Eilean Meadhonach An t - Eilean Meadhanach Crowlin Islands 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 02 ! Unknown -- 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Eilean Mhic Chrion Eilean MhicChrìon Loch Craignish 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 02 ! Unknown -- 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Eilean Mòr An t - Eilean Mòr Crowlin Islands 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 19 ! circa 1920 Meall a ' Chòis 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 Eilean Rìgh Eilean Rìgh Loch Craignish 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 1939 ! 1939 Dùn Righ 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Eilean Tigh Eilean an Taighe Skye 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 02 ! Unknown Meall Mòr 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 Eilean Trodday Eilean Throdaigh Skye 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 02 ! Unknown -- 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Eorsa Eòrsa Mull 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 06 ! No census records -- 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Garbh Eileach Garbh Eileach Garvellachs 7002142000000000000 ♠ 142 03 ! Pre-modern -- 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 Gruinard Eilean Ghruinneart North Highland 7002196000000000000 ♠ 196 1920 ! 1920s An Eilid 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 Gunna Gunnaigh Mull 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 04 ! Pre-modern -- 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Handa Eilean Shannda North Highland 7002309000000000000 ♠ 309 1848 Sithean Mòr 7002123000000000000 ♠ 123 Harlosh Island Eilean Heàrrlois Skye 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 02 ! Unknown -- 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Horse Island Eilean nan Each Summer Isles 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 18 ! 19th century Sgurr nan Uan 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Inch Kenneth Innis Choinnich Mull 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 1970s -- 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Insh An Innis Slate Islands 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 02 ! Unknown -- 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Isay Iosaigh ! Ìosaigh Skye 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 1860 -- 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Isle Martin Eilean Mhàrtainn Summer Isles 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157 1948 -- 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 Isle Ristol Eilean Ruisteil Summer Isles 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 17 ! 18th century ? -- 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Little Colonsay Colbhasa Beag Mull 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 1940s -- 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Longa Island Longa North Highland 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 189 ! late 19th century Druim am Eilean 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Longay Longaigh Skye 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 16 ! 16th century -- 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Lunga Lungaigh Mull 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 1857 Cruachan 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 Oldany Island Eilean Alltanaidh Eddrachillis Bay 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 02 ! Unknown Sidhean nan Ealachan 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Ornsay Eilean Iarmain Skye 7001350000000000000 ♠ c. 35 02 ! Unknown -- 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Oronsay Orasaigh Loch Sunart 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 02 ! Unknown Druim Mòr 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Pabay Pabaigh Skye 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 1980s ! 1980s -- 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Priest Island Eilean a ' Chlèirich Summer Isles 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 07 ! No census records -- 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Scarba Sgarba Islay 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 1960s Cruach Scarba 7002449000000000000 ♠ 449 Shuna Siuna Mull 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 1960s Tom an t - Seallaidh 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Staffa Stafa Mull 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 17 ! 18th century -- 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Tanera Beag Tannara Beag Summer Isles 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 08 ! No census records -- 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 Texa Teacsa Islay 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 181 ! Early 19th century Ceann Garbh 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Torsa Torsa Slate Islands 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 1960 ! 1960s -- 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Wiay Fuidheigh Skye 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 18 ! 19th century -- 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Smaller islets and skerries ( edit ) Skerryvore lighthouse The Old Man of Stoer , a 60 metres ( 200 ft ) high stack of Torridonian sandstone Smaller islands , tidal islets only separated at higher stages of the tide , and skerries which are only exposed at lower stages of the tide pepper the seas surrounding the main islands . Many of them are obscure and only a few have ever been inhabited . Nonetheless , some have a significant degree of notability . Lady 's Rock , a skerry in Loch Linnhe , was the site of the attempted murder of Lady Catherine Campbell by her husband Lachlan Maclean of Duart in 1527 . He rowed out to the rock one night at low tide and left his wife stranded on the rock to die . Nearby Castle Stalker was in the possession of Clan Stewart of Appin at this time , but its more recent claim to fame is as a location in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Remote Dubh Artach and Skerryvore are the sites of two unmanned lighthouses ; the latter reaches 48 metres ( 157 ft ) in height and is the tallest in the United Kingdom . Belnahua supported a population of slate workers in its substantial and now flooded central quarry during the 19th century . Nearby Eilean - a-beithich once stood in the Easdale Sound between Easdale and Seil . However , it was quarried to a depth of 76 metres ( 249 ft ) below sea level leaving only the outer rim of the island . This was eventually swept away by the sea and little visible sign of the island now remains . In addition to being a hazard to navigation , the Torran Rocks south of Erraid are one of the locations featured in the novel Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson . It was here that Alan Breck Stewart and David Balfour were ship - wrecked . The smaller Inner Hebridean islands , grouped by location ( from south to north ) , in the vicinity of : South Argyll Coast ( edit ) Eilean Mor in the MacCormaig Isles , looking towards Jura Crinan locks with tiny Black Rock beyond Kintyre : Mull , Scart Isle , The Merchants Gigha : Còrr Eilean , Craro , Eilean á Chuill , Eilean Leim , Eilean Liath , Eilean na h - Aird , Eilean na h - Uilinn , Gamhna Giogha , Gigalum Cara : Coire Cara , Sgeir à Bhuntata , Sgeir Buideil West Loch Tarbert : Eilean Ceann na Creige , Eilean da Ghallagain , Eilean Eòghainn , Eilean nan Craobh , Eilean Traighe Loch Stornoway : Carriag Mhaidean , Eilean Clach nan Uamhannan , Sgeir Choigreach Loch Caolisport : Eilean Fada , Eilean na h - Uamhaidh , Eilean nam Muc , Eilean Naomhachd , Glas Eilean , Liath Eilein MacCormaig Isles : Corr Eilean , Eilean Ghamna , Eilean Mòr , Eilean nan Leac , Eilean Puirt Leithe Loch Sween : Cala , Eilean Loain , Eilean Mhartan , Eilean na Circe , Taynish Island , Ulva Islands Danna : Eilean à Chapuill , Eilean nan Uan , Liath Eilean Fairy Islands : Eilean a ' Bhrein West Taynish : Carsaig Island , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Fraoich , Eilean nan Coinean , Eilean Traighe , Leth Sgeir , Ruadh Sgeir Loch Crinan : An - unalin , Black Rock , Eilean Glas , Eilean nan Coinean Loch Craignish : Eilean na Cille , Eilean na - h Eairne , Garbh Rèisa , Sgeir na Maoile Eilean Macaskin : Liath - sgeir Bheag , Liath - sgeir Mhòr Eilean Mhic Chrion : Eilean Buidhe , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Inshaig , Eilean na Nighinn , Eilean Traighte Eilean Rìgh : Eilean nan Gabhar , West Craignish : Coiresa , Creagach Chrosgach , Culbhaic , Eilean Ona , Reisa an t - Sruith , Reisa Mhic Phaidean Craobh Haven : Eich Donna , Eilean an Duin , Eilean Arsa , Eilean Buidhe , Eilean Creagach , Fraoch Eilean , Liath Sgeir Loch Melfort : Eilean Coltair , Eilean Gamhna , Scoul Eilean Islay group ( edit ) The lighthouse at Carraig Fhada , Islay , looking towards Caolas Eilean nan Caorach , Sgeir Fhada and Sgeir Phlocach with Port Ellen at left Looking north from Na h - Urrachann towards Rubha nam Faoilean , Scarba , with Guirasdeal , Lunga and Eilean Dubh Mòr in the Slate Islands beyond Islay : Mull of Oa and Laggan Bay : Eileanan Mòra , Sgeirean Buidhe Ghil Loch Indaal : Carraig Dhubh Rinns of Islay : Am Ballan , Eilean Liath , Eilean Mhic Coinnich , Frenchman 's Rocks , Orsay , Sgeiran Dubha North west coast : Boghachan Mòra , Eilean an Tannais - sgeir , Eilean Beag , Eilean Mòr , Nave Island , Post Rocks East coast : Eilean Liath Kildalton : Ceann nan Sgieran , Eilean á Chùirn , Eilean an Droighinn , Eilean Bhride , Eilean Craobhach , Eilean Mhic Mhaolmhoire , Outram , Sgeir nam Ban Ardbeg : Carmichael 's Rocks , Cleit Buidhe , Corr Sgeir , Eilean an t - Sluic , Eilean Imersay , Iseanach Beag , Iseanach Mòr Carraig Fhada : Am Plodan , An Gànradh , Eilean nan Caorach , Sgeir Fhada , Sgeir Phlocach Colonsay : Eilean à Chladaich , Eilean Dubh , Eilean na Brathan , Eilean Leathann , Eilean Mhártain , Eilean na Bilearach , Eilean nam Ban , Eilean nam Feannaig , Eilean Olmsa , Glas Eilean Jura : East coast : Eilean à Bhorra , Eilean an Rubha , Eilean Buidhe Mòr , Eilean na h - Aorinn , Eilean Traigh an Airgid , Liath Eilean , Na Cuiltean Small Isles : Eilean Bhride , Eilean Diomhain , Eilean nan Coinnean , Eilean nan Gabhar , Pladda Sound of Islay : Am Fraoch Eilean , Brosdale Island , Glas Eilean Loch Tarbert : Eilean an Easbuig , Eilean Ard , Eilean Dubh à Cumhainn Bhig , Eilean Dubh à Cumhainn Mhoir , Eileanan Gleann Righ , Eilean Iosal West coast : Eilean Beag , Eilean Mòr , Shian Island Oronsay : Dubh Eilean , Eileanan à Chuir , Eilean Ghaoideamal , Eilean Mhic Iain Ruaidh , Eilean Mhugaig , Eilean nam Uan , Eilean nan Ron Scarba : Eilean à Bhealach , Eilean Ard , Sgeiran à Mhaoil , Sgeir nan Gobhar Texa : Sgeiran an Lòin , Tarr Sgeir Firth of Lorn ( edit ) Fladda lighthouse Slate Islands : Easdale : None Eilean Dubh Mòr : Eilean Dubh Beag , Liath Sgeir , Sgeir à Gheòidh , Sgeir nan Taod Insh : Dubh - sgeir , Eilean Bàn - leac Luing : Diar Sgeir , Dubh - fheith , Dubh Sgeir , Eilean Loisgte , Fraoch Eilean ( 2 ) , Funaich Mhòr , Glas Eilean , Rubh Aird Luing , Sgeir Bhuidhe Lunga : An Tudan , Belnahua , Eilean Ioasal , Eilean nan Ceann , Fiola an Droma , Fiola Meadhonach , Fladda , Guirasdeal , Liath Sgeir , Ormsa , Rubha Fiola , Sgeir Mhic an Altair , Sgeir Poll nan Corran Torsa : Eilean Fraoch , Glas Eilean , Torsa Beag Seil : Eilean à Chomraidh , Eilean Buidhe , Eilean Dùin , Eilean nam Beathach , Eilean nam Freumha , Eilean Tornal , Henderson 's Rock , Shuna : None Garvellachs : Eileach an Naoimh : Sgeiran Dubha , Sgeir Leth à Chuain Garbh Eileach : À Chùli , Dùn Channuill Loch Linnhe ( edit ) Castle Stalker Loch Feochan : Eilean an Ruisg Kerrera : Bach Island , Eilean nan Gamhna , Eilean nan Uan , Eilean Orasaig , Heather Island , Maiden Island , Rubh'a Cruidh , Sgeir à Gheòidh Loch Etive : Abbot 's Isle , Eilean Beag , Eilean Mòr , Eilean nam Meann , Eilean Traighe , Kilmaronag Islands Eriska : Glas Eilean , Sgeir Caillich , Lismore : Bernera Island , Branra , Creag Island , Eilean Dubh ( 2 ) , Eilean Loch Oscair , Eilean Musdile , Eilean na Cloich , Eilean nam Bàn , Eilean nam Meann , Eilean nan Caorach , Eilean nan Chaorainn , Eilean nan Gamhna , Eilean Ramsay , Inn Island , Lady 's Rock , Pladda Island , Shuna : Eilean Balnagowan , Castle Stalker Loch Leven : Eilean à Chòmraidh , Eilean Coinneach , Eilean Munde , Eilean nam Ban Loch Eil : Eilean à Bhealaidh , Eilean na Creich , Eilean nan Craobh , Rubha Dearg Mull group ( edit ) Dhu Heartach Lighthouse , During Construction by Sam Bough ( 1822 -- 1878 ) Bac Mòr , also known as `` The Dutchman 's Cap '' , as seen from Lunga Coll : A ' Chairidhe , Airne na Sgeire , An Glas - eilean , Eag na Maoile , Eilean an Eith , Eilean an t - Sean Chaisteil , Eilean Ascaoineach , Eilean Bhoramuil , Eilean Bhuigistile , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Eatharna , Eilean Halum , Eilean Iomallach , Eilean Mòr , Eilean na Bà , Eilean nam Muc , Eilean Odhar , Eilean Ornsay , Eilean Tomaluam , Soa , Sùil Ghorm Eorsa : None Gometra : Eilean Dioghlum , Màisgier Gunna : Eilean nam Maidean , Eilean nan Gamhna Iona : Corr Eilean , Eilean Annraidh , Eilean Chalbha Eilean Didil , Eilean Musimul , Eilean na h - Aon Chaorach , Reidh Eilean , Soa Island , Stac an Aoineidh , Stac Mhic Muhurchaidh Inch Kenneth : Samalan Island Little Colonsay : None Mull : Calve Island : Cnap à Chailbe , Eilean na Beithe Sound of Mull : Am Brican , Dearg Sgeir , Eileanan Bàna , Eileanan Glasa , Eilean Bàn Loch Don : Eilean Bàn , Eilean a ' Mhadaidh , Eileanan nan Caorach Loch Spelve : Eilean Amalaig Loch Buie : Eilean Mòr , Eilean Uamh Ghuaidhre , Frank Lockwood 's Island Ross of Mull south : Eilean à Chròtha , Eilean Imheir , Eilean Liath , Eilean Mòr , Eilean Nam Boc , Eilean nan Caorann , Gamhnach Mhòr , Garbh Eilean , Na Minn , Na Maoil Mhòra Erraid : Am Baister , Eilean a ' Chalmain , Eilean Dubh ( 2 ) , Eilean Ghomain , Eilean nam Muc , Eilean na Seamair , Livingston 's Rocks , Rankin 's Rocks , Sgeir à Chobhain , Sgeir na Caillich Torran Rocks : Dearg Sgeir , MacPhail 's Anvil , Na Torrain , Torran Sgoilte , Torr an t - Saothaid Sound of Iona : Eilean à Ghearrain , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Dubh na Ciste , Eilean Gainmheinich , Eilean nam Ban , Liath Eilean Loch na Làthaich : Eilean an Fheòir , Eilean Bàn , Na Liathanaich Loch Scridain : Eilean nan Caorach , Sgeir Leathan Ardmeanach : Eilean Dubh Cruinn , Erisgeir Loch na Keal : Eilean Casach , Eilean Feòir , Mishnish : Cuan Mòr , Eilean an Tairt , Eilean nan Gabhar Staffa : Am Buchaille Tiree : Ceann Mòr , Chreachasdal Mòr , Eilean Ghreasamuill ( 2 ) , Eilean Ghreusgain , Eilean nan Siolag , Eilean Shomhairle , Fadamull , Rubha Liath , Sgeir Mhòr , Soa Lunga : Bac Beag , Bac Mòr , Cairn na Burgh Beag , Cairn na Burgh Mòr , Fladda , Sgeir an Eirionnaich , Sgeir a ' Chaisteil Ulva : Eilean à Bhuic , Eilean à Chaolais , Eilean an Dusain , Eilean an Righ , Eilean na Creiche , Eilean na h - Uamha , Eilean Reilean , Garbh Eilean , Geasgill Beag , Geasgill Mòr , Sgeir Feòir , Trealbhan Outliers : Dubh Artach , Skerryvore Small Isles ( edit ) The north end of Eilean Chathastail from Eigg Canna : Alman , An Stéidh , Eilean à Bhaird , Haslam Eigg : Eilean Chathastail , Eilean Thuilm Muck : Eagamol , Eilean nan Each Rùm : None Sanday : Dùn Mòr Outliers : Garbh Sgeir , Humla , Hyskeir North Argyll coast ( edit ) From Ininmore Bay in Morvern to the River Sheil . Sound of Mull : Eilean na Beitheiche , Eilean Rubha an Ridire , Glas Eileanan , Sgeir Chorrach Loch Sunart : Dun Ghallain , Eilean an t - Sionnaich , Eilean à Chuilinn , Eilean à Mhuirich , Eilean Mòr , Eilean mo Shlinneag , Garbh Eilean , Glas Eilean Càrna : Eilean an Fheidh , Eilean nan Eildean , Eilean nan Gabhar , Eilean nan Gad , Risga Oronsay : Eilean Mòr , Sligneach Mòr Ardnamurchan : South coast : Eilean nan Seachd Seisrichean , Glas Eilean North coast : Eilean Carrach , Eilean Chaluim Cille , Eilean Dubh , Eilean na h - Acairseid , Sanna Island , Sgeir à Chàm Eilein , Sgeir an Eididh , Sgeir an Rathaid , Sgeir nam Meann Kentra Bay : Eilean an Eididh Eilean Dhònuill , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Loisgte , Eilean nan Gad South Highland coast ( edit ) Eilean Tioram and its ruined castle Eilean Shona : An Glas - eilean , Eilean à Choire , Eilean an Feheidh , Eilean an t - Sabhail , Eilean Coille , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Mhic Neill , Eilean Raonuill , Eilean Tioram , Eilean Uaine , Riska Sound of Arisaig : Loch Ailort : Eilean à Bhuic , Eilean à Chaolais , Eilean Buidhe , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Dubh an Aonaich , Eilean na Gualinn , Eilean nam Bairneach , Eilean nan Gabhar , Eilean nan Trom , Samalaman Island , Sgeir Glas Loch nan Uamh : Am Fraoch - eilean , An Garbh - eilean , An Glas - eilean , Còrr Eilean , Eilean à Ghaill , Eilean Aird nam Bùth , Eilean an t - Snidhe , Eilean Ceann Fèidh , Eilean Gobhlach , Eilean nan Cabar , Eilean Port nam Murrach Eilean Ighe : Am Fraoch - eilean , Eilean Ban , Luinga Beag , Luinga Mhòr North Arisaig coast : An Glas - eilean , Bogh ' Oitir , Rubha dà Chuain , Sgeirean na Corra - gribhich Morar Bay : Eilean Ruadh , Eilean Toigal Mallaig : Eilean na h - Acairseid Loch Nevis : An Corr - eilean , Eilean Giubhais , Eilean Maol , Eilean na Glaschoille , West Knoydart coast : Airor Island , Eilean an t - Sionnach , Eilean Dearg , Eilean na Gàmhna , Eilean Shamadalain , Glas Eilean , Sgeir Glas Loch Hourn : Corr Eileanan , Eilean à Chuilinn , Eilean à Gharb - Iain , Eilean à Mhuineil , Eilean à Phiobaire , Eilean Chamas nan Doth , Eilean Chlamial , Eilean Choinnich , Eilean Mhartain , Eilean Mhogh - sgeir , Eilean Ràrsaidh , Eilean Tioram , Fraoch Eilean , Glas Eilean Sandaig Islands : An Gurraban , Eilean Carach , Eilean Mòr Fraoich Eilean Skye group ( edit ) Macleod 's Maidens off the coast of Duirinish Crowlin Islands : Eilean Mòr : None Eilean Meadhonach : Eilean Beag , Eilean Bàn : None Eilean Trodday : None Isay : Clett , Mingay Longay : None Pabay : None Raasay : Eilean Aird nan Gobhar , Eilean an Inbhire , Holoman Island , Manish Island Eilean Fladday : Fraoch Eilean , Glas Eilean , Griana - sgeir Eilean Tigh : Eilean an Fhraoich Rona : Cow Rock , Eilean Garbh , Eilean Seamraig , Garbh Eilean , Sgeirean Buidhe Borlum , Sgeir Shuas Scalpay : Eilean Leac na Gainimh , Guillamon Island , Sgeir Dhearg Skye : Sleat : Eilean Dubh , Eilean Ruairidh , Eilean Sgorach Ornsay : Eilean an Eòin , Eilean Sionnach Loch Eishort north coast : Eilean Gaineamhach Boreraig , Eilean Heast Strathaird : Eilean na h - Àirde Minginish : An Dubh - sgeir , Eilean Glas , Eilean Reamhar , Stac à Mheadais Loch Bracadale : Oronsay , Sula Skerry , Tarner Island Harlosh Island : None Duirinish : An Dubh Sgeir , An Stac , Macleod 's Maidens Loch Dunvegan : Carraig Shleamhuinn , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Dubh Beag , Eilean Glas , Eilean Grianal , Eilean Mòr , Eilean na h - Eigheach , Eilean Traigh , Garay Island , Garbh Eilean , Lampay Waternish : Caisteal an Fhithich Loch Snizort : Eilean Beag , Eilean Mòr Ascrib Islands : Eilean Creagach , Eilean Garave , Eilean Iosal , Sgeir à Chapuill , Sgeir à Chuin , South Ascrib Trotternish : An t - Iasgair , Eilean Chaluim - chille , Eilean Flodigarry , Holm Island , Sgeir na Eireann , Staffin Island , Tulm Island , Fladda - chùain group : Fladaigh Chuain , Gaeilavore Island , Gearran , Lord MacDonald 's Table ( Am Bord ) , The Cleats , Thon Eilean Broadford Bay : Eilean na Ruadhaich , Glas Eilean , Sgeir Dubh Loch Alsh : Sgeir na Caillich Soay : Na Gamhnaichean Wiay : None North Highland coast ( edit ) The Summer Isles from Ben Mòr Coigach Am Buachaille -- `` the shepherd '' Wester Ross : Loch Alsh : Glas Eilean Loch Long : À Ghlas - sgeir , Sheep Island Eilean Donan : Eilean Tioram Loch Duich : Am Fraoch - eilean Kyle of Lochalsh : Black Islands , Eilean à Mhal , Eileanan Dubha , Eilean na Crèadha , Eilean nan Gobhar Beag , Eilean nan Gobhar Mòr Loch Carron : An Garbh - Eilean , Eilean an - t - Sratha , Eilean Glasiach , Eilean na Beinne , Eilean na Creige Duibhe , Eilean nan Fraoich , Eilean nan Stac , Kishorn Island , Sgeir Bhuidhe , Sgeir Fhada , Strome Islands , Plockton : À Ghlas - leac , An Garbh - Eilean , Eilean à Bhata , Eilean à Chait , Eilean an Duine , Eilean Dubh , Eilean Dubh Dhurinis , Eilean Lagach , Eilean na Bà Beag , Eilean na Bà Mòr , Eilean nam Fiadh , Eilean na Sgeir - Feor , Eilean nan Gamhainn , Eilean Stacan , Eilean Sgreabach , Sgeir Bhuidhe Inner Sound : An Ruadh - Eilean , Eilean Chuaig , Eilean na Bà , Eilean nan Naomh , Loch Torridon : Eilean à Chaoil , Eilean an Inbhire Bhàin , Eilean Dùghaill , Eilean Mòr , Eilean Tioram , Sgeir Ghlas , Sgeir na Trian , Shieldaig Island Eilean Horrisdale : Eilean Tioram , Sgeir Glas Gairloch : Eilean an t - Sabhail , Eilean Shieldaig , Fraoch - eilean , Glas Eilean , Na Dùnain Longa Island : None Rubha Rèidh : An Sean Sgeir , Stac Buidhe , Stac Dubh Isle of Ewe : Boor Rocks , Eilean Furadh Beag , Eilean Furadh Mòr , Sgeir an Araig , Sgeir Maol Mhoraidh , Sgeir Maol Mhoraidh Shuas , Stac Ruadh Gruinard : Fraoch , Eilean Beag , Fraoch Eilean Mòr Summer Isles : Horse Island : Càrn nan Sgeir , Meall nan Caorach , Meall nan Gabhar Isle Martin : None Isle Ristol : Bò Bhùiridh , Eilean Glas , Eilean Mullagrach Priest Island : Bottle Island , Carn Deas , Carn Iar , Eilean Dubh , Glas - leac Beag , Sgeirean Glasa , Sgeir nam Mult Tanera Beag : Eilean à Chàr , Eilean Choinaid , Eilean Fada Beag , Eilean Fada Mòr , Glas - leac Mòr , Sgeir an Aon Iomairt , Sgeir Loisgte , Sgeir nam Feusgan , Sgeir Ribhinn , Stac Mhic Aonghais Tanera Mor : Eilean à Bhuic , Eilean Beag , Eilean Mòr , Eilean na Saille Enard Bay : À Chleit , Eilean Mòineseach , Eilean Mòr , Fraochlan , Green Island , Rubha à Bhrocaire , Sgeir Bhuidhe , Sgeir Ghlas Bheag , Sgeir Ghlas Mhòr , Sgeir nam Boc Sutherland : The islets east of Oldany with Mòr Eilean in the foreground The Kylesku bridge crossing the Loch a ' Chàirn Bhàin narrows with Garbh Eilean in the foreground . Loch Inver : Glas Leac , Soyea Island Stoer : Old Man of Stoer Oldany : Bogh ' an Tairbh , Eilean Chrona , Eilean na Ligheach , Eilean nam Boc , Eilean nan Gobhar , Eilean nan Uan , Mòr Eilean , Sgeir nan Gall Eddrachillis Bay : An Calbh , Eilean à Bhuic , Eilean Rairidh , Meall Beag , Meall Mòr , Sgeir à Chlaidheimh Badcall Bay : Dubh Sgeir , Eilean à Bhreitheimh , Eilean Garbh , Eilean na Bearachd , Eilean na Rainich , Eilean Riabhach , Glas Leac , Meall Earca , Ox Rock Loch a ' Chàirn Bhàin : Eilean à Ghamhna , Eilean na Furaradh , Eilean na Rainich , Garbh Eilean Loch Glencoul : Creag Bàgh an Liath Bhaid , Eilean à Chon ' à Chreige , Eilean à Chumhainn , Eilean an Tighe , Eilean an Tuim , Eilean Àrd , Eilean na Moine Loch Dhrombaig : Cul Eilean , Eilean an Achaidh , Sgeir Liath , Handa : Eilean an Aigeich , Glas Leac , Sgeirean Glasa Loch Laxford : Dubh Sgeirean , Eilean à Chadh - fi , Eilean à Mhadaidh , Eileanan Dubha , Eilean an Eireannaich , Eilean an t - Sithein , Eilean Àrd , Eilean Dubh an Teoir , Eilean Dubh na Fionndalach Bige , Eilean Dubh nam Boc , Eilean Meall à Chaorainn , Eilean na Carraig , Eilean na Saille , Eilean Port à Choit , Glas Leac , Rubh ' à Cheathraimh Ghairbh , Sgeirean Cruaidhe , Sgeir Eorna , Sgeir Fhanda , Sgeir Iosal , Sgeir Ruadh Kinlochbervie : Eilean à Chonnaidh , Eilean Dubh , Glas Leac , Na Clusnadh Eilean an Ròin Mòr : Dubh Sgeir , Eilean an Ròin Beag , Eilean na h - Aiteg , Na Stacan , Seana Sgeir Sandwood Bay and Cape Wrath : Am Balg , Am Bodach , Am Buchaille , Goedha Ruadh na Fola Small archipelagos ( edit ) The Treshnish Isles as seen from Port Haunn on Mull . Nearest are Cairn na Burgh Beag and Cairn na Burgh Mòr . Behind are the low flat island of Fladda and the tallest island , Lunga , which obscures Bac Mòr and Bac Beag beyond . There are various small island groups within the Inner Hebrides that are included above . The largest of these mini-archipelagos are : The Ascrib Islands in Loch Snizort off the northwest coast of Skye . The Crowlin Islands in the Inner Sound between Skye and Applecross . The Garvellachs north of Scarba in the Firth of Lorne . The MacCormaig Isles off Kintyre south of Danna . The Sandaig Islands south of Glenelg in the Sound of Sleat . The Slate Islands north of Jura and southwest of Oban . The Small Isles south of Skye and west of Mallaig . The Summer Isles in Loch Broom northwest of Ullapool . The Treshnish Isles west of Mull and north of Iona . There is another group of islets off Craighouse on the east coast of Jura called the Small Isles . See also ( edit ) Rathlin Island List of Outer Hebrides List of islands of Scotland List of islands of the British Isles References and footnotes ( edit ) General references Baird , Bob ( 1995 ) Shipwrecks of the West of Scotland . Glasgow . Nekton Books . ISBN 1 - 897995 - 02 - 4 Haswell - Smith , Hamish ( 2004 ) . The Scottish Islands . Edinburgh : Canongate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 454 - 7 . Hunter , James ( 2000 ) Last of the Free : A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland . Edinburgh . Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 376 - 4 Keay , J. & Keay , J. ( 1994 ) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland . London . HarperCollins . Mac an Tàilleir , Iain ( 2003 ) Ainmean - àite / Placenames . ( pdf ) Pàrlamaid na h - Alba . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Maclean , Charles ( 1977 ) Island on the Edge of the World : the Story of St. Kilda . Edinburgh . Canongate . ISBN 0 - 903937 - 41 - 7 Ordnance Survey . Get - a-map ( Map ) . 1 : 25,000 . Leisure . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Murray , W.H. ( 1973 ) The Islands of Western Scotland . London . Eyre Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 30380 - 2 Notes Jump up ^ The definition of an island used in this list is that it is `` land that is surrounded by seawater on a daily basis , but not necessarily at all stages of the tide , excluding human devices such as bridges and causeways '' . Other definitions are used in the Scottish context . For example the General Register Office for Scotland define an island as `` a mass of land surrounded by water , separate from the Scottish mainland '' but although they include islands linked by bridges etc. this is not clear from this definition . Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) uses `` an Island is a piece of land or group of pieces of land which is entirely surrounded by water at Lowest Astronomical Tide and to which there is no permanent means of dry access '' . This is widely agreed to be unhelpful as it intentionally excludes bridged islands . ^ Jump up to : Geographically , the inhabited islands can easily be separated into those that are or surround Islay , Gigha , Mull , and Skye or are in the Small Isles , Slate Islands , Firth of Lorn , Crowlin Islands , Summer Isles , one of the major sea lochs or the North Highland group . Jump up ^ Although obviously inhabited ( there is a hotel on the island ) the General Registers Office did not provide a population total for this tidal island in either the 2001 or 2011 censuses . Jump up ^ Lunga is at grid reference NM707088 . Jump up ^ Eilean Mòr is at grid reference NG224489 . Jump up ^ Indicates the last known date of permanent , year round settlement Jump up ^ There are no historical records of inhabitation although there are the ruins of an `` ancient fort '' . Jump up ^ There are the ruins of a `` small cell '' , perhaps once used by an anchorite . Jump up ^ The Census indicates a population of 3 in 1931 and nil in 1961 . A mill was operated on the island until 1948 and abandonment is assumed when it closed and the associated buildings and wharves were dismantled . Jump up ^ The Gaelic etymology is disputed . It may have been called Oideach by Adomnan and was referred to as `` Ilantasson '' ( i.e. `` island Tasson '' ) in 1624 . Jump up ^ This island is in the Sound of Kerrera at grid reference NM841293 but is not named by the Ordnance Survey . The name is confirmed by Oban Sailing Club . Jump up ^ This island is named after Frank Lockwood , the brother - in - law of the 21st MacLean of Lochbuie , who was Solicitor General from 1894 to 1895 . Jump up ^ This refers to the historic county of Argyll rather than the modern council area of Argyll and Bute . Since 1996 this section has been in the Highland council area . Citations Jump up ^ Mac an Tàilleir , Iain 1901 -- 2001 Gaelic in the Census , PowerPoint Presentation made available via Linguae Celticae . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lighthouse Library '' Northern Lighthouse Board . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Archived September 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Keay & Keay ( 1994 ) p. 507 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1978 ) states : `` Hebrides -- group of islands of the west coast of Scotland extending in an arc between 55.35 and 58.30 N and 5.26 and 8.40 W . '' This includes Gigha , St Kilda and everything up to Cape Wrath -- although not North Rona . Jump up ^ Mac an Tàilleir ( 2003 ) various pages . ^ Jump up to : `` Seil '' Undiscovered Scotland . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ General Register Office for Scotland ( 28 November 2003 ) Scotland 's Census 2001 -- Occasional Paper No 10 : Statistics for Inhabited Islands . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : National Records of Scotland ( 15 August 2013 ) ( pdf ) Statistical Bulletin : 2011 Census : First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C ( Part Two ) . `` Appendix 2 : Population and households on Scotland 's inhabited islands '' . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Skye Bridge '' . Undiscovered Scotland . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History '' eileandonancastle.com . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) pp. 30 , 79 , 130 , 148 and 182 except estimates from Ordnance Survey maps as indicated . ^ Jump up to : Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) and Ordnance Survey maps . Blanks indicate that no name is recorded for this eminence . ^ Jump up to : Ordnance Survey maps mark the height above sea level of a high point on most islands , but in a small number of cases , this may not be the highest point . ^ Jump up to : Estimate from Ordnance Survey maps . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` OSE '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ See for example Hunter ( 2000 ) pp. 152 -- 158 Jump up ^ See for example Maclean ( 1977 ) Chapter 10 : `` Arcady Despoiled '' pp. 125 -- 35 Jump up ^ Keay & Keay ( 1994 ) p. 894 Jump up ^ `` Britain 's ' Anthrax Island ' '' BBC News . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Living with anthrax island '' BBC News . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) and Ordnance Survey maps for islands < 40 ha ( 100 acres ) unless otherwise stated . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) unless otherwise stated . Jump up ^ Rick Livingstone 's Tables of the Islands of Scotland ( pdf ) Argyll Yacht Charters . Retrieved 12 Dec 2011 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 75 Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 116 Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 189 Jump up ^ Osborne , Roy . `` The Isle Martin Trust '' . Caledonia Centre for Social Development . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Photo by permission of West Lothian Sub Aqua Club : Scotland 5 -- 7 May , 2000 -- MV Jane R : Skerryvore Archived 2008 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` The Lady 's Rock -- Lismore in Alba '' . Clan MacLea . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1973 ) p. 158 Jump up ^ `` Historical Information '' Northern Lighthouse Board . Retrieved 17 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Slate Islands -- The Islands that Roofed the World '' southernhebrides.com . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , R.L. ( 1988 -- first published 1883 ) . Kidnapped . Edinburgh . Canongate . Jump up ^ `` The Location of Sailing Marks Within the Sound of Kerrera '' ( pdf ) Oban Sailing Club . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Archived July 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Baird ( 1995 ) p. 142 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Jura '' ( PDF ) . Jura Development Trust . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inner Hebrides . Prehistoric Inner Hebrides Sites on Skye Dun Ardtreck Dun Beag Dun Borrafiach Dun Fiadhairt Dun Hallin Dun Ringill Rubha an Dùnain Sites on Coll An Caisteal Breachacha crannog Dùn an Achaidh Dùn Anlaimh Dùn Beic Dùn Dubh Dùn Morbhaidh Totamore dun Sites on Tiree Dun Mor Vaul Sites on / near Lismore Eilean Musdile Tirefour Castle Sites on Colonsay Dùn Cholla Dùn Eibhinn Dùn Galláin Dùn Meadhonach Dùn Tealtaig Dùn Uragaig Sites on Islay Dun Bhruichlinn Dun Guaidhre Dun Nosebridge Argyll Islands Argyll Inner Hebrides Islay Am Fraoch Eilean Colonsay Eilean Mhic Coinnich Jura Nave Island Oronsay Orsay Scarba Texa West of Kintyre Cara Gigalum Gigha Knapdale and Loch Craignish Danna Eilean Ceann na Creige Eilean dà Mhèinn Eilean Loain Eilean Macaskin Eilean Mhic Chrion Eilean Rìgh MacCormaig Isles Slate Islands Belnahua Easdale Fladda Luing Lunga Seil Shuna Torsa Firth of Lorn and Loch Linnhe Bernera Island Castle Stalker Dùn Channuill Eileach an Naoimh Eilean Dubh Mòr Garbh Eileach Insh Kerrera Lady 's Rock Lismore Maiden Island Shuna Mull Calve Island Dubh Artach Eorsa Erraid Gometra Inch Kenneth Iona Little Colonsay Samalan Island Skerryvore Staffa Torran Rocks Ulva Treshnish Isles Bac Beag Bac Mòr Cairn na Burgh Beag Cairn na Burgh Mòr Fladda Lunga Coll and Tiree Eilean Ornsay Gunna Firth of Clyde Davaar Eilean Dearg Eilean Dubh Glunimore Sanda Sgat Mòr and Sgat Beag Sheep Island Unknown Hinba Inhabited islands of the Hebrides Inner Hebrides Canna Coll Colonsay Danna Eigg Eilean dà Mhèinn Eilean Shona Eilean Tioram Erraid Gigha Gometra Iona Islay Isle of Ewe Jura Kerrera Lismore Muck Mull Oronsay Raasay Sanday Scalpay Rona Rùm Skye Slate Islands Soay Summer Isles Tiree Ulva Outer Hebrides Baleshare Barra Benbecula Berneray Eriskay Flodaigh Fraoch - eilean Great Bernera Grimsay ( North ) Grimsay ( South ) Lewis and Harris North Uist Scalpay South Uist Vatersay Islands of Scotland Geography Northern Isles Shetland list Orkney list Hebrides Outer Hebrides list Inner Hebrides list St Kilda Other Islands of the Clyde Islands of the Forth Freshwater Islands Outlying Islands Prehistory Prehistoric Orkney Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site : Maeshowe Ness of Brodgar Ring of Brodgar Skara Brae Standing Stones of Stenness Prehistoric Shetland Crucible of Iron Age Shetland : Broch of Mousa Jarlshof Old Scatness Prehistoric Western Isles Callanish Stones Dun Carloway Rubha an Dùnain Dun Nosebridge History Dál Riata Columba Kingdom of the Isles Scandinavian Scotland Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles Bishop of the Isles Lordship of the Isles Treaty of Perth Treaty of Ardtornish - Westminster Finlaggan Earldom of Orkney Buckquoy spindle - whorl Udal law 18th and 19th Century Clearances Jacobite risings Flora MacDonald Literature Orkneyinga Saga Description of the Western Isles of Scotland ( Monro ) A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland ( Martin ) A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland ( Johnson ) The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides ( Boswell ) Etymology General Scottish island names Northern Isles Hebrides Ainmean - Àite na h - Alba Specific Arran Gigha Skye St Kilda Economy Towns Kirkwall Lerwick Rothesay Stornoway Stromness Agencies Community Energy Scotland Crofters Commission DTA Scotland Highlands and Islands Enterprise Scottish Islands Federation Oil industry Flotta Sullom Voe Culture Shetland Aly Bain Thomas Fraser Peerie Willie Johnson Shetland Amenity Trust Up Helly Aa Vagaland Orkney George Mackay Brown Peter Maxwell Davies F. 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-2676745653014415668 | Smoke Gets in Your Eyes | Smoke Gets in Your Eyes - wikipedia Smoke Gets in Your Eyes Jump to : navigation , search For the Homicide episode , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) . For the Mad Men episode , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Mad Men ) . For the book about death care , see Caitlin Doughty . This article is about the song . For other uses , see Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( disambiguation ) . `` ( When Your Heart 's on Fire ) Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' Single by Gertrude Niesen ( with Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra ) B - side `` Jealousy '' Released 1933 Format 10 '' Recorded October 13 , 1933 Label Victor Songwriter ( s ) Otto Harbach Jerome Kern Producer ( s ) Ray Sinatra `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' is a show tune written by American composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Otto Harbach for their 1933 musical Roberta . The song was sung in the original Broadway show by Tamara Drasin . Its first recorded performance was by Gertrude Niesen , who recorded the song with orchestral direction from Ray Sinatra , Frank Sinatra 's second cousin , on October 13 , 1933 . Niesen 's recording of the song was released by Victor , catalog # VE B 24454 , with the B - side , `` Jealousy '' , featuring Isham Jones and his Orchestra . Paul Whiteman had the first hit recording of the song on the record charts in 1934 . The song was later reprised by Irene Dunne , who performed it in the original 1935 film adaptation of the musical , co-starring Fred Astaire , Ginger Rogers and Randolph Scott . The song was also included in the 1952 remake of Roberta , Lovely to Look At , in which it was performed by Kathryn Grayson , and was a chart hit in 1958 for The Platters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Later recordings 1.1 1930s -- 1950s 1.1. 1 Eartha Kitt versions 1.1. 2 The Platters version 1.1. 2.1 Charts 1.2 1960s -- 1980s 1.3 1990s -- 2010s 2 List of notable recordings 3 In popular culture 3.1 In film 3.2 In television 3.3 In music 3.4 In literature 3.5 In other uses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Later recordings ( edit ) 1930s -- 1950s ( edit ) The song has been covered by numerous artists ; the first being Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra , with a vocal performance from Bob Lawrence . This version of the song topped music charts in 1934 . Other early covers of the song include that of the Tommy Dorsey orchestra , who released their contemporary version in 1938 , with His Master 's Voice . The B - side to Dorsey 's single was `` Night And Day '' . During the mid-to - late 1930s Larry Adler and Henry Hall recorded live radio performances of the song on BBC Radio broadcasts ; Adler 's rendition , a complex , syncopated , harmonic arrangement , and Hall 's , a full orchestral performance with the BBC orchestra and a vocal performance from Dan Donovan . Henry Hall 's version was also released as a 10 '' single . Art Tatum said in an introduction to a 1955 performance of the song that he performed `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' in the 1930s , contributing to the song 's popularity . However , it is unclear whether Tatum recorded the song during that decade ; if a recording was made at that time , it may not have survived to the present day . Benny Goodman and his orchestra performing with Peggy Lee . In 1941 the Benny Goodman Orchestra first performed the song during recorded radio performances with Helen Forrest . Forrest chose to leave the ensemble during the early part of 1941 , and Goodman then began performing the song with her replacement Peggy Lee , whose recording , from a Mutual sustaining broadcast , was later released on a double long - play album ; named Benny And Sid `` Roll ' Em '' , the album consisted of an assortment of live radio broadcasts by the group . Glenn Miller conducted his rendition of the song at Abbey Road Studios in 1944 . Owing to his sudden death later that year , his orchestral version of the song was not released until 1995 . On October 30 , 1946 Nat `` King '' Cole recorded the song , with Oscar Moore playing guitar and Johnny Miller playing bass as the `` King Cole Trio '' . Cole 's recording was made during a live WMCA radio broadcast from New York . Later , in 1957 , Cole performed the song live on his television variety show The Nat King Cole Show . Though it was not released until some years later , Harry Belafonte made a recording of the song in 1949 with jazz saxophonist Zoot Sims . This was one of Belafonte 's first recordings . Sims ' performance on the track would later be parodied by the character inspired by him , in episode 2.02 of The Muppet Show , which aired on December 10 , 1977 . The song was covered by multiple artists during this time including Nat King Cole ( left ) , Jo Stafford ( center ) , and Sarah Vaughan ( right ) . In 1950 Charlie Parker and Jo Stafford each released versions of the song on their respective albums , Bird at St. Nick 's and Autumn in New York . Thelonious Monk released the song in 1954 on his album Monk . On his 1955 album Clifford Brown with Strings , Clifford Brown released a cover of the song . In 1956 Vic Damone covered the song , with a very different arrangement , as a part of his album That Towering Feeling ! . Damone 's version became one of his most famous songs . Dinah Washington released the song in 1956 , on her album Dinah ! . Jeri Southern named her 1957 album When Your Heart 's On Fire after a lyric from the song ; the album features her version of the song . The same year as Nat King Cole 's televised performance of the song , Polly Bergen performed the song during the series premiere of her variety show The Polly Bergen Show , originally airing September 21 , 1957 . In 1958 Sarah Vaughan released her rendition on her album , No Count Sarah . Eartha Kitt versions ( edit ) In a series of recording sessions with Henri René and his Orchestra in 1952 , sessions that garnered the tracks for her first five albums , RCA Victor Presents Eartha Kitt , That Bad Eartha ( 2xEP ) , That Bad Eartha ( LP ) , Down To Eartha , and Thursday 's Child , as well as her hit single , `` Santa Baby '' , Eartha Kitt first recorded `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' for RCA Victor . This version of the song was first released on her 1954 album That Bad Eartha . A complete list of orchestra members used during the Henri René recording sessions can be read here . In the early 1990s Kitt re-recorded the song , as part of her work with a small jazz combo in Germany , in a recording session arranged by brothers Rolf Kühn and Joachim Kühn . These recordings were preserved by the 1998 release of Thinking Jazz . Kitt re-recorded the song again for the release of her MAC Cosmetics Smoke Signals collection . The new recording of the song was played at all MAC locations carrying the collection for the month . In addition , she performed the song in a music video that was showcased on the MAC website the same month . The Platters version ( edit ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' Single by The Platters from the album Remember When ? B - side `` No Matter What You Are '' Released November 1958 Format 45 rpm Genre Doo - wop Length 2 : 40 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Otto Harbach Jerome Kern Producer ( s ) Buck Ram The Platters singles chronology `` I Wish '' ( 1958 ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1958 ) `` Enchanted '' ( 1959 ) `` I Wish '' ( 1958 ) `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1958 ) `` Enchanted '' ( 1959 ) Possibly the most well - known version of `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was recorded in 1958 by The Platters , for their album Remember When ? . The group 's cover became a number one hit in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart . In 1959 the version went on to peak at number three on the Rhythm and Blues chart . The song spent 20 weeks on the UK charts , peaking at Number 1 for one week on 20 March of that same year . The Platters ' producer , Buck Ram , reported that Harbach `` congratulated Buck Ram and the Platters for reviving his song with taste . '' Jerome Kern 's widow , on the other hand , disliked the recording so much she considered taking legal action to prevent its distribution . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 59 ) Peak position Australia United Kingdom United States Billboard Hot 100 United States Billboard Hot R&B 1960s -- 1980s ( edit ) Margaret Whiting released the song on her 1960 album Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook . In 1961 Cannonball Adderley released the song on his album African Waltz . Bandleader Ray Conniff first released his arrangement of the song in 1962 , on his double album The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion ; it became one of the signature songs of his career . Saxophone player Boots Randolph released an instrumental version of the song on the B - side of his LP Yakety Sax in 1963 . On February 2 , 1964 , Judy Garland performed the song in a comical performance on the nineteenth episode of her variety television series , The Judy Garland Show . In her performance she sings longingly , sitting at a small table , as the house around her burns down ; firefighters hack down the door behind her as she sits unfazed singing to the camera . A number of firefighters flee up the staircase , for which smoke billows down , in an attempt to douse the fire . When their attempts fail , they proceed to empty the room of its contents , presumably running them to the street . Eventually , after the room has been completely emptied , one man returns to save Garland ; he grabs her by her waist , throwing her over his shoulder . Garland is still clutching the back of the chair she once sat on , now dragging it across the room as the firefighter carries her out . Throughout the scene , she never stops singing . The song was covered by multiple artists in this period including Bryan Ferry , Judy Garland ( left ) , and Ray Conniff ( center ) ; Freddie Mercury ( right ) is rumored to have recorded the song for an unfinished album . A remake of the song by British band Blue Haze , formed by Johnny Arthey and Phil Swern , also became popular ; it was released as a lead single in 1972 , and the following year on their eponymous album , Blue Haze . In 1973 the group Byron Lee and the Dragonaires released a version of the song on their studio album Reggae Round The World . Bryan Ferry recorded a quavering version of the song in 1974 on the album Another Time , Another Place , which reached number 17 on the UK charts in September 1974 . Penny McLean , of the West German band Silver Convention , released a solo version in 1975 on her album Lady Bump ; her version reached # 6 on Billboard Disco Singles . In 1982 country singer Narvel Felts released the song as a 7 - inch single ; it charted at number eighty - four in the US on Billboards 's country chart . Freddie Mercury is rumored to have recorded the song for an unreleased album of cover versions in 1986 . The only cover Mercury is confirmed to have finished from the project is `` The Great Pretender '' ; all other recordings are reported to be no more than fragments . A cover of `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was released by Patti Austin in 1988 on her number - four jazz album The Real Me . In 1989 , the same year Dinah Washington 's rendition of the song was used in the film Kill Me Again , J.D. Souther performed the song on stage in the film Always . 1990s -- 2010s ( edit ) Further information : Smoke Gets in Your Eyes § Eartha Kitt versions Jerry Garcia ( left ) and Barbra Streisand ( right ) have both covered the song . In 1993 Elaine Paige released a version of the song on her album Romance & the Stage . Jerry Garcia , who was named after Jerome Kern , released a music video in the early 1990s covering the song , with actress Ashley Judd sitting in the background listening . Garcia 's rendition of the song was later used in the independent film Smoke , released in 1995 . The film also had an official soundtrack release which included The Jerry Garcia Band 's version . David Sanborn released a cover of the song in 1995 on his album Pearls . John Alford released the song as a CD single from his eponymous debut album in 1996 ; the single peaked at number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart . In the 1999 film Tea With Mussolini , Cher 's character sings the last verse of the song , tenderly . Kurt Elling covered the song on his 2000 live album Live in Chicago ; the album was nominated for a Grammy the following year for Best Vocal Jazz Album . Clare Fischer and Bert van den Brink released their version of the song on their joint album , Bert van den Brink Invites Clare Fischer , in 2001 . The song has also been translated into Lithuanian by Vytautas Bložė around 2003 ; in Lithuanian the song is `` Žiedų Pūga '' . Alison Jiear recorded a version of the song with new orchestral arrangements written by Mychael Danna in 2004 for the film Being Julia , the song was also featured in the official soundtrack for the film . Deborah Cox released her cover of the song on her 2007 jazz album Destination Moon ; she recorded the track in a live session with a forty - piece orchestra . In 2008 , on his album Let It Be Me , Jason Donovan covered the song . Barbra Streisand recorded the song for her thirty - second album Love Is the Answer , released on September 29 , 2009 . Johnny Dankworth covered the song on his 2010 album Too Cool For The Blues . List of notable recordings ( edit ) Performer ( s ) Year Original appearance ( s ) Whiteman , Paul and his Orchestra ! Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra ( with Bob Lawrence ) 1934 10 '' single Adderley , Cannonball ! Cannonball Adderley 1961 African Waltz Adler , Larry ! Larry Adler 1935 ! 1934 - 37 live radio broadcast from London Alford , John ! John Alford CD single John Alford Austin , Patti ! Patti Austin The Real Me Belafonte , Harry ! Harry Belafonte ( with Zoot Sims ) 1949 ! rec : 1949 Unreleased cut from either Close Your Eyes or Ballads by Belafonte . Bergen , Polly ! Polly Bergen 1957 The Polly Bergen Show ( episode 1 ) Blue Haze ( Johnny Arthey and Phil Swern ) 1972 Blue Haze Boggess , Sierra ! Sierra Boggess 2013 Awakening : Live at 54 Below Clayderman , Richard ! Richard Clayderman 2003 Romantic Nights Brown , Clifford ! Clifford Brown 1955 Clifford Brown with Strings Byron Lee and the Dragonaires 1973 Reggae Round The World Cher ! Cher ( last verse only ) 1999 Tea With Mussolini ( film ) Cole , Nat King ! Nat King Cole 1946 WMCA broadcast ( radio ) 1957 The Nat King Cole Show Conniff , Ray ! Ray Conniff 1962 The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion Cox , Deborah ! Deborah Cox 2007 - 06 ! 2007 Destination Moon Damone , Vic ! Vic Damone 1956 That Towering Feeling ! Dankworth , Johnny ! Johnny Dankworth Too Cool For The Blues Donovan , Jason ! Jason Donovan 2008 Let It Be Me Dorsey , Tommy ! Tommy Dorsey and his Orchestra 1938 10 '' single Elling , Kurt ! Kurt Elling 2000 Live in Chicago Felts , Narvel ! Narvel Felts 1982 7 '' single Ferry , Bryan ! Bryan Ferry Another Time , Another Place Fischer , Clare ! Clare Fischer and Bert van den Brink Bert van den Brink Invites Clare Fischer Gainsbourg , Serge ! Serge Gainsbourg Rock Around the Bunker Garland , Judy ! Judy Garland 1964 The Judy Garland Show ( episode 19 ) Goodman , Benny Orchestra ! Benny Goodman Orchestra ( with Forrest , Helen ! Helen Forrest ) 1940 -- 41 original release is unclear ; re-released to multiple compilation albums Goodman , Benny Orchestra ! Benny Goodman Orchestra ( with Lee , Peggy ! Peggy Lee ) 1941 Mutual sustaining broadcast ( radio ) Benny And Sid `` Roll ' Em '' ( a collection of live radio performances ) Hall , Henry ! Henry Hall and the BBC Orchestra ( with Dan Donovan ) 1935 ! 1934 - 38 BBC Broadcast ( radio ) 10 '' single Hannibal Peterson , Marvin ! `` Hannibal '' Marvin Peterson ( as a member of New York Unit ) Now 's The Time Hawkins , Coleman ! Coleman Hawkins 1962 On Broadway Humperdinck , Engelbert ! Engelbert Humperdinck 1995 Love Unchained Jarrett , Keith ! Keith Jarrett 2009 Yesterdays Jerry Garcia Band , The ! The Jerry Garcia Band 1995 Smoke ( Original Soundtrack ) Jiear , Alison ! Alison Jiear Being Julia ( Original Soundtrack ) Jolson , Al ! Al Jolson 1948 ! rec : 1947 - 49 Kraft Music Hall broadcast ( radio ) 1995 Live ! Juozapaitis , Vytautas ! Vytautas Juozapaitis ( Lithuanian translation `` Žiedų Pūga '' ) Negaliu Nemylėti Kitt , Eartha ! Eartha Kitt 1954 That Bad Eartha 1991 ! rec : 1991 Thinking Jazz ( 1998 ) 2007 - 08 ! 2007 MAC Cosmetics Smoke Signals collection promotion McLean , Penny ! Penny McLean Lady Bump Melachrino , George ! George Melachrino ( as The Melachrino Strings and Orchestra ) 1961 The Music Of Jerome Kern Mercury , Freddie ! Freddie Mercury 1986 ! rec : 1986 rumored recording made for an album of cover versions Miller , Glenn ! Glenn Miller 1944 ! rec : 1944 Missing Chapters , Vol. 5 : The Complete Abbey Road Recordings ( recording not released until 1995 ) Monk , Thelonious ! Thelonious Monk 1954 Monk Mouskouri , Nana ! Nana Mouskouri 1962 Nana Mouskouri in New York ( The Girl from Greece Sings ) Niesen , Gertrude ! Gertrude Niesen ( with Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra ) 1933 10 '' single Paige , Elaine ! Elaine Paige Romance & the Stage Parker , Charlie ! Charlie Parker 1950 Bird at St. Nick 's Platters , The ! The Platters 1958 Remember When ? Randolph , Boots ! Boots Randolph 1963 Yakety Sax Sanborn , David ! David Sanborn 1995 Pearls Souther , JD ! JD Souther 1989 - 12 ! 1989 Always ( film ) Southern , Jeri ! Jeri Southern 1957 When Your Heart 's On Fire Stafford , Jo ! Jo Stafford 1950 Autumn in New York Streisand , Barbra ! Barbra Streisand 2009 Love Is The Answer Tatum , Art ! Art Tatum 1936 ! 1930s unrecorded or lost recordings 1955 live radio broadcast 1965 Great Jazz Pianists ( Oscar Peterson / Erroll Garner / Art Tatum ) Vaughan , Sarah ! Sarah Vaughan 1958 No Count Sarah Veloso , Caetano ! Caetano Veloso A Foreign Sound Washington , Dinah ! Dinah Washington 1956 Dinah ! Whiting , Margaret ! Margaret Whiting 1960 Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook Yuro , Timi ! Timi Yuro 1981 All Alone Am I Zoot and Rowlf ! Zoot and Rowlf 1977 The Muppet Show ( episode 2.02 : `` Zero Mostel '' ) Vov Dylan and Glenn Amer 2014 Timeless Other recordings Tamara Sinyavskaya Tatsuro Yamashita In popular culture ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The song has been featured in several films , including : Roberta ( 1935 ) , performed by Irene Dunne 's character Lovely to Look At ( 1952 ) , performed by Kathryn Grayson 's character The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant ( 1972 ) , performed by The Platters American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , performed by The Platters Night of the Creeps ( 1986 ) , performed by The Platters Terrorizers ( 1986 ) Kill Me Again ( 1989 ) , performed by Dinah Washington Always ( 1989 ) , performed by J.D. Souther Smoke ( 1995 ) , performed by Jerry Garcia Tea With Mussolini ( 1999 ) , performed by Cher 's character Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) , performed by The Platters with Mychael Danna Being Julia ( 2004 ) , performed by Alison Jiear with Mychael Danna Traumschiff Surprise -- Periode 1 ( 2004 ) , performed by The Platters Three Times ( 2005 ) , features significantly in both the plot and soundtrack Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) , performed by The Platters 45 Years ( 2015 ) , performed by The Platters Hello , My Name Is Doris ( 2015 ) , performed by The Platters In television ( edit ) The Polly Bergen Show ( 1957 ) ; Polly Bergen sings the song during the series premiere of her NBC variety show , it originally aired September 21 , 1957 . The Nat King Cole Show ( 1957 ) ; Nat King Cole performed the song during an episode of his television show . The Judy Garland Show ( 1964 ) ; Judy Garland performs a comical version during episode 19 . The Morecambe and Wise Show ( 1971 ) ; the song was performed by Shirley Bassey , with assistance ( in the form of well - meaning but less - than - competent stagehands ) from the two comedians . The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) ; the song was performed by the characters Zoot and Rowlf on episode 2.02 , Zero Mostel . Sliders ( 1995 ) ; Rembrandt Brown ( Cleavant Derricks ) sings the song while panhandling for change in a park . 90 Days , Time to Love ( 2006 ) ; the song is used as background music throughout the Korean drama . CSI ( 2008 ) ; In 09.08 , `` Young Man With a Horn , '' the song is used in both the opening and closing scenes as the song sung by contestants of a singing competition . Mad Men ( 2007 ) ; `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' is the title of the pilot episode of the AMC TV series which aired July 19 , 2007 . Criminal Minds ( 2012 ) ; The Platters ' version of the song was featured in a 2012 episode of the show , entitled `` Heathridge Manor '' . Endeavour ( 2014 ) ; in the episode `` Sway '' , episode 2.03 , which is set in 1965 Oxford , one victim 's `` fancy man '' is given a cigarette lighter which she has engraved with the words `` They asked me how I knew . '' Upon learning of this , Endeavour 's mentor , Fred Thursday , immediately responds : `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes . '' In music ( edit ) Led Zeppelin performed a few seconds of the song at a live performance at Osaka , Japan on September 9 , 1971 . It was later released to a bootleg album entitled Live in Japan ' 69 . Allan Sherman sang a parody version in 1961 , entitled `` Smog Gets in Your Eyes '' . Sha Na Na ( with Johnny Contardo ) performed the song live some time between 1970 and 1985 . Their performance has strong similarities to The Platters ' version . In Cake 's song `` Wheels '' , from their 2004 album Pressure Chief , the song is referenced in the lyrics : `` In a seedy karaoke bar ... there 's a Japanese man in a business suit singing ' Smoke Gets In Your Eyes ' '' . BoA performed the song live at the 10th Busan Film Festival on October 7 , 2005 . In literature ( edit ) In Catcher in the Rye , Holden Caulfield listens to this song when he is at the carousel . Caitlin Doughty 's memoir , Smoke Gets in Your Eyes : And Other Lessons from the Crematory , about life in the death industry is named after the song . In other uses ( edit ) In 1943 Giuliana Camerino and her husband fled Italy to escape the persecution of Jews in Italy ; they returned in 1945 , when Giuliana launched her fashion house Roberta di Camerino . `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' was the last song the Camerinos danced to before becoming refugees , so Giuliana named her fashion house after the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film as a reminder of happier times . See also ( edit ) Jazz portal List of 1930s jazz standards List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1950s List of number - one singles from the 1950s ( UK ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1959 ( U.S. ) List of number - one hits of 1959 ( Italy ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Sinatra : Frank 's cousin , sinatrafamily.com , retrieved July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Victor 24454 : Gertrude Niesen and Isham Jones -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes / Jealousy , popsike.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Ted. The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire . NY : Oxford University Press , 2012 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Tsort . `` Song artist 12 - Paul Whiteman '' . ^ Jump up to : Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes / Night And Day , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Larry Adler In The Thirties CD ( read `` Product Description '' section ) , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Henry Hall Orch -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , Internet Archive , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Art Tatum plays `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 1955 ) , YouTube , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Great Encounters # 24 : When Peggy Lee Joined Benny Goodmans Band , jerryjazzmusician.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Peggy Lee official discography , peggylee.com , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Benny and Sid `` Roll ' Em '' , discogs , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Missing Chapters , Vol. 5 : The Complete Abbey Road Recordings , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nat King Cole : An Informal Discography ( Sessions of 1946 ) , alongthehall.com , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nat King Cole . Smoke Gets In Your Eyes. 1957. , YouTube , Johnny Brown ( user ) , NBC ( original ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Vic Damone -- That Towering Feeling ! , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` The Polly Bergen Show '' . Classic Television Archives . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eartha Kitt M.A.C. Cosmetics by Michel Comte , YouTube , MAC Cosmetics ( original / user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Buck Ram interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 463 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ; Gillett , Charlie ( 1976 ) . Rock File 4 . Panther Books Ltd. p. 388 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson , The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , Billboard Publications , 1985 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Conniff his Orchestra and Chorus -- The Ray Conniff Hi - Fi Companion , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Boots Randolph -- Boots Randolph 's Yakety Sax , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Judy Garland -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes ( The Judy Garland Show ) , YouTube , TheManThatGetsAway ( user ) , CBS ( original ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Verity , Michael . `` One Hit Wonders : Blue Haze 's `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes '' `` . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Blue Haze ( 2 ) -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Blue Haze ( 2 ) -- Blue Haze , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Byron Lee And The Dragonaires -- Reggae Round The World , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ ALLMusic Awards > > Penny McLean at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 5 , 2016 ) . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : Queen band members discographies , queen.wz.cz , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Smoke ( Original Soundtrack ) , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Pearls overview '' . Allmusic.com . ^ Jump up to : John Alford -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , discogs , retrieved July 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : John Alford -- John Alford , discogs , retrieved July 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Being Julia ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , Allmusic , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Belafonte Sings the Blues CD ( Bonus Tracks ) ( read `` Product Description '' section ) , CD Universe , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Belafonte discography ( ' 49 -- ' 59 ) , belafontetracks.ca , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Awakening : Live at 54 Below -- Sierra Boggess , iTunes and Apple Inc. , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Richard Clayderman -- Romantic Nights CD , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Now 's the Time '' by New York Unit , Allmusic , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hannibal discography , oocities.org , retrieved July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Engelbert Humperdinck -- Love Unchained , Allmusic , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Live ! CD -- Al Jolson , CD Universe , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Oscar Peterson / Erroll Garner / Art Tatum -- Great Jazz Pianists , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Timi Yuro -- All Alone Am I , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Timeless by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tatsuro Yamashita - = = - Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , shaggy line ( user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Three Times Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2006 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ CSI : Crime Scene Investigation : Young Man With a Horn , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds episode Heathridge Manor '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin Live in Japan ' 69 , discogs , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sha Na Na / Johnny Contardo -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , faerydancer ( user ) , retrieved July 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kwon BoA -- Smoke Gets In Your Eyes , YouTube , Brian Rafferty Brian Rafferty ( user ) , retrieved July 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Doughty , Caitlin ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . Smoke Gets in Your Eyes : And Other Lessons from the Crematory ( 1 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 11 September 1999 ) . `` Front Row : To Have and To Hold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Narvel Felts singles `` Drift Away '' `` Reconsider Me '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` I Do n't Hurt Anymore '' `` Runaway '' `` Everlasting Love '' `` Roll Over Beethoven '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' The Platters Wayne Miller Valerie Victoria Frank Pizarro Cheo Bourne Cornell Gunter Barbara Randolph Herb Reed Zola Taylor Sonny Turner Tony Williams Singles `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` My Prayer '' `` You 'll Never Never Know '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` If I Did n't Care '' `` I 'll Never Smile Again '' `` It 's Magic '' Penny McLean Studio albums Lady Bump Penny Midnight Explosion Singles `` Lady Bump '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ... Fire ! '' `` Devil Eyes '' `` Nobody 's Child '' `` Dance , Bunny Honey , Dance '' `` Words '' Related Silver Convention Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_Gets_in_Your_Eyes&oldid=816428024 '' Categories : 1933 songs 1930s jazz standards 1958 singles 1959 singles 1972 singles Barbra Streisand songs Benny Goodman songs The Platters songs Songs with music by Jerome Kern Songs with lyrics by Otto Harbach Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Italy Penny McLean songs Songs from musicals Torch songs Eartha Kitt songs Nana Mouskouri songs Mercury Records singles Carly Simon songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was smoke gets in your eyes released | [
"\"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes\" is a show tune written by American composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Otto Harbach for their 1933 musical Roberta. The song was sung in the original Broadway show by Tamara Drasin. Its first recorded performance was by Gertrude Niesen, who recorded the song with orchestral direction from Ray Sinatra, Frank Sinatra's second cousin,[1] on October 13, 1933. Niesen's recording of the song was released by Victor, catalog# VE B 24454, with the B-side, \"Jealousy\", featuring Isham Jones and his Orchestra.[2]"
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"1933"
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2205133473443059829 | Batman (1966 film) | Batman ( 1966 film ) - wikipedia Batman ( 1966 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Batman : The Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Leslie H. Martinson Produced by William Dozier Written by Lorenzo Semple , Jr . Based on Characters by Bob Kane Bill Finger ( uncredited ) Starring Adam West Burt Ward Lee Meriwether Cesar Romero Burgess Meredith Frank Gorshin Music by Nelson Riddle Theme : Neal Hefti Cinematography Howard Schwartz Edited by Harry Gerstad Production companies William Dozier Productions Greenlawn Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 07 - 30 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget US $ 1.5 million Box office $1.7 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Batman ( often promoted as Batman : The Movie ) is a 1966 American superhero film based on the Batman television series , and the first full - length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character Batman . Released by 20th Century Fox , the film starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin . The film hit theaters two months after the last episode of the first season of the television series . The film includes most members of the original TV cast , with the exception of Lee Meriwether as the Catwoman , the character previously played by Julie Newmar in two episodes of the series ' first season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Tone 3.2 Vehicles 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) When Batman and Robin get a tip that Commodore Schmidlapp is in danger aboard his yacht , they launch a rescue mission using the Batcopter . As Batman descends on the bat - ladder to land on the yacht , it suddenly vanishes beneath him . He rises out of the sea with a shark attacking his leg . After Batman dislodges it with bat - shark repellent , the shark explodes . Batman and Robin head back to Commissioner Gordon 's office , where they deduce that the tip was a set - up by the United Underworld , a gathering of four of the most powerful villains in Gotham City ( The Joker , The Penguin , The Riddler , and The Catwoman ) . The United Underworld equip themselves with a dehydrator that can turn humans into dust ( an invention of Schmidlapp , who is unaware that he has been kidnapped ) , a submarine made to resemble a penguin , and their three pirate henchmen ( Bluebeard , Morgan and Quetch ) . It is revealed the yacht was really a projection . When Batman and Robin return to a buoy concealing a projector , they are trapped on the buoy by a magnet and targeted by torpedoes . They use a radio - detonator to destroy two of the missiles , and a porpoise sacrifices itself to intercept the last one . The Catwoman , disguised as Soviet journalist `` Miss Kitka '' , helps the group kidnap Bruce Wayne and pretends to be kidnapped with him , as part of a plot to lure Batman and finish him off with another of the Penguin 's explosive animals ( not knowing that Bruce Wayne is Batman 's alter - ego ) . After Bruce Wayne escapes captivity , the Penguin disguises himself as the Commodore and schemes his way into the Batcave along with five dehydrated henchmen . This plan fails when the henchmen unexpectedly disappear into antimatter once struck : The Penguin mistakenly rehydrated them with heavy water , used to recharge the Batcave 's atomic pile . Ultimately , Batman and Robin are unable to prevent the kidnapping of the dehydrated United World Organization 's Security Council . Giving chase in the batboat to retrieve them ( and Miss Kitka , presumed by the duo as still captive ) , Robin uses a sonic charge weapon to disable Penguin 's submarine and force it to surface , where a fist fight ensues . Although Batman and Robin win the fight , Batman is heartbroken to find out that his `` true love '' Miss Kitka is actually the Catwoman when her mask falls off . Commodore Schmidlapp accidentally breaks the vials containing the powdered Council members , mixing them together . Batman sets to work , constructing an elaborate filter to separate the mingled dust . Robin asks him whether it might be in the world 's best interests for them to alter the dust samples , so that humans can no longer harm one another . In response , Batman says that they can not do so , reminding Robin of the fate of the Penguin 's henchmen and their tainted rehydration , and can only hope for people in general to learn to live together peacefully on their own . With the world watching , the Security Council is re-hydrated . All of the members are restored alive and well , continuing to squabble among themselves and totally oblivious of their surroundings , but each of them now speaks the language and displays the stereotypical mannerisms of a nation other than their own . Batman quietly expresses his sincere hope to Robin that this `` mixing of minds '' does more good than it does harm . The duo quietly leave United World Headquarters by climbing out of the window and descending on their batropes . Cast ( edit ) The Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ) , the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ) and the Joker ( Cesar Romero ) in 1966 . These actors also played the television roles . Lee Meriwether acted as Catwoman in the film ( pictured ) , replacing Julie Newmar , who played Catwoman in the first two seasons of the television series . Adam West as Bruce Wayne / Batman Burt Ward as Dick Grayson / Robin Lee Meriwether as The Catwoman ( Miss Kitka ) Cesar Romero as The Joker Burgess Meredith as The Penguin Frank Gorshin as The Riddler Alan Napier as Alfred Pennyworth Neil Hamilton as Commissioner James Gordon Stafford Repp as Chief Miles O'Hara Madge Blake as Aunt Harriet Cooper Reginald Denny as Commodore Schmidlapp Milton Frome as Vice Admiral Fangschleister Gil Perkins as Bluebeard Dick Crockett as Morgan George Sawaya as Quetch Van Williams ( uncredited voice ) as President Lyndon B. Johnson The film includes most members of the original TV cast : the actors for Batman , Robin , Alfred , Gordon , O'Hara , Aunt Harriet , the Joker , the Penguin , and the Riddler all reprised their roles . Though Julie Newmar had at this point played Catwoman in two episodes of season one in the TV series , she had other commitments at that time and was replaced by Lee Meriwether in the film . According to the Biography special Catwoman : Her Many Lives , aired on July 20 , 2004 , it was stated that Newmar was unable to reprise her role due to a reported back injury . Catwoman was nonetheless played by Newmar once again in the following eleven episodes of season two of the series ; Eartha Kitt would then play Catwoman in three episodes of season three . In his autobiography , Adam West writes of his asking for more money to do the film and that the producers countered with the fact that another actor would be hired . Batman was Denny 's final film appearance . Jack LaLanne has a cameo as a man on a rooftop with bikini - clad women . Production ( edit ) William Dozier wanted to make a big - screen film to generate interest in his proposed Batman TV series by having the feature in theaters while the first season of the series was rolling before the cameras . The studio , 20th Century Fox , refused because it would have to cover the entire cost of a movie , while it would only have to share the cost of a TV series ( a much less risky proposition ) . The film features many characters from the show . It was written by series writer Lorenzo Semple , Jr. and directed by Leslie H. Martinson . Martinson had directed a pair of the television series season one episodes : `` The Penguin Goes Straight '' and `` Not Yet , He Ai n't '' . Tone ( edit ) Even though it is often described ( like many contemporary shows ) as a parody of a popular comic - book character , some commentators believe that its comedy is not so tightly confined . They felt the film 's depiction of the Caped Crusader `` captured the feel of the contemporary comics perfectly '' . The film was , they remind us , made at a time when `` the Batman of the Golden Age comics was already essentially neutered . '' Certain elements verge into direct parody of the history of Batman . The movie , like the TV series , is strongly influenced by the comparatively obscure 1940s serials of Batman , such as the escapes done almost out of luck . The penchant for giving devices a `` Bat - '' prefix and the dramatic use of stylized title cards during fight scenes acknowledge some of the conventions that the character had accumulated in various media . However , the majority of Batman 's campier moments can be read as a broader parody on contemporary mid-1960s culture in general . Furthermore , the movie represented Batman 's first major foray into Cold War issues paying heavy attention to Polaris Missiles , war surplus submarines and taking a poke at the Pentagon . The inclusion of a glory - hunting presidential character and the unfavorable portrayal of Security Council Members marked Batman 's first attempts to poke fun at domestic and international politics . Vehicles ( edit ) The Batmobile as seen in the 1960s Batman TV series . Besides the Batmobile , other vehicles used by The Dynamic Duo include : Batcycle with side car Batboat , provided by Glastron Batcopter Of the three new Batvehicles which first appeared in the Batman film , only the Batcycle properly crossed over into the TV series as the budgetary limits of the TV series precluded the full use of the others . While the Batcopter and Batboat from the movie appeared briefly in episodes ( including a use of the Batboat in the conclusion of the first post-film two - parter : `` Walk the Straight and Narrow '' ) , they primarily did so in the form of stock - footage scenes from the film intercut into the series . Soundtrack ( edit ) Nelson Riddle 's original score to Batman the Movie was released in 2010 by La - La Land Records and Fox Music . The album contains the entire score as heard in the film in chronological order as well as an unreleased cue . This limited edition includes a lavishly illustrated color booklet which features exclusive liner notes by Brian Baterwhite . This Limited Edition was of 2000 units . It was newly re-issued in 2016 . While the program and master of this release is identical to the 2010 release , this reissue features all - new exclusive liner notes by John Takis and art design by Jim Titus . This new Limited Edition is of 2500 units . Track listing Acknowledgment / Main Title 2 : 31 Batmobile To Airport 2 : 01 A Good Job 2 : 22 Roger Wilco ( 2 : 45 ) Just Ring / Yo Ho , Sir / Let 's Find Out 2 : 21 Tricky Buoy 3 : 24 Torpedoes 2 : 35 Holy Polaris 1 : 01 Kitka 1 : 13 Dark Eyes ( Source ) 0 : 21 Plaisir D'amour ( Source ) 1 : 25 Bruce And Kitka * 0 : 44 Shades Of Smolensic 3 : 20 Jet Umbrellas 1 : 50 Filthy Criminals 1 : 34 Chamber 17 1 : 14 Credulous Creatures / Fine Finkish Friends 2 : 19 Dehydrated 1 : 36 Stand Clear 2 : 10 Flee For Your Life 2 : 38 False Feathers / Swallow This Pill 3 : 19 My Very Paradise 2 : 06 The Grotto / A Stitch In Time 3 : 09 Emergency Operation 2 : 55 Small Craft 3 : 30 Attack ( 3 : 23 ) Take It In Tow 0 : 56 Vials 4 : 23 End Title 1 : 10 Bonus Tracks `` Again '' 2 : 05 Submarine Battle ( Edited Music ) * 4 : 37 Batman Theme 0 : 46 Previously Unreleased Total Time : 72 : 13 Release ( edit ) Batman premiered at the Paramount Theatre in Austin , Texas on July 30 , 1966 ( between the first and second seasons of the TV series ) ; it was moderately successful at the box office . The Batboat featured in the film was created by Austin - based company Glastron , whose payment was in having the film premiere in their hometown . In conjunction with the premiere , Jean Boone of Austin CBS affiliate station KTBC interviewed the film 's cast , including Lee Meriwether , Cesar Romero , and Adam West . ABC , the network which previously aired the Batman television series , first broadcast the film on the July 4 , 1971 edition of The ABC Sunday Night Movie ; the film was quickly rebroadcast on ABC September 4 of that year . The film debuted on home video via formats VHS and Betamax release in 1985 by Playhouse Video , in 1989 by CBS / Fox Video , and in 1994 by Fox Video . The film was released on DVD in 2001 , and re-released July 1 , 2008 on DVD and on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) The film has received generally positive reviews over the years . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an 80 % rating based on 30 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Batman : The Movie elevates camp to an art form -- and has a blast doing it , every gloriously tongue - in - cheek inch of the way . '' Bill Gibron of Filmcritic.com gave the film 3 out of 5 stars : `` Unlike other attempts at bringing these characters to life ... the TV cast really captures the inherent insanity of the roles . '' Variety magazine stated on their review that `` the intense innocent enthusiasm of Cesar Romero , Burgess Meredith and Frank Gorshin as the three criminals is balanced against the innocent calm of Adam West and Burt Ward , Batman and Robin respectively . '' See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1966 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BATMAN ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 16 , 1966 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p254 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' , Variety , 4 January 1967 p 8 Jump up ^ Van Hise , James , `` The man who played The Green Hornet '' ( sic ) , The Green Hornet Book , Shuster and Shuster , Inc. , 1988 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Bob , `` Batman : Catwoman , '' Cinefantastique , Vol. 26 , # 6 / Vol. 7 , # 1 ( double issue ) , February 1994 , p. 19 ( interview with Julie Newmar ) . Jump up ^ `` BATMAN ( 1966 , U.S. ) '' . Kiddiematinee.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Bob , `` Batman : Making the Original Movie '' , Cinefantastique , Volume 24 , # 6 / Vol. 25 , # 1 ( double issue ) , February 1994 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Camp it up : The writer of ' Batman ' and ' Flash Gordon ' answers five questions '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Stomp Tokyo Video Reviews - Batman ( 1966 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : GrouchoReviews.com Review of ' Batman ' Jump up ^ `` Museum of Broadcast Communication 's entry on the parent TV show '' . Museum.TV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Batman at 45 : A Milestone Tribute to Pow , Bam and Zap ! , Chris Gould , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Jean Boone - Interview with Cast of Batman , The Movie ( 1966 ) '' . Gordon Wilkison Collection . Texas Archive of the Moving Image . July 1966 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Batman The Movie Blu - ray : Special Edition '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Filmcritic -- Batman ( 1966 ) Review '' . Filmcritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Variety Reviews - Batman - Film Reviews '' . Variety . 1965 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Batman ( 1966 film ) Batman on IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database Batman at Rotten Tomatoes Batman The Movie at BYTB : Batman Yesterday , Today and Beyond kiddiematinee.com : BATMAN ( 1966 , U.S. ) Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 97 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs. Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Batman ( TV series ) Characters adapted for the series Alfred Batgirl / Barbara Gordon Batman / Bruce Wayne Catwoman Clock King Commissioner James Gordon Green Hornet The Joker Kato The Mad Hatter Mr. Freeze The Penguin The Riddler Robin / Richard `` Dick '' Grayson Characters created for the series Egghead Episodes `` Hi Diddle Riddle '' `` Smack in the Middle '' `` Fine Feathered Finks '' `` The Penguin 's a Jinx '' `` The Joker Is Wild '' `` Batman Is Riled '' `` Instant Freeze '' `` Rats Like Cheese '' `` Zelda the Great '' `` A Death Worse Than Fate '' `` The Joker Goes to School '' `` He Meets His Match , The Grisly Ghoul '' `` True or False - Face '' `` Holy Rat Race '' `` The Penguin Goes Straight '' `` Not Yet , He Ai n't '' `` Shoot a Crooked Arrow '' `` Walk the Straight and Narrow '' `` Hot Off the Griddle '' `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' `` Marsha , Queen of Diamonds '' `` Marsha 's Scheme of Diamonds '' `` The Zodiac Crimes '' `` The Joker 's Hard Times '' `` The Penguin Declines '' `` Enter Batgirl , Exit Penguin '' `` Londinium '' Vehicles & gadgetry Batmobile Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batsuit Batphone Batcomputer Batbelt In - story locations Gotham City Batcave Wayne Manor Related topics Shows Legends of the Superheroes The New Adventures of Batman Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Green Hornet The Man from U.N.C.L.E. The Avengers Wonder Woman Films Batman Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two - Face Music `` Batman Theme '' Lists `` Holy ... '' Other Batman ' 66 Batman XXX : A Porn Parody Bat Pussy Batusi Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam ! Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Films directed by Leslie H. Martinson The Atomic Kid ( 1954 ) Hot Rod Girl ( 1956 ) Hot Rod Rumble ( 1957 ) Lad , A Dog ( 1962 ) Black Gold ( 1962 ) FBI Code 98 ( 1963 ) PT 109 ( 1962 ) For Those Who Think Young ( 1964 ) Batman ( 1966 ) Fathom ( 1967 ) Mrs. Pollifax - Spy ( 1971 ) Escape from Angola ( 1976 ) Missile X - Geheimauftrag Neutronenbombe ( 1978 ) Rescue from Gilligan 's Island ( 1978 ) The Kid with the Broken Halo ( 1982 ) The Kid with the 200 I.Q. ( 1983 ) Catwoman Bob Kane Bill Finger Catwomen Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Supporting characters Batman Slam Bradley Harley Quinn Helena Poison Ivy Holly Robinson Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Zatanna Antagonists Angle Man Black Mask Film Freak Hellhound Hush Joker Riddler Scarecrow She - Cat Zeiss Publications Catwoman : Guardian of Gotham Catwoman : When in Rome Gotham City Sirens In other media Catwoman ( film ) Chase Me DC Showcase : Catwoman Catwoman ( video game ) Related articles Catwoman 's Whip Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman_(1966_film)&oldid=822608941 '' Categories : 1966 films English - language films Batman ( TV series ) 1960s superhero films American films 1960s action films 1960s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American action comedy films Batman films Films based on television series Films directed by Leslie H. Martinson Films shot in California Screenplays by Lorenzo Semple Jr . Superhero comedy films Films based on adaptations Cold War submarine films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the penguin in the original batman | [
"Burgess Meredith as The Penguin"
] | [
"Burgess Meredith"
] |
-2162299742236773477 | Bring It on Home to Me | Bring it on Home to Me - wikipedia Bring it on Home to Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Sam Cooke from the album The Best of Sam Cooke A-side `` Having a Party '' Released May 8 , 1962 Format 7 '' Recorded April 26 , 1962 RCA Studio 1 ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Rhythm and blues , soul Length 2 : 37 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke , released on May 8 , 1962 by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Having a Party '' . The song peaked at number two on Billboard 's Hot R&B Sides chart , and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has become a pop standard , covered by numerous artists of different genres . It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Original version 4.2 The Animals version 4.3 Eddie Floyd version 4.4 Lou Rawls version 4.5 Mickey Gilley version 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' , like its A-side , `` Having a Party '' , was written while Cooke was on tour for Henry Wynn . The song was initially offered to fellow singer Dee Clark , who turned it down . While in Atlanta , Cooke called co-producer Luigi Creatore and pitched both numbers ; he was sold and booked an immediate recording session in Los Angeles scheduled for two weeks later . The session 's mood `` matched the title '' of the song , according to biographer Peter Guralnick , as many friends had been invited . `` It was a very happy session , '' recalled engineer Al Schmitt . `` Everybody was just having a ball . We were getting people out there ( on the floor ) , and some of the outtakes were hilarious , there was so much ad lib that went on . '' René Hall assembled an eighteen - piece backing group , `` composed of six violins , two violas , two cellos , and a sax , plus a seven - piece rhythm section that included two percussionists , two bassists , two guitars , and a piano . '' The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown 's 1959 single `` I Want to Go Home '' , and it retains the gospel flavor and call - and - response format ; the song differs significantly in that its refrain ( `` Bring it to me , bring your sweet lovin ' , bring it on home to me '' ) is overtly secular . The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots ( `` ( He ) felt that he needed more weight , that that light shit would n't sustain him , '' said J.W. Alexander ) . The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke 's former group , the Soul Stirrers . The original , unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls , J.W. Alexander , Fred Smith ( former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records ) , and `` probably '' the Sims Twins . A second , final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice . Personnel ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' was recorded on April 26 , 1962 , at RCA Studio 1 in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Al Schmitt , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Having a Party '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- vocals Lou Rawls -- backing vocals Clifton White -- guitar Tommy Tedesco -- guitar René Hall -- guitar Adolphus Asbrook -- bass guitar Ray Pohlman -- bass guitar Ernie Freeman -- piano Frank Capp -- drums , percussion William Green -- saxophone Cecil Figelski -- cello Armand Kaproff -- cello Wilbert Nuttycombe -- viola Irving Weinper -- viola Myron Sandler -- violin Joseph Saxon -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Marshall Sosson -- violin Elliot Fisher -- violin Marvin Limonick -- violin Cover versions ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Single by The Animals from the album Animal Tracks ( American album ) B - side `` For Miss Caulker '' Released March 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 1965 Genre Rock , blues , pop , soul Length 2 : 43 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home To Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Mickey Gilley B - side `` How 's My Ex Treating You '' Released June 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded May 1976 Genre Country Length 2 : 23 Label Playboy 6075 Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Eddie Kilroy Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) The most significant cover versions of the song include versions by : The Animals ( their last single to include original organist Alan Price ) . Mickey Gilley hit number one on the country chart in 1976 with his cover . Eddie Floyd hit # 4 on the R&B charts and # 17 on the Hot 100 in 1968 . Rod Stewart released this song as part of a medley with `` You Send Me '' and charted it on the UK Singles Chart at # 7 as a double A-side with `` Farewell '' . Rita MacNeil covered the song on her 1992 album Thinking of You . It was released as the album 's first single and charted on the RPM pop and country charts . Otis Redding and Carla Thomas Dave Mason American country singer Martina McBride covered this song as a duet with Gavin DeGraw on her 2014 studio album Everlasting , which features covers of famous soul , pop , and R&B songs . Van Morrison included a cover version of the song on his 1974 live album , It 's Too Late to Stop Now , and again on his 2017 album , Roll with the Punches . Mandy Moore covered the song alongside Sam Trammell in a 2017 episode of the American drama series , This Is Us Charts and certifications ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Hot R&B Sides ( Billboard ) The Animals version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1965 Pop Singles Chart # 32 1965 UK Singles Chart # 7 1965 Canada # 7 1965 Netherlands # 3 1965 Sweden # 1 Eddie Floyd version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1968 Black Singles Chart # 4 1968 Pop Singles Chart # 17 1968 Canada # 24 Lou Rawls version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1970 Black Singles Chart # 45 1970 Pop Singles Chart # 96 Mickey Gilley version ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Cultural references ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Preceded by `` Say It Again '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 21 , 1976 Succeeded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` Rocky Mountain Music '' by Eddie Rabbitt RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 11 , 1976 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little , Brown . pp. 404 -- 406 . ISBN 9780316210973 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Classic : Bring It On Home To Me - The Adios Lounge '' . www.adioslounge.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 136 . ISBN 9780823074990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tracklist for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Awesome Mixtape Vol. 2 revealed '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Lou Rawls Albums Stormy Monday All Things in Time Unmistakably Lou When You Hear Lou , You 've Heard It All Let Me Be Good to You Sit Down and Talk to Me Singles `` Love Is a Hurtin ' Thing '' `` Your Good Thing ( Is About to End ) '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' `` Lady Love '' Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Carla Thomas Albums King & Queen Singles `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Lovey Dovey '' Songs `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Related articles Rufus and Carla Rufus Thomas Marvell Thomas Otis Redding Stax Records Book : Carla Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_on_Home_to_Me&oldid=823741221 '' Categories : 1962 singles Sam Cooke songs Rhythm and blues songs Lou Rawls songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Sam Cooke 1962 songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Song recordings produced by Eddie Kilroy Soul ballads Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Victor singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Playboy Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang bring it on home to me first | [
"\"Bring It on Home to Me\" is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke, released on May 8, 1962 by RCA Victor. Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall, the song was the B-side to \"Having a Party\". The song peaked at number two on Billboard's Hot R&B Sides chart, and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100."
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"Sam Cooke"
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-8364153599216752701 | Algae eater | Algae eater - Wikipedia Algae eater This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Algae eater , also called an algivore , is a common name for many bottom - dwelling fish that feed on algae . Algae eaters are important for the fishkeeping hobby and many are commonly kept by hobbyists . Some of the common and most popular freshwater algae eaters in aquariums include : Fishes of the genus Gyrinocheilus , family Gyrinocheilidae . There are three species in this genus with the Chinese algae eater , Gyrinocheilus aymonieri , the most common . Small specimens make good community fish but may become territorial when older . The Siamese algae eater , Crossocheilus siamensis , is a more gregarious and tolerant cyprinid that ranges up to 15 cm . It is the only fish that will graze on `` black brush algae '' ( freshwater Rhodophyta , or red algae ) , but even so will eat anything else in preference . American - flag fish , Jordanella floridae , are also dependable algae - eating fish . Many loricariid catfish of South America , such as genera Otocinclus , Ancistrus , and Plecostomus , constantly graze algae and biofilm , although many species of `` plecos '' , which attain an adult length of over 10 inches , eat much less frequently as they near adulthood . Some freshwater shrimp are also excellent algae eaters . One shrimp well known for its ability to clean an aquarium is the Amano Shrimp . Most species of freshwater snails , discounting most adult specimens of species belonging to the family Ampullariidae , which primarily subsist on aquatic plants as adults . Some of the common and most popular saltwater aquarium algae eaters include : Surgeon fish or tangs are also known for their appetite for algae . Rabbitfish which eat most algae , including cyanobacteria , diatoms , and hair algae . Fishes in the suborder blennioidei are blennies . Crabs of the genera Mithraculus and Mithrax . Sea urchins . Some snail species such as the Turbo , Astraea , Turban and Nerite snails . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Best Algae Eaters For The Freshwater Aquarium '' . Aquariumslife.com. 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` saltwater algae eater '' . Aquariumslife.com. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Snails '' . Aquariumslife.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 27 . Aquariums and fishkeeping Aquarium types Freshwater Marine Reef Brackish - water Community Biotope Aquarium décor and equipment Airstone Algae scrubber Berlin Method Bog - wood / Driftwood Calcium reactor Deep sand bed Filter Fishcam Fish feeder Heater Lighting Live rock / Live sand Powerhead Protein skimmer Refugium Substrate Sump Fish terms / types Algae eater Bottom feeder Coldwater Dither Hardy Painted Tropical Fish food Brine shrimp Daphnia Feeder fish Infusoria Shrimp mix Tubifex tubifex Other concepts Aquarium fishery Aquascaping Artificial seawater Bath treatment Clean - up crew Disease in ornamental fish Macquarium Project Piaba Reef safe Spawning trigger People Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Leonhard Baldner Pierre Carbonnier Edward Edwards Philip Henry Gosse Sven O. Kullander William Alford Lloyd Paul Matte Julian Sprung Anna Thynne Charles Haskins Townsend Jeanne Villepreux - Power Robert Warington Magazines Aquarium Fish International Koi Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Companies Drs . Foster & Smith Eheim Hagen Sera Tetra Lists Aquarium diseases Aquarium fish by scientific name Freshwater aquarium fish / amphibians / invertebrates / plants Marine aquarium fish / invertebrates / plants Brackish aquarium fish / invertebrates / plants Portal This fishkeeping - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae_eater&oldid=865317271 '' Categories : Fishkeeping Fish common names Fishkeeping stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch עברית Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 04 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the fish that eats algae | [
"Algae eater, also called an algivore, is a common name for many bottom-dwelling fish that feed on algae. Algae eaters are important for the fishkeeping hobby and many are commonly kept by hobbyists.\nSome of the common and most popular freshwater algae eaters in aquariums include:[1]\n"
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"Algae eater"
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-6958784338714357701 | 12-hour clock | 12 - hour clock - wikipedia 12 - hour clock `` AM and PM '' redirects here . For other uses , see AM / PM ( disambiguation ) . Clock system 12 - hour 24 - hour Midnight ( start of day ) 12 midnight 12 : 00 a.m. 00 : 00 12 : 01 a.m. 00 : 01 1 : 00 a.m. 01 : 00 11 : 00 a.m. 11 : 00 11 : 59 a.m. 11 : 59 12 noon 12 : 00 p.m. 12 : 00 12 : 01 p.m. 12 : 01 1 : 00 p.m. 13 : 00 11 : 00 p.m. 23 : 00 11 : 59 p.m. 23 : 59 Midnight ( end of day ) shown as start of next day 24 : 00 ^ Jump up to : See Confusion at noon and midnight The 12 - hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods : a.m. ( from the Latin , ante meridiem , meaning before midday ) and p.m. ( post meridiem , meaning past midday ) . Each period consists of 12 hours numbered : 12 ( acting as zero ) , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 . The 24 hour / day cycle starts at 12 midnight ( often indicated as 12 a.m. ) , runs through 12 noon ( often indicated as 12 p.m. ) , and continues to the midnight at the end of the day . The 12 - hour clock was developed over time from the mid-second millennium BC to the 16th century AD . The 12 - hour time convention is common in several English - speaking nations and former British colonies , as well as a few other countries . Contents 1 History and use 1.1 Use by country 1.2 Computer support 2 Abbreviations 3 Related conventions 3.1 Typography 3.1. 1 Encoding 3.2 Informal speech and rounding off 3.3 Formal speech and times to the minute 4 Confusion at noon and midnight 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History and use ( edit ) Exeter Cathedral Astronomical Clock , showing the double - XII numbering scheme The natural day - and - night division of a calendar day forms the fundamental basis as to why each day is split into two cycles . Originally there were two cycles ; one cycle which could be tracked by the position of the Sun ( day ) followed by one cycle which could be tracked by the Moon and stars ( night ) . This would eventually evolve into the two 12 - hour periods that started at midnight ( a.m. ) and noon ( p.m. ) which are used today . Noon itself is rarely abbreviated today , but if it is , it is denoted M . The 12 - hour clock can be traced back as far as Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt . Both an Egyptian sundial for daytime use and an Egyptian water clock for night - time use were found in the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. Dating to c. 1500 BC , these clocks divided their respective times of use into 12 hours each . The Romans also used a 12 - hour clock : daylight was divided into 12 equal hours ( thus hours having varying length throughout the year ) and the night was divided into four watches . The first mechanical clocks in the 14th century , if they had dials at all , showed all 24 hours , used the 24 - hour analog dial , influenced by astronomers ' familiarity with the astrolabe and sundial , and their desire to model the Earth 's apparent motion around the Sun . In Northern Europe these dials generally used the 12 - hour numbering scheme in Roman numerals , but showed both a.m. and p.m. periods in sequence . This is known as the double - XII system , and can be seen on many surviving clock faces , such as those at Wells and Exeter . Elsewhere in Europe , particularly in Italy , numbering was more likely to be based on the 24 - hour system ( I to XXIV ) , reflecting the Italian style of counting the hours . The 12 - hour clock was used throughout the British empire . During the 15th and 16th centuries , the 12 - hour analog dial and time system gradually became established as standard throughout Northern Europe for general public use . The 24 - hour analog dial was reserved for more specialized applications , such as astronomical clocks and chronometers . Most analog clocks and watches today use the 12 - hour dial , on which the shorter hour hand rotates once every 12 hours and twice in one day . Some analog clock dials have an inner ring of numbers along with the standard 1 - to - 12 numbered ring . The number 12 is paired either with a 00 or a 24 , while the numbers 1 through 11 are paired with the numbers 13 through 23 , respectively . This modification allows the clock to be read also in the 24 - hour notation . This kind of 12 - hour clock can be found in countries where the 24 - hour clock is preferred . Use by country ( edit ) Main article : Date and time representation by country A typical analog 12 - hour clock In several countries the 12 - hour clock is the dominant written and spoken system of time , predominantly in nations that were part of the former British Empire ( the United Kingdom , the United States , Australia , India , Pakistan , Malaysia , Bangladesh etc . ) , though a few others ( Mexico , Egypt , and the former American colony of the Philippines ) follow this convention as well . In most countries , however , the 24 - hour clock is the standard system used , especially in writing . Some nations use a combination of the two , preferring the 12 - hour system in colloquial speech but using the 24 - hour system in written form and in formal contexts . This is true in some European nations and Latin America . The 12 - hour clock in speech often uses phrases such as in the morning , in the afternoon , in the evening , and at night . Outside of English - speaking countries , the terms a.m. and p.m. are seldom used and often unknown . In England , the descriptive phrases were universal until relatively recently ; e.g. , Rider 's British Merlin almanac for 1795 ( published in London ) uses them , and so does a similar almanac for 1773 . A typical digital 12 - hour alarm clock indicating p.m. with a dot to the left of the hour Computer support ( edit ) In most countries , computers by default show the time in 24 - hour notation . Most operating systems , including Microsoft Windows and Unix - like systems such as Linux and macOS , activate the 12 - hour notation by default for a limited number of language and region settings . This behavior can be changed by the user , such as with the Windows operating system `` Region and Language '' settings . Abbreviations ( edit ) The Latin abbreviations a.m. and p.m. ( often written `` am '' and `` pm '' , `` AM '' and `` PM '' , or `` A.M. '' and `` P.M. '' ) are used in English and Spanish . The equivalents in Greek are π. μ. and μ. μ. , respectively , and in Sinhala පෙ. ව . ( pe.va . ) for පෙරවරු ( peravaru , පෙර pera - fore , pre ) and ප. ව . ( pa.va . ) for පස්වරු ( pasvaru , පස්සේ passē - after , post ) . However , noon is rarely abbreviated in any of these languages , noon normally being written in full . In Portuguese , there are two official options and many other used , for example , using 21 : 45 pm : 21h45 or 21h45min ( official ones ) or 21 : 45 or 9 : 45 p.m. Most other languages lack formal abbreviations for `` before noon '' and `` after noon '' , and their users use the 12 - hour clock only orally and informally . However , in many languages , such as Russian and Hebrew , informal designations are used , such as `` 9 in the morning '' or `` 3 in the night '' . When abbreviations and phrases are omitted , one may rely on sentence context and societal norms to reduce ambiguity . For example , if one commutes to work at `` 9 : 00 '' , 9 : 00 a.m. may be implied , but if a social dance is scheduled to begin at `` 9 : 00 '' , it may begin at 9 : 00 p.m. Related conventions ( edit ) Typography ( edit ) The terms `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' are abbreviations of the Latin ante meridiem ( before midday ) and post meridiem ( after midday ) . Depending on the style guide referenced , the abbreviations `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' are variously written in small capitals ( `` am '' and `` pm '' ) , uppercase letters without a period ( `` AM '' and `` PM '' ) , uppercase letters with periods , or lowercase letters ( `` am '' and `` pm '' or , more commonly , `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' ) . Some stylebooks suggest the use of a space between the number and the a.m. or p.m. abbreviation . Style guides recommend not using a.m. and p.m. without a time preceding it , although doing so can be advantageous when describing an event that always happens before or after noon . The hour / minute separator varies between countries : some use a colon , others use a period ( full stop ) , and still others use the letter h . In many instances using the 24 - hour clock , there is no separator between hours and minutes ( 0800 , read as written , i.e. `` oh - eight - hundred '' ) . Encoding ( edit ) In Unicode , there exist symbols for : `` a.m. '' U+ 33C2 a.m. ( HTML & # 13250 ; ) and `` p.m. '' U+ 33D8 p.m. ( HTML & # 13272 ; ) . They are meant to be used only with Chinese - Japanese - Korean character sets , as they take up exactly the same space as one Chinese character . Informal speech and rounding off ( edit ) It is common to round a time to the nearest five minutes and express the time as so many minutes past an hour ( 5 : 05 is `` five past five '' or `` five oh five '' , formerly written as 5.5 in some publications in the UK ) or minutes to an hour ( e.g. , 5 : 55 is `` five to six '' ) . A period of 15 minutes is often expressed as `` a quarter '' ( hence 5 : 15 is `` a quarter past five '' ) and 30 minutes is expressed as `` half '' ( hence 5 : 30 is `` half past five '' or merely `` half five '' ) . Thus , the time would be spoken as 8 : 45 , and `` ( a ) quarter to nine '' . Moreover , in situations where the relevant hour is obvious or has been recently mentioned , speakers can use terms `` quarter to '' and `` half past '' to avoid elaborate sentences in particularly informal conversations . These forms are often commonly used in television and radio broadcasts that cover multiple time zones at one - hour intervals . Instead of meaning 5 : 30 , the `` half five '' expression is sometimes used to mean 4 : 30 , or `` half - way to five '' , especially for regions such as the American Midwest and other areas that have been particularly influenced by German culture . This meaning follows the pattern choices of many Germanic and Slavic languages , including Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Hungarian , Russian and Swedish . Formal speech and times to the minute ( edit ) `` O'clock '' redirects here . For the o'clock watch , see O bag . Minutes may be expressed as an exact number of minutes past the hour specifying the time of day ( e.g. , 6 : 32 p.m. is `` six thirty - two '' ) . Additionally , when expressing the time using the `` past ( after ) '' or `` to ( before ) '' formula , it is conventional to choose the number of minutes below 30 ( e.g. , 6.32 pm is conventionally `` twenty - eight minutes to seven '' rather than `` thirty - two minutes past six '' ) . In spoken English , full hours are often represented by the numbered hour followed by o'clock ( 10 : 00 as ten o'clock , 2 : 00 as two o'clock ) . This may be followed by the `` a.m. '' or `` p.m. '' designator , though phrases such as in the morning , in the afternoon , in the evening , or at night more commonly follow analog - style terms such as o'clock , half past three , and quarter to four . O'clock itself may be omitted , telling a time as four a.m. or four p.m. Minutes `` : 01 '' to `` : 09 '' are usually pronounced as oh one to oh nine ( nought or zero can also be used instead of oh ) . Minutes `` : 10 '' to `` : 59 '' are pronounced as their usual number - words . For instance , 6 : 02 a.m. can be pronounced six oh two a.m. whereas 6 : 32 a.m. could be told as six thirty - two a.m. Confusion at noon and midnight ( edit ) Time according to various conventions Device or style Midnight Start of day Noon Midnight End of day Written 24 - hour time , ISO 8601 00 : 00 12 : 00 24 : 00 U.S. Government Printing Office ( 1953 ) midnight noon 12 o'clock noon 12 m . midnight 12 : 00 p.m. U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2000 ) midnight 12 a.m. noon 12 p.m. midnight U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2008 ) 12 a.m. 12 midnight 12 p.m. 12 noon 12 midnight Japanese legal convention 0 : 00 a.m. 12 : 00 a.m. 12 : 00 p.m. Chicago Manual of Style noon 12 : 00 m . Canadian Press , UK standard Midnight Noon Midnight Associated Press style -- noon midnight NIST midnight 12 : 01 a.m. noon midnight 11 : 59 p.m. ^ Jump up to : These styles are ambiguous with respect to whether midnight is at the start or end of each day . ^ Jump up to : NIST recommends using 11 : 59 p.m. and 12 : 01 a.m. to disambiguate when needed . It is not always clear what times `` 12 : 00 a.m. '' and `` 12 : 00 p.m. '' denote . From the Latin words meridies ( midday ) , ante ( before ) and post ( after ) , the term ante meridiem ( a.m. ) means before midday and post meridiem ( p.m. ) means after midday . Since `` noon '' ( midday - meridies ( m . ) ) is neither before nor after itself , the terms a.m. and p.m. do not apply . Although `` 12 m . '' was suggested as a way to indicate noon , this is seldom done and also does not resolve the question of how to indicate midnight . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language states `` By convention , 12 AM denotes midnight and 12 PM denotes noon . Because of the potential for confusion , it is advisable to use 12 noon and 12 midnight . '' E.G. Richards in his book Mapping Time provided a diagram in which 12 a.m. means noon and 12 p.m. means midnight . The style manual of the United States Government Printing Office used 12 a.m. for noon and 12 p.m. for midnight until its 2008 edition , when it reversed these designations , later maintained in its 2016 revision . Many U.S. style guides , and NIST 's `` Frequently asked questions ( FAQ ) '' web page , recommend that it is clearest if one refers to `` noon '' or `` 12 : 00 noon '' and `` midnight '' or `` 12 : 00 midnight '' ( rather than to `` 12 : 00 p.m. '' and `` 12 : 00 a.m. '' ) . The NIST website states that `` 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. are ambiguous and should not be used . '' The Associated Press Stylebook specifies that midnight `` is part of the day that is ending , not the one that is beginning . '' Thus , according to AP style , `` midnight Friday '' occurs one minute after 11 : 59 p.m. Friday , not one minute before 12 : 01 a.m. Friday . The Canadian Press Stylebook says , `` write noon or midnight , not 12 noon or 12 midnight . '' Phrases such as `` 12 a.m. '' and `` 12 p.m. '' are not mentioned at all . Britain 's National Physical Laboratory `` FAQ - Time '' web page states `` In cases where the context can not be relied upon to place a particular event , the pair of days straddling midnight can be quoted '' ; also `` the terms 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. should be avoided . '' Likewise , some U.S. style guides recommend either clarifying `` midnight '' with other context clues , such as specifying the two dates between which it falls , or not referring to midnight at all . For an example of the latter method , `` midnight '' is replaced with `` 11 : 59 p.m. '' for the end of a day or `` 12 : 01 a.m. '' for the start of a day . That has become common in the United States in legal contracts and for airplane , bus , or train schedules , though some schedules use other conventions . Occasionally , when trains run at regular intervals , the pattern may be broken at midnight by displacing the midnight departure one or more minutes , such as to 11 : 59 p.m. or 12 : 01 a.m. See also ( edit ) 24 - hour clock 30 - hour clock 6 - hour clock Clock position Date and time representation by country Decimal time Midnight Noon Pahar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Time '' . The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 . 1986 . pp. 660 2a . `` Time '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ( subscription required ) `` The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambiguity . To designate noon , either the word noon or 1200 or 12 M should be used . To designate midnight without causing ambiguity , the two dates between which it falls should be given unless the 24 - hour notation is used . Thus , midnight may be written : May 15 -- 16 or 2400 May 15 or 0000 May 16 . '' Jump up ^ `` National Institute of Standards and Technology 's Physics Laboratory , Times of Day FAQs '' . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Susan Addington ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Modular Arithmetic '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Clocks '' . 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin instruments of the old Eg. time of day destination '' . members.aon.at . Jump up ^ A Walk through Time - Water Clocks Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Library of Australia catalogue entry for Rider 's British merlin : for the year of Our Lord God 1795 Jump up ^ Lawrence Abrams ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` How to customize how the time is displayed in Windows '' . Bleeping Computer . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Diccionario panhispánico de dudas , HORA ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Hacker , Diana , A Writer 's Reference , six edition , Bedford , St Martin 's , Boston , 2007 , section M4 - c , p. 308 . Jump up ^ `` TVTimes '' . 21 -- 27 May 1983 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary , 3rd ed . ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1992 ) . s.v. usage note at end of `` quarter '' entry . Jump up ^ `` United States Government Printing Office Style Manual '' . January 1953 . pp. 152 and 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual '' ( PDF ) . page 156 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual - Chapter 12 - Numerals '' . www.gpo.gov . Jump up ^ `` 午前 12 時 ? 午後 0 時 ? '' ( 12 AM ? or 0 PM ? ) . National Institute of Information and Communications Technology ( in Japanese ) . 15 February 1989 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Manual of Style ( 17th ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . 2017 . paragraph 9.38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 28705 - 8 . Although noon can be expressed as 12 : 00 m. ( m = meridies ) , very few use that form . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press Stylebook ( 11th ed . ) . 1999 . page 288 . ^ Jump up to : National Physical Laboratory , FAQ - Time ^ Jump up to : Ed . Norm Goldstein , The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law : with Internet Guide and Glossary , P. 161 , 177 , Perseus Publishing , 2002 , Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States , LCCN 2002105974 , ISBN , 0 - 7382 - 0740 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Times of day , Frequently asked questions ( FAQ ) '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ AM at the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Richards , E.G. , Mapping Time : the Calendar and its History ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) , 289 . Jump up ^ `` New Edition of the GPO Style Manual - govinfo '' . www.govinfo.gov . Jump up ^ Interim train timetables , Abellio Greater Anglia , London , 17 May 2015 , pages 7 and 8 . 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"The 12-hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods:[1] a.m. (from the Latin, ante meridiem, meaning before midday) and p.m. (post meridiem, meaning past midday).[2] Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting as zero),[3] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 24 hour/day cycle starts at 12 midnight (often indicated as 12 a.m.), runs through 12 noon (often indicated as 12 p.m.), and continues to the midnight at the end of the day. The 12-hour clock was developed over time from the mid-second millennium BC to the 16th century AD.\n",
"The 12-hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods:[1] a.m. (from the Latin, ante meridiem, meaning before midday) and p.m. (post meridiem, meaning past midday).[2] Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting as zero),[3] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 24 hour/day cycle starts at 12 midnight (often indicated as 12 a.m.), runs through 12 noon (often indicated as 12 p.m.), and continues to the midnight at the end of the day. The 12-hour clock was developed over time from the mid-second millennium BC to the 16th century AD.\n"
] | [
"ante meridiem, meaning before midday",
"post meridiem, meaning past midday"
] |
4902571091072434577 | Ornithology | Ornithology - wikipedia Ornithology This article is about the field of zoology . For the jazz composition , see Ornithology ( composition ) . A marbled godwit being ringed for studies on bird migration A collection of bird skins Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds . Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines , due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds . Most marked among these is the extent of studies undertaken by amateurs working within the parameters of strict scientific methodology . The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution , behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species , the process of speciation , instinct , learning , ecological niches , guilds , island biogeography , phylogeography , and conservation . While early ornithology was principally concerned with descriptions and distributions of species , ornithologists today seek answers to very specific questions , often using birds as models to test hypotheses or predictions based on theories . Most modern biological theories apply across taxonomic groups , and the number of professional scientists who identify themselves as `` ornithologists '' has therefore declined . A wide range of tools and techniques is used in ornithology , both inside the laboratory and out in the field , and innovations are constantly made . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early knowledge and study 2.2 Scientific studies 2.3 Rise to popularity 3 Techniques 3.1 Collections 3.2 In the field 3.3 In the laboratory 3.4 Collaborative studies 4 Applications 5 See also 6 References 7 Additional sources 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` ornithology '' comes from the late 16th - century Latin ornithologia meaning `` bird science '' from the Greek ὄρνις ornis ( `` bird '' ) and λόγος logos ( `` theory , science , thought '' ) . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of ornithology The history of ornithology largely reflects the trends in the history of biology , as well as many other scientific disciplines , including ecology , anatomy , physiology , paleontology , and more recently , molecular biology . Trends include the move from mere descriptions to the identification of patterns , thus towards elucidating the processes that produce these patterns . Early knowledge and study ( edit ) Humans have had an observational relationship with birds since prehistory , with some stone - age drawings being amongst the oldest indications of an interest in birds . Birds were perhaps important as food sources , and bones of as many as 80 species have been found in excavations of early Stone Age settlements . Waterbird and seabird remains have also been found in shell mounds on the island of Oronsay off the coast of Scotland . Geese from a wall panel from the tomb of Nefermaat , Egypt c. 2575 -- 2551 B.C. Cultures around the world have rich vocabularies related to birds . Traditional bird names are often based on detailed knowledge of the behaviour , with many names being onomatopoeic , and still in use . Traditional knowledge may also involve the use of birds in folk medicine and knowledge of these practices are passed on through oral traditions ( see ethno - ornithology ) . Hunting of wild birds as well as their domestication would have required considerable knowledge of their habits . Poultry farming and falconry were practised from early times in many parts of the world . Artificial incubation of poultry was practised in China around 246 BC and around at least 400 BC in Egypt . The Egyptians also made use of birds in their hieroglyphic scripts , many of which , though stylized , are still identifiable to species . Belon 's comparison of birds and humans in his Book of Birds , 1555 Early written records provide valuable information on the past distributions of species . For instance , Xenophon records the abundance of the ostrich in Assyria ( Anabasis , i . 5 ) ; this subspecies from Asia Minor is extinct and all extant ostrich races are today restricted to Africa . Other old writings such as the Vedas ( 1500 -- 800 BC ) demonstrate the careful observation of avian life histories and include the earliest reference to the habit of brood parasitism by the Asian koel ( Eudynamys scolopacea ) . Like writing , the early art of China , Japan , Persia , and India also demonstrate knowledge , with examples of scientifically accurate bird illustrations . Aristotle in 350 BC in his Historia Animalium noted the habit of bird migration , moulting , egg laying , and lifespans , as well as compiling a list of 170 different bird species . However , he also introduced and propagated several myths , such as the idea that swallows hibernated in winter , although he noted that cranes migrated from the steppes of Scythia to the marshes at the headwaters of the Nile . The idea of swallow hibernation became so well established that even as late as in 1878 , Elliott Coues could list as many as 182 contemporary publications dealing with the hibernation of swallows and little published evidence to contradict the theory . Similar misconceptions existed regarding the breeding of barnacle geese . Their nests had not been seen , and they were believed to grow by transformations of goose barnacles , an idea that became prevalent from around the 11th century and noted by Bishop Giraldus Cambrensis ( Gerald of Wales ) in Topographia Hiberniae ( 1187 ) . Around 77 AD , Pliny the Elder described birds , among other creatures , in his Historia Naturalis . The earliest record of falconry comes from the reign of Sargon II ( 722 -- 705 BC ) in Assyria . Falconry is thought to have made its entry to Europe only after AD 400 , brought in from the east after invasions by the Huns and Alans . Starting from the eighth century , numerous Arabic works on the subject and general ornithology were written , as well as translations of the works of ancient writers from Greek and Syriac . In the 12th and 13th centuries , crusades and conquest had subjugated Islamic territories in southern Italy , central Spain , and the Levant under European rule , and for the first time translations into Latin of the great works of Arabic and Greek scholars were made with the help of Jewish and Muslim scholars , especially in Toledo , which had fallen into Christian hands in 1085 and whose libraries had escaped destruction . Michael Scotus from Scotland made a Latin translation of Aristotle 's work on animals from Arabic here around 1215 , which was disseminated widely and was the first time in a millennium that this foundational text on zoology became available to Europeans . Falconry was popular in the Norman court in Sicily , and a number of works on the subject were written in Palermo . Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen ( 1194 -- 1250 ) learned about an falconry during his youth in Sicily and later built up a menagerie and sponsored translations of Arabic texts , among which the popular Arabic work known as the Liber Moaminus by an unknown author which was translated into Latin by Theodore of Antioch from Syria in 1240 - 1241 as the De Scientia Venandi per Aves , and also Michael Scotus ( who had removed to Palermo ) translated Ibn Sīnā 's Kitāb al - Ḥayawān of 1027 for the Emperor , a commentary and scientific update of Aristotle 's work which was part of Ibn Sīnā 's massive Kitāb al - Šifāʾ . Frederick II eventually wrote his own treatise on falconry , the De arte venandi cum avibus , in which he related his ornithological observations and the results of the hunts and experiments his court enjoyed performing . Several early German and French scholars compiled old works and conducted new research on birds . These included Guillaume Rondelet , who described his observations in the Mediterranean , and Pierre Belon , who described the fish and birds that he had seen in France and the Levant . Belon 's Book of Birds ( 1555 ) is a folio volume with descriptions of some 200 species . His comparison of the skeleton of humans and birds is considered as a landmark in comparative anatomy . Volcher Coiter ( 1534 -- 1576 ) , a Dutch anatomist , made detailed studies of the internal structures of birds and produced a classification of birds , De Differentiis Avium ( around 1572 ) , that was based on structure and habits . Konrad Gesner wrote the Vogelbuch and Icones avium omnium around 1557 . Like Gesner , Ulisse Aldrovandi , an encyclopedic naturalist , began a 14 - volume natural history with three volumes on birds , entitled ornithologiae hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII , which was published from 1599 to 1603 . Aldrovandi showed great interest in plants and animals , and his work included 3000 drawings of fruits , flowers , plants , and animals , published in 363 volumes . His Ornithology alone covers 2000 pages and included such aspects as the chicken and poultry techniques . He used a number of traits including behaviour , particularly bathing and dusting , to classify bird groups . Cover of Ulisse Aldrovandi 's Ornithology , 1599 Antonio Valli da Todi , who wrote on aviculture in 1601 , knew the connections between territory and song William Turner 's Historia Avium ( History of Birds ) , published at Cologne in 1544 , was an early ornithological work from England . He noted the commonness of kites in English cities where they snatched food out of the hands of children . He included folk beliefs such as those of anglers . Anglers believed that the osprey emptied their fishponds and would kill them , mixing the flesh of the osprey into their fish bait . Turner 's work reflected the violent times in which he lived , and stands in contrast to later works such as Gilbert White 's The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne that were written in a tranquil era . In the 17th century , Francis Willughby ( 1635 -- 1672 ) and John Ray ( 1627 -- 1705 ) came up with the first major system of bird classification that was based on function and morphology rather than on form or behaviour . Willughby 's Ornithologiae libri tres ( 1676 ) completed by John Ray is sometimes considered to mark the beginning of scientific ornithology . Ray also worked on Ornithologia , which was published posthumously in 1713 as Synopsis methodica avium et piscium . The earliest list of British birds , Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum , was written by Christopher Merrett in 1667 , but authors such as John Ray considered it of little value . Ray did , however , value the expertise of the naturalist Sir Thomas Browne ( 1605 -- 82 ) , who not only answered his queries on ornithological identification and nomenclature , but also those of Willoughby and Merrett in letter correspondence . Browne himself in his lifetime kept an eagle , owl , cormorant , bittern , and ostrich , penned a tract on falconry , and introduced the words `` incubation '' and `` oviparous '' into the English language . An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump , Joseph Wright of Derby , 1768 Towards the late 18th century , Mathurin Jacques Brisson ( 1723 -- 1806 ) and Comte de Buffon ( 1707 -- 1788 ) began new works on birds . Brisson produced a six - volume work Ornithologie in 1760 and Buffon 's included nine volumes ( volumes 16 -- 24 ) on birds Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ( 1770 -- 1785 ) in his work on science Histoire naturelle générale et particulière ( 1749 -- 1804 ) . Jacob Temminck sponsored François Le Vaillant ( 1753 -- 1824 ) to collect bird specimens in Southern Africa and Le Vaillant 's six - volume Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique ( 1796 -- 1808 ) included many non-African birds . His other bird books produced in collaboration with the artist Barraband are considered among the most valuable illustrated guides ever produced . Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot ( 1748 -- 1831 ) spent 10 years studying North American birds and wrote the Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amerique septentrionale ( 1807 -- 1808 ? ) . Vieillot pioneered in the use of life histories and habits in classification . Alexander Wilson composed a nine - volume work , American Ornithology , published 1808 - 14 -- the first such record of North American birds , significantly antedating Audubon . In the early 19th century , Lewis and Clark studied and identified many birds in the western United States . John James Audubon , born in 1785 , observed and painted birds in France and later in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys . From 1827 to 1838 , Audubon published The Birds of America , which was engraved by Robert Havell , Sr. and his son Robert Havell , Jr . Containing 435 engravings , it is often regarded as the greatest ornithological work in history . Scientific studies ( edit ) Early bird study focused on collectibles such as eggs and nests . The emergence of ornithology as a scientific discipline began in the 18th century , when Mark Catesby published his two - volume Natural History of Carolina , Florida , and the Bahama Islands , a landmark work which included 220 hand - painted engravings and was the basis for many of the species Carl Linnaeus described in the 1758 Systema Naturae . Linnaeus ' work revolutionised bird taxonomy by assigning every species a binomial name , categorising them into different genera . However , ornithology did not emerge as a specialised science until the Victorian era -- with the concept of natural history , and the collection of natural objects such as bird eggs and skins . This specialization led to the formation in Britain of the British Ornithologists ' Union in 1858 . In 1859 , the members founded its journal The Ibis . The sudden spurt in ornithology was also due in part to colonialism . At 100 years later , in 1959 , R.E. Moreau noted that ornithology in this period was preoccupied with the geographical distributions of various species of birds . No doubt the preoccupation with widely extended geographical ornithology , was fostered by the immensity of the areas over which British rule or influence stretched during the 19th century and for some time afterwards . -- Moreau The bird collectors of the Victorian era observed the variations in bird forms and habits across geographic regions , noting local specialization and variation in widespread species . The collections of museums and private collectors grew with contributions from various parts of the world . The naming of species with binomials and the organization of birds into groups based on their similarities became the main work of museum specialists . The variations in widespread birds across geographical regions caused the introduction of trinomial names . Kaup 's classification of the crow family The search for patterns in the variations of birds was attempted by many . Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ( 1775 -- 1854 ) , his student Johann Baptist von Spix ( 1781 -- 1826 ) , and several others believed that a hidden and innate mathematical order existed in the forms of birds . They believed that a `` natural '' classification was available and superior to `` artificial '' ones . A particularly popular idea was the Quinarian system popularised by Nicholas Aylward Vigors ( 1785 -- 1840 ) , William Sharp Macleay ( 1792 -- 1865 ) , William Swainson , and others . The idea was that nature followed a `` rule of five '' with five groups nested hierarchically . Some had attempted a rule of four , but Johann Jakob Kaup ( 1803 -- 1873 ) insisted that the number five was special , noting that other natural entities such as the senses also came in fives . He followed this idea and demonstrated his view of the order within the crow family . Where he failed to find five genera , he left a blank insisting that a new genus would found to fill these gaps . These ideas were replaced by more complex `` maps '' of affinities in works by Hugh Edwin Strickland and Alfred Russel Wallace . A major advance was made by Max Fürbringer in 1888 , who established a comprehensive phylogeny of birds based on anatomy , morphology , distribution , and biology . This was developed further by Hans Gadow and others . The Galapagos finches were especially influential in the development of Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution . His contemporary Alfred Russel Wallace also noted these variations and the geographical separations between different forms leading to the study of biogeography . Wallace was influenced by the work of Philip Lutley Sclater on the distribution patterns of birds . Quinarian system of bird classification by Swainson For Darwin , the problem was how species arose from a common ancestor , but he did not attempt to find rules for delineation of species . The species problem was tackled by the ornithologist Ernst Mayr , who was able to demonstrate that geographical isolation and the accumulation of genetic differences led to the splitting of species . Early ornithologists were preoccupied with matters of species identification . Only systematics counted as true science and field studies were considered inferior through much of the 19th century . In 1901 , Robert Ridgway wrote in the introduction to The Birds of North and Middle America that : There are two essentially different kinds of ornithology : systematic or scientific , and popular . The former deals with the structure and classification of birds , their synonymies , and technical descriptions . The latter treats of their habits , songs , nesting , and other facts pertaining to their life histories . This early idea that the study of living birds was merely recreation held sway until ecological theories became the predominant focus of ornithological studies . The study of birds in their habitats was particularly advanced in Germany with bird ringing stations established as early as 1903 . By the 1920s , the Journal für Ornithologie included many papers on the behaviour , ecology , anatomy , and physiology , many written by Erwin Stresemann . Stresemann changed the editorial policy of the journal , leading both to a unification of field and laboratory studies and a shift of research from museums to universities . Ornithology in the United States continued to be dominated by museum studies of morphological variations , species identities , and geographic distributions , until it was influenced by Stresemann 's student Ernst Mayr . In Britain , some of the earliest ornithological works that used the word ecology appeared in 1915 . The Ibis , however , resisted the introduction of these new methods of study , and no paper on ecology appeared until 1943 . The work of David Lack on population ecology was pioneering . Newer quantitative approaches were introduced for the study of ecology and behaviour , and this was not readily accepted . For instance , Claud Ticehurst wrote : Sometimes it seems that elaborate plans and statistics are made to prove what is commonplace knowledge to the mere collector , such as that hunting parties often travel more or less in circles . -- Ticehurst David Lack 's studies on population ecology sought to find the processes involved in the regulation of population based on the evolution of optimal clutch sizes . He concluded that population was regulated primarily by density - dependent controls , and also suggested that natural selection produces life - history traits that maximize the fitness of individuals . Others , such as Wynne - Edwards , interpreted population regulation as a mechanism that aided the `` species '' rather than individuals . This led to widespread and sometimes bitter debate on what constituted the `` unit of selection '' . Lack also pioneered the use of many new tools for ornithological research , including the idea of using radar to study bird migration . Birds were also widely used in studies of the niche hypothesis and Georgii Gause 's competitive exclusion principle . Work on resource partitioning and the structuring of bird communities through competition were made by Robert MacArthur . Patterns of biodiversity also became a topic of interest . Work on the relationship of the number of species to area and its application in the study of island biogeography was pioneered by E.O. Wilson and Robert MacArthur . These studies led to the development of the discipline of landscape ecology . A mounted specimen of a red - footed falcon John Hurrell Crook studied the behaviour of weaverbirds and demonstrated the links between ecological conditions , behaviour , and social systems . Principles from economics were introduced to the study of biology by Jerram L. Brown in his work on explaining territorial behaviour . This led to more studies of behaviour that made use of cost - benefit analyses . The rising interest in sociobiology also led to a spurt of bird studies in this area . The study of imprinting behaviour in ducks and geese by Konrad Lorenz and the studies of instinct in herring gulls by Nicolaas Tinbergen led to the establishment of the field of ethology . The study of learning became an area of interest and the study of bird songs has been a model for studies in neuroethology . The study of hormones and physiology in the control of behaviour has also been aided by bird models . These have helped in finding the proximate causes of circadian and seasonal cycles . Studies on migration have attempted to answer questions on the evolution of migration , orientation , and navigation . The growth of genetics and the rise of molecular biology led to the application of the gene - centered view of evolution to explain avian phenomena . Studies on kinship and altruism , such as helpers , became of particular interest . The idea of inclusive fitness was used to interpret observations on behaviour and life history , and birds were widely used models for testing hypotheses based on theories postulated by W.D. Hamilton and others . The new tools of molecular biology changed the study of bird systematics , which changed from being based on phenotype to the underlying genotype . The use of techniques such as DNA - DNA hybridization to study evolutionary relationships was pioneered by Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist , resulting in what is called the Sibley - Ahlquist taxonomy . These early techniques have been replaced by newer ones based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and molecular phylogenetics approaches that make use of computational procedures for sequence alignment , construction of phylogenetic trees , and calibration of molecular clocks to infer evolutionary relationships . Molecular techniques are also widely used in studies of avian population biology and ecology . Rise to popularity ( edit ) The use of field glasses or telescopes for bird observation began in the 1820s and 1830s , with pioneers such as J. Dovaston ( who also pioneered in the use of bird feeders ) , but instruction manuals did not begin to insist on the use of optical aids such as `` a first - class telescope '' or `` field glass '' until the 1880s . Page from an early field guide by Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey The rise of field guides for the identification of birds was another major innovation . The early guides such as those of Thomas Bewick ( two volumes ) and William Yarrell ( three volumes ) were cumbersome , and mainly focused on identifying specimens in the hand . The earliest of the new generation of field guides was prepared by Florence Merriam , sister of Clinton Hart Merriam , the mammalogist . This was published in 1887 in a series Hints to Audubon Workers : Fifty Birds and How to Know Them in Grinnell 's Audubon Magazine . These were followed by new field guides including classics by Roger Tory Peterson . The interest in birdwatching grew in popularity in many parts of the world , and the possibility for amateurs to contribute to biological studies was soon realized . As early as 1916 , Julian Huxley wrote a two - part article in The Auk , noting the tensions between amateurs and professionals , and suggested the possibility that the `` vast army of bird lovers and bird watchers could begin providing the data scientists needed to address the fundamental problems of biology . '' Organizations were started in many countries , and these grew rapidly in membership , most notable among them being the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) in Britain and the Audubon Society in the US , which started in 1885 . Both these organizations were started with the primary objective of conservation . The RSPB , born in 1889 , grew from a small group of women in Croydon , who met regularly and called themselves the `` Fur , Fin , and Feather Folk '' and who took a pledge `` to refrain from wearing the feathers of any birds not killed for the purpose of food , the ostrich only exempted . '' The organization did not allow men as members initially , avenging a policy of the British Ornithologists ' Union to keep out women . Unlike the RSPB , which was primarily conservation oriented , the British Trust for Ornithology was started in 1933 with the aim of advancing ornithological research . Members were often involved in collaborative ornithological projects . These projects have resulted in atlases which detail the distribution of bird species across Britain . In the United States , the Breeding Bird Surveys , conducted by the US Geological Survey , have also produced atlases with information on breeding densities and changes in the density and distribution over time . Other volunteer collaborative ornithology projects were subsequently established in other parts of the world . Techniques ( edit ) The tools and techniques of ornithology are varied , and new inventions and approaches are quickly incorporated . The techniques may be broadly dealt under the categories of those that are applicable to specimens and those that are used in the field , but the classification is rough and many analysis techniques are usable both in the laboratory and field or may require a combination of field and laboratory techniques . Collections ( edit ) Main article : Bird collections Bird - preservation techniques The earliest approaches to modern bird study involved the collection of eggs , a practice known as oology . While collecting became a pastime for many amateurs , the labels associated with these early egg collections made them unreliable for the serious study of bird breeding . To preserve eggs , a tiny hole was made and the contents extracted . This technique became standard with the invention of the blow drill around 1830 . Egg collection is no longer popular ; however , historic museum collections have been of value in determining the effects of pesticides such as DDT on physiology . Museum bird collections continue to act as a resource for taxonomic studies . Morphometric measurements of birds are important in systematics . The use of bird skins to document species has been a standard part of systematic ornithology . Bird skins are prepared by retaining the key bones of the wings , legs , and skull along with the skin and feathers . In the past , they were treated with arsenic to prevent fungal and insect ( mostly dermestid ) attack . Arsenic , being toxic , was replaced by less - toxic borax . Amateur and professional collectors became familiar with these skinning techniques and started sending in their skins to museums , some of them from distant locations . This led to the formation of huge collections of bird skins in museums in Europe and North America . Many private collections were also formed . These became references for comparison of species , and the ornithologists at these museums were able to compare species from different locations , often places that they themselves never visited . Morphometrics of these skins , particularly the lengths of the tarsus , bill , tail , and wing became important in the descriptions of bird species . These skin collections have been used in more recent times for studies on molecular phylogenetics by the extraction of ancient DNA . The importance of type specimens in the description of species make skin collections a vital resource for systematic ornithology . However , with the rise of molecular techniques , establishing the taxonomic status of new discoveries , such as the Bulo Burti boubou ( Laniarius liberatus , no longer a valid species ) and the Bugun liocichla ( Liocichla bugunorum ) , using blood , DNA and feather samples as the holotype material , has now become possible . Other methods of preservation include the storage of specimens in spirit . Such wet specimens have special value in physiological and anatomical study , apart from providing better quality of DNA for molecular studies . Freeze drying of specimens is another technique that has the advantage of preserving stomach contents and anatomy , although it tends to shrink , making it less reliable for morphometrics . In the field ( edit ) The study of birds in the field was helped enormously by improvements in optics . Photography made it possible to document birds in the field with great accuracy . High - power spotting scopes today allow observers to detect minute morphological differences that were earlier possible only by examination of the specimen `` in the hand '' . A bird caught in a mist net The capture and marking of birds enable detailed studies of life history . Techniques for capturing birds are varied and include the use of bird liming for perching birds , mist nets for woodland birds , cannon netting for open - area flocking birds , the bal - chatri trap for raptors , decoys and funnel traps for water birds . A researcher measures a wild woodpecker . The bird 's right leg has a metal identification tag . The bird in the hand may be examined and measurements can be made , including standard lengths and weights . Feather moult and skull ossification provide indications of age and health . Sex can be determined by examination of anatomy in some sexually nondimorphic species . Blood samples may be drawn to determine hormonal conditions in studies of physiology , identify DNA markers for studying genetics and kinship in studies of breeding biology and phylogeography . Blood may also be used to identify pathogens and arthropod - borne viruses . Ectoparasites may be collected for studies of coevolution and zoonoses . In many cryptic species , measurements ( such as the relative lengths of wing feathers in warblers ) are vital in establishing identity . A California condor marked with wing tags Captured birds are often marked for future recognition . Rings or bands provide long - lasting identification , but require capture for the information on them to be read . Field - identifiable marks such as coloured bands , wing tags , or dyes enable short - term studies where individual identification is required . Mark and recapture techniques make demographic studies possible . Ringing has traditionally been used in the study of migration . In recent times , satellite transmitters provide the ability to track migrating birds in near - real time . Techniques for estimating population density include point counts , transects , and territory mapping . Observations are made in the field using carefully designed protocols and the data may be analysed to estimate bird diversity , relative abundance , or absolute population densities . These methods may be used repeatedly over large timespans to monitor changes in the environment . Camera traps have been found to be a useful tool for the detection and documentation of elusive species , nest predators and in the quantitative analysis of frugivory , seed dispersal and behaviour . In the laboratory ( edit ) Many aspects of bird biology are difficult to study in the field . These include the study of behavioural and physiological changes that require a long duration of access to the bird . Nondestructive samples of blood or feathers taken during field studies may be studied in the laboratory . For instance , the variation in the ratios of stable hydrogen isotopes across latitudes makes establishing the origins of migrant birds possible using mass spectrometric analysis of feather samples . These techniques can be used in combination with other techniques such as ringing . The first attenuated vaccine developed by Louis Pasteur , for fowl cholera , was tested on poultry in 1878 . Anti-malarials were tested on birds which harbour avian - malarias . Poultry continues to be used as a model for many studies in non-mammalian immunology . Studies in bird behaviour include the use of tamed and trained birds in captivity . Studies on bird intelligence and song learning have been largely laboratory - based . Field researchers may make use of a wide range of techniques such as the use of dummy owls to elicit mobbing behaviour , and dummy males or the use of call playback to elicit territorial behaviour and thereby to establish the boundaries of bird territories . An Emlen funnel is used to study the orientation behaviour of migratory birds in a laboratory . Experimenters sometimes place the funnel inside a planetarium to study night migration . Studies of bird migration including aspects of navigation , orientation , and physiology are often studied using captive birds in special cages that record their activities . The Emlen funnel , for instance , makes use of a cage with an inkpad at the centre and a conical floor where the ink marks can be counted to identify the direction in which the bird attempts to fly . The funnel can have a transparent top and visible cues such as the direction of sunlight may be controlled using mirrors or the positions of the stars simulated in a planetarium . The entire genome of the domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus ) was sequenced in 2004 , and was followed in 2008 by the genome of the zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata ) . Such whole - genome sequencing projects allow for studies on evolutionary processes involved in speciation . Associations between the expression of genes and behaviour may be studied using candidate genes . Variations in the exploratory behaviour of great tits ( Parus major ) have been found to be linked with a gene orthologous to the human gene DRD4 ( Dopamine receptor D4 ) which is known to be associated with novelty - seeking behaviour . The role of gene expression in developmental differences and morphological variations have been studied in Darwin 's finches . The difference in the expression of Bmp4 have been shown to be associated with changes in the growth and shape of the beak . The chicken has long been a model organism for studying vertebrate developmental biology . As the embryo is readily accessible , its development can be easily followed ( unlike mice ) . This also allows the use of electroporation for studying the effect of adding or silencing a gene . Other tools for perturbing their genetic makeup are chicken embryonic stem cells and viral vectors . Collaborative studies ( edit ) Summer distribution and abundance of Canada goose using data from the North American Breeding Bird Surveys 1994 -- 2003 With the widespread interest in birds , use of a large number of people to work on collaborative ornithological projects that cover large geographic scales has been possible . These citizen science projects include nationwide projects such as the Christmas Bird Count , Backyard Bird Count , the North American Breeding Bird Survey , the Canadian EPOQ or regional projects such as the Asian Waterfowl Census and Spring Alive in Europe . These projects help to identify distributions of birds , their population densities and changes over time , arrival and departure dates of migration , breeding seasonality , and even population genetics . The results of many of these projects are published as bird atlases . Studies of migration using bird ringing or colour marking often involve the cooperation of people and organizations in different countries . Applications ( edit ) Main articles : Bird strike and Bird conservation Wild birds impact many human activities , while domesticated birds are important sources of eggs , meat , feathers , and other products . Applied and economic ornithology aim to reduce the ill effects of problem birds and enhance gains from beneficial species . Red - billed queleas are a major agricultural pest in parts of Africa . The role of some species of birds as pests has been well known , particularly in agriculture . Granivorous birds such as the queleas in Africa are among the most numerous birds in the world , and foraging flocks can cause devastation . Many insectivorous birds are also noted as beneficial in agriculture . Many early studies on the benefits or damages caused by birds in fields were made by analysis of stomach contents and observation of feeding behaviour . Modern studies aimed to manage birds in agriculture make use of a wide range of principles from ecology . Intensive aquaculture has brought humans in conflict with fish - eating birds such as cormorants . Large flocks of pigeons and starlings in cities are often considered as a nuisance , and techniques to reduce their populations or their impacts are constantly innovated . Birds are also of medical importance , and their role as carriers of human diseases such as Japanese encephalitis , West Nile virus , and influenza H5N1 have been widely recognised . Bird strikes and the damage they cause in aviation are of particularly great importance , due to the fatal consequences and the level of economic losses caused . The airline industry incurs worldwide damages of an estimated US $1.2 billion each year . Many species of birds have been driven to extinction by human activities . Being conspicuous elements of the ecosystem , they have been considered as indicators of ecological health . They have also helped in gathering support for habitat conservation . Bird conservation requires specialized knowledge in aspects of biology and ecology , and may require the use of very location - specific approaches . Ornithologists contribute to conservation biology by studying the ecology of birds in the wild and identifying the key threats and ways of enhancing the survival of species . Critically endangered species such as the California condor have had to be captured and bred in captivity . Such ex situ conservation measures may be followed by reintroduction of the species into the wild . See also ( edit ) Avian ecology field methods Bird observatory List of ornithologists List of ornithologists abbreviated names List of ornithological societies List of ornithology journals List of ornithology awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newton , Ian ( 1998 ) . Population limitation in birds . Academic Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 517366 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mayr , E. ( 1984 ) . `` Commentary : The Contributions of Ornithology to Biology '' . BioScience. 34 ( 4 ) : 250 -- 255 . doi : 10.2307 / 1309464 . JSTOR 1309464 . ^ Jump up to : Bibby , C.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Fifty years of Bird Study : Capsule Field ornithology is alive and well , and in the future can contribute much more in Britain and elsewhere '' . Bird Study . 50 ( 3 ) : 194 -- 210 . doi : 10.1080 / 00063650309461314 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , W.J. , Newton , Ian and Green , Rhys ( 2004 ) . 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JSTOR 1521537 . Jump up ^ Geis , Aelred D. ( 1976 ) . `` Effect of building design and quality on nuisance bird problems . Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference '' . Jump up ^ Belant , Jerrold L. , Paul P. Woronecki , Richard A. Dolbeer & Thomas W. Seamans ( 1998 ) . `` Ineffectiveness of Five Commercial Deterrents for Nesting Starlings '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . 26 ( 2 ) : 264 -- 268 . JSTOR 3784047 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Factsheet on Avian Influenza '' . CDC . Jump up ^ Reed , K.D. , Jennifer K. Meece , James S. Henkel & Sanjay K. Shukla ( 2003 ) . `` Birds , Migration and Emerging Zoonoses : West Nile Virus , Lyme Disease , Influenza A and Enteropathogens '' . Clin. Med . Res. 1 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 12 . doi : 10.3121 / cmr. 1.1. 5 . PMC 1069015 . PMID 15931279 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Allan , J. , Orosz , A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Costs of Birdstrikes to Commercial Aviation '' . Proceedings of Birdstrike 2001 , Joint Meeting of Birdstrike Committee USA / Canada . Calgary , Alberta . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gregory , R.D. ; Noble , D. ; Field , R. ; Marchant , J. ; Raven , M. ; Gibbons , D.W. ( 2003 ) . `` Using birds as indicators of biodiversity '' ( PDF ) . Ornis . Hung. 12 -- 13 : 11 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Bock , Carl E. ( 1997 ) . `` The Role of Ornithology in Conservation of the American West '' . The Condor. 99 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 1370218 . JSTOR 1370218 . Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2000 ) . `` Threatened Birds of the World : The official source for birds on the IUCN Red List '' . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona , and BirdLife International , Cambridge , UK . ISBN 0946888396 . Jump up ^ Whitfort , Harriet L. & Robert J. Young ( 2004 ) . `` Trends in the captive breeding of threatened and endangered birds in British zoos , 1988 -- 1997 '' . Zoo Biology . 23 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1002 / zoo. 10122 . Additional sources ( edit ) Birkhead T , Wimpenny J ; Montgomerie B ( 2014 ) . Ten Thousand Birds : Ornithology since Darwin . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691151977 . Chansigaud , Valerie ( 2009 ) . History of Ornithology . London : New Holland Publishers . ISBN 1 - 84773 - 433 - 2 . Gurney , John Henry ( 1921 ) . Early annals of ornithology . London : H.F. & G. Witherby . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Newton , Alfred ( 1884 ) . Ornithology . ( Reprinted from the 1884 Encyclopædia Britannica ) Podulka , Sandy ; Eckhardt , Marie ; Otis , Daniel ( 2001 ) . `` Birds and Humans : A Historical Perspective '' . In Podulka , Sandy ; Rohrbaugh , Ronald W. ; Bonney , Rick . Handbook of Bird Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . Ithaca , NY : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . pp. H1 -- H42 . ISBN 0 - 938027 - 62 - X . Walters , Michael ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of Ornithology . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 1 - 84773 - 433 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ornithology . Lewis , Daniel . The Feathery Tribe : Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds . Yale University Press . ( 1 ) . Ornithologie ( 1773 -- 1792 ) Francois Nicholas Martinet Digital Edition Smithsonian Digital Libraries `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2004 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | english ornothologist who wrote a history of british birds | [
"William Turner's Historia Avium (History of Birds), published at Cologne in 1544, was an early ornithological work from England. He noted the commonness of kites in English cities where they snatched food out of the hands of children. He included folk beliefs such as those of anglers. Anglers believed that the osprey emptied their fishponds and would kill them, mixing the flesh of the osprey into their fish bait. Turner's work reflected the violent times in which he lived, and stands in contrast to later works such as Gilbert White's The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne that were written in a tranquil era.[27][33]\n"
] | [
"William Turner"
] |
3781529767682530711 | 2018 Little League World Series results | 2018 Little League World Series results - wikipedia 2018 Little League World Series results Main article : 2018 Little League World Series The results of the 2018 Little League World Series were determined between August 16 and August 26 , 2018 in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . 16 teams were divided into two groups , one with eight teams from the United States and another with eight international teams , with both groups playing a modified double - elimination tournament . In each group , the last remaining undefeated team faced the last remaining team with one loss , with the winners of those games advancing to play for the Little League World Series championship . Contents 1 Double - elimination stage 1.1 United States 1.1. 1 Winner 's bracket 1.1. 1.1 Game 2 : New York 5 , Iowa 2 1.1. 1.2 Game 4 : Texas 3 , Rhode Island 1 1.1. 1.3 Game 6 : Michigan 5 , Idaho 4 1.1. 1.4 Game 8 : Hawaii 2 , Georgia 0 1.1. 1.5 Game 14 : New York 2 , Texas 1 1.1. 1.6 Game 16 : Hawaii 8 , Michigan 3 1.1. 1.7 Game 24 : Hawaii 10 , New York 0 1.1. 2 Loser 's bracket 1.1. 2.1 Game 10 : Iowa 9 , Rhode Island 5 1.1. 2.2 Game 12 : Georgia 3 , Idaho 0 1.1. 2.3 Game 18 : Michigan 5 , Iowa 4 1.1. 2.4 Game 20 : Georgia 7 , Texas 6 1.1. 2.5 Game 22 : Georgia 4 , Michigan 3 1.1. 2.6 Game 26 : Georgia 7 , New York 3 1.2 International 1.2. 1 Winner 's bracket 1.2. 1.1 Game 1 : South Korea 4 , Puerto Rico 2 1.2. 1.2 Game 3 : Mexico 3 , Australia 2 1.2. 1.3 Game 5 : Japan 11 , Spain 1 1.2. 1.4 Game 7 : Panama 8 , Canada 3 1.2. 1.5 Game 13 : South Korea 5 , Mexico 1 1.2. 1.6 Game 15 : Japan 4 , Panama 2 1.2. 1.7 Game 23 : South Korea 10 , Japan 0 1.2. 2 Loser 's bracket 1.2. 2.1 Game 9 : Puerto Rico 6 , Australia 0 1.2. 2.2 Game 11 : Canada 2 , Spain 1 1.2. 2.3 Game 17 : Puerto Rico 3 , Panama 1 1.2. 2.4 Game 19 : Canada 6 , Mexico 4 1.2. 2.5 Game 21 : Puerto Rico 9 , Canada 4 1.2. 2.6 Game 25 : Japan 1 , Puerto Rico 0 1.3 Consolation games 1.3. 1 Game A : Rhode Island 15 , Australia 0 1.3. 2 Game B : Idaho 5 , Spain 0 2 Single - elimination stage 2.1 International championship : South Korea 2 , Japan 1 2.2 United States championship : Hawaii 3 , Georgia 0 2.3 Third place game : Japan 8 , Georgia 2 2.4 World championship game : Hawaii 3 , South Korea 0 3 References 4 External links Double - elimination United States Winner 's bracket IA 2 NY 5 ◄ Linescore TX 3 ◄ RI 1 Linescore ID 4 MI 5 ◄ Linescore GA 0 ( F / 11 ) HI 2 ◄ Linescore TX 1 NY 2 ◄ Linescore MI 3 HI 8 ◄ Linescore NY 0 ( F / 5 ) HI 10 ◄ Linescore Loser 's bracket IA 9 ◄ RI 5 Linescore GA 3 ◄ ID 0 Linescore IA 4 MI 5 ◄ Linescore TX 6 ( F / 9 ) GA 7 ◄ Linescore MI 3 GA 4 ◄ Linescore NY 3 GA 7 ◄ Linescore International Winner 's bracket KOR 4 ◄ PUR 2 ( F / 9 ) Linescore AUS 2 MEX 3 ◄ Linescore ESP 1 ( F / 5 ) JPN 11 ◄ Linescore PAN 8 ◄ CAN 3 Linescore KOR 5 ◄ MEX 1 Linescore PAN 2 JPN 4 ◄ Linescore JPN 0 ( F / 4 ) KOR 10 ◄ Linescore Loser 's bracket PUR 6 ◄ AUS 0 Linescore ESP 1 ( F / 10 ) CAN 2 ◄ Linescore PAN 1 PUR 3 ◄ Linescore CAN 6 ◄ MEX 4 Linescore PUR 9 ◄ CAN 4 Linescore JPN 1 ◄ PUR 0 Linescore Consolation games Rhode Island 15 ◄ Australia 0 ( F / 4 ) Linescore Idaho 5 ◄ Spain 0 Linescore Single - elimination International championship Japan 1 South Korea 2 ◄ Linescore United States championship Georgia 0 Hawaii 3 ◄ Linescore Third place game Georgia 2 Japan 8 ◄ Linescore World championship game South Korea 0 Hawaii 3 ◄ Linescore Double - elimination stage ( edit ) United States ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 2 New York 5 August 19 -- Game 14 Iowa New York August 16 -- Game 4 Texas Rhode Island August 22 -- Game 24 ( F / 5 ) Texas New York 0 August 17 -- Game 6 Hawaii 10 Michigan 5 August 19 -- Game 16 Idaho Michigan August 17 -- Game 8 ( F / 11 ) Hawaii 8 Georgia 0 Hawaii August 25 -- U.S. championship Hawaii August 18 -- Game 10 Georgia 0 Iowa 9 August 20 -- Game 18 Rhode Island 5 Michigan 5 Iowa August 22 -- Game 22 Michigan August 18 -- Game 12 Georgia Idaho 0 August 20 -- Game 20 ( F / 9 ) Georgia Texas 6 Georgia 7 August 23 -- Game 26 New York Georgia 7 Winner 's bracket ( edit ) Game 2 : New York 5 , Iowa 2 ( edit ) August 16 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Iowa 0 0 0 0 0 New York ◄ 0 X 5 5 0 WP : Gregory Bruno ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brody Watson ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Derek Mendez ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 4 : Texas 3 , Rhode Island 1 ( edit ) August 16 7 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Texas ◄ 0 0 0 0 6 Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Carter Pitts ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Tommy Turner ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ryan Selvaggi ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 6 : Michigan 5 , Idaho 4 ( edit ) August 17 4 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Idaho 0 0 0 0 6 Michigan ◄ 0 0 0 0 5 8 WP : Preston Barr ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Braeden Newby ( 0 -- 1 ) Boxscore Game 8 : Hawaii 2 , Georgia 0 ( edit ) August 17 8 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 WP : Sean Yamaguchi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ben Traxler ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : GA : None HI : Aukai Kea ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 14 : New York 2 , Texas 1 ( edit ) August 19 11 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Texas 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York ◄ 0 0 0 0 X 0 WP : Gregory Bruno ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Ryan Selvaggi ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Chris Bedford ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 16 : Hawaii 8 , Michigan 3 ( edit ) August 19 2 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Michigan 0 0 0 0 5 Hawaii ◄ 0 6 0 0 X 8 5 WP : Ka'olu Holt ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ryan Knaebel ( 0 -- 1 ) Boxscore Game 24 : Hawaii 10 , New York 0 ( edit ) August 22 7 : 30 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 New York 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 Hawaii ◄ 5 0 -- 10 7 0 WP : Aukai Kea ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Chris Bedford ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NY : None HI : Sean Yamaguchi ( 1 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Loser 's bracket ( edit ) Game 10 : Iowa 9 , Rhode Island 5 ( edit ) August 18 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Iowa ◄ 0 0 9 8 Rhode Island 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 6 WP : Blake Larson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Logan Lama ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Rhode Island is eliminated . Boxscore Game 12 : Georgia 3 , Idaho 0 ( edit ) August 18 8 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Georgia ◄ 0 0 0 10 0 Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tai Peete ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Braeden Newby ( 0 -- 2 ) Notes : Idaho is eliminated . Boxscore Game 18 : Michigan 5 , Iowa 4 ( edit ) August 20 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Iowa 0 0 0 0 6 Michigan ◄ 0 0 0 5 7 WP : Preston Barr ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Connor Duong ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Iowa is eliminated . Boxscore Game 20 : Georgia 7 , Texas 6 ( edit ) August 20 8 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 Texas 0 0 0 0 6 9 Georgia ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 WP : Ben Traxler ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Richie Klosek ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : TX : Ryan Selvaggi ( 1 ) GA : Jansen Kenty ( 1 ) Notes : Texas is eliminated . Boxscore Game 22 : Georgia 4 , Michigan 3 ( edit ) August 22 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Michigan 0 0 0 0 Georgia ◄ 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Jansen Kenty ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brennan Hill ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : MI : Jarren Purify ( 1 ) , Oliver Service ( 1 ) GA : None Notes : Michigan is eliminated . Boxscore Game 26 : Georgia 7 , New York 3 ( edit ) August 23 7 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 New York 0 0 0 0 0 7 Georgia ◄ 0 X 7 8 0 WP : Tai Peete ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Derek Mendez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ben Traxler ( 1 ) Notes : New York is eliminated . Boxscore International ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 1 ( F / 9 ) Puerto Rico August 19 -- Game 13 South Korea South Korea 5 August 16 -- Game 3 Mexico Mexico August 22 -- Game 23 ( F / 4 ) Australia South Korea 10 August 17 -- Game 5 ( F / 5 ) Japan 0 Spain August 19 -- Game 15 Japan 11 Japan August 17 -- Game 7 Panama Panama 8 Canada August 25 -- International championship South Korea August 18 -- Game 9 Japan Puerto Rico 6 August 20 -- Game 17 Australia 0 Panama Puerto Rico August 22 -- Game 21 Puerto Rico 9 August 18 -- Game 11 ( F / 10 ) Canada Spain August 20 -- Game 19 Canada Mexico Canada 6 August 23 -- Game 25 Japan Puerto Rico 0 Winner 's bracket ( edit ) Game 1 : South Korea 4 , Puerto Rico 2 ( edit ) August 16 1 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 South Korea ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Victor Cartagena ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Jun - Woo Lim ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 3 : Mexico 3 , Australia 2 ( edit ) August 16 5 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Australia 0 0 0 0 0 Mexico ◄ 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Alberto Gomez ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jake Calver ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : AUS : Oscar Hyde ( 1 ) MEX : None Boxscore Game 5 : Japan 11 , Spain 1 ( edit ) August 17 2 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Spain 0 0 0 0 -- 5 Japan ◄ 0 0 8 -- 11 14 0 WP : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Juan Salazar ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Game 7 : Panama 8 , Canada 3 ( edit ) August 17 7 : 10 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Panama ◄ 0 0 0 8 9 0 Canada 0 0 0 0 5 WP : Brian Villarreal ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ian Huang ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PAN : Adan Sanchez ( 1 ) CAN : None Boxscore Game 13 : South Korea 5 , Mexico 1 ( edit ) August 19 9 : 00 am EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 South Korea ◄ 0 0 0 5 5 Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Shoo - Hoo Choi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Alberto Gomez ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : KOR : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 1 ) MEX : None Boxscore Game 15 : Japan 4 , Panama 2 ( edit ) August 19 1 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Panama 0 0 0 0 0 Japan ◄ 0 0 X 0 WP : Shinji Furusawa ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Adan Sanchez ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PAN : None JPN : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 ) Boxscore Game 23 : South Korea 10 , Japan 0 ( edit ) August 22 7 : 30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Japan 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 0 South Korea ◄ 0 -- -- 10 11 0 WP : Yeong - Hyeon Kim ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : JPN : None KOR : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 2 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Loser 's bracket ( edit ) Game 9 : Puerto Rico 6 , Australia 0 ( edit ) August 18 2 : 30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Puerto Rico ◄ 0 0 0 6 7 Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Yadiel Delgado ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Matthew White ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Luis Diaz ( 1 ) Home runs : PUR : Eric Rodriguez ( 1 ) AUS : None Notes : Australia is eliminated . Boxscore Game 11 : Canada 2 , Spain 1 ( edit ) August 18 6 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Spain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Canada ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 WP : Cole Balkovec ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Toni Cortes ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : ESP : Lucas Iriarte ( 1 ) CAN : None Notes : Spain is eliminated . Boxscore Game 17 : Puerto Rico 3 , Panama 1 ( edit ) August 20 1 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Panama 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico ◄ 0 0 0 X WP : Roberto Joubert ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Arod McKenzie ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : John Lopez ( 1 ) Notes : Panama is eliminated . Boxscore Game 19 : Canada 6 , Mexico 4 ( edit ) August 20 6 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Canada ◄ 0 0 0 6 10 Mexico 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Ian Huang ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Angel Martinez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Nate Colina ( 1 ) Home runs : CAN : None MEX : Fernando Lopez ( 1 ) Notes : Mexico is eliminated . Boxscore Game 21 : Puerto Rico 9 , Canada 4 ( edit ) August 22 3 : 00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium Team 5 6 Puerto Rico ◄ 0 0 9 9 Canada 0 0 0 5 WP : Eric Rodriguez ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jordan Jaramillo ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PUR : Carlos De Jesus 2 ( 2 ) CAN : None Notes : Canada is eliminated . Boxscore Game 25 : Japan 1 , Puerto Rico 0 ( edit ) August 23 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Japan ◄ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Masato Igarashi ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : John Lopez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 ) Notes : Puerto Rico is eliminated . Boxscore Consolation games ( edit ) Game A : Rhode Island 15 , Australia 0 ( edit ) August 20 11 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Rhode Island ◄ 5 0 9 -- -- 15 10 Australia 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 5 WP : Will Owens ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jake Calver ( 0 -- 2 ) Notes : Completed early due to mercy rule . Boxscore Game B : Idaho 5 , Spain 0 ( edit ) August 23 11 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Idaho ◄ 0 0 0 0 5 8 Spain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Christopher Reynolds ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Juan Salazar ( 0 -- 2 ) Boxscore Single - elimination stage ( edit ) International championship : South Korea 2 , Japan 1 ( edit ) August 25 12 : 30 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Japan 0 0 0 0 0 5 South Korea ◄ 0 0 0 0 X 0 WP : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Shisei Fujimoto ( 1 -- 2 ) Sv : Yeong - Hyeon Kim ( 1 ) Home runs : JPN : None KOR : Ji - Hyung Choi ( 3 ) Notes : Japan is eliminated . Boxscore United States championship : Hawaii 3 , Georgia 0 ( edit ) August 25 3 : 30 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii ◄ 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Aukai Kea ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Connor Riggs - Soper ( 0 -- 1 ) Notes : Georgia is eliminated . Boxscore Third place game : Japan 8 , Georgia 2 ( edit ) August 26 10 : 00 am EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 6 Japan ◄ 0 7 0 0 X 8 9 WP : Masato Igarashi ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Chase Fralick ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : GA : None JPN : Masato Igarashi ( 1 ) Boxscore World championship game : Hawaii 3 , South Korea 0 ( edit ) August 26 3 : 00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium Team 5 6 South Korea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii ◄ 0 0 0 X 7 0 WP : Ka'olu Holt ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Yeong - Hyeon Kim ( 1 -- 1 ) Home runs : KOR : None HI : Mana Lau Kong ( 1 ) Boxscore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates Announced for the 2018 Little League World Series Tournaments '' . littleleague.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Full schedule from littleleague.org Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 2019 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic ( 2017 , 2018 , 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Little_League_World_Series_results&oldid=856683091 '' Categories : 2018 Little League World Series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 22 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who won the canada mexico little league world series game | [
"\n\nWinner's bracket[edit]\nGame 1: South Korea 4, Puerto Rico 2[edit]\n\nAugust 16 1:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n South Korea ◄\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n0\n2\n4\n6\n0\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n4\n1\n\n\nWP: Ji-Hyung Choi (1–0) LP: Victor Cartagena (0–1) Sv: Jun-Woo Lim (1)Boxscore\n\nGame 3: Mexico 3, Australia 2[edit]\n\nAugust 16 5:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Australia\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n2\n1\n\n\n Mexico ◄\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n3\n6\n1\n\n\nWP: Alberto Gomez (1–0) LP: Jake Calver (0–1)Home runs:AUS: Oscar Hyde (1)MEX: NoneBoxscore\n\nGame 5: Japan 11, Spain 1[edit]\n\nAugust 17 2:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Spain\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n1\n5\n4\n\n\n Japan ◄\n0\n1\n0\n2\n8\n–\n11\n14\n0\n\n\nWP: Shisei Fujimoto (1–0) LP: Juan Salazar (0–1)Notes: Completed early due to mercy rule.Boxscore\n\nGame 7: Panama 8, Canada 3[edit]\n\nAugust 17 7:10 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Panama ◄\n3\n3\n0\n0\n0\n2\n8\n9\n0\n\n\n Canada\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n3\n5\n1\n\n\nWP: Brian Villarreal (1–0) LP: Ian Huang (0–1)Home runs:PAN: Adan Sanchez (1)CAN: NoneBoxscore\n\nGame 13: South Korea 5, Mexico 1[edit]\n\nAugust 19 9:00 am EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n South Korea ◄\n1\n0\n0\n2\n0\n2\n5\n5\n1\n\n\n Mexico\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n1\n3\n2\n\n\nWP: Shoo-Hoo Choi (1–0) LP: Alberto Gomez (1–1)Home runs:KOR: Ji-Hyung Choi (1)MEX: NoneBoxscore\n\nGame 15: Japan 4, Panama 2[edit]\n\nAugust 19 1:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Panama\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n0\n2\n2\n1\n\n\n Japan ◄\n2\n1\n0\n0\n1\nX\n4\n4\n0\n\n\nWP: Shinji Furusawa (1–0) LP: Adan Sanchez (0–1)Home runs:PAN: NoneJPN: Shisei Fujimoto (1)Boxscore\n\nGame 23: South Korea 10, Japan 0[edit]\n\nAugust 22 7:30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n–\n–\n0\n1\n0\n\n\n South Korea ◄\n4\n2\n0\n4\n–\n–\n10\n11\n0\n\n\nWP: Yeong-Hyeon Kim (1–0) LP: Shisei Fujimoto (1–1)Home runs:JPN: NoneKOR: Ji-Hyung Choi (2)Notes: Completed early due to mercy rule.Boxscore\n\n \n\n\n\nLoser's bracket[edit]\nGame 9: Puerto Rico 6, Australia 0[edit]\n\nAugust 18 2:30 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Puerto Rico ◄\n0\n0\n3\n1\n0\n2\n6\n7\n1\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nWP: Yadiel Delgado (1–0) LP: Matthew White (0–1) Sv: Luis Diaz (1)Home runs:PUR: Eric Rodriguez (1)AUS: NoneNotes: Australia is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 11: Canada 2, Spain 1[edit]\n\nAugust 18 6:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Spain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n5\n1\n\n\n Canada ◄\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\n9\n2\n\n\nWP: Cole Balkovec (1–0) LP: Toni Cortes (0–1)Home runs:ESP: Lucas Iriarte (1)CAN: NoneNotes: Spain is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 17: Puerto Rico 3, Panama 1[edit]\n\nAugust 20 1:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Panama\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n Puerto Rico ◄\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\nX\n3\n3\n1\n\n\nWP: Roberto Joubert (1–0) LP: Arod McKenzie (0–1) Sv: John Lopez (1)Notes: Panama is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 19: Canada 6, Mexico 4[edit]\n\nAugust 20 6:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Canada ◄\n2\n3\n1\n0\n0\n0\n6\n10\n1\n\n\n Mexico\n0\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n4\n5\n0\n\n\nWP: Ian Huang (1–1) LP: Angel Martinez (0–1) Sv: Nate Colina (1)Home runs:CAN: NoneMEX: Fernando Lopez (1)Notes: Mexico is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 21: Puerto Rico 9, Canada 4[edit]\n\nAugust 22 3:00 pm EDT Volunteer Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Puerto Rico ◄\n1\n0\n4\n2\n0\n2\n9\n9\n3\n\n\n Canada\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n4\n5\n1\n\n\nWP: Eric Rodriguez (1–0) LP: Jordan Jaramillo (0–1)Home runs:PUR: Carlos De Jesus 2 (2)CAN: NoneNotes: Canada is eliminated.Boxscore\n\nGame 25: Japan 1, Puerto Rico 0[edit]\n\nAugust 23 3:00 pm EDT Howard J. Lamade Stadium \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nR\nH\nE\n\n\n Japan ◄\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n3\n0\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n1\n\n\nWP: Masato Igarashi (1–0) LP: John Lopez (0–1) Sv: Shisei Fujimoto (1)Notes: Puerto Rico is eliminated.Boxscore\n\n \n\n"
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2053465769224583000 | Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | Canadian Charter of rights and Freedoms - wikipedia Canadian Charter of rights and Freedoms Jump to : navigation , search `` Charter of Rights and Freedoms '' redirects here . For the Quebec charter , see Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms . Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( Elizabeth II ) Governor General ( David Lloyd Johnston ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( Justin Trudeau ) Cabinet ( 29th ministry ) Ministries President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court Federal chief justice ( Beverley McLachlin ) Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order , and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system 42nd federal election ( 2015 ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Structure of the federal government Constitutional law Royal prerogative Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Other countries Atlas Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( French : La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés ) , in Canada often simply the Charter , is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada . It forms the first part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government . It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights . The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17 , 1982 , along with the rest of the Act . The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights , which was enacted in 1960 . However , the Bill of Rights is only a federal statute , rather than a constitutional document . As a federal statute , it can be amended through the ordinary legislative process and has no application to provincial laws . The Supreme Court of Canada also narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights and the Court was reluctant to declare laws inoperative . The relative ineffectiveness of the Canadian Bill of Rights motivated many to improve rights protections in Canada . The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the Canada Act 1982 at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982 , the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . One of the most notable effects of the adoption of the Charter was to greatly expand the scope of judicial review , because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges in enforcing them than was the Bill of Rights . The courts , when confronted with violations of Charter rights , have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial statutes and regulations or parts of statutes and regulations , as they did when Canadian case law was primarily concerned with resolving issues of federalism . The Charter , however , granted new powers to the courts to enforce remedies that are more creative and to exclude more evidence in trials . These powers are greater than what was typical under the common law and under a system of government that , influenced by Canada 's parent country the United Kingdom , was based upon Parliamentary supremacy . As a result , the Charter has attracted both broad support from a majority of the Canadian electorate and criticisms by opponents of increased judicial power . The Charter only applies to government laws and actions ( including the laws and actions of federal , provincial , and municipal governments and public school boards ) , and sometimes to the common law , not to private activity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Exceptions 1.2 Fundamental freedoms 1.3 Democratic rights 1.4 Mobility rights 1.5 Legal rights 1.6 Equality rights 1.7 Language rights 1.8 Minority language education rights 1.9 Other sections 2 History 3 Interpretation and enforcement 4 Comparisons with other human rights documents 5 The Charter and national values 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Features ( edit ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Preamble Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms Fundamental Freedoms Democratic Rights 3 , 4 , 5 Mobility Rights 6 Legal Rights 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Equality Rights 15 Official Languages of Canada 16 , 16.1 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Minority Language Education Rights 23 Enforcement 24 General 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 Application of Charter 32 , 33 Citation 34 Under the Charter , people physically present in Canada have numerous civil and political rights . Most of the rights can be exercised by any legal person ( the Charter does not define the corporation as a `` legal person '' ) , but a few of the rights belong exclusively to natural persons , or ( as in sections 3 and 6 ) only to citizens of Canada . The rights are enforceable by the courts through section 24 of the Charter , which allows courts discretion to award remedies to those whose rights have been denied . This section also allows courts to exclude evidence in trials if the evidence was acquired in a way that conflicts with the Charter and might damage the reputation of the justice system . Section 32 confirms that the Charter is binding on the federal government , the territories under its authority , and the provincial governments . The rights and freedoms enshrined in 34 sections of the Charter include : Exceptions ( edit ) Precluding all the freedoms and forming the basis of the Charter , the very first section , known as limitations clause , allows governments to justify certain infringements of Charter rights . Every case in which a court discovers a violation of the Charter would therefore require a section 1 analysis to determine if the law can still be upheld . Infringements are upheld if the purpose for the government action is to achieve what would be recognized as an urgent or important objective in a free society , and if the infringement can be `` demonstrably justified . '' Section 1 has thus been used to uphold laws against objectionable conduct such as hate speech ( e.g. , in R. v. Keegstra ) and obscenity ( e.g. , in R. v. Butler ) . Section 1 also confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed . In addition , some of these rights are also subjected to the notwithstanding clause ( section 33 ) . The notwithstanding clause authorizes governments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7 -- 15 for up to five years , subject to renewal . The Canadian federal government has never invoked it , and some have speculated that its use would be politically costly . In the past , the notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely by the province of Quebec ( which did not support the enactment of the Charter but is subject to it nonetheless ) . The provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta have also invoked the notwithstanding clause , to end a strike and to protect an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage , respectively . ( Note that Alberta 's use of the notwithstanding clause is of no force or effect , since the definition of marriage is federal not provincial jurisdiction . ) The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once that invoked the notwithstanding clause , but the legislation was never proclaimed in force . Fundamental Freedoms ( edit ) Section 2 : which lists what the Charter calls `` fundamental freedoms '' namely freedom of conscience , freedom of religion , freedom of thought , freedom of belief , freedom of expression , freedom of the press and of other media of communication , freedom of peaceful assembly , and freedom of association . Democratic rights ( edit ) Generally , the right to participate in political activities and the right to a democratic form of government are protected : Section 3 : the right to vote and to be eligible to serve as member of a legislature . Section 4 : the maximum duration of legislatures is set at five years . Section 5 : an annual sitting of legislatures is required as a minimum . Mobility rights ( edit ) Section 6 : protects the mobility rights of Canadian citizens which include the right to enter , remain in , and leave Canada . Citizens and Permanent Residents have the ability to move to and take up residence in any province to pursue gaining livelihood . Legal rights ( edit ) Rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law enforcement are protected , namely : Section 7 : right to life , liberty , and security of the person . Section 8 : freedom from unreasonable search and seizure . Section 9 : freedom from arbitrary detention or imprisonment . Section 10 : right to legal counsel and the guarantee of habeas corpus . Section 11 : rights in criminal and penal matters such as the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty . Section 12 : right not to be subject to cruel and unusual punishment . Section 13 : rights against self - incrimination Section 14 : rights to an interpreter in a court proceeding . Equality rights ( edit ) Section 15 : equal treatment before and under the law , and equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination . Language rights ( edit ) Generally , people have the right to use either the English or French language in communications with Canada 's federal government and certain provincial governments . Specifically , the language laws in the Charter include : Section 16 : English and French are the official languages of Canada and New Brunswick . Section 16.1 : the English and French - speaking communities of New Brunswick have equal rights to educational and cultural institutions . Section 17 : the right to use either official language in Parliament or the New Brunswick legislature . Section 18 : the statutes and proceedings of Parliament and the New Brunswick legislature are to be printed in both official languages . Section 19 : both official languages may be used in federal and New Brunswick courts . Section 20 : the right to communicate with and be served by the federal and New Brunswick governments in either official language . Section 21 : other constitutional language rights outside the Charter regarding English and French are sustained . Section 22 : existing rights to use languages besides English and French are not affected by the fact that only English and French have language rights in the Charter . ( Hence , if there are any rights to use Aboriginal languages anywhere they would continue to exist , though they would have no direct protection under the Charter . ) Minority language education rights ( edit ) Section 23 : rights for certain citizens belonging to French and English speaking minority communities to be educated in their own language . Other sections ( edit ) Various provisions help to clarify how the Charter works in practice . These include , Section 25 : states that the Charter does not derogate existing Aboriginal rights and freedoms . Aboriginal rights , including treaty rights , receive more direct constitutional protection under section 35 of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Section 26 : clarifies that other rights and freedoms in Canada are not invalidated by the Charter . Section 27 : requires the Charter to be interpreted in a multicultural context . Section 28 : states all Charter rights are guaranteed equally to men and women . Section 29 : confirms the rights of religious schools are preserved . Section 30 : clarifies the applicability of the Charter in the territories . Section 31 : confirms that the Charter does not extend the powers of legislatures . Finally , Section 34 : states that Part I of the Constitution Act , 1982 , containing the first 34 sections of the Act , may be collectively referred to as the `` Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms '' . History ( edit ) Printed copies of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Many of the rights and freedoms that are protected under the Charter , including the rights to freedom of speech , habeas corpus and the presumption of innocence , have their roots in a set of Canadian laws and legal precedents sometimes known as the Implied Bill of Rights . Many of these rights were also included in the Canadian Bill of Rights , which the Canadian Parliament enacted in 1960 . However , the Canadian Bill of Rights had a number of shortcomings . Unlike the Charter , it was an ordinary Act of Parliament , which could be amended by a simple majority of Parliament , and it was applicable only to the federal government . The courts also chose to interpret the Bill of Rights conservatively , only on rare occasions applying it to find a contrary law inoperative . The Bill of Rights did not contain all of the rights that are now included in the Charter , omitting , for instance , the right to vote and freedom of movement within Canada . The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 aroused greater interest within the government in constitutional reform . Said reforms would include improving safeguards of rights , as well as patriation of the Constitution , meaning the British Parliament would no longer have to approve constitutional amendments . Subsequently , Attorney General Pierre Trudeau appointed law professor Barry Strayer to research a potential bill of rights . While writing his report , Strayer consulted with a number of notable legal scholars , including Walter Tarnopolsky . Strayer 's report advocated a number of ideas that were later incorporated into the Charter , including protection for language rights . Strayer also advocated excluding economic rights . Finally , he recommended allowing for limits on rights . Such limits are included in the Charter 's limitation and notwithstanding clauses . In 1968 , Strayer was made the Director of the Constitutional Law Division of the Privy Council Office and in 1974 he became Assistant Deputy Minister of Justice . During those years , Strayer played a role in writing the bill that was ultimately adopted . Meanwhile , Trudeau , who had become Liberal leader and prime minister in 1968 , still very much wanted a constitutional bill of rights . The federal government and the provinces discussed creating one during negotiations for patriation , which resulted in the Victoria Charter in 1971 . This never came to be implemented . However , Trudeau continued with his efforts to patriate the Constitution , and promised constitutional change during the 1980 Quebec referendum . He would succeed in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act 1982 . This enacted the Constitution Act , 1982 . The inclusion of a charter of rights in the Constitution Act was a much - debated issue . Trudeau spoke on television in October 1980 , and announced his intention to constitutionalize a bill of rights that would include fundamental freedoms , democratic guarantees , freedom of movement , legal rights , equality and language rights . He did not want a notwithstanding clause . While his proposal gained popular support , provincial leaders opposed the potential limits on their powers . The federal Progressive Conservative opposition feared liberal bias among judges , should courts be called upon to enforce rights . Additionally , the British Parliament cited their right to uphold Canada 's old form of government . At a suggestion of the Conservatives , Trudeau 's government thus agreed to a committee of Senators and MPs to further examine the bill of rights as well as the patriation plan . During this time , 90 hours were spent on the bill of rights alone , all filmed for television , while civil rights experts and advocacy groups put forward their perceptions on the Charter 's flaws and omissions and how to remedy them . As Canada had a parliamentary system of government , and as judges were perceived not to have enforced rights well in the past , it was questioned whether the courts should be named as the enforcers of the Charter , as Trudeau wanted . Conservatives argued that elected politicians should be trusted instead . It was eventually decided that the responsibility should go to the courts . At the urging of civil libertarians , judges could even now exclude evidence in trials if acquired in breach of Charter rights in certain circumstances , something the Charter was not originally going to provide for . As the process continued , more features were added to the Charter , including equality rights for people with disabilities , more sex equality guarantees and recognition of Canada 's multiculturalism . The limitations clause was also reworded to focus less on the importance of parliamentary government and more on justifiability of limits in free societies ; the latter logic was more in line with rights developments around the world after World War II . Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was a major advocate of the Charter . In its decision in the Patriation Reference ( 1981 ) , the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled there was a tradition that some provincial approval should be sought for constitutional reform . As the provinces still had doubts about the Charter 's merits , Trudeau was forced to accept the notwithstanding clause to allow governments to opt out of certain obligations . The notwithstanding clause was accepted as part of a deal called the Kitchen Accord , negotiated by the federal Attorney General Jean Chrétien , Ontario 's justice minister Roy McMurtry and Saskatchewan 's justice minister Roy Romanow . Pressure from provincial governments ( which in Canada have jurisdiction over property ) and from the country 's left wing , especially the New Democratic Party , also prevented Trudeau from including any rights protecting private property . Nevertheless , Quebec did not support the Charter ( or the Canada Act 1982 ) , with `` conflicting interpretations '' as to why . The opposition could have owed to the Parti Québécois leadership being allegedly uncooperative , because it was more committed to gaining sovereignty for Quebec . It could have owed to Quebec leaders being excluded from the negotiation of the Kitchen Accord , which they saw as being too centralist . It could have owed to provincial leaders ' objections to the Accord 's provisions relating to the process of future constitutional amendment . They also opposed the inclusion of mobility rights and minority language education rights . The Charter is still applicable in Quebec because all provinces are bound by the Constitution . However , Quebec 's opposition to the 1982 patriation package has led to two failed attempts to amend the Constitution ( the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord ) which were designed primarily to obtain Quebec 's political approval of the Canadian constitutional order . While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982 , it was not until 1985 that the main provisions regarding equality rights ( section 15 ) came into effect . The delay was meant to give the federal and provincial governments an opportunity to review pre-existing statutes and strike potentially unconstitutional inequalities . The typography of the physical document pictured here , and still distributed today , was typeset by Ottawa 's David Berman intentionally in Carl Dair 's Cartier typeface : at the time the most prominent Canadian typeface , having been commissioned by the Governor - General as a celebration of Canada 's centenary in 1967 . The Charter has been amended since its enactment . Section 25 was amended in 1983 to explicitly recognize more rights regarding Aboriginal land claims , and section 16.1 was added in 1993 . There have also been a number of unsuccessful attempts to amend the Charter , including the failed Charlottetown Accord of 1992 . The Charlottetown Accord would have specifically required the Charter to be interpreted in a manner respectful of Quebec 's distinct society , and would have added further statements to the Constitution Act , 1867 regarding racial and sexual equality and collective rights , and about minority language communities . Though the Accord was negotiated among many interest groups , the resulting provisions were so vague that Trudeau , then out of office , feared they would actually conflict with and undermine the Charter 's individual rights . He felt judicial review of the rights might be undermined if courts had to favour the policies of provincial governments , as governments would be given responsibility over linguistic minorities . Trudeau thus played a prominent role in leading the popular opposition to the Accord . Interpretation and enforcement ( edit ) The task of interpreting and enforcing the Charter falls to the courts , with the Supreme Court of Canada being the ultimate authority on the matter . With the Charter 's supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act , 1982 , the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism . However , under section 24 of the Charter , courts also gained new powers to enforce creative remedies and exclude more evidence in trials . Courts have since made many important decisions , including R. v. Morgentaler ( 1988 ) , which struck down Canada 's abortion law , and Vriend v. Alberta ( 1998 ) , in which the Supreme Court found the province 's exclusion of homosexuals from protection against discrimination violated section 15 . In the latter case , the Court then read the protection into the law . Courts may receive Charter questions in a number of ways . Rights claimants could be prosecuted under a criminal law that they argue is unconstitutional . Others may feel government services and policies are not being dispensed in accordance with the Charter , and apply to lower - level courts for injunctions against the government ( as was the case in Doucet - Boudreau v. Nova Scotia ( Minister of Education ) ) . A government may also raise questions of rights by submitting reference questions to higher - level courts ; for example , Prime Minister Paul Martin 's government approached the Supreme Court with Charter questions as well as federalism concerns in the case Re Same - Sex Marriage ( 2004 ) . Provinces may also do this with their superior courts . The government of Prince Edward Island initiated the Provincial Judges Reference by asking its provincial Supreme Court a question on judicial independence under section 11 . The building of the Supreme Court of Canada , the chief authority on the interpretation of the Charter In several important cases , judges developed various tests and precedents for interpreting specific provisions of the Charter . These include the Oakes test for section 1 , set out in the case R. v. Oakes ( 1986 ) , and the ( now defunct ) Law test for section 15 , developed in Law v. Canada ( 1999 ) . Since Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act ( 1985 ) , various approaches to defining and expanding the scope of fundamental justice ( the Canadian name for natural justice or due process ) under section 7 have been adopted . ( For more information , see the articles on each Charter section ) . In general , courts have embraced a purposive interpretation of Charter rights . This means that since early cases like Hunter v. Southam ( 1984 ) and R. v. Big M Drug Mart ( 1985 ) , they have concentrated not on the traditional , limited understanding of what each right meant when the Charter was adopted in 1982 , but rather on changing the scope of rights as appropriate to fit their broader purpose . This is tied to the generous interpretation of rights , as the purpose of the Charter provisions is assumed to be to increase rights and freedoms of people in a variety of circumstances , at the expense of the government powers . Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has approved of the generous approach in some cases , although for others he argues the purpose of the provisions was not to achieve a set of rights as broad as courts have imagined . Indeed , this approach has not been without its critics . Alberta politician Ted Morton and political scientist Rainer Knopff have been very critical of this phenomenon . Although they feel the basis for the approach , the living tree doctrine ( the classical name for generous interpretations of the Canadian Constitution ) , is sound , they argue Charter case law has been more radical . When the living tree doctrine is applied right , the authors claim , `` The elm remained an elm ; it grew new branches but did not transform itself into an oak or a willow . '' The doctrine can be used , for example , so a right is upheld even when a government threatens to violate it with new technology , as long as the essential right remains the same ; but the authors claim that the courts have used the doctrine to `` create new rights . '' As an example , the authors note that the Charter right against self - incrimination has been extended to cover scenarios in the justice system that had previously been unregulated by self - incrimination rights in other Canadian laws . Another general approach to interpreting Charter rights is to consider international legal precedents with countries that have specific rights protections , such as the United States Bill of Rights ( an influence on aspects of the Charter ) and the Constitution of South Africa . However , international precedent is only of guiding value , and is not binding . For example , the Supreme Court has referred to the Charter and the American Bill of Rights as being `` born to different countries in different ages and in different circumstances . '' Public interest groups frequently intervene in cases to make arguments on how to interpret the Charter . Some examples are the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association , Canadian Civil Liberties Association , the Canadian Mental Health Association , the Canadian Labour Congress , the Women 's Legal Education and Action Fund ( LEAF ) , and REAL Women of Canada . The purpose of such interventions is to assist the court and to attempt to influence the court to render a decision favourable to the legal interests of the group . A further approach to the Charter , taken by the courts , is the dialogue principle , which involves greater participation by elected governments . This approach involves governments drafting legislation in response to court rulings and courts acknowledging the effort if the new legislation is challenged . Comparisons with other Human rights documents ( edit ) The United States Bill of Rights influenced the text of the Charter , but its rights provisions are interpreted more conservatively . Canadian civil - rights and constitutional cases as compared to American cases occasionally have dissimilar outcomes because the broader Charter rights are limited by the `` savings clause '' of section 1 of the Charter as interpreted in R. v. Oakes Some Canadian Members of Parliament saw the movement to entrench a charter as contrary to the British model of Parliamentary supremacy . Others would say that the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) has now limited British parliamentary power to a greater degree than the Canadian Charter limited the power of the Canadian Parliament and provincial legislatures . Hogg has speculated that the British adopted the Human Rights Act 1998 , which allows the ECHR to be enforced directly in domestic courts , partly because they were inspired by the similar Canadian Charter . The Canadian Charter bears a number of similarities to the European Convention , specifically in relation to the limitations clauses contained in the European document . Because of this similarity with European human rights law , the Supreme Court of Canada turns not only to the Constitution of the United States case law in interpreting the Charter , but also to European Court of Human Rights cases . The core distinction between the United States Bill of Rights and Canadian Charter is the existence of the limitations and notwithstanding clauses . Canadian courts have consequently interpreted each right more expansively . However , due to the limitations clause , where a violation of a right exists , the law will not necessarily grant protection of that right . In contrast , rights under the US Bill of Rights are absolute and so a violation will not be found until there has been sufficient encroachment on those rights . The sum effect is that both constitutions provide comparable protection of many rights . Fundamental justice ( in section 7 of the Canadian Charter ) is therefore interpreted to include more legal protections than due process , which is its US equivalent . Freedom of expression in section 2 also has a more wide - ranging scope than the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 's freedom of speech . In RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. ( 1986 ) , the Canadian Supreme Court considered picketing of the kind the US First Amendment did not permit , as it was disruptive conduct ( though there was some speech involved that the First Amendment might otherwise protect ) . The Supreme Court , however , ruled the picketing , including the disruptive conduct , were fully protected under section 2 of the Charter . The Court then relied on section 1 to find the injunction against the picketing was just . The limitations clause has also allowed governments to enact laws that would be considered unconstitutional in the US . The Supreme Court of Canada has upheld some of Quebec 's limits on the use of English on signs and has upheld publication bans that prohibit media from mentioning the names of juvenile criminals . Section 28 of the Charter performs a function similar to that of the unratified Equal Rights Amendment in the US . While that proposed amendment had many critics , there was no comparable opposition to the Charter 's section 28 . Still , Canadian feminists had to stage large protests to demonstrate support for the inclusion of the section which had not been part of the original draft of the charter . The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has several parallels with the Canadian Charter , but in some cases the Covenant goes further with regard to rights in its text . For example , a right to legal aid has been read into section 10 of the Charter ( the right to counsel ) , but the Covenant explicitly guarantees the accused need not pay `` if he does not have sufficient means . '' The Canadian Charter has little to say , explicitly at least , about economic and social rights . On this point , it stands in marked contrast with the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and with the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . There are some who feel economic rights ought to be read into section 7 rights to security of the person and section 15 equality rights to make the Charter similar to the Covenant . The rationale is that economic rights can relate to a decent standard of living and can help the civil rights flourish in a livable environment . Canadian courts , however , have been hesitant in this area , stating that economic rights are political questions and adding that as positive rights , economic rights are of questionable legitimacy . The Charter itself influenced the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa . The limitations clause under section 36 of the South African law has been compared to section 1 of that Charter . Jamaica 's Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms was also influenced , in part , by the Canadian charter . The Charter and national values ( edit ) The `` March of Hearts '' rally for same - sex marriage equality under the Charter in 2004 . The Charter was intended to be a source for Canadian values and national unity . As Professor Alan Cairns noted , `` The initial federal government premise was on developing a pan-Canadian identity . '' Trudeau himself later wrote in his Memoirs that `` Canada itself '' could now be defined as a `` society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom '' , and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality . The Charter 's unifying purpose was particularly important to the mobility and language rights . According to author Rand Dyck , some scholars believe section 23 , with its minority language education rights , `` was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned '' . Through the mobility and language rights , French Canadians , who have been at the centre of unity debates , are able to travel throughout all Canada and receive government and educational services in their own language . Hence , they are not confined to Quebec ( the only province where they form the majority and where most of their population is based ) , which would polarize the country along regional lines . The Charter was also supposed to standardize previously diverse laws throughout the country and gear them towards a single principle of liberty . Former premier of Ontario Bob Rae has stated that the Charter `` functions as a symbol for all Canadians '' in practice because it represents the core value of freedom . Academic Peter Russell has been more skeptical of the Charter 's value in this field . Cairns , who feels the Charter is the most important constitutional document to many Canadians , and that the Charter was meant to shape the Canadian identity , has also expressed concern that groups within society see certain provisions as belonging to them alone rather than to all Canadians . It has also been noted that issues like abortion and pornography , raised by the Charter , tend to be controversial . Still , opinion polls in 2002 showed Canadians felt the Charter significantly represented Canada , although many were unaware of the document 's actual contents . The only values mentioned by the Charter 's preamble are recognition for the supremacy of God and the rule of law , but these have been controversial and of minor legal consequence . In 1999 , MP Svend Robinson brought forward a failed proposal before the Canadian House of Commons that would have amended the Charter by removing the mention of God , as he felt it did not reflect Canada 's diversity . Section 27 also recognizes a value of multiculturalism . In 2002 , polls found 86 % of Canadians approved of this section . Criticism ( edit ) While the Charter has enjoyed a great deal of popularity , with 82 % of Canadians describing it as a good thing in opinion polls in 1987 and 1999 , the document has also been subject to published criticisms from both sides of the political spectrum . One left - wing critic is Professor Michael Mandel , who wrote that in comparison to politicians , judges do not have to be as sensitive to the will of the electorate , nor do they have to make sure their decisions are easily understandable to the average Canadian citizen . This , in Mandel 's view , limits democracy . Mandel has also asserted that the Charter makes Canada more like the United States , especially by serving corporate rights and individual rights rather than group rights and social rights . He has argued that there are several things that should be included in the Charter , such as a right to health care and a basic right to free education . Hence , the perceived Americanization of Canadian politics is seen as coming at the expense of values more important for Canadians . The union movement has been disappointed in the reluctance of the courts to use the Charter to support various forms of union activity , such as the `` right to strike '' . Right - wing critics Morton and Knopff have raised several concerns about the Charter , notably by alleging that the federal government has used it to limit provincial powers by allying with various rights claimants and interest groups . In their book The Charter Revolution & the Court Party , Morton and Knopff express their suspicions of this alliance in detail , accusing the Trudeau and Chrétien governments of funding litigious groups . For example , these governments used the Court Challenges Program to support minority language educational rights claims . Morton and Knopff also assert that crown counsel has intentionally lost cases in which the government was taken to court for allegedly violating rights , particularly gay rights and women 's rights . Political scientist Rand Dyck , in observing these criticisms , notes that while judges have had their scope of review widened , they have still upheld most laws challenged on Charter grounds . With regard to litigious interest groups , Dyck points out that `` the record is not as clear as Morton and Knopff imply . All such groups have experienced wins and losses . '' The political philosopher Charles Blattberg has criticized the Charter for contributing to the fragmentation of the country , at both the individual and group levels . In encouraging discourse based upon rights , the Charter is said to inject an adversarial spirit into Canadian politics , making it difficult to realize the common good . Blattberg also claims that the Charter undercuts the Canadian political community since it is ultimately a cosmopolitan document . Finally , he argues that people would be more motivated to uphold individual liberties if they were expressed with terms that are much `` thicker '' ( less abstract ) than rights . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Canadian politics portal Book : Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act History of Canada Human rights in Canada Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Supreme Court of Canada Veterans ' Bill of Rights List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Dickson Court ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Lamer Court ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( McLachlin Court ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only one federal law was declared inoperative by the Supreme Court of Canada : R. v. Drybones ( 1969 ) , ( 1970 ) S.C.R. 282 . For an example of the narrow interpretation of the Supreme Court of Canada see Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell , ( 1974 ) S.C.R. 1349 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Thomson Canada Limited , 2003 , page 689 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 741 -- 742 Jump up ^ Heather Scoffield , `` Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships , '' Canadian Press , September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Marriage Act Archived 2007 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , R.S.A. 2000 , c . M - 5 . Accessed URL on March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Peter . `` Notwithstanding what ? '' The Vancouver Sun , January 21 , 2006 , pg. C. 4 . Jump up ^ Library of Parliament , Parliamentary Information and Research Service , The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter , prepared by David Johansen , 1989 , as revised May 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sources of Canadian Law '' , Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Constitutional Law Group , Canadian Constitutional Law , Third Edition , Toronto : Edmond Montgomery Publications Limited , p. 635 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Peter W. Canada Act 1982 Annotated . Toronto : The Carswell Company Limited , 1982 . Jump up ^ United States of America v. Cotroni ; United States of America v. El Zein ( 1989 ) 1 S.C.R. 1469 . Jump up ^ Strayer , Barry L. `` My Constitutional Summer of 1967 '' , Reflections on the Charter , Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved March 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Charting the Future : Canada 's New Constitution CBC Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , Lorraine Eisenstat . `` Trudeau and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms : A Question of Constitutional Maturation . '' In Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau . Edited by Andrew Cohen and JL Granatstein . Vintage Canada , 1998 , pages 269 . ^ Jump up to : Weinrib , 270 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , 271 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , 272 . Jump up ^ Weinrib , pages 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ David Johansen , `` PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE CONSTITUTION , '' Library of Parliament ( Canada ) , Law and Government Division , October 1991 . Jump up ^ `` The Night of Long Knives '' , Canada : A People 's History . CBC . Retrieved April 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ CBC evening news broadcast , November 5 , 1981 . Online at CBC Archives , ( 1 ) beginning at timepoint 4 : 04 of the clip . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Behiels , Michael D. `` Who Speaks for Canada ? Trudeau and the Constitutional Crisis . '' In Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , page 346 . Jump up ^ R. v. Kapp , 2008 SCC 41 , ( 2008 ) 2 SCR 483 ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada , 2003 Student Ed. , pages 722 and 724 -- 725 . Jump up ^ Morton , F.L. and Rainer Knopff . The Charter Revolution & the Court Party . Toronto : Broadview Press , 2000 , pages 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 732 ; the case quoted was R. v. Rahey ( 1987 ) by Gérard La Forest . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Philip ( April 2002 ) . `` The Charter at 20 '' . CBC News Online . Archived from the original on 7 March 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brice Dickson , `` Human Rights in the 21st Century , '' Amnesty International Lecture , Queen 's University , Belfast , 11 November 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 732 -- 733 . Jump up ^ Manfredi , Christopher P . `` The Canadian Supreme Court and American Judicial Review : United States Constitutional Jurisprudence and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . '' The American Journal of Comparative Law , vol. 40 , no . 1 . ( Winter , 1992 ) , pages 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Women 's International Network News , `` Women on the Move in Canada . '' Summer 1993 , Vol. 19 Issue 3 , page 71 . ^ Jump up to : Lugtig , Sarah and Debra Parkes , `` Where do we go from here ? '' Herizons , Spring 2002 , Vol. 15 Issue 4 , page 14 . Jump up ^ Doris Anderson , `` Canadian Women and the Charter of Rights '' ( 2005 ) 19 Nat'l J Const L 369 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 733 -- 734 . Jump up ^ http://jis.gov.jm/media/charter-of-rights1.pdf Jump up ^ http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110417/cleisure/cleisure2.html Jump up ^ Trudeau , Pierre Elliott . Memoirs , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , 1993 , pages 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Dyck , Rand . Canadian Politics : Critical Approaches . Third ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Nelson Thomson Learning , 2000 , page 442 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed. , pages 704 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Byfield , Joanne . `` The right to be ignorant . '' Report / Newsmagazine ( National Edition ) ; December 16 , 2002 , Vol. 29 , Issue 24 , page 56 . Jump up ^ Tracey Tyler , `` Support for Charter runs strong : Survey ; Approval highest in Quebec on 20 - year - old rights law '' , Toronto Star , Apr 12 , 2002 , p . A07 . ^ Jump up to : Dyck , page 446 , summarizing Mandel , Michael , The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada ( Toronto : Wall and Thompson , 1989 ; revised edition , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Morton and Knopff , 95 . They complain about crown counsels on page 117 . Jump up ^ Dyck , page 448 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles . Shall We Dance ? A Patriotic Politics for Canada . Montreal and Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2003 , especially pages 83 -- 94 Bibliography G. - A Beaudoin and E. Ratushny , The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2nd ed. , Carswell , Toronto , 1989 . P.W. Hogg , Constitutional law of Canada , 4th ed. , Carswell : Scarborough with Supplement to Constitutional Law of Canada ( 2002 - ) J.P. Humphrey , Human Rights and the United Nations : A Great Adventure , New York : Transnational Publishers , 1984 . J.E. Magnet , Constitutional Law , 8th ed. ( 2001 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Black - Branch , Jonathan L ( 1995 ) , Making sense of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Canadian Education Association ISBN 0 - 920315 - 78 - X Silver , Cindy ( 1995 ? ) . Family Autonomy and the Charter of Rights : Protecting Parental Liberty in a Child - Centred Legal System , in series , Discussion Paper ( of ) the Centre for Renewal in Public Policy , 3 . Gloucester , Ont. : Centre for Renewal in Public Policy . 27 p . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Canadian Department of Justice website Building a Just Society : A Retrospective of Canadian Rights and Freedoms at Library and Archives Canada Charter of Rights Decisions Digest by the Canadian Legal Information Institute Constitutional Law of Canada by Professor Joseph E. Magnet , University of Ottawa Fundamental Freedoms : The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Charter of Rights and Freedoms website with video , audio and the Charter in more than 10 languages Constitution of Canada List of Constitutional Documents Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 ( hide ) Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Knight of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Equal authenticity rule Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms&oldid=798806174 '' Categories : 1982 in law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms National human rights instruments Political charters Human rights in Canada 1982 in Canadian law 1982 documents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long is the canadian charter of rights and freedoms | [
"Under the Charter, people physically present in Canada have numerous civil and political rights. Most of the rights can be exercised by any legal person (the Charter does not define the corporation as a \"legal person\"),[3] but a few of the rights belong exclusively to natural persons, or (as in sections 3 and 6) only to citizens of Canada. The rights are enforceable by the courts through section 24 of the Charter, which allows courts discretion to award remedies to those whose rights have been denied. This section also allows courts to exclude evidence in trials if the evidence was acquired in a way that conflicts with the Charter and might damage the reputation of the justice system. Section 32 confirms that the Charter is binding on the federal government, the territories under its authority, and the provincial governments. The rights and freedoms enshrined in 34 sections of the Charter include:"
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"34 sections"
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-7310143818608344700 | Uzo Aduba | Uzo Aduba - wikipedia Uzo Aduba Uzo Aduba Aduba in 2014 Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba ( 1981 - 02 - 10 ) February 10 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2003 -- present Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba ( / ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə / ; born February 10 , 1981 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) , for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015 , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015 . She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role , the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Advocacy 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage credits 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Aduba was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the daughter of Nigerian parents , of Igbo origin . She grew up in Medfield , Massachusetts , and graduated from Medfield High School in 1999 . She attended Boston University , where she studied classical voice and competed in track and field . She describes her family as a `` sports family '' . Her younger brother , Obi , played hockey at the University of Massachusetts and went on to play six seasons professionally . Career ( edit ) Aduba first garnered recognition for her acting in 2003 , when her performance in Translations of Xhosa at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts earned her a Helen Hayes Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play . Aduba played the character Amphiarus in 2006 at New York Theatre Workshop and again in 2008 at La Jolla Playhouse . In 2007 , she made her Broadway debut , portraying Toby in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Coram Boy at the Imperial Theatre . From 2011 through 2012 , she sang `` By My Side '' as part of the original revival cast of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre . Her first television appearance was as a nurse on Blue Bloods in 2012 . She also played the mother of the title character of Venice at The Public Theater in New York . In 2013 , Aduba began portraying Suzanne Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren in the Netflix comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black . On being cast , Aduba said : I auditioned for the show back in late July or early August of ( 2012 ) . I had been auditioning that summer for more television and film ( after doing much theater ) . I 'd read a lot of scripts and I remember reading Orange Is the New Black , and it was at the head of the pack . I remember thinking , ' Wow , that is really good , I would love to be a part of that . ' I went in and auditioned for another part , and my representatives called me about a month later and they were like , `` Hi , we have some really good news . You remember that audition you went on for Orange Is the New Black ? You did n't get it . '' I go , `` So ... okay , what 's the good news ? '' They said they wanted to offer me another part , Crazy Eyes . I was like , `` What in my audition would make someone think I 'd be right for a part called Crazy Eyes ? '' But to be honest , when I got the script for it , it felt like the right fit . Casting director Jennifer Euston explains the selection of Aduba for the role thus : `` Uzo Aduba ... had her hair in those knots for the audition ... They saw something amazing in her and were able to connect it to what they were looking for in Crazy Eyes . '' In joining the series , Aduba obtained her Screen Actors Guild card , about which she says , `` I was just like , ' Wow , this means I 'm a full actor now . ' It was such a big deal , and I remember being so thankful and feeling so proud . '' She has been recognized for her performance as `` Crazy Eyes '' : Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season one performance . Aduba 's season two performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . Aduba won a second Primetime Emmy at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015 , winning the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . This makes her the first actress to win both a drama and comedy Emmy for the same role . Aduba 's performance in the third season also earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . She also earned a Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In March 2014 , Aduba performed at Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards . Aduba teamed with Rachel Bay Jones for a rendition of the song `` Lily 's Eyes '' from the musical The Secret Garden . Aduba plays a major role in My Little Pony : The Movie , where she voices Queen Novo , leader of the Hippogriffs / Seaponies . Advocacy ( edit ) In April 2017 , Aduba received the Point Courage Award from the Point Foundation for her support of the LGBT community . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Pearly Gates Corrie Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip TSA Officer Cameo 2016 Tallulah Detective Kinnie American Pastoral Vicky Showing Roots Pearl 2017 My Little Pony : The Movie Queen Novo ( voice ) 2018 Candy Jar Julia Russell 2019 Beats Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Project Runway : All Stars Herself Episode : `` Putting On The Glitz '' Blue Bloods Nurse Episode : `` Nightmares '' 2013 How to Live Like a Lady Acting Teacher Television film 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren 62 episodes 2014 Saturday Night Live Daughter Dudley Episode : `` Woody Harrelson / Kendrick Lamar '' Hell 's Kitchen Herself Season 13 Episode 10 : `` 9 Chefs Compete '' 2015 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels '' The Wiz Live ! Glinda the Good Witch Television special 2016 Steven Universe Bismuth ( voice ) Episode : `` Bismuth '' Stage credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Seven Amphiarus New York Theatre Workshop 2007 Coram Boy Toby Imperial Theatre 2008 The Seven Amphiarus La Jolla Playhouse 2009 Eclipsed Helena Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company 2009 A Civil War Christmas Hannah Huntington Theatre 2011 Godspell Company Circle in the Square Theatre 2013 Venice Anna Monroe The Public Theater 2016 The Maids Solange Trafalgar Studios Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations . Organization Year Work ( s ) Result Critics ' Choice Television Award 2014 Orange Is the New Black Best Guest Performer -- Comedy Won Glamour Awards 2016 Orange Is the New Black Comedy Actress Nominated Golden Globe Award 2015 Orange Is the New Black Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2016 Orange Is the New Black Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated NAACP Image Awards 2016 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2018 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Award 2014 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Won 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Satellite Awards 2013 Orange Is the New Black Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award 2015 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2018 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2018 Orange Is the New Black Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Godspell Talk Back -- Uzo Aduba '' . Reviewing The Drama . March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Celine ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black 's ' Uzo Aduba on a good road as Crazy Eyes '' . Los Angeles Times . 32 - year - old Aduba Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list . CNN.com ( September 21 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba Watch ' OITNB ' actress speak Igbo , reveal her favourite Nigerian dish , '' . Pulse.ng . Chidumga Izuzu . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aduba , Uzo ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Uzo Aduba : My Road to ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Daily Beast Jump up ^ `` Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner '' . medfield.patch.com . May 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Behind the Breakout Role : Orange is the New Black 's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes '' . Co. Create . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 Women 's Track Roster '' . Boston University . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston University Meet Results '' . UMassAthletics.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obi Aduba player profile '' . hockeydb.com . Jump up ^ `` Translations of Xhosa - Washington , DC - Tickets , Reviews , Info and More '' . theatermania . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Supporting Actress , Resident Play -- 2004 '' . Awards and nominations Theatre Washington . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Orphans of the Storm , Assailed by Lurid Evildoers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Cast : Uzo Aduba '' . Godspell.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Of Shakespeare and Superheroes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Venice , review , Off - Broadway , New York Theatre '' . newyorktheatreguide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black 's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes , Flirting Techniques , and Peeing on the Floor '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Crazy Eyes ' From ' Orange Is The New Black ' Talks Flirting , Jodie Foster And That Infamous Scene '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Melinda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` # 1 Reason Seeing Potential Beyond the Audition Created an Outstanding Ensemble for ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . Backstage . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Rob ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` How I Got My SAG - AFTRA Card '' , TV Guide . p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards '' . PR Newswire . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Kate ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : The winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards 2015 : ' Birdman ' feathers its nest as Oscars nears '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba Is ' Grateful ' After Tearful Emmy Win '' . ExtraTV.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2016 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards ; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` BROADWAY BACKWARDS '' . Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS . March 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Emily ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Uzo Aduba honored in New York '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Steven Universe ' : Uzo Aduba plays a new Crystal Gem -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Year in which awards ceremony was held . Further reading ( edit ) `` Aduba , Uzo '' . Current Biography. 77 . August 8 , 2016 . Widdicombe , Lizzie ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` On Ice '' . The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Uzo Aduba on IMDb Uzo Aduba at the Internet Broadway Database Uzo Aduba at Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Uzo Aduba Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Paul Rudd ( 2012 ) Patton Oswalt ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2015 ) Timothy Olyphant ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Cloris Leachman ( 1975 ) Beah Richards ( 1988 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1989 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1990 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1991 ) No Award ( 1992 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1993 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1994 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1995 ) Betty White ( 1996 ) Carol Burnett ( 1997 ) Emma Thompson ( 1998 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1999 ) Jean Smart ( 2000 ) Jean Smart ( 2001 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2002 ) Christina Applegate ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2005 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2006 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2007 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2011 ) Kathy Bates ( 2012 ) Melissa Leo ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Joan Cusack ( 2015 ) Tina Fey & Amy Poehler ( 2016 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Barbara Hale ( 1959 ) Pamela Brown ( 1962 ) Glenda Farrell ( 1963 ) Ruth White ( 1964 ) Lee Grant ( 1966 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1967 ) Barbara Anderson ( 1968 ) Susan Saint James ( 1969 ) Gail Fisher ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1972 ) Ellen Corby ( 1973 ) Joanna Miles ( 1974 ) Ellen Corby ( 1975 ) Ellen Corby ( 1976 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1977 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1978 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1979 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1980 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1981 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1982 ) Doris Roberts ( 1983 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1984 ) Betty Thomas ( 1985 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1986 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1987 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1988 ) Melanie Mayron ( 1989 ) Marg Helgenberger ( 1990 ) Madge Sinclair ( 1991 ) Valerie Mahaffey ( 1992 ) Mary Alice ( 1993 ) Leigh Taylor - Young ( 1994 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1995 ) Tyne Daly ( 1996 ) Kim Delaney ( 1997 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1998 ) Holland Taylor ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Allison Janney ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Tyne Daly ( 2003 ) Drea de Matteo ( 2004 ) Blythe Danner ( 2005 ) Blythe Danner ( 2006 ) Katherine Heigl ( 2007 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2008 ) Cherry Jones ( 2009 ) Archie Panjabi ( 2010 ) Margo Martindale ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Anna Gunn ( 2013 ) Anna Gunn ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Maggie Smith ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1997 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1998 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1999 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2000 ) Megan Mullally ( 2001 ) Megan Mullally ( 2002 ) Megan Mullally ( 2003 ) Teri Hatcher ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) America Ferrera ( 2006 ) Tina Fey ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Betty White ( 2011 ) Tina Fey ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) GND : 113350955X ISNI : 0000 0003 6723 4787 LCCN : no2012030028 VIAF : 232573537 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzo_Aduba&oldid=845631874 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people 21st - century American actresses American television actresses American film actresses Actresses from Boston Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni American people of Nigerian descent Primetime Emmy Award winners American people of Igbo descent LGBT rights activists from the United States Igbo actresses Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Medfield , Massachusetts Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners 21st - century Nigerian actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Igbo Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 03 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays suzanne warren on orange is the new black | [
"Uzoamaka Nwanneka \"Uzo\" Aduba[1] (/ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; born February 10, 1981)[2] is an American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015.[3] She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant.[4]"
] | [
"Uzoamaka Nwanneka \"Uzo\" Aduba"
] |
4097935049375206732 | 1900 Galveston hurricane | 1900 Galveston hurricane - wikipedia 1900 Galveston hurricane Jump to : navigation , search Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Category 4 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 8 , just before landfall . Formed August 27 , 1900 Dissipated September 17 , 1900 ( Extratropical after September 11 , 1900 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) Lowest pressure 936 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.64 inHg Fatalities 6,000 -- 12,000 ( Deadliest in U.S. history ) Damage $21 million ( 1900 USD ) ( equivalent to $618 million in 2017 , adjusted for inflation ; see Aftermath for more ) Areas affected Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , Hispaniola , Jamaica , Cuba , Turks and Caicos Islands , Bahamas , Florida , Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , Nebraska , Iowa , Illinois , Wisconsin , Michigan , New York , Eastern Canada Part of the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season The Great Galveston Hurricane , known regionally as the Great Storm of 1900 , was the deadliest natural disaster in United States history . The hurricane left between 6,000 and 12,000 fatalities in the United States ; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000 . Most of these deaths occurred in the vicinity of Galveston after storm surge inundated the entire island with 8 to 12 feet ( 2.4 to 3.7 m ) of water . In addition to the number killed , every house in the city sustained damage , with at least 3,636 destroyed . Approximately 30,000 people in the city left homeless , out of a total population of nearly 38,000 . The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston , as the hurricane alarmed potential investors , who turned to Houston instead . The Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston island was subsequently raised by 17 ft ( 5.2 m ) and a 10 mi ( 16 km ) seawall erected . The first observed hurricane of the season , the tropical cyclone was first detected by a ship well east of the Windward Islands on August 27 . Initially at tropical storm intensity , it slowly strengthened while moving steadily west - northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean Sea on August 30 . The storm made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a weak tropical storm on September 2 . It weakened slightly while crossing Hispaniola , before re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea later that day . On September 3 , the cyclone struck modern day Santiago de Cuba Province and then slowly drifted along the southern coast of Cuba . Upon reaching the Gulf of Mexico on September 6 , the storm strengthened into a hurricane . Significant intensification followed and the system peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) on September 8 . Early on the next day , it made landfall near present day Jamaica Beach , Texas . The cyclone weakened quickly after moving inland and fell to tropical storm intensity late on September 9 . The storm turned east - northeastward and became extratropical over Iowa on September 11 . The extratropical system strengthened while accelerating across the Midwestern United States , New England , and Eastern Canada before reaching the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on September 13 . After striking Newfoundland later that day , the remnants entered the far North Atlantic Ocean and weakened , finally dissipating near Iceland on September 15 . The storm brought flooding and severe thunderstorms to portions of the Caribbean , especially Antigua and Cuba . It is likely that much of South Florida experienced tropical storm force winds , though mostly minor damage occurred overall . Hurricane force winds and storm surge inundated portions of southern Louisiana , though no significant damage or fatalities were reported . The hurricane brought strong winds and storm surge to a large portion of east Texas , with Galveston suffering the brunt of the impact . Further north , the storm and its remnants continued to produce heavy rains and gusty winds , which downed telegraph wires , signs , and trees in several states . There were two deaths in Illinois . and one each in Missouri and New York . Property damage from the storm throughout the United States was estimated at $30 million ( 1900 USD ) . The remnants also brought severe impact to Canada . In Ontario , damage reached about $1.35 million ( 1900 CAD ) , with $1 million to crops . There were at least 52 deaths -- and possibly as many as 232 deaths -- in Canada , mostly due to sunken vessels near Newfoundland and the French territory of Saint - Pierre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Background 3 Preparations 4 Impact 4.1 United States 4.1. 1 Florida to Louisiana 4.1. 2 Texas 4.1. 2.1 Galveston 4.1. 3 Midwest 4.1. 4 New York City 4.2 Canada 5 Aftermath 5.1 Rebuilding 5.2 Protection 5.3 Historiography 5.4 Museum 6 Gallery 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale The storm 's origins are unclear , because of the limited observational methods available to meteorologists at the time . Ship reports were the only reliable tool for observing hurricanes at sea , and because wireless telegraphy was in its infancy , these reports were not available until the ships put in at a harbor . The 1900 storm , like many powerful Atlantic hurricanes , is believed to have begun as a Cape Verde -- type hurricane -- a tropical wave moving off the western coast of Africa . The first formal sighting of the hurricane 's precursor occurred on August 27 , about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) east of the Windward Islands , when a ship recorded an area of `` unsettled weather '' . The storm passed through the Leeward Islands on August 30 , probably as a tropical depression as indicated by barometric pressure reports from Antigua . Three days later , Antigua reported a severe thunderstorm passing over , followed by the hot , humid calmness that often occurs after the passage of a tropical cyclone . By September 1 , U.S. Weather Bureau observers were reporting on a `` storm of moderate intensity ( not a hurricane ) '' southeast of Cuba . Continuing westward , the storm made landfall on southwest Cuba on September 3 , dropping heavy rains . On September 5 , it emerged into the Florida Straits as a tropical storm or a weak hurricane . Conditions in the Gulf of Mexico were favorable for further strengthening of the storm . The Gulf had seen little cloud cover for several weeks , and the seas were `` as warm as bathwater '' , according to one report . The Weather Bureau ignored reports from Cuban meteorologists because they expected the storm to curve northeast along the coast of North America : `` Assumption became fact as the official government reports stated , wrongly , that the storm was traveling northeast in the Atlantic . '' However , a region of high pressure had pushed the storm to the west into the Gulf of Mexico . The storm was reported to be north of Key West on September 6 , Late on September 6 , the ship Louisiana encountered the hurricane after departing New Orleans . Captain Halsey estimated wind speeds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , which corresponds to Category 2 intensity on the modern - day Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . In the early morning hours of Friday , September 7 , the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans , Louisiana , issued a report of heavy damage along the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts . Details of the storm were not widespread ; damage to telegraph lines limited communication . The Weather Bureau 's central office in Washington , D.C. , ordered storm warnings raised from Pensacola , Florida , to Galveston . The hurricane continued to strengthen significantly while heading west - northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico , becoming a Category 3 hurricane at 06 : 00 UTC on September 7 and reaching Category 4 intensity about twelve hours later . Upon becoming a Category 4 hurricane , the cyclone reached its maximum sustained wind speed of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . By the afternoon of September 7 , large swells from the southeast were observed on the Gulf , and clouds at all altitudes began moving in from the northeast . Both of these observations are consistent with a hurricane approaching from the east . The Galveston Weather Bureau office raised its double square flags ; a hurricane warning was in effect . Hurricane track from September 1 to 10 On September 8 , the hurricane weakened slightly and recurved to the northwest while approaching the coast of Texas . By 22 : 00 UTC , the Weather Bureau office in Galveston was observing sustained hurricane - force winds . The cyclone made landfall around 02 : 00 UTC on September 9 near modern - day Jamaica Beach with sustained winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) . Upon making landfall , it was estimated that the hurricane had a atmospheric pressure of 936 mbar ( 27.6 inHg ) , the lowest pressure associated with the system . While crossing Galveston Island and West Bay , the eye passed just west of the city of Galveston . The hurricane quickly weakened after moving inland , weakening to a Category 2 around 06 : 00 UTC on September 9 and then to a Category 1 hurricane about 12 hours later . Later that day , it curved northward and weakened to a tropical storm at 18 : 00 UTC . About 24 hours later , the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression over Kansas on September 10 . The storm lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Iowa by 12 : 00 UTC on the following day . Moving rapidly east - northeastward , the extratropical system re-intensified , becoming the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane over Ontario on September 13 . After crossing Newfoundland and entering the far northern Atlantic , the remnants of the hurricane weakened and was last noted near Iceland on September 15 . Background ( edit ) See also : Galveston , Texas At the end of the 19th century , the city of Galveston , Texas , was a booming town . According to the 1900 Census , the population of Galveston was 37,788 , an increase from 29,084 people recorded in the 1890 Census . The city was fourth largest municipality in the state of Texas in 1900 and among the highest per capita income rates in the United States . Galveston had many ornate business buildings in a downtown section called The Strand , which was considered the `` Wall Street of the Southwest . '' The city 's position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade . With this prosperity came a sense of complacency . A quarter of a century earlier , the nearby town of Indianola on Matagorda Bay was undergoing its own boom and was second to Galveston among Texas port cities . Then in 1875 , a powerful hurricane blew through , nearly destroying the town . Indianola was rebuilt , though a second hurricane in 1886 caused residents to simply give up and move elsewhere . Many Galveston residents took the destruction of Indianola as an object lesson on the threat posed by hurricanes . Galveston is built on a low , flat island , little more than a large sandbar along the Gulf Coast . These residents proposed a seawall be constructed to protect the city , but their concerns were dismissed by the majority of the population and the city 's government . Since its formal founding in 1839 , the city of Galveston had weathered numerous storms , all of which the city survived with ease . Residents believed any future storms would be no worse than previous events . In order to provide an official meteorological statement on the threat of hurricanes , Galveston Weather Bureau section director Isaac Cline wrote an 1891 article in the Galveston Daily News in which he argued not only that a seawall was not needed to protect the city , but also that it would be impossible for a hurricane of significant strength to strike the island . The seawall was not built , and development activities on the island actively increased its vulnerability to storms . Sand dunes along the shore were cut down to fill low areas in the city , removing what little barrier there was to the Gulf of Mexico . Preparations ( edit ) On September 4 , the Galveston office of the National Weather Bureau ( as it was then called ) began receiving warnings from the Bureau 's central office in Washington , D.C. , that a tropical storm had moved northward over Cuba . At the time , they discouraged the use of terms such as tornado or hurricane to avoid panicking residents in the path of any storm event . The Weather Bureau forecasters had no way of knowing the storm 's trajectory , as Weather Bureau director Willis Moore implemented a policy to block telegraph reports from Cuban meteorologists at the Belen Observatory in Havana -- considered one of the most advanced meteorological institutions in the world at the time -- due to tensions remaining in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . Moore also changed protocol to force local Weather Bureau offices to seek authorization from the central office before issuing storm warnings . Aftermath People rummage through rubble of destroyed houses in Galveston several days after the hurricane House in Galveston on Avenue N , October 15 , 1900 Weather Bureau forecasters believed the storm would travel northeast and affect the mid-Atlantic coast . `` To them , the storm appeared to have begun a long turn or ' recurve ' that would take it first into Florida , then drive it northeast toward an eventual exit into the Atlantic . '' Cuban forecasters adamantly disagreed , saying the hurricane would continue west . One Cuban forecaster predicted the hurricane would continue into central Texas near San Antonio . Early the next morning , the swells continued despite only partly cloudy skies . Largely because of the unremarkable weather , few residents heeded the warning . Few people evacuated across Galveston 's bridges to the mainland , and the majority of the population was unconcerned by the rain clouds that began rolling in by midmorning . Isaac Cline claimed that he took it upon himself to travel along the beach and other low - lying areas warning people personally of the storm 's approach . These reports by Cline and his brother , Galveston meteorologist Joseph L. Cline , have been called into question in recent years , as no other survivors corroborated these accounts . In fact , Cline 's role in the disaster is the subject of some controversy . Supporters point to Cline 's issuing a hurricane warning without permission from the Bureau 's central office ; detractors ( including author Erik Larson ) point to Cline 's earlier insistence that a seawall was unnecessary and his belief that an intense hurricane could not strike the island . Impact ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Deadliest United States hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities `` Galveston '' 1900 8,000 -- 12,000 † `` Okeechobee '' 1928 2,500 + † Katrina 2005 1,836 `` Cheniere Caminada '' 1893 1,100 -- 1,400 * 5 `` Sea Islands '' 1893 1,000 -- 2,000 † 6 `` Florida Keys '' 1919 778 7 `` Georgia '' 1881 700 † 8 Audrey 1957 416 9 `` Labor Day '' 1935 408 10 `` Last Island '' 1856 400 † † estimated total Reference : Deadliest US hurricanes The Hurricane of 1900 made landfall on September 9 , 1900 , near Galveston , Texas . It had estimated winds of 145 miles per hour ( 233 km / h ) at landfall , making it a Category 4 storm on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . It was the deadliest hurricane in US history , and the second costliest hurricane in U.S. history based on the dollar 's 2005 value ( to compare costs with those of Hurricane Katrina and others ) . The hurricane caused great loss of life with a death toll of between 6,000 and 12,000 people ; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000 , giving the storm the third - highest number of deaths or injuries of all Atlantic hurricanes , after the Great Hurricane of 1780 and 1998 's Hurricane Mitch . The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is one of the deadliest natural disasters ever to strike the United States . This loss of life can be attributed to the fact that officials for the Weather Bureau in Galveston brushed off the reports because the city had `` weathered them all '' and they did n't realize the threat . The second - deadliest storm to strike the United States , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , caused more than 2,500 deaths , and the deadliest storm of recent times , Hurricane Katrina , claimed the lives of approximately 1,800 people . The hurricane occurred before the practice of assigning official code names to tropical storms was instituted , and thus it is commonly referred to under a variety of descriptive names . Typical names for the storm include the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , the Great Galveston Hurricane , and , especially in older documents , the Galveston Flood . It is often referred to by Galveston locals as the Great Storm or the 1900 Storm . Florida to Louisiana ( edit ) Portions of southern Florida experienced tropical storm force winds , with a sustained wind speed of 48 mph ( 77 km / h ) in Jupiter and 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) in Key West . The hurricane left `` considerable damage '' in the Palm Beach area . Many small boats were torn from their moorings and capsized . The bulkhead of the pier was washed away , while docks and a number of seawalls were damaged . Texas ( edit ) The first train to reach Galveston left Houston on the morning of September 8 at 9 : 45 a.m. It found the tracks washed out , and passengers were forced to transfer to a relief train on parallel tracks to complete their journey . Even then , debris on the track slowed the train 's progress to a crawl . The 95 travelers on the train from Beaumont found themselves at the Bolivar Peninsula waiting for the ferry that would carry them , train and all , to the island . When it arrived , the high seas forced the ferry captain to give up on his attempt to dock . The train crew attempted to return the way they had come , but rising water blocked the train 's path . Ten refugees from the Beaumont train sought shelter at the Point Bolivar lighthouse with 200 residents of Port Bolivar who were already there . The 85 who stayed with the train died when the storm surge overran the tops of the cars . Galveston ( edit ) `` First news from Galveston just received by train that could get no closer to the bay shore than 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) where the prairie was strewn with debris and dead bodies . About 200 corpses counted from the train . Large steamship stranded 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) inland . Nothing could be seen of Galveston . Loss of life and property undoubtedly most appalling . Weather clear and bright here with gentle southeast wind . '' -- G.L. Vaughan Manager , Western Union , Houston , in a telegram to the Chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau on the day after the hurricane , September 9 , 1900 At the time of the 1900 storm the highest point in the city of Galveston was only 8.7 feet ( 2.7 m ) above sea level . The hurricane brought with it a storm surge of over 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) that washed over the entire island . The surge knocked buildings off their foundations and the surf pounded them to pieces . Over 3,600 homes were destroyed and a wall of debris faced the ocean . The few buildings that survived , mostly solidly built mansions and houses along the Strand District , are today maintained as tourist attractions . The highest measured wind speed was 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) just after 6 p.m. , but the Weather Bureau 's anemometer was blown off the building shortly after that measurement was recorded . The eye passed over the city around 8 p.m. Maximum winds were estimated at 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) at the time , though later estimates placed the hurricane at the higher Category 4 classification on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . The lowest recorded barometric pressure was 28.48 inHg ( 964.4 hPa ) , considered at the time to be so low as to be obviously in error . Modern estimates later placed the storm 's central pressure at 27.49 inHg ( 930.9 hPa ) , but this was subsequently adjusted to the storm 's official lowest measured central pressure of 27.63 inHg ( 935.7 hPa ) . Play media Searching for bodies in Galveston in the aftermath of the storm of 1900 . At the time this film was shot , the stench of hundreds of bodies could be smelled for miles . One body was discovered ( but not filmed ) while the camera crew was present . As severe as the damage to the city 's buildings was , the death toll was even greater . Because of the destruction of the bridges to the mainland and the telegraph lines , no word of the city 's destruction was able to reach the mainland . At 11 a.m. on September 9 , one of the few ships at the Galveston wharfs to survive the storm , the Pherabe , arrived in Texas City on the western side of Galveston Bay . It carried six messengers from the city . When they reached the telegraph office in Houston at 3 a.m. on September 10 , a short message was sent to Texas Governor Joseph D. Sayers and U.S. President William McKinley : `` I have been deputized by the mayor and Citizen 's Committee of Galveston to inform you that the city of Galveston is in ruins . '' The messengers reported an estimated five hundred dead ; this was considered to be an exaggeration at the time . The citizens of Houston knew a powerful storm had blown through and had made ready to provide assistance . Workers set out by rail and ship for the island almost immediately . Rescuers arrived to find the city completely destroyed . It is believed 8,000 people -- 20 % of the island 's population -- had lost their lives . Estimates range from 6,000 to 12,000 . Most had drowned or been crushed as the waves pounded the debris that had been their homes hours earlier . Many survived the storm itself but died after several days being trapped under the wreckage of the city , with rescuers unable to reach them . The rescuers could hear the screams of the survivors as they walked on the debris trying to rescue those they could . A further 30,000 were left homeless . So many died that corpses were piled onto carts for burial at sea . The dead bodies were so numerous that burying all of them was impossible . The dead were initially weighted down on barges and dumped at sea , but when the gulf currents washed many of the bodies back onto the beach , a new solution was needed . Funeral pyres were set up on the beaches , or wherever dead bodies were found , and burned day and night for several weeks after the storm . The authorities passed out free whiskey to sustain the distraught men conscripted for the gruesome work of collecting and burning the dead . More people were killed in this single storm than the total of those killed in all the tropical cyclones that have struck the United States since . This count is greater than 300 cyclones , as of 2009 . The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history . Midwest ( edit ) The storm maintained tropical characteristics and Saffir -- Simpson tropical storm - force winds ( 39 -- 50 mph ) when it crossed the Upper Midwest , with more than 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain being reported over most of the southern third of Wisconsin . Wind created problems all over , including over Lake Michigan , and other areas in the path of the storm had similar problems . ( Tropical storms reach Wisconsin and surrounding areas to the east , west , and south once every 50 years on average with others in the 19th century , 1961 , and ( subject to debate ) Hurricane Ike in 2008 ; tropical depressions hit twice to three times every two years ; and subtropical storms and depressions hit equally or more rarely than their tropical counterparts . ) New York city ( edit ) The rapidly moving storm was still exhibiting winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) by the time it reached New York City on September 12 , 1900 . The New York Times reported that pedestrian - walking became difficult and that one death was attributed to the storm . A sign pole , snapped by wind , landed on a 23 - year - old man , crushing his skull and killing him instantly , while two others were knocked unconscious . Awnings and signs on many buildings broke and the canvas roofing at the Fire Department headquarters was blown off . Closer to the waterfront , along the Battery seawall , waves and tides were reported to be some of the highest in recent memory of the fishermen and sailors . Spray and debris were thrown over the wall , making working along the waterfront dangerous . Small craft in New York Harbor were thrown off course and tides and currents in the Hudson River made navigation difficult . In Brooklyn , The New York Times reported that trees were uprooted , signs and similar structures were blown down , and yachts were torn from moorings with some suffering severe damage . Because of the direction of the wind , Coney Island escaped the fury of the storm , though a bathing pavilion at Bath Beach suffered damage from wind and waves . Canada ( edit ) Deadliest Canada hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities `` Newfoundland ( 1 ) '' 1775 4,000 -- 4,163 † `` Nova Scotia ( 1 ) '' 1873 600 † `` Nova Scotia ( 3 ) '' 1927 173 -- 192 † `` Labrador '' 1882 140 5 Hazel 1954 81 6 `` Newfoundland ( 2 ) '' 1883 80 7 `` Nova Scotia ( 2 ) '' 1926 55 -- 58 † 8 `` Galveston '' 1900 52 -- 232 † 9 `` Newfoundland ( 3 ) '' 1935 50 † 10 `` Saxby Gale '' 1869 37 + † -- estimated total References : Deadliest Atlantic Hurricanes 1492 - 1996 , Canada 's most destructive hurricanes , Eight devastating Canadian Hurricanes From September 12 -- 14 , the extratropical remnants of the Galveston hurricane affected six Canadian provinces , resulting in severe damage and extensive loss of life . Peak winds reached 50 -- 80 mph ( 80 -- 125 km / h ) in Toronto . During the storm , a fire broke out at a flour mill in Paris , Ontario , resulting in $350,000 in damage to the mill and 50 other stores and offices . Total crop damage in Ontario alone amounted to $1 million ( 1900 USD ) . Maximum rainfall reached 3.9 inches ( 100 mm ) in Percé , Quebec . The majority of loss of life occurred due to numerous shipwrecks off the coast of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Newfoundland , and Prince Edward Island . The overall death toll in Canada is estimated to be between 52 and 232 , making this at least the eighth deadliest hurricane to affect Canada . The large discrepancy between the fatality figures is due to the fact that many people were reported missing in Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and later presumed to be dead . Aftermath ( edit ) Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes 1900 -- 2010 Total estimated property damage , adjusted for wealth normalization Rank Hurricane Season Cost ( 2016 USD ) `` Miami '' 1926 $172.8 billion `` Galveston '' 1900 $109.4 billion Katrina 2005 $89.2 billion `` Galveston '' 1915 $74.9 billion 5 Andrew $61.4 billion 6 `` New England '' 1938 $43.2 billion 7 `` Cuba -- Florida '' 1944 $42.6 billion 8 `` Okeechobee '' 1928 $37.0 billion 9 Donna 1960 $29.5 billion 10 Camile 1969 $23.3 billion Main article : List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes In less than 24 hours the city of Galveston was effectively obliterated . The final death toll is not known with certainty but the most conservative estimate is around 6,000 . Most historians believe the loss of life to be in the area of 8,000 with some suggesting as many as 12,000 perished . With the city in ruins and rail lines to the mainland destroyed , the survivors had little to live on until relief arrived . Rebuilding ( edit ) Survivors set up temporary shelters in surplus U.S. Army tents along the shore . They were so numerous that observers began referring to Galveston as the `` White City on the Beach '' . Others constructed so - called `` storm lumber '' homes , using salvageable material from the debris to build shelter . Reporter Winifred Bonfils , a young journalist working for William Randolph Hearst , was the first reporter on the line at the flood 's aftermath . She delivered an exclusive set of reports and Hearst sent relief supplies by train . By September 12 , Galveston received its first post-storm mail . The next day , basic water service was restored , and Western Union began providing minimal telegraph service . Within three weeks , cotton was again being shipped out of the port . Before the Hurricane of 1900 , Galveston was considered to be a beautiful and prestigious city and was known as the `` Ellis Island of the West '' and the `` Wall Street of the Southwest '' . However , after the storm , development shifted north to Houston , which was enjoying the benefits of the oil boom . The dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909 and 1914 ended Galveston 's hopes of regaining its former status as a major commercial center . Protection ( edit ) Seawall , Galveston district To prevent future storms from causing destruction like that of the 1900 hurricane , many improvements to the island were made . The first 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) of the Galveston Seawall , 17 - foot ( 5 m ) high , were built beginning in 1902 under the direction of Henry Martyn Robert . An all - weather bridge was constructed to the mainland to replace the ones destroyed in the storm . The most dramatic effort to protect the city was its raising . Dredged sand was used to raise the city of Galveston by as much as 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) above its previous elevation . Over 2,100 buildings were raised in the process by the process of pumping sand underneath , including the 3,000 - ton St. Patrick 's Church . The seawall and raising of the island were jointly named a National Historical Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2001 . In 1915 , a storm similar in strength and track to the 1900 hurricane struck Galveston . The 1915 storm brought a 12 - ft ( 4 - m ) storm surge that tested the new seawall . Although 53 people on Galveston Island lost their lives in the 1915 storm , this was a great reduction from the thousands who died in 1900 . The Galveston city government was reorganized into a commission government , a newly devised structure wherein the government is made of a small group of commissioners , each responsible for one aspect of governance . This was prompted by fears that the existing city council would be unable to handle the problem of rebuilding the city . Today , Galveston is home to a cruise port , two universities , and a major insurance corporation . Homes and other buildings that survived the hurricane have been preserved , and give much of the city a Victorian look . The seawall , since extended to 10 miles ( 16 km ) , is now an attraction itself , as hotels and tourist attractions have been built along its length in seeming defiance of future storms . The last reported survivor of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , Mrs. Maude Conic of Wharton , Texas , died November 14 , 2004 , at the claimed age of 116 , although the 1910 census and other records indicate she was younger than that . Historiography ( edit ) In historiography , the hurricane and the rebuilding afterward divide what is known as the Golden Era ( 1875 -- 1900 ) from the Open Era ( 1920 -- 1957 ) of Galveston . The most important long - term impact of the hurricane was to confirm fears that Galveston was a dangerous place to make major investments in shipping and manufacturing operations ; the economy of the Golden Era was no longer possible as investors fled . In 1920 , Prohibition and tax law enforcement opened up new opportunities for criminal enterprises related to gambling and bootlegging in the city . Galveston rapidly became a prime resort destination enabled by the open vice businesses on the island . This new entertainment - based economy brought decades - long prosperity to the island . Museum ( edit ) The Galveston Historical Foundation maintains the Texas Seaport Museum at Pier 21 in the port of Galveston . Included in the museum is a documentary titled The Great Storm , that gives a recounting of the 1900 hurricane . Gallery ( edit ) St. Lucas Terrace - 80 bodies were found under the ruins after this photograph was made Floating wreckage near Texas City -- typical scene for miles along the water front Carrying out bodies just removed from the wreckage , Galveston Relief party working at Ave P and Tremont St Twisted house The only remaining house near the beach for miles , Galveston , Texas Wrecked Segregated High School building St Patrick 's Church In popular culture ( edit ) Play media Footage by employees of Thomas A. Edison showing storm damage , featuring `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm '' as the background music 1934 : `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm '' is an American folk song concerning the 1900 Galveston hurricane that originated as a spiritual and was revived and popularized by Eric Von Schmidt and Tom Rush in the 1960s . 1935 : Film director King Vidor was born in Galveston and survived the great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 . Based on that experience , he published a fictionalized account of that cyclone , titled `` Southern Storm '' , for the May 1935 issue of Esquire magazine . Erik Larson excerpts a passage from that article in his 1999 book , Isaac 's Storm : I remember now that it seemed as if we were in a bowl looking up toward the level of the sea . As we stood there in the sandy street , my mother and I , I wanted to take my mother 's hand and hurry her away . I felt as if the sea was going to break over the edge of the bowl and come pouring down upon us . 1946 : Meteorologist Joseph L. Cline , who with his brother Isaac Cline played a pivotal role in the hurricane , shares his account of the storm in an autobiography titled When the Heavens Frowned . 1999 : In Isaac 's Storm , Erik Larson describes the storm and the pivotal roles played by Galveston Weather Service director Isaac Cline and his meteorologist brother Joseph Cline . 2000 : Texan writer Ron Rozelle 's novel The Windows of Heaven depicts the Galveston hurricane . 2004 : Canadian writer Paul Quarrington 's novel Galveston , although set on a Caribbean island in the present day , centers on two storm chasing characters who share a lifelong obsession with historical accounts of the Galveston hurricane . 2006 : Dark Water Rising , a historical fiction novel by Marian Hale 2009 : Ain Gordon 's play A Disaster Begins centers on the Galveston hurricane . 2013 : Widow 's Tears , a China Bayles mystery novel by Susan Wittig Albert 2013 : The Promise , a historical fiction novel by Ann Weisgarber 2015 : The Curious World of Calpurnia Tate , a children 's novel by Jacqueline Kelly 2015 : The Storm of the Century : Tragedy , Heroism , Survival , and the Epic True Story of America 's Deadliest Natural Disaster : The Great Gulf Hurricane of 1900 , a nonfiction account of the hurricane by Al Roker See also ( edit ) Houston portal Tropical cyclones portal List of Atlantic hurricanes List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes Hurricane Ike ( 2008 ) List of floods List of tropical cyclones List of United States disasters by death toll Halifax explosion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trumbla , Ron . `` The Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' NOAA Celebrates 200 Years of Science , Service and Stewardship Jump up ^ Rhor , Monica ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Great Storm of 1900 brought winds of change '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Sara G. ( 2012 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Portrait of a Legend : The Great Storm of 1900 : St. Mary 's Orphan Asylum '' . Houston Family Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Storm of 1900 '' Trinity Episcopal Church Jump up ^ Cement Age . Cement Age Company . 1909 . p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Neil L. `` The Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' ( PDF ) . AGU . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Steven A. Meteorology : Understanding the Atmosphere ( 4th ed . ) . Burlington , Mass. : Jones & Bartlett . p. 263 . Jump up ^ Colby , Frank Moore ; et al. ( 1901 ) . The International Year Book . Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 859 . ^ Jump up to : McComb , David G. `` Handboox of Texas : Galveston '' . TSHA handbook . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christopher W. Landsea ; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Texas Almanac : City Population History from 1850 -- 2000 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Texas Almanac . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston marks anniversary of disaster '' . Longview News - Journal . Associated Press . September 9 , 2000 . p. 4 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` A century ago , hurricane left thousands dead '' . Star - Gazette . Associated Press . September 4 , 2000 . p. 5 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Frantz , Helen B. `` Handboox of Texas Online : Indianola Hurricanes '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Gunnar ( 1993 ) . Islands at the Edge of Time : A Journey to America 's Barrier Islands . Island Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55963 - 252 - 2 . Jump up ^ Although that view was not universally held by all Texas residents , particularly those advocating other Texas seaports , e.g. , see Braman , D.E.E. ( 1857 ) . Braman 's Information About Texas . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 46 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Galveston Island , with all its boasted accumulation of people , habitations , wealth , trade and commerce , is but a waif of the ocean , a locality but of yesterday ... liable , at any moment , and certain , at no distant day , of being engulfed and submerged by the self - same power that gave it form . Neither is it possible for all the skillful devices of mortal man to protect this doomed place against the impending danger ; the terrible power of a hurricane can not be ... resisted . I should as soon think of founding a city on an iceberg . ^ Jump up to : Heidorn , Keith C. Weather people and history : Dr Isaac M. Cline : A Man of Storm and Floods -- Part 2 . The Weather Doctor ( September 1 , 2000 ) . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Mary G. ( 2008 ) . `` After the Great Storm : Galveston 's Response to the Hurricane of September 8 , 1900 '' . Texas Almanac . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Al Roker ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Blown Away : Galveston Hurricane , 1900 '' . HistoryNet . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larson ( 1999 ) , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : `` The 1900 Storm : An Island Washed Away '' Galveston Newspapers Inc . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cline , Joseph ( January 31 , 2000 ) . When the Heavens Frowned . Firebird Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56554 - 783 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hurst , David . `` Washington bureaucrats of the U.S. Weather Bureau prevented Isaac Cline , a weather forecaster on duty in Galveston at the time , from issuing a hurricane warning '' Altoona Mirror ( September 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Climatic Data Center ; National Hurricane Center ( August 10 , 2011 ) . The deadliest , costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p. 47 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Weems , John Edward . `` Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' , Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ `` Deadly storm came with little warning Chron.com - Houston Chronicle '' . December 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Jose F. Partagas ( 1997 ) . Year 1900 ( PDF ) . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Many Wrecks On Florida Coast '' . The New York Times . September 8 , 1900 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Larson , Erik ( 2000 ) . Isaac 's storm : a man , a time , and the deadliest hurricane in history ( 1st Vintage Books ed . ) . New York : Vintage Books . pp. 160 -- 166 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70827 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Olafson , Steve ( August 28 , 2000 ) . `` Unimaginable devastation : Deadly storm came with little warning '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larson , Erik ( 1999 ) `` Day 7 Part 1 : Telegram '' ^ Jump up to : Cline , Isaac M. `` Galveston Storm of 1900 : Introduction '' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Galveston storm of 1900 -- The deadliest disaster in American history . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved from February 13 , 2007 , version at archive.org on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston Hurricane of 1900 '' . ESSEA . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston May be Wiped Out By Storm '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 9 , 1900 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Green , Nathan C. ( 1900 ) . Story Of The Galveston Flood . Baltimore : R.H. Woodward Company . p. 126 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian K. ; Korosec , Tom ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Ike Set to Slam Texas Coast ; Thousands Flee ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coe , Fanny E. ( 1911 ) . Heroes of Everyday Life . Ginn and Co. p. 28 . Jump up ^ Storms of the century : 1900 Galveston Hurricane : Part 2 -- Disaster Waiting to Happen . The Weather Channel . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Archived June 24 , 2007 , at WebCite ^ Jump up to : Larson ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Course of the Hurricane ; Circuitous Route by Which the Storm has Traveled . ITS PATH 4,000 MILES LONG From Porto Rico to Florida and Texas , Then Through the Middle West and the Lake Belt to Montreal '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1900 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` City swept by high winds ; The Storm that Wrecked Galveston Reaches New York . A MAN KILLED IN BROADWAY Struck by a Broken Banner Pole -- Navigation in the Bay and Rivers Difficult -- A Ferryboat 's Plight '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1900 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1900 - 1 '' . Environment and Climate Change Canada . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pielke , Roger A. , Jr. ; Gratz , Joel ; Landsea , Christopher W. ; Collins , Douglas ; Saunders , Mark A. ; Musulin , Rade ( 2008 ) . `` Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States : 1900 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Natural Hazards Review . 9 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 42 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1527 - 6988 ( 2008 ) 9 : 1 ( 29 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S. ; Landsea , Christopher W. ; Gibney , Ethan J. ( 2011 ) . `` The Deadliest , Costliest , and the most intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) '' ( PDF ) . NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane destroyed Galveston in 1900 '' . CNN . 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bixel , Patricia Bellis ; Turner , Elizabeth Hayes ( 2000 ) . Galveston and the 1900 Storm . University of Texas Press . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70884 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kramarae , Cheris ; Treichler , Paula A. ; Russo , Ann ( 1992 ) . Amazons , Bluestockings and Crones . Pandora . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 440863 - 5 . Jump up ^ History of Galveston Island . Galveston.com & Company , Inc . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` J.H.W. Stele to Sayers , September 11 -- 12 , 1900 '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission , Retrieved on August 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ Frankenfield , H.S. ( 1915 ) . `` August 1915 Monthly Weather Review '' ( PDF ) . Weather Bureau . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest living Texas Republican celebrates 113th birthday '' El Paso County Republican Party ( September 2001 ) . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Table of False and Exaggerated Claims '' Gerontology Research Group website . Retrieved on September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pier 21 Theater : The Great Storm '' . galvestonhistory.org . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Storm '' . galvestonhistory.org . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , D. ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Singing up a ' Mighty Storm ' in Galveston '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm ( lyrics ) '' . The Mudcat Café . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stormy tale holds moments of clarity '' . Calgary Herald , May 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Saltz , Rachel ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Seeking Order in a Life , a War and a Deluge '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) `` 1900 Storm '' . The 1900 Storm 1900storm.com . Galveston Newspapers , Inc . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Bixel , Patricia Bellis ; Turner , Elizabeth Hayes ( 2000 ) . Galveston and the 1900 Storm : Catastrophe and Catalyst ( 1st ed . ) . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70883 - 9 . Garriott , E.B. ( October 1900 ) . `` The West Indian Hurricane Of September 1 -- 12 , 1900 '' . National Geographic Magazine . XI ( 10 ) : 384 -- 392 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Greene , Casey Edward ; Kelly , Shelly Henley ( 2000 ) . Through a Night of Horrors : Voices from the 1900 Galveston Storm . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 228 - 7 . Halstead , Murat ( 1900 ) . Galveston : The Horrors Of A Stricken City . American Publishers ' Association . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Larson , Erik ( 1999 ) . Isaac 's Storm : A Man , A Time , and the Deadliest Hurricane in History ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60233 - 1 . Lienhard , John H. `` Raising Galveston '' . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . University of Houston . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . McGee , W.J. ( October 1900 ) . `` The Lessons Of Galveston '' . The National Geographic Magazine . XI ( 10 ) : 377 -- 383 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Moore , Willis L. ( October 1900 ) . `` The Weather Bureau and the Gulf Storms '' . The National Magazine . XIII ( 1 ) : 542 -- 546 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Moore , Willis L. ( 1901 ) . Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau , 1900 -- 1901 . 1 . Washington : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Weather Bureau ( Government Printing Office ) . pp. 9 -- 10 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Ousley , Clarence ( October 1900 ) . `` Thrilling Experiences In The Galveston Storm '' . The National Magazine . XIII ( 1 ) : 533 -- 542 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Ousley , Clarence ( 1900 ) . Galveston in Nineteen Hundred : The Authorized and Official Record . Atlanta , Georgia : William C. Chase . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Weems , John Edward ( 1957 ) . Weekend in September . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 390 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galveston Hurricane of 1900 . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` 1900 Galveston hurricane '' dated 2005 - 06 - 17 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Sept. 11 , 1900 : Galveston wiped out Wire service account published in the Minneapolis Tribune 1900 Great Storm Theater Galveston Historical Foundation 's website Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Texas Archive of the Moving Image Galveston 1900 : Storm of the Century Primary Source Adventure , a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History Celebrating 200 years of NOAA from the NOAA ( as well as similar content from the NOAA History Archives ) The 1900 Storm -- manuscripts , photographs , and other archival holdings from the Galveston and Texas History Center at the Rosenberg Library -- including a list of victims The 1900 Storm -- Galveston Island , Texas -- `` Remembering the Great Hurricane , September 8 , 1900 -- A Galveston County Daily News Presentation '' The early history of Galveston , by Dr. J.O. Dyer , published 1916 , hosted by the * Portal to Texas History The great Galveston disaster , containing a full and thrilling account of the most appalling calamity of modern times including vivid descriptions of the hurricane , published 1900 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History City of Galveston Attractions Ashton Villa Balinese Room Bishop 's Palace East End Historic District Elissa ( ship ) Fort Crockett Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier Galveston Island State Park Galveston Pirate SC Galveston Railroad Museum Galveston Seawall Galveston Island Trolley Grand 1894 Opera House Lone Star Flight Museum Moody Gardens Moody Plaza Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum Old Red Rosenberg Library St. Mary Cathedral Basilica Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark Seawolf Park Strand Historic District 1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House USS Cavalla USS Stewart Industries American National Insurance Company Galveston Railroad Island Transit Moody Foundation Moody National Bank Port of Galveston Texas First Bank Scholes International Airport at Galveston History First Battle of Galveston Second Battle of Galveston Battle of Galveston Harbor The Beach Hotel Fort Point Light Galveston Railroad Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Galveston Hurricane of 1915 Galveston Movement Jewish history Karankawa Indians Free State of Galveston Strand Historic District 1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House Gulf , Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Geography Galveston Bay Galveston Island Gulf of Mexico San Luis Pass West Bay Education Galveston College Galveston ISD Ball HS Central HS O'Connell College Preparatory School Texas A&M University at Galveston University of Texas Medical Branch Healthcare & research Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory John Sealy Hospital Sealy & Smith Foundation Shriners Hospital for Children Transitional Learning Center University of Texas Medical Branch Media Newspapers The Daily News Television KLTJ ( Daystar ) KTMD ( Telemundo ) AM radio KGBC FM radio KOVE VHF radio KHB40 Other Galveston Causeway List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast Canceled Bolivar Bridge proposal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900_Galveston_hurricane&oldid=837024570 '' Categories : Galveston Hurricane of 1900 1900 in Texas 1900 meteorology 1900 natural disasters in the United States 1900 -- 1909 Atlantic hurricane seasons Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes History of Galveston , Texas Hurricanes in Texas August 1900 events September 1900 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template webcite links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Ido Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 07 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the name of the hurricane that hit galveston in 1900 | [
"\nGreat Galveston Hurricane\nof 1900\n\nCategory 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)\n\n\n\nSurface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 8, just before landfall.\n\n\n\nFormed\nAugust 27, 1900\n\n\nDissipated\nSeptember 17, 1900\n\n\n(Extratropical after September 11, 1900)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHighest winds\n1-minute sustained: 145 mph (230 km/h)\n\n\nLowest pressure\n936 mbar (hPa); 27.64 inHg\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFatalities\n6,000–12,000\n(Deadliest in U.S. history)\n\n\nDamage\n$21 million (1900 USD)\n(equivalent to $618 million in 2017, adjusted for inflation; see Aftermath for more)\n\n\nAreas affected\nLesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Eastern Canada\n\n\n\n\n\nPart of the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Great Galveston Hurricane"
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-6072634485136346688 | Medical ultrasound | Medical ultrasound - wikipedia Medical ultrasound This article is about using ultrasound to image the human body . For imaging of animals in research , see Preclinical imaging . For therapeutic use of ultrasound , see High - intensity focused ultrasound . `` Sonography '' redirects here . For the tactile alphabet called `` sonography '' , see Night writing . Medical ultrasound Sonographer doing echocardiography on a child ICD - 10 - PCS B ? 4 ICD - 9 - CM 88.7 MeSH D014463 OPS - 301 code 3 - 03 ... 3 - 05 ( edit on Wikidata ) Medical ultrasound ( also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography ) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound . It is used to see internal body structures such as tendons , muscles , joints , blood vessels , and internal organs . Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude any pathology . The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is called obstetric ultrasound , and is widely used . Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies which are higher than those audible to humans ( > 20,000 Hz ) . Ultrasonic images , also known as sonograms , are made by sending pulses of ultrasound into tissue using a probe . The sound echoes off the tissue ; with different tissues reflecting varying degrees of sound . These echoes are recorded and displayed as an image to the operator . Many different types of images can be formed using sonographic instruments . The most well - known type is a B - mode image , which displays the acoustic impedance of a two - dimensional cross-section of tissue . Other types of image can display blood flow , motion of tissue over time , the location of blood , the presence of specific molecules , the stiffness of tissue , or the anatomy of a three - dimensional region . Compared to other prominent methods of medical imaging , ultrasound has several advantages . It provides images in real - time , it is portable and can be brought to the bedside , it is substantially lower in cost , and it does not use harmful ionizing radiation . Drawbacks of ultrasonography include various limits on its field of view , such as the need for patient cooperation , dependence on physique , difficulty imaging structures behind bone and air , and the necessity of a skilled operator , usually a trained professional . Contents ( hide ) 1 By organ or system 1.1 Anesthesiology 1.2 Angiology ( vascular ) 1.3 Cardiology ( heart ) 1.4 Emergency medicine 1.5 Gastroenterology / Colorectal surgery 1.6 Gynecology and obstetrics 1.7 Otolaryngology ( head and neck ) 1.8 Neonatology 1.9 Ophthalmology ( eyes ) 1.10 Pulmonology ( lungs ) 1.11 Urology ( urinary ) 1.12 Scrotal 1.13 Musculoskeletal 1.14 Nephrology ( kidneys ) 2 From sound to image 2.1 Producing a sound wave 2.2 Receiving the echoes 2.3 Forming the image 2.4 Displaying the image 3 Sound in the body 4 Modes 5 Expansions 5.1 Doppler ultrasonography 5.2 Contrast ultrasonography ( ultrasound contrast imaging ) 5.3 Molecular ultrasonography ( ultrasound molecular imaging ) 5.4 Elastography ( ultrasound elasticity imaging ) 5.5 Interventional ultrasonography 5.6 Compression ultrasonography 6 Attributes 6.1 Strengths 6.2 Weaknesses 7 Risks and side - effects 7.1 Studies on the safety of ultrasound 8 Obstetric ultrasound 8.1 Society and culture 9 Regulation 10 History 10.1 France 10.2 Scotland 10.3 Sweden 10.4 United States 11 Manufacturers 12 See also 13 References 14 External links By organ or system ( edit ) Sonography ( ultrasonography ) is widely used in medicine . It is possible to perform both diagnosis and therapeutic procedures , using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures ( for instance biopsies or drainage of fluid collections ) . Sonographers are medical professionals who perform scans which are then typically interpreted by themselves or the radiologists , physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities , or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography ( echocardiography ) . Sonographers typically use a hand - held probe ( called a transducer ) that is placed directly on and moved over the patient . Increasingly , clinicians ( physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care ) are using ultrasound in their office and hospital practices . Sonography is effective for imaging soft tissues of the body . Superficial structures such as muscles , tendons , testes , breast , thyroid and parathyroid glands , and the neonatal brain are imaged at a higher frequency ( 7 -- 18 MHz ) , which provides better axial and lateral resolution . Deeper structures such as liver and kidney are imaged at a lower frequency 1 -- 6 MHz with lower axial and lateral resolution but greater penetration . A general - purpose ultrasound scanner may be used for most imaging purposes . Usually specialty applications may be served only by use of a specialty transducer . Most ultrasound procedures are done using a transducer on the surface of the body , but improved diagnostic confidence is often possible if a transducer can be placed inside the body . For this purpose , specialty transducers , including endovaginal , endorectal , and transesophageal transducers are commonly employed . At the extreme of this , very small transducers can be mounted on small diameter catheters and placed into blood vessels to image the walls and disease of those vessels . Anesthesiology ( edit ) In anesthesiology , Ultrasound is commonly used by anesthesiologists to guide injecting needles when placing local anaesthetic solutions near nerves . It is also used for gaining vascular access such as central venous cannulation and difficult arterial cannulation . Transcranial Doppler is frequently used by neuro - anesthesiologists for obtaining information about flow - velocity in the basal cerebral vessels . Angiology ( vascular ) ( edit ) Intravascular ultrasound image of a coronary artery ( left ) , with color - coding on the right , delineating the lumen ( yellow ) , external elastic membrane ( blue ) and the atherosclerotic plaque burden ( green ) . Further information : Doppler ultrasonography and Intravascular ultrasound In angiology or vascular medicine , duplex ultrasound ( B Mode vessels imaging combined with Doppler flow measurement ) is daily used to diagnose arterial and venous disease all over the body . This is particularly important in neurology , where ultrasound is used for assessing blood flow and stenoses in the carotid arteries ( Carotid ultrasonography ) and the big intracerebral arteries ( Transcranial Doppler ) . Intravascular ultrasound ( IVUS ) is a methodology using a specially designed catheter with a miniaturized ultrasound probe attached to the distal end of the catheter . The proximal end of the catheter is attached to computerized ultrasound equipment . It allows the application of ultrasound technology , such as piezoelectric transducer or CMUT , to see from inside blood vessels out through the surrounding blood column , visualizing the endothelium ( inner wall ) of blood vessels in living individuals . On the legs , ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis focuses on the deep veins , while ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs focuses on more superficial veins . Cardiology ( heart ) ( edit ) Main article : Echocardiography Echocardiography is an essential tool in cardiology , to diagnose e.g. dilatation of parts of the heart and function of heart ventricles and valves Emergency Medicine ( edit ) Main article : Emergency ultrasound Point of care emergency ultrasound has many applications in emergency medicine , including the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma ( FAST ) exam for assessing significant hemoperitoneum or pericardial tamponade after trauma . Ultrasound is occasionally used in the emergency department to expedite the care of people with right upper quadrant abdominal pain who may have gallstones or cholecystitis . Gastroenterology / colorectal surgery ( edit ) Further information : Abdominal ultrasonography and Endoanal ultrasound Abdominal and endoanal ultrasound are frequently used in gastroenterology and colorectal surgery . In abdominal sonography , the solid organs of the abdomen such as the pancreas , aorta , inferior vena cava , liver , gall bladder , bile ducts , kidneys , and spleen are imaged . Sound waves are blocked by gas in the bowel and attenuated in different degree by fat , therefore there are limited diagnostic capabilities in this area . The appendix can sometimes be seen when inflamed ( as in e.g. : appendicitis ) . Endoanal ultrasound is used particularly in the investigation of anorectal symptoms such as fecal incontinence or obstructed defecation . It images the immediate perianal anatomy and is able to detect occult defects such as tearing of the anal sphincter . Ultrasonography of liver tumors allows for both detection and characterization . Gynecology. and Obstetrics ( edit ) Orthogonal planes of a 3 dimensional sonographic volume with transverse and coronal measurements for estimating fetal cranial volume . Main articles : gynecologic ultrasonography and Obstetric ultrasonography Gynecologic ultrasonography examines female pelvic organs ( specifically the uterus , the ovaries , and the Fallopian tubes ) as well as the bladder , the adnexa , and the Pouch of Douglas . It commonly uses vaginal ultrasonography . Obstetrical sonography is commonly used during pregnancy to check on the development of the fetus . Otolaryngology ( head and neck ) ( edit ) Most structures of the neck , including the thyroid and parathryoid glands , lymph nodes , and salivary glands , are well - visualized by high - frequency ultrasound with exceptional anatomic detail . Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for thyroid tumors and lesions , and ultrasonography is critical in the evaluation , preoperative planning , and postoperative surveillance of patients with thyroid cancer . Many other benign and malignant conditions in the head and neck can be evaluated and managed with the help of diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound - guided procedures . Neonatology ( edit ) In neonatology , transcranial Doppler can be used for basic assessment of intracerebral structural abnormalities , bleeds , ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus and anoxic insults ( Periventricular leukomalacia ) . The ultrasound can be performed through the soft spots in the skull of a newborn infant ( Fontanelle ) until these completely close at about 1 year of age and form a virtually impenetrable acoustic barrier for the ultrasound . The most common site for cranial ultrasound is the anterior fontanelle . The smaller the fontanelle , the poorer the quality of the picture . Ophthalmology ( eyes ) ( edit ) In ophthalmology and optometry , there are two major forms of eye exam using ultrasound : A-scan ultrasound biometry , commonly referred to as an A-scan ( short for Amplitude scan ) . It is an A-mode that provides data on the length of the eye , which is a major determinant in common sight disorders . B - scan ultrasonography , or B - scan , which is a B - mode scan that produces a cross-sectional view of the eye and the orbit . It is commonly used to see inside the eye when media is hazy due to cataract or any corneal opacity . Pulmonology ( lungs ) ( edit ) In pulmonology , endobronchial Ultrasound ( EBUS ) probes are applied to standard flexible endoscopic probes and used by pulmonologists to allow for direct visualization of endobronchial lesions and lymph nodes prior to transbronchial needle aspiration . Among its many uses , EBUS aids in lung cancer staging by allowing for lymph node sampling without the need for major surgery . Urology ( urinary ) ( edit ) Urinary bladder ( black butterfly - like shape ) and hyperplastic prostate ( BPH ) visualized by medical sonographic technique Ultrasound is routinely used in urology to determine , for example , the amount of fluid retained in a patient 's bladder . In a pelvic sonogram , organs of the pelvic region are imaged . This includes the uterus and ovaries or urinary bladder . Males are sometimes given a pelvic sonogram to check on the health of their bladder , the prostate , or their testicles ( for example to distinguish epididymitis from testicular torsion ) . In young males , it is used to distinguish more benign testicular masses ( varicocele or hydrocele ) from testicular cancer , which is highly curable but which must be treated to preserve health and fertility . There are two methods of performing a pelvic sonography -- externally or internally . The internal pelvic sonogram is performed either trans vaginally ( in a woman ) or transrectally ( in a man ) . Sonographic imaging of the pelvic floor can produce important diagnostic information regarding the precise relationship of abnormal structures with other pelvic organs and it represents a useful hint to treat patients with symptoms related to pelvic prolapse , double incontinence and obstructed defecation . It is used to diagnose and , at higher frequencies , to treat ( break up ) kidney stones or kidney crystals ( nephrolithiasis ) . Scrotal ( edit ) Main article : Scrotal ultrasound Scrotal ultrasonography is used in the evaluation of testicular pain , and can help identify solid masses . Musculoskeletal ( edit ) Musculoskeletal ultrasound in used to examine tendons , muscles , nerves , ligaments , soft tissue masses , and bone surfaces . Ultrasound is an alternative to x-ray imaging in detecting fractures of the wrist , elbow and shoulder for patients up to 12 years ( Fracture sonography ) . Quantitative ultrasound is an adjunct musculoskeletal test for myopathic disease in children ; estimates of lean body mass in adults ; proxy measures of muscle quality ( i.e. , tissue composition ) in older adults with sarcopenia Nephrology ( kidneys ) ( edit ) Main article : Renal ultrasonography In nephrology , ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney - related diseases . The kidneys are easily examined , and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound . US is an accessible , versatile inexpensive and fast aid for decision - making in patients with renal symptoms and for guidance in renal intervention . Renal ultrasound ( US ) is a common examination , which has been performed for decades . Using B - mode imaging , assessment of renal anatomy is easily performed , and US is often used as image guidance for renal interventions . Furthermore , novel applications in renal US have been introduced with contrast - enhanced ultrasound ( CEUS ) , elastography and fusion imaging . However , renal US has certain limitations , and other modalities , such as CT and MRI , should always be considered as supplementary imaging modalities in the assessment of renal disease . From sound to image ( edit ) The creation of an image from sound is done in three steps -- producing a sound wave , receiving echoes , and interpreting those echoes . Producing a sound wave ( edit ) Medical ultrasound scanner A sound wave is typically produced by a piezoelectric transducer encased in a plastic housing . Strong , short electrical pulses from the ultrasound machine drive the transducer at the desired frequency . The frequencies can be anywhere between 1 and 18 MHz , though frequencies up to 50 -- 100 megahertz have been used experimentally in a technique known as biomicroscopy in special regions , such as the anterior chamber of the eye . Older technology transducers focused their beam with physical lenses . Newer technology transducers use phased array techniques to enable the ultrasound machine to change the direction and depth of focus . The sound is focused either by the shape of the transducer , a lens in front of the transducer , or a complex set of control pulses from the ultrasound scanner , in the ( beamforming ) technique . This focusing produces an arc - shaped sound wave from the face of the transducer . The wave travels into the body and comes into focus at a desired depth . Materials on the face of the transducer enable the sound to be transmitted efficiently into the body ( often a rubbery coating , a form of impedance matching ) . In addition , a water - based gel is placed between the patient 's skin and the probe . The sound wave is partially reflected from the layers between different tissues or scattered from smaller structures . Specifically , sound is reflected anywhere where there are acoustic impedance changes in the body : e.g. blood cells in blood plasma , small structures in organs , etc . Some of the reflections return to the transducer . Receiving the echoes ( edit ) The return of the sound wave to the transducer results in the same process as sending the sound wave , except in reverse . The returned sound wave vibrates the transducer and the transducer turns the vibrations into electrical pulses that travel to the ultrasonic scanner where they are processed and transformed into a digital image . Forming the image ( edit ) To make an image , the ultrasound scanner must determine two things from each received echo : How long it took the echo to be received from when the sound was transmitted . How strong the echo was . Once the ultrasonic scanner determines these two things , it can locate which pixel in the image to light up and to what intensity . Transforming the received signal into a digital image may be explained by using a blank spreadsheet as an analogy . First picture a long , flat transducer at the top of the sheet . Send pulses down the ' columns ' of the spreadsheet ( A , B , C , etc . ) . Listen at each column for any return echoes . When an echo is heard , note how long it took for the echo to return . The longer the wait , the deeper the row ( 1 , 2 , 3 , etc . ) . The strength of the echo determines the brightness setting for that cell ( white for a strong echo , black for a weak echo , and varying shades of grey for everything in between . ) When all the echoes are recorded on the sheet , we have a greyscale image . Displaying the image ( edit ) Images from the ultrasound scanner are transferred and displayed using the DICOM standard . Normally , very little post processing is applied to ultrasound images . Sound in the body ( edit ) Linear array transducer Ultrasonography ( sonography ) uses a probe containing multiple acoustic transducers to send pulses of sound into a material . Whenever a sound wave encounters a material with a different density ( acoustical impedance ) , part of the sound wave is reflected back to the probe and is detected as an echo . The time it takes for the echo to travel back to the probe is measured and used to calculate the depth of the tissue interface causing the echo . The greater the difference between acoustic impedances , the larger the echo is . If the pulse hits gases or solids , the density difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is reflected and it becomes impossible to see deeper . The frequencies used for medical imaging are generally in the range of 1 to 18 MHz . Higher frequencies have a correspondingly smaller wavelength , and can be used to make sonograms with smaller details . However , the attenuation of the sound wave is increased at higher frequencies , so in order to have better penetration of deeper tissues , a lower frequency ( 3 -- 5 MHz ) is used . Seeing deep into the body with sonography is very difficult . Some acoustic energy is lost every time an echo is formed , but most of it ( approximately 0.5 dB cm depth ⋅ MHz ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle 0.5 ( \ frac ( \ mbox ( dB ) ) ( ( \ mbox ( cm depth ) ) \ cdot ( \ mbox ( MHz ) ) ) ) ) ) is lost from acoustic absorption . ( See also Acoustic attenuation for further details on modeling of acoustic attenuation and absorption . ) The speed of sound varies as it travels through different materials , and is dependent on the acoustical impedance of the material . However , the sonographic instrument assumes that the acoustic velocity is constant at 1540 m / s . An effect of this assumption is that in a real body with non-uniform tissues , the beam becomes somewhat de-focused and image resolution is reduced . To generate a 2D - image , the ultrasonic beam is swept . A transducer may be swept mechanically by rotating or swinging . Or a 1D phased array transducer may be used to sweep the beam electronically . The received data is processed and used to construct the image . The image is then a 2D representation of the slice into the body . 3D images can be generated by acquiring a series of adjacent 2D images . Commonly a specialised probe that mechanically scans a conventional 2D - image transducer is used . However , since the mechanical scanning is slow , it is difficult to make 3D images of moving tissues . Recently , 2D phased array transducers that can sweep the beam in 3D have been developed . These can image faster and can even be used to make live 3D images of a beating heart . Doppler ultrasonography is used to study blood flow and muscle motion . The different detected speeds are represented in color for ease of interpretation , for example leaky heart valves : the leak shows up as a flash of unique color . Colors may alternatively be used to represent the amplitudes of the received echoes . Modes ( edit ) Several modes of ultrasound are used in medical imaging . These are : A-mode : A-mode ( amplitude mode ) is the simplest type of ultrasound . A single transducer scans a line through the body with the echoes plotted on screen as a function of depth . Therapeutic ultrasound aimed at a specific tumor or calculus is also A-mode , to allow for pinpoint accurate focus of the destructive wave energy . B - mode or 2D mode : In B - mode ( brightness mode ) ultrasound , a linear array of transducers simultaneously scans a plane through the body that can be viewed as a two - dimensional image on screen . More commonly known as 2D mode now . B - flow image of venous reflux . Video is available B - flow is a mode that digitally highlights weak flow reflectors ( mainly red blood cells ) while suppressing the signals from the surrounding stationary tissue . It can visualize flowing blood and surrounding stationary tissues simultaneously . It is thus an alternative or complement to Doppler ultrasonography in visualizing blood flow . C - mode : A C - mode image is formed in a plane normal to a B - mode image . A gate that selects data from a specific depth from an A-mode line is used ; then the transducer is moved in the 2D plane to sample the entire region at this fixed depth . When the transducer traverses the area in a spiral , an area of 100 cm can be scanned in around 10 seconds . M - mode : In M - mode ( motion mode ) ultrasound , pulses are emitted in quick succession -- each time , either an A-mode or B - mode image is taken . Over time , this is analogous to recording a video in ultrasound . As the organ boundaries that produce reflections move relative to the probe , this can be used to determine the velocity of specific organ structures . Doppler mode : This mode makes use of the Doppler effect in measuring and visualizing blood flow Color Doppler : Velocity information is presented as a color - coded overlay on top of a B - mode image Continuous wave ( CW ) Doppler : Doppler information is sampled along a line through the body , and all velocities detected at each time point are presented ( on a time line ) Pulsed wave ( PW ) Doppler : Doppler information is sampled from only a small sample volume ( defined in 2D image ) , and presented on a timeline Duplex : a common name for the simultaneous presentation of 2D and ( usually ) PW Doppler information . ( Using modern ultrasound machines , color Doppler is almost always also used ; hence the alternative name Triplex . ) Pulse inversion mode : In this mode , two successive pulses with opposite sign are emitted and then subtracted from each other . This implies that any linearly responding constituent will disappear while gases with non-linear compressibility stand out . Pulse inversion may also be used in a similar manner as in Harmonic mode ; see below : Harmonic mode : In this mode a deep penetrating fundamental frequency is emitted into the body and a harmonic overtone is detected . This way noise and artifacts due to reverberation and aberration are greatly reduced . Some also believe that penetration depth can be gained with improved lateral resolution ; however , this is not well documented . Expansions ( edit ) An additional expansion or additional technique of ultrasound is biplanar ultrasound , in which the probe has two 2D planes that are perpendicular to each other , providing more efficient localization and detection . Furthermore , an omniplane probe is one that can rotate 180 ° to obtain multiple images . In 3D ultrasound , many 2D planes are digitally added together to create a 3 - dimensional image of the object . Doppler ultrasonography ( edit ) Main article : Doppler ultrasonography Duplex scan of the common carotid artery Doppler ultrasonography employs the Doppler effect to assess whether structures ( usually blood ) are moving towards or away from the probe , and its relative velocity . By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume , for example flow in an artery or a jet of blood flow over a heart valve , its speed and direction can be determined and visualized . Color Doppler is the measurement of velocity by color scale . Color Doppler images are generally combined with grayscale ( B - mode ) images to display duplex ultrasonography images . Uses include : Doppler echocardiography , the use of Doppler ultrasonography to examine the heart . An echocardiogram can , within certain limits , produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect . Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function , any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart , any leaking of blood through the valves ( valvular regurgitation ) , calculation of the cardiac output and calculation of E / A ratio ( a measure of diastolic dysfunction ) . Contrast - enhanced ultrasound using gas - filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow - related medical measurements . Transcranial Doppler ( TCD ) and transcranial color Doppler ( TCCD ) , which measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain 's blood vessels transcranially ( through the cranium ) . They are used as tests to help diagnose emboli , stenosis , vasospasm from a subarachnoid hemorrhage ( bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm ) , and other problems . Doppler fetal monitors , although usually not technically - graphy but rather sound - generating , use the Doppler effect to detect the fetal heartbeat for prenatal care . These are hand - held , and some models also display the heart rate in beats per minute ( BPM ) . Use of this monitor is sometimes known as Doppler auscultation . The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a Doppler or fetal Doppler . Doppler fetal monitors provide information about the fetus similar to that provided by a fetal stethoscope . Contrast ultrasonography ( ultrasound contrast imaging ) ( edit ) Main article : Contrast - enhanced ultrasound A contrast medium for medical ultrasonography is a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles to increase echogenicity of blood , discovered by Dr Raymond Gramiak in 1968 and named contrast - enhanced ultrasound . This contrast medical imaging modality is clinically used throughout the world , in particular for echocardiography in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia . Microbubbles - based contrast media is administrated intravenously in patient blood stream during the medical ultrasonography examination . The microbubbles being too large in diameter , they stay confined in blood vessels and can not extravasate towards the interstitial fluid . An ultrasound contrast media is therefore purely intravascular , making it an ideal agent to image organ microvascularization for diagnostic purposes . A typical clinical use of contrast ultrasonography is detection of a hypervascular metastatic tumor , which exhibits a contrast uptake ( kinetics of microbubbles concentration in blood circulation ) faster than healthy biological tissue surrounding the tumor . Other clinical applications using contrast exist , such as in echocardiography to improve delineation of left ventricle for visually checking contractibility of heart after a myocardial infarction . Finally , applications in quantitative perfusion ( relative measurement of blood flow ) emerge for identifying early patient response to an anti-cancerous drug treatment ( methodology and clinical study by Dr Nathalie Lassau in 2011 ) , enabling to determine the best oncological therapeutic options . Parametric imaging of vascular signatures ( diagram ) In oncological practice of medical contrast ultrasonography , clinicians use the method of parametric imaging of vascular signatures invented by Dr Nicolas Rognin in 2010 . This method is conceived as a cancer aided diagnostic tool , facilitating characterization of a suspicious tumor ( malignant versus benign ) in an organ . This method is based on medical computational science to analyze a time sequence of ultrasound contrast images , a digital video recorded in real - time during patient examination . Two consecutive signal processing steps are applied to each pixel of the tumor : calculation of a vascular signature ( contrast uptake difference with respect to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor ) ; automatic classification of the vascular signature into a unique parameter , this last coded in one of the four following colors : green for continuous hyper - enhancement ( contrast uptake higher than healthy tissue one ) , blue for continuous hypo - enhancement ( contrast uptake lower than healthy tissue one ) , red for fast hyper - enhancement ( contrast uptake before healthy tissue one ) or yellow for fast hypo - enhancement ( contrast uptake after healthy tissue one ) . Once signal processing in each pixel completed , a color spatial map of the parameter is displayed on a computer monitor , summarizing all vascular information of the tumor in a single image called parametric image ( see last figure of press article as clinical examples ) . This parametric image is interpreted by clinicians based on predominant colorization of the tumor : red indicates a suspicion of malignancy ( risk of cancer ) , green or yellow -- a high probability of benignity . In the first case ( suspicion of malignant tumor ) , the clinician typically prescribes a biopsy to confirm the diagnostic or a CT scan examination as a second opinion . In the second case ( quasi-certain of benign tumor ) , only a follow - up is needed with a contrast ultrasonography examination a few months later . The main clinical benefits are to avoid a systematic biopsy ( risky invasive procedure ) of benign tumors or a CT scan examination exposing the patient to X-ray radiation . The parametric imaging of vascular signatures method proved to be effective in humans for characterization of tumors in the liver . In a cancer screening context , this method might be potentially applicable to other organs such as breast or prostate . Molecular ultrasonography ( ultrasound molecular imaging ) ( edit ) The future of contrast ultrasonography is in molecular imaging with potential clinical applications expected in cancer screening to detect malignant tumors at their earliest stage of appearance . Molecular ultrasonography ( or ultrasound molecular imaging ) uses targeted microbubbles originally designed by Dr Alexander Klibanov in 1997 ; such targeted microbubbles specifically bind or adhere to tumoral microvessels by targeting biomolecular cancer expression ( overexpression of certain biomolecules occurs during neo-angiogenesis or inflammation processes in malignant tumors ) . As a result , a few minutes after their injection in blood circulation , the targeted microbubbles accumulate in the malignant tumor ; facilitating its localization in a unique ultrasound contrast image . In 2013 , the very first exploratory clinical trial in humans for prostate cancer was completed at Amsterdam in the Netherlands by Dr Hessel Wijkstra . In molecular ultrasonography , the technique of acoustic radiation force ( also used for shear wave elastography ) is applied in order to literally push the targeted microbubbles towards microvessels wall ; firstly demonstrated by Dr Paul Dayton in 1999 . This allows maximization of binding to the malignant tumor ; the targeted microbubbles being in more direct contact with cancerous biomolecules expressed at the inner surface of tumoral microvessels . At the stage of scientific preclinical research , the technique of acoustic radiation force was implemented as a prototype in clinical ultrasound systems and validated in vivo in 2D and 3D imaging modes . Elastography ( ultrasound elasticity imaging ) ( edit ) Main article : Elastography Ultrasound is also used for elastography , which is a relatively new imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue . This modality emerged in the last two decades . Elastography is useful in medical diagnoses as it can discern healthy from unhealthy tissue for specific organs / growths . For example , cancerous tumors will often be harder than the surrounding tissue , and diseased livers are stiffer than healthy ones . There are many ultrasound elastography techniques . Interventional ultrasonography ( edit ) Interventional ultrasonography involves biopsy , emptying fluids , intrauterine Blood transfusion ( Hemolytic disease of the newborn ) . Thyroid cysts : The high frequency thyroid ultrasound ( HFUS ) can be used to treat several gland conditions . The recurrent thyroid cyst that was usually treated in the past with surgery , can be treated effectively by a new procedure called percutaneous ethanol injection , or PEI . With ultrasound guided placement of a 25 gauge needle within the cyst , and after evacuation of the cyst fluid , about 50 % of the cyst volume is injected back into the cavity , under strict operator visualization of the needle tip . The procedure is 80 % successful in reducing the cyst to minute size . Metastatic thyroid cancer neck lymph nodes : The other thyroid therapy use for HFUS is to treat metastatic thyroid cancer neck lymph nodes that occur in patients who either refuse surgery , or are no longer a candidate for surgery . Small amounts of ethanol are injected under ultrasound guided needle placement . A blood flow study is done prior to the injection , by power doppler . The blood flow can be destroyed and the node become inactive , although it may still be there . Power doppler visualized blood flow can be eradicated , and there may be a drop in the cancer blood marker test , thyroglobulin , TG , as the node become non-functional . Another interventional use for HFUS is to mark a cancer node one hour prior to surgery to help locate the node cluster at the surgery . A minute amount of methylene dye is injected , under careful ultrasound guided placement of the needle on the anterior surface , but not in the node . The dye will be evident to the thyroid surgeon when he opens the neck . A similar localization procedure with methylene blue , can be done to locate parathyroid adenomas at surgery . Compression ultrasonography ( edit ) Compression ultrasonography is when the probe is pressed against the skin . This can bring the target structure closer to the probe , increasing spatial resolution of it . Comparison of the shape of the target structure before and after compression can aid in diagnosis . It used in ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis , wherein absence of vein compressibility is a strong indicator of thrombosis . Compression ultrasonography has both high sensitivity and specificity for detecting proximal deep vein thrombosis only in symptomatic patients . Results are not reliable when the patient is symptomless and must be checked , for example in high risk postoperative patients mainly in orthopedic patients . A normal appendix without and with compression . Absence of comprehensibility indicates appendicitis . Compression is used in this ultrasonograph to get closer to the abdominal aorta , making the superior mesenteric vein and the inferior vena cava look rather flat . Attributes ( edit ) As with all imaging modalities , ultrasonography has its list of positive and negative attributes . Strengths ( edit ) It images muscle , soft tissue , and bone surfaces very well and is particularly useful for delineating the interfaces between solid and fluid - filled spaces . It renders `` live '' images , where the operator can dynamically select the most useful section for diagnosing and documenting changes , often enabling rapid diagnoses . Live images also allow for ultrasound - guided biopsies or injections , which can be cumbersome with other imaging modalities . It shows the structure of organs . It has no known long - term side effects and rarely causes any discomfort to the patient . Equipment is widely available and comparatively flexible . Small , easily carried scanners are available ; examinations can be performed at the bedside . Relatively inexpensive compared to other modes of investigation , such as computed X-ray tomography , DEXA or magnetic resonance imaging . Spatial resolution is better in high frequency ultrasound transducers than it is in most other imaging modalities . Through the use of an ultrasound research interface , an ultrasound device can offer a relatively inexpensive , real - time , and flexible method for capturing data required for special research purposes for tissue characterization and development of new image processing techniques Weaknesses ( edit ) Double aort artifact in sonography due to difference in velocity of sound waves in muscle and fat . Sonographic devices have trouble penetrating bone . For example , sonography of the adult brain is currently very limited . Sonography performs very poorly when there is a gas between the transducer and the organ of interest , due to the extreme differences in acoustic impedance . For example , overlying gas in the gastrointestinal tract often makes ultrasound scanning of the pancreas difficult . Lung imaging however can be useful in demarcating pleural effusions , detecting heart failure , and detecting pneumonia . Even in the absence of bone or air , the depth penetration of ultrasound may be limited depending on the frequency of imaging . Consequently , there might be difficulties imaging structures deep in the body , especially in obese patients . Physique has a large influence on image quality . Image quality and accuracy of diagnosis is limited with obese patients , overlying subcutaneous fat attenuates the sound beam and a lower frequency transducer is required ( with lower resolution ) The method is operator - dependent . A high level of skill and experience is needed to acquire good - quality images and make accurate diagnoses . There is no scout image as there is with CT and MRI . Once an image has been acquired there is no exact way to tell which part of the body was imaged . Risks and side - effects ( edit ) Ultrasonography is generally considered safe imaging , with the World Health Organizations saying : `` Diagnostic ultrasound is recognized as a safe , effective , and highly flexible imaging modality capable of providing clinically relevant information about most parts of the body in a rapid and cost - effective fashion '' . Diagnostic ultrasound studies of the fetus are generally considered to be safe during pregnancy . This diagnostic procedure should be performed only when there is a valid medical indication , and the lowest possible ultrasonic exposure setting should be used to gain the necessary diagnostic information under the `` as low as reasonably practicable '' or ALARP principle . However , medical ultrasonography should not be performed without a medical indication to perform it . To do otherwise would be to perform unnecessary health care to patients , which bring unwarranted costs and may lead to other testing . Overuse of ultrasonography is sometimes as routine as screening for deep vein thrombosis after orthopedic surgeries in patients who are not at heightened risk for having that condition . Similarly , although there is no evidence ultrasound could be harmful for the fetus , medical authorities typically strongly discourage the promotion , selling , or leasing of ultrasound equipment for making `` keepsake fetal videos '' . Studies on the safety of ultrasound ( edit ) A meta - analysis of several ultrasonography studies published in 2000 found no statistically significant harmful effects from ultrasonography , but mentioned that there was a lack of data on long - term substantive outcomes such as neurodevelopment . A study at the Yale School of Medicine published in 2006 found a small but significant correlation between prolonged and frequent use of ultrasound and abnormal neuronal migration in mice . A study performed in Sweden in 2001 has shown that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in left - handedness in boys ( a marker for brain problems when not hereditary ) and speech delays . The above findings , however , were not confirmed in a later follow - up study . A later study , however , performed on a larger sample of 8865 children , has established a statistically significant , albeit weak association of ultrasonography exposure and being non-right handed later in life . ( See Handedness # Ultrasound ) . Obstetric ultrasound ( edit ) Main article : Obstetric ultrasonography Obstetric ultrasound can be used to identify many conditions that would be harmful to the mother and the baby , many health care professionals consider the risk of leaving these conditions undiagnosed to be much greater than the very small risk , if any , associated with undergoing an ultrasound scan . However its results are occasionally incorrect , producing a false positive ( the Cochrane Collaboration is a relevant effort to improve the reliability of health care trials ) . False detection may result in patients being warned of birth defects when no such defect exists . When balancing risk and reward , there are recommendations to avoid the use of routine ultrasound for low risk pregnancies ; but in many countries ultrasound is now used routinely in the management of all pregnancies . Sex determination is only accurate after 12 weeks gestation . Even where sonography is used routinely in obstetric appointments during pregnancy , authorities discourage its use for non-medical purposes such as fetal `` keepsake '' videos and photos . Obstetric ultrasound is primarily used to : Date the pregnancy ( gestational age ) Confirm fetal viability Determine location of fetus , intrauterine vs ectopic Check the location of the placenta in relation to the cervix Check for the number of fetuses ( multiple pregnancy ) Check for major physical abnormalities . Assess fetal growth ( for evidence of intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ) ) Check for fetal movement and heartbeat . Determine the sex of the baby According to the European Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety ( ECMUS ) Ultrasonic examinations should only be performed by competent personnel who are trained and updated in safety matters . Ultrasound produces heating , pressure changes and mechanical disturbances in tissue . Diagnostic levels of ultrasound can produce temperature rises that are hazardous to sensitive organs and the embryo / fetus . Biological effects of non-thermal origin have been reported in animals but , to date , no such effects have been demonstrated in humans , except when a microbubble contrast agent is present . Nonetheless , care should be taken to use low power settings and avoid pulsed wave scanning of the fetal brain unless specifically indicated in high risk pregnancies . Ultrasound scanners have different Doppler - techniques to visualize arteries and veins . The most common is colour doppler or power doppler , but also other techniques like b - flow are used to show bloodflow in an organ . By using pulsed wave doppler or continuous wave doppler bloodflow velocities can be calculated . Figures released for the period 2005 -- 2006 by the UK Government ( Department of Health ) show that non-obstetric ultrasound examinations constituted more than 65 % of the total number of ultrasound scans conducted . Society and culture ( edit ) Recent studies have stressed the importance of framing `` reproductive health matters cross-culturally '' , particularly when understanding the `` new phenomenon '' of `` the proliferation of ultrasound imaging '' in developing countries . In 2004 , Tine Gammeltoft interviewed 400 women in Hanoi 's Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital ; each `` had an average of 6.6 scans during her pregnancy '' , much higher than five years ago when `` a pregnant woman might or might not have had a single scan during her pregnancy '' in Vietnam . Gammeltoft explains that `` many Asian countries '' see `` the foetus as an ambiguous being '' unlike in Western medicine where it is common to think of the foetus as `` materially stable '' . Therefore , although women , particularly in Asian countries , `` express intense uncertainties regarding the safety and credibility of this technology '' , it is overused for its `` immediate reassurance '' . Regulation ( edit ) Diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound equipment is regulated in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration , and worldwide by other national regulatory agencies . The FDA limits acoustic output using several metrics ; generally , other agencies accept the FDA - established guidelines . Currently , New Mexico , Oregon , and North Dakota are the only US states that regulate diagnostic medical sonographers . Certification examinations for sonographers are available in the US from three organizations : the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography , Cardiovascular Credentialing International and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists . The primary regulated metrics are Mechanical Index ( MI ) , a metric associated with the cavitation bio-effect , and Thermal Index ( TI ) a metric associated with the tissue heating bio-effect . The FDA requires that the machine not exceed established limits , which are reasonably conservative so as to maintain diagnostic ultrasound as a safe imaging modality . This requires self - regulation on the part of the manufacturer in terms of the machine 's calibration . Ultrasound - based pre-natal care and sex screening technologies were launched in India in the 1980s . With concerns about its misuse for sex - selective abortion , the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act ( PNDT ) in 1994 to regulate legal and illegal uses of ultrasound equipment . The law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) ( PCPNDT ) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and sex selective abortion . It is currently illegal and a punishable crime in India to determine or disclose the sex of a fetus using ultrasound equipment . History ( edit ) After the French physicist Pierre Curie 's discovery of piezoelectricity in 1880 , ultrasonic waves could be deliberately generated for industry . Thereafter , in 1940 , the American acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone devised the first ultrasonic echo imaging device , the Supersonic Reflectoscope , to detect internal flaws in metal castings . In 1941 , the Austrian neurologist Karl Theo Dussik was in collaboration with his brother , Friedreich , a physicist , likely , the first person to ultrasonically echo image the human body , outlining thereby the ventricles of a human brain . Ultrasonic energy was first applied to the human body for medical purposes by Dr George Ludwig at the Naval Medical Research Institute , Bethesda , Maryland in the late 1940s . English - born physicist John Wild ( 1914 -- 2009 ) first used ultrasound to assess the thickness of bowel tissue as early as 1949 ; he has been described as the `` father of medical ultrasound '' . Subsequent advances in the field took place concurrently in several countries . But it was not until 1963 when Meyerdirk & Wright launched production of the first commercial hand - held articulated arm compound contact B - mode scanner that ultrasound became generally available for medical use . France ( edit ) In his book `` L'investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler '' ( Ed Masson , 1977 ) Dr Claude Franceschi laid down the Doppler Ultrasound fundamentals of the hemodynamics semiotics , which are still in use in current Doppler arterial and venous Duplex Ultrasound investigations . Scotland ( edit ) Parallel developments in Glasgow , Scotland by Professor Ian Donald and colleagues at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital ( GRMH ) led to the first diagnostic applications of the technique . Donald was an obstetrician with a self - confessed `` childish interest in machines , electronic and otherwise '' , who , having treated the wife of one of the company 's directors , was invited to visit the Research Department of boilermakers Babcock & Wilcox at Renfrew , where he used their industrial ultrasound equipment to conduct experiments on various morbid anatomical specimens and assess their ultrasonic characteristics . Together with the medical physicist Tom Brown ( Wikidata ; Reasonator ) . and fellow obstetrician Dr John MacVicar , Donald refined the equipment to enable differentiation of pathology in live volunteer patients . These findings were reported in The Lancet on 7 June 1958 as `` Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound '' -- possibly one of the most important papers ever published in the field of diagnostic medical imaging . At GRMH , Professor Donald and Dr James Willocks then refined their techniques to obstetric applications including fetal head measurement to assess the size and growth of the fetus . With the opening of the new Queen Mother 's Hospital in Yorkhill in 1964 , it became possible to improve these methods even further . Dr Stuart Campbell 's pioneering work on fetal cephalometry led to it acquiring long - term status as the definitive method of study of foetal growth . As the technical quality of the scans was further developed , it soon became possible to study pregnancy from start to finish and diagnose its many complications such as multiple pregnancy , fetal abnormality and placenta praevia . Diagnostic ultrasound has since been imported into practically every other area of medicine . Sweden ( edit ) Medical ultrasonography was used in 1953 at Lund University by cardiologist Inge Edler and Gustav Ludwig Hertz 's son Carl Hellmuth Hertz , who was then a graduate student at the University 's department of nuclear physics . Edler had asked Hertz if it was possible to use radar to look into the body , but Hertz said this was impossible . However , he said , it might be possible to use ultrasonography . Hertz was familiar with using ultrasonic reflectoscopes of the American acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone 's invention for nondestructive materials testing , and together Edler and Hertz developed the idea of using this method in medicine . The first successful measurement of heart activity was made on October 29 , 1953 using a device borrowed from the ship construction company Kockums in Malmö . On December 16 the same year , the method was used to generate an echo - encephalogram ( ultrasonic probe of the brain ) . Edler and Hertz published their findings in 1954 . United states ( edit ) In 1962 , after about two years of work , Joseph Holmes , William Wright , and Ralph Meyerdirk developed the first compound contact B - mode scanner . Their work had been supported by U.S. Public Health Services and the University of Colorado . Wright and Meyerdirk left the University to form Physionic Engineering Inc. , which launched the first commercial hand - held articulated arm compound contact B - mode scanner in 1963 . This was the start of the most popular design in the history of ultrasound scanners . In the late 1960s Dr Gene Strandness and the bio-engineering group at the University of Washington conducted research on Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for vascular disease . Eventually , they developed technologies to use duplex imaging , or Doppler in conjunction with B - mode scanning , to view vascular structures in real - time , while also providing hemodynamic information . The first demonstration of color Doppler was by Geoff Stevenson , who was involved in the early developments and medical use of Doppler shifted ultrasonic energy . Manufacturers ( edit ) The leading manufacturers of Ultrasound Equipment are Siemens Healthineers , GE Healthcare , and Philips . See also ( edit ) Doppler fetal monitor Elastography Polybiography Radiographer Ultrasound computer tomography Ultrasound transmission tomography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hector M. Garcia - Garcia , Bill D. Gogas , Patrick W. Serruys & Nico Bruining ( 2011 ) . `` IVUS - based imaging modalities for tissue characterization : similarities and differences '' . The international journal of cardiovascular imaging . 27 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 224 . doi : 10.1007 / s10554 - 010 - 9789 - 7 . PMC 3078312 . PMID 21327914 . 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Jump up ^ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons ( February 2013 ) , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons , retrieved 19 May 2013 , which cites Members of 2007 and 2011 AAOS Guideline Development Work Groups on PE / VTED Prophylaxis ; Mont , M ; Jacobs , J ; Lieberman , J ; Parvizi , J ; Lachiewicz , P ; Johanson , N ; Watters , W ( Apr 18 , 2012 ) . `` Preventing venous thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing elective total hip and knee arthroplasty '' . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery . American Volume . 94 ( 8 ) : 673 -- 4 . doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. 9408edit . PMC 3326687 . PMID 22517384 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avoid Fetal `` Keepsake '' Images , Heartbeat Monitors `` . U.S. food and Drug Administration . U.S. Government . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockwook , Charles J. `` Keepsake fetal ultrasounds ( November 01 , 2010 ) '' . Modern Medicine Network . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , L ; Garcia , J ; Henderson , J ; Mugford , M ; Neilson , J ; Roberts , T ; Martin , MA ( 2000 ) . `` Ultrasound screening in pregnancy : A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness , cost - effectiveness and women 's views '' . Health technology assessment . 4 ( 16 ) : i -- vi , 1 -- 193 . PMID 11070816 . Jump up ^ Ang , E.S.B.C. ; Gluncic , V. ; Duque , A. ; Schafer , M.E. ; Rakic , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Prenatal exposure to ultrasound waves impacts neuronal migration in mice '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 34 ) : 12903 -- 10 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 10312903A . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0605294103 . PMC 1538990 . PMID 16901978 . Jump up ^ Kieler , Helle ; Cnattingius , Sven ; Haglund , Bengt ; Palmgren , Juni ; Axelsson , Ove ( 2001 ) . `` Sinistrality -- a side - effect of prenatal sonography : A comparative study of young men '' . Epidemiology. 12 ( 6 ) : 618 -- 23 . doi : 10.1097 / 00001648 - 200111000 - 00007 . PMID 11679787 . Jump up ^ Salvesen , KA ; Vatten , LJ ; Eik - Nes , SH ; Hugdahl , K ; Bakketeig , LS ( 1993 ) . `` Routine ultrasonography in utero and subsequent handedness and neurological development '' . BMJ. 307 ( 6897 ) : 159 -- 64 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 307.6897. 159 . PMC 1678377 . PMID 7688253 . Jump up ^ Kieler , Helle ; Axelsson , Ove ; Haglund , Bengt ; Nilsson , Staffan ; Salvesen , Kjell Å. ( 1998 ) . `` Routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy and the children 's subsequent handedness '' . Early Human Development . 50 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 3782 ( 97 ) 00097 - 2 . PMID 9483394 . Jump up ^ Heikkilä , K. ; Vuoksimaa , E. ; Oksava , K. ; Saari - Kemppainen , A. ; Iivanainen , M. ( 2011 ) . `` Handedness in the Helsinki Ultrasound Trial '' . Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 37 ( 6 ) : 638 -- 642 . doi : 10.1002 / uog. 8962 . Jump up ^ Salvesen , K. Å. ( 2011 ) . `` Ultrasound in pregnancy and non-right handedness : Meta - analysis of randomized trials '' . Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 38 ( 3 ) : 267 -- 271 . doi : 10.1002 / uog. 9055 . Jump up ^ Clinical Safety Statements Archived 2012 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Efsumb.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Gammeltoft , Tine ( 2007 ) . `` Sonography and Sociality : Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging in Urban Vietnam '' . Medical Anthropology Quarterly . 21 ( 2 ) : 134 . doi : 10.1525 / maq. 2007.21. 2.133 . Jump up ^ Legislation . ardms.org Jump up ^ Deane , Collin ( 2002 ) . `` Safety of diagnostic ultrasound in fetal scanning '' . In Kypros Nicolaides ; Giuseppe Rizzo ; Kurt Hecker ; Renato Ximenes . Doppler in Obstetrics . Jump up ^ MTP and PCPNDT Initiatives Report Government of India ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PCPNDT ACT IN INDIA -- Perspectives and Challenges . Public Health Foundation of India , Supported by United Nations FPA ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES ( REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE ) ACT , 1994 '' . mohfw.nic.in. 20 September 1994 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Siddharth , S. ; Goyal , A. ( 2007 ) . `` The origin of echocardiography '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 34 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 438 . PMC 2170493 . PMID 18172524 . Jump up ^ Levine , H. III . ( 2010 ) . Medical Imaging . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , LLC. , p. 62 , describing earlier not completely successful attempt by the brothers to image a brain in 1937 , which may be the same experiment Jump up ^ `` History of the AIUM '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2005 . Retrieved November 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Ultrasound : A collection of recollections , articles , interviews and images '' . www.obgyn.net . Archived from the original on 5 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Watts , G. ( 2009 ) . `` John Wild '' . BMJ. 339 : b4428 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. b4428 . Jump up ^ Tilli Tansey ; Daphne Christie , eds. ( 2000 ) , Looking at the Unborn : Historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound , Wellcome Witnesses to Contemporary Medicine , History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84129 - 011 - 9 , Wikidata Q29581634 Jump up ^ Looking at the Unborn : Historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound . History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84129 - 011 - 9 . Jump up ^ Donald , Ian ; MacVicar , J ; Brown , T.G ( 1958 ) . `` Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound '' . The Lancet . 271 ( 7032 ) : 1188 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 58 ) 91905 - 6 . PMID 13550965 . Jump up ^ Edler , I. ; Hertz , C.H. ( 2004 ) . `` The Use of Ultrasonic Reflectoscope for the Continuous Recording of the Movements of Heart Walls '' . Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 24 ( 3 ) : 118 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 097X. 2004.00539. x . PMID 15165281 . Jump up ^ Woo , Joseph ( 2002 ) . `` A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology '' . ob-ultrasound.net . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zierler , R. Eugene ( 2002 ) . `` D. Eugene Strandness , Jr , MD , 1928 -- 2002 '' . Journal of Ultrasound. 21 ( 11 ) : 1323 -- 1325 . doi : 10.1067 / mva. 2002.123028 . Jump up ^ Medical Imaging Past Present and Future : 2 ARRT category A continuing education credits are available by way of an online post test at XRayCeRT.com . XRayCeRT . GGKEY : 6WU7UCYWQS7 . Jump up ^ `` Portable Ultrasound Equipment Market 2017 Global Leading Players Analysis & Industry Forecast to 2022 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medical ultrasound . About the discovery of medical ultrasonography on ob-ultrasound.net History of medical sonography ( ultrasound ) on ob-ultrasound.net Procedures in Ultrasound ( Sonography ) on radiologyinfo.org hide Medical imaging ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 87 -- 88 , ICD - 10 - PCS B , CPT 70010 -- 79999 ) X-ray / Radiography 2D Medical : Pneumoencephalography Dental radiography Sialography Myelography CXR Bronchography AXR KUB DXA / DXR Upper gastrointestinal series / Small - bowel follow - through / Lower gastrointestinal series Cholangiography / Cholecystography Mammography Pyelogram Cystography Arthrogram Hysterosalpingography Skeletal survey Angiography Angiocardiography Aortography Venography Lymphogram Industrial : Radiographic testing CT scan Techniques : General operation of CT Quantitative CT High resolution CT X-ray microtomography Electron beam tomography Targets Coronary Calcium scan CT angiography Abdominal and pelvic CT Virtual colonoscopy CT angiography Coronary CT Pulmonary CT Head CT Whole body imaging Full - body CT scan Other Fluoroscopy X-ray motion analysis MRI MRI of the brain MR neurography Cardiac MRI / Cardiac MRI perfusion MR angiography MR cholangiopancreatography Breast MRI Functional MRI Sequences Diffusion MRI Perfusion MRI Tractography Synthetic MRI Ultrasound Echocardiography Doppler ultrasonography Doppler echocardiography TTE TEE Transcranial Doppler Intravascular Gynecologic Obstetric Echoencephalography Abdominal ultrasonography Transrectal Breast ultrasound Transscrotal ultrasound Carotid ultrasonography Contrast - enhanced 3D ultrasound Endoscopic ultrasound Emergency ultrasound FAST Pre-hospital ultrasound Duplex Radionuclide 2D / scintigraphy Cholescintigraphy Scintimammography Ventilation / perfusion scan Radionuclide ventriculography Radionuclide angiography Radioisotope renography Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy Radioactive iodine uptake test Bone scintigraphy Immunoscintigraphy Dacryoscintigraphy DMSA scan Gastric emptying scan Full body : Octreotide scan Gallium 67 scan Indium - 111 WBC scan 3D / ECT SPECT gamma ray : Myocardial perfusion imaging PET ( positron ) : Brain PET Cardiac PET PET mammography PET - CT PET - MRI Optical laser Optical tomography Optical coherence tomography Confocal microscopy Endomicroscopy Thermography non-contact thermography contact thermography dynamic angiothermography BNF : cb11931925j ( data ) GND : 4248514 - 9 NDL : 01003919 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_ultrasound&oldid=841436140 '' Categories : Medical imaging Acoustics Medical equipment Medical ultrasonography Physical therapy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2013 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 20 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was ultrasound first used for medical purposes | [
"After the French physicist Pierre Curie’s discovery of piezoelectricity in 1880, ultrasonic waves could be deliberately generated for industry. Thereafter, in 1940, the American acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone devised the first ultrasonic echo imaging device, the Supersonic Reflectoscope, to detect internal flaws in metal castings. In 1941, the Austrian neurologist Karl Theo Dussik was in collaboration with his brother, Friedreich, a physicist, likely, the first person to ultrasonically echo image the human body, outlining thereby the ventricles of a human brain.[78][79] Ultrasonic energy was first applied to the human body for medical purposes by Dr George Ludwig at the Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland in the late 1940s.[80][81] English-born physicist John Wild (1914–2009) first used ultrasound to assess the thickness of bowel tissue as early as 1949; he has been described as the \"father of medical ultrasound\".[82] Subsequent advances in the field took place concurrently in several countries. But it was not until 1963 when Meyerdirk & Wright launched production of the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner that ultrasound became generally available for medical use."
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"1941"
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932124146178119964 | 2018 Major League Baseball season | 2018 Major League Baseball season - wikipedia 2018 Major League Baseball season Jump to : navigation , search 2018 MLB season League Major League Baseball Sport Baseball Duration March 29 -- October 31 , 2018 Number of games 162 Number of teams 30 Regular season League Postseason World Series MLB seasons ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29 , 2018 , and is scheduled to end on September 30 . The Postseason will begin on October 2 . The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23 , and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31 . The 2018 MLB Draft will be held from June 4 to 6 in Secaucus , New Jersey . The 89th Major League Baseball All - Star Game will be held on July 17 at Nationals Park , the home of the Washington Nationals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Schedule 2 Rule changes 3 Standings 3.1 Division 4 Managerial changes 4.1 General managers 4.1. 1 Offseason 4.2 Field managers 4.2. 1 Offseason 5 Milestones 5.1 Batters 6 Uniforms 6.1 Wholesale changes 6.2 Alternate changes 6.3 Anniversaries and special events 6.4 Other uniforms 6.5 Throwbacks 7 Broadcast rights 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 National 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 Local 7.2. 2 National 7.3 Digital 8 Retired numbers 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Schedule ( edit ) As has been the case since 2013 , all teams will play their four division opponents 19 times each for a total of 76 games . They will play six or seven games against each of the other 10 same - league opponents for a total of 66 games , and 20 inter-league games . The primary inter-league match - ups are AL East vs NL East , AL Central vs NL Central , and AL West vs NL West . Since `` natural rivalry '' matchups are part of the three - year divisional rotation , the schedule format for interleague games will be different from previous years . The 20 interleague games each team will play will consist of two three - game series ( one home , one away ) against its natural rival ( total of six games ) , two two - game series ( one home , one away ) against each team for two other opponents ( total of eight games ) , and a single three - game series against each team for the last two ( one home , one away ; total of six games ) . Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016 , the regular season has been extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off - days for all teams . All teams were scheduled to play Opening Day , which will fall on Thursday , March 29 -- the earliest domestic start of a regular season in MLB history ( two games ended up postponed due to weather ) . There will no longer be a Sunday - night game on the final Sunday before the All - Star Game . A single , nationally televised afternoon game will be played on the Thursday after the All - Star Game ( which for 2018 , will be played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs ) , before all other teams return from break the next day . The Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres will play a three - game series at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey , Mexico from May 4 to 6 , while the Minnesota Twins and the Cleveland Indians will play a two - game series at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan , Puerto Rico on April 17 and 18 . The Little League Classic game at BB&T Ballpark in Williamsport , Pennsylvania , coinciding with the Little League World Series , will return to the schedule . It will be played between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Mets on August 19 . Rule changes ( edit ) Beginning in the 2018 season , MLB implemented new pace of play rules , which include limiting the amount of mound visits for each team to six visits per nine innings . Teams will receive an additional visit for every extra inning played . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) American League National League American League East Pct . GB Home Road Boston Red Sox 8 0.889 -- 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 7 0.636 4 -- 3 3 -- 1 New York Yankees 5 5 0.500 31⁄2 3 -- 3 2 -- 2 Baltimore Orioles 7 0.364 5 1 -- 3 3 -- 4 Tampa Bay Rays 8 0.200 61⁄2 1 -- 3 1 -- 5 American League Central Pct . GB Home Road Cleveland Indians 5 5 0.500 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 4 Minnesota Twins 0.500 -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 Detroit Tigers 5 0.444 1⁄2 1 -- 4 3 -- 1 Kansas City Royals 5 0.375 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 Chicago White Sox 6 0.333 11⁄2 0 -- 4 3 -- 2 American League West Pct . GB Home Road Houston Astros 9 0.818 -- 5 -- 1 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Angels 8 0.727 4 -- 2 4 -- 1 Seattle Mariners 0.500 31⁄2 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 Oakland Athletics 7 0.364 5 3 -- 5 1 -- 2 Texas Rangers 8 0.333 51⁄2 2 -- 6 2 -- 2 National League East Pct . GB Home Road New York Mets 8 0.889 -- 4 -- 1 4 -- 0 Atlanta Braves 6 0.600 21⁄2 4 -- 2 2 -- 2 Washington Nationals 5 5 0.500 31⁄2 1 -- 3 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 5 0.444 3 -- 1 1 -- 4 Miami Marlins 7 0.300 51⁄2 2 -- 5 1 -- 2 National League Central Pct . GB Home Road Pittsburgh Pirates 7 0.778 -- 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 Chicago Cubs 5 0.556 0 -- 0 5 -- 4 Milwaukee Brewers 6 5 0.545 2 -- 5 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 6 0.400 31⁄2 1 -- 3 3 -- 3 Cincinnati Reds 7 0.222 5 1 -- 4 1 -- 3 National League West Pct . GB Home Road Arizona Diamondbacks 8 0.800 -- 5 -- 1 3 -- 1 Colorado Rockies 5 6 0.455 31⁄2 1 -- 3 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants 5 0.444 31⁄2 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers 6 0.333 41⁄2 2 -- 2 1 -- 4 San Diego Padres 8 0.273 51⁄2 1 -- 6 2 -- 2 Managerial changes ( edit ) General managers ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Former GM Reason For Leaving New GM Story / Accomplishments Atlanta Braves John Coppolella Resigned Alex Anthopoulos John Coppolella resigned from the Braves on October 2 , 2017 , because of a Major League Baseball investigation . On November 12 , 2017 , Alex Anthopoulos was hired as the new general manager of the team . On November 21 , 2017 , Coppolella was banned for life from baseball as a result of the investigation . Field managers ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Former manager Reason for leaving New manager Story / accomplishments Detroit Tigers Brad Ausmus Contract not renewed Ron Gardenhire The Tigers announced on September 22 , 2017 , that Ausmus ' contract would not be renewed . Ausmus compiled a 314 -- 332 (. 486 ) record in four years as manager with one playoff appearance . The Tigers hired former Minnesota Twins manager Ron Gardenhire on October 19 , 2017 . As the Twins ' manager from 2002 to 2014 he compiled a record of 1068 -- 1039 (. 507 ) , and 6 -- 21 (. 222 ) in six post-season appearances . He also won AL Manager of the Year in 2010 . Philadelphia Phillies Pete Mackanin Reassigned Gabe Kapler It was announced on October 1 , 2017 , that Mackanin would be removed as manager but he managed the final three games of the 2017 season . Mackanin had a record of 174 -- 238 (. 422 ) in his two and a half seasons as manager with no playoff appearances . It was also announced he would remain with the organization as a special assistant to the general manager . On October 29 , 2017 , the Phillies announced the hire of former Dodgers ' Director of Development Gabe Kapler . He has no previous major league managerial or coaching experience . New York Mets Terry Collins Retired Mickey Callaway Collins announced on October 1 , 2017 , that he would retire after the last game of the season . He will move to the Mets ' front office . Collins finished with a 551 -- 583 (. 486 ) record in seven years with club , with two playoff appearances in 2015 and 2016 , where they lost to the Kansas City Royals in the World Series and lost the Wild Card to the San Francisco Giants in the following season . The Mets named Cleveland Indians pitching coach Mickey Callaway as their new manager on October 22 , 2017 . Callaway has no previous managerial experience . Boston Red Sox John Farrell Fired Alex Cora Farrell was fired on October 11 , 2017 . Farrell during his five years as manager compiled a 432 -- 378 (. 533 ) record and earned three division titles in 2013 , 2016 and 2017 . He led the Red Sox to the 2013 World Series title . Houston Astros bench coach Alex Cora was named manager on October 22 , 2017 , and formally assumed the role after the Astros ' win in the 2017 World Series . He has no previous managerial experience . Washington Nationals Dusty Baker Contract not renewed Dave Martinez The Nationals announced on October 20 , 2017 , that Baker would not be returning for the 2018 season . Baker led the Nationals to the postseason in each of his two seasons with the club but could n't get past the NLDS . The Nationals were 192 -- 132 (. 593 ) under Baker . The Nationals hired Dave Martinez to be their new manager on October 29 , 2017 . Martinez was previously the bench coach for the Chicago Cubs , and has no managerial experience . New York Yankees Joe Girardi Contract not renewed Aaron Boone The Yankees announced on October 26 , 2017 , that Girardi would not return for the 2018 season . Girardi led the Yankees to three division titles and one World Series championship during his ten years of managing the club . The Yankees were 910 -- 710 (. 562 ) under Girardi . On December 1 , 2017 , radio announcer Aaron Boone was hired as the team 's new manager . He has no previous coaching or managerial experience . Milestones ( edit ) Batters ( edit ) George Springer ( HOU ) : With his Opening Day lead - off home run on March 29 against the Texas Rangers , Springer became the first player in Major League history to lead off back - to - back seasons with a home run . Joe Panik ( SF ) : Became the first player in Major League history to hit a home run in consecutive 1 -- 0 victories by his team . Adrian Beltre ( TEX ) : With a second - inning double on April 5 against the Oakland Athletics , Beltre became the all - time leader in hits by a player from Latin America . Beltre , from the Dominican Republic , passed Rod Carew of Panama with the 3,054 th hit in his career . Uniforms ( edit ) Wholesale changes ( edit ) The Detroit Tigers modified the Olde English D on the home jersey to match the D on the cap . This is the first major change to the Tigers ' home jersey since 1934 ( not counting the hiatus in 1960 ) . The Cleveland Indians have confirmed this will be final season using the Chief Wahoo logo on its uniforms . It will be replaced for start of the 2019 season . Alternate changes ( edit ) The Oakland Athletics added a kelly green alternate jersey to commemorate the franchise 's 50th anniversary in Oakland . The uniforms are used during every Friday home game . The Washington Nationals added a second navy blue jersey to commemorate the team 's hosting of the 2018 All - Star Game . The uniform features the script `` Nationals '' in white with red trim and numerals in red with white trim . Both the Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates replaced their camouflage uniforms with new white alternate jerseys featuring olive and military green logos , letters and numbers . Anniversaries and special events ( edit ) The following teams will wear commemorative patches for special occasions : Team Special occasion All Teams `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( February 23 ) # 42 patch for Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 ) Pink ribbons for breast cancer awareness ( May 12 -- 13 , Mother 's Day weekend ) `` Play Ball '' patch in partnership with USA Baseball and USA Softball ( June 2 -- 3 ) Blue ribbons for prostate cancer awareness ( June 16 -- 17 , Father 's Day weekend ) Players Weekend ( August 24 -- 26 ) Gold ribbons for childhood cancer awareness ( August 31 ) Atlanta Braves 50th anniversary of the assassination of Reverend Martin Luther King , Jr. ( April 4 ) Arizona Diamondbacks 20th anniversary of the franchise Chicago Cubs `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( March 29 ) Colorado Rockies 25th anniversary of the franchise Houston Astros 2017 World Series Championship ( April 2 ) Kansas City Royals 50th season of the franchise Los Angeles Dodgers 60th anniversary in Los Angeles Miami Marlins 25th anniversary of the franchise ( began as the Florida Marlins ) `` MSD '' patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting ( March 29 - April 1 ) New York Mets Autograph patch in memory of Rusty Staub Oakland Athletics 50th anniversary in Oakland San Francisco Giants 60th anniversary in San Francisco Tampa Bay Rays 20th anniversary of the franchise ( originally Devil Rays ) Toronto Blue Jays # 32 patch in memory of Roy Halladay Washington Nationals 2018 All Star Game Other uniforms ( edit ) The Astros wore gold - lettered uniforms at their home opener April 2 and April 3 to mark them winning the 2017 World Series title . Players , managers and coaches will wear # 42 on April 15 , the 71st anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's debut in the majors . The Royals will wear an alternate uniform with a crown atop the R , and a cap with a crown instead of the `` KC '' , on June 30 in Seattle . Throwbacks ( edit ) The Phillies will wear their 1980s powder blue uniforms for select Thursday home games . The Tigers and Royals will wear Negro Leagues throwbacks May 6 . The Tigers will wear the uniforms of the Detroit Stars , and the Royals will wear the uniforms of the Kansas City Monarchs . The Marlins will wear 1993 throwbacks June 8 - 10 to mark their 25th anniversary . The Mariners will mark the 20th anniversary of their 1998 `` Turn Ahead the Clock '' promotion by wearing the uniforms from that game June 30 against Kansas City . The Rays wore throwbacks from their inaugural season on March 31 against the Boston Red Sox . They will wear these throwbacks again on June 9 against the Seattle Mariners , June 23rd against the New York Yankees and on September 8th against the Baltimore Orioles . Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) National ( edit ) This is the fifth year of the current eight - year deals with Fox Sports , ESPN and TBS . Fox will air eight weeks of baseball on Saturday Nights leading up to the 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game which will also air on Fox . Fox will then televise Saturday afternoon games for the last four weeks of the regular season . FS1 will televise games on Tuesday and on Saturdays both during the afternoon and night . ESPN will televise games on its flagship telecast Sunday Night Baseball as well as Monday and Wednesday Nights . TBS will televise Sunday afternoon games for the last 13 weeks of the regular season . Fox and ESPN Sunday Night Baseball telecasts will be exclusive ; all other national telecasts will be subject to local blackout . TBS will televise the American League Wild Card Game , Division Series and Championship Series . ESPN will televise the National League Wild Card . Fox Sports 1 and MLB Network will televise the National League Division Series . Fox and Fox Sports 1 will televise the National League Championship Series . The World Series will air exclusively on Fox for the 19th consecutive year . Radio ( edit ) Local ( edit ) The Minnesota Twins will return to Entercom 's WCCO / Minneapolis after twelve years on KSTP , followed by the Twins - owned FM station KQGO ; WCCO has been the flagship for the Twins ' network for 46 of the team 's 58 years of existence . Entercom will also take over all existing play - by - play contracts from their newly acquired stations from CBS Radio after the two companies merged their radio assets on November 17 , 2017 . The Chicago White Sox will have a new flagship station in Tribune Broadcasting 's WGN / Chicago , after Cumulus Media asked to void their agreement to carry the team 's games on WLS as part of its Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing , and Cumulus ending several high - profile talent and sports rights agreements due to their cost . The deal allows WGN to return to MLB play - by - play after a three - year hiatus after the end of their long association with the Chicago Cubs , who moved to WBBM in the 2015 season , then WSCR in 2016 . WGN had previously carried White Sox broadcasts from 1927 until 1943 . The San Diego Padres will have a new flagship station , as they moved from Entercom 's KBZT to KEGY ( FM ) , the latter of which flipped from contemporary hit radio to hot talk branded as `` 97.3 The Machine ''. . National ( edit ) ESPN Radio will air its 21st season of national coverage , including Sunday Night Baseball , Saturday games , Opening Day and holiday games , the All - Star Game , and Home Run Derby , and the entire Major League Baseball postseason . Digital ( edit ) Nine regular season games will be broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch , beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies . Retired numbers ( edit ) Roy Halladay had his # 32 retired posthumously by the Toronto Blue Jays on March 29 . Barry Bonds will have his # 25 retired by the San Francisco Giants on August 11 . Jack Morris will have his # 47 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 12 . Alan Trammell will have his # 3 retired by the Detroit Tigers on August 26 . See also ( edit ) 2018 in baseball 2018 Nippon Professional Baseball season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ October 31 is the date of a potential Game 7 of the World Series . The earliest the season can end is October 27 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark . `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB minimum salary , 10 - day DL , the 187 - day season , and other CBA minutiae '' . True Blue LA ( SB Nation ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Major League Baseball schedule released '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill . `` Dodgers and Padres set for Mexico series in May '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Shane . `` Indians , Twins to play in Puerto Rico in 2018 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' MLB Little League Classic ' : Phillies , Mets to play game in Williamsport '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` MLB announces pace of play initiatives for ' 18 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Coppolella resigns as Braves ' general manager '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Braves Hire Alex Anthopoulos General Manager '' . Talking Chop.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel . `` Brad Ausmus Out as Tigers Manager After Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Tigers will hire Ron Gardenhire as manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelb , Matt . `` Phillies fire Pete Mackanin as manager '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies tap Dodgers exec Gabe Kapler as next manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Collins resigns , set to move to front - office role '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Indians pitching coach Mick Callaway to be Mets ' new manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox dismiss Farrell after five seasons '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sox finalize 3 - year deal with Cora to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Baker wo n't return as Nationals manager '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Matz , Eddie ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Davey Martinez is Nationals ' next pick for manager '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Girardi out as Yankees manager after 10 years '' . MLB.com . MLB . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Boone become next manager of the New York Yankees / '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/sports/george-springer-pulls-off-opening-day-feat-youve-never-seen-230711723.html Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/sports/joe-panik-dodgers-number-powering-giants-historic-start-162243296.html Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/adrian-beltre-sets-latin-american-hits-record/c-270955046 Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers Honor Club Heritage with Unified Olde English ' D ' on Caps and Home Jerseys '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians removing Chief Wahoo logo from uniforms starting in 2019 season '' . www.cincinnati.com . January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's to wear kelly green alternate jersey for Friday home games '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals introduced new alternate jersey at WinterFest '' . www.federalbaseball.com . March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs announce new military jersey , cap for ' 18 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds support social movements with alternate uniforms '' . www.blogredmachine.com . March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Astros to wear special gold jerseys to celebrate World Series '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLB unveils 2018 holiday & special event uniforms '' . mlb.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals on Twitter '' . Kansas City Royals . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies to sport powder blue uniforms at select 2018 home games '' . NBCsports.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salute to Negro Leagues Kansas City Royals '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Marlins will sport teal throwback jerseys to honor the 1993 season '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mariners - Twitter '' . Seattle Mariners . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkin , Scott ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Twins radio broadcasts set to return to WCCO '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Play ball ! WGN Radio picks up White Sox '' . Robert Feder blog . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` WLS - AM parent company asks court to end ' unprofitable ' White Sox , Bulls deals '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Castle , George ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` WGN - Radio and 720 signal best possible 2018 home for White Sox '' . Chicago Baseball Museum . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` As Padres Move To KEGY , Format Flip Expected '' . Inside Radio . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin . `` Padres announce new radio home , spring broadcast schedule '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres Make 97.3 KEGY Its New Home Ahead of Flip '' . RadioInsight . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lin , Dennis . `` Controversial radio host Dan Sileo will not be involved with Padres '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Former ALT 105 hosts of morning show Kevin Klein Live relocate to revive program in San Diego '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 97.3 The Machine San Diego Debuts '' . RadioInsight. 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` KEGY ( Energy 97.3 ) / San Diego Turns Off The Top 40 , Rocks Out In Prep For New Format '' . All Access . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` PHI - NYM airs exclusively on Facebook on Wed '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blue Jays retiring No. 32 for Roy Halladay . MLB.com . Published on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved on February 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Shea , John ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Giants retiring Barry Bonds ' jersey number : 25 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tigers to retire Trammell 's No. 3 , Morris ' No. 47 . MLB.com . Published on December 17 , 2017 . Retrieved on January 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 Major League Baseball season schedule 2018 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2018 MLB draft 2018 All - Star Game 2018 World Series Major League Baseball seasons Pre-modern era Beginnings 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Competition 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 NL monopoly 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Modern era Deadball era 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Liveball era 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 World War II 1942 1943 1944 1945 Postwar 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 First expansion 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Birth of division play 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 Wildcard begins Wildcard expansion 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 See also Major League Baseball schedule Major League Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Major_League_Baseball_season&oldid=835561433 '' Categories : Current baseball seasons 2018 Major League Baseball season Major League Baseball seasons Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 13 : 02 . 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4052281315323942902 | Cell nucleus | Cell nucleus - wikipedia Cell nucleus Jump to : navigation , search HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled . On the left , a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In cell biology , the nucleus ( pl . nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus , meaning kernel or seed ) is a membrane - enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others have many . Human skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus , as do eukaryotes like fungi . Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression -- the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules , nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope . The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane - bound sub compartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best - known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structures 2.1 Nuclear envelope and pores 2.2 Nuclear lamina 2.3 Chromosomes 2.4 Nucleolus 2.5 Other subnuclear bodies 2.5. 1 Cajal bodies and gems 2.5. 2 RAFA and PTF domains 2.5. 3 PML bodies 2.5. 4 Splicing speckles 2.5. 5 Paraspeckles 2.5. 6 Perichromatin fibrils 3 Function 3.1 Cell compartmentalization 3.2 Gene expression 3.3 Processing of pre-mRNA 4 Dynamics and regulation 4.1 Nuclear transport 4.2 Assembly and disassembly 4.3 Disease - related dynamics 5 Nuclei per cell 5.1 Anucleated cells 5.2 Multinucleated cells 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719 Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882 . The nucleus contains Polytene chromosomes . The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered . What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) . He observed a `` lumen '' , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area , which he called the `` areola '' or `` nucleus '' , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name `` cytoblast '' ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around `` cytoblasts '' . Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de novo , by the `` cytoblast '' or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert Remak ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( `` Omnis cellula e cellula '' ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . Structures The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( μm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm ( or karyolymph ) , and is similar in composition to the cytosol found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . The composition by dry weight of the nucleus is approximately : DNA 9 % , RNA 1 % , Histone Protein 11 % , Residual Protein 14 % , Acidic Proteins 65 % . Nuclear envelope and pores Main articles : Nuclear envelope and Nuclear pores The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments . The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen . Nuclear pores , which provide aqueous channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as nucleoporins . The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water - soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an eightfold - symmetric ring - shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use adaptor proteins . Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone , as well as other small lipid - soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of a ligand , many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression . Nuclear lamina Main article : Nuclear lamina In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes . Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin monomer contains an alpha - helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an antiparallel arrangement , to form a tetramer called a protofilament . Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament . These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies . The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . Chromosomes Main article : Chromosome A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue . The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 ( red ) and chromosome 9 ( green ) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization . The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA - protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well - defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . There are two types of chromatin . Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres . During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious . Nucleolus Main article : Nucleolus An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus , showing the darkly stained nucleolus 3D rendering of nucleus with location of nucleolus The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures . In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor . This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8 S , 18S , and 28S rRNA . The transcription , post-transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) molecules , some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost fibrillar centers ( FCs ) , surrounded by the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC - DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more FCs are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC . Other subnuclear bodies Subnuclear structure sizes Structure name Structure diameter Cajal bodies 0.2 -- 2.0 μm Clastosomes 0.2 - 0.5 μm PIKA 5 μm PML bodies 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Paraspeckles 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Speckles 20 -- 25 nm Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non-membrane - delineated bodies . These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , polymorphic interphase karyosomal association ( PIKA ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional subdomains . Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . Cajal bodies and gems A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) and small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) maturation , and histone mRNA modification . Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close `` twin '' relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron ( SMN ) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis . Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative . Rafa and PTF domains RAFA domains , or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) . PML bodies Promyelocytic leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0.1 -- 1.0 μm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) , Kremer bodies , and PML oncogenic domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill - defined super-structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic silencing . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever - growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be SUMOylated . Yet , pml - / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) can not assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are dispensable for most basic biological functions . Splicing speckles Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence - microscope level they appear as irregular , punctate structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . Speckles are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA - protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites . Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene - expression machinery splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear specks ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin granule clusters ( IGCs ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei . IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors . Paraspeckles Main article : Paraspeckle Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription , the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components ( PSP1 , p54nrb , PSP2 , CFI ( m ) 68 , and PSF ) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase . During telophase , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap . Perichromatin fibrils Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing . Clastosome Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies ( 0.2 - 0.5 μm ) described as donut - shaped due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies . This name is derived from the Greek klastos , broken and soma , body . Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells , making them hard to detect . They form under high proteolysis conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors . The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function . Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes . These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates , indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins . The Clastosome would be an important addition to the ' Cell Nucleus ' Wiki page because it plays a role in cell function . With further research , we may discover that this nuclear body has a more influential job in cell function than what is already known . Function The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . Cell compartmentalization The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway . This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose - 6 - phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of fructose - 6 - phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose - 6 - phosphate , a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF - κB - controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF - α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF - κB . A nuclear localisation signal on the NF - κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA . Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( unprocessed ) mRNA , resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins . Gene expression Main article : Gene expression A micrograph of ongoing gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts . `` Begin '' indicates the 5 ' end of the DNA , where new RNA synthesis begins ; `` end '' indicates the 3 ' end , where the primary transcripts are almost complete . Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported . Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include helicases , which unwind the double - stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA polymerases , which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule , topoisomerases , which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA , helping it wind and unwind , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . Processing of pre-mRNA Main article : Post-transcriptional modification Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA . They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' polyadenylation , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles ( hnRNPs ) . Addition of the 5 ' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification . The 3 ' poly - adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete . RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the spliceosome , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre-mRNAs , including those encoding antibodies , can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . Dynamics and regulation Nuclear transport Main article : Nuclear transport Macromolecules , such as RNA and proteins , are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran - GTP nuclear transport cycle . The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes . Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . `` Cargo '' proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases , enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate to release energy . The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran , which can bind either GTP or GDP ( guanosine diphosphate ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete . This quality - control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . Mis - expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis - incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . Assembly and disassembly An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase . The mitotic spindle can be seen , stained green , attached to the two sets of chromosomes , stained light blue . All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate . During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus -- the envelope and lamina -- can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some unicellular eukaryotes ( e.g. , yeasts ) undergo so - called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle , and new nuclei reassemble around them . At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , attaching to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also disassembled , a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins . However , in dinoflagellates , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so - called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle ) . In many other protists ( e.g. , ciliates , sporozoans ) and fungi , the centrosomes are intranuclear , and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division . Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases , which cleave the lamin proteins and , thus , degrade the nucleus ' structural integrity . Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . Cells that express mutant caspase - resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis . The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . Disease - related dynamics Initially , it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions ( e.g. lupus erythematosus ) IgG can enter the nucleus . Nuclei per cell Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division . Anucleated cells Human red blood cells , like those of other mammals , lack nuclei . This occurs as a normal part of the cells ' development . An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best - known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or erythrocyte , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte , which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte . The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature `` micronucleated '' erythrocytes into the bloodstream . Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . In flowering plants , this condition occurs in sieve tube elements . Multinucleated cells Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called myocytes and syncytium , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils . Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom . The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional . Evolution As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . The first model known as the `` syntrophic model '' proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus - containing eukaryotic cell . ( Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern methanogenic archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto - eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria . The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that myxobacteria are motile , can form multicellular complexes , and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . A second model proposes that proto - eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage . This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a eukaryote - like cell , the chronocyte , evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . The most controversial model , known as viral eukaryogenesis , posits that the membrane - bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus . The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands , mRNA capping , and tight binding to proteins ( analogizing histones to viral envelopes ) . One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with phagocytosis to form an early cellular `` predator '' . Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by poxviruses , on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA polymerases in modern poxviruses and eukaryotes . It has been suggested that the unresolved question of the evolution of sex could be related to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis . 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Jump up ^ Böhm I. IgG deposits can be detected in cell nuclei of patients with both lupus erythematosus and malignancy . Clin Rheumatol 2007 ; 26 ( 11 ) 1877 - 1882 Jump up ^ Skutelsky , E. ; Danon D. ( June 1970 ) . `` Comparative study of nuclear expulsion from the late erythroblast and cytokinesis '' . J Cell Biol. 60 ( 60 ( 3 ) ) : 625 -- 635 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 70 ) 90536 - 7 . PMID 5422968 . Jump up ^ Torous , DK ; Dertinger SD ; Hall NE ; Tometsko CR. ( 2000 ) . `` Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood : a flow cytometric study '' . Mutat Res. 465 ( 465 ( 1 -- 2 ) ) : 91 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / S1383 - 5718 ( 99 ) 00216 - 8 . PMID 10708974 . Jump up ^ Hutter , KJ ; Stohr M. ( 1982 ) . `` Rapid detection of mutagen induced micronucleated erythrocytes by flow cytometry '' . Histochemistry. 75 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 362 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00496738 . PMID 7141888 . Jump up ^ Zettler , LA ; Sogin ML ; Caron DA ( 1997 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships between the Acantharea and the Polycystinea : A molecular perspective on Haeckel 's Radiolaria '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 94 ( 21 ) : 11411 -- 11416 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.21. 11411 . PMC 23483 . PMID 9326623 . Jump up ^ Horton , TR ( 2006 ) . `` The number of nuclei in basidiospores of 63 species of ectomycorrhizal Homobasidiomycetes '' . Mycologia. 98 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 238 . doi : 10.3852 / mycologia. 98.2. 233 . PMID 16894968 . Jump up ^ Adam RD ( December 1991 ) . `` The biology of Giardia spp '' . Microbiol. Rev. 55 ( 4 ) : 706 -- 32 . PMC 372844 . PMID 1779932 . Jump up ^ McInnes , A ; Rennick DM ( 1988 ) . `` Interleukin 4 induces cultured monocytes / macrophages to form giant multinucleated cells '' . J Exp Med. 167 ( 2 ) : 598 -- 611 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 167.2. 598 . PMC 2188835 . PMID 3258008 . Jump up ^ Goldring , SR ; Roelke MS ; Petrison KK ; Bhan AK ( 1987 ) . `` Human giant cell tumors of bone identification and characterization of cell types '' . J Clin Invest . 79 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 491 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI112838 . PMC 424109 . PMID 3027126 . Jump up ^ Imanian , B ; Pombert , JF ; Dorrell , RG ; Burki , F ; Keeling , PJ ( 2012 ) . `` Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e43763 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043763 . PMC 3423374 . PMID 22916303 . Jump up ^ Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Archaea . eds . E. Monosson & C. Cleveland , Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC . Archived 2011 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn ( 1981 ) . Symbiosis in Cell Evolution . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 206 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1256 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Garcia P , Moreira D ( 2006 ) . `` Selective forces for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . BioEssays. 28 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 533 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20413 . PMID 16615090 . Jump up ^ Fuerst JA . ( 2005 ) . `` Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 299 -- 328 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 59.030804. 121258 . PMID 15910279 . Jump up ^ Hartman H , Fedorov A ( 2002 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell : a genomic investigation '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 99 ( 3 ) : 1420 -- 1425 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032658599 . PMC 122206 . PMID 11805300 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( September 2001 ) . `` Viral eukaryogenesis : was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus ? '' . J. Mol . Evol. 53 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s002390010215 . PMID 11523012 . Jump up ^ Takemura M ( 2001 ) . `` Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J Mol Evol. 52 ( 5 ) : 419 -- 425 . doi : 10.1007 / s002390010171 . PMID 11443345 . Jump up ^ Villarreal L , DeFilippis V ( 2000 ) . `` A hypothesis for DNA viruses as the origin of eukaryotic replication proteins '' . J Virol. 74 ( 15 ) : 7079 -- 7084 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 74.15. 7079 - 7084.2000 . PMC 112226 . PMID 10888648 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( November 2006 ) . `` Sex and the eukaryotic cell cycle is consistent with a viral ancestry for the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J. Theor. Biol. 243 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2006.05. 015 . PMID 16846615 . Jump up ^ de Roos AD ( 2006 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell based on conservation of existing interfaces '' . Artif Life . 12 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 523 . doi : 10.1162 / artl. 2006.12. 4.513 . PMID 16953783 . Further reading Library resources about Cell nucleus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Goldman , Robert D. ; Gruenbaum , Y ; Moir , RD ; Shumaker , DK ; Spann , TP ( 2002 ) . `` Nuclear lamins : building blocks of nuclear architecture '' . Genes Dev. 16 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 547 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 960502 . PMID 11877373 . A review article about nuclear lamins , explaining their structure and various roles Görlich , Dirk ; Kutay , U ( 1999 ) . `` Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm '' . Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 : 607 -- 660 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 15.1. 607 . PMID 10611974 . A review article about nuclear transport , explains the principles of the mechanism , and the various transport pathways Lamond , Angus I. ; Earnshaw , WC ( 1998 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Structure and Function in the Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 547 -- 553 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 547 . PMID 9554838 . A review article about the nucleus , explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle , and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . A review article about the evolution of the nucleus , explaining a number of different theories Pollard , Thomas D. ; William C. Earnshaw ( 2004 ) . Cell Biology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3360 - 9 . A university level textbook focusing on cell biology . Contains information on nucleus structure and function , including nuclear transport , and subnuclear domains External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleus . MBInfo - The Nucleus cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta . http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database ) Information on nuclear components . The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer - reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus . Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology , Joseph G. Gall , J. Richard McIntosh , eds. , contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus . Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4067544 - 0 NDL : 00569971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&oldid=811624751 '' Categories : Cell nucleus Cell anatomy Organelles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is the nuclues called the control center of the cell | [
"Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole."
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"maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression"
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3807510350134817286 | You've Got Mail (soundtrack) | You 've Got Mail ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia You 've Got Mail ( soundtrack ) You 've Got Mail Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 1 , 1998 Genre Original soundtrack Label Atlantic Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic You 've Got Mail is a soundtrack album from the 1998 film of the same name . Contents 1 Background 2 Track listing 3 Other songs from the film 4 References Background ( edit ) The soundtrack was released on December 1 , 1998 under Atlantic Records , and featured a mixture of classics from the 1960s and 1970s , particularly the work of Harry Nilsson with three original songs , as well as new original recordings and covers . The score to the film was written by the English composer George Fenton . Track listing ( edit ) Harry Nilsson - `` The Puppy Song '' - 2 : 43 The Cranberries - `` Dreams '' - 4 : 31 Bobby Darin - `` Splish Splash '' - 2 : 12 Louis Armstrong - `` Dummy Song '' - 2 : 19 Harry Nilsson - `` Remember '' - 4 : 02 Roy Orbison - `` Dream '' - 2 : 12 Bobby Day - `` Rockin ' Robin '' - 2 : 36 Randy Newman - `` Lonely at the Top '' - 2 : 32 Stevie Wonder - `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' - 2 : 38 Sinéad O'Connor - `` I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City '' - 3 : 08 Harry Nilsson - `` Over the Rainbow '' - 3 : 31 Carole King - `` Anyone At All '' - 3 : 09 Billy Williams - `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' - 2 : 08 George Fenton - `` The ' You 've Got Mail ' Suite '' - 5 : 36 Jimmy Durante - `` You Made Me Love You '' - 3 : 04 Other songs from the film ( edit ) The song `` Never Smile at a Crocodile '' is featured in the film ( in the scene where Joe first meets Kathleen in her bookstore ) but is not on the soundtrack album . Also , although the movie features Harry Nilsson 's original version of `` I Guess The Lord Must Be In New York City , '' it does not appear on the soundtrack album . The Sinéad O'Connor `` cover version '' featured on the soundtrack album is heard only during the closing credits of the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=1818 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . You 've Got Mail at AllMusic Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . You 've Got Mail at AllMusic Jump up ^ Clemmensen , Christian ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` You 've Got Mail soundtrack review '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . This 1990s album -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This soundtrack - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_Mail_(soundtrack)&oldid=865322806 '' Categories : 1998 soundtracks Film soundtracks Atlantic Records soundtracks 1990s album stubs Soundtrack stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 05 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sang over the rainbow in you've got mail | [
"Harry Nilsson - \"The Puppy Song\" - 2:43\nThe Cranberries - \"Dreams\" - 4:31\nBobby Darin - \"Splish Splash\" - 2:12\nLouis Armstrong - \"Dummy Song\" - 2:19\nHarry Nilsson - \"Remember\" - 4:02\nRoy Orbison - \"Dream\" - 2:12\nBobby Day - \"Rockin' Robin\" - 2:36\nRandy Newman - \"Lonely at the Top\" - 2:32\nStevie Wonder - \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours\" - 2:38\nSinéad O'Connor - \"I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City\" - 3:08\nHarry Nilsson - \"Over the Rainbow\" - 3:31\nCarole King - \"Anyone At All\" - 3:09\nBilly Williams - \"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter\" - 2:08\nGeorge Fenton - \"The 'You've Got Mail' Suite\" - 5:36\nJimmy Durante - \"You Made Me Love You\" - 3:04"
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"Harry Nilsson"
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1430906948411417863 | Oregon Trail | Oregon trail - wikipedia Oregon trail This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oregon Trail ( disambiguation ) . The Oregon Trail The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence , Missouri ( on the eastern end ) to Oregon City , Oregon ( on the western end ) Map from The Ox Team , or the Old Oregon Trail 1852 -- 1906 , by Ezra Meeker Location Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , Oregon Established 1830s by mountain men of fur trade , widely publicized by 1843 Governing body National Park Service Website Oregon National Historic Trail The Oregon Trail is a 2,170 - mile ( 3,490 km ) historic east -- west , large - wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon . The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas , and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming . The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon . The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840 , and was only passable on foot or by horseback . By 1836 , when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence , Missouri , a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall , Idaho . Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west , and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete , even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges , cutoffs , ferries , and roads , which made the trip faster and safer . From various starting points in Iowa , Missouri , or Nebraska Territory , the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains . From the early to mid-1830s ( and particularly through the epoch years , 1846 -- 69 ) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers , farmers , miners , ranchers , and business owners and their families . The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail ( from 1843 ) , Mormon Trail ( from 1847 ) , and Bozeman Trail ( from 1863 ) , before turning off to their separate destinations . Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , making the trip west substantially faster , cheaper , and safer . Today , modern highways , such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 , follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Lewis and Clark Expedition 1.2 Pacific Fur Company 1.3 The North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company 1.4 Great American Desert 1.5 Fur traders , trappers and explorers 1.6 Missionaries 1.7 Early emigrants 1.8 Great Migration of 1843 1.9 Oregon Country 1.10 Women on the Overland Trail 1.11 Mormon emigration 1.12 California Gold Rush 1.13 Later emigration and uses of the trail 1.14 Trail decline 2 Routes 2.1 Missouri 2.2 Iowa 2.3 Kansas 2.4 Nebraska 2.4. 1 Cholera on the Platte River 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Wyoming 2.7 Utah 2.8 Idaho 2.9 Oregon 3 Travel equipment 3.1 Wagons and pack animals 3.2 Food 3.3 Clothing , equipment and supplies 4 Statistics 4.1 Emigrants 4.2 Western census data 4.3 Costs 4.4 Deaths 5 Other trails west 6 Legacy 6.1 Art , entertainment , and media 6.1. 1 Games 6.1. 2 Music 6.1. 3 Television 6.1. 4 Commemorative Coin 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Oregon Trail Lewis and Clark expedition ( edit ) Main article : Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis : `` The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river , & such principal stream of it , as , by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean , whether the Columbia , Oregon , Colorado and / or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent , for the purposes of commerce . '' Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean , it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route , the Mullan Road , connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff The first land route across what is now the United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 . Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast ; however , the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains , Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass , turned out to be much too difficult for prairie schooner wagons to pass through without considerable road work . On the return trip in 1806 they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo pass again . They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River . This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west . This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians . Even though Lewis and Clark had only traveled a narrow portion of the upper Missouri River drainage and part of the Columbia River drainage , these were considered the two major rivers draining most of the Rocky Mountains , and the expedition confirmed that there was no `` easy '' route through the northern Rocky Mountains as Jefferson had hoped . Nonetheless , this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river valleys ( Platte and Snake Rivers ) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail ( and other emigrant trails ) across the continental divide -- they just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country . They did show the way for the mountain men , who within a decade would find a better way across , even if it was not to be an easy way . Pacific fur Company ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Fur Company Founded by John Jacob Astor as a subsidiary of his American Fur Company ( AFC ) in 1810 , the Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) operated in the Pacific Northwest in the ongoing North American fur trade . Two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor , one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt . Hunt and his party were to find possible supply routes and trapping territories for further fur trading posts . Upon arriving at the river in March 1811 , the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria . The ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition . While anchored there , Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla - o - qui - aht who was previously elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts . Soon after the vessel was attacked and overwhelmed by the indigenous before being blown up , killing all the crew ( besides its Quinault interpreter , who later told the PFC management at Fort Astoria of the destruction ) and many Tla - o - qui - aht . Under Hunt , fearing attack by the Niitsitapi , the overland expedition veered south of Lewis and Clark 's route into what is now Wyoming and in the process passed across Union Pass and into Jackson Hole , Wyoming . From there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho . They abandoned their horses at the Snake River , made dugout canoes , and attempted to use the river for transport . After a few days ' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons , waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible . Too far from their horses to retrieve them , they had to cache most of their goods and walk the rest of the way to the Columbia River where they made new boats and traveled to the newly established Fort Astoria . The expedition demonstrated that much of the route along the Snake River plain and across to the Columbia was passable by pack train or with minimal improvements , even wagons . This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape . Pacific Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor . The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers . Fear of Indian attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they luckily discovered South Pass , a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide . The party continued east via the Sweetwater River , North Platte River ( where they spent the winter of 1812 -- 13 ) and Platte River to the Missouri River , finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813 . The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route , requiring minimal improvements , and Stuart 's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route . Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest , most of the route was unused for more than 10 years . The North west Company and Hudson 's Bay Company ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller In August 1811 , three months after Fort Astor was established , David Thompson and his team of British North West Company explorers came floating down the Columbia to Fort Astoria . He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system . He was mapping the country for possible fur trading posts . Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site ( Fort Nez Perces was later established there ) . Astor , concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812 , sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts , supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River . The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of their own . By 1821 , when armed hostilities broke out with their Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) rivals , the North West Company was pressured by the British government to merge with the HBC . The HBC had nearly a complete monopoly on trading ( and most governing issues ) in the Columbia District , or Oregon Country as it was referred to by the Americans , and also in Rupert 's Land . That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws . From 1812 to 1840 , the British , through the HBC , had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail . In theory , the Treaty of Ghent , which ended the War of 1812 , restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States . `` Joint occupation '' of the region was formally established by the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The British , through the HBC , tried to discourage any U.S. trappers , traders and settlers from work or settlement in the Pacific Northwest . Breaking up Camp at Sunrise , by Alfred Jacob Miller By overland travel , American missionaries and early settlers ( initially mostly ex-trappers ) started showing up in Oregon around 1824 . Although officially the HBC discouraged settlement because it interfered with their lucrative fur trade , their Chief Factor at Fort Vancouver , John McLoughlin , gave substantial help , including employment , until they could get established . In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon . McLoughlin , despite working for the HBC , gave help in the form of loans , medical care , shelter , clothing , food , supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants . These new emigrants often arrived in Oregon tired , worn out , nearly penniless , with insufficient food or supplies , just as winter was coming on . McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon . The York Factory Express , establishing another route to the Oregon territory , evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William , Ontario on Lake Superior . By 1825 the HBC started using two brigades , each setting out from opposite ends of the express route -- one from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and the other from York Factory on Hudson Bay -- in spring and passing each other in the middle of the continent . This established a `` quick '' -- about 100 days for 2,600 miles ( 4,200 km ) one way -- to resupply their forts and fur trading centers as well as collecting the furs the posts had bought and transmitting messages between Fort Vancouver and York Factory on Hudson Bay . HBC 's York Factory Express trade route , 1820s to 1840s . Modern political boundaries shown . The HBC built a new much larger Fort Vancouver in 1824 slightly upstream of Fort Astoria on the north side of the Columbia River ( they were hoping the Columbia would be the future Canada -- U.S. border ) . The fort quickly became the center of activity in the Pacific Northwest . Every year ships would come from London to the Pacific ( via Cape Horn ) to drop off supplies and trade goods in their trading posts in the Pacific Northwest and pick up the accumulated furs used to pay for these supplies . It was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Russian Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle in about 1840 , Fort Vancouver and its Factor ( manager ) watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , 6 ships , and about 600 employees . When American emigration over the Oregon Trail began in earnest in the early 1840s , for many settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail where they could get supplies , aid and help before starting their homestead . Fort Vancouver was the main re-supply point for nearly all Oregon trail travelers until U.S. towns could be established . The HBC established Fort Colvile in 1825 on the Columbia River near Kettle Falls as a good site to collect furs and control the upper Columbia River fur trade . Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont , Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound . Fort Victoria was erected in 1843 and became the headquarters of operations in British Columbia , eventually growing into modern - day Victoria , the capital city of British Columbia . By 1840 the HBC had three forts : Fort Hall ( purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837 ) , Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley . With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers . When the fur trade slowed in 1840 because of fashion changes in men 's hats , the value of the Pacific Northwest to the British was seriously diminished . Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles ( 4,000 km ) to the Pacific Northwest , although several hundred ex-trappers , British and American , and their families did start settling in Oregon , Washington and California . They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada . In 1841 James Sinclair , on orders from Sir George Simpson , guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony ( located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ) into the Oregon territory . This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley , with their promise of free land and HBC - free government . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42'N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted . In 1846 the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain . The British lost the land north of the Columbia River they had so long controlled . The new Canada -- United States border was established much further north at the 49th parallel . The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts , clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted , and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria . It gave the United States what it mostly wanted , a `` reasonable '' boundary and a good anchorage on the West Coast in Puget Sound . While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846 , the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory , and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington . Great American desert ( edit ) Trail ruts near Guernsey , Wyoming Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as `` unfit for human habitation '' and as `` The Great American Desert '' . These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water . The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like `` desert '' were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this `` desert '' . In the 1840s , the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846 -- initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Indian settlements . The next available land for general settlement , Oregon , appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands , disease free climate ( yellow fever and malaria were prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage then ) , extensive uncut , unclaimed forests , big rivers , potential seaports , and only a few nominally British settlers . Fur traders , trappers and explorers ( edit ) Fur trappers , often working for fur traders , followed nearly all possible streams looking for beaver in the years ( 1812 -- 40 ) the fur trade was active . Fur traders included Manuel Lisa , Robert Stuart , William Henry Ashley , Jedediah Smith , William Sublette , Andrew Henry , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Kit Carson , Jim Bridger , Peter Skene Ogden , David Thompson , James Douglas , Donald Mackenzie , Alexander Ross , James Sinclair , and other mountain men . Besides discovering and naming many of the rivers and mountains in the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest they often kept diaries of their travels and were available as guides and consultants when the trail started to become open for general travel . The fur trade business wound down to a very low level just as the Oregon trail traffic seriously began around 1840 . Our Camp , by Alfred Jacob Miller In fall of 1823 , Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River . They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter . Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River . Trying to transport their extensive fur collection down the Sweetwater and North Platte River , they found after a near disastrous canoe crash that the rivers were too swift and rough for water passage . On July 4 , 1824 , they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River . Upon arriving back in a settled area they bought pack horses ( on credit ) and retrieved their furs . They had re-discovered the route that Robert Stuart had taken in 1813 -- eleven years before . Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840 . Jedediah Smith was killed by Indians around 1831 . The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith Up to 3,000 mountain men were trappers and explorers , employed by various British and United States fur companies or working as free trappers , who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s . They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection . Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime . Mountain men primarily trapped beaver and sold the skins . A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man 's wage was often $1 per day . Some were more interested in exploring the West . In 1825 , the first significant American Rendezvous occurred on the Henry 's Fork of the Green River . The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River . These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales . They normally used the north side of the Platte River -- the same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail . For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations , usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming . Each rendezvous , occurring during the slack summer period , allowed the fur traders to trade for and collect the furs from the trappers and their Indian allies without having the expense of building or maintaining a fort or wintering over in the cold Rockies . In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year 's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies . Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of `` Mirth , songs , dancing , shouting , trading , running , jumping , singing , racing , target - shooting , yarns , frolic , with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent . '' In 1830 , William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney , Wyoming . He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed . This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons . In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies . The HBC 's annual collection and re-supply Snake River Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise . Beginning in 1834 , it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traders -- losing money but undercutting the American fur traders . By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased . Map of the Green River watershed Fur traders tried to use the Platte River , the main route of the eastern Oregon Trail , for transport but soon gave up in frustration as its many channels and islands combined with its muddy waters were too shallow , crooked and unpredictable to use for water transport . The Platte proved to be unnavigable . The Platte River and North Platte River Valley , however , became an easy roadway for wagons , with its nearly flat plain sloping easily up and heading almost due west . There were several U.S. government - sponsored explorers who explored part of the Oregon Trail and wrote extensively about their explorations . Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte , North Platte , Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming . He explored most of Idaho and the Oregon Trail to the Columbia . The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838 . ) . John C. Frémont of the U.S. Army 's Corps of Topographical Engineers and his guide Kit Carson led three expeditions from 1842 to 1846 over parts of California and Oregon . His explorations were written up by him and his wife Jessie Benton Frémont and were widely published . The first `` decent '' map of California and Oregon were drawn by Frémont and his topographers and cartographers in about 1848 . Missionaries ( edit ) In 1834 , The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River . In 1836 , Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern - day Walla Walla , Washington . The party included the wives of the two men , Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding , who became the first European - American women to cross the Rocky Mountains . En route , the party accompanied American fur traders going to the 1836 rendezvous on the Green River in Wyoming and then joined Hudson 's Bay Company fur traders traveling west to Fort Nez Perce ( also called Fort Walla Walla ) . The group was the first to travel in wagons all the way to Fort Hall , where the wagons were abandoned at the urging of their guides . They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions . Other missionaries , mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains , established missions in the Willamette Valley , as well as various locations in the future states of Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . Early emigrants ( edit ) On May 1 , 1839 , a group of eighteen men from Peoria , Illinois , set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there . The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail . The men were initially led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons . They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto `` Oregon Or The Grave '' . Although the group split up near Bent 's Fort on the South Platte and Farnham was deposed as leader , nine of their members eventually did reach Oregon . In September 1840 , Robert Newell , Joseph L. Meek , and their families reached Fort Walla Walla with three wagons that they had driven from Fort Hall . Their wagons were the first to reach the Columbia River over land , and they opened the final leg of Oregon Trail to wagon traffic . In 1841 , the Bartleson - Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west . The group set out for California , but about half the party left the original group at Soda Springs , Idaho , and proceeded to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , leaving their wagons at Fort Hall . On May 16 , 1842 , the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove , Missouri , with more than 100 pioneers . The party was led by Elijah White . The group broke up after passing Fort Hall with most of the single men hurrying ahead and the families following later . Great migration of 1843 ( edit ) In what was dubbed `` The Great Migration of 1843 '' or the `` Wagon Train of 1843 '' , an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon . They were led initially by John Gantt , a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person . The winter before , Marcus Whitman had made a brutal mid-winter trip from Oregon to St. Louis to appeal a decision by his Mission backers to abandon several of the Oregon missions . He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip . When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson 's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way , Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon . He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons . The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber . The wagons were stopped at The Dalles , Oregon by the lack of a road around Mount Hood . The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt . Hood . Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October . A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles . In 1846 , the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood , providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley : about 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) . Oregon country ( edit ) In 1843 , settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country . Married couples were granted at no cost ( except for the requirement to work and improve the land ) up to 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) ( a section or square mile ) , and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . As the group was a provisional government with no authority , these claims were not valid under United States or British law , but they were eventually honored by the United States in the Donation Land Act of 1850 . The Donation Land Act provided for married settlers to be granted 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) and unmarried settlers 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) . Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) with a limit of 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) -- the same as most other unimproved government land . Women on the Overland trail ( edit ) Consensus interpretations , as found in John Faragher 's book , Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 1979 ) , held that men and women 's power within marriage was uneven . This meant that women did not experience the trail as liberating , but instead only found harder work than they had handled back east . However , feminist scholarship , by historians such as Lillian Schlissel , Sandra Myres , and Glenda Riley , suggests men and women did not view the West and western migration in the same way . Whereas men might deem the dangers of the trail acceptable if there was a strong economic reward at the end , women viewed those dangers as threatening to the stability and survival of the family . Once they arrived at their new western home , women 's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East . There was a `` female frontier '' that was distinct and different from that experienced by men . Women 's diaries kept during their travels or the letters they wrote home once they arrived at their destination supports these contentions . Women wrote with sadness and concern of the numerous deaths along the trail . Anna Maria King wrote to her family in 1845 about her trip to the Luckiamute Valley Oregon and of the multiple deaths experienced by her traveling group : `` But listen to the deaths : Sally Chambers , John King and his wife , their little daughter Electa and their babe , a son 9 months old , and Dulancy C. Norton 's sister are gone . Mr. A. Fuller lost his wife and daughter Tabitha . Eight of our two families have gone to their long home . '' Similarly , emigrant Martha Gay Masterson , who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13 , mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps . Anna Maria King , like many other women , also advised family and friends back home of the realities of the trip and offered advice on how to prepare for the trip . Women also reacted and responded , often enthusiastically , to the landscape of the West . Betsey Bayley in a letter to her sister , Lucy P. Griffith described how travelers responded to the new environment they encountered . `` The mountains looked like volcanoes and the appearance that one day there had been an awful thundering of volcanoes and a burning world . The valleys were all covered with a white crust and looked like salaratus . Some of the company used it to raise their bread . '' Mormon emigration ( edit ) Main article : Mormon Trail Following persecution and mob action in Missouri , Illinois , and other states , and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844 , Mormon leader Brigham Young was chosen by the leaders of the Latter Day Saints ( LDS ) church to lead the LDS settlers west . He chose to lead his people to the Salt Lake Valley in present - day Utah . In 1847 Young led a small , especially picked fast - moving group of men and women from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha , Nebraska , and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs . About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year as they filtered in from Mississippi , Colorado , California , and several other states . The initial pioneers were charged with establishing farms , growing crops , building fences and herds , and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years . After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha , the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present - day Wyoming . They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants , which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail . Organized as a complete evacuation from their previous homes , farms , and cities in Illinois , Missouri , and Iowa , this group consisted of entire families with no one left behind . The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants did , typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) trip to Salt Lake City . ( The Oregon and California emigrants typically averaged about 15 miles ( 24 km ) per day . ) In Wyoming the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon / California / Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger , where they split from the main trail and followed ( and improved ) the crude path established by the ill - fated Donner Party of 1846 into Utah and the Salt Lake Valley . Between 1847 and 1860 over 43,000 Mormon settlers and tens of thousands of travelers on the California Trail and Oregon Trail followed Young to Utah . After 1848 , the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley , and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff , rejoining the trail near the future Idaho -- Utah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho . Starting in 1855 , many of the poorer Mormon travelers made the trek with hand built handcarts and fewer wagons . Guided by experienced guides , handcarts -- pulled and pushed by two to four people -- were as fast as ox - drawn wagons and allowed them to bring 75 to 100 pounds ( 34 to 45 kg ) of possessions plus some food , bedding , and tents to Utah . Accompanying wagons carried more food and supplies . Upon arrival in Utah , the handcart pioneers were given or found jobs and accommodations by individual Mormon families for the winter until they could become established . About 3,000 out of over 60,000 Mormon pioneers came across with handcarts . Along the Mormon Trail , the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money . One of the better known ferries was the Mormon Ferry across the North Platte near the future site of Fort Caspar in Wyoming which operated between 1848 and 1852 and the Green River ferry near Fort Bridger which operated from 1847 to 1856 . The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll of from $3 to $8 . California gold rush ( edit ) Main article : California Trail In January 1848 , James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River , sparking the California Gold Rush . It is estimated that about two - thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity . To get there , they helped build the Lassen Branch of the Applegate - Lassen Trail by cutting a wagon road through extensive forests . Many returned with significant gold which helped jump - start the Oregon economy . Over the next decade , gold seekers from the Midwestern United States and East Coast of the United States dramatically increased traffic on the Oregon and California Trails . The `` forty - niners '' often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles ( 72 km ) of desert without water , grass , or fuel for fires . 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States , and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to California -- most buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska . The `` adjusted '' 1850 U.S. Census of California showed this rush was overwhelmingly male with about 112,000 males to 8,000 females ( with about 5,500 women over age 15 ) . Women were significantly underrepresented in the California Gold Rush , and sex ratios did not reach essential equality in California ( and other western states ) until about 1950 . The relative scarcity of women gave them many opportunities to do many more things that were not `` normally '' considered `` women 's work '' of this era . After 1849 the California Gold Rush continued for several years as the miners continued to find about $50,000,000 worth of gold per year at $21 per ounce . Once California was established as a prosperous state many thousands more emigrated there each year for the opportunities . Later emigration and uses of the trail ( edit ) The trail was still in use during the Civil War , but traffic declined after 1855 when the Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama was completed . Paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships , often heavily subsidized to carry the mail , provided rapid transport to and from the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to and from Panama to ports in California and Oregon . Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail . Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River , Kansas River , Little Blue River , Elkhorn River , Loup River , Platte River , South Platte River , North Platte River , Laramie River , Green River , Bear River , two crossings of the Snake River , John Day River , Deschutes River , Columbia River , as well as many other smaller streams . During peak immigration periods several ferries on any given river often competed for pioneer dollars . These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers . They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but increased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860 . Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings . In April 1859 , an expedition of U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd , Utah , to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras . Upon return in early August , Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa , Nevada . This route went through central Nevada ( roughly where U.S. Route 50 goes today ) and was about 280 miles ( 450 km ) shorter than the `` standard '' Humboldt River California trail route . The Central Route in Nevada The Army improved the trail for use by wagons and stagecoaches in 1859 and 1860 . Starting in 1860 , the American Civil War closed the heavily subsidized Butterfield Overland Mail stage Southern Route through the deserts of the American Southwest . In 1860 -- 61 the Pony Express , employing riders traveling on horseback day and night with relay stations about every 10 miles ( 16 km ) to supply fresh horses , was established from St. Joseph , Missouri , to Sacramento , California . The Pony Express built many of their eastern stations along the Oregon / California / Mormon / Bozeman trails and many of their western stations along the very sparsely settled Central Route across Utah and Nevada . The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California . In 1861 , John Butterfield , who since 1858 had been using the Butterfield Overland Mail , also switched to the Central Route to avoid traveling through hostile territories during the American Civil War . George Chorpenning immediately realized the value of this more direct route , and shifted his existing mail and passenger line along with their stations from the `` Northern Route '' ( California Trail ) along the Humboldt River . In 1861 the First Transcontinental Telegraph also laid its lines alongside the Central Overland Route . Several stage lines were set up carrying mail and passengers that traversed much of the route of the original Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and from there over the Central Overland Route to California . By traveling day and night with many stations and changes of teams ( and extensive mail subsidies ) these stages could get passengers and mail from the midwest to California in about 25 to 28 days . These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line , which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City , Nevada to Salt Lake City . The Pony Express folded in 1861 as they failed to receive an expected mail contract from the U.S. government and the telegraph filled the need for rapid east -- west communication . This combination wagon / stagecoach / pony express / telegraph line route is labeled the Pony Express National Historic Trail on the National Trail Map . From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon / California / Oregon trails to Omaha , Nebraska . After the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 , telegraph lines usually followed the railroad tracks as the required relay stations and telegraph lines were much easier to maintain alongside the tracks . Telegraph lines to unpopulated areas were largely abandoned . As the years passed , the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries , farming , lumbering , ranching , and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas . Traffic became two - directional as towns were established along the trail . By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels . With the exception of most of the 180,000 population increase in California , most of these people living away from the coast traveled over parts of the Oregon Trail and its many extensions and cutoffs to get to their new residences . Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War , the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle , horses , sheep , and goats from the midwest to various towns and cities along the trails . According to studies by trail historian John Unruh the livestock may have been as plentiful or more plentiful than the immigrants in many years . In 1852 there were even records of a 1,500 - turkey drive from Illinois to California . The main reason for this livestock traffic was the large cost discrepancy between livestock in the midwest and at the end of the trail in California , Oregon , or Montana . They could often be bought in the midwest for about 1 / 3 to 1 / 10 what they would fetch at the end of the trail . Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit . As the emigrant travel on the trail declined in later years and after livestock ranches were established at many places along the trail large herds of animals often were driven along part of the trail to get to and from markets . Trail decline ( edit ) The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , providing faster , safer , and usually cheaper travel east and west ( the journey took seven days and cost as little as $65 or $1189.39 in 2016 dollars ) . Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s , and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail , including U.S. Highway 26 , Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska . Contemporary interest in the overland trek has prompted the states and federal government to preserve landmarks on the trail including wagon ruts , buildings , and `` registers '' where emigrants carved their names . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries there have been a number of re-enactments of the trek with participants wearing period garments and traveling by wagon . Covered wagon replica and Mission Monument at the Whitman Mission National Historic Site about ten miles west of Walla Walla , Washington . Routes ( edit ) Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming 's South Pass in 1906 . As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon . The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary . While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove , the Oregon Trail 's primary starting point was Independence , Missouri , or Westport , ( which was annexed into modern day Kansas City ) , on the Missouri River . Later , several feeder trails led across Kansas , and some towns became starting points , including Weston , Fort Leavenworth , Atchison , St. Joseph , and Omaha . The Oregon Trail 's nominal termination point was Oregon City , at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory . However , many settlers branched off or stopped short of this goal and settled at convenient or promising locations along the trail . Commerce with pioneers going further west helped establish these early settlements and launched local economies critical to their prosperity . At dangerous or difficult river crossings , ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed . Several toll roads were constructed . Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip ( as recorded in numerous diaries ) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later . Many other trails followed the Oregon Trail for much of its length , including the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah ; the California Trail to the gold fields of California ; and the Bozeman Trail to Montana . Because it was more a network of trails than a single trail , there were numerous variations with other trails eventually established on both sides of the Platte , North Platte , Snake , and Columbia rivers . With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water , wood , good campsites , and grass . The dust kicked up by the many travelers was a constant complaint , and where the terrain would allow it there may be between 20 and 50 wagons traveling abreast . Remnants of the trail in Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , and Oregon have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail ( listed as the Oregon National Historic Trail ) . Missouri ( edit ) Initially , the main `` jumping off point '' was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trail -- Independence , and Kansas City . Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River . After following the Santa Fe trail to near present - day Topeka , they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west . Another busy `` jumping off point '' was St. Joseph -- established in 1843 . In its early days , St. Joseph was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town , serving as one of the last supply points before heading over the Missouri River to the frontier . St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio , Missouri , and Mississippi River systems . During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward . Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865 , St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail . Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin , Arrow Rock , and Fort Osage . Iowa ( edit ) A bison bull on a Nebraska wildlife refuge In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson obtained from France the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million ( equivalent to about $230 million today ) which included all the land drained by the Missouri River and roughly doubled the size of U.S. territory . The future states of Iowa and Missouri , located west of the Mississippi River and east of Missouri River , were part of this purchase . The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped several times in the future state of Iowa on their 1805 -- 1806 expedition to the west coast . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison ( future ninth President of the U.S. ) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk ( Sac ) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa Territory . Some settlers started drifting into Iowa in 1833 . President Martin Van Buren on July 4 , 1838 , signed the U.S. Congress laws establishing the Territory of Iowa . Iowa was located opposite the junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers and was used by some of the fur trapper rendezvous traders as a starting point for their supply expeditions . In 1846 the Mormons , expelled from Nauvoo , Illinois , traversed Iowa ( on part of the Mormon Trail ) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha , Nebraska . ( See : Missouri River settlements ( 1846 -- 1854 ) ) The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville , Iowa ( renamed Council Bluffs in 1852 ) on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River . For those travelers to Oregon , California , and Utah who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction Kanesville and other towns became major `` jumping off places '' and supply points . In 1847 the Mormons established three ferries across the Missouri River and others established even more ferries for the spring start on the trail . In the 1850 census there were about 8,000 mostly Mormons tabulated in the large Pottawattamie County , Iowa District 21 . ( The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more . ) By 1854 most of the Mormon towns , farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah . After 1846 the towns of Council Bluffs , Iowa , Omaha ( est. 1852 ) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and `` jumping off places '' for travelers on the Mormon , California , Oregon , and other trails west . Kansas ( edit ) Map of principal rivers in Kansas Starting initially in Independence , Missouri , or Kansas City in Missouri , the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River . After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence , the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries . After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River . Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks . There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing . Nebraska ( edit ) See also : California Hill and O'Fallons Bluff Chimney Rock , Nebraska Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats ( fitted out for ferry duty ) to cross into towns in Nebraska . Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855 . Fort Kearny ( est. 1848 ) is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the Missouri River , and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west . The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies , do repairs , get medical aid , or mail a letter . Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort . Map showing the Platte River watershed , including the North Platte and South Platte tributaries The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow , crooked , muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe . The Platte as it pursued its braided paths to the Missouri River was `` too thin to plow and too thick to drink '' . While unusable for transportation , the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water , grass , buffalo , and buffalo chips for fuel . The trails gradually got rougher as it progressed up the North Platte . There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers . The Platte was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide and 2 to 60 inches ( 5.1 to 152.4 cm ) deep . The water was silty and bad tasting but it could be used if no other water was available . Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1 / 4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out . In the spring in Nebraska and Wyoming the travelers often encountered fierce wind , rain and lightning storms . Until about 1870 travelers encountered hundreds of thousands of bison migrating through Nebraska on both sides of the Platte River , and most travelers killed several for fresh meat and to build up their supplies of dried jerky for the rest of the journey . The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass . In many years the Indians fired much of the dry grass on the prairie every fall so the only trees or bushes available for firewood were on islands in the Platte River . Travelers gathered and ignited dried cow dung to cook their meals . These burned fast in a breeze , and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared . Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries ( in dry years it could be forded without a ferry ) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present - day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie . Before 1852 those on the north side of the Platte crossed the North Platte to the south side at Fort Laramie . After 1852 they used Child 's Cutoff to stay on the north side to about the present day town of Casper , Wyoming , where they crossed over to the south side . Notable landmarks in Nebraska include Courthouse and Jail Rocks , Chimney Rock , Scotts Bluff , and Ash Hollow with its steep descent down Windlass Hill over the South Platte . Today much of the Oregon Trail follows roughly along Interstate 80 from Wyoming to Grand Island , Nebraska . From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte . The National Park Service ( NPS ) gives traveling advice for those who want to follow other branches of the trail . Cholera on the Platte River ( edit ) Because of the Platte 's brackish water , the preferred camping spots were along one of the many fresh water streams draining into the Platte or the occasional fresh water spring found along the way . These preferred camping spots became sources of cholera in the epidemic years ( 1849 -- 1855 ) as many thousands of people used the same camping spots with essentially no sewage facilities or adequate sewage treatment . One of the side effects of cholera is acute diarrhea which helps contaminate even more water unless it is isolated and / or treated . The cause of cholera , ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water , and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era . Thousands of travelers on the combined California , Oregon , and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855 . Most were buried in unmarked graves in Kansas , Nebraska and Wyoming . Although also considered part of the Mormon Trail , the grave of Rebecca Winters is one of the few marked ones left . There are many cases cited involving people who were alive and apparently healthy in the morning and dead by nightfall . Colorado ( edit ) A branch of the Oregon trail crossed the very northeast corner of Colorado if they followed the South Platte River to one of its last crossings . This branch of the trail passed through present day Julesburg before entering Wyoming . Later settlers followed the Platte and South Platte Rivers into their settlements there ( much of which became the state of Colorado ) . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Emigrant Trail in Wyoming After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming . Fort Laramie , at the confluence of the Laramie and North Platte rivers , was a major stopping point . Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails . It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast . Fort Laramie was the end of most cholera outbreaks which killed thousands along the lower Platte and North Platte from 1849 to 1855 . Spread by cholera bacteria in fecal contaminated water , cholera caused massive diarrhea , leading to dehydration and death . In those days its cause and treatment were unknown , and it was often fatal -- up to 30 percent of infected people died . It is believed that the swifter flowing rivers in Wyoming helped prevent the germs from spreading . Independence Rock After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River , crossing many small swift - flowing creeks . As the North Platte veers to the south , the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley , which heads almost due west . Independence Rock is on the Sweetwater River . The Sweetwater would have to be crossed up to nine times before the trail crosses over the Continental Divide at South Pass , Wyoming . From South Pass the trail continues southwest crossing Big Sandy Creek -- about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) wide and 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) deep -- before hitting the Green River . Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods . The deep , wide , swift , and treacherous Green River which eventually empties into the Colorado River , was usually at high water in July and August , and it was a dangerous crossing . After crossing the Green , the main trail continued approximately southwest until the Blacks Fork of the Green River and Fort Bridger . From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains . From Fort Bridger , the main trail , comprising several variants , veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley . The trail turned north following the Bear River past the terminus of the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff at Smiths Fork and on to the Thomas Fork Valley at the present Wyoming -- Idaho border . Over time , two major heavily used cutoffs were established in Wyoming . The Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles ( 110 km ) off the main route . It leaves the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of South Pass and heads almost due west crossing Big Sandy Creek and then about 45 miles ( 72 km ) of waterless , very dusty desert before reaching the Green River near the present town of La Barge . Ferries here transferred them across the Green River . From there the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff trail had to cross a mountain range to connect with the main trail near Cokeville in the Bear River Valley . Prairie Scene : Mirage , by Alfred Jacob Miller The Lander Road , formally the Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake Wagon Road , was established and built by U.S. government contractors in 1858 -- 59 . It was about 80 miles ( 130 km ) shorter than the main trail through Fort Bridger with good grass , water , firewood and fishing but it was a much steeper and rougher route , crossing three mountain ranges . In 1859 , 13,000 of the 19,000 emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road . The traffic in later years is undocumented . The Lander Road departs the main trail at Burnt Ranch near South Pass , crosses the Continental Divide north of South Pass and reaches the Green River near the present town of Big Piney , Wyoming . From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet ( 2,700 m ) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range . It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200 - foot ( 2,500 m ) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley . It exited the mountains near the present Smith Fork road about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of the town of Smoot . The road continued almost due north along the present day Wyoming -- Idaho western border through Star Valley . To avoid crossing the Salt River ( which drains into the Snake River ) which runs down Star Valley the Lander Road crossed the river when it was small and stayed west of the Salt River . After traveling down the Salt River Valley ( Star Valley ) about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn , and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek . In Idaho it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake . The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall ; alternatively , a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs . Numerous landmarks are located along the trail in Wyoming including Independence Rock , Ayres Natural Bridge and Register Cliff . Utah ( edit ) In 1847 , Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed ( and much improved ) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah . After getting into Utah they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and cities -- including Salt Lake City . In 1848 , the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley , and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails . This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the Utah -- Idaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers . Located about half way on both the California and Oregon trails many thousands of later travelers used Salt Lake City and other Utah cities as an intermediate stop for selling or trading excess goods or tired livestock for fresh livestock , repairs , supplies or fresh vegetables . The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with . The overall distance to California or Oregon was very close to the same whether one `` detoured '' to Salt Lake City or not . For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail . To raise much needed money and facilitate travel on the Salt Lake Cutoff they set up several ferries across the Weber , Bear , and Malad rivers , which were used mostly by travelers bound for Oregon or California . Idaho ( edit ) The main Oregon and California Trail went almost due north from Fort Bridger to the Little Muddy Creek where it passed over the Bear River Mountains to the Bear River Valley , which it followed northwest into the Thomas Fork area , where the trail crossed over the present day Wyoming line into Idaho . In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill . Big Hill was a detour caused by a then - impassable cut the Bear River made through the mountains and had a tough ascent often requiring doubling up of teams and a very steep and dangerous descent . ( Much later , U.S. Highway 30 , using modern explosives and equipment , was built through this cut ) . In 1852 Eliza Ann McAuley found and with help developed the McAuley Cutoff which bypassed much of the difficult climb and descent of Big Hill . About 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) on they passed present - day Montpelier , Idaho , which is now the site of the National Oregon - California Trail Center . The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present - day Soda Springs . The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging `` steamboat '' springs . Many stopped and did their laundry in the hot water as there was usually plenty of good grass and fresh water available . Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake , and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall , Idaho . Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River . It was established in 1832 by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and company and later sold in 1837 to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed . Mosquitoes were constant pests , and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites . The route from Fort Bridger to Fort Hall is about 210 miles ( 340 km ) , taking nine to twelve days . Storm : Waiting for the Caravan , by Alfred Jacob Miller At Soda Springs was one branch of Lander Road ( established and built with government contractors in 1858 ) , which had gone west from near South Pass , over the Salt River Mountains and down Star Valley before turning west near present - day Auburn , Wyoming , and entering Idaho . From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs . Another branch headed almost due west past Gray 's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Fort Hall . On the main trail about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth 's Cutoff ( established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users ) took off from the main trail heading almost due west , bypassing Fort Hall . It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks . Hudspeth 's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall , but many took it thinking it was shorter . Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods , making more grass available . West of Fort Hall the main trail traveled about 40 miles ( 64 km ) on the south side of the Snake River southwest past American Falls , Massacre Rocks , Register Rock , and Coldwater Hill near present - day Pocatello , Idaho . Near the junction of the Raft River and Snake River the California Trail diverged from the Oregon Trail at another Parting of the Ways junction . Travellers left the Snake River and followed Raft River about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest past present day Almo . This trail then passed through the City of Rocks and over Granite Pass where it went southwest along Goose Creek , Little Goose Creek , and Rock Spring Creek . It went about 95 miles ( 153 km ) through Thousand Springs Valley , West Brush Creek , and Willow Creek , before arriving at the Humboldt River in northeastern Nevada near present - day Wells . The California Trail proceeded west down the Humboldt before reaching and crossing the Sierra Nevadas . Goodale 's Cutoff of the Oregon Trail at Lava Lake , west of Arco , ID and east of Carey , ID along US 26 , 20 , 93 . Picture of current two track along section of the cutoff of the Oregon Trail . There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon , and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible . Two of these fords were near Fort Hall , where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate ( established about 1852 ) and Goodale 's Cutoff ( established 1862 ) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side . Nathaniel Wyeth , the original founder of Fort Hall in 1834 , writes in his diary that they found a ford across the Snake River 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of where he founded Fort Hall . Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail . Some lost their wagons and teams over the falls . The trails on the north side joined the trail from Three Island Crossing about 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Glenns Ferry on the north side of the Snake River . Goodale 's Cutoff , established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River , formed a spur of the Oregon Trail . This cutoff had been used as a pack trail by Indians and fur traders , and emigrant wagons traversed parts of the eastern section as early as 1852 . After crossing the Snake River the 230 - mile ( 370 km ) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way . It passed near the present - day town of Arco , and wound through the northern part of what is now Craters of the Moon National Monument . From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River . This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate , which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons , causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels . Loss of wheels caused many wagons to be abandoned along the route . It rejoined the main trail east of Boise . Goodale 's Cutoff is visible at many points along U.S. Highway 20 , U.S. Highway 26 , and U.S. Highway 93 between Craters of the Moon National Monument and Carey . View across top of Shoshone Falls , Snake River , Idaho ( Timothy H. O'Sullivan , 1874 ) One of Boise 's 21 Oregon Trail monuments . From the present site of Pocatello , the trail proceeded almost due west on the south side of the Snake River for about 180 miles ( 290 km ) . This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids , Shoshone Falls , two falls near the present city of Twin Falls , and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River . At Salmon Falls there were often a hundred or more Indians fishing who would trade for their salmon , a welcome treat . The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing ( near present - day Glenns Ferry . ) Here most emigrants used the divisions of the river caused by three islands to cross the difficult and swift Snake River by ferry or by driving or sometimes floating their wagons and swimming their teams across . The crossings were doubly treacherous because there were often hidden holes in the river bottom which could overturn the wagon or entangle the team , sometimes with fatal consequences . Before ferries were established there were several drownings here nearly every year . The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south . The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles ( 210 km ) long . The usually lush Boise River Valley was a welcome relief . The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise . This last crossing of the Snake could be done on bull boats while swimming the stock across . Others would chain a large string of wagons and teams together . The theory was that the front teams , usually oxen , would get out of water first and with good footing help pull the whole string of wagons and teams across . How well this worked in practice is not stated . Often young Indian boys were hired to drive and ride the stock across the river -- they knew how to swim , unlike many pioneers . Today 's Idaho Interstate 84 roughly follows the Oregon Trail until it leaves the Snake River near Burley . From there Interstate 86 to Pocatello roughly approximates the trail . Highway 30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from there to Montpelier . Starting in about 1848 the South Alternate of Oregon Trail ( also called the Snake River Cutoff ) was developed as a spur off the main trail . It bypassed the Three Island Crossing and continued traveling down the south side of the Snake River . It rejoined the trail near present - day Ontario , Oregon . It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass , requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water . Travellers on this route avoided two dangerous crossings of the Snake River . Today 's Idaho State Route 78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail . In 1869 , the Central Pacific established Kelton , Utah as a railhead and the terminus of the western mail was moved from Salt Lake City . The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin . Boise has 21 monuments in the shape of obelisks along its portion of the Oregon Trail . Oregon ( edit ) Once across the Snake River ford near Old Fort Boise the weary travelers traveled across what would become the state of Oregon . The trail then went to the Malheur River and then past Farewell Bend on the Snake River , up the Burnt River canyon and northwest to the Grande Ronde Valley near present - day La Grande before coming to the Blue Mountains . In 1843 settlers cut a wagon road over these mountains making them passable for the first time to wagons . The trail went to the Whitman Mission near Fort Nez Perces in Washington until 1847 when the Whitmans were killed by Native Americans . At Fort Nez Perce some built rafts or hired boats and started down the Columbia ; others continued west in their wagons until they reached The Dalles . After 1847 the trail bypassed the closed mission and headed almost due west to present day Pendleton , Oregon , crossing the Umatilla River , John Day River , and Deschutes River before arriving at The Dalles . Interstate 84 in Oregon roughly follows the original Oregon Trail from Idaho to The Dalles . Arriving at the Columbia at The Dalles and stopped by the Cascade Mountains and Mount Hood , some gave up their wagons or disassembled them and put them on boats or rafts for a trip down the Columbia River . Once they transited the Cascade 's Columbia River Gorge with its multiple rapids and treacherous winds they would have to make the 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) portage around the Cascade Rapids before coming out near the Willamette River where Oregon City was located . The pioneer 's livestock could be driven around Mount Hood on the narrow , crooked and rough Lolo Pass . Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley . The most popular was the Barlow Road , which was carved though the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock . It was rough and steep with poor grass but still cheaper and safer than floating goods , wagons and family down the dangerous Columbia River . In Central Oregon , there was the Santiam Wagon Road ( established 1861 ) , which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley . The Applegate Trail ( established 1846 ) , cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada , crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley . U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail . Travel equipment ( edit ) Wagons and pack animals ( edit ) Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers : oxen , mules , and horses . By 1842 , many emigrants favored oxen -- castrated bulls ( males ) of the genus Bos ( cattle ) , generally over four years old -- as the best animal to pull wagons , because they were docile , generally healthy , and able to continue moving in difficult conditions such as mud and snow . Oxen could also survive on prairie grasses and sage , unlike horses , who had to be fed . Moreover , oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses . Oxen also could stand idle for long periods without suffering damage to the feet and legs . Oxen were trained by leading , the use of a whip or goad , and the use of oral commands ( such as `` Gee '' ( right ) , `` Haw '' ( left ) , and `` Whoa '' ( stop ) ) . Two oxen were typically yoked together at the neck or head ; the left ox was referred to as the `` near '' or `` nigh '' ox , and the right ox as the `` off '' ox . While no reins , bits , or halters were needed , the trainer had to be forceful . Oxen typically traveled at a steady pace up to two miles an hour . One drawback of oxen was the difficulty of shoeing . Oxen hooves are cloven ( split ) , and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal , one on each side of the hoof . While horses and mules allowed themselves to be shod relatively easily , the process was more difficult with oxen , which would lie down and tuck their feet under themselves . As a result , several men had to lift and hold an ox while he was being shod . Mules were used by some emigrants . The competing merits of oxen and mules were hotly debated among emigrants . Some found oxen to be more durable . Others , by contrast , believed that mules were more durable , and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen . Like oxen , mules could survive on prairie grasses . Mules were , however , notoriously ill - tempered . Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen , a deciding factor for many emigrants . Conestoga wagons Covered wagon ( `` prairie schooners '' ) Studebaker Food ( edit ) The typical cost of food for four people for six months was about $150 . Food and water were key concerns for migrants . Wagons typically carried at least one large water keg , and guidebooks available from the 1840s and later gave similar advice to migrants on what food to take . T.H. Jefferson , in his Brief Practice Advice guidebook for migrants , recommended that each adult take 200 pounds of flour : `` Take plenty of bread stuff ; this is the staff of life when everything else runs short . '' Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack ; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour . Emigrants typically ate rice and beans only at forts stopped at along the way , because boiling water was difficult on the trail , and fuel was not abundant . Lansford Hastings recommended that each emigrant take 200 pounds of flour , 150 pounds of `` bacon '' ( a word which , at the time , referred broadly to all forms of salt pork ) , 20 pounds of sugar , and 10 pounds of salt . Chipped beef , rice , tea , dried beans , dried fruit , saleratus ( for raising bread ) , vinegar , pickles , mustard , and tallow might also be taken . Joseph Ware 's 1849 guide recommends that travelers take for each individual a barrel of flour or 180 pounds of ship 's biscuit ( i.e. , hardtack ) , 150 - 180 pounds of bacon , 60 pounds of beans or peas , 25 pounds of rice , 25 pounds of coffee , 40 pounds of sugar , a keg of lard , 30 or 40 pounds of dried fruit ( peaches or apples ) , a keg of clear , rendered beef suet ( to substitute for butter ) , as well as some vinegar , salt , and pepper . Many emigrant families also carried a small amount of tea and maple sugar . Randolph B. Marcy , an Army officer who wrote a 1859 guide , advised taking less bacon than the earlier guides had recommended . He advised emigrants to drive cattle instead as a source of fresh beef . Marcy also instructed emigrants to store sides of bacon in canvas bags or in boxes surrounded by bran to protect against extreme heat , which could make bacon go rancid . Marcy instructed emigrants to put salt pork on the bottom of wagons to avoid exposure to extreme heat . Marcy also recommended the use of pemmican , as well as the storage of sugar in India - rubber or gutta - percha sacks , to prevent it from becoming wet . Canning technology had just begun to be developed , and it gained in popularity through the period of westward expansion . Initially , only upper - class migrants typically used canned goods . There are references in sources to canned cheese , fruit , meat , oysters , and sardines . By the time Marcy wrote his 1859 guide , canned foods were increasingly available but remained expensive . Canning also added weight to a wagon . Rather than canned vegetables , Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. Army . Some pioneers took eggs and butter packed in barrels of flour , and some took dairy cows along the trail . Hunting provided another source of food along the trail ; pioneers hunted American bison as well as pronghorn antelope , deer , bighorn sheep , and wildfowl . From rivers and lakes , emigrants also fished for catfish and trout . When emigrants faced starvation , they would sometimes slaughter their animals ( horses , mules , and oxen ) . In desperate times , migrants would search for less - popular sources of food , including coyote , fox , jackrabbit , marmot , prairie dog , and rattlesnake ( nicknamed `` bush fish '' in the later period ) . At the time , scurvy was well - recognized , but there was a lack of clear understanding of how to prevent the disease . Nevertheless , pioneers ' consumption of the wild berries ( including chokeberry , gooseberry , and serviceberry ) and currants that grew along the trail ( particularly along the Platte River ) and were consumed , helped make scurvy infrequent . Marcy 's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes , greens , and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available , citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water . Emigrant families , who were mostly middle - class , prided themselves on preparing a good table . Although operating Dutch ovens and kneading dough was difficult on the trail , many baked good bread and even pies . For fuel to heat food , travelers would collect cedar wood , cottonwood , or willow wood , when available , and sometimes dry prairie grass . More frequently , however , travelers relied on `` buffalo chips '' -- dried bison dung -- to fuel fires . Buffalo chips resembled rotten wood and would make clear and hot fires . Chips burned quickly , however , and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal . Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out . As a result , `` memoirs written by those who were very young when they made the journey west invariably refer to this aspect of life on the trail . '' Clothing , equipment and supplies ( edit ) Tobacco was popular , both for personal use , and for trading with Indians and other pioneers . Each person brought at least two changes of clothes and multiple pairs of boots ( two to three pairs often wore out on the trip ) . About 25 pounds of soap was recommended for a party of four , for bathing and washing clothes . A washboard and tub were usually brought for washing clothes . Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month , or less , depending on availability of good grass , water , and fuel . Most wagons carried tents for sleeping , though in good weather most would sleep outside . A thin fold - up mattress , blankets , pillows , canvas , or rubber gutta percha ground covers were used for sleeping . Sometimes an unfolded feather bed mattress was brought for the wagon , if there were pregnant women or very young children along . The wagons had no springs , and the ride along the trail was very rough . Despite modern depictions , hardly anyone actually rode in the wagons ; it was too dusty , too rough , and too hard on the livestock . Oregon Trail , painting by Albert Bierstadt , circa 1863 Travelers brought books , Bibles , trail guides , and writing quills , ink , and paper for writing letters or journalling ( about one in 200 kept a diary ) . A belt and folding knives were carried by nearly all men and boys . Awls , scissors , pins , needles , and thread for mending were required . Spare leather was used for repairing shoes , harnesses , and other equipment . Some used goggles to keep dust out of the eyes . Storage boxes were ideally the same height , so they could be arranged to give a flat surface inside the wagon for a sleeping platform . Saddles , bridles , hobbles , and ropes were needed if the party had a horse or riding mule , and many men did . Extra harnesses and spare wagon parts were often carried . Most carried steel shoes for horses , mules , or livestock . Tar was carried to help repair an ox 's injured hoof . Goods , supplies , and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers . Items that were forgotten , broken , or worn out could be bought from a fellow traveler , post , or fort along the way . New iron shoes for horses , mules , and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way . Equipment repairs and other goods could be procured from blacksmith shops established at some forts and some ferries . Emergency supplies , repairs , and livestock were often provided by local residents in California , Oregon , and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow . Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load , or in case of emergency . Many travelers would salvage discarded items , picking up essentials or leaving behind their lower quality item when a better one was found abandoned along the road . Some profited by collecting discarded items , hauling them back to jumping off places , and reselling them . In the early years , Mormons sent scavenging parties back along the trail to salvage as much iron and other supplies as possible and haul it to Salt Lake City , where supplies of all kinds were needed . Others would use discarded furniture , wagons , and wheels as firewood . During the 1849 gold rush , Fort Laramie was known as `` Camp Sacrifice '' because of the large amounts merchandise discarded nearby . Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead , and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way . Some travelers carried their excess goods to Salt Lake City to be sold . Professional tools used by blacksmiths , carpenters , and farmers were carried by nearly all . Axes , crow bars , hammers , hatchets , hoes , mallets , mattocks , picks , planes , saws , scythes , and shovels were used to clear or make a road through brush or trees , cut down the banks to cross a wash or steep banked stream , build a raft or bridge , or repair the wagon . In general , as little road work as possible was done . Travel was often along the top of ridges to avoid the brush and washes common in many valleys . Statistics ( edit ) Overall , some 268,000 pioneers used the Oregon Trail and its three primary offshoots , the Bozeman , California , and Mormon trails to reach the West Coast , 1840 - 60 . Another 48,000 headed to Utah . There is no estimate on how many used it to return East . Emigrants ( edit ) Estimated California Oregon Mormon Trail Emigrants Year Oregon California Utah Total 1834 -- 39 20 − − 20 1840 13 − − 13 1841 24 34 − 58 1842 125 − − 125 1843 875 38 − 913 1844 1,475 53 − 1,528 1845 2,500 260 − 2,760 1846 1,200 1,500 − 2,700 1847 4,000 450 2,200 6,650 1848 1,300 400 2,400 4,100 Total 11,512 2,735 4,600 18,847 1849 450 25,000 1,500 26,950 1850 6,000 44,000 2,500 52,500 1851 3,600 1,100 1,500 6,200 1852 10,000 50,000 10,000 70,000 1853 7,500 20,000 8,000 35,500 1854 6,000 12,000 3,200 21,200 1855 500 1,500 4,700 6,700 1856 1,000 8,000 2,400 11,400 1857 1,500 4,000 1,300 6,800 1858 1,500 6,000 150 7,650 1859 2,000 17,000 1,400 20,400 1860 1,500 9,000 1,600 12,100 Total 53,000 200,300 43,000 296,300 1834 -- 60 Oregon California Utah Total 1861 − − 3,148 5,000 1862 − − 5,244 5,000 1863 − − 4,760 10,000 1864 − − 2,626 10,000 1865 − − 690 20,000 1866 − − 3,299 25,000 1867 − − 700 25,000 1868 − − 4,285 25,000 Total 80,000 250,000 70,000 400,000 1834 -- 67 Oregon California Utah Total Some of the trail statistics for the early years were recorded by the U.S. Army at Fort Laramie , Wyoming , from about 1849 to 1855 . None of these original statistical records have been found -- the Army either lost them or destroyed them . Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived . Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush . Following the discovery of gold , California remained the destination of choice for most emigrants on the trail up to 1860 , with almost 200,000 people traveling there between 1849 and 1860 . Travel diminished after 1860 , as the Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail . Many of the people on the trail in 1861 -- 1863 were fleeing the war and its attendant drafts in both the south and the north . Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes has estimated the number of emigrants for 1861 -- 1867 given in the total column of the above table . But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people , and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people ( ignoring most of the population increase in California , which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then ) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman , California , Mormon , and Oregon Trail ( s ) and their offshoots . Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate , as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868 . Gold and silver strikes in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , and Oregon caused a considerable increase in people using the trails , often in directions different from the original trail users . Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times , far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states . Between 1840 and 1860 , the population of the United States rose by 14 million , yet only about 300,000 decided to make the trip . Many were discouraged by the cost , effort and danger of the trip . Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said , `` The cowards never started and the weak died on the way '' , though the general saying was written by Joaquin Miller , in reference to the California gold rush . According to several sources , 3 to 10 percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west . Many who went were between the ages 12 and 24 . Between 1860 and 1870 , the U.S. population increased by seven million ; about 350,000 of this increase was in the Western states . Western census data ( edit ) Census Population of western States State 1870 1860 Difference California 560,247 379,994 180,253 Nevada 42,491 6,857 35,634 Oregon 90,923 52,465 38,458 Colorado 39,684 34,277 5,407 Idaho 14,990 − 14,990 Montana 20,595 − 20,595 Utah 86,789 40,273 46,516 Washington 23,955 11,594 12,361 Wyoming 9,118 − 9,118 Totals 888,792 525,460 363,332 These census numbers show a 363,000 population increase in the western states and territories between 1860 and 1870 . Some of this increase is because of a high birth rate in the western states and territories , but most is from emigrants moving from the east to the west and new immigration from Europe . Much of the increase in California and Oregon is from emigration by ship , as there was fast and reasonably low cost transportation via east and west coast steamships and the Panama Railroad after 1855 . The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants ( or more ) used some variation of the California / Oregon / Mormon / Bozeman trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870 . Costs ( edit ) The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person . Women seldom went alone . The cheapest way was to hire on to help drive the wagons or herds , allowing one to make the trip for nearly nothing or even make a small profit . Those with capital could often buy livestock in the Midwest and drive the stock to California or Oregon for profit . About 60 to 80 percent of the travelers were farmers and as such already owned a wagon , livestock team , and many of the necessary supplies . This lowered the cost of the trip to about $50 per person for food and other items . Families planned the trip months in advance and made much of the extra clothing and many other items needed . Individuals buying most of the needed items would end up spending between $150 -- $200 per person . As the trail matured , additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon . Deaths ( edit ) Oregon - California - Mormon Trail Deaths Cause Estimated deaths Disease 6,000 -- 12,500 Native American attack 3,000 -- 4,500 Freezing 300 -- 500 Run overs 200 -- 500 Drownings 200 -- 500 Shootings 200 -- 500 Miscellaneous 200 -- 500 Scurvy 300 -- 500 Totals 9,400 -- 21,000 The route west was arduous and fraught with many dangers , but the number of deaths on the trail is not known with any precision ; there are only wildly varying estimates . Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or Indians . Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find . Disease was the main killer of trail travelers ; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855 . Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 , when most of the army troops were withdrawn , and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country , often encroaching on Indian territory . Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers ' taking the Central Nevada Route . The Goodall cutoff , developed in Idaho in 1862 , kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River . Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots . Other common causes of death included hypothermia , drowning in river crossings , getting run over by wagons , and accidental gun deaths . Later , more family groups started traveling , and many more bridges and ferries were being put in , so fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous . Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era . Being run over was a major cause of death , despite the wagons ' only averaging 2 -- 3 miles per hour . The wagons could not easily be stopped , and people , particularly children , were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving -- not always successfully . Another hazard was a dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling the person under . Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie , as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons . Carrying around a ten - pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary , as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded . A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips . Their typical flour and salted pork / bacon diet had very little vitamin C in it . The diet in the mining camps was also typically low in fresh vegetables and fruit , which indirectly led to early deaths of many of the inhabitants . Some believe that scurvy deaths may have rivaled cholera as a killer , with most deaths occurring after the victim reached California . Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth , falling trees , flash floods , homicides , kicks by animals , lightning strikes , snake bites , and stampedes . According to an evaluation by John Unruh , a 4 percent death rate or 16,000 out of 400,000 total pioneers on all trails may have died on the trail . Reaching the Sierra Nevada before the start of the winter storms was critical for a successful completion of a trip . The most famous failure in that regard was that of the Donner Party , whose members struggled to traverse what is today called Donner Pass , in November 1846 . When the last survivor was rescued in April 1847 , 33 men , women , and children had died at Donner Lake ; with some of the 48 survivors ' confessing to having resorted to cannibalism to survive . Other trails west ( edit ) There were other possible migration paths for early settlers , miners , or travelers to California or Oregon besides the Oregon trail prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads . From 1821 -- 1846 , the Hudson 's Bay Company twice annually used the York Factory Express overland trade route from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay then on to London . James Sinclair led a large party of nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony in 1841 . These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles ( 21,900 to 24,100 km ) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous , cold , and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon . This trip typically took four to seven months ( 120 to 210 days ) and cost about $350 to $500 . The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman . The hundreds of abandoned ships , whose crews had deserted in San Francisco Bay in 1849 -- 50 , showed many thousands chose to do this . Other routes involved taking a ship to Colón , Panama ( then called Aspinwall ) and a strenuous , disease ridden , five - to seven - day trip by canoe and mule over the Isthmus of Panama before catching a ship from Panama City , Panama to Oregon or California . This trip could be done from the east coast theoretically in less than two months if all ship connections were made without waits and typically cost about $450 / person . Catching a fatal disease was a distinct possibility as Ulysses S. Grant in 1852 learned when his unit of about 600 soldiers and some of their dependents traversed the Isthmus and lost about 120 men , women , and children . This passage was considerably sped up and made safer in 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed at terrible cost in money and life across the Isthmus . The once treacherous 50 - mile ( 80 km ) trip could be done in less than a day . The time and the cost for transit dropped as regular paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships went from ports on the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to Colón , Panama ( $80 -- $100 ) , across the Isthmus of Panama by railroad ( $25 ) and by paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships to ports in California and Oregon ( $100 -- $150 ) . Another route established by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1849 was across Nicaragua . The 120 - mile ( 190 km ) long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100 - mile ( 160 km ) long Lake Nicaragua . From the western shore of Lake Nicaragua it is only about 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the Pacific Ocean . Vanderbilt decided to use paddle wheel steam ships from the U.S. to the San Juan River , small paddle wheel steam launches on the San Juan River , boats across Lake Nicaragua , and a stage coach to the Pacific where connections could be made with another ship headed to California , Oregon , etc ... Vanderbilt , by undercutting fares to the Isthmus of Panama and stealing many of the Panama Railroad workers , managed to attract roughly 30 % of the California bound steam boat traffic . All his connections in Nicaragua were never completely worked out before the Panama Railroad 's completion in 1855 . Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a `` non-compete '' payment ( bribe ) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855 . Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco , Mexico to California etc . This route was used by some adventurous travelers but was not too popular because of the difficulties of making connections and the often hostile population along the way . The Gila Trail going along the Gila River in Arizona , across the Colorado River and then across the Sonora Desert in California was scouted by Stephen Kearny 's troops and later by Captain Philip St. George Cooke 's Mormon Battalion in 1846 who were the first to take a wagon the whole way . This route was used by many gold hungry miners in 1849 and later but suffered from the disadvantage that you had to find a way across the very wide and very dry Sonora Desert . It was used by many in 1849 and later as a winter crossing to California , despite its many disadvantages . Running from 1857 to 1861 , the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000 / yr . U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco , California . As dictated by southern Congressional members , the 2,800 - mile ( 4,500 km ) route ran from St. Louis , Missouri through Arkansas , Oklahoma Indian Territory , Texas , New Mexico Territory , and across the Sonora Desert before ending in San Francisco , California . Employing over 800 at its peak , it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows . It used 1,800 head of stock , horses and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night . A one way fare of $200 delivered a very thrashed and tired passenger into San Francisco in 25 to 28 days . After traveling the route , New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said , `` I now know what Hell is like . I 've just had 24 days of it . '' Other ways to get to Oregon were : using the York Factory Express route across Canada , and down the Columbia River ; ships from Hawaii , San Francisco , or other ports that stopped in Oregon ; emigrants trailing up from California , etc . All provided a trickle of emigrants , but they were soon overwhelmed in numbers by the emigrants coming over the Oregon Trail . The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad , which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 ( economy ) Legacy ( edit ) One of the enduring legacies of the Oregon Trail is the expansion of the United States territory to the West Coast . Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California , and thousands more on their way each year , it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred . Art , entertainment , and media ( edit ) The western expansion , and the Oregon Trail in particular , inspired numerous creative works about the settlers ' experiences . Games ( edit ) The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the popular educational computer game , The Oregon Trail ( 1971 ) , which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . Several sequels to the game were also released , such as The Oregon Trail II ( 1995 ) , The Yukon Trail ( 1994 ) , and The Amazon Trail ( 1994 ) . Music ( edit ) The song `` Uncle Sam 's Farm '' encouraged east - coast dwellers to `` Come right away . Our lands they are broad enough , so do n't be alarmed . Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm . '' In `` Western Country '' , the singer exhorts that , `` if I had no horse at all , I 'd still be a hauling , far across those Rocky Mountains , goin ' away to Oregon . '' Television ( edit ) The Oregon Trail was a television series that ran from September 22 through October 26 , 1977 , on NBC . The show stars Rod Taylor , Tony Becker , Darleen Carr , Charles Napier , and Ken Swofford . Although the show was canceled after six episodes , the remaining seven episodes were later aired on BBC 2 in the United Kingdom , the entire series was shown in the UK on BBC1 , from November 1977 to January 1978 , and in On April 13 , 2010 , Timeless Media Group ( TMG ) released in the USA the entire show on six DVDs , running 750 minutes . The set includes 14 original episodes , including the feature - length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC . Commemorative coin ( edit ) The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route . Issued intermittently between 1926 and 1939 , 202,928 were sold to the public . With 131,050 minted in 1926 , that year 's issue remains readily available for collectors . See also ( edit ) Kansas Territory Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center National Historic Trails Interpretive Center Nebraska Territory Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar Route of the Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life The West as America Art Exhibition Trailside Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basic Facts About the Oregon Trail '' . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT . n.d . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers Project ( 1939 ) . The Oregon Trail : The Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean . Open Library . p. 215 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Randall A . `` The Mullan Road : A Real Northwest Passage '' ( Reprint of 1995 article in The Pacific Northwesterner , Vol. 39 , No. 2 ) . History Ink . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Clark Pass , Montana '' . Jump up ^ `` Tonquin '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Astorian expedition , Lewis and Clark expedition , Oregon Trail , etc. in Pacific Northwest etc '' . oregon.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Philip Ashton ( 1995 ) . The Discovery of the Oregon Trail : Robert Stuart 's Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812 -- 13 . University of Nebraska . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9234 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific ; 1793 - 1843 . UBC Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 8 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Colville '' . Nwcouncil.org . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resettlement maps '' . Metisresourcecentre.mb.ca . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Red River Settlers in Oregon , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ It was not until later that the Ogallala Aquifer was discovered and used for irrigation , dry farming techniques developed and railtracks laid . Jump up ^ `` IDAHO FUR TRADE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gowans , Fred R. Rocky Mountain Rendezvous , pg 27 . Gibbs Smith Publisher . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 756 - 8 Jump up ^ The Adventures of Captain Bonneville s : The Adventures of Captain Bonneville Jump up ^ Frémont 's Map of California and Oregon , Retrieved December 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Oregon History Project : Protestant Ladder Oregon Historical Society . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Emigrants 1839 '' . Oregonpioneers.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Emigrants 1840 '' . Historylink.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party , one stating 160 adults and children were in the party , while another counted 105 . Jump up ^ The Wagon Train of 1843 : The Great Migration Archived May 31 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Oregon Pioneers . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Events in The West : 1840 -- 1850 PBS . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , `` Women 's diaries on the western frontier . '' American Studies ( 1977 ) : 87 - 100 online . Jump up ^ Sandra L. Myres , ed. , Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( Huntington Library Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Glenda Riley , `` The Specter of a Savage : Rumors and Alarmism on the Overland Trail . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1984 ) : 427 - 444 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Holmes , Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , Introduction by Anne M. Butler , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , ( 1983 ) pp 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Anna Maria King , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 41 . Jump up ^ Peavy , Linda S. , and Ursula Smith . Pioneer Women : The Lives of Women on the Frontier . University of Oklahoma Press , 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Betsey Bayley , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 35 . Jump up ^ Mormons in Iowa towns map Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . referenced January 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ `` American West -- The Oregon Trail '' . Jump up ^ The 1850 U.S. California Census , the first census that included everyone , showed only about 7,019 females with 4,165 non-Indian females older than 15 in the state . To find a `` correct '' census there should be added about 20,000 men and about 1,300 females from San Francisco , Santa Clara , and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the official totals. ( 1 ) Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ U.S. Seventh Census 1850 : California Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace . An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 . XXXIV . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 410 Jump up ^ Simpson , Capt . J.H. ( 1876 ) . `` Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office : 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Pony Express Trail maps , Retrieved January 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Unruh , John D ( 1993 ) . The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans - Mississippi West 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 392 , 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barry , Louise . The Beginnings of the West . 1972 . pp 1084 -- 85 Jump up ^ Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics Archived June 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ventures and Adventures of Ezra Meeker : Or , Sixty Years of Frontier Life by Ezra Meeker . Rainer Printing Company 1908 . ASIN : B000861WA8 Jump up ^ North America Travel Guide . `` Saint Peters : Missouri '' . North America Travel Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Old Franklin Missouri . accessed 13 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Winter Quarters Project '' . Winterquarters.byu.edu . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. The Great Platte River Road . Bison Books , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8153 - 0 Jump up ^ Pictures of Oregon Trail in Nebraska . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Nebraska 's branch of Oregon - California trail Association Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Oregon Trail Nebraska eastern Wyoming NPS road guide , accessed February 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Causes of Cholera '' . Mayoclinic.com . March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chronological List of Fort Laramie History '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treading the Elephant 's Tail : Medical Problems on the Overland Trails '' . Overland Journal , Volume 6 , Number 1 , 1988 ; Peter D. Olch ; Pp. 25 -- 31 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00881 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Hastings Cutoff '' . Scienceviews.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.blm.gov/heritage/adventures/research/StatePages/PDFs/Wyoming/wyoming_5.pdf . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lincoln County Photos II - Wyoming Tales and Trails '' . Wyomingtalesandtrails.com . June 30 , 1952 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sublette -- Greenwood Cutoff Map '' . Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional estimate for Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake wagon road : letter from the acting Secretary of the Interior , transmitting a communication from Colonel Lander in regard to the Fort Kearney , South Pass and Honey Lake wagon road '' . United States . Dept. of the Interior . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 0631. doc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unruh : page 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Grays Lake ( 2 ) accessed February 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Lander Road Cutoff Map '' . Wyoshpo.state.wy.us . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emigrant Trails of Southern Idaho '' ; Bureau of Land Management & Idaho State Historical Society ; 1993 ; pp 117 -- 125 ASIN : B000KE2KTU Jump up ^ Salt Lake Cutoff accessdate = September 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Schindler , Hal ( June 5 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Sam Hensley - Not Hansel - Who Discovered Cutoff '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . pp. D1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Hill Idaho . OCTA Idaho accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ The National Oregon - California Trail Center Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Soda Springs quotes Idaho State Historical Society ( 3 ) Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hudspeth cutoff map ( OCTA - Idaho ) ( 4 ) Accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ For an Oregon - California trail map up to the junction in Idaho NPS Oregon National Historic Trail Map . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northern Nevada and Utah , Southern Idaho Tail Map Accessed February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail North Side Alternate , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ map of North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goodale 's Cutoff NPS ( 6 ) Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing photos Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing quotes `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Mile Island Crossing Park , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ National Trail Map Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` IdahoHistory.net '' ( PDF ) . IdahoHistory.net . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Monuments '' . Boise City Department of Arts & History . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Dary , The Oregon Trail : An American Saga ( Knopt , 2004 ) , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Stamm , The Mule Alternative : The Saddle Mule in the American West ( 1992 ) , p. 61 - 62 . Jump up ^ George R. Stewart , The California Trail : An Epic with Many Heroes ( 1962 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McLynn , Frank ( 2002 ) . Wagons West : The Epic Story of America 's Overland Trails . Random House . pp. 103 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Reginald Horsman , Feast or Famine : Food and Drink in American Westward Expansion ( University of Missouri Press , 2008 ) , pp. 128 - 31 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 155 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Unruh : p 150 Jump up ^ `` Supplies '' . Oregon Trail Center . Jump up ^ Unruh ( 1992 ) . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . pp. 119 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mormon Pioneer Companies ( 7 ) Retrieved April 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merril J. ; `` The Great Platte River Road '' ; p23 ; Nebraska State Historical Society ; 1979 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 686 - 26254 - 1 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. ; op . cit. ; p 23 Jump up ^ A. Roman , ed . ( January 1881 ) . `` The Californian '' . The Californian . San Francisco , CA : The California Publishing Company . III . Old Californians , page 48 , by Joaquin Miller . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . The cowards did not start to the Pacific Coast in the old days ; all the weak died on the way . And so it was that we had then not only a race of giants , but of gods . Jump up ^ Lloyd W. Coffman , 1993 , Blazing A Wagon Trail To Oregon Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census 1790 -- 1870 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Territory Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . pp. 272 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . Jump up ^ Unruh : page 408 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 408 -- 410 , 516 Jump up ^ Steele , Volney M.D. Bleed , Blister , and Purge : A History of Medicine on the American Frontier . Mountain Press Publishing Company , 2005 . pp 115 , 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 505 - 1 Jump up ^ Unruh , John David ( 1993 ) . ' The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 408 -- 410 , 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 102 - 109 . Jump up ^ Brooks D. Simpson ; Ulysses S. Grant : Triumph Over Adversity , 1822 -- 1865 ; 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 65994 - 6 , pg. 55 Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua Route '' . Jump up ^ Railroad fares 1869 Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Oregon Trail - The ' 70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes '' . TV Shows on DVD . TV Guide Online . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bagley , Will . So Rugged and Mountainous : Blazing the Trails to Oregon and California , 1812 -- 1848 ( University of Oklahoma Press ; 458 pages ; 2010 ) . First book in a projected four - volume study of the course and impact of western migration . Faragher , John Mack . Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) excerpt and text search Federal Writers ' Project . The Oregon trail : the Missouri River to the Pacific ocean ( 1939 ) online edition , 244pp Hanson , TJ ( 2001 ) . Western Passage . Bookmasters , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9705847 - 0 - 9 . Peters , Arthur K. ( 1996 ) . Seven trail west . Abbeville Press . ISBN 1 - 55859 - 782 - 4 . Unruh , John David . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1979 ) University of Illinois Press . the standard scholarly history Primary sources ( edit ) Crawford , Medorem ( 1897 ) . Journal of Medorem Crawford : an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 ( DJVU ) . Star Job Office . OCLC 5001642 . Hewitt , Randall ( 1863 ) . Notes by the way : memoranda of a journey across the plains , from Dundee , Ill. , to Olympia , W.T. May 7 , to November 3 , 1862 ( DJVU ) . Washington Standard . OCLC 51465106 . Myres , Sandra L. , ed . Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( 2007 ) Parkman , Francis , The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life . University of Virginia Press. , personal account by a famous historian Smedley , William ( 1916 ) . Across the plains in ' 62 ( DJVU ) . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 460 - 0 . OCLC 4981167 . Ward , D.B. ( 1911 ) . Across the plains in 1853 ( DJVU ) . Ward . ISBN 0 - 8466 - 0061 - 7 . OCLC 2931824 . Williams , Joseph ( 1921 ) . Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841 -- 2 ( DJVU ) . Standard . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 172 - 5 . OCLC 2095243 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oregon Trail . Find more aboutOregon Trailat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Oregon National Historic Trail ( National Park Service ) National Trail Map Oregon Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) California Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) Oregon Trail history ( archived from broken Oregon Department of Transportation link ) ( with maps ) Pathways of Pioneers : Idaho 's Oregon Trail Legacy Documentary produced by Idaho Public Television U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Pioneer history of Oregon ( 1806 -- 1890 ) Topics American Fur Company Columbian Exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson 's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government Events Treaty of 1818 Russo - American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. Ford Rogue River Wars Constitutional Convention Modoc War Great Gale of 1880 Places Albina Applegate Trail Barlow Road Canemah Champoeg Elliott Cutoff Fort Astoria Fort Dalles Fort Vancouver Fort William French Prairie Linn City Meek Cutoff Methodist Mission Oregon City Oregon Institute Philip Foster Farm Thomas and Ruckle Road Tualatin Academy Whitman Mission Willamette Trading Post People George Abernethy Jesse Applegate Ira Babcock Sam Barlow François Blanchet William H. Boring Elijah Bristow Tabitha Brown Matthew Deady Abigail Scott Duniway Thomas Lamb Eliot Philip Foster Peter French Joseph Gale Cornelius Gilliam David Hill Chief Joseph Joseph Kellogg H.A.G. Lee Jason Lee David Thomas Lenox Asa Lovejoy Morton M. McCarver John McLoughlin Joseph Meek Ezra Meeker James D. Miller John Minto Robert Newell Joel Palmer Osborne Russell Sager orphans Levi Scott Henry Spalding William Vandevert Elijah White Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Geo . H. Williams Ewing Young Transportation Columbia Lot Whitcomb Canemah Colonel Wright Gazelle Oregon Steam Navigation Company Oregon history pre-Pioneer Pioneer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Trail&oldid=802633841 '' Categories : Oregon Trail National Historic Trails of the United States Trails and roads in the American Old West History of Oregon History of the Rocky Mountains Columbia River Gorge Jefferson Territory Lincoln Highway Oregon Country U.S. Route 30 Units of the National Landscape Conservation System Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Vague or ambiguous time from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did immigrants gather to begin their journey westward on the oregon trail | [
"The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains."
] | [
"Independence, Missouri"
] |
5779236776608623366 | iPad (2018) | IPad ( 2018 ) - Wikipedia IPad ( 2018 ) For other iPad models , see iPad ( disambiguation ) . iPad The iPad in silver Also known as 6th generation iPad , iPad 2018 , The new 9.7 inch iPad Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn Product family iPad Type Tablet computer Release date March 27 , 2018 Introductory price $329 Operating system Original : iOS 11.3 Current : iOS 12.1 , released October 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 08 ) System - on - chip used Apple A10 with 64 - bit architecture and Apple M10 motion co-processor CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit Memory 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 or 128 GB flash memory Display 9.7 inches ( 250 mm ) 2,048 × 1,536 px ( 264 ppi ) with a 4 : 3 aspect ratio Sound Stereo Input Multi-touch screen , headset controls , M10 motion co-processor , proximity and ambient light sensors , 3 - axis accelerometer , 3 - axis gyroscope , Touch ID fingerprint reader , barometer Camera Front : 1.2 MP , 720p HD , ƒ / 2.2 aperture Rear : 8.0 MP AF , iSight with Five Element Lens , Hybrid IR filter , video stabilization , face detection , HDR , ƒ / 2.4 aperture Connectivity Wi - Fi and Wi - Fi + Cellular : Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and MIMO Bluetooth 4.2 , Broadcom BCM4359 Chip ( Same as iPhone 7 ) Wi - Fi + Cellular : GPS & GLONASS GSM UMTS / HSDPA 850 , 1700 , 1900 , 2100 MHz GSM / EDGE 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz CDMA CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B . 800 , 1900 MHz LTE Multiple bands A1567 : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 and TD - LTE 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 Power Built - in rechargeable Li - Po battery Online services App Store , iTunes Store , iBooks Store , iCloud , Game Center 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) ( h ) 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) ( w ) 7.5 mm ( 0.30 in ) ( d ) Weight Wi - Fi : 469 g ( 1.034 lb ) Wi - Fi + Cellular : 478 g ( 1.054 lb ) Predecessor iPad ( 2017 ) Related articles iPad Pro Website www.apple.com/ipad-9.7/ This article is part of a series on the iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 2018 Mini 1st Pro 1st 2nd 3rd List of iPad models The iPad ( officially sixth - generation iPad ) is a 9.7 - inch ( 25cm ) tablet computer designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . It was announced on March 27 , 2018 during an education - focused event in Chicago and it is a revision of the 2017 model , upgraded with the Apple A10 Fusion SoC and support for styluses such as Apple Pencil . The iPad is marketed towards educators and schools . Gareth Beavis of TechRadar and Scott Stein of CNET gave the product generally positive reviews , singling out the addition of the Apple Pencil support for praise , while criticizing the fact that the model was rather similar to the previous iPad , yet cheaper compared to other iPads . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 3 Reception 4 Timeline of models 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The iPad was announced by Apple on March 27 , 2018 in an education - oriented event at Lane Tech High School . The iPad is priced starting at US $329 for consumers , $309 for educators / students and $299 for schools . Specifications ( edit ) The iPad shipped with the latest release of iOS 11 . The iWork suite is preinstalled and included Pencil stylus support . The iPad 's hardware is nearly identical to the previous generation , except for a few upgrades , such as Apple Pencil and stylus support and an upgraded processor , the Apple A10 Fusion . It is available in three colors , Silver , a new Gold , as well as Space Gray . The iPad has 2 gigabytes of RAM . It is 7.5 mm thick . The iPad is available in 32 and 128 gigabyte storage options . Unlike the iPad Pro , the iPad does not feature a laminated display . Reception ( edit ) Gareth Beavis of TechRadar praised the addition of the Apple Pencil and the powerful A10 chip , but noted that it was as costly as the previous generation iPad . Scott Stein of CNET also praised the addition of support for Apple Pencil and the upgrade to the A10 chip , but criticized it for lacking the Smart Connector as well as not having the same display technology as the iPad Pro , writing `` the 2018 entry - level iPad does n't add much , but it makes an already excellent tablet a better buy than ever . '' Timeline of models ( edit ) Source : Apple Newsroom Archive References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iOS Benchmarks '' . Geekbench . Primate Labs Inc . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple 's new iPad with Pencil support is just $299 for students '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marotti , Ally. `` Apple draws tech world 's eyes to Chicago 's Lane Tech with launch event for new school - focused iPad '' . chicagotribune.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Launches New 9.7 - Inch iPad With Apple Pencil Support , $299 for Schools and $329 for Consumers '' . MacRumors.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad 9.7 - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPad 9.7 ( 2018 ) - Full tablet specifications '' . www.gsmarena.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Beavis , Gareth . `` Hands on : New iPad 2018 review '' . techradar . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPad 2018 review : The iPad for everyone '' . CNET. 2018 - 03 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2010 -- 2011 ) . iPad News - Newsroom Archive . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X XR XS & XS Max iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 History Night Shift Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Books Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Measure Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors Batterygate FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook 12 - inch MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch Series 0 Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st ( 9.7 '' & 12.9 `` ) 2nd ( 10.5 '' & 12.9 `` ) iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X XS / XS Max XR Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower ( unreleased ) iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 Apple hardware Apple II family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series II II Plus IIe IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) IIc IIc Plus IIGS Apple III Apple Lisa Macintosh XL Mac Desktop Current iMac iMac Pro Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact 128K 512K 512Ke Plus SE SE / 30 Classic Classic II Color Classic II family II IIx IIcx IIci IIfx IIsi IIvi IIvx LC family LC LC II LC III LC 475 LC 500 series LC 630 5200 LC Macintosh TV Quadra 610 650 660AV 605 630 700 900 950 800 840AV Performa Centris Power Macintosh 4400 and 7220 5000 series 5200 LC and 5300 LC 5260 5400 5500 6000 series 6100 6200 and 6300 6400 6500 7000 series 7100 7200 and 8200 7300 7500 7600 8000 series 8100 8500 8600 9000 series 9500 9600 G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Twentieth Anniversary iMac family G3 G4 G5 eMac Laptop Current MacBook family 12 - inch Air Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook 68k - based 100 series 100 140 170 160 180 150 190 Duo 210 230 500 series PowerPC - based 2300c 5300 1400 3400c 2400c G3 G4 iBook G3 G4 MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server 9150 Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV 4th 4K Apple Watch Series 3 Series 4 HomePod iPad iPad ( 2018 ) Mini 4 Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) iPhone 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus XS / XS Max XR iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) Discontinued Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd Apple Watch Series 0 Series 1 Series 2 iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 Mini 1st Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE X iPod Classic iPod + HP U2 Photo with color display Hi - Fi Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Interactive Television Box Paladin Pippin PowerCD QuickTake Accessories Current AirPods AirPower iPad Pencil Smart Keyboard Magic Keyboard Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Siri Remote SuperDrive ( USB ) Discontinued Displays III II AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High - Resolution RGB Color AudioVision 14 Multiple Scan 14 ColorSync 750 Studio Cinema Thunderbolt Drives Disk II Macintosh ProFile Hard Disk 20 Hard Disk 20SC AppleCD PowerCD Tape Drive 40SC SuperDrive Xserve RAID Input devices Desktop Bus iSight Keyboards Extended Adjustable Wireless Magic Trackpad Mice USB Mouse Pro Mouse Wireless Mouse Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Remote Scanner iPod Click Wheel Nike + iPod Networking AirPort Express Router Extreme Router Time Capsule Apple II serial cards Modems USB LocalTalk Communication Slot GeoPort Printers Silentype Dot Matrix Printer Letter Quality Printer ImageWriter LaserWriter 410 Color Plotter Color LaserWriter StyleWriter Apple - designed processors Current A series 64 - bit : A8 A10 A10X A11 A12 S series 32 - bit : S3 64 - bit : S4 W series 32 - bit : W1 W2 W3 T series 64 - bit : T2 Discontinued A series 32 - bit : A4 A5 A5X A6 A6X 64 - bit : A7 A8X A9 A9X S series 32 - bit : S1 S1P S2 T series 32 - bit : T1 Italics indicate announced unreleased products Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple Inc. products Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Isabel Ge Mahe Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity InVisage Technologies Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPad_(2018)&oldid=866518218 '' Categories : IPad IOS Tablet computers Touchscreen portable media players Tablet computers introduced in 2018 Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the latest generation of ipad 2018 | [
"The iPad (officially sixth-generation iPad) is a 9.7-inch (25cm) tablet computer designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It was announced on March 27, 2018 during an education-focused event in Chicago and it is a revision of the 2017 model, upgraded with the Apple A10 Fusion SoC and support for styluses such as Apple Pencil.[2] The iPad is marketed towards educators and schools.\n"
] | [
"sixth-generation"
] |
7081664201351516182 | List of giant pandas | List of Giant pandas - wikipedia List of Giant pandas Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 Famous Giant Pandas No Longer Alive 2 Famous Giant Pandas Alive Today 3 In Zoos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Famous Giant Pandas No Longer Alive ( edit ) Names Birth date Death date Relationships Location Image Basi ( F ) November , 1980 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) September 13 , 2017 captured Fuzhou Zoo Chi Chi ( F ) 1957 ( 1972 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1972 captured London Zoo Chu - Lin ( M ) ( 1982 - 09 - 04 ) September 4 , 1982 ( 1996 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1996 Shao - Shao ( mother ) and Chang - Chang ( father ) Madrid Zoo Ling Ling ( M ) September 5 , 1985 ( 2008 - 04 - 30 ) April 30 , 2008 Tong Tong ( mate , died in 2000 ) Ueno Zoo Ling - Ling and Hsing - Hsing ( F ) and ( M ) Ling - Ling ( 1969 ) Hsing - Hsing ( 1970 ) Ling - Ling ( 1992 ) Hsing - Hsing ( 1999 ) captured , both like each other National Zoo in Washington D.C. Shi Shi ( M ) 1970s ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 2008 rescued in Sichuan San Diego Zoo , Guangzhou Zoo Su Lin ( M ) 1930s 1938 captured Field Museum of Natural History Tao Tao ( F ) 1972 ( 2008 - 04 - 02 ) April 2 , 2008 none Jinan Zoo Xiang Xiang ( M ) August 25 , 2001 ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) February 19 , 2007 none Wolong National Nature Reserve Famous Giant pandas alive Today ( edit ) Names Birth date Relationships Location Image Bai Yun ( F ) ( 1991 - 09 - 07 ) September 7 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Mother of Hua Mei , Mei Sheng , Su Lin , Zhen Zhen , Yun Zi , and Xiao Liwu San Diego Zoo Bao Bao ( F ) ( 2013 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 2013 ( age 4 ) Mei Xiang ( mother ) Tian Tian ( father ) Tai Shan and Bei Bei ( Brothers ) National Zoo China Bei Bei ( M ) ( 2015 - 08 - 22 ) August 22 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Mei Xiang ( mother ) Tian Tian ( Father ) Bao Bao ( sister ) Tai Shan ( brother ) National Zoo Chuang Chuang ( M ) ( 2000 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 2000 ( age 17 ) Bai Xue ( mother ) and Xin Xing ( father ) Chiang Mai Zoo Da Mao ( M ) ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) September 1 , 2008 ( age 9 ) Toronto Zoo Er Shun ( F ) ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 2007 ( age 10 ) Jia Panpan ( son ) and Jia Yueyue ( daughter ) Toronto Zoo Gao Gao ( M ) 1990 + / - 2 years ( according to studbook ) Bai Yun ( mate ) ; father of Mei Sheng , Su Lin , Zhen Zhen , Yun Zi , and Xiao Liwu San Diego Zoo Gu Gu ( M ) 2000 ( age 16 -- 17 ) none Beijing Zoo Hua Mei ( F ) ( 1999 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1999 ( age 18 ) Bai Yun ( mother ) and Shi Shi ( father ) San Diego Zoo Bifengxia Panda Base Jia Panpan ( M ) ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) October 13 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Er Shun ( mother ) , and Jia Yueyue ( sister ) Toronto Zoo Jia Yueyue ( F ) ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) October 13 , 2015 ( age 2 ) Er Shun ( mother ) , and Jia Panpan ( brother ) Toronto Zoo Lin Bing ( F ) ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) May 27 , 2009 ( age 8 ) Lin Hui ( mother ) and Chuang Chuang ( father ) Chiang Mai Zoo Lin Hui ( F ) ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) September 28 , 2001 ( age 16 ) Tang Tang ( mother ) and Pan Pan ( father ) Chiang Mai Zoo Lun Lun ( F ) ( 1997 - 08 - 25 ) August 25 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Yang Yang ( mate ) , and Mei Lan , Xi Lan , and Po ( sons ) Zoo Atlanta Mei Lan ( M ) ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) September 6 , 2006 ( age 11 ) son of Lun Lun ( mother ) and Yang Yang ( father ) Zoo Atlanta Mei Sheng ( M ) ( 2003 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 2003 ( age 14 ) Bai Yun ( mother ) and Gao Gao ( father ) San Diego Zoo Bifengxia Panda Base Mei Xiang ( F ) ( 1998 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1998 ( age 19 ) mother of Tai Shan , Bao Bao and Bei Bei . National Zoo in Washington D.C. Po ( F ) ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 2010 ( age 7 ) son of Lun Lun ( mother ) and Yang Yang ( father ) Zoo Atlanta Su Lin ( F ) ( 2005 - 08 - 02 ) August 2 , 2005 ( age 12 ) Bai Yun ( mother ) and Gao Gao ( father ) San Diego Zoo Bifengxia Panda Base Tai Shan ( M ) ( 2005 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 2005 ( age 12 ) son of Mei Xiang ( mother ) and Tian Tian ( father ) ; brother of Bao Bao and Bei Bei National Zoo in Washington D.C. Bifengxia Panda Base Tian Tian ( M ) ( 1997 - 08 - 27 ) August 27 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Yong Ba ( mother ) and Pan Pan ( father ) Children : Tai Shan , Bao Bao , Bei Bei National Zoo in Washington D.C. Tian Tian ( F ) ( 2003 - 08 - 24 ) August 24 , 2003 ( age 14 ) none Edinburgh Zoo Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan ( M ) and ( F ) Tuan Tuan ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) September 1 , 2004 ( age 13 ) Yuan Yuan ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) August 31 , 2004 ( age 13 ) Tuan Tuan is son of Hua Mei Taipei Zoo Wang Wang ( M ) ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) August 31 , 2005 ( age 12 ) none Adelaide Zoo Xi Lan ( M ) ( 2008 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 2008 ( age 9 ) Lun Lun ( mother ) and Yang Yang ( father ) Zoo Atlanta Xin Xin ( F ) ( 1990 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Her mother is Tohui ( she died 16 November 1993 ) Her father Chia Chia is from the London Zoo ( died in Mexico on October 13 , 1991 ) Chapultepec Zoo Xiao Liwu ( M ) ( 2012 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 2012 ( age 5 ) Bai Yun ( mother ) and Gao Gao ( father ) San Diego Zoo Yang Yang ( M ) ( 1997 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Lun Lun ( mate ) , and Mei Lan , Xi Lan , and Po ( sons ) Zoo Atlanta Yang Guang ( M ) ( 2003 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 2003 ( age 14 ) none Edinburgh Zoo Yuan Zai ( F ) ( 2013 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 2013 ( age 4 ) Yuan Yuan ( mother ) and Tuan Tuan ( father ) Taipei Zoo Yun Zi ( M ) ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) August 5 , 2009 ( age 8 ) Bai Yun ( mother ) and Gao Gao ( father ) San Diego Zoo Zhen Zhen ( F ) ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 2007 ( age 10 ) Bai Yun ( mother ) and Gao Gao ( father ) San Diego Zoo Bifengxia Panda Base In zoos ( edit ) Asia China Tai Shan in June 2007 Pandas at Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Many zoos and breeding centers in China house giant pandas . These include : Beijing Zoo -- Home of the internationally notorious Gu Gu . The zoo also housed Ming - Ming ( d . 2011 May 7 ) , the first panda born in captivity . Shanghai Zoo Bifengxia Panda Base , Ya'an , Sichuan , is home to US - born giant pandas Mei Sheng ( M ) , Hua Mei ( F ) , Tai Shan ( M ) , Su Lin ( F ) , and Zhen Zhen ( F ) . It is also home to the Austrian - born Fu Long . Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding , Chengdu , Sichuan -- Twelve cubs were born here in 2006 . It is also home to Japanese - born Xiong Bang ( M ) and US - born Mei Lan ( M ) . China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at the Wolong National Nature Reserve , Sichuan -- Seventeen cubs were born here in 2006 . Chime - Long Paradise Amusement Park , in Guangzhou , where three very rare panda triplets were born ( all three have thus far survived ) in July 2014 Ocean Park , Hong Kong -- An An ( M ) , Le Le ( M ) , and Ying Ying ( F ) Macau Giant Panda Pavilion -- home to Kai Kai ( M ) and Xin Xin ( M ) of Chengdu origin Dalian Forest Zoo -- home to Fei Yun ( F ) , Cai Zhen ( F ) and Jin Hu ( M ) of Wolong origin Other places in Asia Taipei Zoo , Taipei , Taiwan -- home to Tuan Tuan ( M ) and Yuan Yuan ( F ) , and their offspring Yuan Zai ( F ) . Chiang Mai Zoo , Chiang Mai , Thailand -- home to Chuang Chuang ( M ) , Lin Hui ( F ) , and Lin Bing , a female cub born 27 May 2009 . Adventure World , Shirahama , Wakayama , Japan -- Until recently , it was home to Ei Mei ( M ) , Mei Mei ( F ) , Rau Hin ( F ) , Ryu Hin and Syu Hin ( M twins ) , and Kou Hin ( M ) . In December 2006 , twin cubs were born to Ei Mei and Mei Mei . Two cubs , Eiihin ( M ) and Meihin ( F ) , were born to Rau Hin on 13 September 2008 . Mei Mei , a mother of ten cubs , died on 15 October 2008 . Oji Zoo , Kobe , Hyōgo , Japan -- home of Kou Kou ( M ) , Tan Tan ( F ) River Safari , a new park under Wildlife Reserves Singapore . Singapore received two pandas ( Kai Kai and Jia Jia ) in 2012 . Taman Safari , Bogor , West Java , Indonesia Ueno Zoo , Taitō , Tokyo , Japan Zoo Negara , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia -- home to Feng Yi ( known as Xing Xing ) ( M ) , and Fu Wa ( known as Liang Liang ) ( F ) since 21 May 2014 . A female cub was born on 18 August 2015 . Australia Adelaide Zoo , is home to Wang Wang ( M ) and Funi ( F ) . They arrived on 28 November 2009 , and went on display on 14 December . They are expected to stay for a minimum of 10 years , and are the only giant pandas living in the Southern Hemisphere . Europe Long Hui at Vienna Zoo Berlin Zoological Garden , Germany is the former home of Bao Bao , which died in 2012 at the age of 34 . He was the oldest male panda living in captivity at the time of his death and had lived in Berlin for twenty five years . He never reproduced . Tiergarten Schönbrunn , Vienna , Austria -- home to Yang Yang ( F ) and Long Hui ( M ) , born in Wolong , China in 2000 They gave birth to Fu Long ( M ) in 2007 , and Fu Hu ( M ) in 2010 . Fu Long , who has been relocated to China , was the first to be born in Europe in 25 years . On the 7 . August 2016 twins were born . Zoo Aquarium , Madrid , Spain is the home of Bing Xing ( M ) and Hua Zuiba ( F ) since 2007 . They gave birth to twin cubs on 7 September 2010 . Another cub , Xing Bao ( F ) , was born in 2013 and in September 2016 Chulina ( F ) . The zoo was also the site of the first giant panda birth in Europe , Chulin ( M ) in 1982 whose parents , Shao Shao ( F ) and Chang Chang ( M ) , arrived in 1978 . Chulin ( M , 1982 ) was the first panda to be born in captivity in the western hemisphere and by artificial insemination outside China The Edinburgh Zoo , Scotland -- home to Tian Tian ( F ) and Yang Guang ( M ) since 4 December 2011 . ZooParc de Beauval , Saint - Aignan , Loir - et - Cher , France -- home to Huan Huan ( F ) and Yuan Zi ( M ) since 15 January 2012 . Pairi Daiza , Cambron - Casteau , Belgium -- home to Hao Hao ( F ) and Xing Hui ( M ) since February 2014 ; New born baby on 1 June 2016 . Ouwehands Dierenpark , Rhenen , the Netherlands - home to Xing Ya ( M ) and Wu Wen ( F ) since April 2017 . North America Bai Yun , at San Diego Zoo , has given birth to 6 cubs in captivity and is considered one of the most successfully reproductive captive pandas . Chapultepec Zoo , Mexico City -- home of Xiu Hua , born on 25 June 1985 , Shuan Shuan , born on 15 June 1987 , and Xin Xin , born on 1 July 1990 from Tohui ( Tohui born on Chapultepec Zoo on 21 July 1981 and died on 16 November 1993 ) , all females San Diego Zoo , San Diego -- home of Bai Yun ( F ) , Gao Gao ( M ) , Yun Zi ( M ) , and Xiao Liwu ( M ) National Zoo in Washington , DC -- home of Mei Xiang ( F ) and Tian Tian ( M ) , and two cubs born to Mei Xiang : Bao Bao , born on 23 August 2013 ; and Bei Bei , born on 22 August 2015 . By a long - standing agreement , Bao Bao departed for China on 21 February 2017 . Zoo Atlanta , Atlanta -- home of Lun Lun ( F ) , Yang Yang ( M ) , Xi Lan ( M ) , and Po ( F ) , born 3 November 2010 and twin female cubs Mei Huan and Mei Lun , born 15 July 2013 Memphis Zoo , Memphis -- home of Ya Ya ( F ) and Le Le ( M ) The Toronto Zoo and Calgary Zoo are hosting a pair of pandas named Er Shun ( F ) and Da Mao ( M ) . The two pandas arrived in Canada at the Toronto Zoo in March 2013 ( two months before the exhibit opened in May ) , and will spend 10 years in Canada , evenly split between Toronto and Calgary . For Toronto this will be the second set of pandas : Quan Quan ( Female , died 2010 at Jinan Zoo at age 21 ) and Qing Qing ( Female born Sept 9 , 1984 and later at Wuhan Zoo and now at Chengdu Panda Base ) were sent to the zoo for 100 days beginning in July 1985 . North American - born pandas Yun Zi , second son to Bai Yun Xiao Liwu , third son to Bai Yun Tohui ( Tarahumara word for child ) , born 21 July 1981 , died 16 November 1993 , a female at Chapultepec Zoo , Mexico City , was the first giant panda to be born and survive in captivity outside China . Her parents were Ying Ying and Pe Pe . Hua Mei , was born 1999 in the San Diego Zoo and sent to China in 2004 . Mei Sheng , born 2003 at the San Diego Zoo , sent to China 2007 . Tai Shan , born 9 July 2005 at the National Zoo in Washington , DC , was sent to China in 2010 . Su Lin was born 2 August 2005 at the San Diego Zoo and moved to China in 2010 . Mei Lan , born 6 September 2006 at Zoo Atlanta , was sent to China in 2010 . Zhen Zhen , born 3 August 2007 at the San Diego Zoo , was moved to China in 2010 . Xi Lan , born 30 August 2008 at Zoo Atlanta , was moved to China in 2014 . Yun Zi , born 5 August 2009 at the San Diego Zoo , was moved to China in 2014 . Po , born 3 November 2010 at Zoo Atlanta Xiao Liwu , born 29 July 2012 at the San Diego Zoo Bao Bao , born 23 August 2013 at the National Zoo in Washington , DC , moved to China on 21 February 2017 . Bei Bei and an unnamed twin were born 22 August 2015 to Mei Xiang at the National Zoo in Washington , DC . The smaller of the two cubs died on 26 August 2015 . Twins Jia Panpan and Jia Yueyue , born 13 October 2015 to Er Shun at the Toronto Zoo . The father is to be determined , but likely Da Mao . Mei Lun and Mei Huan See also ( edit ) Endangered species Wildlife of China Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Pandas '' . zooatlanta.org . Zoo Atlanta . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant Pandas at Edinburgh Zoo '' . www.edinburghzoo.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Newborn Giant Panda '' . zoo.taipei.gov.tw . Retrieved 5 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pandas in the United States '' . Pandas International . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Su Lin , Zhen Zhen Update '' . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fu Long settles into his home at the Bifengxia Panda Base '' . Panda Lives On . 20 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panda news from '' . China.org.cn. 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - born cub returns to ancestral home '' . China Daily . Jump up ^ `` Breeding programme hits a hitch after the girl Panda Atlanta zoo sent to mate with Chinese male turns out to be a ' he ' '' . Jump up ^ `` American Panda Gets Chinese Lesson '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong welcomes two giant pandas from China '' . Hong Kong Digest . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Macau Panda '' . Macau SAR Government . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jeroen ( 29 September 2012 ) . `` Dalian Forest Zoo opens Panda Exhibit '' . Giant Panda Zoo . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese pandas arrive in Taiwan '' . BBC . 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Casey , Michael ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Thai zoo surprised by panda cub birth '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Casey , Michael ( 28 May 2009 ) . `` China experts say Thailand 's panda cub healthy '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Japanese giant panda twins '' . LA Times . 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - born panda twins named Meihin , Eihin '' . Xinhua. 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mei Mei of Adventure World , Japan has died '' . pandasliveon.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mei Mei dies '' . Panda.org.cn . Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ 王子 動物園 の ジャイアント パンダ ( in Japanese ) . Oji Zoo . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` River Safari '' . giantpandazoo.com . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our panda Liang Liang gives birth '' . 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Giant Pandas '' . Zoos South Australia . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayerowitz , Scott ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Sixteen Other Zoos Around the World to See Giant Pandas '' . ABC News . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest known male panda dies in Berlin '' . NY Daily News . ^ Jump up to : `` Panda gives surprise birth in Austria '' . USA TODAY. 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian panda cub shies away from camera '' . Jump up ^ `` Panda - Jungtier geboren -- Tiergarten Schönbrunn '' . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations to panda parents Hua Zuiba and Bing Xing ! '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nace una osa panda en el Zoo de Madrid '' . El País . ^ Jump up to : `` Astonishing Baby Pandas and Births '' . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ UPI ( 5 September 1982 ) . `` Twin pandas born in Madrid '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giant pandas arrive in Edinburgh from China '' . BBC News . BBC . 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2 pandas munching bamboo amid French chateaux '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 17 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Belga . `` Carnet rose à Pairi Daiza : le bébé panda géant est un mâle ! ( IMAGES et VIDEO ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Pandas Wu Wen and Xing Ya Receive Warm Welcome to Netherlands '' . NL Times . 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Zapata , Belén ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` Una panda viaja de la Ciudad de México a Japón y de ahí a Guadalajara '' ( in Spanish ) . CNN . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wildt , David E. ( 2006 ) . Giant pandas : biology , veterinary medicine and management ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 233 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83295 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Pandas '' . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Pandas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Durango , Jessica ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Panda cub dies at National Zoo '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Zoo 's giant panda cub is officially named Bei Bei '' . Washington Post . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dazio , Stefanie E. ; Michael E. Ruane ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Panda cub born to Mei Xiang at National Zoo '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ruane , Michael E. ( 6 February 2017 ) . `` Giant panda Bao Bao will leave National Zoo on Feb. 21 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cloherty , Megan ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Bao Bao 's travel itinerary to China '' . WTOP . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on giant pandas Po , Mei Lun and Mei Huan '' . Zoo Atlanta . 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Pandas '' . Atlanta Fulton County Zoo . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lun Lun The Giant Panda Gives Birth To Twins ! '' . Zooatlanta.org. 2013 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Animals by exhibit '' . memphiszoo.org . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to receive Giant Pandas '' . The Star . Toronto . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Zoo Pandas '' . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Toronto Zoo 's New Pandas '' . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.panda.org.cn/english/profile/1-1.htm . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Do you remember the pandas ? The 1985 Toronto visit -- Toronto -- CBC News '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri EL OSO PANDA DE CHAPULTEPEC TOHUI '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumpkin & Seidensticker 2007 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Rosenwald , Michael S. ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` Panda cub at National Zoo now has a name : Bao Bao '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ; Koh , Elizabeth ; Weil , Martin ( 23 August 2015 ) . `` National Zoo 's giant panda Mei Xiang gives birth to two cubs hours apart '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giant panda cubs born at Toronto Zoo '' . Toronto Star . 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double delight ! Giant panda gives birth to twins at Atlanta zoo -- NBC News '' . Su Lin San Diego Zoo -- - Daughter of Bai Yun and Gao Gao External links ( edit ) WWF -- environmental conservation organization Giant Panda Species Survival Plan Pandas International -- panda conservation group National Zoo Live Panda Cams -- Baby Panda Tai Shan and mother Mei Xiang Taipei Zoo YouTube Channel Yuan Zai Cam ( hide ) Famous giant pandas Panda diplomacy Bai Yun Bao Bao Bei Bei Chi Chi Chuang Chuang Gao Gao Gu Gu Hua Mei Jia Jia Lin Bing Lin Hui Ling Ling Ling - Ling and Hsing - Hsing Lun Lun Mei Lan Mei Sheng Mei Xiang Ming Ming Shi Shi Su Lin ( 1930s ) Su Lin ( born 2005 ) Tai Shan Taotao Tian Tian ♂ Tian Tian ♀ Tohui Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan Xi Lan Xiang Xiang Xiao Liwu Xin Xin Wang Wang and Funi Yang Yang Yuan Zai Yun Zi Zhen Zhen Individual giant pandas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_giant_pandas&oldid=809189888 '' Categories : Giant pandas Individual giant pandas Lists of individual animals Lists of placental mammals Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 32 . 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"\n\nNames\nBirth date\nRelationships\nLocation\nImage\n\n\nBai Yun (F)\n(1991-09-07) September 7, 1991 (age 26)\nMother of Hua Mei, Mei Sheng, Su Lin,\nZhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nBao Bao (F)\n(2013-08-23) August 23, 2013 (age 4)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (father) Tai Shan and Bei Bei (Brothers)\nNational Zoo\nChina\n\n\n\n\nBei Bei (M)\n(2015-08-22) August 22, 2015 (age 2)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (Father) Bao Bao (sister) Tai Shan (brother)\nNational Zoo\n\n\n\nChuang Chuang (M)\n(2000-08-06) August 6, 2000 (age 17)\nBai Xue (mother) and Xin Xing (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nDa Mao (M)\n(2008-09-01) September 1, 2008 (age 9)\n\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nEr Shun (F)\n(2007-08-10) August 10, 2007 (age 10)\nJia Panpan (son) and Jia Yueyue (daughter)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nGao Gao (M)\n1990 +/- 2 years (according to studbook)\nBai Yun (mate); father of Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Zhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nGu Gu (M)\n2000 (age 16–17)\nnone\nBeijing Zoo\n\n\n\nHua Mei (F)\n(1999-08-21) August 21, 1999 (age 18)\nBai Yun (mother) and Shi Shi (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nJia Panpan (M)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Yueyue (sister)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nJia Yueyue (F)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Panpan (brother)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Bing (F)\n(2009-05-27) May 27, 2009 (age 8)\nLin Hui (mother) and Chuang Chuang (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Hui (F)\n(2001-09-28) September 28, 2001 (age 16)\nTang Tang (mother) and Pan Pan (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLun Lun (F)\n(1997-08-25) August 25, 1997 (age 20)\nYang Yang (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Lan (M)\n(2006-09-06) September 6, 2006 (age 11)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Sheng (M)\n(2003-08-03) August 3, 2003 (age 14)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nMei Xiang (F)\n(1998-07-22) July 22, 1998 (age 19)\nmother of Tai Shan, Bao Bao and Bei Bei.\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nPo (F)[1]\n(2010-11-03) November 3, 2010 (age 7)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nSu Lin (F)\n(2005-08-02) August 2, 2005 (age 12)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTai Shan (M)\n(2005-07-09) July 9, 2005 (age 12)\nson of Mei Xiang (mother) and Tian Tian (father); brother of Bao Bao and Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTian Tian (M)\n(1997-08-27) August 27, 1997 (age 20)\nYong Ba (mother) and Pan Pan (father) Children: Tai Shan, Bao Bao, Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nTian Tian (F)[2]\n(2003-08-24) August 24, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nTuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (M) and (F)\nTuan Tuan (2004-09-01) September 1, 2004 (age 13)\nYuan Yuan (2004-08-31) August 31, 2004 (age 13)\nTuan Tuan is son of Hua Mei\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nWang Wang (M)\n(2005-08-31) August 31, 2005 (age 12)\nnone\nAdelaide Zoo\n\n\n\nXi Lan (M)\n(2008-08-30) August 30, 2008 (age 9)\nLun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nXin Xin (F)\n(1990-07-01) July 1, 1990 (age 27)\nHer mother is Tohui (she died 16 November 1993)\nHer father Chia Chia is from the London Zoo (died in Mexico on October 13, 1991)\nChapultepec Zoo\n\n\n\nXiao Liwu (M)\n(2012-07-29) July 29, 2012 (age 5)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nYang Yang (M)\n(1997-09-09) September 9, 1997 (age 20)\nLun Lun (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nYang Guang (M)[2]\n(2003-08-14) August 14, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nYuan Zai (F)[3]\n(2013-07-06) July 6, 2013 (age 4)\nYuan Yuan (mother) and Tuan Tuan (father)\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nYun Zi (M)\n(2009-08-05) August 5, 2009 (age 8)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nZhen Zhen (F)\n(2007-08-03) August 3, 2007 (age 10)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nNames\nBirth date\nRelationships\nLocation\nImage\n\n\nBai Yun (F)\n(1991-09-07) September 7, 1991 (age 26)\nMother of Hua Mei, Mei Sheng, Su Lin,\nZhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nBao Bao (F)\n(2013-08-23) August 23, 2013 (age 4)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (father) Tai Shan and Bei Bei (Brothers)\nNational Zoo\nChina\n\n\n\n\nBei Bei (M)\n(2015-08-22) August 22, 2015 (age 2)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (Father) Bao Bao (sister) Tai Shan (brother)\nNational Zoo\n\n\n\nChuang Chuang (M)\n(2000-08-06) August 6, 2000 (age 17)\nBai Xue (mother) and Xin Xing (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nDa Mao (M)\n(2008-09-01) September 1, 2008 (age 9)\n\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nEr Shun (F)\n(2007-08-10) August 10, 2007 (age 10)\nJia Panpan (son) and Jia Yueyue (daughter)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nGao Gao (M)\n1990 +/- 2 years (according to studbook)\nBai Yun (mate); father of Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Zhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nGu Gu (M)\n2000 (age 16–17)\nnone\nBeijing Zoo\n\n\n\nHua Mei (F)\n(1999-08-21) August 21, 1999 (age 18)\nBai Yun (mother) and Shi Shi (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nJia Panpan (M)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Yueyue (sister)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nJia Yueyue (F)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Panpan (brother)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Bing (F)\n(2009-05-27) May 27, 2009 (age 8)\nLin Hui (mother) and Chuang Chuang (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Hui (F)\n(2001-09-28) September 28, 2001 (age 16)\nTang Tang (mother) and Pan Pan (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLun Lun (F)\n(1997-08-25) August 25, 1997 (age 20)\nYang Yang (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Lan (M)\n(2006-09-06) September 6, 2006 (age 11)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Sheng (M)\n(2003-08-03) August 3, 2003 (age 14)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nMei Xiang (F)\n(1998-07-22) July 22, 1998 (age 19)\nmother of Tai Shan, Bao Bao and Bei Bei.\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nPo (F)[1]\n(2010-11-03) November 3, 2010 (age 7)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nSu Lin (F)\n(2005-08-02) August 2, 2005 (age 12)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTai Shan (M)\n(2005-07-09) July 9, 2005 (age 12)\nson of Mei Xiang (mother) and Tian Tian (father); brother of Bao Bao and Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTian Tian (M)\n(1997-08-27) August 27, 1997 (age 20)\nYong Ba (mother) and Pan Pan (father) Children: Tai Shan, Bao Bao, Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nTian Tian (F)[2]\n(2003-08-24) August 24, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nTuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (M) and (F)\nTuan Tuan (2004-09-01) September 1, 2004 (age 13)\nYuan Yuan (2004-08-31) August 31, 2004 (age 13)\nTuan Tuan is son of Hua Mei\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nWang Wang (M)\n(2005-08-31) August 31, 2005 (age 12)\nnone\nAdelaide Zoo\n\n\n\nXi Lan (M)\n(2008-08-30) August 30, 2008 (age 9)\nLun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nXin Xin (F)\n(1990-07-01) July 1, 1990 (age 27)\nHer mother is Tohui (she died 16 November 1993)\nHer father Chia Chia is from the London Zoo (died in Mexico on October 13, 1991)\nChapultepec Zoo\n\n\n\nXiao Liwu (M)\n(2012-07-29) July 29, 2012 (age 5)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nYang Yang (M)\n(1997-09-09) September 9, 1997 (age 20)\nLun Lun (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nYang Guang (M)[2]\n(2003-08-14) August 14, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nYuan Zai (F)[3]\n(2013-07-06) July 6, 2013 (age 4)\nYuan Yuan (mother) and Tuan Tuan (father)\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nYun Zi (M)\n(2009-08-05) August 5, 2009 (age 8)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nZhen Zhen (F)\n(2007-08-03) August 3, 2007 (age 10)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nNames\nBirth date\nRelationships\nLocation\nImage\n\n\nBai Yun (F)\n(1991-09-07) September 7, 1991 (age 26)\nMother of Hua Mei, Mei Sheng, Su Lin,\nZhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nBao Bao (F)\n(2013-08-23) August 23, 2013 (age 4)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (father) Tai Shan and Bei Bei (Brothers)\nNational Zoo\nChina\n\n\n\n\nBei Bei (M)\n(2015-08-22) August 22, 2015 (age 2)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (Father) Bao Bao (sister) Tai Shan (brother)\nNational Zoo\n\n\n\nChuang Chuang (M)\n(2000-08-06) August 6, 2000 (age 17)\nBai Xue (mother) and Xin Xing (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nDa Mao (M)\n(2008-09-01) September 1, 2008 (age 9)\n\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nEr Shun (F)\n(2007-08-10) August 10, 2007 (age 10)\nJia Panpan (son) and Jia Yueyue (daughter)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nGao Gao (M)\n1990 +/- 2 years (according to studbook)\nBai Yun (mate); father of Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Zhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nGu Gu (M)\n2000 (age 16–17)\nnone\nBeijing Zoo\n\n\n\nHua Mei (F)\n(1999-08-21) August 21, 1999 (age 18)\nBai Yun (mother) and Shi Shi (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nJia Panpan (M)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Yueyue (sister)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nJia Yueyue (F)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Panpan (brother)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Bing (F)\n(2009-05-27) May 27, 2009 (age 8)\nLin Hui (mother) and Chuang Chuang (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Hui (F)\n(2001-09-28) September 28, 2001 (age 16)\nTang Tang (mother) and Pan Pan (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLun Lun (F)\n(1997-08-25) August 25, 1997 (age 20)\nYang Yang (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Lan (M)\n(2006-09-06) September 6, 2006 (age 11)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Sheng (M)\n(2003-08-03) August 3, 2003 (age 14)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nMei Xiang (F)\n(1998-07-22) July 22, 1998 (age 19)\nmother of Tai Shan, Bao Bao and Bei Bei.\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nPo (F)[1]\n(2010-11-03) November 3, 2010 (age 7)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nSu Lin (F)\n(2005-08-02) August 2, 2005 (age 12)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTai Shan (M)\n(2005-07-09) July 9, 2005 (age 12)\nson of Mei Xiang (mother) and Tian Tian (father); brother of Bao Bao and Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTian Tian (M)\n(1997-08-27) August 27, 1997 (age 20)\nYong Ba (mother) and Pan Pan (father) Children: Tai Shan, Bao Bao, Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nTian Tian (F)[2]\n(2003-08-24) August 24, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nTuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (M) and (F)\nTuan Tuan (2004-09-01) September 1, 2004 (age 13)\nYuan Yuan (2004-08-31) August 31, 2004 (age 13)\nTuan Tuan is son of Hua Mei\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nWang Wang (M)\n(2005-08-31) August 31, 2005 (age 12)\nnone\nAdelaide Zoo\n\n\n\nXi Lan (M)\n(2008-08-30) August 30, 2008 (age 9)\nLun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nXin Xin (F)\n(1990-07-01) July 1, 1990 (age 27)\nHer mother is Tohui (she died 16 November 1993)\nHer father Chia Chia is from the London Zoo (died in Mexico on October 13, 1991)\nChapultepec Zoo\n\n\n\nXiao Liwu (M)\n(2012-07-29) July 29, 2012 (age 5)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nYang Yang (M)\n(1997-09-09) September 9, 1997 (age 20)\nLun Lun (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nYang Guang (M)[2]\n(2003-08-14) August 14, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nYuan Zai (F)[3]\n(2013-07-06) July 6, 2013 (age 4)\nYuan Yuan (mother) and Tuan Tuan (father)\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nYun Zi (M)\n(2009-08-05) August 5, 2009 (age 8)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nZhen Zhen (F)\n(2007-08-03) August 3, 2007 (age 10)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nNames\nBirth date\nRelationships\nLocation\nImage\n\n\nBai Yun (F)\n(1991-09-07) September 7, 1991 (age 26)\nMother of Hua Mei, Mei Sheng, Su Lin,\nZhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nBao Bao (F)\n(2013-08-23) August 23, 2013 (age 4)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (father) Tai Shan and Bei Bei (Brothers)\nNational Zoo\nChina\n\n\n\n\nBei Bei (M)\n(2015-08-22) August 22, 2015 (age 2)\nMei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (Father) Bao Bao (sister) Tai Shan (brother)\nNational Zoo\n\n\n\nChuang Chuang (M)\n(2000-08-06) August 6, 2000 (age 17)\nBai Xue (mother) and Xin Xing (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nDa Mao (M)\n(2008-09-01) September 1, 2008 (age 9)\n\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nEr Shun (F)\n(2007-08-10) August 10, 2007 (age 10)\nJia Panpan (son) and Jia Yueyue (daughter)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nGao Gao (M)\n1990 +/- 2 years (according to studbook)\nBai Yun (mate); father of Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Zhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nGu Gu (M)\n2000 (age 16–17)\nnone\nBeijing Zoo\n\n\n\nHua Mei (F)\n(1999-08-21) August 21, 1999 (age 18)\nBai Yun (mother) and Shi Shi (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nJia Panpan (M)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Yueyue (sister)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nJia Yueyue (F)\n(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)\nEr Shun (mother), and Jia Panpan (brother)\nToronto Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Bing (F)\n(2009-05-27) May 27, 2009 (age 8)\nLin Hui (mother) and Chuang Chuang (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLin Hui (F)\n(2001-09-28) September 28, 2001 (age 16)\nTang Tang (mother) and Pan Pan (father)\nChiang Mai Zoo\n\n\n\nLun Lun (F)\n(1997-08-25) August 25, 1997 (age 20)\nYang Yang (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Lan (M)\n(2006-09-06) September 6, 2006 (age 11)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nMei Sheng (M)\n(2003-08-03) August 3, 2003 (age 14)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nMei Xiang (F)\n(1998-07-22) July 22, 1998 (age 19)\nmother of Tai Shan, Bao Bao and Bei Bei.\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nPo (F)[1]\n(2010-11-03) November 3, 2010 (age 7)\nson of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nSu Lin (F)\n(2005-08-02) August 2, 2005 (age 12)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTai Shan (M)\n(2005-07-09) July 9, 2005 (age 12)\nson of Mei Xiang (mother) and Tian Tian (father); brother of Bao Bao and Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n\nTian Tian (M)\n(1997-08-27) August 27, 1997 (age 20)\nYong Ba (mother) and Pan Pan (father) Children: Tai Shan, Bao Bao, Bei Bei\nNational Zoo in Washington D.C.\n\n\n\nTian Tian (F)[2]\n(2003-08-24) August 24, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nTuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (M) and (F)\nTuan Tuan (2004-09-01) September 1, 2004 (age 13)\nYuan Yuan (2004-08-31) August 31, 2004 (age 13)\nTuan Tuan is son of Hua Mei\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nWang Wang (M)\n(2005-08-31) August 31, 2005 (age 12)\nnone\nAdelaide Zoo\n\n\n\nXi Lan (M)\n(2008-08-30) August 30, 2008 (age 9)\nLun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nXin Xin (F)\n(1990-07-01) July 1, 1990 (age 27)\nHer mother is Tohui (she died 16 November 1993)\nHer father Chia Chia is from the London Zoo (died in Mexico on October 13, 1991)\nChapultepec Zoo\n\n\n\nXiao Liwu (M)\n(2012-07-29) July 29, 2012 (age 5)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nYang Yang (M)\n(1997-09-09) September 9, 1997 (age 20)\nLun Lun (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)\nZoo Atlanta\n\n\n\nYang Guang (M)[2]\n(2003-08-14) August 14, 2003 (age 14)\nnone\nEdinburgh Zoo\n\n\n\nYuan Zai (F)[3]\n(2013-07-06) July 6, 2013 (age 4)\nYuan Yuan (mother) and Tuan Tuan (father)\nTaipei Zoo\n\n\n\nYun Zi (M)\n(2009-08-05) August 5, 2009 (age 8)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\n\n\n\nZhen Zhen (F)\n(2007-08-03) August 3, 2007 (age 10)\nBai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)\nSan Diego Zoo\nBifengxia Panda Base\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Bei Bei",
"Mei Xiang",
"Tai Shan",
"Tian Tian"
] |
5948978234695980882 | The Longest Day (film) | The Longest Day ( film ) - wikipedia The Longest Day ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Longest Day . The Longest Day original movie poster Directed by Ken Annakin ( British & French exteriors ) Andrew Marton ( American exteriors ) Bernhard Wicki ( German episodes ) Gerd Oswald ( Parachuting Scenes , uncredited ) Darryl F. Zanuck ( uncredited ) Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Screenplay by Cornelius Ryan Romain Gary James Jones David Pursall Jack Seddon Based on The Longest Day by Cornelius Ryan Starring John Wayne Henry Fonda Robert Mitchum Sean Connery Eddie Albert Curd Jürgens Richard Todd Richard Burton Peter Lawford Rod Steiger Irina Demick Gert Fröbe Edmond O'Brien Kenneth More Music by Maurice Jarre ( score ) Paul Anka ( theme ) Cinematography Jean Bourgoin Walter Wottitz Edited by Samuel E. Beetley Production company Darryl F. Zanuck Productions , Inc . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 25 , 1962 ( 1962 - 09 - 25 ) ( France , U.S. ) October 4 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 04 ) ( Canada ) October 23 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 23 ) ( Germany , Mexico , UK ) Running time 178 minutes Country United States Language English German French Budget $7.75 million Box office $50,100,000 The Longest Day is a 1962 epic war film based on Cornelius Ryan 's book The Longest Day ( 1959 ) , about the D - Day landings at Normandy on June 6 , 1944 , during World War II . The film was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck , who paid author Ryan $175,000 for the film rights . The screenplay was by Ryan , with additional material written by Romain Gary , James Jones , David Pursall and Jack Seddon . It was directed by Ken Annakin ( British and French exteriors ) , Andrew Marton ( American exteriors ) , and Bernhard Wicki ( German scenes ) . The Longest Day , which was made in black and white , features a large ensemble cast including John Wayne , Kenneth More , Richard Todd , Robert Mitchum , Richard Burton , Steve Forrest , Sean Connery , Henry Fonda , Red Buttons , Peter Lawford , Eddie Albert , Jeffrey Hunter , Stuart Whitman , Tom Tryon , Rod Steiger , Leo Genn , Gert Fröbe , Irina Demick , Bourvil , Curt Jürgens , George Segal , Robert Wagner , Paul Anka and Arletty . Many of these actors played roles that were essentially cameo appearances . In addition , several cast members -- including Fonda , Genn , More , Steiger and Todd -- saw action as servicemen during the war , with Todd actually being among the first British officers to land in Normandy in Operation Overlord and he in fact participated in the assault on Pegasus Bridge . The film employed several Axis and Allied military consultants who had been actual participants on D - Day . Many had their roles re-enacted in the film . These included : Günther Blumentritt ( a former German general ) , James M. Gavin ( an American general ) , Frederick Morgan ( Deputy Chief of Staff at SHAEF ) , John Howard ( who led the airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge ) , Lord Lovat ( who commanded the 1st Special Service Brigade ) , Philippe Kieffer ( who led his men in the assault on Ouistreham ) , Pierre Koenig ( who commanded the Free French Forces in the invasion ) , Max Pemsel ( a German general ) , Werner Pluskat ( the major who was the first German officer to see the invasion fleet ) , Josef `` Pips '' Priller ( the hot - headed pilot ) and Lucie Rommel ( widow of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ) . A colorized version of this film was released on VHS in 1994 , the 50th anniversary of the invasion . The movie won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 French 2.4 German 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Casting 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie is filmed in the style of a docudrama . Beginning in the days leading up to D - Day , it concentrates on events on both sides of the channel , such as the Allies waiting for the break in the poor weather and anticipating the reaction of the Axis forces defending northern France . The film pays particular attention to the decision by Gen. Eisenhower , Supreme Commander of SHAEF , to go after reviewing the initial bad - weather reports as well as reports about the divisions within the German High Command as to where an invasion might happen or what the response to it should be . Numerous scenes document the early hours of June 6 when Allied airborne troops were sent in to take key locations inland from the beaches . The French resistance is also shown reacting to the news that an invasion has started . The Longest Day chronicles most of the important events surrounding D - Day , from the British glider missions to secure Pegasus Bridge , the counterattacks launched by American paratroopers scattered around Sainte - Mère - Église , the infiltration and sabotage work conducted by the French resistance and SOE agents to the response by the Wehrmacht to the invasion and the uncertainty of German commanders as to whether it was a feint in preparation for crossings at the Pas de Calais ( see Operation Fortitude ) , where the senior German staff had always assumed it would be . Set - piece scenes include the parachute drop into Sainte - Mère - Église , the advance inshore from the Normandy beaches , the U.S. Ranger Assault Group 's assault on the Pointe du Hoc , the attack on Ouistreham by Free French Forces and the strafing of the beaches by two lone Luftwaffe pilots . The film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland to reach Germany by crossing France . Cast ( edit ) American ( edit ) Actor Role Eddie Albert Colonel Thompson , 29th Infantry Division Paul Anka Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Richard Beymer Private Arthur ' Dutch ' Schultz , 82nd Airborne Division Red Buttons Private John Steele , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Gary Collins Officer on destroyer bridge ( uncredited ) John Crawford Colonel Eugene Caffey , Commander , 1st Engineer Special Brigade ( uncredited ) Mark Damon Private Harris ( uncredited ) Ray Danton Captain Frank , 29th Infantry Division Fred Dur Major , 2nd Ranger Battalion Fabian Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Mel Ferrer Major General Robert Haines , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) Henry Fonda Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. , Assistant Commander , 4th Infantry Division Steve Forrest Captain Harding , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Henry Grace ( dubbed by Allen Swift ) General Dwight D. Eisenhower , Supreme Commander , Allied Expeditionary Forces ( uncredited ) Peter Helm Young private , 29th Infantry Division Jeffrey Hunter Sergeant John H. Fuller , combat engineer , 29th Infantry Division Alexander Knox Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith , Chief of Staff , SHAEF Mickey Knox Downed Airman , ( uncredited ) Dewey Martin Private Wilder , 4th Infantry Division ( scenes deleted ) Roddy McDowall Private Morris , 4th Infantry Division John Meillon Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk , Commander , U.S. Naval Forces ( uncredited ) Sal Mineo Private Martini , 82nd Airborne Division Robert Mitchum Brigadier General Norman Cota , Assistant Commander , 29th Infantry Division Tony Mordente Cook , 82nd Airborne Division ( uncredited ) Bill Nagy Major , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Edmond O'Brien Major General Raymond O. Barton , Commander , 4th Infantry Division Ron Randell Joe Williams , war correspondent Robert Ryan Brigadier General James M. Gavin , Assistant Commander , 82nd Airborne Division Tommy Sands Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion George Segal Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Bob Steele Paratrooper , 82nd Airborne Division ( uncredited ) Rod Steiger Destroyer commander , United States Navy Nicholas Stuart Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley , Commander , First Army ( uncredited ) Tom Tryon Lieutenant Wilson , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Robert Wagner Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Joe Warfield Army medic ( uncredited ) John Wayne Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort , CO , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Stuart Whitman Lieutenant Sheen , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment British ( edit ) Actor Role Patrick Barr Group Captain J.M. Stagg , meteorologist ( uncredited ) Lyndon Brook Lieutenant Walsh , `` D '' Company , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ( uncredited ) Richard Burton Flying Officer David Campbell , Royal Air Force fighter pilot Bryan Coleman Ronald Callen , war correspondent ( uncredited ) Sean Connery Private Flanagan , 3rd Infantry Division Richard Dawson British soldier ( uncredited ) Jack Hedley 6th Airborne Division briefing officer ( uncredited ) Leslie de Laspee Piper Bill Millin , 1st Special Service Brigade ( uncredited ) Frank Finlay Private Coke ( uncredited ) Harry Fowler Soldier , 6th Airborne Division ( uncredited ) Bernard Fox Lance - Corporal Hutchinson , Royal Armoured Corps ( uncredited ) Leo Genn Major - general at SHAEF Harold Goodwin Soldier in glider ( uncredited ) John Gregson Padre , 6th Airborne Division Walter Horsbrugh Rear - Admiral George Creasy , Chief of Staff to Admiral Ramsay ( uncredited ) Donald Houston RAF fighter pilot in mess Patrick Jordan British officer ( uncredited ) Simon Lack Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh - Mallory , Commander - in - Chief , Allied Expeditionary Air Force ( uncredited ) Harry Landis British soldier ( uncredited ) Peter Lawford Brigadier Lord Lovat , Commander , 1st Special Service Brigade Neil McCallum Canadian medical officer ( uncredited ) Victor Maddern Cook ( uncredited ) Howard Marion - Crawford Major Jacob Vaughan , Medical Officer , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ( uncredited ) Michael Medwin Private Watney , Universal Carrier driver , 3rd Infantry Division Kenneth More Acting Captain Colin Maud , Royal Navy Beachmaster , Juno Beach Louis Mounier Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder , Deputy Supreme Commander , Allied Expeditionary Forces ( uncredited ) Leslie Phillips RAF officer with French Resistance Siân Phillips Wren assistant to Stagg ( uncredited ) Trevor Reid General Sir Bernard Montgomery , Commander - in - Chief , Allied Armies ( uncredited ) John Robinson Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay , Allied Naval Commander - in - Chief ( uncredited ) Norman Rossington Lance - Corporal Clough , 3rd Infantry Division Richard Todd Major John Howard , OC , `` D '' Company , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Richard Wattis Major , 6th Airborne Division French ( edit ) Actor Role Arletty Madame Barrault , resident of Sainte - Mère - Église Jean - Louis Barrault Father Louis Roulland , parish priest of Sainte - Mère - Église Yves Barsacq French Resistance man , Caen ( uncredited ) André Bourvil Alphonse Lenaux , Mayor of Colleville - sur - Mer Pauline Carton Louis 's housekeeper Jean Champion French Resistance man , Caen ( uncredited ) Irina Demick Janine Boitard , French Resistance , Caen Bernard Fresson Fusilier Marin Commando ( uncredited ) Clément Harari Arrested man ( uncredited ) Fernand Ledoux Louis , elderly farmer Christian Marquand Capitaine de Corvette Philippe Kieffer , CO , 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos Maurice Poli Jean , French Resistance , Caen ( uncredited ) Madeleine Renaud Mother superior in Ouistreham Georges Rivière Second - Maître Guy de Montlaur , 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos Jean Servais Contre - amiral Robert Jaujard , Commander , 4th Cruiser Division , Free French Naval Forces Alice Tissot Lenaux 's housekeeper ( uncredited ) Georges Wilson Alexandre Renaud , Mayor of Sainte - Mère - Église Dominique Zardi Spitfire pilot ( uncredited ) German ( edit ) Actor Role Hans Christian Blech Major Werner Pluskat , 352nd Artillery Regiment , 352nd Infantry Division Wolfgang Büttner Generalleutnant Dr. Hans Speidel , Chief of Staff , Army Group B Eugene Deckers German Major in church ( uncredited ) Robert Freitag Meyer 's aide ( uncredited ) Gert Fröbe Unteroffizier `` Kaffeekanne '' ( `` coffee pot '' ) Walter Gotell SS General ( uncredited ) Paul Hartmann Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt , Commander , OB West Ruth Hausmeister Lucie Rommel , Rommel 's wife ( uncredited ) Michael Hinz Manfred Rommel , Rommel 's son ( uncredited ) Werner Hinz Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel , Commander , Army Group B Karl John Generalleutnant Wolfgang Häger , Luftwaffe Kommando West Curt Jürgens General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt , Chief of Staff , OB West Til Kiwe Hauptmann Helmuth Lang , ADC to Rommel ( uncredited ) Wolfgang Lukschy Generaloberst Alfred Jodl , Chief of Operations , Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( uncredited ) Kurt Meisel Hauptmann Ernst Düring ( uncredited ) Richard Münch General der Artillerie Erich Marcks , Commander , LXXXIV Army Corps Rainer Penkert Leutnant Fritz Theen , 352nd Artillery Regiment , 352nd Infantry Division ( uncredited ) Wolfgang Preiss Generalleutnant Max Pemsel , Chief of Staff , 7th Army Hartmut Reck Oberfeldwebel Bernhard Bergsdorf , pilot , Jagdgeschwader 26 ( uncredited ) Heinz Reincke Oberstleutnant Josef Priller , Kommodore , Jagdgeschwader 26 ( uncredited ) Paul Edwin Roth Oberst Schiller ( uncredited ) Dietmar Schönherr Häger 's aide ( uncredited ) Ernst Schröder Generaloberst Hans von Salmuth , Commander , 15th Army ( uncredited ) Hans Söhnker Pemsel 's staff officer ( uncredited ) Heinz Spitzner Oberstleutnant Helmuth Meyer , Chief of Intelligence , 15th Army ( uncredited ) Peter van Eyck Oberstleutnant Ocker , Commander , 352nd Artillery Regiment , 352nd Infantry Division Vicco von Bülow Pemsel 's adjutant ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the filming rights to Cornelius Ryan 's novel The Longest Day : June 6 , 1944 D - Day on March 23 , 1960 . After finishing The Truth , Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation and got director Michael Anderson attached . Ryan would receive $100,000 , plus $35,000 to write the adaptation 's screenplay . Lévy intended to start production in March 1961 , filming at Elstree Studios and the English and French coasts . But the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected . Eventually former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing The Big Gamble , and in December purchased Lévy 's option for $175,000 . Zanuck 's editor friend Elmo Williams wrote a film treatment , which piqued the producer 's interest and made him attach Williams to The Longest Day as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes . Ryan was brought in to write the script , but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met . Williams was forced to act as a mediator ; he would deliver Ryan 's script pages to Zanuck , then return them with the latter 's annotations . While Ryan developed the script , Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups , including James Jones and Romain Gary . As their contributions to the finished screenplay were relatively minor , Ryan managed to get the screenplay credit after an appeal to the Writers Guild arbitration , but the four other writers are credited for `` additional scenes '' in the closing credits . During pre-production , producer Frank McCarthy , who had worked for the United States Department of War during World War II , arranged for military collaboration with the governments of France , Germany , the United Kingdom and the United States . Zanuck also realized that with eight battle scenes , shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors and units worked simultaneously . He contracted with German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki , the British Ken Annakin , and the American Andrew Marton . Zanuck 's son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project , particularly the high budget . Filming ( edit ) The film was shot at several French locations including the Île de Ré , Saleccia beach in Saint - Florent , Haute - Corse , Port - en - Bessin - Huppain filling in for Ouistreham , Les Studios de Boulogne in Boulogne - Billancourt and the actual locations of Pegasus Bridge near Bénouville , Calvados , Sainte - Mère - Église and Pointe du Hoc . During the filming of the landings at Omaha Beach , the extras appearing as American soldiers did not want to jump off the landing craft into the water because they thought it would be too cold . Robert Mitchum , who played Gen. Norman Cota , became disgusted with their trepidation . He jumped in first , at which point the extras followed his example . The Rupert paradummies used in the film were far more elaborate and lifelike than those actually used in the decoy parachute drop ( Operation Titanic ) , which were simply canvas or burlap sacks filled with sand . The dummies dressed in American jumpsuits were used in filming the Sainte - Mère - Église sequence . In the real operation , six Special Air Service soldiers jumped with the dummies and played recordings of loud battle noises to distract the Germans . With a budget of $10,000,000 , this was the most expensive black - and - white film made until 1993 , when Schindler 's List was released . In the scenes where the paratroopers land , the background noise of frogs croaking `` ribbit ribbit '' was incorrect for northern French frog species and showed that the film probably used an American recording of background night noises . Darryl Zanuck hired several former military personnel to aid in direction . The director of American exteriors was Andrew Marton , director of British exteriors was Ken Annakin , director of German exteriors was Bernhard Wicki . This was to ensure the most authentic military procedures . Colin Maud loaned Kenneth More the shillelagh he carried ashore in the actual invasion ( More had served as an officer in the Royal Navy during World War II , albeit not as a Beachmaster ) ; similarly Richard Todd wore the D - Day helmet worn by his character , Maj . John Howard . In the film , three Free French Special Air Service paratroopers jump into France before British and American airborne landings . This is accurate . Thirty - six Free French SAS ( 4 sticks ) jumped into Brittany ( Plumelec and Duault ) on June 5 at 23 : 30 , ( operation Dingson ) . The first Allied soldiers killed in action were Lt. Den Brotheridge of the 2nd Ox & Bucks Light Infantry as he crossed Pegasus Bridge at 00 : 22 on June 6 and Corporal Emile Bouétard of the 4th Free French SAS battalion , at the same time in Plumelec , Brittany . The United States Sixth Fleet extensively supported the filming and made available many amphibious landing ships and craft for scenes filmed in Corsica , though many of the ships were of ( then ) modern vintage . The Springfield and Little Rock , both World War II light cruisers ( though extensively reconfigured into guided missile cruisers ) were used in the shore bombardment scenes , though it was easy to tell they did not resemble their wartime configuration . Gerd Oswald was the uncredited director of the parachute drop scenes into Sainte - Mère - Église . Darryl F. Zanuck said that he himself directed some uncredited pick - ups with American and British interiors . Elmo Williams was credited as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes . He later produced another historical World War II film , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! ( 1970 ) , for Zanuck . Like The Longest Day , it used a docudrama style , although it was in color . It depicted the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 . Casting ( edit ) John Wayne in The Longest Day Charlton Heston actively sought the role of Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Vandervoort , but the last - minute decision of John Wayne to take the role prevented Heston 's participation . At 55 Wayne was 28 years older than Vandervoort at the time of action ( and 10 years older in real life ) . While everyone else accepted $25,000 as payment , Wayne insisted on $250,000 to punish producer Zanuck for referring to him as `` poor John Wayne '' regarding Wayne 's problems with his lavish movie The Alamo . Zanuck hired more than 2,000 legitimate soldiers for the film as extras . Sgt . Kaffeekanne ( played by Gert Fröbe ) 's name is German for `` coffee pot '' , which he always carries . It is a common misconception that Bill Millin , the piper who accompanies Lord Lovat to Normandy with his bagpipes , played himself in the film . He was actually portrayed by Pipe Major Leslie de Laspee , the official piper to the Queen Mother in 1961 . In Sainte - Mère - Église , Pvt . John Steele from the 82nd Airborne ( played by Red Buttons ) has been memorialised by the local population with a dummy hanging from a parachute from the church tower on which he accidentally landed . Richard Todd , who played Maj . John Howard , leader of the British airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge , took part in the real bridge assault on D - Day . He was offered the chance to play himself but took the part of Maj . Howard instead . Joseph Lowe landed on Omaha Beach and scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc on D - Day . He repeated the climb for the cameras 17 years later as a serving member of the 505th Airborne Battle Group who provided US Army film extras . Former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was considered for the role of himself in the film , and he indicated his willingness . However , it was decided that makeup artists could n't make him appear young enough to play his World War II self . The role of Gen. Eisenhower went to Henry Grace , a set decorator with no acting experience but who had been in the film industry since the mid-1930s . He was a dead ringer for the younger Eisenhower , though his voice differed . The film marked the last film appearance of Sean Connery before he was cast in the role of James Bond . Gert Fröbe ( Sgt . Kaffeekanne ) and Curd Jürgens ( Gen. Günther Blumentritt ) would later go on to play Bond villains Auric Goldfinger ( Goldfinger ( 1964 ) ) and Karl Stromberg ( The Spy Who Loved Me ) respectively . Connery would later play Maj. Gen. Roy Urquhart in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , which was also based on a book by Cornelius Ryan . ( Likewise Wolfgang Preiss played Maj. Gen. Max Pemsel in The Longest Day and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in A Bridge Too Far . ) Mel Ferrer was originally signed to play the role of Gen. James M. Gavin but withdrew from the role due to a scheduling conflict . According to the 2001 documentary Cleopatra : The Film That Changed Hollywood , Richard Burton and Roddy McDowall were so bored having not been used for several weeks while filming in Rome that they phoned Zanuck begging to do `` anything '' on his film . They flew themselves to the location and each did a day 's filming for their cameo - performances for free . Release ( edit ) The film premièred in France on September 25 , 1962 , followed by the United States on October 4 and 23 for the United Kingdom . Given Fox was suffering with the financial losses of Cleopatra , the studio was intending for The Longest Day to have a wide release to reap quick profits . Zanuck forced them to do a proper Roadshow theatrical release , even threatening to sell distribution to Warner Bros. if Fox had refused to do so . The Longest Day eventually became the box office hit Fox needed , with $30 million in worldwide rentals on a $7.5 million budget . There were special - release showings of the film in several United States cities . Participants in D - Day were invited to see the film with their fellow soldiers -- in Cleveland , Ohio , this took place at the Hippodrome Theater . Unique for British - and American - produced World War II films of the time , all French and German characters speak in their own languages with subtitles in English . Another version , which was shot simultaneously , has all the actors speaking their lines in English ( this version was used for the film 's trailer , as all the Germans deliver their lines in English ) . However , this version saw limited use during the initial release . It was used more extensively during a late 1960s re-release of the film . The English - only version has been featured as an extra on older single disc DVD releases . As of August 2017 , it is also available for viewing on Netflix . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Art Direction ( 1962 ) : Ted Haworth , Léon Barsacq , Vincent Korda and Gabriel Béchir ( nominated ) Academy Award for Best Cinematography ( 1962 ) : Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz ( won ) Academy Award for Best Editing ( 1962 ) : Samuel E. Beetley ( nominated ) Academy Award for Best Picture ( 1962 ) : Darryl F. Zanuck ( nominated ) Academy Award for Best Special Effects ( 1962 ) : Robert MacDonald and Jacques Maumont ( won ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Day -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers. 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Overblown '' . TIME . October 19 , 1962 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rubin 1981 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 138 - 40 . Jump up ^ Lev 2013 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Rubin 1981 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gussow 1971 , p. 198 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre jour le plus long '' ( Our longest day ) . La Presse de la Manche . Cherbourg , France . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Day '' . American Film Institute . 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry ( 1997 ) . John Wayne 's America : The Politics of Celebrity . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80823 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Piper Bill Millin '' . The Pegasus Archive . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` D - Day Piper -- Bill Millin '' . The Miniatures Page . August 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Last Movie Tycoon , New York Magazine ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Day ( 1962 ) Awards '' . Turner Classic Movies , A Time Warner Company . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gussow , Mel ( 1971 ) . Darryl F. Zanuck : Do n't Say Yes Until I Finish Talking . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0306801329 . Lev , Peter ( 2013 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : The Zanuck - Skouras Years , 1935 -- 1965 . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0292744471 . Rubin , Steven Jay ( 1981 ) . Combat Films : American Realism , 1945 -- 2010 . McFarland . ISBN 0786486139 . Williams , Elmo ( 2006 ) . Elmo Williams : A Hollywood Memoir . McFarland . ISBN 0786426217 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Longest Day ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Longest Day ( film ) The Longest Day on IMDb The Longest Day at Rotten Tomatoes The Longest Day at the TCM Movie Database The Longest Day at AllMovie The Longest Day at the American Film Institute Catalog The Longest Day at Box Office Mojo The Longest Headache Works based around Operation Overlord Films I See a Dark Stranger ( 1946 ) Breakthrough ( 1950 ) The Desert Fox : The Story of Rommel ( 1951 ) Red Ball Express ( 1952 ) D - Day the Sixth of June ( 1956 ) Screaming Eagles ( 1956 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) Hell in Normandy ( 1968 ) Where Eagles Dare ( 1968 ) Overlord ( 1975 ) The Big Red One ( 1980 ) Eye of the Needle ( 1981 ) D - Day Remembered ( 1994 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 ) Plays Pressure ( 2014 ) TV Series The World at War , Episode 17 ( 1974 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Video Games Company of Heroes ( 2006 ) Films directed by Ken Annakin It Began on the Clyde ( 1946 ) Fenlands ( 1946 ) Holiday Camp ( 1947 ) Miranda ( 1948 ) Broken Journey ( 1948 ) Here Come the Huggetts ( 1948 ) Vote for Huggett ( 1949 ) The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) Landfall ( 1949 ) Double Confession ( 1950 ) Trio ( 1950 ) Hotel Sahara ( 1951 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Planter 's Wife ( 1952 ) The Sword and the Rose ( 1953 ) You Know What Sailors Are ( 1954 ) The Seekers ( 1954 ) Value for Money ( 1955 ) Loser Takes All ( 1956 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1956 ) Across the Bridge ( 1957 ) Nor the Moon by Night ( 1958 ) Third Man on the Mountain ( 1959 ) Swiss Family Robinson ( 1960 ) Very Important Person ( 1961 ) The Hellions ( 1961 ) The Fast Lady ( 1962 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) Crooks Anonymous ( 1962 ) The Informers ( 1963 ) Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines ( 1965 ) Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) The Long Duel ( 1967 ) The Biggest Bundle of Them All ( 1968 ) Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1972 ) Paper Tiger ( 1975 ) The Pirate ( 1978 ) The Fifth Musketeer ( 1979 ) Cheaper to Keep Her ( 1981 ) The Pirate Movie ( 1982 ) The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking ( 1988 ) Films directed by Andrew Marton Two O'Clock in the Morning ( 1929 ) The Night Without Pause ( 1931 ) Johnny Steals Europe ( 1932 ) North Pole , Ahoy ( 1934 ) Demon of the Himalayas ( 1935 ) Wolf 's Clothing ( 1936 ) Secret of Stamboul ( 1936 ) School for Husbands ( 1937 ) A Little Bit of Heaven ( 1940 ) Gentle Annie ( 1944 ) Gallant Bess ( 1946 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) Storm Over Tibet ( 1951 ) The Wild North ( 1952 ) Prisoner of War ( 1954 ) Men of the Fighting Lady ( 1954 ) Green Fire ( 1954 ) Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 ) Underwater Warrior ( 1958 ) Oh Islam ( 1961 ) It Happened in Athens ( 1962 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) 55 Days at Peking ( 1963 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1964 ) Crack in the World ( 1965 ) Clarence , the Cross-Eyed Lion ( 1965 ) Around the World Under the Sea ( 1966 ) Birds Do It ( 1966 ) Africa Texas Style ( 1967 ) Films directed by Bernhard Wicki Die Brücke ( 1959 ) The Miracle of Father Malachia ( 1961 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Visit ( 1964 ) Morituri ( 1965 ) The Conquest of the Citadel ( 1977 ) Spider 's Web ( 1989 ) Cornelius Ryan World War II trilogy The Longest Day ( film adaptation ) The Last Battle A Bridge Too Far ( film adaptation ) Other Cornelius Ryan Award Darryl F. Zanuck Producer Old San Francisco ( 1927 ) The First Auto ( 1927 ) The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) Tenderloin ( 1928 ) The Show of Shows ( 1929 ) Three Faces East ( 1930 ) The Doorway to Hell ( 1931 ) Little Caesar ( 1931 ) Illicit ( 1931 ) The Public Enemy ( 1931 ) The Man Who Played God ( 1932 ) The Rich Are Always with Us ( 1932 ) Doctor X ( 1932 ) Life Begins ( 1932 ) The Cabin in the Cotton ( 1932 ) Three on a Match ( 1932 ) 20,000 Years in Sing Sing ( 1932 ) Parachute Jumper ( 1933 ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) The Working Man ' ( 1933 ) Ex-Lady ( 1933 ) The Bowery ( 1933 ) Blood Money ( 1933 ) Moulin Rouge ( 1934 ) Looking for Trouble ( 1934 ) Born to Be Bad ( 1934 ) Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back ( 1934 ) The Mighty Barnum ( 1934 ) Folies Bergère de Paris ( 1935 ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1935 ) Metropolitan ( 1935 ) Thanks a Million ( 1935 ) The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo ( 1935 ) Professional Soldier ( 1935 ) The Prisoner of Shark Island ( 1936 ) It Had to Happen ( 1936 ) A Message to Garcia ( 1936 ) Under Two Flags ( 1936 ) The Road to Glory ( 1936 ) Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1936 ) Sing , Baby , Sing ( 1936 ) Pigskin Parade ( 1936 ) Seventh Heaven ( 1937 ) Slave Ship ( 1937 ) Wee Willie Winkie ( 1937 ) Wake Up and Live ( 1937 ) Thin Ice ( 1937 ) Lancer Spy ( 1937 ) In Old Chicago ( 1937 ) Happy Landing ( 1938 ) International Settlement ( 1938 ) Kentucky Moonshine Always Goodbye ( 1938 ) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm ( 1938 ) Just Around the Corner ( 1938 ) Little Miss Broadway ( 1938 ) My Lucky Star ( 1938 ) Submarine Patrol ( 1938 ) Jesse James ( 1939 ) Tail Spin ( 1939 ) Wife , Husband and Friend ( 1939 ) The Story of Alexander Graham Bell ( 1939 ) Rose of Washington Square ( 1939 ) Stanley and Livingstone ( 1939 ) The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hollywood Cavalcade ( 1939 ) Swanee River ( 1939 ) The Little Princess ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Little Old New York ( 1940 ) The Man I Married ( 1940 ) The Return of Frank James ( 1940 ) Brigham Young ( 1940 ) Down Argentine Way ( 1940 ) The Mark of Zorro ( 1940 ) Hudson 's Bay ( 1941 ) Tobacco Road ( 1941 ) The Great American Broadcast ( 1941 ) Blood and Sand ( 1941 ) A Yank in the R.A.F. ( 1941 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1942 ) Son of Fury : The Story of Benjamin Blake ( 1942 ) Sex Hygiene ( Short ) ( 1942 ) To the Shores of Tripoli ( 1942 ) This Above All ( 1942 ) Thunder Birds ( 1942 ) The Purple Heart ( 1944 ) Wilson ( 1944 ) Winged Victory ( 1944 ) The Razor 's Edge ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Fury at Furnace Creek ( 1948 ) The Snake Pit ( 1948 ) Pinky ( 1949 ) Twelve O'Clock High ( 1949 ) No Way Out ( 1950 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) David and Bathsheba ( 1951 ) People Will Talk ( 1951 ) Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) The Egyptian ( 1954 ) The View from Pompey 's Head ( 1955 ) The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit ( 1956 ) Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1957 ) The Roots of Heaven ( 1958 ) Crack in the Mirror ( 1960 ) Sanctuary ( 1961 ) The Big Gamble ( 1961 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Chapman Report ( 1962 ) The Visit ( 1964 ) Writer as Mark Canfield The Desired Woman ( 1927 ) ( story ) Maybe It 's Love ( 1930 ) Baby Face ( 1933 ) ( story ) Crack in the Mirror ( 1960 ) as Melville Crossman Tenderloin ( story ) ( 1928 ) State Street Sadie ( story ) ( 1928 ) Thanks a Million ( story ) ( 1935 ) A Yank in the R.A.F. ( story ) ( 1941 ) Thunder Birds ( original story ) ( 1942 ) China Girl ( story ) ( 1942 ) The Purple Heart ( story ) ( 1944 ) as Gregory Rogers Find Your Man ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1924 ) The Lighthouse by the Sea ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1924 ) Three Weeks in Paris ( story , screenplay as Darryl Zanuck ) ( 1925 ) The Midnight Taxi ( story ) ( 1928 ) as self A Broadway Butterfly ( 1925 ) Red Hot Tires ( 1925 ) Hogan 's Alley ( 1925 ) The Caveman ( scenario ) ( 1926 ) The Little Irish Girl ( adaptation ) ( 1926 ) The Social Highwayman ( 1926 ) Footloose Widows ( 1926 ) Across the Pacific ( adaptation ) ( 1926 ) The Better ' Ole ( screenplay ) ( 1926 ) Tracked by the Police ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1927 ) Old San Francisco ( 1927 ) The First Auto ( story ) ( 1927 ) Good Time Charley ( story ) ( 1927 ) Noah 's Ark ( story ) ( 1928 ) My Man ( story ) ( 1928 ) Hardboiled Rose ( story ) ( 1929 ) Madonna of Avenue A ( story ) ( 1929 ) Say It with Songs ( story ) ( 1929 ) The Life of the Party ( 1930 ) Little Caesar ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1931 ) The Dark Horse ( story ) ( 1932 ) Lady Killer ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1933 ) Folies Bergère de Paris ( contributing writer -- uncredited ) ( 1935 ) G Men ( story ) ( 1935 ) This Is My Affair ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1937 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( contributing writer -- uncredited ) ( 1938 ) The Great Profile ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1940 ) Ten Gentlemen from West Point ( 1942 ) Executive Producer Ramona ( 1936 ) Reunion ( 1936 ) Banjo on My Knee ( 1936 ) Kentucky ( 1938 ) Wild Geese Calling ( 1941 ) The King and I ( uncredited ) ( 1956 ) Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! ( uncredited ) ( 1970 ) People Virginia Fox ( wife ) Richard D. Zanuck ( son ) Dean Zanuck ( grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Day_(film)&oldid=802447899 '' Categories : 1962 films 1960s war films American films American war films American epic films American black - and - white films English - language films French - language films German - language films War epic films World War II films Operation Overlord films World War II films based on actual events Films about the French Resistance Films based on non-fiction books Films set in 1944 Films shot in Haute - Corse Films set on beaches Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award 20th Century Fox films Films directed by Andrew Marton Films directed by Bernhard Wicki Films directed by Ken Annakin Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Film scores by Maurice Jarre Epic films based on actual events Seafaring films based on actual events Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from September 2013 Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 05 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did john wayne play in the longest day | [
"\n\nActor\nRole\n\n\nEddie Albert\nColonel Thompson, 29th Infantry Division\n\n\nPaul Anka\nPrivate, 2nd Ranger Battalion\n\n\nRichard Beymer\nPrivate Arthur 'Dutch' Schultz, 82nd Airborne Division\n\n\nRed Buttons\nPrivate John Steele, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment\n\n\nGary Collins\nOfficer on destroyer bridge (uncredited)\n\n\nJohn Crawford\nColonel Eugene Caffey, Commander, 1st Engineer Special Brigade (uncredited)\n\n\nMark Damon\nPrivate Harris (uncredited)\n\n\nRay Danton\nCaptain Frank, 29th Infantry Division\n\n\nFred Dur\nMajor, 2nd Ranger Battalion\n\n\nFabian\nPrivate, 2nd Ranger Battalion\n\n\nMel Ferrer\nMajor General Robert Haines, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF)\n\n\nHenry Fonda\nBrigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., Assistant Commander, 4th Infantry Division\n\n\nSteve Forrest\nCaptain Harding, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment\n\n\nHenry Grace (dubbed by Allen Swift)\nGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited)\n\n\nPeter Helm\nYoung private, 29th Infantry Division\n\n\nJeffrey Hunter\nSergeant John H. Fuller, combat engineer, 29th Infantry Division\n\n\nAlexander Knox\nLieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, Chief of Staff, SHAEF\n\n\nMickey Knox\nDowned Airman, (uncredited)\n\n\nDewey Martin\nPrivate Wilder, 4th Infantry Division (scenes deleted)\n\n\nRoddy McDowall\nPrivate Morris, 4th Infantry Division\n\n\nJohn Meillon\nRear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces (uncredited)\n\n\nSal Mineo\nPrivate Martini, 82nd Airborne Division\n\n\nRobert Mitchum\nBrigadier General Norman Cota, Assistant Commander, 29th Infantry Division\n\n\nTony Mordente\nCook, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited)\n\n\nBill Nagy\nMajor, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment\n\n\nEdmond O'Brien\nMajor General Raymond O. Barton, Commander, 4th Infantry Division\n\n\nRon Randell\nJoe Williams, war correspondent\n\n\nRobert Ryan\nBrigadier General James M. Gavin, Assistant Commander, 82nd Airborne Division\n\n\nTommy Sands\nPrivate, 2nd Ranger Battalion\n\n\nGeorge Segal\nPrivate, 2nd Ranger Battalion\n\n\nBob Steele\nParatrooper, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited)\n\n\nRod Steiger\nDestroyer commander, United States Navy\n\n\nNicholas Stuart\nLieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, Commander, First Army (uncredited)\n\n\nTom Tryon\nLieutenant Wilson, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment\n\n\nRobert Wagner\nPrivate, 2nd Ranger Battalion\n\n\nJoe Warfield\nArmy medic (uncredited)\n\n\nJohn Wayne\nLieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort, CO, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment\n\n\nStuart Whitman\nLieutenant Sheen, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment\n\n"
] | [
"Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort, CO, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment"
] |
-2125218903099578559 | Battle of San Juan Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill - wikipedia Battle of San Juan Hill Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Battle of San Juan ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2013 ) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . Consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of San Juan Hill Part of the Spanish -- American War Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry at San Juan Hill , July 1 , 1898 . Date 1 July 1898 Location Near Santiago , Cuba 20 ° 01 ′ 15 '' N 75 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W / 20.0209106 ° N 75.7961154 ° W / 20.0209106 ; - 75.7961154 Result Cuban - American victory Belligerents United States Kingdom of Spain Commanders and leaders William R. Shafter Joseph Wheeler Arsenio Linares y Pombo Strength 8,412 800 Casualties and losses 144 killed 1,024 wounded 72 missing 58 killed 170 wounded 39 captured Spanish -- American War and Cuban War of Independence : Santiago Campaign , 1898 1st Cardenas 2nd Cardenas 3rd Cárdenas 1st Cienfuegos USS Merrimac Guantánamo Bay Fort Toro 2nd Cienfuegos Las Guasimas 1st Manzanillo Tayacoba Aguadores El Caney San Juan Hill 2nd Manzanillo Aguacate 1st Santiago 2nd Santiago 3rd Manzanillo Nipe Bay Manimani 4th Manzanillo The Battle of San Juan Hill ( 1 July 1898 ) , also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights , was a decisive battle of the Spanish -- American War . The San Juan heights was a north - south running elevation about 2 kilometres ( 2,200 yd ) east of Santiago de Cuba , Cuba . The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were given to the location by the Americans . This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war . It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders , as claimed by the press and its new commander , Theodore Roosevelt , who was to eventually become first vice-president and then president , and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Order of battle 2.1 U.S. 3 Battle 3.1 `` Hell 's Pocket '' 3.2 San Juan Heights 3.2. 1 San Juan Hill 3.2. 2 Kettle Hill 3.3 Spanish counterattack 4 Aftermath 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) Spanish General Arsenio Linares ordered 760 Spanish Army regular troops to hold the San Juan heights against an American offensive on July 1 , 1898 . For unclear reasons , Linares failed to reinforce this position , choosing to hold nearly 10,000 Spanish reserves in the city of Santiago de Cuba . Spanish hilltop entrenchments , while typically well - concealed , were not all correctly positioned for plunging fire , which made return fire at the advancing Americans more difficult . Most of the Spanish fortifications and trench lines were laid out along the geographic crest of the heights instead of the military crest . This meant that the fire from the Spanish troops would have difficulty hitting the advancing enemy when the attacking Americans reached the defilade at the foot of the heights . Once they began scaling the hill , however , the attackers would be in full view of the defenders , who could engage the Americans with both rifle and artillery fire . Most Spanish troops were recently arrived conscripts , but their officers were skilled in fighting Cuban insurgents . The Spanish were well equipped with supporting artillery , and all Spanish soldiers were armed with 7 mm Mauser M1893 rifles , a modern repeating bolt - action weapon with a high rate of fire that used high - velocity cartridges and smokeless powder . Spanish artillery units were armed mainly with modern rapid - fire breech - loading cannon , again using smokeless powder . The American regular forces and troopers were armed with bolt - action Krag rifles chambered in the smokeless . 30 Army caliber . However , U.S. 3.2 - inch artillery pieces were of an outmoded design , with a slow rate of fire due to bag powder charges and lack of a recoil mechanism . They also used less powerful black powder charges , which limited the effective range of support fire for U.S. troops . The Americans also had a four - gun Gatling Gun Detachment commanded by Lt. John Henry Parker . Parker 's men were equipped with four Colt Model 1895 Gatlings in . 30 Army caliber . Although these guns were hand - cranked , they were nevertheless capable of 700rpm or more in continuous fire , and were equipped with swivel mounts to allow greater field of fire coverage . General William Rufus Shafter commanded Fifth Army Corps , of about 15,000 troops in three divisions . Jacob F. Kent commanded the corps ' 1st Division ( brigade and division numbers in this era were only unique within their parent formation ) , while Henry W. Lawton commanded the 2nd Division . Joseph Wheeler commanded the dismounted Cavalry Division but was suffering from fever and had to turn over command to General Samuel S. Sumner . Shafter 's plans to attack Santiago de Cuba called for Lawton 's division to move north and reduce the Spanish stronghold at El Caney , a task which was to take about two hours . Then they were to join with the rest of the troops for the attack on the San Juan Heights . The remaining two divisions would move directly against the San Juan heights , with Sumner in the center and Kent to the south . Shafter , too ill to personally direct the operations , set up his headquarters at El Pozo 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) from the heights and communicated via mounted staff officers . Order of battle ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle U.S. ( edit ) U.S. Army photo taken near the base of Kettle Hill about July 4 , 1898 . The soldier is pointing at the top of Kettle Hill . In the background are the block houses on San Juan Hill and the American encampment . Fifth Army Corps -- Major General William Rufus Shafter , Corps Executive Officer -- Major General Joseph Wheeler ( Cavalry Division ) 1st Division -- Brigadier General Jacob Ford Kent 1st Brigade -- Brigadier General Hamilton S. Hawkins ; consisted of the 6th and 16th Infantry Regiments , along with the 71st ( New York Volunteer ) Infantry Regiment 2nd Brigade -- Colonel E.P. Pearson ; consisting of the 2nd , 10th , and 21st U.S. Infantry Regiments 3rd Brigade -- Colonel Charles A. Wikoff ; consisting of the 9th , 13th and 24th ( Colored ) U.S. Infantry regiments Cavalry Division ( Dismounted ) -- Major General Joseph Wheeler ; Division Executive Officer Samuel S. Sumner ( 1st Brigade ) was in command of the division when the battle began as General Wheeler was ill . Wheeler returned to the front once the battle was underway . 1st Brigade -- Brigadier General Samuel S. Sumner , Brigade Executive Officer Colonel Henry K. Carroll ( 6th Cav ) ; consisted of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry , 6th U.S. Cavalry and 9th U.S. Cavalry 2nd Brigade -- Brigadier General Leonard Wood ; consisted of the 1st U.S. Cavalry , 10th U.S. Cavalry and 1st Volunteer Cavalry The American assault line consisted of the following regiments : From the far left , attacking what later became known as San Juan Hill , was the 6th Infantry , the 9th Infantry , the 13th Infantry , the 16th Infantry , the 24th ( Colored ) Infantry , the 10th ( Colored ) Cavalry ( the 10th was the only unit that assaulted both high points on the San Juan heights ) , with the 3rd Cavalry , 1st Volunteer Cavalry on the far right , attacking what later became known as Kettle Hill . Battle ( edit ) At the Bloody Ford of the San Juan by Frederic Remington , 1898 `` Hell 's Pocket '' ( edit ) A company from the Signal Corps ascended in a hot air balloon to reconnoiter the hills . The balloon made a good target for the Spaniards . Hawkins ' brigade had already passed by the newfound route and Kent ordered forward the brigade under Colonel Charles A. Wikoff . Wikoff began heading down the trail at noon , and 30 minutes later he emerged from the woods and was struck by a Mauser bullet . He died as his staff officers carried him to the rear . Lt. Col. William S. Worth , next in rank , assumed command , but within five minutes fell wounded . Lt. Col. Emerson Liscom assumed command and within another five minutes received a disabling wound . Lt. Col. Ezra P. Ewers , fourth in command of the brigade , assumed command . Kent and Sumner lined up for the attack and waited for Lawton 's division to arrive from El Caney . Lawton did not arrive as scheduled , and no orders came from either Shafter or Wheeler . The troops waited at the base of the hill , plagued by constant Spanish Mauser gunfire in areas dubbed `` Hell 's Pocket '' or `` Bloody Ford '' . San Juan heights ( edit ) San Juan Hill ( edit ) In the meantime , Gen. Hamilton Hawkins ' 1st Infantry Brigade was preparing to assault San Juan Hill , the higher of the two hilltops forming San Juan heights . The southernmost point was most recognizable for the Spanish blockhouse , a defensive fort that dominated the crest . The Cavalry Brigade then moved into position . In open view of the Spanish positions on the heights , the Americans suffered casualties from rifle and artillery fire while awaiting orders from General Shafter to take the hill . As the volume of fire increased , officers began to agitate for action . US Army photo showing trench and block house on San Juan Hill about July 4 , 1898 . Soldiers are from the 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment . The 2nd and 10th Infantry regiments of the 2nd Brigade were ordered by the brigade commander , Col. E.P. Pearson , to advance towards the Spanish lines . Positioned on the far left of the American line , the two regiments moved forward in good order , advanced towards a small knoll on the Spanish right flank , and drove groups of Spanish skirmishers back towards their trenches . A former brigade staff officer , First Lieutenant Jules Garesche Ord ( son of General E.O.C. Ord ) , officially of the 6th Infantry Regiment but temporarily assigned to D Company of the 10th due to sick and heat - disabled officers in the Fifth Corps , made a special request to General Hawkins . `` General , if you will order a charge , I will lead it . '' Hawkins responded , `` I will not ask for volunteers , I will not give permission and I will not refuse it , '' he said . `` God bless you and good luck ! '' Lt. Ord then asked the leaders to the right of the 10th Cavalry ( members of the 3rd and 1st Volunteers ) to `` support the regulars '' when they charged the heights . When Ord returned to his assigned unit , he advised his commander , Captain John Bigelow , Jr. of D Troop , of his conversation with the General . Bigelow gave the honor to sound the advance to Lt. Ord . With a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other , Ord stood up and ordered the advance of his unit . The Buffalo Soldiers ( members of the 10th cavalry Regiment ) moved out of the trenches and up the hill . Units to the right began moving forward in a ripple effect to support the regulars . To the left of the 10th , a cheer went out from members of the 24th all - black Infantry Regiment , and they too moved toward the top of the heights . They were accompanied by elements of the 6th Infantry Regiment , including E Company , led by Capt . L.W.V. Kennon , as well as units from the 9th and 13th Infantry Regiments . The 16th Infantry followed some distance behind the lead formations , while the 71st ( New York Volunteer ) infantry regiment , having failed to initially advance with the other regiments , remained at the rear . As the units began their advance up the hill , they became separated , with the battalions of some regiments placed between those of other regiments . The Scream of Shrapnel at San Juan Hill , by Frederic Remington , 1898 The Fifth Corps ' newly formed Gatling Gun Detachment participated in the U.S. Army 's first use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat . Because U.S. black - powder artillery pieces lacked the range to reach the Spanish positions , Lt. John Parker 's Gatling battery of four . 30 10 - barrelled guns was originally conceived as providing covering fire for the artillery trains . The Gatling Gun Detachment was ordered to move forward in support of the U.S. assault , and Lt. Parker received orders from his colonel to detach one gun to General Shafter 's aide , Lt. John D. Miley , then to take the remaining three guns forward `` to the best point you can find '' . Parker set up his three Gatlings approximately 600 yd ( 550 m ) from the San Juan Hill blockhouse and its surrounding trenches , occupied by Spanish regulars ; 800 yd ( 730 m ) away was another ridge - line , also with Spanish entrenchments . Being exposed , the Detachment soon came under attack and quickly lost five men to wounds and others to severe heat stroke . Ordinarily , four to six men were required to operate each Gatling gun . Nevertheless , the crews continued to fire at the Spanish . Lt. Parker 's three rapid - fire Gatlings provided covering fire for U.S. forces assaulting both hills . Equipped with swivel mountings that enabled the gunners to rake Spanish positions , the three guns poured a continuous and demoralizing hail of bullets into the Spanish defensive lines . Witnessing the assault on San Juan Hill , more than one observer from the U.S. side noticed some of the Spanish defenders fleeing their trenches to escape the intense fire . The Gatlings continued to fire until Lt. Parker observed Lt. Ferguson of the 13th Infantry waving a white handkerchief as a signal for the battery to cease firing to avoid causing friendly casualties . The American assault then broke into a charge about 150 yd ( 140 m ) from the crest of the hill . Major William Auman was the first commanding officer to reach the top of the hill . Lt. Ord was among the first to reach the crest of San Juan heights . As the Spanish fled , Lt. Ord directed supporting fire into the remaining Spanish until he was mortally wounded by a shot to the throat . General Hawkins was wounded shortly after . At 13 : 50 , Private Arthur Agnew of the 13th Infantry pulled down the Spanish flag atop the San Juan blockhouse . General Wood sent requests for General Kent to send up infantry to strengthen his vulnerable position . When General Wheeler reached the trenches , he ordered breastworks constructed . The Americans ' position on San Juan was exposed to artillery fire from within Santiago , and General Shafter feared the American position on Kettle Hill was vulnerable to counter-attack by Spanish forces . A Spanish counter-attack was launched late in the afternoon , but was easily beaten back with the aid of supporting Gatling fire from San Juan Hill . Though General Wheeler assured Shafter that the position could be held , Shafter nevertheless ordered a withdrawal . Before the men on Kettle Hill could withdraw , General Wheeler called aside Generals Kent and Sumner and reassured them that the line could be held . During the night , the Americans worked at strengthening the lines while awaiting reinforcements . Kettle Hill ( edit ) Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill by Frederic Remington . In reality , they assaulted San Juan Heights and the portion later called Kettle Hill by the Americans . The 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry ( Rough Riders ) , along with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment , began a near simultaneous assault supporting the regulars of the 10th Cavalry ( Buffalo Soldiers ) up Kettle Hill , supported by the fire of three Gatling guns commanded by Lt. John H. Parker . Trooper Jesse D. Langdon of the 1st Volunteer Infantry , who accompanied Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders in their assault on Kettle Hill , reported : We were exposed to the Spanish fire , but there was very little because just before we started , why , the Gatling guns opened up at the bottom of the hill , and everybody yelled , `` The Gatlings ! The Gatlings ! '' and away we went . The Gatlings just enfiladed the top of those trenches . We 'd never have been able to take Kettle Hill if it had n't been for Parker 's Gatling guns . '' During the battle , Parker 's Gatling guns expended approximately 18,000 rounds in eight and a half minutes ( over 700 rounds per minute of continuous fire ) into the Spanish defensive lines atop the heights , killing many of the defenders and forcing others to flee the trench lines , while disrupting the aim of any still alive who continued to resist . Col. Egbert , commander of the 6th Infantry assaulting San Juan Hill , stated that his regiment was brought to a halt near the top of the hill to await the cease - fire order , as the Gatling fire striking the crest and trench line was so intense . Col. Theodore Roosevelt later gave much of the credit for the successful capture of the Spanish positions atop the heights to Parker 's inventive use of his Gatling Gun Detachment : `` I think Parker deserved rather more credit than any other one man in the entire campaign ... he had the rare good judgment and foresight to see the possibilities of the machine - guns . He then , by his own exertions , got it to the front and proved that it could do invaluable work on the field of battle , as much in attack as in defense . '' Roosevelt observed that the hammering sound of the guns raised the spirits of his men : `` While thus firing , there suddenly smote on our ears a peculiar drumming sound . One or two of the men cried out , ' The Spanish machine guns ! ' but , after listening a moment , I leaped to my feet and called , ' It 's the Gatlings , men ! Our Gatlings ! ' Immediately the troopers began to cheer lustily , for the sound was most inspiring . '' Under continuous fire , the advance slowed as troops dropped from heat exhaustion . Officers from the rest of Wood 's brigade , along with Carroll 's , bunched up under fire . When the regulars of the all - black Buffalo Soldiers punched toward the top of the hill , the units became intermingled . One of the 10th 's officers who took part in the attack , 1st Lieutenant John J. `` Black Jack '' Pershing , would later reach the highest rank ever held in the United States Army by a living officer -- General of the Armies of the United States . Pershing later recalled that : ... the entire command moved forward as coolly as though the buzzing of bullets was the humming of bees . White regiments , black regiments , regulars and Rough Riders ( i.e. volunteers ) , representing the young manhood of the North and the South , fought shoulder to shoulder , unmindful of race or color , unmindful of whether commanded by ex-Confederate or not , and mindful of only their common duty as Americans . '' When the American formations ( 10th , 3rd & 1st Volunteers ) reached the summit of Kettle Hill , they briefly fought hand to hand within the Spanish defensive works , at which point the Spanish retreated . Most reports name the first American soldier to reach the crest of Kettle Hill as Sgt . George Berry of the 10th Cavalry who took both the 10th and 3rd Cavalry battle flags to the summit . This is supported in the writings of Pershing , who fought with the 10th on Kettle Hill and who was present when Col. Roosevelt reached the top . Politics and racial discrimination led to many myths about the African - American involvement in the fighting in Cuba . 2nd Lieutenant Thomas H. Rynning is credited with being the first Rough Rider to reach the top of the hill , where he rallied his men with the Rough Riders ' flag . General Linares 's troops on San Juan heights fired on the newly - won American position on the crest of Kettle Hill . The Americans returned fire on the entrenched Spanish troops . Seeing the `` spontaneous advance '' of the 1st Infantry Brigade , led by the 10th Cavalry , General Wheeler ( having returned to the front ) gave the order for General Kent to advance with his whole division and ordered the 3rd Brigade into the attack . Kent sent forward the 3rd Infantry Brigade , now effectively commanded by Lt. Col. Ezra P. Ewers , to join the advance , which had successfully reached the heights. `` Previous to the return of the troops the newspapers in the Territory claimed the distinction for Arizona that ( George ) Truman of B Troop was the first American soldier on the Heights of San Juan . On return of the troops this statement was verified by Middleton , Owens and Sargent Norton of B Troop who were along with , and close to , Truman at the time the ascent was made . '' Spanish counterattack ( edit ) Original title : `` Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders at the top of the hill which they captured , Battle of San Juan Hill . US Army victors on Kettle Hill about July 3 , 1898 after the battle of San Juan Hill ( s ) . '' Left to right are 3rd US Cavalry , 1st Volunteer Cavalry ( with Roosevelt at center ) , and 10th US Cavalry . A second similar picture is often seen , in which all but the 1st Volunteer Cavalry and Roosevelt are cropped out . Witnessing the assault on San Juan Hill , Col. Roosevelt decided to cross the steep ravine from Kettle Hill to San Juan Hill to support the ongoing fighting . Calling for his men to follow , he ran forward , only to find just five of the Rough Riders following him ( most had not heard his command ) . Roosevelt returned , gathered a larger group of men . Under advice he led them down the less steep western slope of Kettle Hill , past a small lagoon , and was ready to start up the northern extension of San Juan Hill . By then the fighting was over at the top of the heights . General Summer intercepted Roosevelt and angrily ordered him to return to Kettle Hill immediately to prepare for the expected counterattack . When he returned , his men were exhausted and his horse was spent from the heat . When the expected counterattack came , these men were ineffective . After the Spanish positions atop San Juan Hill had been taken , two of Lt. Parker 's Gatling guns were dragged by mules up the slope to the captured position on San Juan ridge , where both were hurriedly emplaced among a line of skirmishers . As the Americans were setting up the guns , the Spanish commenced a general counterattack on the heights . Though the attack on San Juan was quickly broken up , the men on Kettle Hill faced a more serious attack from some 120 Spanish regulars . Ignoring an order from Col. Leonard Wood to reposition one or two of his Gatling guns to the top of Kettle Hill to support the 1st Volunteer and 3rd Cavalry , Parker instead ordered the closest Gatling , manned by Sgt . Green , to fire obliquely against 600 enemy soldiers attacking Kettle Hill . From a range of 600 yd ( 550 m ) , Sgt . Green 's Gatling responded , killing all but 40 of the attackers . After the counterattack was driven off , Lt. Parker moved to Kettle Hill to view the American positions , where he was soon joined by Sgt . Weigle 's Gatling and crew from San Juan , detached to the service of Lt. Miley . Miley ( who was primarily tasked with inspecting troop positions for General Shafter ) had restrained Weigle 's crew from opening fire during the entirety of the fighting . Parker then ordered Sgt . Weigle and his crew to emplace their gun on Kettle Hill . This Gatling was used to eliminate Spanish sniper fire against the American defensive positions on Kettle Hill . Returning to the two Gatlings on San Juan Hill , Lt. Parker had the guns relocated near the road to avoid counter-battery fire . Despite this precaution , the guns were bombarded by a heavy Spanish 6.3 in ( 160 mm ) gun . Parker located the enemy gun and trained the two Gatlings using a powerful set of field glasses . The two Gatlings then opened fire , silencing the Spanish 6.3 in ( 160 mm ) gun at a range of roughly 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) . July 4 , Parker ordered his three operational guns moved into the battle line around the city of Santiago . The wheels of the Gatling carriages were removed , and the Gatlings , along with two 7 mm Colt -- Browning machine guns ( a gift from Col. Roosevelt ) were placed in breastworks where they could command various sectors of fire . The fourth Gatling was repaired and placed in reserve . However , it was soon moved to Fort Canosa , where it was used during the siege of Santiago to fire 6,000 -- 7,000 rounds into the city to help force a surrender . Aftermath ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish -- American War at San Juan Hill . The Americans suffered almost five times as many losses as the Spanish . The Spaniards fought to the knife , losing a third of their force in casualties , but yielding very few prisoners . In view of the large number of U.S. casualties incurred from small - arms fire , the Army decided to update and modernize its small arms arsenal . The . 45 - 70 and M1892 ( Krag ) Springfield rifles were quickly retired from service in favor of new Mauser - pattern . 30 - 03 ( later . 30 - 06 Springfield ) M1903 Springfield rifles , while the remaining . 30 Army Gatling guns were replaced in 1909 by the M1909 Benét -- Mercié machine gun . Lawton 's division , which was supposed to have joined the fight early on 1 July 1898 , did not arrive until noon the following day , on 2 July 1898 , having encountered unexpectedly heavy resistance in the battle of El Caney . The Americans , aided by Cuban insurgents , immediately began the investment of Santiago , which surrendered just over two weeks later , on 17 July 1898 . Although Roosevelt and the Rough Riders achieved considerable fame with the victory , other soldiers fared less well . Ord never received recognition in the popular press of the day for his actions . The Army turned down requests for a medal for his heroism from his commanding officer and his commanding general . Coordinates : 20 ° 01 ′ 15 '' N 75 ° 47 ′ 58 '' W / 20.02083 ° N 75.79944 ° W / 20.02083 ; - 75.79944 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Konstam , Angus San Juan Hill 1898 : America 's Emergence as a World Power : 1998 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Wheeler was the senior most front line commander during the battle Santiago Campaign , 1898 by Joseph Wheeler ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ed . The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt . ( 2001 ) , Chapter 13 ^ Jump up to : Kinevan , Marcos E. , Brigadier General , USAF , retired ( 1998 ) . Frontier Cavalryman , Lieutenant John Bigelow with the Buffalo Soldiers in Texas . Texas Western Press , The University of Texas at El Paso . ISBN 0 - 87404 - 243 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , Scribner 's Magazine , Vol. 25 , January -- June 1899 , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 423 Jump up ^ While the Rough Rider 's troopers carried the Krag , each Rough Rider officer was equipped with a . 30 Army caliber M1895 Winchester lever - action rifle , courtesy of Col. Roosevelt . Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , UK : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) Jump up ^ Once the fighting had begun General Wheeler rode to the front becoming the senior ranking officer on the front lines as General Shafter was far to the rear at his headquarters . There he directed parts of Kent 's division and his own Cavalry Division during the attack . Jump up ^ Longacre , Edward G. A Soldier to the Last : Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler in Blue and Gray : 2006 p. 227 Jump up ^ Nofi , Albert The Spanish - American dragon , 1898 , 1997 p. 149 Jump up ^ Larned , J.N. , History For Ready Reference : Report of General Kent , Vol. 6 ( 1901 ) , Springfield , MA : C.A. Nichols , pp. 604 -- 605 : In his official report , General Kent stated that the 6th , 9th , 13th , 16th , and 24th regiments of infantry participated in the assault on San Juan Hill , and were due equal credit for its capture . The 25th Infantry Regiment ( Colored ) participated in the Battle of El Caney , and was not present for the attack on San Juan Hill . Jump up ^ General Kent 's Report : His Official Account Of The Three Days ' Fighting Around Santiago de Cuba , New York Times , July 22 , 1898 : Armed with obsolescent M1873 Trapdoor single - shot rifles , and with many of its soldiers ill with malaria , the 71st failed to advance with the lead formations , and played no role in the actual assault . Jump up ^ Lt. Parker 's use of the Gatling machine gun as offensive fire support was preceded by the U.S. Marines ' use of the M1895 Colt -- Browning machine gun a month before in their assault on Spanish positions surrounding Guantanamo Bay Harbor ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , David A. , Bullets and Bureaucrats : The Machine Gun and the United States Army 1861 -- 1916 , Greenwood Publishing ( 1982 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 23029 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 23029 - 5 , p. 101 Jump up ^ The Model 1895 10 - barrelled Gatling Gun was capable of an initial rate of fire of some 800 -- 900 rpm . ^ Jump up to : Jones , V.C. , Before The Colors Fade : Last Of The Rough Riders , American Heritage Magazine , August 1969 , Vol. 20 , Issue 5 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , Kansas City , MO : Hudson - Kimberly Publishing Co. ( 1898 ) , pp. 85 -- 89 Jump up ^ Armstrong , David A. , Bullets and Bureaucrats : The Machine Gun and the United States Army 1861 -- 1916 , Greenwood Publishing ( 1982 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 23029 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 23029 - 5 , p. 104 : Capt . Lyman Kennon of the 6th Infantry and Capt . James B. Goe of the 13th Infantry reported that they personally observed Spanish troops running away to escape the Gatling fire . Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) : The three Gatling guns expended a total of 18,000 . 30 Army rounds against Spanish troop positions in support of the assault by U.S. forces . Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , Kansas City , MO : Hudson - Kimberly Publishing Co. ( 1898 ) , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , Kansas City , MO : Hudson - Kimberly Publishing Co. ( 1898 ) , pp. 137 -- 138 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars , Santa Barbara CA : ABC - CLIO Press ( 2009 ) , p. 238 Jump up ^ General Kent 's Report : His Official Account Of The Three Days ' Fighting Around Santiago de Cuba , New York Times , July 22 , 1898 Jump up ^ Armstrong 1982 , p. 104 : Well before the American infantry had reached the top of the heights , Capt . Lyman Kennon of the 6th Infantry and Capt . James B. Goe of the 13th Infantry reported that they personally observed Spanish troops running away to escape the Gatling fire . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , p. 568 Jump up ^ Parker 2006 , p. ? ? Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( May 1899 ) . `` The Rough Riders '' . Scribner 's Magazine . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 25 , p. 568 Jump up ^ Cashin , Herschel V. , Under Fire With the 10th U.S. Cavalry , Chicago : American Publishing House ( 1902 ) pp. 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Anthony L. Powell ( 1998 ) . `` Black Participation in the Spanish - American War '' . The Spanish - American War Centennial web site . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Evan Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` A ' Splendid ' War 's Shameful Side . The finale of the Spanish - American war , rooted in misunderstanding and racism , still reverberates '' . Newsweek.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Ranger Rynning '' . Genealogytrails.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ewers was the ranking surviving officer of the 3rd Brigade , after Colonel Wikoff , Lt. Col. Worth , and Lt. Col. Liscum had all been killed in action while the Brigade formed for the assault in full view of the Spanish lines atop San Juan Heights . Jump up ^ Connors , Jo , 1913 , Who 's Who in Arizona , Volume 1 , p. 748 . Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) , pp. 58 -- 59 : The third gun had broken its pintle pin , and could not be limbered . ^ Jump up to : Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) , p. 59 Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Sus. 2C_A_. 28dir. 29.2 C_. 281983.29 _Historia_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas. _Vol. _I_Zaragoza : _Palafox was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) , p. 59 : Parker 's account is very clear that he never obeyed Col. Wood 's order to redeploy his guns to Kettle Hill ( `` The order to move the guns was disregarded . '' ) , instead ordering Sgt . Green 's Gatling to fire immediately from its existing position atop San Juan at the Spanish assaulting Kettle Hill . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , The Rough Riders , p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Parker , John H. ( Lt . ) , The Gatlings At Santiago , Middlesex , U.K. : Echo Library ( reprinted 2006 ) , p. 68 Bibliography ( edit ) Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Roosevelt , Theodore . The Rough Riders . Nofi , Albert A. , The Spanish American War , 1898 , 1997 . Carrasco García , Antonio , En Guerra con Los Estados Unidos : Cuba , 1898 , Madrid : 1998 . `` Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill from a talk in 1998 during the Conference of Army Historians in Bethesda , Maryland '' . History.army.mil . External links ( edit ) Spanish -- American War Centennial website Rough Riders Officers Leonard Wood Theodore Roosevelt Alexander Oswald Brodie James H. McClintock Buckey O'Neill Seth Bullock John Campbell Greenway John Avery McIlhenny Allyn K. Capron Jr . Allyn K. Capron Sr . George Curry Woodbury Kane Thomas H. Rynning Enlisted men George G. McMurtry Chris Madsen Hamilton Fish Thomas Grindell Henry Barrett Billy McGinty Juan Alamia Frank Frantz Craig Wadsworth Henry Nash Ben Daniels Frank Knox Robert Wrenn Engagements Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Siege of Santiago Memorials Rough Riders Memorial Buckey O'Neill Cabin Bucky O'Neill Monument Bronco Buster Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage Film The Rough Riders ( 1927 film ) Teddy , the Rough Rider ( 1940 film ) Rough Riders ( 1997 mini-series ) See also Buckhorn Saloon Arizona Rangers Three Guardsmen Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Tiburón Island Tragedy Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers The Lost Battalion Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill&oldid=810699022 '' Categories : Battles of the Spanish -- American War Battles involving Cuba 1898 in Cuba History of Santiago de Cuba Rough Riders Theodore Roosevelt July 1898 events Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages with broken reference names Use dmy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from March 2016 All articles needing expert attention Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Latina Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of san juan hill take place | [
"\n\nBattle of San Juan Hill\n\n\nPart of the Spanish–American War\n\n\n\nDetail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry at San Juan Hill, July 1, 1898.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n1 July 1898\n\n\nLocation\nNear Santiago, Cuba\n20°01′15″N 75°47′46″W / 20.0209106°N 75.7961154°W / 20.0209106; -75.7961154\n\n\nResult\nCuban-American victory[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n Kingdom of Spain\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n William R. Shafter\n Joseph Wheeler[2]\n Arsenio Linares y Pombo\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n8,412[3]\n800[3]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n144 killed[3]\n1,024 wounded[3]\n72 missing[3]\n58 killed[3]\n170 wounded[3]\n39 captured[3]\n\n"
] | [
"Near Santiago, Cuba"
] |
6827051372559688352 | Big Brother 19 (U.S.) | Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) - wikipedia Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Big Brother ( U.S. season 19 ) . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . Big Brother ◄ Season 19 ( 2017 ) ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Josh Day 1 Day 92 Paul Day 1 Day 92 Christmas Day 1 Day 92 Kevin Day 1 Day 86 Alex Day 1 Day 84 Raven Day 1 Day 79 Jason Day 1 Day 79 Matt Day 1 Day 72 Mark Day 1 Day 65 Elena Day 1 Day 58 Cody Day 1 Day 30 Day 23 Day 58 Jessica Day 1 Day 51 Ramses Day 1 Day 37 Dominique Day 1 Day 30 Jillian Day 1 Day 16 Megan Day 1 Day 8 Cameron Day 1 Day 1 Winner $500,000 Runner - up $50,000 Evicted Walked America 's Favorite HouseGuest $25,000 Big Brother 19 is the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . The season premiered on June 28 , 2017 on CBS in the United States with a two - hour season premiere and Julie Chen returning as host . The season was titled `` Summer of Temptation '' with the various contestants able to receive a temptation which gave the taker a surprise reward or game advantage but also unleashed a game change for one or more other players . Viewers at home were able to vote to offer selected chosen players a secret temptation . A weekly opt - in competition , known as the Temptation Challenge , would give the winner immunity from the week 's nomination but also put the last - place finisher on the block as a third nominee , able to compete in the weekly Veto Competition and avoid a backdoor nomination . On September 20 , 2017 , Josh Martinez won the game in a 5 -- 4 vote against returning Big Brother 18 runner - up Paul Abrahamian , earning the latter the distinction of being the first person to lose a Final 2 jury vote twice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcasts 1.3 Prizes 1.4 Twists 1.4. 1 Standard Temptations 1.4. 2 Battle Back Showdown 1.4. 3 Den of Temptation 1.4. 4 Temptation Competition 1.4. 5 Tree of Temptation 2 HouseGuests 2.1 Future appearances 3 Summary 4 Have - Nots 5 Voting History 5.1 Notes 6 Controversies and criticisms 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 8 References 9 External links Production Development Big Brother 19 was produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . This season of the program has been confirmed since August 10 , 2016 as part of a multi season renewal between Endemol Shine North America and CBS which also includes its twentieth season tentatively scheduled for the summer of 2018 . Julie Chen returned as the host of the series . Broadcasts The main television coverage of the season was screened on CBS beginning June 28 , 2017 with a two - hour season premiere . This season featured no changes to the schedule that was used in the previous edition , with episodes airing on Wednesday , Thursday , and Sunday each week . The weekly Thursday episode , which airs at 6 PM PDT , featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place . During the live eviction , the show will be hosted by Julie Chen . The weekly Sunday episode , which airs at 5 PM PDT , features the nomination ceremony , as well as some highlights from the previous days . The weekly Wednesday episode , which also airs at 5 PM PDT , features the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony , along with more highlights of recent events in the House . The live Internet feeds which have been a staple of the program since its first season will return as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS spin - off series Big Brother : After Dark will return on Pop for its twelfth season . The show serves as a live feed into the House , and is edited for profanity , nudity , slanderous statements and music copyrights . A special episode was aired on July 21 to show the `` Battle Back Showdown '' where one of the 4 first evicted HouseGuests competed to re-enter the Big Brother House . Prizes The HouseGuests will be competing for the main prize of $500,000 . Cash prizes of varying amounts may be offered as `` temptations '' over the course of the season . Kevin Schlehuber was awarded $25,000 on the premiere episode . The second cash temptation of the season was also claimed by Kevin ; this time , it was a smaller sum of $27 . Twists Changes to the main format known as twists occur during the course of the season that will impact the lives of the HouseGuests during their time in the House . The twists for this season center around the theme of temptation where the HouseGuests will be tempted with money , power or safety during their stay . Each temptation however will come with a consequence that will impact the entire House . The overall main twist is being billed by the program as `` The Summer of Temptation '' for this reason . Standard temptations During the season premiere the HouseGuests were presented with the first temptation of the season , in which each new HouseGuest had a chance to secretly win $25,000 . Kevin Schlehuber was the quickest to claim the monetary prize , resulting in two different consequences . The first consequence was personal : Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition ; to keep his winning a secret , he had to throw ( intentionally lose ) the competition . The second consequence unleashed a major twist on the House called the `` BB Swap . '' This resulted in Paul Abrahamian , runner - up from the previous season , entering the House as a full HouseGuest eligible to win by taking the place of an original HouseGuest . Shortly after entering Paul was given nine friendship bracelets which gave immunity from the first eviction . Paul was instructed to take one for himself and give the remaining eight friendship bracelets to the HouseGuests that did a good job tempting him . The remaining eight HouseGuests took part in a competition for safety which resulted in Cameron , Christmas , and Jillian being nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given the power to choose how their fate would be determined . The nominees had a choice of a competition or a house eviction vote . Only Cameron chose to have a competition ; shortly after , the HouseGuests voted to evict Cameron from the House . The following temptation would be during the second Week 1 HoH competition . During the competition , a golden apple appeared that would guarantee safety for the person who grabbed it , but would eliminate the team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team from the HoH competition . In the Week 1 Power of Veto competition , the first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season with the consequence of eliminating themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . Battle Back Showdown Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game . Unlike last season , this showdown was done in playoff style . They will participate in a 3 - Round - Battle in order to gain their spot back in the house . The first competition `` Maze Race '' will eliminate the bottom two finishers , permanently eliminating them from the game . Dominique and Jillian lost the competition to Cody and Cameron respectively ; The second Competition between Cody and Cameron determined which first four evicted HouseGuest will be the last one standing and battle one of the HouseGuests in the house for a chance to get back to the house . If the evicted HouseGuest wins against the current HouseGuest , the remaining evictee will have a second chance to re-enter the house . However if the current HouseGuest defeats the returning evictee , no one will be returning to the house effectively blocking the Battle Back . The HouseGuests unanimously voted to choose Paul to battle Cody in the final competition . Cody chose `` Maze Race '' as the final competition . Cody won and re-entered the house on Day 30 . All three duels aired in a special episode on July 21 . Round # Winner ( s ) Loser ( s ) Cody , Cameron Dominique , Jillian Cody Cameron Cody Paul Den of temptation During the first three weeks of the season , the viewing public will vote for a HouseGuest of their choice to secretly enter a room called the Den of Temptation . The temptation inside the den could provide an advantage in the game but will come with a consequence that may affect one or more HouseGuests . The public 's chosen HouseGuest can choose to accept the temptation or reject it completely . Each HouseGuest can only be chosen to enter the den once during their time in the House . The results of the vote and the HouseGuest decision will be shown during the Sunday primetime episode . No . Date given Temptation ( if accepted ) Consequence ( if accepted ) Den Entrant Consequence Recipient Result Wed , June 28 The Pendant of Protection The HouseGuest will be immune from the next three evictions . The HouseGuest must pick a poison that is tied to another HouseGuest . The HouseGuest whose poison was chosen is now `` cursed '' and must volunteer as a third nominee for eviction in the next 3 weeks . Paul Ramses Accepted Sun , July 2 The Ring of Replacement The HouseGuest will have the power to swap with one of the randomly drawn players in the Power of Veto competition and take their place and have the power to participate in any veto competition . This temptation can only be used once . The HouseGuest must choose 3 HouseGuests to wear `` Ve - Toad '' costumes for the rest of the week . Christmas Cody , Jason , Jessica Accepted Wed , July 19 The Halting Hex The HouseGuest will have the power to stop one of the next 4 evictions , meaning that no eviction vote would be held and no one would be evicted . The `` Temptation Competition '' is unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Jessica All HouseGuests Accepted Temptation competition Due to Jessica accepting the final temptation , the `` Temptation Competition '' was unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Prior to nominations , HouseGuests ( except for the current Head of Household ) would be able to decide if they wanted to compete in this competition or not . The winner of the `` Temptation Competition '' would receive immunity for the week , however , the HouseGuest that finishes last in the competition would be automatically nominated as a 3rd nominee . Week # Competitors Winner Loser 5 Alex , Jason , Mark , Matt Mark Jason 6 Alex , Cody , Elena , Jason , Jessica , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Cody Jessica 7 Cody , Elena , Jason , Josh , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Mark Matt Tree of temptation After Cody and Elena 's eviction , Julie revealed a new twist into the game which unleashed 5 possible temptations for HouseGuests to select for the next 3 weeks . These temptations include powers and punishments . When the apple tree turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the diary room gets to claim a temptation from the apple tree . Once a HouseGuest claims an apple , they are not eligible for another temptation . The results of picking an apple include , save a friend , ca n't play in next HOH , second veto , bounty on your head , and eliminate two eviction votes . Week # Name Description Picker Result 8 Save a Friend The winner earns the right to award immunity to another HouseGuest for the week . Mark Paul 9 None 10 None ^ Jump up to : No one decided to choose an apple temptation . HouseGuests Main article : List of Big Brother 19 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the nineteenth season of Big Brother . Top : Ramses , Christmas , Jessica , Mark , Josh , Raven , Dominique and Jason Middle row : Paul , Jillian , Matt , Megan , Alex , Cody and Cameron Bottom : Elena and Kevin The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 19 at 6 AM PDT through the CBS website . Interviews with the cast were released at 8 AM PDT on CBS All Access . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Alex Ow 28 Eco-friendly marketing representative California , Camarillo , Camarillo , California Cameron Heard 24 Microbiologist Illinois , Woodridge , Woodridge , Illinois Christmas Abbott 35 Fitness superstar North Carolina , Raleigh , Raleigh , North Carolina Cody Nickson 32 Construction sales representative Texas , Plano , Plano , Texas Dominique Cooper 30 Government engineer Virginia , Woodbridge , Woodbridge , Virginia Elena Davies 26 Radio personality Texas , Dallas , Dallas , Texas Jason Dent 37 Rodeo clown Iowa , Humeston , Humeston , Iowa Jessica Graf 26 VIP concierge California , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California Jillian Parker 24 Timeshare sales representative Nevada , Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada Josh Martinez 23 Haircare sales Florida , Homestead , Homestead , Florida Kevin Schlehuber 55 Stay - at - home dad Massachusetts , Boston , Boston , Massachusetts Mark Jansen 26 Personal trainer New York , Grand Island , Grand Island , New York Matthew `` Matt '' Clines 33 Renovation consultant Virginia , Arlington , Arlington , Virginia Megan Lowder 28 Dog walker Arizona , Phoenix , Phoenix , Arizona Paul Abrahamian 24 Clothing designer California , Tarzana , Tarzana , California Ramses Soto 21 Cosplay artist Michigan , Grand Rapids , Grand Rapids , Michigan Raven Walton 23 Dance teacher Arkansas , DeValls Bluff , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas Future appearances Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson took place in the 30th season of The Amazing Race in which they went on to win , earning them a distinction of being the first Big Brother alumni to win The Amazing Race . Paul Abrahamian also appeared alongside Graf and Nickson when the three made a cameo appearance in the series premiere of Celebrity Big Brother during the first HoH competition of the season . Summary Week 1 On Day 1 , 16 new HouseGuests entered the newest rendition of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in and introductions were done , they were then informed by series host Julie Chen that the theme for this season is `` Summer of Temptation '' , where they would face various offers during the game that would offer them prizes and unique game - changing advantages throughout the season . However , every temptation that was accepted in the House would have a consequence that would affect at least one of the other HouseGuests . They began the summer inside the Garden of Temptation , the first competition of the season . Temptation Competition ( Prize : $25,000 ) : The HouseGuests , while sequestered in 16 separate pods , were given the offer of $25,000 . A flower was placed in front of the pods and the first HouseGuest to press their button when the flower lit up green would win the money . The identity of the person who pressed the button to accept the money would remain anonymous , however their actions would unleash the first twist of the season . Kevin accepted the offer , but in doing so it required him to throw the first Head of Household competition as he was now ineligible to win it . As another consequence for Kevin pressing the button , Paul from Big Brother 18 re-entered the House as the seventeenth HouseGuest . However , it was revealed by Chen that he would be swapping spots with one of the new HouseGuests that would be evicted the same night in a first - ever `` BB Swap . '' Paul was given the task to select eight HouseGuests to receive a `` friendship '' bracelet . Any HouseGuest who received a `` friendship '' bracelet would be immune from eviction . He gave bracelets to Kevin , Raven , Dominique , Mark , Jason , Jessica , Ramses , and Elena . Safety Competition ( `` Tempted by the Fruit '' ) : The remaining eight HouseGuests battled for their lives in the Tempted by the Fruit competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to stand on a trapeze bar while holding on to a rope . If a HouseGuest fell off , they had to select an apple from a serpent . Four apples contained safety , while three apples were `` poisonous '' . As the competition continued , Julie would give them clues guiding them to the four safe apples . The last HouseGuest standing would guarantee his or her safety from the eviction , and the three HouseGuests with poisonous apples would be nominated for the first eviction . Cody was the winner ; Christmas , Cameron , and Jillian had the poisoned apples and were put on the block . The nominees were then presented with their own temptation . Each nominee had the power to decide how their fate would ultimately be determined . They would each decide to either face an eviction vote or compete in an eviction competition , with the top 2 finishers guaranteed safety and the third place finisher automatically evicted . By a vote of 2 - 1 , they decided to face an eviction vote , with Cameron voting for an eviction competition . On Day 1 , Cameron was evicted by an 8 - 3 - 2 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Matt voting to evict Jillian , and Josh and Jason voting to evict Christmas . Julie then revealed the next twist to the viewers . Each week , America would vote to select one HouseGuest to enter the `` Den of Temptation . '' Inside the Den , they would be offered a temptation . A HouseGuest is only able to be selected once throughout the entire season . However , every temptation will come with a consequence . Following Cameron 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Hangs in the Balance '' ) : Big Brother 18 winner Nicole hosted the HouseGuests in the Hangs in the Balance Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were divided into four same - gender teams . One at a time , HouseGuests had to swing across their ropes and grab a rotten apple and then return it to their station . However , they were all tempted by a golden apple : the first HouseGuest to return a golden apple would earn safety for the week , but would also eliminate their entire team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team . The first two teams to retrieve eight apples would advance to the second round of the competition . The pink team and the blue team were the winners , who then went head - to - head to balance seven apples on a tree . However , only one person per team could compete . The first HouseGuest to successfully balance their apples would be the first Head of Household . Cody was the winner . On Day 5 , Cody nominated Jillian and Megan for eviction . As Head of Household , Cody was required to name five Have - Nots for the week . He selected Megan , Josh , Jillian , Paul , and Ramses . However , the Have - Nots were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . On Day 8 , Megan walked from the game after an argument with numerous HouseGuests over an alleged racial slur . Following Megan 's departure : Paul took the Have - Not temptation and successfully claimed the Have - Not Escape . The HouseGuests learned of the Den of Temptation . Paul was given the offer of the Pendant of Protection , which would give him immunity for the next three evictions . By accepting the offer , another HouseGuest would be cursed . Whichever HouseGuest was represented by the chosen bottle would be the consequence recipient . On Day 9 , Cody nominated Alex to replace Megan on the block alongside Jillian . As consequence for Paul accepting the Pendant , one HouseGuest was `` bitten '' by a snake inside the Den . The HouseGuest bitten will be cursed and be given further instructions by Big Brother . Ramses was bitten and learned that he must place himself on the block as a third nominee within one of the next three nomination ceremonies . Power of Veto ( `` Fin to Win '' ) : On Day 9 , Cody , Alex , and Jillian , alongside Matt , Raven , and Jason , scrapped in the Fin to Win Power of Veto competition , which was hosted by Kevin . In this competition , HouseGuests had to pull the plug on their water timer , causing it to drain . They had to then search the water for starfish and put them on their stacking shelf one at a time . If their water began to run low , they could collect water from the ocean to put in their timer . Once a HouseGuest 's water timer was empty , their starfish were locked in . However , the players were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season . However , they would eliminate themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . The HouseGuest with the most starfish stacked on their shelf after their water had drained would win the Power of Veto . Alex won the Power of Veto . On Day 11 , Alex took herself off the block , and Cody attempted to nominate Paul , who was immune thanks to the Pendant of Protection . This led Cody to nominate Christmas as the third replacement nominee . Christmas broke her foot in multiple places as well as tearing some ligaments when she and Jason were clowning around in the backyard . Even though Christmas was Cody 's target , many people were angry with Cody 's unforeseen nomination of Christmas . On Day 16 , Jillian was evicted by an 8 - 4 vote , with Alex , Jason , Jessica , and Ramses voting to evict Christmas . Week 2 Following Jillian 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Sugar Shot Head ) : Sponsored by the new CBS game show Candy Crush . In this competition , candies would fall into the yard . The HouseGuests needed to search the candies for tickets . Each ticket would give them one shot on the board . HouseGuests could exchange tickets and take up to three shots at one time . The first HouseGuest to land a ball in the center heart would be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . Cody , Jason , Jessica , and Matt became the Have - Nots for the week . On Day 17 , Christmas was tempted with the `` Ring of Replacement '' inside the Den . If she accepts this temptation , she can replace a randomly drawn player in any Veto competition this season . She accepted the temptation . She was then required to select three HouseGuests for the curse , and these three will be the only people Christmas has the option to replace . She selected Cody , Jessica , and Jason . On Day 17 , Paul nominated Alex and Josh for eviction , with the plan to backdoor Cody , while Ramses revealed his curse and named himself as a third nominee . As consequence for Christmas accepting the temptation , Cody , Jessica , and Jason had to wear toad suits for the week . Jason accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Extension . Power of Veto ( `` Path of Least Resistance '' ) : On Day 18 , Paul , Alex , Josh , and Ramses , alongside Elena and Matt , recalled in the Path of Least Resistance Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must go through a series of rooms and answer questions based on what they have seen throughout the previous rooms . If they answer a question correctly , they may walk through a quicker path . If they answer incorrectly , they must take a delayed path that contains a challenge that will slow them down . The HouseGuest to make it through all five areas in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 20 , Paul took Josh off the block and named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 23 , Cody was evicted by a 7 - 3 - 0 vote , with Christmas , Jessica , and Kevin voting to evict Ramses . Julie then informed Cody and America that the first four evicted HouseGuests would compete in the `` Battle Back Showdown '' with a chance to return to the game . Due to Christmas ' foot injury in the previous week , she was offered two options for the rest of her game : to either receive the medical treatments in the BB House with her having to sit out of some games as she would not be medically eligible to compete , or exit the BB House immediately . She decided to stay in the House . As a result , she cast her eviction vote from the hospital nearby and was sidelined for the following HOH competition . Week 3 Following Cody 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Space Cadets '' ) : The HouseGuests blasted off in the Space Cadets Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests stood on a small foothold and held on to their handles , trying to stay on the side of the space station . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . On Day 24 , Alex nominated Dominique and Jessica for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` Temple of Temptation '' ) : On Day 25 , Alex , Dominique , and Jessica , joined by Kevin , Christmas , and Jason , felt the heat in the Temple of Temptation Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must walk across their suspended beam and hit their statue . They must then return and hit their button again . Each time they hit their button , they will earn a point . If they fall in the lava , however , their counter will reset to zero . However , the HouseGuests were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to hit their special button will earn a money prize , but they will eliminate themselves from the competition . The first HouseGuest to get fifty points will win the Power of Veto . Kevin claimed the temptation of $27 . Jason was the winner . On Day 27 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 28 , Jessica was tempted with the `` Halting Hex '' . If she accepts this temptation , she can cancel any of the next four evictions . She accepted the offer . On Day 30 , Dominique was evicted by a 10 - 0 vote . The HouseGuests were then informed of the `` Battle Back Showdown '' . The evicted HouseGuests would face off in a series of head - to - head matches , with the winner facing the next evicted HouseGuest . The last standing will have a second chance at the game . Battle Back , Round 1 ( `` Maze Race '' ) : he first competition `` Maze Race '' will eliminate the bottom two finishers , permanently eliminating them from the game . Dominique and Jillian lost the competition to Cody and Cameron respectively . Battle Back , Round 2 : The second Competition between Cody and Cameron determined which first four evicted HouseGuest will be the last one standing and battle one of the HouseGuests in the house for a chance to get back to the house Battle Back , Round 3 ( `` Maze Race '' ) : If the evicted HouseGuest wins against the current HouseGuest , the remaining evictee will have a second chance to re-enter the house . However if the current HouseGuest defeats the returning evictee , no one will be returning to the house effectively blocking the Battle Back . The HouseGuests unanimously voted to choose Paul to battle Cody in the final competition . Cody chose `` Maze Race '' as the final competition . Cody won and re-entered the house on Day 30 . Week 4 Following Dominique 's eviction and Cody 's return : Head of Household ( `` What 's the Hold Up ? '' ) : The HouseGuests stuck it out in the What 's the Hold Up ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must press their red traffic disk up by pressing it against their board with their stick . If a HouseGuest drops their disk , they will be eliminated . As a HouseGuest is eliminated , they must select a HouseGuest to punish , making it more difficult for them to continue . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jessica was the winner . For being the first three HouseGuests out of the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Paul , as well as Josh , became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 31 , Jessica nominated Josh and Ramses for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . Power of Veto ( `` BB Juicy Blast '' ) : On Day 32 , Jessica , Josh , and Ramses mixed it up with Cody , Jason , and Christmas in the BB Juicy Blast Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests will watch the monitor to see a sequence of smoothie ingredients . After the sequence , they will be asked a question based on the sequence they just saw . If a HouseGuest answers incorrectly , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Jessica was the winner . On Day 34 , Jessica decided not to use the Power of Veto . Paul hoped to flip the vote and keep Josh safe and use him to go after Jessica and Cody . On Day 37 , Ramses was evicted by a 7 - 3 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Elena voting to evict Josh . Julie revealed to the viewers that as consequence for Jessica accepting the temptation last week , a new competition known as the `` Temptation Competition '' would be in play for the next three weeks . Each week , each HouseGuest will decide whether or not they wish to participate in the competition . The HouseGuest who wins the competition will earn safety for the week . However , the HouseGuest who places last in the competition will be a third nominee for the week . Week 5 Following Ramses ' eviction : Head of Household ( `` Inked and Evicted '' ) : The HouseGuests were quizzed in the Inked and Evicted Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a series of questions based on photos of the evicted HouseGuests . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . Temptation Competition ( `` Bowlerina '' ) : On Day 38 , the HouseGuests learned of the Temptation Competition . Alex , Jason , Mark , and Matt decided to compete in the competition . The four then danced in the Bowlerina Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must spin around their handle fifteen times . They will then earn fifteen seconds of bowling time . If they run out of time , they must spin again to earn more time . The HouseGuest who knocks down their four pins the fastest will win safety for the week , while the slowest competitor will be on the block as a third nominee . Mark was the winner , and Jason became the third nominee . On Day 38 , Paul nominated Cody and Jessica for eviction . Elena accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . Power of Veto ( `` Under the Weather '' ) : On Day 39 , Paul , Jessica , Cody , and Jason , accompanied by Kevin and Raven , weathered the pain in the returned Under the Weather Power of Veto competition . The day before the competition , HouseGuests listened to a series of BB Storm Watch updates . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests looked at a teleprompter for sentences with blanks . HouseGuests had to report the weather and fill in the blanks with the name of one of the first four evicted HouseGuests while standing in a storm . If the sentence passes through the teleprompter before the HouseGuest fills in the blank , they will be incorrect . The HouseGuest who fills in the most blanks correctly will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 41 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Jason . On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex and canceled the eviction . Week 6 Following Jessica 's use of the Halting Hex : Head of Household ( `` Gravestone Golf '' ) : The HouseGuests putted for power in the Gravestone Golf Head of Household competition . In this competition , each HouseGuest will putt their eye ball down the course , attempting to land it in the highest numbered slot possible . The slot their ball lands in will be their score . The HouseGuest with the highest score will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . Temptation Competition ( `` Strangest Things '' ) : On Day 45 , all HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . The HouseGuests then blacked out in the Strangest Things Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must walk through the pitch black House in search of phrases written on the wall . Each phrase will have a circled letter . They must unscramble the circled letters , locate the correct item , and put it in the box . The HouseGuest who locates the item and puts it in the box in the fastest time will win safety for the week , while the HouseGuest with the slowest time will be a third nominee for the week . Cody was the winner , and Jessica became the third nominee . On Day 45 , Josh nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` OTEV the Possessed Piglet '' ) : On Day 46 , Josh , Mark , Elena , and Jessica , plus Alex , and Christmas , after she used her Ring of Replacement to take Cody 's spot , vied in the OTEV the Possessed Piglet Power of Veto competition . Christmas was not allowed to compete . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests received a question with a number answer . They must search the field for the shoe with the correct number , and return it to OTEV and kneel on a stump . However , there will always be one less stump than HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to return with the correct number will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . On Day 48 , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Josh named Raven as the replacement nominee . On Day 51 , Jessica was evicted by a 7 - 1 - 0 vote , with Cody voting to evict Raven . Week 7 Following Jessica 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Hocus Focus '' ) : The HouseGuests were put under a spell in the Hocus Focus Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests watched a series of magic performances . After each performance , the HouseGuests will be asked questions based on the performance . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . For being the first four HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Jason , and Paul became Have - Nots for the week . Temptation Competition ( `` Where Were You ? '' ) : The day before the Temptation Competition , the HouseGuests were surprised by a series of random sounds . All HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . On Day 52 , the HouseGuests were irritated in the Where Were You ? Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked where they were in the House when a specific sound went off . They must then stand on their location on the blueprint of the House . Each correct answer earns HouseGuests a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after ten questions will win safety for the week , and the HouseGuest with the least points will be the third nominee for the week . Mark was the winner , and Matt became the third nominee for the week . On Day 52 , Alex nominated Elena and Jason for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Escape . Power of Veto ( `` BB Adventure Tour '' ) : On Day 53 , Alex , Elena , Jason , and Matt , alongside Paul and Mark , launched in the BB Adventure Tour Power of Veto competition , sponsored by Outback Steakhouse . In each round of this competition , each HouseGuest shot an arrow at a map with a series of numbers . After a spot is landed on , it is out of play . The HouseGuest with the lowest score will be eliminated . However , when they are eliminated , they will open a prize . HouseGuests eliminated in future rounds will have the option to swap their prize with a prize that was already revealed . The HouseGuest with the veto at the end will win the Power of Veto , as well as the option to select five HouseGuests to join them for a meal from Outback Steakhouse . Elena claimed $5000 , Alex earned the Camp Guide , Paul won a skydiving outfit to share with another HouseGuest ; he selected Christmas . Mark won a trip to Colorado , and Jason won the Extreme - itard . Matt won the Power of Veto . Matt selected Mark , Elena , Paul , Alex , and Jason for the Outback dinner . However Paul gave up the dinner suggesting that Christmas take his place . On Day 55 , Matt used the Power of Veto on Jason , and Alex named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 58 , Cody was re-evicted by a 7 - 0 vote . He became the first member of the jury . Immediately following Cody 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Let It Slide '' ) : The HouseGuests slid in the Let It Slide Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in head - to - head matches . They will each slide a shuffleboard disc down their lane . The HouseGuest with a puck closest to the edge without falling off will win the match and eliminate their opponent . The remaining HouseGuest will then select the next two HouseGuests to face off . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . He immediately nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` Kenya - Solve It '' ) : Jason , Elena , Mark , Raven , Josh , and Matt then were puzzled in the Kenya - Solve It Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must solve a series of three puzzles , one at a time . Their puzzle pieces must be inside the black outline . The first HouseGuest to complete all three puzzles and buzz in will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . At the Veto meeting , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Jason named Matt as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Elena was evicted by a 6 - 1 vote , with Mark voting to evict Matt . She became the second member of the jury . Week 8 Following Cody and Elena 's eviction : Derrick from Big Brother 16 surprised the HouseGuests , and they took the opportunity to reflect on the season . Head of Household ( `` Tales from Decrypt '' ) : Derrick then hosted the HouseGuests in the Tales from Decrypt Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in a tournament - style bracket . In each head - to - head match , the HouseGuests will watch a crypted message be slowly revealed . They must decrypt the message and press the button of the correct HouseGuest . If they are correct , they will advance and eliminate their opponent . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated and their opponent will advance . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . For being the first two HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Mark and Josh became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 59 , the HouseGuests learned of the Tree of Temptation . In the front hallway is a tree with five apples on it . For the next three weeks , HouseGuests must wait for the tree to turn red . After it turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the Diary Room may claim an apple . A HouseGuest may only accept one apple while the twist is in play . Each apple contains a prize or a punishment , but the HouseGuests will not know what is inside until they open it . On Day 59 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . Mark accepted the temptation . His apple contained the `` Save - A-Friend '' power . He earned the power to grant one HouseGuest other than himself immunity for the week . He gave Paul immunity for the week . On Day 59 , Christmas nominated Jason and Matt for eviction , with the intention to backdoor Mark . Power of Veto ( `` Home Zing '' ) : On Day 60 , Zingbot surprised the HouseGuests to host them for the Power of Veto competition . Christmas , Jason , and Matt , as well as Raven , Paul , and Mark , slipped in the Home Zing Home Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must fill up their cup , walk down their slippery lane , and pour it into their bowl . They must then walk back down their lane and do it again . There are two bowls for HouseGuests to fill . If they fill their small bowl , they will receive a larger cup with which to fill their large bowl . The first HouseGuest to fill their large bowl enough to retrieve their ball inside will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 62 , Jason used the Power of Veto on himself , and Christmas named Mark as the replacement nominee . On Day 65 , Mark was evicted by a 4 - 2 vote , with Alex and Jason voting to evict Matt . He became the third member of the jury . Week 9 Following Mark 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Everyone 's A Wiener '' ) : The HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone 's A Wiener Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition , Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 66 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . However , nobody accepted the temptation . On Day 66 , Jason nominated Matt and Raven , with Matt as the target . Power of Veto ( `` Hide and Go Veto '' ) : On Day 67 , Jason , Matt , Raven , Josh , Paul , and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 69 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 71 , Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night . On Day 72 , Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote . He became the fourth member of the jury . Week 10 Following Matt 's eviction : Julie informed the HouseGuests that the Head of Household competition would be delayed until further notice due to weather conditions . Head of Household ( `` Ready , Set , Whoa '' ) : When the delay was over , the HouseGuests sprinted in the Ready , Set , Whoa Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to hold down two buttons in their starting lane . At the end of their lanes , a monitor will cycle though the words `` ready , set , go . '' If a HouseGuest releases a button before the word `` go '' , they will be eliminated . Once they see the word `` go , '' they must run to the end of their lane and hit one of the five buttons . The last person to hit a button will be eliminated . Once a HouseGuest uses a button , it is out of play for future rounds . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . On Day 73 , Christmas nominated Alex and Jason for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` Punch Slap Kick '' ) : Bobby Moynihan surprised the HouseGuests to host the Veto competition . On Day 74 , everyone except Josh fought in the Punch Slap Kick Power of Veto competition , sponsored by the new CBS show `` Me , Myself & I '' . In this competition , HouseGuests were hit with a series of punches , slaps , and kicks . After the sequence , they were asked a question based on their experience . If they answer correctly , they will earn one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after six rounds will win the Power of Veto , as well as a visit to the set of `` Me , Myself & I '' . Alex and Paul tied the competition and then played a series of tiebreaker sequences to determine the winner . Paul was the winner . On Day 76 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Alex , and Christmas named Kevin as the replacement nominee . Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 79 , after Christmas cast the tie - breaking vote , Jason was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote , with Alex and Paul voting to evict Kevin . He became the fifth member of the jury . Immediately after Jason 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` Fake News '' ) : The HouseGuests reported in the Fake News Head of Household competition . In this competition , Julie will read a series of headlines to the HouseGuests . The HouseGuests must identify if these headlines are real or fake . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . Alex immediately nominated Kevin and Raven for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` Lime Drop '' ) : The HouseGuests then dug down deep in the Lime Drop Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must race down their lane , jump into their ball pit , and search for limes . They must find a lime and attempt to drop it in their tube . If a ball hits the ground , it is out of play . The first HouseGuest to drop four limes into their tube and hit their button will win the Power of Veto . Josh was the winner . At the Veto Meeting , Josh decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 79 , Raven was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Josh voting to evict Kevin . She became the sixth member of the jury . Week 11 Following Jason and Raven 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` The Revengers '' ) : The HouseGuests recalled in The Revengers Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a question about the `` Revengers '' movie trailer they were shown . They must find the correct character and place it in front . If they are correct , they will receive one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 80 , Josh nominated Alex and Kevin for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` BB Comics '' ) : On Day 81 , the HouseGuests geeked out in the BB Comics Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests must zip line by the comic studio window to look at the set of comics on the other side . They must then recreate the set of comics on their computer . However , there are several decoy comics to confuse the HouseGuests . The HouseGuest who replicates the comics on their computer the fastest will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 83 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 84 , after Josh cast the tie - breaking vote , Alex was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Paul voting to evict Kevin . She became the seventh member of the jury . Following Alex 's eviction : Head of Household ( `` What the Bleep ? '' ) : The HouseGuests sought a spot in the final three in the What the Bleep ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of clips with a censored word or words . Julie will then give them words as to what the blurred phrase may be . The HouseGuests must then state if Julie 's suggestion is true or false . A correct answer earned a HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 85 , Paul nominated Josh and Kevin for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` Back to the Veto '' ) : On Day 85 , the HouseGuests were steampunked in the Back to the Veto final Power of Veto competition . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests were asked on what day a specific event took place . They must turn their dials to match the day , then hit their button . If they are incorrect , their counter will reset to zero , and they must try again . The last HouseGuest to input the correct day will lose power in their time machine . Three strikes will result in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will win the final Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 86 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 86 , Christmas cast the sole vote to evict Kevin . He became the eighth member of the jury . Week 12 Following Kevin 's eviction : Head of Household -- Part 1 ( `` Tail of the Unicorn '' ) : The HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the Tail of the Unicorn Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must stand on their cloud and hold on to the tail of their unicorn . If a HouseGuest lets go of their tail , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win Part 1 and advance to Part 3 . Paul was the winner . Head of Household -- Part 2 ( `` Knock ' Em Down '' ) : Josh and Christmas then faced off in the Knock ' Em Down Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of scrolls . They must knock down the HouseGuests who do not apply to the clue . The HouseGuest who completes the three scrolls correctly faster will win Part 2 and face Paul in Part 3 . Josh was the winner . Head of Household -- Part 3 ( `` Scales of Just - Us '' ) : Paul and Josh had the final showdown in the Scales of Just - Us Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were read a series of statements from the jury . They must guess how each juror completed their statement . A correct answer gave them a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight questions will be the final Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 92 , Josh cast the sole vote to evict Christmas . She became the ninth and final member of the jury . On Day 92 , after receiving Cody , Elena , Mark , Alex , and Jason 's votes , Josh was deemed the winner of Big Brother 19 . Paul was declared the runner - up , securing the votes of Matt , Raven , Kevin , and Christmas . Cody was revealed to be America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received $25,000 . Have - Nots This season , the Have - Nots for the week were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . Week No . Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Have - Nots Jillian , Josh , Megan , Paul , Ramses Cody , Jason , Jessica , Matt Jason , Josh , Mark , Ramses Josh , Kevin , Mark , Paul Alex , Christmas , Elena , Mark Elena Jason , Kevin , Mark , Paul Josh , Mark Kevin , Matt none Have - Not Temptation Paul Jason Josh Mark Elena none Mark none none Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Day 1 Day 7 Day 24 Day 30 Day 52 Day 58 Day 73 Day 79 Day 80 Day 85 Day 92 Finale Head of Household ( none ) Cody Paul Alex ( none ) Jessica Paul Josh Alex Jason Christmas Jason Christmas Alex Josh Paul Josh ( none ) Temptation Winner Kevin Paul Christmas Jessica ( none ) Mark Cody Mark ( none ) Mark ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Cameron Christmas Jillian Alex Jillian Megan Alex Josh Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jason Jessica Elena Jessica Mark Elena Jason Matt Elena Mark Jason Matt Matt Raven Alex Jason Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Christmas Paul Veto Winner ( none ) Alex Paul Jason Jessica Paul Mark Matt Mark Jason Jason Paul Josh Paul Paul ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Christmas Jillian Paul Alex Cody Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jessica Elena Jessica Raven Cody Elena Matt Elena Matt Mark Matt Matt Raven Jason Kevin Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Josh Christmas Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Nominated No voting Head of Household Cody Elena Mark Matt Jason Kevin Alex Nominated Christmas Winner ( Day 92 ) Paul Not eligible Jillian Head of Household Dominique Alex Ramses Head of Household Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Kevin Raven Kevin Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 92 ) Christmas Nominated Nominated Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Head of Household Matt Jason Raven Alex Kevin Evicted ( Day 92 ) Paul Kevin Cameron Jillian Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 86 ) Paul Alex Cameron Christmas Nominated Head of Household Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Head of Household Elena Matt Matt Kevin Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 84 ) Josh Raven Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Nominated Cody Elena Mark Nominated Jason Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Paul Jason Christmas Christmas Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Head of Household Matt Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Josh Matt Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 72 ) Paul Mark Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Jessica Cody Matt Nominated Evicted ( Day 65 ) Josh Elena Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Cody Jillian Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 23 ) Josh Nominated Raven Nominated Re-evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Jessica Cameron Christmas Ramses Nominated Paul Head of Household Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 51 ) Ramses Cameron Christmas Nominated Dominique Paul Nominated Evicted ( Day 37 ) Dominique Cameron Jillian Cody Nominated Evicted ( Day 30 ) Jillian Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 16 ) Megan Cameron Nominated Walked ( Day 8 ) Cameron Nominated Evicted ( Day 1 ) Notes 1 , 2 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 6 , 7 6 8 , 9 none 10 , 11 10 12 13 14 , 15 14 , 16 12 17 none 18 Walked none Megan none Evicted Cameron 8 of 13 votes to evict Jillian 8 of 12 votes to evict Cody 7 of 10 votes to evict Dominique 10 of 10 votes to evict Paul 11 of 12 votes to compete Ramses 7 of 10 votes to evict Eviction cancelled Jessica 7 of 8 votes to evict Cody 7 of 7 votes to evict Elena 6 of 7 votes to evict Mark 4 of 6 votes to evict Matt 6 of 6 votes to evict Jason 3 of 5 votes to evict Raven 2 of 3 votes to evict Alex 2 of 3 votes to evict Kevin Christmas ' choice to evict Christmas Josh 's choice to evict Paul 4 votes to win Cody Won re-entry into game Josh 5 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : Paul entered the House after the original sixteen HouseGuests due to Kevin accepting a temptation . Paul was given immunity from the first eviction and had to give immunity to eight HouseGuests of his choice by giving them a friendship bracelet . ^ Note 2 : Those who did not get a friendship bracelet had to compete in a competition in order to stay in the house . Cameron , Christmas and Jillian lost this competition and were nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given a choice between an eviction vote or an eviction competition . The eviction vote was held after a 2 - 1 vote in favor of an eviction vote ; only Cameron voted for an eviction competition . Paul was not eligible to vote but would cast a tiebreaker vote if required . ^ Note 3 : Due to accepting the $25,000 temptation on Day 1 , Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition and had to secretly throw it . ^ Note 4 : Because Josh retrieved the Golden Apple in the HoH competition , he was awarded immunity for that week . ^ Note 5 : Because Megan walked from the game while still being one of Cody 's original nominations , he had to choose a replacement nominee , ultimately choosing Alex . ^ Note 6 : For the first three weeks , America voted to tempt three houseguests , one per week . Because Paul accepted the Pendant of Protection temptation , he is immune for the next three evictions . Paul chose to keep this immunity a secret until Cody attempted to nominate him for eviction at the Week 1 Veto Ceremony . ^ Note 7 : During Week 1 , Ramses was cursed with having to nominate himself as a 3rd nominee within the next three weeks . He chose to nominate himself during Week 2 . In the event that the PoV was used on Ramses , no replacement nominee would be named . ^ Note 8 : Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game through the `` Battle Back Showdown . '' All four evictees faced off in a duel , in which two winners of the first round advanced to face each other in the second round and the losers from both rounds were permanently eliminated ; going into the third duel , Cody was the last evictee standing and beat Paul to officially win re-entry into the house . ^ Note 9 : Paul was voted to battle Cody in the final round of the Battle Back Showdown . Ultimately , Cody defeated Paul and re-entered the game on Day 30 . ^ Note 10 : Since Jessica accepted the Halting Hex temptation , the consequence was a new competition unleashed for the next 3 weeks . The winner of the temptation competition would be immune for the week , however , the person that finishes last in the competition will be automatically nominated as a third nominee , indicated in bold . This temptation nominee is irreplaceable if the veto is used on them . ^ Note 11 : On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex , which halted Week 5 's Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week was a double eviction week . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 13 : Through the Tree of Temptation , Mark earned the power to `` Save a Friend '' which allowed him to grant immunity to another HouseGuest ; he chose Paul . ^ Note 14 : Due to nobody picking an apple from the Tree of Temptation , no one received a temptation . ^ Note 15 : Matt was given a penalty vote for eviction after eating normal food while on the mandatory Have - Not slop diet . ^ Note 16 : As Head of Household , Christmas was forced to break the tie on Day 79 . ^ Note 17 : As Head of Household , Josh was forced to break the tie on Day 84 . ^ Note 18 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . Controversies and criticisms Paul Abrahamian received criticism for his controversial mimicking of another HouseGuest . In Week 3 , he targeted Dominique Cooper for eviction and decided to apply black facial cosmetics and clothing that resembled the skin of a snake , in regards to a metaphor she had used in an effort to expose his strategy to other HouseGuests . Given that Cooper is African American , Abrahamian 's actions were deemed racist when he referred to the cosmetics as `` blackface . '' Viewers also debated on Abrahamian 's alleged bullying tactics in which he encouraged other HouseGuests to antagonize `` outcasts '' in the House , especially showmance allies Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson . Some notable incidents include Christmas Abbott propagating aspersions on Nickson 's military service , and Alex Ow and Raven Walton engaging in verbal arguments with Graf . Likewise , a physical confrontation nearly transpired between Josh Martinez and Mark Jansen ( who defended Nickson and got agitated with Martinez 's frying - pan shtick ) and between Nickson and Abrahamian ( who disrespectfully silenced Graf while in the HoH room ) . Some fans also perceived Megan Lowder 's exit on Day 8 as a result of bullying . During a backyard conversation , Lowder believed that she overheard Graf refer to Ow as a panda , which Lowder considered to be racist due to its Asian connotation . However , Graf actually said `` Pao Pao , '' which alluded to the nickname of Big Brother 16 HouseGuest Paola Shea , of whom Ow reminded Graf due to them both being Asian Americans . After being informed of the comment by Lowder , Ow clarified the issue with Graf but they both later assumed that Lowder had fabricated the comment for game - related purposes , prompting them to confront her . Lowder felt overwhelmed by the confrontation and retreated to the Diary Room where she brought up her history of posttraumatic stress disorder with the show 's producers . Concerned of her mental health , Production came to a mutual decision with Lowder that it would be best for her to leave the house and quit the game . Viewers called for Jason Dent 's expulsion from the House after he was caught on the live feeds making rape and assault jokes in front of other HouseGuests . In one instance , Dent commented on having sex with Kevin Schlehuber 's wife , Deborah , while all their daughters would be tied up and forced to watch the act . In an interview with TMZ , Deborah said that Dent 's comments were disturbing and `` the worst thing she 's ever seen . '' On Twitter , Dent 's family apologized for the comments but stated that they were taken out of context , which Deborah doubted as she believed her husband would never joke as such about anyone in any situation . Dent also made similar jokes earlier in the competition , such as suggesting to restrain Walton and have male HouseGuests `` take turns '' on her , and once telling cops about sexually assaulting women at a nursing home . Dent and Nickson sparked backlash after footage of remarks regarded as transphobic was depicted on the live feeds . During a conversation in the hot tub , Graf informed Dent and Nickson about Audrey Middleton of Big Brother 17 as the first transgender contestant in the show 's history . Nickson proceeded to mock the gender identity of Middleton , for whom Dent was also confused about the appropriate pronoun . Middleton addressed the controversy through a Twitter post , urging people not to vilify both male HouseGuests but rather , educate them on the value of emotional intelligence . Nickson was also criticized for using the derogatory term `` tranny '' several times earlier in the game . The extent of Walton 's lies in the House became a heavily contested debate among fans throughout the season . She often spoke about suffering from gastroparesis ( GP ) , on which she made several inaccurate or false statements , including its hereditary nature , sterility effect , and terminal prognosis . Even before joining the show , Walton had established a GoFundMe campaign for her treatments , which some skeptical fans considered a scam . Schlehuber also recounted Walton asking viewers for money on camera . Other GP sufferers and organizations like Gastroparesis Patient Association for Cures and Treatment disputed her claims about the severity of her disease , while a plethora of fans condemned them as malingering . However , Walton 's mother and her physician took it to social media to combat Walton 's critics . Walton also claimed that she and her mother were members of Mensa but their names were disproven to be found in the organization 's current directory . Several HouseGuests , especially Graf , attracted controversy for certain inappropriate acts in the House . Footage on the live feeds showed Graf making contact with some HouseGuests in their `` private areas '' in a joking manner without prior consent . When confronted , Graf dismissed any accusations of such wrongdoing as sexual harassment or invasion of privacy . Ironically , Graf 's behavior incited other HouseGuests like Abrahamian , Matthew Clines , Ramses Soto , and Elena Davies to partake in similar playful acts towards HouseGuests of the same and opposite genders . In one episode of the show , Ow shared with Martinez how the rampant `` touching '' in the House , particularly her experience with Graf , made her uncomfortable because it was reminiscent of her cousin who had been raped and murdered . Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 28 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.88 Thursday , June 29 , 2017 1.6 / 7 5.37 Sunday , July 2 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.16 Wednesday , July 5 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.15 5 Thursday , July 6 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.09 6 Sunday , July 9 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.39 7 Wednesday , July 12 , 2017 1.9 / 9 6.45 8 Thursday , July 13 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.11 9 Sunday , July 16 , 2017 1.8 / 8 5.95 10 Wednesday , July 19 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.19 11 Thursday , July 20 , 2017 1.9 / 7 5.96 12 Friday , July 21 , 2017 1.5 / 7 5.45 13 Sunday , July 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.98 14 Wednesday , July 26 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.35 15 Thursday , July 27 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 16 Sunday , July 30 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 17 Wednesday , August 2 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.57 18 Thursday , August 3 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.42 19 Sunday , August 6 , 2017 2.0 / 8 6.46 20 Wednesday , August 9 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.39 21 Thursday , August 10 , 2017 1.9 / 8 5.95 22 Sunday , August 13 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.22 23 Wednesday , August 16 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.27 24 Thursday , August 17 , 2017 2.1 / 8 6.48 25 Friday , August 18 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.06 26 Sunday , August 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.42 27 Wednesday , August 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.10 28 Thursday , August 24 , 2017 1.7 / 7 6.03 29 Sunday , August 27 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.28 30 Wednesday , August 30 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.20 31 Thursday , August 31 , 2017 1.5 / 6 4.91 32 Sunday , September 3 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.65 33 Wednesday , September 6 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.33 34 Thursday , September 7 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.24 35 Sunday , September 10 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.27 6 36 Wednesday , September 13 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.38 37 Thursday , September 14 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.12 38 Friday , September 15 , 2017 1.2 / 6 4.89 39 Wednesday , September 20 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.70 ^ Note 1 : Episode 22 was delayed to 8 : 18 PM ET ( 7 : 18 PM CT ) ) due to the PGA Tour golf event running long . References ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces Summer Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Renews Hit Summer Series `` Big Brother '' For Two More Editions '' ( Press release ) . CBS Press Express . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Matthew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Big Brother 19 : Four Weeks Until Season Premiere '' . Big Brother Network . Gravy Train Productions , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Unveils Summer Schedule , Moves ' Zoo ' to Thursdays '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS ' Zoo , Big Brother , New Asteroid Thriller Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Summer 2017 Premiere Dates for ' Big Brother 19 ' and More '' . Buddy TV . Seattle , Washington . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Announces Programming Slate Featuring New and Returning Original Series , Spanning More Than 400 Hours of Original Content '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Why Big Brother After Dark is censored on TVGN '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight On Big Brother 19 : ' Battle Back ' Special Episode '' . Big Brother Network . 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Big Brother Season Premiere Recap : Which Vet Returned ? Who Got Evicted ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' recap : Paul continues to control the game '' . EW.com. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Premiere Recap : Season 19 Kicks Off With the Return of a Fan Favorite '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Bosses Explain the Premiere 's Biggest Twist '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dehnart , Andy ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Big Brother 19 's premiere rapidly ruins its potential '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Premiere Recap : The First Night of Temptation and an Eviction '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Sage ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` How Does The Den Of Temptation Work On ' Big Brother 19 ' ? This Season Is All About Tough Choices '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Reveals Houseguests for Season 19 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Big Brother Season 19 Cast Before Anyone Else '' . CBS . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janes , Theoden ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fitness star : Being a ' badass ' is about so much more than half - naked pics '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race - CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Premiere : 6 Key Moments '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` ' Big Brother ' contestant unknowingly garners criticism online for saying he wants to use ' blackface ' '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Paul Plans ' Blackface ' Stunt , Fans Pissed '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Plans To Dress In `` Blackface '' To Take Revenge On Rival Housemate `` . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . 2017 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' : Bullying Takes Center Stage As Josh Martinez , Paul Abrahamian Rock The House : Has CBS Gone Too Far ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Spoilers : Veto Ceremony Results - Week 5 Live Feed News '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : The House Attacks Jessica and Cody '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Violence on ' Big Brother ' : Contestants Forced to Opposite Ends of the House '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' : Second Houseguest 's Exit Explained '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 Feeds : Jason Dent `` Jokes '' About Raping Kevin 's Wife and Forcing His Children to Watch `` . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Kevin 's Wife Disgusted by Jason Dent 's Rape Comments '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contestant Jason Dent cracks crude rape joke online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' News : Jason 's Rape Joke About Kevin 's Wife Causes Media Storm As Fans Slam Him On Twitter ( Video ) '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' contestant upsets fans with transphobic comments '' . Los Angeles Blade : LGBT News , Rights , Politics , Entertainment . 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : Raven Begs ' BB19 ' Fans For Money -- Scam Artist Or Really Dying ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother 19 : Is Raven Walton exaggerating her gastroparesis for attention ? '' . Hidden Remote. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' News : Houseguests Upset With Jessica Graf Over Alleged Unwanted Sexual Touching '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Sexual Hijinks , Butt Poking Rampant , ' You Punched My Vagina ! ' '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Big Brother , ' all others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Grit , ' ' Big Brother ' and reruns unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` No changes in adults 18 - 49 : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Night , ' ' The Wall , ' ' Battle of the Network Stars ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly , ' ' AFV ' rerun adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots : Forever Young ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Descendants 2 ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spartan ' finale , ' Big Brother ' and everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Penn & Teller ' adjust up , ' Zoo ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` NFL preseason and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' stays on top as everything adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , Teen Choice Awards adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up ; ' Boy Band , ' ' Beat Shazam , ' ' Whose Line , ' NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Blue Bloods ' reruns adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Big Brother ' dips slightly , still wins easily '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Weekend Update , ' ' Boy Band ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , ABC shows and ' Candy Crush ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Zoo , ' ' The Night Shift , ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football and ' Big Brother ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , other networks hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ′ adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's ' Truth and Lies ' special adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . External links CBS Official Site Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Gran Hermano USA Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_19_(U.S.)&oldid=843293320 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 05 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did mark put on the block on big brother | [
"Temptation Competition (\"Bowlerina\"): On Day 38, the HouseGuests learned of the Temptation Competition. Alex, Jason, Mark, and Matt decided to compete in the competition. The four then danced in the Bowlerina Temptation Competition. In this competition, HouseGuests competed individually. They must spin around their handle fifteen times. They will then earn fifteen seconds of bowling time. If they run out of time, they must spin again to earn more time. The HouseGuest who knocks down their four pins the fastest will win safety for the week, while the slowest competitor will be on the block as a third nominee. Mark was the winner, and Jason became the third nominee."
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"Jason"
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-6351121546683076160 | Oldest people | Oldest people - wikipedia Oldest people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the oldest verified people of all time . For the oldest currently living people , see list of oldest living people . For the main article , see Supercentenarian . For modern , or complete , unvalidated supercentenarian claims , see Longevity claims . For historical , incomplete unvalidated supercentenarian claims , see Longevity myths . This is a list of tables of the oldest people in the world in ordinal ranks . To avoid including false or unconfirmed claims of extreme old age , names here are restricted to those people whose ages have been validated by an international body that specifically deals in longevity research , such as the Gerontology Research Group ( GRG ) or Guinness World Records ( GWR ) , and others who have otherwise been reliably sourced . According to this criterion , the longest human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France ( 1875 -- 1997 ) , who lived to the age of 122 years , 164 days . She met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13 . She received news media attention in 1985 , after turning 110 . Subsequent investigation found documentation for Calment 's age , beyond any reasonable question , in the records of her native city , Arles , France . More evidence of Calment 's lifespan has been produced than for any other supercentenarian ; her case serves as an archetype in the methodology for verifying the ages of the world 's oldest people . As women live longer than men on average , combined records for both sexes are dominated by women . The longest undisputed lifespan for a man is that of Jiroemon Kimura of Japan ( 1897 -- 2013 ) , who died at age 116 years , 54 days . Since the death of 117 - year - old Violet Brown of Jamaica on 15 September 2017 , 117 - year - old Nabi Tajima of Japan , born 4 August 1900 , is the oldest living person in the world whose age has been documented . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ten oldest verified cases ever 1.1 Men 2 Ten oldest living people of verified age 2.1 Men 3 Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1955 3.1 Chronological list of the oldest living man since 1973 4 Oldest verified person by country 5 Notes 6 References Ten oldest verified cases ever Main article : List of the verified oldest people Main article : List of the verified oldest women Systematic verification of longevity has only been practiced in recent decades and only in certain parts of the world . Note : All ten oldest people ever are women . Deceased Living † ^ denotes age at death , or , if living , age as of 27 October 2017 Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jeanne Calment 21 February 1875 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days France Sarah Knauss 24 September 1880 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days United States Lucy Hannah 16 July 1875 21 March 1993 117 years , 248 days United States Marie - Louise Meilleur 29 August 1880 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Canada 5 Violet Brown 10 March 1900 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Jamaica 6 Emma Morano 29 November 1899 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Italy 7 Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 Living 7004428180000000000 ♠ 117 years , 84 days Japan 8 Misao Okawa 5 March 1898 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Japan 9 María Capovilla 14 September 1889 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Ecuador 10 Susannah Mushatt Jones 6 July 1899 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days United States Men Main article : List of the verified oldest men Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jiroemon Kimura 19 April 1897 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Japan Christian Mortensen 16 August 1882 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days United States Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 August 1891 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days Puerto Rico Mathew Beard 9 July 1870 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days United States 5 Walter Breuning 21 September 1896 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days United States 6 Yukichi Chuganji 23 March 1889 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Japan 7 Joan Riudavets 15 December 1889 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Spain 8 Fred H. Hale , Sr . 1 December 1890 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days United States 9 Yisrael Kristal 15 September 1903 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Israel 10 Johnson Parks 15 October 1884 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days United States a ^ Mortensen was born in Denmark . b ^ Kristal was born in Poland , then a part of the Russian Empire . Ten oldest living people of verified age Main article : List of oldest living people Note : All ten oldest living people are women . Rank Name Sex Birth date Age as of 27 October 2017 Place of residence Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 7004428180000000000 ♠ 117 years , 84 days Japan Chiyo Miyako 2 May 1901 7004425470000000000 ♠ 116 years , 178 days Japan Ana María Vela Rubio 29 October 1901 7004423670000000000 ♠ 115 years , 363 days Spain Giuseppina Projetto 30 May 1902 7004421540000000000 ♠ 115 years , 150 days Italy 5 Kane Tanaka 2 January 1903 7004419370000000000 ♠ 114 years , 298 days Japan 6 Maria Giuseppa Robucci 20 March 1903 7004418600000000000 ♠ 114 years , 221 days Italy 7 Iso Nakamura 23 April 1903 7004418260000000000 ♠ 114 years , 187 days Japan 8 Tae Ito 11 July 1903 7004417470000000000 ♠ 114 years , 108 days Japan 9 Delphine Gibson 17 August 1903 7004417100000000000 ♠ 114 years , 71 days United States 10 Ila Jones 21 August 1903 7004417060000000000 ♠ 114 years , 67 days United States Men Rank Name Birth date Age as of 27 October 2017 Place of residence Francisco Núñez Olivera 13 December 1904 7004412260000000000 ♠ 112 years , 318 days Spain Masazou Nonaka 25 July 1905 7004410020000000000 ♠ 112 years , 94 days Japan Gustav Gerneth 15 October 1905 7004409200000000000 ♠ 112 years , 12 days Germany Richard Arvin Overton 11 May 1906 7004407120000000000 ♠ 111 years , 169 days United States 5 George Feldman 2 December 1906 7004405070000000000 ♠ 110 years , 329 days United States 6 Tsunahei Ogawa 9 January 1907 7004404690000000000 ♠ 110 years , 291 days Japan 7 Kameo Oya 12 February 1907 7004404350000000000 ♠ 110 years , 257 days Japan 8 Bernie Nenner 4 May 1907 7004403540000000000 ♠ 110 years , 176 days United States 9 Filiberto Puc 22 August 1907 7004402440000000000 ♠ 110 years , 66 days Mexico 10 C.P. Crawford 25 August 1907 7004402410000000000 ♠ 110 years , 63 days United States a ^ Gerneth was born in Stettin , then part of the German Empire ; it is now named Szczecin and located in Poland . Chronological list of the oldest known living person Since 1955 This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group 's list of the World 's Oldest Person Titleholders . As the oldest living person is usually a woman , a sequence of oldest women would be nearly redundant to this list . A sequence of oldest living men follows this sequence . From To Name Sex Age ( s ) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence ? 24 October 1955 Betsy Baker ? -- 113 20 August 1842 -- 24 October 1955 113 years , 65 days Nebraska , United States 24 October 1955 16 December 1956 ( 7002419000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 53 days ) Jennie Howell 110 -- 111 11 February 1845 -- 16 December 1956 7004408500000000000 ♠ 111 years , 309 days California , United States 16 December 1956 30 March 1958 ( 7002469000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 104 days ) Anne Marie Carstenson 107 -- 109 24 January 1849 -- 30 March 1958 7004398760000000000 ♠ 109 years , 65 days Nebraska , United States 30 March 1958 17 October 1958 ( 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 days ) Nancy Ryan 108 -- 109 5 September 1849 -- 17 October 1958 7004398530000000000 ♠ 109 years , 42 days Indiana , United States 5 17 October 1958 7 October 1959 ( 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days ) Christina Karnebeek - Backs 109 -- 110 2 October 1849 -- 7 October 1959 7004401810000000000 ♠ 110 years , 5 days Netherlands 6 7 October 1959 24 November 1959 ( 48 days ) Marie Olsen 109 1 May 1850 -- 24 November 1959 7004400180000000000 ♠ 109 years , 207 days Norway 7 24 November 1959 30 December 1964 ( 7003186300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 36 days ) Mary Kelly 108 -- 113 7 June 1851 -- 30 December 1964 7004414790000000000 ♠ 113 years , 206 days California , United States 8 30 December 1964 6 March 1965 ( 66 days ) Elizabeth Kensley 109 12 May 1855 -- 6 March 1965 7004401100000000000 ♠ 109 years , 298 days England , United Kingdom 9 6 March 1965 6 August 1965 ( 153 days ) William Fullingim 109 -- 110 7 July 1855 -- 6 August 1965 7004402070000000000 ♠ 110 years , 30 days Oklahoma , United States 10 6 August 1965 10 January 1966 ( 157 days ) Hannah Smith 109 -- 110 7 January 1856 -- 10 January 1966 7004401800000000000 ♠ 110 years , 3 days England , United Kingdom 11 10 January 1966 21 March 1968 ( 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 71 days ) John Mosely Turner 109 -- 111 15 June 1856 -- 21 March 1968 111 years , 280 days England , United Kingdom 12 21 March 1968 16 June 1968 ( 87 days ) Johanna Booyson 111 17 January 1857 -- 16 June 1968 111 years , 151 days Transvaal , South Africa 13 16 June 1968 4 May 1969 ( 322 days ) Marie Bernátková 110 -- 111 22 October 1857 -- 4 May 1969 111 years , 194 days Zašová , Czechoslovakia ( now located in the Czech Republic ) 14 4 May 1969 11 January 1970 ( 252 days ) Ada Roe 111 6 February 1858 -- 11 January 1970 111 years , 339 days England , United Kingdom 15 11 January 1970 27 February 1973 ( 7003114300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 47 days ) Josefa Salas 109 -- 112 14 July 1860 -- 27 February 1973 112 years , 228 days Asturias , Spain 16 27 February 1973 18 August 1973 ( 172 days ) Alice Stevenson 111 -- 112 10 July 1861 -- 18 August 1973 112 years , 39 days England , United Kingdom 17 18 August 1973 31 October 1973 ( 74 days ) Elizabeth Watkins 110 10 March 1863 -- 31 October 1973 110 years , 235 days Northern Ireland , United Kingdom 18 31 October 1973 31 May 1975 ( 7002577000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 212 days ) Mito Umeta 110 -- 112 27 March 1863 -- 31 May 1975 112 years , 65 days Kumamoto , Japan 19 31 May 1975 16 November 1976 ( 7002535000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 169 days ) Niwa Kawamoto 111 -- 113 5 August 1863 -- 16 November 1976 113 years , 105 days Shiga , Japan 20 16 November 1976 2 December 1977 ( 7002381000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 16 days ) Sophia DeMuth 110 -- 111 30 June 1866 -- 2 December 1977 111 years , 155 days Nebraska , United States 21 2 December 1977 25 April 1978 ( 144 days ) Marie - Virginie Duhem 111 2 August 1866 -- 25 April 1978 111 years , 266 days Nord - Pas - de-Calais , France 22 25 April 1978 22 January 1981 ( 7003100300000000000 ♠ 2 years , 272 days ) Fannie Thomas 111 -- 113 14 April 1867 -- 22 January 1981 113 years , 283 days California , United States 23 22 January 1981 8 March 1981 ( 45 days ) Augustine Tessier 112 2 January 1869 -- 8 March 1981 112 years , 65 days Languedoc - Roussillon , France 24 8 March 1981 13 November 1982 ( 7002615000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 250 days ) Nellie Spencer 111 -- 113 24 August 1869 -- 13 November 1982 113 years , 81 days New Jersey , United States 25 13 November 1982 13 October 1983 ( 334 days ) Emma Wilson 112 -- 113 12 May 1870 -- 13 October 1983 113 years , 154 days Missouri , United States 26 13 October 1983 16 February 1985 ( 7002492000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 126 days ) Mathew Beard 113 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida , United States 27 16 February 1985 21 October 1986 ( 7002612000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 247 days ) Augusta Holtz 113 -- 115 3 August 1871 -- 21 October 1986 115 years , 79 days Missouri , United States 28 21 October 1986 2 February 1987 ( 104 days ) Mary McKinney 113 30 May 1873 -- 2 February 1987 113 years , 248 days California , United States 29 2 February 1987 27 December 1987 ( 328 days ) Anna Eliza Williams 113 -- 114 2 June 1873 -- 27 December 1987 114 years , 208 days Wales , United Kingdom 30 27 December 1987 11 January 1988 ( 15 days ) Florence Knapp 114 10 October 1873 -- 11 January 1988 114 years , 93 days Pennsylvania , United States 31 11 January 1988 4 August 1997 ( 7003349300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 205 days ) Jeanne Calment 112 -- 122 21 February 1875 -- 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days Provence , France 32 4 August 1997 16 April 1998 ( 255 days ) Marie - Louise Meilleur 116 -- 117 29 August 1880 -- 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Ontario , Canada 33 16 April 1998 30 December 1999 ( 7002623000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 258 days ) Sarah Knauss 117 -- 119 24 September 1880 -- 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days Pennsylvania , United States 34 30 December 1999 2 November 2000 ( 308 days ) Eva Morris 114 8 November 1885 -- 2 November 2000 114 years , 360 days England , United Kingdom 35 2 November 2000 6 June 2001 ( 216 days ) Marie Brémont 114 -- 115 25 April 1886 -- 6 June 2001 115 years , 42 days Anjou , France 36 5 June 2001 18 March 2002 ( 286 days ) Maude Farris - Luse 114 -- 115 21 January 1887 -- 18 March 2002 115 years , 56 days Michigan , United States 37 18 March 2002 28 May 2002 ( 71 days ) Grace Clawson 114 15 November 1887 -- 28 May 2002 114 years , 194 days Florida , United States 38 28 May 2002 21 August 2002 ( 85 days ) Adelina Domingues 114 19 February 1888 -- 21 August 2002 114 years , 183 days California , United States 39 21 August 2002 29 December 2002 ( 130 days ) Mae Harrington 113 20 January 1889 -- 29 December 2002 113 years , 343 days New York , United States 40 29 December 2002 28 September 2003 ( 273 days ) Yukichi Chuganji 113 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Fukuoka , Japan 41 28 September 2003 13 November 2003 ( 46 days ) Mitoyo Kawate 114 15 May 1889 -- 13 November 2003 114 years , 182 days Hiroshima , Japan 42 13 November 2003 29 May 2004 ( 198 days ) Ramona Trinidad Iglesias - Jordan 114 31 August 1889 -- 29 May 2004 114 years , 272 days United States ( Puerto Rico ) 43 29 May 2004 27 August 2006 ( 7002820000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 90 days ) María Capovilla 114 -- 116 14 September 1889 -- 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Guayas , Ecuador 44 27 August 2006 11 December 2006 ( 106 days ) Elizabeth Bolden 116 15 August 1890 -- 11 December 2006 116 years , 118 days Tennessee , United States 45 11 December 2006 24 January 2007 ( 44 days ) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days United States ( Puerto Rico ) 46 24 January 2007 28 January 2007 ( 4 days ) Emma Tillman 114 22 November 1892 -- 28 January 2007 114 years , 67 days Connecticut , United States 47 29 January 2007 13 August 2007 ( 196 days ) Yone Minagawa 114 4 January 1893 -- 13 August 2007 114 years , 221 days Fukuoka , Japan 48 13 August 2007 26 November 2008 ( 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 105 days ) Edna Parker 114 -- 115 20 April 1893 -- 26 November 2008 115 years , 220 days Indiana , United States 49 26 November 2008 2 January 2009 ( 37 days ) Maria de Jesus 115 10 September 1893 -- 2 January 2009 115 years , 114 days Tomar , Portugal 50 2 January 2009 11 September 2009 ( 252 days ) Gertrude Baines 114 -- 115 6 April 1894 -- 11 September 2009 115 years , 158 days California , United States 51 11 September 2009 2 May 2010 ( 233 days ) Kama Chinen 114 10 May 1895 -- 2 May 2010 114 years , 357 days Okinawa , Japan 52 2 May 2010 4 November 2010 ( 186 days ) Eugénie Blanchard 114 16 February 1896 -- 4 November 2010 114 years , 261 days Saint Barthélemy , France 53 4 November 2010 21 June 2011 ( 229 days ) Maria Gomes Valentim 114 9 July 1896 -- 21 June 2011 114 years , 347 days Minas Gerais , Brazil 54 21 June 2011 4 December 2012 ( 7002532000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 166 days ) Besse Cooper 114 -- 116 26 August 1896 -- 4 December 2012 116 years , 100 days Georgia , United States 55 4 December 2012 17 December 2012 ( 13 days ) Dina Manfredini 115 4 April 1897 -- 17 December 2012 115 years , 257 days Iowa , United States 56 17 December 2012 12 June 2013 ( 177 days ) Jiroemon Kimura 115 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Kyoto , Japan 57 12 June 2013 1 April 2015 ( 1 year , 293 days ) Misao Okawa 115 -- 117 5 March 1898 -- 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Osaka , Japan 58 31 March 2015 6 April 2015 ( 6 days ) Gertrude Weaver 116 4 July 1898 -- 6 April 2015 116 years , 276 days Arkansas , United States 59 6 April 2015 17 June 2015 ( 72 days ) Jeralean Talley 115 -- 116 23 May 1899 -- 17 June 2015 116 years , 25 days Michigan , United States 60 17 June 2015 12 May 2016 ( 330 days ) Susannah Mushatt Jones 115 -- 116 6 July 1899 -- 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days New York , United States 61 13 May 2016 15 April 2017 ( 337 days ) Emma Morano 116 -- 117 29 November 1899 -- 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Piedmont , Italy 62 15 April 2017 15 September 2017 ( 153 days ) Violet Brown 117 10 March 1900 -- 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Trelawny , Jamaica 63 16 September 2017 Present ( 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 days ) Nabi Tajima 117 * born 4 August 1900 7004428180000000000 ♠ 117 years , 84 days Kagoshima , Japan Chronological list of the oldest living man Since 1973 This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group 's list of the World 's Oldest Man Titleholders . From To Name Age ( s ) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence ? 5 May 1973 Friedrich Wedeking ? -- 110 10 October 1862 -- 5 May 1973 110 years , 207 days North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany 5 May 1973 9 March 1974 ( 308 days ) Frederick Butterfield 109 -- 110 28 February 1864 -- 9 March 1974 110 years , 9 days England , United Kingdom 9 March 1974 17 March 1977 ( 7003110400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 8 days ) Jean Teillet 107 -- 110 6 November 1866 -- 17 March 1977 110 years , 131 days Île - de-France , France 17 March 1977 20 August 1978 ( 7002521000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 156 days ) Charlie Nelson 109 -- 110 21 September 1867 -- 20 August 1978 110 years , 333 days Iowa , United States 5 20 August 1978 5 September 1980 ( 7002747000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 16 days ) Charlie Phillips 108 -- 110 5 May 1870 -- 5 September 1980 110 years , 123 days Mississippi , United States 6 5 September 1980 16 February 1985 ( 7003162500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 164 days ) Mathew Beard 110 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida , United States 7 16 February 1985 14 December 1986 ( 7002666000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 301 days ) Joe Thomas 109 -- 111 1 May 1875 -- 14 December 1986 111 years , 227 days Louisiana , United States 8 14 December 1986 5 January 1987 ( 22 days ) Herman Smith - Johannsen 111 15 June 1875 -- 5 January 1987 111 years , 204 days Vestfold , Norway 9 5 January 1987 25 November 1988 ( 7002690000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 325 days ) Alphaeus Philemon Cole 110 -- 112 12 July 1876 -- 25 November 1988 112 years , 136 days New Jersey , United States 10 25 November 1988 10 June 1990 ( 7002562000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 197 days ) John Evans 111 -- 112 19 August 1877 -- 10 June 1990 112 years , 295 days Wales , United Kingdom 11 10 June 1990 18 June 1990 ( 8 days ) Henri Pérignon 110 14 October 1879 -- 18 June 1990 7004404240000000000 ♠ 110 years , 247 days Normandy , France 12 18 June 1990 16 October 1991 ( 7002485000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 120 days ) James Wiggins 110 -- 112 15 October 1879 -- 16 October 1991 112 years , 1 day Arkansas , United States 13 16 October 1991 14 June 1993 ( 7002607000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 241 days ) Frederick Frazier 111 -- 113 27 January 1880 -- 14 June 1993 113 years , 138 days Alabama , United States 14 14 June 1993 20 January 1994 ( 220 days ) Josep Armengol 111 -- 112 23 July 1881 -- 20 January 1994 112 years , 181 days Catalonia , Spain 15 20 January 1994 25 April 1998 ( 7003155600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 95 days ) Christian Mortensen 111 -- 115 16 August 1882 -- 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days California , United States 16 25 April 1998 17 July 1998 ( 83 days ) Johnson Parks 113 15 October 1884 -- 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days Florida , United States 17 17 July 1998 25 December 1998 ( 161 days ) Walter Richardson 112 -- 113 7 November 1885 -- 25 December 1998 113 years , 48 days Illinois , United States 18 25 December 1998 29 April 1999 ( 125 days ) Denzo Ishisaki 112 20 October 1886 -- 29 April 1999 112 years , 191 days Ibaraki , Japan 19 29 April 1999 15 November 1999 ( 200 days ) Antonio Urrea 111 16 February 1888 -- 15 November 1999 111 years , 272 days Catalonia , Spain 20 15 November 1999 1 March 2001 ( 7002472000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 106 days ) John Painter 111 -- 112 20 September 1888 -- 1 March 2001 112 years , 162 days Tennessee , United States 21 1 March 2001 3 January 2002 ( 308 days ) Antonio Todde 112 22 January 1889 -- 3 January 2002 112 years , 346 days Sardinia , Italy 22 3 January 2002 28 September 2003 ( 7002633000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 268 days ) Yukichi Chuganji 112 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Fukuoka , Japan 23 28 September 2003 5 March 2004 ( 159 days ) Joan Riudavets 113 -- 114 15 December 1889 -- 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Balearic Islands , Spain 24 5 March 2004 19 November 2004 ( 259 days ) Fred H. Hale , Sr . 113 1 December 1890 -- 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days Maine , United States 25 19 November 2004 24 January 2007 ( 7002796000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 66 days ) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 113 -- 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days United States ( Puerto Rico ) 26 24 January 2007 19 June 2009 ( 7002877000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 146 days ) Tomoji Tanabe 111 -- 113 18 September 1895 -- 19 June 2009 113 years , 274 days Miyazaki , Japan 27 19 June 2009 18 July 2009 ( 29 days ) Henry Allingham 113 6 June 1896 -- 18 July 2009 113 years , 42 days England , United Kingdom 28 18 July 2009 14 April 2011 ( 7002635000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 270 days ) Walter Breuning 112 -- 114 21 September 1896 -- 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days Montana , United States 29 15 April 2011 12 June 2013 ( 2 years , 58 days ) Jiroemon Kimura 113 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Kyoto , Japan 30 11 June 2013 13 September 2013 ( 94 days ) Salustiano Sanchez 112 8 June 1901 -- 13 September 2013 112 years , 97 days New York , United States 31 13 September 2013 24 April 2014 ( 223 days ) Arturo Licata 111 2 May 1902 -- 24 April 2014 111 years , 357 days Sicily , Italy 32 24 April 2014 8 June 2014 ( 45 days ) Alexander Imich 111 4 February 1903 -- 8 June 2014 111 years , 124 days New York , United States 33 8 June 2014 5 July 2015 ( 1 year , 27 days ) Sakari Momoi 111 -- 112 5 February 1903 -- 5 July 2015 112 years , 150 days Saitama Prefecture , Japan 34 5 July 2015 19 January 2016 ( 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 days ) Yasutaro Koide 112 13 March 1903 -- 19 January 2016 112 years , 312 days Aichi Prefecture , Japan 35 18 January 2016 11 August 2017 ( 7002571000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 205 days ) Yisrael Kristal 112 -- 113 15 September 1903 -- 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Haifa , Israel Oldest verified person by country Main article : List of oldest people by country Notes Jump up ^ Emma Tillman died 28 January 2007 ( EST ) . However , in Fukuoka Prefecture , where Minagawa lived , the date was already 29 January 2007 ( JST ) . Jump up ^ Misao Okawa died 1 April 2015 ( JST ) . However , in Arkansas , where Weaver lived , the date was still 31 March 2015 ( Central Time Zone ) . Jump up ^ Susannah Mushatt Jones died 12 May 2016 8 : 26pm EDT . However , in Italy , where Morano lived , the date was already 13 May 2016 ( CEST ) . Jump up ^ Violet Brown died on 15 September 2017 in Jamaica ( UTC - 5 ) . However , in Japan , where Tajima lives , the date was already 16 September 2017 ( JST ) . Jump up ^ Walter Breuning died 14 April 2011 3 : 30pm ( MDT ) . However , in Kyoto , where Kimura lived , the date was already 15 April 2011 ( JST ) . Jump up ^ Jiroemon Kimura died 12 June 2013 ( JST ) . However , in New York , where Sanchez lived , the date was still 11 June 2013 ( Eastern Time Zone ) . Jump up ^ Yasutaro Koide died 19 January 2016 12 : 17 a.m. JST . However , in Israel , where Kristal lived , the date was still 18 January 2016 ( IST ) . References ^ Jump up to : Whitney , Craig R. ( 5 August 1997 ) . `` Jeanne Calment , World 's Elder , Dies at 122 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Robine , Jean - Marie ; Allard , Michel ( 1999 ) . Jeanne Calment : Validation of the Duration of Her Life . Odense : University Press of Southern Denmark . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Shaw , Michael D. ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` You Say You Want to Live for a Long Time ? '' . Health News Digest . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person misses millennium '' . BBC . 31 December 1997 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Maier , Heiner ( 2010 ) . Supercentenarians . Springer . p. 249 . ISBN 3 - 642 - 11519 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Marie - Louise Meilleur , 117 ; Listed as Oldest Person in World '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 April 1998 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Validated Living Supercentenarians '' . Gerontology Research Group . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest woman dies at 116 '' . BBC . 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest man ever passes away aged 116 '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table M - World 's Oldest Men ( WOM ) Titleholders Since 1973 '' . grg.org. 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Walter Breuning , world 's oldest man , dies in Montana at age 114 Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' World 's oldest man dies aged 114 ' ' , BBC News , 29 September 2003 . '' . BBC News . 2003 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Riudavets - Moll , 114 ; World 's Oldest Man '' . LA Times . 8 March 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' World 's oldest man dies aged 113 ' ' , BBC News , 20 November 2004 . '' . BBC News . 2003 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness : Holocaust survivor , 112 , named world 's oldest man '' . CBS News , 11 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` 112 - year - old Spaniard claims title of world 's oldest man '' . thelocal.es. 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Deutschlands wohl ältester Mann feiert 112 . Geburtstag '' . wn.de. 15 October 2017 Retrieved 15 October 2017 Jump up ^ Lauren Reid ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Richard Overton taken to hospital for pneumonia '' . FOX 7 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs win ? Seen it before ... '' . November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nagasaki Prefecture News Jump up ^ 支 局長 , 作成 者 ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` 110 歳 の 誕生 日 に '' . saikishikyokuchou.jp . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/fl-br-bernard-nenner-110-birthday-20170507-story.html Jump up ^ http://yucatanahora.com/noticias/longevo-yucateco-llega-sus-110-anos-gracias-huevo-abotonado-chocomilk-71507/ Jump up ^ http://abc7chicago.com/community-events/lansing-man-turns-110-years-old/2341769/ Jump up ^ `` Table C - World 's Oldest Person ( WOP ) Titleholders Since 1955 '' . grg.org . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ústav pro českou literaturu '' , Rudé právo , Prague , p. 2 , 6 May 1969 Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and Notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldest_people&oldid=807315030 '' Categories : Gerontology Supercentenarians Lists of oldest people Biological records Record progressions Ageing Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 05 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the oldest person who has ever lived | [
"According to this criterion, the longest human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875–1997), who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days. She met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13.[1] She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Subsequent investigation found documentation for Calment's age, beyond any reasonable question, in the records of her native city, Arles, France.[2] More evidence of Calment's lifespan has been produced than for any other supercentenarian; her case serves as an archetype in the methodology for verifying the ages of the world's oldest people.[3]"
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"Jeanne Calment"
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-4155888035560076909 | Port Harcourt Refining Company | Port Harcourt refining company - wikipedia Port Harcourt refining company Jump to : navigation , search Port Harcourt Refining Company Limited The Port Harcourt Refining Company Ltd . Type State - owned Industry Oil and gas Founded 1965 ( 1965 ) Headquarters Port Harcourt , Nigeria Area served Nigeria Key people Mr Shehu Malami ( Managing Director ) , Mr Ganiyu Owolabi ( Executive Director Operations ) Products Petroleum and derived products Owner Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Website www.nnpcgroup.com/nnpcbusiness/subsidiaries/phrc.aspx The Port Harcourt Refining Company , ( abbreviated PHRC ) , is a Port Harcourt - based oil and gas company primarily specializing in the refining of crude oil into petroleum products . The company is a subsidiary of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ( NNPC ) . Located at Alesa Eleme , the company operates two oil refineries including an old plant commissioned in 1965 that can process 60,000 barrels of oil per stream day and the new plant commissioned in 1989 , which has a capacity of 150,000 bpsd . Both oil refineries possess a combined capacity of 210,000 barrels per stream day making PHRC the `` biggest oil refining company in Nigeria '' . See also ( edit ) Nigeria portal Energy portal Omega Butler Refinery References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NNPC appoints new MDs for Port Harcourt , Warri refineries '' . Vanguard . 2012 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Explosion Did n't Affect Operations At Port Harcourt Refinery -- Director '' . AllAfrica.com . AllAfrica Global Media . 2014 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery '' . dprnigeria.com . Department of Petroleum Resources . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Why Nigerian refineries ca n't be sold '' . Gasandoil.com . Alexander 's Gas & Oil Connections. 2004 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nwachukwu , Clara ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Port Harcourt Refinery Set for Another Turn Around Maintainence ( sic ) '' . AllAfrica.com . AllAfrica Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . External links ( edit ) PHRC web page Port Harcourt Education Brookstone School Secondary Charles Dale Memorial International School Archdeacon Crowther Memorial Girls ' School Jephthah Comprehensive Secondary School Marygold International School Niger Delta Science School Norwegian International School Port Harcourt Polytechnic Tantua International Group of Schools Topline Schools University of Port Harcourt University of Science and Technology See also : List of schools in Port Harcourt Geography Aggrey Road Bonny Island Eleme Obio Akpor Oyigbo Rumuokoro Healthcare Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital Dental and Maxillofacial Hospital Kelsey Harrison Hospital Meridian Hospital Military Hospital Rehoboth Specialist Hospital University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital See also : List of hospitals in Port Harcourt History Lewis Vernon Harcourt Invasion of Port Harcourt Bus electrocutions Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 Timeline of Port Harcourt history Media Newspapers National Network The Tide Television Rivers State Television Radio 89.9 FM 91.7 FM 93.7 FM 94.1 FM 99.1 FM Neighbourhoods Borokiri D - 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BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company&oldid=802354210 '' Categories : Companies based in Port Harcourt Economy of Port Harcourt Oil and gas companies of Nigeria Landmarks in Port Harcourt Energy in Rivers State 1965 establishments in Nigeria 1960s establishments in Rivers State Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | eleme refinery in portharcourt was built by which company and in what year | [
"Located at Alesa Eleme, the company operates two oil refineries including an old plant commissioned in 1965 that can process 60,000 barrels of oil per stream day and the new plant commissioned in 1989, which has a capacity of 150,000 bpsd. Both oil refineries possess a combined capacity of 210,000 barrels per stream day making PHRC the \"biggest oil refining company in Nigeria\".[4][5]",
"Located at Alesa Eleme, the company operates two oil refineries including an old plant commissioned in 1965 that can process 60,000 barrels of oil per stream day and the new plant commissioned in 1989, which has a capacity of 150,000 bpsd. Both oil refineries possess a combined capacity of 210,000 barrels per stream day making PHRC the \"biggest oil refining company in Nigeria\".[4][5]"
] | [
"PHRC",
"1965"
] |
-3161017141070192357 | How I Met Your Mother | How I Met Your Mother - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother How I Met Your Mother The cast pictured in the opening sequence Genre Sitcom Romantic comedy Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Cristin Milioti Narrated by Bob Saget Opening theme `` Hey , Beautiful '' by The Solids Composer ( s ) John Swihart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 208 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Carter Bays Craig Thomas Rob Greenberg Pamela Fryman Eileen Heisler DeAnn Heline Greg Malins Chris Harris Stephen Lloyd Kourtney Kang Jamie Rhonheimer Chuck Tatham Producer ( s ) Randy Cordray Suzy Mamann Greenberg Chris Harris Jamie Rhonheimer Kourtney Kang Brenda Hsueh Theresa Mulligan Rosenthal Stewart Halpern - Fingerhut Rob Greenberg Tami Sagher Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Bays & Thomas Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) -- March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) External links Official website Production website How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 , to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby and his group of friends in New York City 's Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 30 Emmy Awards , winning ten . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double - length finale episode , which received mostly negative reviews from critics and fans alike , as many critics and fans believed the finale contradicted many of the previous episodes . Contents 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 4 Season synopsis 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 5 Critical reception 6 Tie - ins 6.1 Books 6.2 Soundtracks 6.3 Pineapple Incident Explained 6.4 Proposed spin - offs 6.4. 1 How I Met Your Dad 6.4. 2 How I Met Your Father ( First attempt ) 6.4. 3 How I Met Your Father ( Second attempt ) 6.5 Russian adaptation 7 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 Home media 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby ( played by Josh Radnor ) narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children . The story goes into a flashback and starts in 2005 with a 27 - year - old Ted Mosby living in New York City and working as an architect ; the narrative deals primarily with his best friends , including the long - lasting couple Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , womanizing - playboy Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , and news reporter Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) . The lives of all characters are entwined in each others . The series explores many storylines , including a `` will they or wo n't they '' relationship between Robin and each of the two single male friends , Marshall and Lily 's relationship , and the ups and downs of the characters ' careers . The show 's frame story depicts Ted ( voice of Bob Saget , uncredited ) verbally retelling the story to his son Luke ( David Henrie ) and daughter Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) as they sit on the couch in the year 2030 . This future - set frame is officially the show 's `` present day '' and How I Met Your Mother exploits this framing device in numerous ways : to depict and re-depict events from multiple points of view ; to set up jokes using quick and sometimes multiple flashbacks nested within the oral retelling ; to substitute visual , verbal or aural euphemisms for activities Ted does not want to talk about with his children ( sexual practices , use of illicit substances , vulgar language , etc . ) ; and even to add some elements of humor : in the episode `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten , leading all characters to act as though her given name were `` Blah - Blah '' ; later in the series , Ted remembers her name as Carol . While the traditional love - story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other , How I Met Your Mother does not introduce Ted 's wife ( Cristin Milioti ) until the eighth - season finale , and only announces her name ( Tracy McConnell ) during the series finale . The show instead focuses on Ted 's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women , thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy . Finally in present 2030 , six years after Tracy 's death , Ted gets back with Robin . Production ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother was inspired by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas ' idea to `` write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York '' , where they previously worked as writers for Late Show with David Letterman , among others . The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters . Ted is based loosely on Bays , and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife . Thomas ' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her but agreed if they could get Alyson Hannigan to play her . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work and was available . Josh Radnor and Jason Segel , who were cast as Ted and Marshall , respectively , were not well known , though Segel had been a cast member on the short - lived Freaks and Geeks and a recurring guest star on Judd Apatow follow - up Undeclared . The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a `` John Belushi - type character '' before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the show 's casting director Megan Branman . Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the voiceover narrator , Future Ted , explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years but `` kind of into the future '' . Saget either went to the television studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode , or did so separately and rerecorded with the episode if necessary . He normally did not attend table readings but did so for the last episode . In various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that `` a pretty famous actress '' turned down the role of Robin , whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt . They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who , at the time , was fairly unknown . Bays and Thomas later said , `` Thank God we did for a million reasons ... when Ted 's seeing her for the first time , America 's seeing her for the first time -- the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive '' . Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot , it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother , which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the `` will they or wo n't they '' Ross and Rachel storyline from Friends . According to an Entertainment Weekly article , the writers adopted facets of each main actor 's personality and incorporated them into their characters . This includes Neil Patrick Harris ' skills with magic , Jason Segel 's passion for songwriting , Alyson Hannigan 's absent - mindedness while pregnant , and Josh Radnor 's intellectualism . MacLaren 's , an Irish bar in the middle of New York , in which some of the show is set , is loosely based on four favorite bars of Bays , Thomas and others from the Late Show staff . They include : McGee 's , a Midtown tavern near the Ed Sullivan Theater where the Late Show is taped ; McHale 's , a legendary Hell 's Kitchen bar which closed in 2006 ; Chumley 's , a since - closed historic Greenwich Village pub ; and Fez , another closed bar on the Upper West Side . McGee 's had a mural that Bays and Thomas both liked and wanted to incorporate into the show . The name for the bar is from Carter Bays ' assistant , Carl MacLaren ; the bartender in the show is also named Carl . Episodes were generally shot over a three - day period in the Los Angeles - based Soundstage Studio 22 and featured upwards of 50 scenes with quick transitions and flashbacks . However , the `` Pilot '' episode was filmed at CBS Radford . The laugh track was later created by recording an audience being shown the final edited episode . Thomas claimed that shooting before a live audience would have been impossible because of the structure of the show and the numerous flashforwards in each episode and because doing so `` would blur the line between ' audience ' and ' hostage situation ' '' . Later seasons started filming in front of an audience on occasion when smaller sets were used . The theme song is a portion of `` Hey Beautiful '' by The Solids , of which Bays and Thomas are members . Episodes from Season 1 generally started with the opening credits . A cold opening has been used since Season 2 . Viewers then occasionally see Ted 's children on a couch and hear him talking to them , telling the story of how he met their mother . Alternatively , scenes from previous episodes or shots of New York City with Ted narrating over the top are shown . Thomas has stated that Future Ted is an unreliable narrator since he is trying to tell a story that happened over 20 years earlier ; this has been a plot point in several episodes including `` The Goat '' , `` Oh Honey '' , `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` The Mermaid Theory '' . Nevertheless , Thomas has also emphasized maintaining a coherent and consistent universe and trying to avoid continuity errors , a problem he noticed in other shows . A scene relating to the identity of the mother , involving Ted 's future children , was filmed in 2006 for the show 's eventual series finale . This was done because the teenage actors portraying them would be adults by the time the final season was shot . During the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , How I Met Your Mother shut - down production ; when the strike ended , the show returned on March 17 , 2008 , with nine new episodes . The network announced a change in the timeslot to 8 : 30 pm ET / 7 : 30 pm CT , flip - flopping from the summer schedule with The Big Bang Theory . CBS renewed the show for a fourth season on May 14 , 2008 , which premiered on September 22 , 2008 . In September 2008 , Lifetime Television announced it had purchased the cable rerun rights to How I Met Your Mother at a rate of about $725,000 per episode . The four - year syndication contract stipulated that the studio deliver at least 110 half - hour episodes by the year 2010 , and allowed for up to eight seasons of the show . At the end of the fourth season only 88 episodes had been produced , and a further 22 episodes were required , ensuring that there would be a fifth season . There also was a complication with the writing of the show due to the absence of actress Alyson Hannigan due to her pregnancy . The writers had to create episodes that did not include one of the five main characters . On May 19 , 2009 , the fifth - season renewal was announced . May 20 , 2009 , CBS announced that How I Met Your Mother would again be aired at 8 pm , leading into the new comedy Accidentally on Purpose . On January 12 , 2010 , the show aired its 100th episode and CBS announced that the series would return for a sixth season . Upon learning that the series would be syndicated , Thomas said , `` We 're thrilled that it will live on in other forms , '' and they were proud of the show and it was great to see the strong demand . Reruns of the series began airing on local U.S. broadcast television stations and on Chicago - based cable superstation WGN America September 13 , 2010 . Featured in these airings are vanity cards previously unseen in the CBS and Lifetime airings due to marginalized credit sequences used by the two networks . Shown in between the closing credits and the production company credits , these vanity cards show portions of `` The Bro Code '' , a list of rules frequently referenced by Harris ' character , Barney Stinson , on how men should interact with each other , with an emphasis on activities involving pursuing members of the opposite sex . The opening theme song for the syndicated reruns is also slightly edited , running shorter and not using all the pictures seen in the opening montage that runs on DVD and the original CBS broadcasts . The episodes are also slightly edited , leaving out a few details . One of the series ' ongoing traditions involves giving guest roles to actors from various Joss Whedon productions , many of whom co-starred with Hannigan on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Bays attributes this to their being `` huge fans '' and to those casts representing `` a big talent pool '' . On March 4 , 2011 , CBS announced that the show had been renewed for two more seasons , with the seventh season premiering with back - to - back episodes on September 19 , 2011 . On July 27 , 2011 , the FX channel announced it had picked up the series for syndication . On September 5 , 2011 , FX began airing the series . Although cast members had previously stated that the show would not run longer than eight seasons , a ninth season was secured in December 2012 amidst tense negotiations with the studios and the actors -- especially Jason Segel , who had wanted to move on to other ventures after the eighth season . During these negotiations , Bays and Thomas originally approached the eighth season as if it was the show 's last year , but also had a `` Plan B '' if the show was renewed . After producers secured a ninth and final season , they implemented plans to secretly cast the titular future mother , with Cristin Milioti eventually winning the role , besting at least two other contenders . Milioti first appeared in the last scene in the season eight finale `` Something New '' and was a regular cast member in the show 's final season . This marked the first time that the show had expanded its core roster . In January 2013 , How I Met Your Mother was renewed for a ninth and final season . Carter Bays stated to Entertainment Weekly that season nine `` will feature some of the most non-linear episodes we 've ever done '' . The season nine premiere episode aired on September 23 , 2013 and the one - hour series finale aired on March 31 , 2014 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother characters Main cast Josh Radnor Ted Mosby Jason Segel Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan Lily Aldrin Cristin Milioti Tracy McConnell Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby , an architect , college professor and the central character of the series . He is the main protagonist since he tells the story of his adult years from his late twenties to his early thirties and about all the obstacles he has to overcome before he meets `` The One '' aka the Mother . This story is told by the Older Ted Mosby , and narrator of the series , Bob Saget . Ted moved to New York City with his friends Marshall and Lily after graduating from Wesleyan University . In New York , he met Barney at the urinal of MacLaren 's and Robin , to whom he was immediately attracted . Ted is on a quest for happiness and `` The One '' , the woman he will marry . Ted prefers more elegant and high - class interests than his friends have . He goes to great lengths to profess his love to the women in his life , but they all falter eventually . Despite these qualities , Ted often acts immaturely , such as partaking in wild activities with Barney . In the show 's finale , he says , that , in Tracy , he had met the love of his life ( the titular Mother ) , but only after he was finished telling the story he realized that Robin was the love of his life . Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen , Ted Mosby 's best friend . In season 2 Marshall marries Lily , with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college ; they have a child during season 7 . Marshall was born in St. Cloud , Minnesota . He has an interest in the paranormal phenomenon , and mythical creatures , particularly Sasquatch . His dream to be an environmental lawyer , conflicts with his immediate need for money , such as for his wedding and to raise his children . Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky , a news anchor who has on - again - off - again relationships with both Ted and Barney . Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren 's ; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends . She is shown to be very career - centric and rejects traditional roles , such as getting married and having kids . Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars , and she is an avid gun fan . She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale , but divorce in the second part , three years later . Cobie 's husband Taran Kilam has also appeared on 6 episodes of the show as Gary Blauman . Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson is a serial playboy , using his relative wealth and an array of outrageous strategies to seduce women with no intention of engaging in a relationship . His catchphrases include ' Suit Up ' and ' Legend - wait - for - it - Dary ' . He is Ted 's `` bro , '' often jealous of Marshall for having known Ted since college and that Marshall is Ted 's first best friend . Abandoned by his father at a young age , Barney has abandonment issues and clings to his friends . He marries Robin in the series finale but they divorce after three years . In 2020 , a failed one - night stand gives him a daughter , Ellie . Neil 's husband David Burtka has appeared on 7 episodes on the show as Scooter . Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin , a kindergarten teacher , aspiring artist , and Marshall 's wife . She is terrible at keeping secrets and can be manipulative at times . She marries Marshall in season 2 and gives birth to Marvin in season 7 . Though appearing sweet and cute , Lily can be quite unexpectedly fierce . Alyson 's husband Alexis Denisof has appeared on 10 episodes on the show as Sandy Rivers . Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell ( guest - season 8 ; main - season 9 ) , ( although only appearing occasionally , 28 episodes out of 208 , she plays an integral part in the show in the build - up to the finale ) the future wife of Ted Mosby , The Mother . Tracy McConnell is first seen in the finale of season 8 , though her name is hinted at season 1 ( 01x09 `` Belly full of Turkey '' ) and officially revealed in the series finale . Ted falls madly in love with her , but in 2024 she passes away . Bob Saget as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only , uncredited ) , Ted 's future self , telling his children the story of how he met their mother , in the year 2030 . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22 September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 20 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 24 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 5 24 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 6 24 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 7 24 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 8 24 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 9 24 September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) In the year 2030 , Ted Mosby ( voiced by Bob Saget ) sits his daughter and son down to tell them the story of how he met their mother . The series begins in September 2005 with Ted ( Josh Radnor ) as a single , 27 - year - old architect living with his two best friends from his college years ; Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) , a law student , and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a kindergarten teacher and an aspiring artist . Lily and Marshall have been dating for almost nine years when Marshall finally proposes . Their engagement causes Ted to think about marriage and finding his soul mate , much to the disgust of his self - appointed best friend Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier . Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games , usually involving costumes and fake identities , designed to bed women , only to lose interest in them immediately afterward . Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada , Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) , with whom he quickly falls in love . Robin , however , does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends . Future Ted reveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as `` Aunt Robin '' . Ted begins dating a baker , Victoria ( Ashley Williams ) , whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia 's wedding , causing Robin to become jealous , and realize she does have feelings for Ted . Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry - making , moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long - distance relationship . Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him , he tells her he broke up with Victoria , even though he has not . They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers , mistaking Ted 's phone for her own . Ted and Victoria then break up and an angry Robin distances herself from Ted , but they eventually reconcile and decide to date . Meanwhile , Lily begins to wonder if she has missed any opportunities because of her relationship with Marshall , and decides to pursue an art fellowship in San Francisco , breaking - up with Marshall in the process . The season ends with Ted returning to the apartment , the morning after spending the night with Robin for the first time , to find Marshall sitting in the rain with Lily 's engagement ring , devastated by their sudden break - up . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 2 ) Ted and Robin are now a couple ; meanwhile , a heartbroken Marshall tries to continue his life without Lily . After enduring numerous emotional breakdowns , Marshall 's friends step in , and Barney , using sly catchphrases and pick - up lines , tries to get Marshall back in the dating game . Later , Lily , after finally realizing she is not meant to be an artist , returns to New York . They remain separated as Marshall begins to date another girl , described by the gang as having ' crazy eyes ' . The date with the girl does not end well and eventually leads to Lily and Marshall becoming reunited , and their engagement eventually resumes . When Robin refuses to go to the mall or explain why , Marshall suspects she is married , and Barney suspects she has performed in adult films . They bet on it , appointing Lily as `` Slap Bet Commissioner . '' Lily oversees the search for the truth , as they discover that Robin was a teenage pop star named `` Robin Sparkles '' , and Marshall eventually earns the right to slap Barney five times whenever he wishes . He uses one slap immediately and another later in the season . It is revealed that Barney has a gay African American half - brother named James ( Wayne Brady ) and , unaware that his mother lied to him , believes that Bob Barker is his father . As a result of this he takes a trip to California to be a contestant on The Price Is Right to meet his `` father '' . While on the show , Barney wins all the prizes and gives them to Lily and Marshall as a ' happy early wedding ' present . In the season finale , Ted reveals to Barney that he and Robin have been broken up for some time due to their conflicting views on marriage and children . They did not tell anyone , in order to avoid taking attention away from Lily and Marshall 's wedding . The season ends with Barney 's excitement at the prospect of he and Ted being single guys on the town again . Barney 's final words are `` this is going to be legen - wait for it ... '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Barney begins the season with the word , `` - dary ! '' Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend , Gael ( Enrique Iglesias ) , and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend , while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other . Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own , falling in love with a place they can not afford . Robin learns of Lily 's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands , and forces Lily to tell Marshall . Despite this , they are able to finally secure their dream apartment , only to discover it is in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought ( the floor is tilted ) . Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving , which Marshall dubs `` Slapsgiving . '' Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella . He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party where his future wife was , although they did not meet . Ted attempts to woo Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo . This culminates in a memorable `` two - minute date , '' which incorporates small talk , dinner , a movie , coffee , two cab rides , and a goodnight kiss , all within two minutes . Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break - up with a past Canadian love ; Ted is infuriated , and decides to stop being friends with Barney . Meanwhile , an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney 's attempts to hook up . His saboteur is revealed to be Abby ( Britney Spears ) , Stella 's receptionist , with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex . In the season finale , Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital after breaking up with Stella . Subsequently , Barney is hit by a bus while he is on his way to visit Ted and receives treatment in the same hospital . Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship . Barney 's true feelings for Robin are revealed while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade with a toy kangaroo . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) Stella says yes to Ted 's proposal . Robin takes a new job in Japan , but quickly resigns and returns to New York to attend Ted 's wedding , after realizing how much she misses her friends . Stella leaves Ted at the altar to get back together with Tony ( Jason Jones ) , the father of her daughter . Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin as his company shifts him to the management team of a new acquisition , Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) , where Marshall has accepted a position . Marshall and Lily move to their new apartment and debate over whether or not they are ready to have children . Robin becomes roommates with Ted and gets a job as an anchor for a 4 AM news show after Barney submits her video resume . Ted and Robin decide to sleep together constantly so they will not fight over each other 's bad co-living habits . Barney attempts to make them stop fighting to prevent this , revealing to Ted his love for Robin . Ted finds out Lily has sabotaged all of his relationships with anyone she does not approve of and indirectly may have inspired his breakup with Robin . Robin and Ted end up talking about it , causing their friendship to begin moving toward a positive note . After Barney finally sleeps with his 200th woman ( and rubs it in the face of the childhood bully who taunted him into pursuing it ) , he begins to question the purpose of the remainder of his life , leaving him more certain of his feelings for Robin . Ted , while carrying the yellow umbrella , bumps into Stella and Tony . Tony later decides to visit him , sympathizing with Ted over his loss of Stella . Tony offers him a job as a professor of architecture , which Ted initially turns down . In the season finale Robin finds out that Barney loves her , and initially refuses to commit to anything but a sex - only relationship ; they seemingly end up together anyway . Ted decides that being an architect is leading nowhere , and finally decides instead to become a college professor . The finale ends with Ted preparing to teach his first class and Future Ted revealing to his children that one of the women in the class is their mother . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 5 ) Ted begins his job as a professor of architecture , standing in the middle of a classroom -- although the mother was present , it turns out to be an economics class as he 's in the wrong lecture hall . Barney and Robin have had a sexual relationship throughout the summer and Lily locks them in a room , forcing them to come to terms with their relationship . After a rough patch they decide to break up . Robin describes it instead as `` two friends getting back together . '' Barney immediately goes back to his old ways , using the playbook to score with women . Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break - up . Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife . Robin meets Don Frank ( Benjamin Koldyke ) , her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show . Though she initially dislikes him , the two start dating and eventually she moves in with him . At the end of the season they break up when Don takes a job in Chicago -- a job which Robin had previously turned down to stay in New York with Don . Marshall uses his fourth slap on Barney , once again at Thanksgiving . Ted buys a house , which needs to be fixed up badly , but is later revealed to be the future home for Ted and his children . Lily and Marshall are still unsure about having children . After watching four doppelgangers of their group ( Lesbian Robin , Moustache Marshall , Stripper Lily and Mexican Wrestler Ted ) they decide to leave the big decision to the universe 's `` infinite wisdom '' and start trying when they have seen Barney 's Doppelganger . In the season finale , Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world , and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger . When Marshall finds out , he decides not to tell Lily , fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children . Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait . In the season finale , Lily thinks she sees Barney 's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor , which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she wants to see , and play along . Eventually Barney agrees having babies is not a stupid idea and Lily and Marshall should go forth . The season ends with Lily asking Marshall to `` put a baby in my belly '' . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) In the season opening , Ted sees Cindy again with a girl who he thinks to be her roommate , but she turns out to be Cindy 's girlfriend whom she later marries . After prodding by Barney , Ted is eventually hired by GNB once more as the architect of the bank 's new headquarters , which was originally scrapped in Season 4 . However , he encounters opposition when he meets Zoey Pierson ( Jennifer Morrison ) , a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel , the Arcadian , to be torn down for the headquarters . Over the season , Ted 's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband , the Captain ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love , leading to the Arcadian 's demolition . Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey . Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season , Lily and Marshall keep having sex , hoping she will get pregnant . Around Christmas , they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing . The fertility specialist , Dr. Stangel , turns out to be Barney 's doppelgänger , fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child . However , tragedy strikes when Marshall 's father passes away , leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him . Marshall tries to get over his father 's death and live again . Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future , Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer . Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile battle to save the Arcadian . At the end of the season , Lily reveals that she is pregnant . Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father , especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother , James , meets his own father . Loretta offers the identity of Barney 's father on a sheet of paper , but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother . At the funeral of Marshall 's father , Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last . The man , Jerry Whittaker ( John Lithgow ) , is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle . Barney , who remembers Jerry as a fun - loving man , is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free - wheeling ways . Although he tries to bring back Jerry 's old behaviors , Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday . He is also introduced to Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , a co-worker of Robin , for whom he develops feelings . After an initial falling out , the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee . Robin continues to work at her talk show , Come On , Get Up , New York ! , but the presence of a new hyperactive co-host forces her to leave . She is accepted as a researcher in another network , World Wide News . The gang also discovers more of her past as the Canadian pop star Robin Sparkles . Robin also encounters a man ( Michael Trucco ) she has had a secret crush on since first seeing him when she and Ted were dating , and Future Ted hints that they will see more of him later . Short scenes during the season premiere and finale feature a wedding set sometime in the future , where Ted will meet his future wife . In the final scene of the season , the groom is revealed to be Barney . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) Season seven opens with another flash forward , in which Ted is helping Barney get ready for his wedding to a still - unknown bride . In the present , Marshall gets a job in environmental law while Lily 's pregnancy progresses . Barney proves to Nora that he can be a good boyfriend to her , while Robin is revealed to still have feelings for Barney . Robin meets a therapist Kevin ( Kal Penn ) and they start to date . Meanwhile , after a period of unemployment since leaving GNB , Marshall finally manages to land his dream job at a top environmental law firm . After losing a bet , Barney is forced to wear a tie with a duck pattern on it ( nicknamed the ' Ducky Tie ' ) which he hates . Marshall allows him to take it off when meeting Nora 's parents on the condition that Barney has three slaps added to the one still remaining from the Slap Bet . Marshall uses two slaps immediately , leaving two left . While reminiscing about Hurricane Irene , Lily and Marshall reveal that they conceived their baby in Barney 's apartment , and Barney and Robin end up sleeping together . Barney and Robin decide to break up with their partners , but Robin reneges on the deal , returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken . Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his , since she and Kevin had not yet slept together . However , Robin 's doctor informs her that she can not have children at all . Kevin , who wants children , proposes to Robin , who decides that they must break up . Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her , but the gesture is unrequited . Eventually , she moves out to give him some space . Marshall and Lily decide they want to move to Long Island , after Lily 's paternal grandparents offer them their house there . Eventually , they move back to the old apartment in New York City after realizing suburban life is not for them . Ted gives them his apartment because he believes he can not move on from Robin while living there , while he and Robin become estranged and do not speak for several weeks . Robin is eventually offered a news anchor job and subsequently achieves recognition after preventing a helicopter she is flying in from crashing . Barney starts dating a stripper named Quinn , to the group 's initial apprehension . The gang begins to meddle in their relationship , but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval . Quinn moves in with Barney , while Ted buys Quinn 's old apartment . Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall , who are out at a casino . After many attempts to escape , Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily 's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby , Marvin Waitforit Eriksen . Ted and Robin 's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin 's birth . As the season concludes , Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby , Barney proposes to Quinn , and Ted contacts his old girlfriend Victoria . Unhappy with her own impending marriage , she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset . A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney 's wedding , where Robin is revealed as the bride . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney , causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together . The summer is spent with Ted , Barney , and Robin enjoying their current relationships ; however , all subsequently break up with their partners . Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin , Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other , and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity . Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together , despite Barney 's wishes . Barney then begins dating Robin 's hated co-worker Patrice ( Ellen D. Williams ) , a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him . In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin , who says yes . Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents , which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time . Lily 's father Mickey becomes Marvin 's nanny , freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends . The Captain , ex-husband of Ted 's old girlfriend Zoey , offers Lily a job as an art consultant after she identifies a painting that made a huge profit for him . Lily accepts , happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry , while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge . The Captain offers Lily a year 's work in Rome , which she accepts with Marshall 's blessing . However , just before Barney and Robin 's wedding , Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted , a development that would require them to stay in the US . Ted briefly dates Jeanette ( Abby Elliott ) , a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of New York Magazine for designing GNB headquarters . He quickly realizes he 's made a mistake and breaks up with her . Ted 's feelings of loneliness grow , especially as he is now the only single member of the group , and he decides he is truly ready to settle down . He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin 's wedding , but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument . During a chance meeting on the subway , Cindy offers the services of her roommate 's wedding band . This roommate is Ted 's future wife . As the week of the wedding approaches , Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted . Guilty , Ted realizes he can not be around Barney and Robin after they are married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding . The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin 's wedding , including the mother of Ted 's children ( revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti ) , who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 9 ) With the exception of the very last episode , the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin 's wedding . Marshall , who is stuck in Minnesota , desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time . Meanwhile , in Farhampton , the time is slowly counting down to the wedding , with a new problem arising in almost every episode . It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and Marshall will have a daughter . It was also revealed that Ted 's children are named Penny and Luke . In addition , the 200th episode detailed the Mother 's eight years before meeting Ted , while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes . Also , Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet : the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner , and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony . In the series finale , it was revealed that after three years of marriage , Barney and Robin decide to divorce . Barney ends up fathering a child during a one - night stand . Marshall eventually becomes a judge , and he and Lily have three children . Ted 's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024 , six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met . Upon finishing the story , at the urging of his kids , Ted decides to ask Robin out . Alluding to the first episode ( pilot ) , the finale ( and series ) ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season was met with generally favorable reviews from critics , though some compared the series unfavorably to Friends . On Metacritic , a review aggregation site that collected 25 reviews for the series , it scored a 69 out of 100 . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters gave the season a negative review , writing that `` The comedy that does occur in How I Met Your Mother is n't enough to compensate for its inconsistencies . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the season a lukewarm review , saying it 's `` a little better than most other sitcoms , past and present -- especially those featuring wacky urban friends in their twenties experiencing the bittersweet mysteries of life . '' On the other hand , Melanie Macfarlane gave the season a positive review , saying the show `` may not break any comedic ground , but it 's the sort of comfortable , reliable hitter CBS needs on Monday nights . '' The second season received critical acclaim . Staci Krause of IGN gave the season a positive review , calling it `` great '' . The third season was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review , saying that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . The fourth season received critical acclaim and is generally considered the best season of the series . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10 , stating that `` This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother . While Ted was busy dating Stella , the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted 's love life '' . Zoromski went on to say : `` A stellar Robin - Marshall episode , titled ' Little Minnesota ' , makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together . With Robin homesick and unemployed ( and at risk of being deported ) , this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season , when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of ' Let 's Go to the Mall ! ' '' The fifth season received mostly positive reviews . Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave the season a mixed review , and at the end of the season wrote : `` I 'm okay with any given season not being primarily focused on mother - meeting , but this season , the characters seemed to regress -- particularly Barney and Ted . Usually , when a season ends , I have to deal with a week or two weeks ' worth of letdown . Right now , all I 'm feeling is relief . '' The sixth season received generally positive reviews . Justin Fowler of Later Reviews gave the season a positive review , saying that the season was `` a pretty good season of television '' and better than the `` poor '' fifth season . He also said that `` Seventeen out of the 24 episodes are what I would consider good '' . The seventh season received mixed reviews . Alan Sepinwall gave the season a mixed review and criticized the flash - forwards throughout the season , saying that `` the show is just much , much stronger when its stories dwell on matters of the present or the past , and where the writers do n't have to act like magicians trying to keep the audience from figuring out how the trick works . And the finale affirmed that belief for me . The parts that had little or nothing to do with things to come were quite good ; the parts that were all about the future made me roll my eyes and ask , for the umpteenth time , ' Really ? This is where you 're going with this ? ' '' The eighth season was widely criticized , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 40 % of critics gave the show a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' The ninth season received mixed to positive reviews by critics , though fans found it worse than prior seasons . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the show a positive review , with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 . Gareth Mitchell at `` House of Geekery '' responded negatively , mostly criticizing the structure of the season , stating that they are `` struggling to come up with stories that last out the 22 minutes '' . The finale of the show received a largely negative reaction from critics and fans . Some complained that the last few seasons had built towards an end game that was discarded within the hour - long episode , while others defended it as true to both the initial concept of the show and to life itself . In the years succeeding its airing , it continued to be singled out as one of the worst television series finales , e.g. , topping USA Today 's list of `` Worst Season Finales of All Time '' . Tie - ins ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The Bro Code , cited by Barney many times throughout the series , is a set of written rules for bros to follow , and has been published as a tie - in novel , an audiobook , an iPhone Application and an Android Application . Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson , a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin . Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show 's closing vanity cards in syndication . Bro on the Go , a companion to The Bro Code , released in 2009 . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome , released in 2012 . The Playbook , based on the fifth season episode of the same name , by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn . How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy , released in 2013 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) A soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Original Songs from the Hit Series was released digitally to iTunes on September 24 , 2012 , featuring songs from the first seven seasons A second soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe was released digitally to iTunes on September 23 , 2014 , featuring songs from the final two seasons . Pineapple Incident explained ( edit ) After the end of the series , the officials released a short video , explaining the running mystery of the pineapple in the Pineapple Incident ( season 1 , episode 10 ) . The extra footage revealed that a character revealed in the 6th season , the Captain , had put a pineapple in front of his door as a tradition and Ted took the pineapple while he was drunk . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) How I Met Your Dad ( edit ) On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that CBS and the series ' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch How I Met Your Dad , a woman - centric variation executive - produced by Bays , Thomas , and Emily Spivey . The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series . The primary cast of the series was revealed to be Greta Gerwig , Drew Tarver , Nicholas D'Agosto and Andrew Santino . On April 23 , 2014 , Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally . On May 14 , 2014 , CBS passed on picking up How I Met Your Dad since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays did not want to reshoot the pilot . Nina Tassler , the entertainment president at CBS , stated that `` there were elements of the pilot that did n't work out '' . Talks of the series being `` shopped '' to other networks emerged . Netflix , FOX and NBC were named as possible candidates for picking up the show . Ultimately , nothing came of those talks . It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumours that the spin - off pilot will be reshot . On July 11 , 2014 , Bays confirmed that the spin - off project was officially dead . Six days later , Nina Tassler said that CBS would `` love the opportunity to take another shot '' at the pilot and that she would continue to `` hound '' Carter Bays and Craig Thomas -- even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on . How I Met Your father ( first attempt ) ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was reported that Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger were set to write a new version of the previous spin - off 's pilot , re-titled How I Met Your Father , with Bays and Thomas serving as executive producers . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that following signing new contracts with 20th Century Fox Television that would see both Aptaker and Berger being promoted to executive producers and co-showrunners on This Is Us alongside Dan Fogelman , their completed spec script for How I Met Your Father would be placed on the back burner in light of their new duties . The idea was later completely abandoned . How I Met Your father ( second attempt ) ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , Fox chairman Dana Walden told Deadline that the studio was set to try a third attempt at a spin - off with different writers . It was also stated that all ideas from the previous two attempts will not be carried over and the new attempt will be created from scratch . On August 11 , 2017 , Deadline reported that Alison Bennett had been selected to write the spin - off . It was also confirmed that this incarnation would be developed under the title used for the Aptaker and Berger project , and that Bays and Thomas are once again attached as executive producers . Russian adaptation ( edit ) The GoodStoryMedia , a Russian production company , made a remake of the series which was broadcast on STS and ran for two seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Viewership represented in a line graph The show 's highest viewed episode was the series finale , `` Last Forever '' , watched by 13.13 million viewers . Previously , the most viewed episode was the season 1 episode `` The Pineapple Incident '' , watched by 12.3 million viewers . The lowest - viewed episode was the season 6 episode `` Landmarks '' , watched by 6.4 million viewers , approximately 52 % of the show 's series high . Season nine was the highest watched season overall and among the 18 - 49 adults , scoring a 4.5 rating in that sector up from the second - highest rating of 4.1 in season seven . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 19 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 54 9.47 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 4 -- 22 ) September 18 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 61 8.94 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 11 ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 12 -- 20 ) September 24 , 2007 May 19 , 2008 2007 -- 2008 70 8.21 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 22 , 2008 May 18 , 2009 2008 -- 2009 49 9.42 5 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 2009 -- 2010 42 8.60 6 September 20 , 2010 May 16 , 2011 2010 -- 2011 48 8.79 7 September 19 , 2011 May 14 , 2012 2011 -- 2012 45 9.67 8 September 24 , 2012 May 13 , 2013 2012 -- 2013 42 9.02 9 September 23 , 2013 March 31 , 2014 2013 -- 2014 28 10.51 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother The show has been nominated for 72 awards , winning 19 . The show has been nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , including a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series . Stars Alyson Hannigan and Neil Patrick Harris have each received acting accolades , with both winning People 's Choice Awards , and Harris receiving Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice for Favorite Network TV Comedy . The show 's art direction , editing and cinematography have also been awarded . Home Media ( edit ) DVD season Release dates Episodes Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 November 21 , 2006 May 7 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 22 Includes : commentaries on six episodes a video yearbook 2 music videos ( `` First Round '' and `` Last Call '' ) a gag reel Episodes have been cropped from the broadcast widescreen to a full frame 4 : 3 format Season 2 October 2 , 2007 February 8 , 2010 April 8 , 2008 22 Includes : commentaries on seven episodes How We Make Your Mother 2 music videos ( `` Let 's Go To The Mall '' and `` Hey Beautiful '' ) 3 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes a gag reel an Easter Egg . The Legendary Season 3 October 7 , 2008 May 10 , 2010 February 11 , 2009 20 Includes : commentaries on 7 episodes a series retrospective Lily & Marshall 's honeymoon videos cast favorites a behind the scenes of `` We 're Not From Here '' 6 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes 2 music videos ( `` You Just Got Slapped '' and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' ) `` Ted Mosby Is A Jerk '' audio track a gag reel . The Awesome Season 4 September 29 , 2009 July 19 , 2010 October 27 , 2009 24 Includes : commentaries on 4 episodes A Night With Your Mother : Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Panel Discussion season recap Eriksen 's Fight Club a music video ( `` That Guy 's Awesome '' ) a gag reel Also available on Blu - Ray , and is the only season to have a subsequent Blu Ray release . The Complete Season 5 . The Suited - Up Edition September 21 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 24 Includes : a gag reel music videos for `` Super Date '' , `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' , and `` Best Night Ever '' 2 behind the scenes features making of `` Super Date '' behind the scenes of the 100th episode an extended version of the `` Wedding Bride '' trailer a musical series recap . The Complete Season 6 . The New Is Always Better Edition September 27 , 2011 October 3 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 Includes : a gag reel making of `` Subway Wars '' behind the scenes of `` Glitter '' commentaries on 3 episodes an extended performance of `` Stand By Me '' a season recap The Complete Season 7 . The Ducky Tie Edition October 2 , 2012 October 15 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 24 Includes : a gag reel 2 behind the scenes featurettes deleted scenes audio commentaries on 3 episodes a feature on Neil Patrick Harris ' Hollywood Walk of Fame star . The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition October 1 , 2013 September 30 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 24 Includes : deleted scenes audio commentary on `` Farmhampton '' and `` The Final Page '' music video for `` PS I Love You '' making of `` PS I Love You '' Where We Make Your Mother : Set Tour a gag reel . The 9th and Legendary Final Season . The Rest of Your Life Edition September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 24 Includes : Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary on `` The Locket '' Audio Commentary on `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' Audio Commentary on `` How Your Mother Met Me '' Last Forever Alternate Ending How It All Ends Cristin Milioti Audition Behind the Scenes of `` Gary Blauman '' Gag Reel The Whole Story Seasons 1 -- 9 September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 208 Includes : All Out of Spoilers : Looking Back at Your Mother -- A Retrospective Table Read of the Series Finale with the Entire Cast The Secret of the Pineapple Incident Revealed Meeting the Mother How I Met Your Mother at Comic - Con 2013 - 2014 The Mosby Kids : 8 Years on the Couch How We Filmed the Kids Plus All the Special Features from Every Previous Season Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Netflix in Austria , Australia , Latin America , The Netherlands , Spain , the UK , Ireland , and Canada ; season 9 was released on September 26 , 2014 . Seasons 1 - 9 were removed from Netflix in the United States as of November 13 , 2017 , and are now available on Hulu . Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Hotstar in India . Note : The whole story DVD had a different package in Region 1 as opposed to Region 2 + 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Summer School : How to Create and Run a Successful Sitcom '' . E ! Online . August 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : SEASON 9 REVIEW : THE BIG FAT MISDIRECT '' . ign.com . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten -- Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` CBS ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' to Get Hourlong Series Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyson Hannigan -- `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom -- William S. Paley TV Fest `` . Whedon . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Craig Thomas : ' Sitcoms used to be about something ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Przybyla , Kathryn ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` A Chat with Bob Saget '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Did they show you filmed and cut episodes , or did you just do it all at once ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` How do you feel about the fact that Josh Radnor was still the older version of Ted on the series finale of HIMYM and not you ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' unveils the mother ! The creators answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Turned Down How I Met Your Mother ? ! '' . E ! Online . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( April 2008 ) . `` How They Created Mother '' ( PDF ) . Watch ! The CBS Magazine . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother 1st Season DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 Behind the Scenes '' . CBS . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary at 00 : 58 min. of the HIMYM -- Season 1 DVD Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Watcher : How ' How I Met Your Mother ' is not a traditional sitcom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney 's Breakup , Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn '' . Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ( He is ) a guy who is telling the story so many years in the future , and he jumbles it up in his memory a little bit . He can be an unreliable narrator . Jump up ^ `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . October 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . It 's nice to go ( online ) and see how much continuity matters to people within the universe of a show . That 's absolutely true for me , too . Whenever there 's the slightest inconsistency in a Buffy episode or Friends or something , my wife and I would sit on the couch and throw stuff at the TV ... When we 're doing stuff in the writers room , I really try and remember that . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Barney writes a book , Barney + Robin , Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother ' news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted 's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother . That scene will be included in the show 's series finale , which Thomas said he hopes ' people will see in 2012 . ' Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- `` The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' To Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . TheFutonCritic.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upfront : CBS Releases Full Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2008 -- 2009 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mother ' reruns nest at Lifetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lifetime 's four - year licensing deal includes up to eight seasons of `` Mother '' , should the CBS comedy run that long . `` Mother '' had a big fourth - season premiere Monday , jumping 21 % in the ratings over last season . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Syndication Deal Ensures Season Five for Sitcom '' . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy - The Watcher '' . featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Without a Trace , ' ' Privileged , ' canceled , ' Gossip ' spin - off DOA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' meets Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : ' Buffy 's ' Danny Strong , Alexis Denisof to guest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces 2011 -- 2012 premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS Express . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' ( Press release ) . Sitcoms Online . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother to end after 8 seasons ? '' . TV Series Finale . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Renewed for Ninth and Final Season ; Entire Cast Will Return '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Report : How I Met Your Mother Renewed for 9th Season After Jason Segel 's 11th - Hour Reversal '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Showrunners talk about the ( possible ) beginning of the end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Makes Cristin ' Mom ' Milioti a Full - Fledged Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Cristin Milioti , who was unmasked as the titular mom in this week 's season finale , took the title of series regular during the comedy 's upcoming ninth and final season . This marks the first time HIMYM will have expanded its core group of regulars beyond stars Josh Radnor , Alyson Hannigan , Neil Patrick Harris , Cobie Smulders and Jason Segel . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Makes Cristin Milioti a Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers -- We Will Meet the Mother '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS , ' ' Downton Abbey , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Find out what 's next in the Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarland , Melanie ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall TV : Seek and ye shall find something worth watching '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Something Blue '' Review `` . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 4 Review : The one where they hide the pregnancies '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 6 Episode Reviews '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Justin ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 6 in Review or Ranking the Episodes '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' The Magician 's Code ' : Miss Direction '' . Hitfix . Hitfix INC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 9 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gareth . `` How I Met Your Mother Final Season Needs to be Left at the Altar '' . Wordpress . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Heigl ; Cara Shultz ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Fans Split on Finale : Great Finish , or Disappointment ? '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-lists/end-game-tvs-best-and-worst-series-finales-170942/worst-how-i-met-your-mother-171680/ Jump up ^ https://www.businessinsider.com/12-worst-series-finales-of-all-time-seinfeld-girls-dexter-2018-6#how-i-met-your-mother-season-9-episodes-23-24-last-forever-3 Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2018/04/03/10-best-and-worst-tv-series-finales-through-years.html Jump up ^ Kelly Lawler ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` The 10 best ( and five worst ) TV series finales of all time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2012 ) . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9058 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Playbook . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Matterhorn , Lorenzo , ed . ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Popular Culture and Philosophy . Open Court Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9835 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' soundtrack : See the full listings ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I met your music deluxe '' . 20th Century Fox . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Apple iTunes . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Is Finally Revealed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff -- CBS Orders Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lintz , Kristina ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' ordered , show creators tweet info '' . Hypable.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nick D'Agosto & Andrew Santino To Star In CBS ' ' HIMYM ' Spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Meg Ryan To Voice The Mother In CBS ' ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Passes on How I Met Your Dad '' . IGN . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Has Passed On How I Met Your Dad '' . Time . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Pilots Are Still Alive , What Pilots Are Being Shopped '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` What 2014 Broadcast Pilots Are Still Alive -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` New ' How I Met Your Mother ' Dad Spinoff In Works With ' This Is Us ' Writing Duo '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff To Get Another Shot With New Writers , ' Modern Family ' & ' Empire ' Spinoffs Also Possible '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Father ' : Alison Bennett Tapped To Write New ' HIMYM ' Spinoff '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Как я встретил вашу маму ( 2010 ) -- о фильме , отзывы , смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Finale Hits High , ' Bones ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Up , ' The Voice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 6 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 7 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Press Release for Season 9 and The Whole Story '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV 2014 Preview : Catch Up On Your Favorite TV Shows With Netflix New Releases '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Amy ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Netflix recommendations of the week : How I Met Your Mother , American Beauty and more '' . IBTimes . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Leaving Netflix in November 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHow I Met Your Motherat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website How I Met Your Mother at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) How I Met Your Mother on IMDb How I Met Your Dad on IMDb How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks `` Let 's Go to the Mall '' `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 GND : 7746815 - 6 LCCN : no2010159293 VIAF : 219033079 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother&oldid=856222208 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American romance television series 2000s American sitcoms 2010s American romance television series 2010s American sitcoms American romantic comedy television series Casual sex in television CBS network shows English - language television programs Fiction with unreliable narrators Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in New York City Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series about friendship Television series about couples Television series about television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 18 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gets married at the end of how i met your mother | [
"Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky, a news anchor who has on-again-off-again relationships with both Ted and Barney. Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren's; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends. She is shown to be very career-centric and rejects traditional roles, such as getting married and having kids. Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars, and she is an avid gun fan. She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale, but divorce in the second part, three years later. Cobie's husband Taran Kilam has also appeared on 6 episodes of the show as Gary Blauman.",
"Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky, a news anchor who has on-again-off-again relationships with both Ted and Barney. Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren's; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends. She is shown to be very career-centric and rejects traditional roles, such as getting married and having kids. Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars, and she is an avid gun fan. She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale, but divorce in the second part, three years later. Cobie's husband Taran Kilam has also appeared on 6 episodes of the show as Gary Blauman."
] | [
"Robin",
"Barney"
] |
9027445122437936851 | Australian Survivor | Australian Survivor - Wikipedia Australian Survivor This article is about the Australian edition of Survivor . For the second season of the American edition set in Australia , see Survivor : The Australian Outback . Australian Survivor Genre Reality competition Created by Charlie Parsons Presented by Lincoln Howes ( 2002 ) Ian `` Dicko '' Dickson ( 2006 ) Jonathan LaPaglia ( 2016 - present ) Starring List of Australian Survivor contestants Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 77 ( and 2 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stephen Peters ( 2002 ) David Mason ( 2006 ) Amelia Fisk ( 2016 - present ) Tim Toni ( 2006 - present ) Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) ( 2002 , 2006 ) 70 - 90 minutes ( inc . adverts ) ( 2016 - present ) Production company ( s ) Castaway Television ( 2002 - present ) Endemol Shine Australia ( 2016 - present ) Release Original network Nine Network ( 2002 ) Seven Network ( 2006 ) Network Ten ( 2016 - present ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) ( 2002 , 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - present ) Original release Original series : 13 February 2002 -- 15 May 2002 First revived series : 17 August 2006 -- 2 November 2006 Second revived series : 21 August 2016 -- present Chronology Related shows International versions External links Official site Australian Survivor ( also known as Australian Celebrity Survivor during season two ) is an Australian reality game show based on the popular international Survivor format . Following the basic premise of other international versions of the format , the show features a group of contestants who are marooned in an isolated location , where they must provide food , water , fire , and shelter for themselves . The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination . The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants until only one remains and is awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 . The series first aired in 2002 on the Nine Network , who hold the Australian broadcast rights to the American edition . In 2006 , a celebrity edition aired on the Seven Network . Both incarnations of the series only lasted one season due to low ratings . In November 2015 , the Network Ten , at its network upfronts , announced that it would be reviving the series in 2016 . The series commenced airing on 21 August 2016 . Unlike its predecessors , the series was renewed by Network Ten for another season to air in 2017 . A fifth season will air in 2018 , with the theme `` Champions v Contenders . '' Contents 1 Format 2 History 3 Series overview 4 Broadcast information 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Further information : Survivor ( franchise ) § Format The show follows the same general format as the other editions of the show . The players are split into two or three tribes , are taken to a remote isolated location and are forced to live off the land with meagre supplies for a period of several weeks . Frequent physical and mental challenges are used to pit the teams against each other for rewards , such as food or luxuries , or for immunity , forcing the other tribe to attend Tribal Council , where they must vote one of their tribemates out of the game . About halfway through the game , the tribes are merged into a single tribe , and competitions are on an individual basis ; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out . Most players that are voted out during this stage become members of the Tribal Council Jury . Once only two people remain , the Final Tribal Council is held where the remaining players plead their case to the members of the Jury as to why they should win the game . The jurors must then cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of Sole Australian Survivor and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 ( or a A $100,000 charity prize in the celebrity season ) . Like other editions of the show , the Australian edition has introduced numerous modifications , or twists , on the core rules in order to keep the players on their toes and to prevent players from relying on strategies that succeeded in prior seasons or other editions of the show . These changes have included tribal switches , players being exiled from their tribe for a short period of time , hidden immunity idols that players can use to save themselves or another player at Tribal Council from being voted off , special voting powers which can be used to influence the result at Tribal Council and players being given a chance to return following their elimination . History ( edit ) The first Australian version of the Survivor format was filmed in 2001 , and aired in 2002 on the Nine Network . The program was a contractual obligation if the network were to be allowed to continue to broadcast American Survivor . The program was criticised for poor casting and lower production value than the popular American edition and it was not renewed due to low ratings . The Nine Network continued to broadcast the American edition of the program ever since . Since 2013 , recent seasons air on Nine 's secondary channel ; 9Go ! within hours of the original American airing . In 2006 , the Seven Network found a loophole in the contract between the Nine Network and Castaway Television , which allowed them to produce a celebrity version of the series , due to a celebrity format being viewed as different from the original format . The Seven Network did not renew the series . In November 2015 , Network Ten revealed at its upfronts event that it would air a new season featuring regular contestants to air in the last quarter of 2016 . This new season gives Australian Survivor the distinction of being one of the few Australian programs to have aired across all three major commercial television networks in Australia . Series overview ( edit ) List of Australian Survivor seasons Year Season Location Days Castaways Initial Tribes Winner Runner - up Final Vote Grand Prize 2002 Whaler 's Way , Eyre Peninsula , South Australia 39 16 Two tribes of eight Rob Dickson Sciona Browne 5 - 2 $500,000 and a Ford V6 Escape 2006 Celebrity Survivor Efate , Shefa , Vanuatu 25 12 Two tribes of six , split by gender with the exception of one castaway Guy Leech Justin Melvey 3 - 2 $100,000 ( for Charity ) 2016 Upolu , Samoa 55 24 Three tribes of eight Kristie Bennett Lee Carseldine 8 - 1 $500,000 2017 Two tribes of twelve Jericho Malabonga Tara Pitt 6 - 3 2018 Champions vs. Contenders Savusavu , Fiji 50 Two tribes of twelve , divided by `` champion '' or `` contender '' status TBA TBA TBA Broadcast information ( edit ) Season Network Episodes Timeslot Season Premiere Season Finale Nine Network 13 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 13 February 2002 15 May 2002 Celebrity Survivor Seven Network 12 Thursday 8 : 30 pm 17 August 2006 2 November 2006 Network Ten 26 Sunday , Monday & Tuesday 7 : 30pm 21 August 2016 25 October 2016 26 30 July 2017 10 October 2017 Champions vs. Contenders TBA Wk 1 - 2 : Wednesday & Thursday 7 : 30 Wk 2 - onwards : Monday & Tuseday 7 : 30 1 August 2018 2018 Notes Jump up ^ In addition to the 13 regular episodes , two specials for the season were produced . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Refs . 2003 Logie Awards of 2003 Best Reality Program 2002 Season Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 Best Reality Program 2016 Season Nominated 7th AACTA Awards Best Reality Television Series 2017 Season Nominated Best Direction in a Television Light Entertainment , Lifestyle Or Reality Series Richard Franc ( Episode 1 - 2017 Season ) Won See also ( edit ) American Survivor I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! The Big Adventure Treasure Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Credits - Kalgoorie Cops '' . CI . Archived from the original on 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Survivor joins Seven 's new mid-year line - up '' ( PDF ) . Seven Network . 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ https://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/australian-survivor/credits ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Could Survivor Australia 's torch be lit once more ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seanna Cronin , `` Channel 10 adds Survivor Australia to 2016 reality line - up '' `` . The Northern Star . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed : Australian Survivor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Network Ten in 2018 : New shows , new website + an Australian TV first '' . Mediaweek. 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Survival of the fittest - smh.com.au '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Survivor : Caramoan : Fans v Favourites '' . 2013 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Returning : Survivor '' . 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Celebs to survive on 7 '' . Herald Sun . 29 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 31 ... Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : 2003 Logie Awards '' . australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . 2017 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 7TH AACTA Awards presented by Foxtel - All Winners - by Category '' ( PDF ) . AACTA . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Australian Survivor on IMDb Australian Survivor Seasons Season 1 ( 2002 ) Australian Celebrity Survivor ( 2006 ) Season 3 ( 2016 ) Season 4 ( 2017 ) Champions vs. Contenders ( 2018 ) Notable winners Rob Dickson ( Season 1 ) Guy Leech ( Celebrity Survivor ) Related List of contestants Survivor franchise American Survivor Survivor U.S. version Seasons 2000 : Borneo 2001 : The Australian Outback Africa 2002 : Marquesas Thailand 2003 : The Amazon Pearl Islands 2004 : All - Stars Vanuatu 2005 : Palau Guatemala 2006 : Panama Cook Islands 2007 : Fiji China 2008 : Micronesia Gabon 2009 : Tocantins Samoa 2010 : Heroes vs. Villains Nicaragua 2011 : Redemption Island South Pacific 2012 : One World Philippines 2013 : Caramoan Blood vs. Water 2014 : Cagayan San Juan del Sur 2015 : Worlds Apart Cambodia 2016 : Kaôh Rōng Millennials vs. Gen X 2017 : Game Changers Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers 2018 : Ghost Island David vs. Goliath Winners Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Ben Driebergen ( Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers ) Wendell Holland ( Ghost Island ) Related articles Contestants Tribes Episodes seasons 1 -- 20 seasons 21 -- present Survivor Live Versions outside the U.S. Africa South Africa Pan-regional Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela Asia -- Pacific Australia China India Japan New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Europe ( East ) Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Trosečník Robinsonův ostrov Georgia Greece Hungary Poland Wyprawa Robinson Wyspa Przetrwania Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine Pan-regional ex-Yugoslavia Baltics Europe ( West ) Belgium Denmark Finland Suomen Robinson Selviytyjät Suomi France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Pan-regional Austria - Germany Belgium - Netherlands Scandinavia : Denmark - Norway - Sweden Middle East Azerbaijan Israel Pan-regional Arab World Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Aussie Adventures ( 2001 -- 2002 , since 2018 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Pointless ( since 2018 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) Street Smart ( since 2018 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Sports Tonight ( 1993 -- 2011 , since 2018 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Survivor&oldid=855886434 '' Categories : Nine Network shows Seven Network shows Network Ten shows Australian game shows 2002 Australian television series debuts 2002 Australian television series endings 2006 Australian television series debuts 2006 Australian television series endings 2000s Australian television series 2016 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Television series revived after cancellation Australian Survivor Hidden categories : Use Australian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 13 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is this year's australian survivor filmed | [
"\nList of Australian Survivor seasons\n\n\nYear\n\nSeason\n\nLocation\n\nDays\n\nCastaways\n\nInitial Tribes\n\nWinner\n\nRunner-up\n\nFinal Vote\n\nGrand Prize\n\n\n2002\n\n1\n\nWhaler's Way, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia\n\n39\n\n16\n\nTwo tribes of eight\n\nRob Dickson\n\nSciona Browne\n\n5-2\n\n$500,000 and aFord V6 Escape\n\n\n\n2006\n\nCelebrity Survivor\n\nEfate, Shefa, Vanuatu\n\n25\n\n12\n\nTwo tribes of six, split by gender with the exception of one castaway\n\nGuy Leech\n\nJustin Melvey\n\n3-2\n\n$100,000 (for Charity)\n\n\n\n2016\n\n3\n\nUpolu, Samoa\n\n55\n\n24\n\nThree tribes of eight\n\nKristie Bennett\n\nLee Carseldine\n\n8-1\n\n$500,000\n\n\n\n2017\n\n4\n\nTwo tribes of twelve\n\nJericho Malabonga\n\nTara Pitt\n\n6-3\n\n\n\n2018\n\nChampions vs. Contenders\n\nSavusavu, Fiji\n\n50\n\nTwo tribes of twelve, divided by \"champion\" or \"contender\" status\n\nTBA\n\nTBA\n\nTBA\n"
] | [
"Savusavu, Fiji"
] |
-6725307894154162169 | Stuck in the Middle (TV series) | Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) - wikipedia Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Stuck in the Middle Genre Comedy Created by Alison Brown Developed by Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo Starring Jenna Ortega Ronni Hawk Isaak Presley Ariana Greenblatt Kayla Maisonet Nicolas Bechtel Malachi Barton Cerina Vincent Joe Nieves Theme music composer Shridhar Solanki Sidh Solanki Maria Christensen Opening theme `` Stuck with You '' by Sonus Composer ( s ) Kenneth Burgomaster Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 48 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Linda Videtti Figueiredo Producer ( s ) Cathy A. Cambria David McHugh Matt Flanagan Camera setup Single - camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) International Donut Fund Productions Horizon Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Production website Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series developed by Alison Brown and Linda Videtti Figueiredo and created by Alison Brown that premiered on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notes 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Broadcast 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in Massachusetts , in the fictional town of Marshport , the series tells the story of the Diaz family , specifically focusing on Harley , the middle of the seven children . Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Harley Diaz ( Jenna Ortega ) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy . She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor . Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table , the Slushinator , the Skate Kite , the Pick - Me - Up , and a snow machine . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is revealed it is her 13th birthday . A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation . Rachel Diaz ( Ronni Hawk ) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley 's vain older sister . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that she is 16 . She is a main character for the first two seasons . In the third season episode `` Stuck with Rachel 's Secret '' , Rachel leaves the family to attend college in Paris , France , while interning at a fashion company there . Ethan Diaz ( Isaak Presley ) is Harley 's oldest brother and her partner - in - crime ; she refers to him as her best friend in the family . He is an aspiring musician . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven , behind Rachel and Georgie . Daphne Diaz ( Ariana Greenblatt ) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley 's younger sister . She enjoys having tea time with her dolls and sleeps in her indoor dollhouse . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first . Georgie Diaz ( Kayla Maisonet ) is one of Harley 's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports . Lewie Diaz ( Nicolas Bechtel ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Beast 's twin . It is revealed in `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes . Beast Diaz ( Malachi Barton ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Lewie 's twin . Suzy Diaz ( Cerina Vincent ) is Harley 's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places . Suzy is the one who usually punishes the kids from grounding them to even putting them on lockdown for higher violations . Tom Diaz ( Joe Nieves ) is Harley 's father who is the proprietor of a marina store called `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' which sells camping and fishing equipment . Recurring ( edit ) Bethany Peters ( Lauren Pritchard ) is a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom 's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast . She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in `` Stuck in the Block Party '' . Ellie Peters ( Lulu Lambros ) is Bethany 's daughter and Harley 's best friend who is on the same basketball team as Georgie . In `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' , it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights , darkness , and birds . In `` Stuck with a Bad Influence '' , Ellie is sent to a boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother . Cuff ( Brett Pierce ) is an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel 's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom . When Cuff works briefly at `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' in `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' , his real first name is revealed to be Warren . While he was first seen in the first season , he is n't seen again until the third season episode `` Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery '' where it confirms that he and Rachel broke up . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode , but Bechtel is credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . Production ( edit ) Production on the series began in November 2015 . A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . Additional episodes began airing on March 11 , 2016 . Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15 , 2016 . The second season premiered on February 3 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31 , 2017 . The third season premiered on December 8 , 2017 . On March 30 , 2018 , Disney Channel announced that the series will end after three seasons . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 22 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 2.81 July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 2.06 1.60 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 2.13 October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 1.31 1.19 11 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.36 TBA TBD 1.09 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) The series first premiered 15 minutes before the first airing in the U.S. on Disney Channel in Canada as a special on February 14 , 2016 . The series premiered on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15 , 2016 . The series began airing regularly on March 11 , 2016 , airing at the same time as the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Diaz Family from Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle '' . TV Insider . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Orders Latino Family Sitcom Toplined by Jane the Virgin Star '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Stuck in the Middle '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle Renewed for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle , Bunk 'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle to End After 3 Seasons on Disney Channel , Star Jenna Ortega Joins ABC Pilot Man of the House '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle to End After 3 Seasons on Disney Channel , Star Jenna Ortega Joins ABC Pilot Man of the House '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards México 2017 '' . publimetro.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son los nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia 2017 '' . 90minutos.co ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son todos los nominados a los Kid 's Choice Awards Argentina 2017 '' . mundotkm.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quick - Witted Tween Uses Her Inventions to Navigate Life in the Comedy Series Stuck in the Middle on a Preview Episode on Disney Channel on Sunday , February 14 , 2016 '' . Corus Entertainment . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle on IMDb ( hide ) Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_(TV_series)&oldid=837765547 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American teen sitcoms Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Television shows set in Massachusetts Television series about families Television series about siblings Single - camera television sitcoms Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 22 : 31 . About Wikipedia | where does stuck in the middle take place | [
"Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family.",
"Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family."
] | [
"Massachusetts",
"Marshport"
] |
2283506756720101359 | List of Tokyo Ghoul episodes | List of Tokyo ghoul episodes - wikipedia List of Tokyo ghoul episodes Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √ A that aired January 8 , 2015 , to March 26 , 2015 , and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul : re , a split cour , who 's first part aired from April 3 , 2018 , to June 12 , 2018 . Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul : JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul : Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO . Contents 1 Episode list 1.1 Tokyo Ghoul 1.2 Tokyo Ghoul √ A 1.3 Tokyo Ghoul : re 1.4 OVA 2 Home release 2.1 Tokyo Ghoul 3 Notes 4 References Episode list ( edit ) Tokyo ghoul ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date `` Tragedy '' `` Higeki '' ( 悲劇 ) July 4 , 2014 March 26 , 2017 Ken Kaneki is a young man who befriends the beautiful and enigmatic Rize Kamishiro , unaware that she is a ghoul . Rize reveals her intentions to eat Kaneki but by a stroke of luck Kaneki survives her attack but is mortally wounded . He is saved by an emergency operation , transferring Rize 's organs into himself . This subsequently turns him into a half - ghoul half - human hybrid and Kaneki struggles to survive and cope by himself . `` Incubation '' `` Fuka '' ( 孵化 ) July 11 , 2014 April 2 , 2017 Kaneki struggles to adapt to his new nature with no success , until another ghoul , Nishiki Nishio , attempts to prey on his friend , Hideyoshi Nagachika , and he must fight to protect him . `` Dove '' `` Shirohato '' ( 白 鳩 ) July 18 , 2014 April 9 , 2017 After saving his friend , Kaneki is taken in by Yoshimura , a ghoul who runs the Cafe `` Anteiku '' , who teaches him to blend in human society while hiding his true nature . However , he gets bullied by another ghoul named Touka . `` Supper '' `` Bansan '' ( 晩餐 ) July 25 , 2014 April 23 , 2017 A ghoul named Tsukiyama approaches Kaneki with unknown intentions and the two start hanging out . However , Tsukiyama has prepared a mortal trap where Kaneki is to be killed and eaten . Kaneki finds himself in an arena facing a giant ghoul executioner , Taro , but Tsukiyama intervenes and kills Taro as he wants Kaneki for himself . 5 `` Scars '' `` Zankon '' ( 残 痕 ) August 1 , 2014 April 30 , 2017 Intending to consume Kaneki himself , Tsukiyama prepares another trap , using Nishio 's human girlfriend Nishino Kimi as a hostage . Kaneki confronts Tsukiyama and is assisted by Nishio and then Touka . They are no match for Tsukiyama as their kagune are not as strong because they do not consume human flesh , so Touka bites Kaneki , restoring her kagune . 6 `` Cloudburst '' `` Shūu '' ( 驟雨 ) August 8 , 2014 May 7 , 2017 Tsukiyama is defeated by Touka with Nishio 's help . Meanwhile , recent developments in the 20th ward draw the attention of the Commission of Counter Ghoul ( CCG ) , who sends two of their investigators , Kureo Mado & Kōtarō Amon to hunt down all ghouls in the area . They find Hinami 's father , Fueguchi and kill him . They then use some of Fueguchi 's blood to attract ghouls and trap Hinami and her mother , Ryouko . 7 `` Captivity '' `` Yūshū '' ( 幽囚 ) August 15 , 2014 May 14 , 2017 Hinami 's mother Ryouka is killed by Mado . An angry and vengeful Touka attacks members of the CCG . She kills Kusaba and attacks Amon , but Mado intervenes , using his kagune - like quinque and wounds Touka . Kaneki tells Touka that he wants to fight the ghoul investigators , much to Touka 's chagrin , and is given his mask by Uta . 8 `` Circular '' `` Enkan '' ( 円 環 ) August 22 , 2014 May 21 , 2017 Mado lures Hinami into a trap , but she is followed by Kaneki and Touka . Touka attacks Mado while Kaneki confronts Amon . During the fight with Amon , Kaneki realizes that he 's the only one that understands the plight of both humans and ghouls . Kaneki bites Amon , releasing his kagune , but then tells Amon to escape , to his surprise . Meanwhile as Mado fights Touka , he reveals that the quinque used by the CCG are made from the kagune of dead ghouls . Hinami eventually uses her kagune to save Touka fatally wounding Mado , but refusing to kill him . 9 `` Birdcage '' `` Torikago '' ( 鳥 籠 ) August 29 , 2014 June 4 , 2017 Amon recalls his early days in the CCG when he was partnered with the experienced Mado . Meanwhile , Touka looks after Hinami above the cafe . Still mourning the loss of his partner , Amon is relocated to the 11th ward , where the CCG have trouble facing dangerous ghouls who do not fear them . 10 `` Aogiri '' ( 青桐 ) September 5 , 2014 June 11 , 2017 In the 11th ward , Aogiri Tree ghouls attack a CCG branch and kill all the investigators , to the concern of Yoshimura and Yomo . Banjou Kazuichi from the 11th Ward comes to the cafe looking for Rize , then Touka 's brother Ayato arrives , and then Yamori ( Jason ) who brutally beats and then kidnaps Kaneki . While the CCG plan an attack on the Aogiri Tree , Touka , Nishio and Hinami prepare to rescue Kaneki . 11 `` High Spirits '' `` Shōten '' ( 衝天 ) September 12 , 2014 June 18 , 2017 As Kaneki is tortured mercilessly by Yamori , the CCG storm the Aogiri Tree hideout . Meanwhile the Anteiku group infiltrate the building to rescue Kaneki . The CCG gain the upper hand , but are then confronted by the One - Eyed Owl , the leader of Aogiri Tree . 12 `` Ghoul '' `` Kushu '' ( 喰 種 ) September 19 , 2014 June 25 , 2017 During the physical and mental tortures he suffers at the hands of Jason , Kaneki 's hair turns white and he sees a vision of Rize . Eventually he comes to accept his ghoul - half and fights back and mortally wounds Yamori . Tokyo ghoul √ a ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date `` New Surge '' `` Shinkō '' ( 新 洸 ) January 9 , 2015 July 9 , 2017 An all - out battle takes place between the CCG and the Aogiri led by the One - Eyed Owl . Shinohara and Iwa take on the One - Eyed Owl using new quinque armour called aratas , but are unable to defeat him . As the building collapses , the CCG lose about half of their troops and suspect that it was a trap . Meanwhile , Touka fights her brother Ayato but she is badly injured and saved by Kaneki . To her surprise , Kaneki leaves the Anteiku group to join the Aogiri Tree . `` Dancing Flowers '' `` Buka '' ( 舞花 ) January 16 , 2015 July 16 , 2017 The 9th and 10th wards are lost to the Aogiri , apparently led by a ghoul with an eyepatch . Meanwhile Mado 's daughter Akira , is assigned to become Amon 's new partner . She suggests that a ghoul organization is in control of the 20th ward , but also causes some friction among the investigators because of her abrupt manner . Kaneki has now joined the Aogiri . `` Hangman '' `` Tsurushibito '' ( 吊 人 ) January 23 , 2015 July 23 , 2017 Kaneki and Ayato lead an Aogiri attack on a CCG convoy to rescue Naki , one of Jason 's old cohorts who is being taken to the maximum security prison for ghouls known as Cochlea . During the mission , they are attacked by two one - eyed ghouls in black and white striped masks . Touka pays a visit to the university which Kaneki used to attend , where she has an encounter with Hideyoshi Nagachika ( Hide ) who is now working as a messenger for the CCG . `` Deeper Layers '' `` Shinsō '' ( 深層 ) January 30 , 2015 July 30 , 2017 While Amon and Akira visit Cochlea prison to learn more about Aogiri 's plan from Donato Porpora , the Aogiri commence their invasion of Cochlea and free a majority of the imprisoned ghouls . The two one - eyed ghouls , Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , meet up with the idiosyncratic inspector Juzo Suzuya . Kaneki frees the powerful ghoul Matasaka Kamishiro , but is attacked by him and badly beaten . 5 `` Rift '' `` Sakeme '' ( 裂 目 ) February 6 , 2015 August 6 , 2017 The battle at Cochlea intensifies on several fronts . Juzo defeats Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , and Shinohara in his arata armour almost kills Ayato . Kaneki undergoes a transformation , generating an additional kagune after consuming dead ghouls , however he is beaten by Amon . Amon recalls the time Kaneki spared him and so he hesitates , reluctant to kill Kaneki . At that moment , the One - Eyed - Owl arrives , grabs Ayato and Kaneki , then departs . 6 `` Thousand Paths '' `` Senro '' ( 千 路 ) February 13 , 2015 August 13 , 2017 Juzo recalls the time when he was known as Rei , an arena executioner for the ghoul Big Madam , and then his acceptance into the CCG by Shinohara . Amon and Akira spend some time together and develop a better understanding of each other . Meanwhile the CCG prepare a task force to combat the One - Eyed - Owl and the Aogiri . Kaneki painfully tries to gain control his new kagune . 7 `` Permeation '' `` Tōka '' ( 透過 ) February 20 , 2015 August 20 , 2017 Hinami misses Kaneki but is uncertain what to do about it . Sen Takatsuki , Kaneki 's and Hinami 's favourite author , shows up at the Anteiku coffee shop and tells Hinami that in her current state , she can not help her Onii - chan ( Kaneki ) . Takatsuki visits the CCG , and tells Shinohara about Anteiku so he pays a visit with Juzo and meets Yoshimura . Later , Kaneki appears at Anteiku and although Touka rushes there to see him , she beats him up instead of revealing her true feelings for him . 8 `` Old Nines '' `` Kyūkyū '' ( 旧 九 ) February 27 , 2015 August 27 , 2017 Yoshimura tells Kaneki about his early life as the killer Kuzen and that the One - Eyed - Owl is actually his child , Eto , with a human woman , Ukina . Yoshimura then sends Touka and Hinami to safety with Yomo , suspecting that the CCG has discovered the truth about Anteiku and is planning an attack . 9 `` City In Waiting '' `` Gaibō '' ( 街 望 ) March 6 , 2015 September 10 , 2017 The CCG staff prepare their testamentary notes in their own personal ways in preparation for a potentially fatal full scale assault on Anteiku . They launch the attack using conventional and specialized weapons and are greeted by the Devil Apes and Black Dober groups with Yoshimura and his friends - Yoshimura pretending to be the One - Eyed Owl . Despite being warned of the danger , Touka and Kaneki head to the 20th ward to assist their friends . 10 `` Last Rain '' `` Shūu '' ( 終 雨 ) March 13 , 2015 September 17 , 2017 Kaneki 's friends from Anteiku are defeated one by one but he arrives to help them . Juzo , Shinohara and a few other investigators finally defeat Yoshimura after a long , fierce battle . Amon faces off against Kaneki , but with victory in sight for the CCG the real One - Eyed Owl appears before the investigators . 11 `` Deluge of Flowers '' `` Itsuka '' ( 溢 花 ) March 20 , 2015 September 24 , 2017 The One - Eyed Owl easily defeats Shinohara and Juzo , and when the Aogiri Tree joins the battle , the CCG is driven into a corner . Kaneki and Amon face off , and reluctantly engage in battle . Eventually the strongest investigator , Kishō Arima appears and attacks the One - Eyed Owl giving the CCG renewed hope to fight on . Badly wounded , the One - Eyed Owl consumes Yoshimura 's body and escapes . Also wounded , Kaneki struggles towards Anteiku . He wakes up in the cafe and finds Hide trying to make coffee for him . In a post-credits scene , the Owl regurgitates a still alive Yoshimura behind an alley and goes back to her original form , revealing herself to be both Sen Takatsuki and the Owl / Eto . 12 `` Ken '' ( 研 ) March 27 , 2015 October 1 , 2017 Kaneki thinks back to happier times in Anteiku . Hide reveals that he knew Kaneki was a ghoul after Nishiki attacked the two of them . As they talk , Hide collapses from loss of blood and passes out in Kaneki 's arms , having been mortally wounded on the battlefield . Touka sobs when she arrives to see Anteiku burning down . She chases after Kaneki when she sees him walking out , but is stopped by Yomo , who states that Yoshimura 's last request to him was for him to protect her . Kaneki walks toward the CCG , carrying Hide 's body in his arms , and comes face - to - face with Arima . At the next morning , both Kaneki and Amon have disappeared . After the credits , it is shown that Touka has opened up a new café . Tokyo ghoul : re ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` START : Those Who Hunt '' `` Karu Monotachi START '' ( 狩る 者 たち START ) April 3 , 2018 Quinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso , who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies . Eventually , they meet with photographer Chie Hori , who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki . Hinami , now an Aogiri Tree member , warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him . Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver , Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car . However , this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap . While they face the killer , however , a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks , massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock , and allowing the taxi driver to escape . Sasaki appears and faces Orochi , but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to `` accept '' him in order to kill Orochi brutally . Sasaki then unleashes his kagune . `` member : Fragments '' `` Kakera member '' ( 欠片 member ) April 10 , 2018 When Sasaki removes Orochi 's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath , who calls him `` Kaneki '' , prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane . To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents , Akira Mado tranquilizes him . After returning to his senses , Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader . Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima , before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self `` Kaneki '' were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad . Later , Torso meets with The Rabbit ( Ayato Kirishima ) , to become a member of Aogiri Tree . Sasaki , Ginshi , and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed `` Nutcracker '' who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop : re . While at the shop , Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka . After tasting the coffee she makes for him , he begins to cry , subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku . He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful . `` fresh : Eve '' `` Zen'yasai fresh '' ( 前夜祭 fresh ) April 17 , 2018 Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki , but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he could n't recognize the scent as Kaneki 's . Later , the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted . At the nightclub , two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that `` for Kaneki to come out , Sasaki will have to ' die . ' '' The squad , alongside Juzo Suzuya , then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets . Note : This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee `` MAIN : Auction '' `` Ōkushon MAIN '' ( オークション MAIN ) April 24 , 2018 Kidnapped and entered into a circus - themed gourmet auction , Toru is sold off to Big Madam . However , Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed . Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement , and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa , who brutally kills a squad leader . During the fray , Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru . 5 `` PresS : Night of Scattering '' `` Chiri Yuku Yoru Press '' ( 散り ゆく 夜 Press ) May 1 , 2018 Takizawa , revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa , now a crazed one - eyed ghoul , slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives , while another squad is killed by Nutcracker . Meanwhile , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae , who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama 's reduced mental state , but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae . Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie , but mid-way through the fight , Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam . The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki , who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS - rated one - eyed ghoul alone . 6 `` turn : In the End '' `` Sono , Hate ni turn '' ( その 、 果て に turn ) May 8 , 2018 Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki , while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room . Meanwhile , the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi . Big Madam fights both Urie , who nearly goes insane , and Mutsuki , who unleashes his kagune . She comes face to face with Juzo , who despite that he was tortured and emasculated by her , is unable to kill her . She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara , who covers Juzo 's ears while the CCG investigators kill her . Meanwhile , Hinami , realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki , and Saiko hearing Sasaki 's screams , they both rush into the auction room , where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki . Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa . They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down . 7 `` mind : Days of Recollections '' `` Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind '' ( 心 覚え 在りし 日々 mind ) May 15 , 2018 Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima . Sasaki , having survived his encounter with Takizawa , saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody . She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison . In the following weeks after the operation , the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator . At the next morning , he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori . The same night , Sen Takatsuki ( Eto ) delivers him a package with Kaneki 's old mask and a book signed by her in it . He goes to the : re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka . After he leaves , Touka , Uta , Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki . Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku . On the same night , Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people . 8 `` TAKe : One Who Writhes '' `` Ugomeku Mono TAKe '' ( 蠢く モノ TAKe ) May 22 , 2018 Tsukiyama is always hungry and ca n't control his kagune.In the meantime , Tatara refuses Ayato 's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea . Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation . In CCG HQ , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang ( actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family ) , who attack Furuta and Kijima . They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei . Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea . Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki 's book . Uta lies about both of them . Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask . Chie Hori delivers Sasaki 's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki . 9 `` play : Departed Spirit '' `` Bōrei play '' ( 亡霊 play ) May 29 , 2018 Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki . He and Kanae find him on the street , along with the Quinx Squad , and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down . Sasaki hears him saying `` Kaneki '' but he does n't recognise him . Sasaki goes to Uta 's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad , in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation . Kori Ui rejects the plan , knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul . In the meantime , Kijima 's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral . Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki / Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories . Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki , so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki . However , Yamori 's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber . Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune . Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive . Eto watches the entire scene . 10 `` think : Sway '' `` Yureru think '' ( ゆれる think ) June 5 , 2018 Kanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power . It 's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he does n't , so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki . Eto tells him that she will `` be his god '' and captures him . Back on the CCG HQ , Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees . The same night , Sasaki wears Kaneki 's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol . Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch , so he starts finding information about him . He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who `` killed '' Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon . Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki . Tsukiyama refuses to tell him . CCG 's chairman , Tsuneyoshi Washu , gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama 's family . On the same night , Tsukiyama 's father drugs him in order to keep him safe . The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack . Tsukiyama 's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout . In the meantime , Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto . 11 `` writE : The Absent One '' `` Ketsuraku - sha write '' ( 欠落 者 writE ) June 12 , 2018 Kijima , Nimura Furuta , Sasaki , and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout . In the meantime , Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away . Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof . Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki . Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him . Meanwhile , Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout . Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her . Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him . Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae 's attacks by using another agent as a human shield , and then kills Matsumae with Kijima 's quinque . The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro . Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness , he loses his hand by Kanae . Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he does n't die . Kanae tries to kill Sasaki , who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands . Sasaki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren . Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One - Eyed Owl . 12 `` Beautiful Dream : Daybreak '' `` Yoake Beautiful Dream '' ( 夜明け Beautiful Dream ) June 19 , 2018 As the battle on the hideout still continues , Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki . She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times . Inside his head , Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles . As the child curses him , Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him . He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque . With his memories back , and his hair completely black again , Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren 's arm . Meanwhile , Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta , who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him , claiming to be the sole survivor . Kaneki fights with Karen , piercing her mercilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches . Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him . Meanwhile , Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her . Urie and Shirazu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries . Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who does n't deserve to be saved . They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form and she licks her blood from his face . Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him . Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto 's kakuja on the roof . Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building . Karren falls along with him in order to save him . She does save him , however she falls down to her death . Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu 's body . Kaneki coldly blames Urie for Shirazu 's death and calls him weak . Tsukiyama is saved by Touka , Yomo and Chie Hori . Naki and other Aogiri Tree members steal Shirazu 's corpse . OVA ( edit ) No . Title Release date `` Tokyo Ghoul : JACK '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( JACK ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( JACK ) ) September 30 , 2015 The story features a serious young Special Investigator Kishou Arima at high school where he first meets the carefree Taishi Fura who joins him in hunting ghouls in the 13th ward . Later , they both become Special Investigators in the CCG , but retain their original opposite attitudes . `` Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( PINTO ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( PINTO ) ) December 25 , 2015 The story features Shuu Tsukiyama the `` Gourmet '' during his high school years and Chie Hori . They meet when she photographs Tsukiyama killing a jogger and then about to eat him because of the tone of his body . She being uninterested in exposing him as a Ghoul and seems completely lost in a world of her own , photographing anything that takes her interest . Home release ( edit ) The series was released to DVD and Blu - Ray format in four volumes . Tokyo Ghoul ( edit ) TC Entertainment ( Japan , Region 2 / A ) Episodes DVD / Blu - ray Release date Volume 1 1 - 3 September 26 , 2014 Volume 2 4 - 6 October 31 , 2014 Volume 3 7 - 9 November 28 , 2014 Volume 4 10 - 12 December 26 , 2014 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of April 15 -- 16 , 2017 due to special scheduling . Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of May 27 -- 28 , 2017 due to a Samurai Jack marathon . Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul √ A did not air on the weekend for September 2 -- 3 , 2017 due to a Dragon Ball Z Kai marathon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール '' . Media Artis Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Schedule '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール √ A '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tōkyō Kushu : re no Hōsō Jōhō '' 東京 喰 種 : re の 放送 情報 ( Tokyo Ghoul : re Broadcast Information ) . Tokyo MX . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 『 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール 』 公式 サイト '' ( TV Anime Tokyo Ghoul Official Site - Products - Blu - ray & DVD ) . Tokyo Ghoul Anime Official Site ( in Japanese ) . Marvelous Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Tokyo Ghoul by Sui Ishida Chapters Characters Episodes Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tokyo_Ghoul_episodes&oldid=851295970 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 09 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when do tokyo ghoul re episodes come out | [
"Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √A that aired January 8, 2015, to March 26, 2015, and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul:re, a split cour, who's first part aired from April 3, 2018, to June 12, 2018. Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul: JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul: Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO.\n"
] | [
"from April 3, 2018, to June 12, 2018"
] |
8583683408949127407 | Article Five of the United States Constitution | Article Five of the United states Constitution - wikipedia Article Five of the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article V of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union . Additionally , Article V temporarily shielded certain clauses in Article I from being amended . The first clause in Section 9 , which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves prior to 1808 , and the fourth clause in that same section , a declaration that direct taxes must be apportioned according to state populations , were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . It also shields the first clause of Article I , Section 3 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate , from being amended , though not absolutely . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Procedures for amending the Constitution 2.1 Proposing amendments 2.2 Ratification of amendments 3 Ratification deadline and extension 3.1 Deadlines 3.2 Extensions 4 Exclusive means for amending the Constitution 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Congress , whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary , shall propose amendments to this Constitution , or , on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states , shall call a convention for proposing amendments , which , in either case , shall be valid to all intents and purposes , as part of this Constitution , when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states , or by conventions in three fourths thereof , as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . Procedures for amending the Constitution ( edit ) The U.S. constitutional amendment process Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . All totaled , approximately 11,539 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress since 1789 ( through December 16 , 2014 ) . Proposing amendments ( edit ) Article V provides two methods for amending the nation 's frame of government . The first method authorizes Congress , `` whenever two - thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary '' ( a two - thirds of those members present -- assuming that a quorum exists at the time that the vote is cast -- and not necessarily a two - thirds vote of the entire membership elected and serving in the two houses of Congress ) , to propose Constitutional amendments . The second method requires Congress , `` on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds of the several states '' ( presently 34 ) , to `` call a convention for proposing amendments '' . When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments , it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary . This procedure was not used . Instead , both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a joint resolution , thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary . Also , when initially proposed by James Madison , the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document . Instead , they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions ( codicils ) appended to it . Both these precedents have been followed ever since . Regarding the amendment process crafted during the 1787 Constitutional Convention , Madison , in The Federalist No. 43 , wrote : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . Resolution proposing the Nineteenth Amendment Each time the amendment process has been initiated since 1789 , the first method has been used . All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress . The second method , the convention option , which Alexander Hamilton ( writing in The Federalist No. 85 ) believed would serve as a barrier `` against the encroachments of the national authority '' , has yet to be successfully invoked , although not for lack of activity in the states . Three times in the 20th century , concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention . These included conventions to consider amendments to ( 1 ) provide for popular election of U.S. Senators ; ( 2 ) permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative district boundaries ; and ( 3 ) to propose an amendment requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances . The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with `` prodding '' the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the Seventeenth Amendment to the states in 1912 , while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two - thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s , respectively . Further information : Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution and Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Once approved by Congress , the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require Presidential approval before it goes out to the states . While Article I Section 7 provides that all federal legislation must , before becoming Law , be presented to the President for his or her signature or veto , Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress , or by a federal convention . Thus the president has no official function in the process . In Hollingsworth v. Virginia ( 1798 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the President for approval or veto . Ratification of amendments ( edit ) Tennessee certificate of ratification of the nineteenth Amendment ; with this ratification , the amendment became valid as a part of the Constitution After being officially proposed , either by Congress or a national convention of the states , a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three - fourths of the states . Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to state ratifying conventions for ratification . Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal force as part of the Constitution . Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification , the state convention method has been used for only one , the Twenty - first Amendment , which became part of the Constitution in 1933 . This was also one of only four times that Congress has placed the mode of ratification in the body of an amendment rather than in accompanying legislation ; the others being the Eighteenth , Twentieth , and Twenty - second Amendments . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide how each individual constitutional amendment is ratified , in accordance with the options provided in Article V and the equal validity of amendments properly ratified in either fashion . The Court had earlier , in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , ruled the ratification of the proposed Nineteenth Amendment ( which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification ) by the Legislature of Ohio could not be referred to the electors ( voters ) of the state , and that the Ohio Constitution , in requiring such a referendum , was inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution . An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states , rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified . No further action by Congress or anyone is required . On three occasions , Congress has , after being informed that an amendment has reached the ratification threshold , adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed . Such actions , while perhaps important for political reasons , are , constitutionally speaking , unnecessary . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist officially notifies the states , by a registered letter to each state 's Governor , that an amendment has been proposed . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature ( or ratifying convention ) . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications , it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution . The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large . This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Ratification deadline and extension ( edit ) The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration . It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress , once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification deadline to the states for their consideration , can extend that deadline . Deadlines ( edit ) The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the Eighteenth Amendment . All amendments proposed since then , with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the ( still pending ) Child Labor Amendment , have included a deadline , either in the body of the proposed amendment , or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states . The ratification deadline `` clock '' begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress . An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action , even if the states have not yet been officially notified . In Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) , the Supreme Court upheld Congress 's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification . Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints , the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a `` strongly suggest ( ive ) '' argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times . The court subsequently , in Coleman v. Miller ( 1939 ) , modified its opinion considerably . In that case , related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment , it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one , leaving the issue to Congress 's discretion . It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment . Based upon this precedent , the Archivist of the United States proclaimed the Twenty - seventh Amendment as having been ratified when it surpassed the `` three fourths of the several states '' plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution . Declared ratified on May 7 , 1992 , it had been submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , an unprecedented time period of 202 years , 7 months and 12 days . Extensions ( edit ) Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already - ratified States embroiled Congress , the states , and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment ( Sent to the states on March 22 , 1972 with a seven - year ratification time limit attached ) . In 1978 Congress , by simple majority vote in both houses , extended the original deadline by 3 years , 3 months and 8 days ( through June 30 , 1982 ) . The amendment 's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend . It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within Congress ' power and that Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point , based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment , Congress did not do violence to the Constitution when , once having fixed the time , it subsequently extended the time . Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States , making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again . Opponents argued that Congress , having by a two - thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states , had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution , that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended . In 1981 , the United States District Court for the District of Idaho , however , found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline , even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution 's resolving clause . The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case , bypassing the Court of Appeals , but before they could hear the case , the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states , thus rendering the case moot . Exclusive means for amending the Constitution ( edit ) According to constitutional theorist and scholar Lawrence G. Sager , some commentators have seriously questioned whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution , or whether there are routes to amendment , including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency . For example , Akhil Amar argues that the Constitution may be constitutionally amended outside of Article V. He rejects the notion that Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change , arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution . He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves , acting apart from ordinary Government , from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures . Bruce Ackerman argues that the Constitution can be amended by something he calls a `` structural amendment '' whereby the people alter their Constitutional order via succeeding elections . Similarly , Sanford Levinson believes that Constitutional amendments have been made outside of Article V and as such it is not exclusive . Other scholars disagree with Amar , Ackerman , and Levinson . Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American Constitutional tradition and he defends Article V against modern critiques that Article V is either too difficult , too undemocratic , or too formal . Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit , authentic , and the exclusive means of amendment ; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence ; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution . He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law . In the end , Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves . In his farewell address , President George Washington said : If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong , let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates . But let there be no change by usurpation ; for though this , in one instance , may be the instrument of good , it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed . The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield . This statement by Washington has become controversial , and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States . Scholars who dismiss Washington 's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the Articles of Confederation , while Constitutional attorney Michael Farris disagrees , saying the Convention was a product of the States ' residual power , and the amendment in adoption process was legal , having received the unanimous assent of the States ' legislatures . See also ( edit ) List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of state applications for an Article V Convention List of Rescissions of Article V Convention Applications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On March 2 , 1861 the 36th Congress gave final approval to proposed constitutional amendment designed to shield `` domestic institutions '' ( which at the time included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . The following day , on his last full day in office , President Buchanan , took the unprecedented step of signing it . Submitted to the state legislatures for ratification without a time limit for ratification attached , the proposal , commonly known as the Corwin Amendment , is still technically pending before the states . Jump up ^ On January 31 , 1865 , the 38th Congress gave final approval to what would become the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . The following day , the amendment was presented to the President Lincoln pursuant to the constitution 's Presentment Clause , and signed . On February 7 , Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary . Jump up ^ 1868 regarding the Fourteenth Amendment , 1870 regarding the Fifteenth Amendment , and 1992 regarding the Twenty - seventh Amendment Jump up ^ In recent history , the signing of the certificate of ratification has become a ceremonial function attended by various dignitaries . President Johnson signed the certifications for the Twenty - fourth Amendment and Twenty - fifth Amendment as a witness . When the Administrator of General Services , Robert Kunzig , certified the adoption of the Twenty - sixth Amendment on July 5 , 1971 , President Nixon along with Julianne Jones , Joseph W. Loyd Jr. , and Paul Larimer of the `` Young Americans in Concert '' signed as witnesses . On May 18 , 1992 , the Archivist of the United States , Don W. Wilson , certified that the Twenty - seventh Amendment had been ratified , and the Director of the Federal Register , Martha Girard , signed the certification as a witness . Jump up ^ Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Eighteenth , Twentieth , Twenty - first , and Twenty - second Amendments into the body of the amendment , so these amendments ' deadlines are now part of the Constitution . The failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment also contained a ratification deadline clause . Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Twenty - third , Twenty - fourth , Twenty - fifth and Twenty - sixth Amendments into the joint resolutions transmitting them to the state legislatures in order to avoid including extraneous language in the Constitution . This practice was also followed for the failed Equal Rights Amendment . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution '' . NYT . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Article V '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments : Contemporary Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 987 -- 1001 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sen. David Long `` Amending the U.S. Constitution by State - Led Convention '' Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph A. ( 2001 ) . Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment : The Irony of Constitutional Democracy . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0285 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History . New York : New York University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8276 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1901 ) . `` The Constitutional History of the United States , vol. 3 : 1861 -- 1895 '' . Chicago : Callaghan & Company . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments , Proposed Amendments , and Amending Issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( Second ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 373 . ISBN 1851094334 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Dillon v. Gloss '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Huckabee , David C. ( September 30 , 1997 ) . `` Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service reports . Washington D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3068&st= &st1 = Richard Nixon : `` Remarks at a Ceremony Marking the Certification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution , '' July 5 , 1971 . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Authentication and Proclamation : Proposing a Constitutional Amendment '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Idaho v. Freeman , 529 F. Supp. 1107 ( D. Idaho 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Certiorari before judgment granted , NOW v. Idaho , 455 U.S. 918 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Judgments of the District Court of Idaho vacated ; cases remanded with instructions to dismiss as moot . NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sager , Lawrence ( 2006 ) . Justice in Plainclothes : A Theory of American Constitutional Practice . Yale University Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott J. ( 2004 ) . `` Wild Political Dreaming : Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate '' . Fordham Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 27 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 1993 ) . We the People , Volume 1 : Foundations . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674948419 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 1995 ) . Responding to Imperfection : The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 1400821630 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl and Howard , Edward . A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California , Loyola Los Angeles Law Review , p. 1167 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Guerra , Darren Patrick ( 2013 ) . Perfecting the Constitution : The Case for the Article V Amendment Process . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739183861 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Washington , George . `` Farewell Address '' ( 1796 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , David . `` The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments , '' 114 Harvard Law Review 1457 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian . `` Fallacies of American Constitutionalism '' , Rutgers Law Journal , p. 1343 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Farris , Michael . `` Can we Trust the Constitution ? Answering the `` Runaway Convention '' Myth `` . Convention of States Project . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2013 ) The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 5 ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=814269620 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Five of the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛 語 Nederlands Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which article of the constitution allows changes to be made | [
"Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution, the nation's frame of government, may be altered. Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification. Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two-thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.[1] To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three-quarters of the states.[2] The vote of each state (to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment) carries equal weight, regardless of a state's population or length of time in the Union."
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"Article Five"
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-3734738148451196286 | List of FIFA World Cup records | List of FIFA World Cup records - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup records hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article cites other Wikipedia articles as sources and as such may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of records of the FIFA World Cup and its qualification matches . See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 General statistics by tournament 2 Teams : Tournament position 2.1 Consecutive 2.2 Gaps 2.3 Host team 2.4 Defending champion 2.5 Debuting teams 2.6 Other 3 Teams : Tournament progress 3.1 All time 3.2 Consecutive 3.3 Host team 3.4 Defending champion 4 All - time table 5 Players 6 Goalscoring 6.1 Individual 6.2 Own goals 7 Penalties 7.1 By team 7.2 By tournament 8 Penalty shoot - outs 8.1 By team 8.2 By tournament 9 Goalkeeping 10 Coaching 11 Refereeing 12 Discipline 12.1 Suspension 12.2 Fine 12.3 Other sanction 13 Teams : Matches played / goals scored 13.1 All time 13.2 In one tournament 14 Teams : Overall performance ( winning percentage ) 14.1 In one tournament 14.1. 1 All time 14.1. 2 Host team 14.1. 3 Defending champion 14.1. 4 Champion 14.1. 5 Non-champion 15 Upsets 16 Hat - tricks 17 Streaks 17.1 Team 17.2 Tournament 17.3 Top scoring teams by tournament 17.4 Goal scoring by tournament 18 Host records 19 Attendance 20 Others 21 Footnotes 22 References 23 External links General statistics by tournament ( edit ) Year Host Champion Winning coach Top scorer ( s ) Best player award 1930 Uruguay Uruguay Alberto Suppici Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) N / A 1934 Italy Italy Vittorio Pozzo Oldřich Nejedlý ( 5 ) 1938 France Italy Vittorio Pozzo Leônidas ( 7 ) 1950 Brazil Uruguay Juan López Ademir ( 8 ) 1954 Switzerland West Germany Sepp Herberger Sándor Kocsis ( 11 ) 1958 Sweden Brazil Vicente Feola Just Fontaine ( 13 ) 1962 Chile Brazil Aymoré Moreira Garrincha ( 4 ) Vavá ( 4 ) Leonel Sánchez ( 4 ) Flórián Albert ( 4 ) Valentin Ivanov ( 4 ) Dražan Jerković ( 4 ) 1966 England England Alf Ramsey Eusébio ( 9 ) 1970 Mexico Brazil Mário Zagallo Gerd Müller ( 10 ) West Germany West Germany Helmut Schön Grzegorz Lato ( 7 ) 1978 Argentina Argentina César Luis Menotti Mario Kempes ( 6 ) 1982 Spain Italy Enzo Bearzot Paolo Rossi ( 6 ) Paolo Rossi 1986 Mexico Argentina Carlos Bilardo Gary Lineker ( 6 ) Diego Maradona 1990 Italy West Germany Franz Beckenbauer Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 ) Salvatore Schillaci 1994 United States Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira Hristo Stoichkov ( 6 ) Oleg Salenko ( 6 ) Romário 1998 France France Aimé Jacquet Davor Šuker ( 6 ) Ronaldo 2002 South Korea Japan Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari Ronaldo ( 8 ) Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Italy Marcello Lippi Miroslav Klose ( 5 ) Zinedine Zidane South Africa Spain Vicente del Bosque Thomas Müller ( 5 ) Wesley Sneijder ( 5 ) David Villa ( 5 ) Diego Forlán ( 5 ) Diego Forlán 2014 Brazil Germany Joachim Löw James Rodríguez ( 6 ) Lionel Messi 2018 Russia France Didier Deschamps Harry Kane ( 6 ) Luka Modrić Teams : tournament position ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Teams having equal quantities in the tables below are ordered by the tournament the quantity was attained in ( the teams that attained the quantity first are listed first ) . If the quantity was attained by more than one team in the same tournament , these teams are ordered alphabetically . Most titles won 5 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top two 8 , Germany ( 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top three 12 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four 13 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) For a detailed list of top four appearances , see FIFA World Cup results Most finishes in the top eight 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1934 , 1966 and 1990 ) Most finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most World Cup appearances 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) For a detailed list , see National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup . Most second - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) Most third - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most fourth - place finishes 3 , Uruguay ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) Most 3rd - 4th - place finishes 5 , Germany ( 1934 , 1958 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most 5th - 8th - place finishes 8 , England ( 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most 9th - 16th - place finishes 14 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1978 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most 17th - 32nd - place finishes 7 , South Korea ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most titles won by a confederation 12 , UEFA ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Confederation with most number of teams who qualified for the finals at least once 90 % ( 9 out of 10 ) , CONMEBOL ( all but Venezuela ) Confederation with least number of teams who qualified for the finals at least once 15.38 % ( 2 out of 11 current and 2 former ) , OFC ( only Australia and New Zealand ) Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive championships 2 , Italy ( 1934 -- 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 -- 1962 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top two 3 , Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top three 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top four 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top eight 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive finals tournaments 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive second - place finishes 2 , Netherlands ( 1974 -- 1978 ) and West Germany ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Most consecutive third - place finishes 2 , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive fourth - place finishes no country has finished 4th in two consecutive tournaments Most consecutive 3rd - 4th - place finishes 2 , Sweden ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1974 -- 1978 ) , France ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive 5th - 8th - place finishes 4 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive 9th - 16th - place finishes 7 , Mexico ( 1994 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive 17th - 32nd - place finishes 4 , South Korea ( 1986 -- 1998 ) Biggest improvement in position in consecutive tournaments did not participate / qualify , then champion , Italy ( 1930 -- 1934 ) , Uruguay ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , West Germany ( 1950 -- 1954 ) , France ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Most consecutive championships by a confederation 4 , UEFA ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Gaps ( edit ) Longest gap between successive titles 44 years , Italy ( 1938 -- 1982 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top two 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top three 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top four 60 years , Spain ( 1950 -- 2010 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the finals 56 years : Egypt ( 1934 -- 1990 ) , Norway ( 1938 -- 1994 ) Host team ( edit ) Best finish by host team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Worst finish by host team 17th -- 32nd position ( FIFA final ranking of 20th ) : South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Best finish by defending champion Champion : Italy ( 1938 ) , Brazil ( 1962 ) Worst finish by defending champion Did not participate : Uruguay ( 1934 ) Worst finish by defending champion who participates in the next tournament Group stage : Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) Debuting teams ( edit ) See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Debut of teams Best finish by a debuting team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) Best finish by a debuting team after 1934 Third place : Portugal ( 1966 ) , Croatia ( 1998 ) Other ( edit ) Most finishes in the top two without ever being champion 3 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) Most finishes in the top three without ever being champion 4 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four without ever being champion 5 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 1998 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most finals played , never lost 2 , Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most semifinals played , never lost 5 , Argentina ( 1930 , 1978 , 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most quarterfinals ( or best eight round ) played , never lost 2 , Croatia ( 1998 , 2018 ) and Portugal ( 1966 , 2006 ) Most round of sixteen ( from 1986 to date ) played , never lost 8 , Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never winning a match 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) Most played final 3 , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Teams : Tournament progress ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Progressed from the first round the most times 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1930 , 1934 and 1966 ) Progressed from the first round as group winners the most times 15 , Brazil ( 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 ) Eliminated in the first round the most times 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most appearances , always progressing from the first round 3 , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round as group winners 10 , Brazil ( 1982 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive eliminations from the first round 5 , Mexico ( 1950 -- 1966 ) , Scotland ( 1974 -- 1990 ) Host team ( edit ) Host team eliminated in the first round South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Defending champion eliminated in the first round Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) All - time table ( edit ) Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Players ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups Most championships 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 , 1962 ( only played in first two matches ; medal awarded retroactively by FIFA in 2007 ) and 1970 ) See here for a list of players who have won multiple FIFA World Cups . Most tournaments played 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments on national team 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 1998 ( did not play ) , 2002 -- 2014 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most finishes in the top two 3 , Nílton Santos ( Brazil 1950 , 1958 , 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil 1958 , 1962 , 1970 ) , Pierre Littbarski ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top three 4 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in All - Star Team 3 , Djalma Santos ( Brazil , 1954 -- 1962 ) , Franz Beckenbauer ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1974 ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany , 2006 -- 2014 ) Most matches played , finals 25 , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) Most knockout games played , finals 14 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most minutes played , finals 2,217 minutes , Paolo Maldini ( Italy , 1990 -- 2002 ) Most matches played , qualifying 68 , Iván Hurtado ( Ecuador , 1994 -- 2010 ) Most matches won 17 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in a World Cup final 3 , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finals played with different teams 2 , Luis Monti ( Argentina , 1930 and Italy , 1934 ) Most appearances as captain 17 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments as captain 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most appearances as substitute 11 , Denílson ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2002 ) Youngest player 17 years , 41 days , Norman Whiteside ( Northern Ireland ) , vs Yugoslavia , 17 June 1982 Youngest player , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Youngest player , qualifying match 13 years , 310 days , Souleymane Mamam ( Togo ) , vs Zambia , 6 May 2001 , 2002 CAF Group 1 Youngest captain 21 years , 109 days , Tony Meola ( United States ) , vs Czechoslovakia , 10 June 1990 Youngest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 16 years , 339 days , Edu ( Brazil ) , 1966 Oldest player 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player , final 40 years , 133 days , Dino Zoff ( Italy ) , vs West Germany , 11 July 1982 Oldest player , qualifying match 46 years , 175 days , MacDonald Taylor Sr. ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) , vs Saint Kitts and Nevis , 18 February 2004 , 2006 CONCACAF First Round . Oldest captain 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to debut in a World Cup finals tournament 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 45 years , 150 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , 2018 Largest age difference on the same team 24 years and 42 days , 1994 , Cameroon ( Rigobert Song : 17 years and 358 days ; Roger Milla : 42 years and 35 days ) Largest age difference on a champion team 21 years and 297 days , 1982 , Italy ( Dino Zoff : 40 years and 133 days ; Giuseppe Bergomi : 18 years and 201 days ) Oldest average age of all the players summoned to a World Cup Almost 28 years old , 2018 Longest period between World Cup finals appearances as a player 15 years and 363 days , Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) Longest span of World Cup finals appearances as a player 16 years , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) ; Elías Figueroa ( Chile , 1966 -- 1982 ) ; Hugo Sánchez ( Mexico , 1978 -- 1994 ) ; Giuseppe Bergomi ( Italy , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 -- 2010 ) ; Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Samuel Eto'o ( Cameroon , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between World Cup finals appearances , overall 44 years , Tim ( Brazil , 1938 , as a player ; and Peru , 1982 , as coach ) Goalscoring ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers See also : List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks Most goals scored , overall finals 16 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most goals scored , overall qualifying 39 , Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2016 ) Most goals scored in a tournament 13 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) Highest goals average in a tournament 2.2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 11 goals in 5 matches , 1954 ) For a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament ( Golden Boot winner ) , see Golden Boot . Most goals scored in a match 5 , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , vs Cameroon , 1994 Most goals scored in a lost match 4 , Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland ) , vs Brazil , 1938 Most goals scored in a qualifying match 13 , Archie Thompson ( Australia ) , vs American Samoa , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a final match 3 , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs West Germany , 1966 Most goals scored in all final matches 3 , Vavá ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962 ; Pelé ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970 ; Geoff Hurst ( England ) , 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France ) , 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006 Scored goal ( s ) in multiple final matches Vavá ( Brazil , 1958 & 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 & 1970 ) , Paul Breitner ( West Germany , 1974 & 1982 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 & 2006 ) . Most matches with at least one goal 11 , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches with at least one goal 6 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) Most hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 1994 & 1998 ) Most consecutive hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) Fastest hat - trick 8 minutes , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , scored at 69 ' , 72 ' and 76 ' , vs El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored by a substitute in a match 3 , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , vs El Salvador , 1982 Olympic goals ( goals from a corner ) scored in a World Cup 1 , Marcos Coll ( Colombia ) , vs Soviet Union , 1962 Hat - tricks from the penalty spot Never occurred in the final tournament , four times in qualification : Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland ) , vs Faroe Islands , 7 October 2000 , 2002 UEFA Group 1 ; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden ) , vs Moldova , 6 June 2001 , 2002 UEFA Group 4 ; Ronaldo ( Brazil ) , vs Argentina , 2 June 2004 , 2006 CONMEBOL ; Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon ) , vs Niger , 15 June 2013 , 2014 CAF Second Round Group E Scoring in every match of a team in a World Cup ( at least three matches ) György Sárosi ( Hungary ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1938 ) , Arne Nyberg ( Sweden ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1938 ) , Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1950 ) , Just Fontaine ( France ) , 13 goals in 6 matches ( 1958 ) , Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1958 ) , Ferenc Bene ( Hungary ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1966 ) , Jairzinho ( Brazil ) , 7 goals in 6 matches ( 1970 ) , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1970 ) , James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) , 6 goals in 5 matches ( 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least one goal 4 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments with at least two goals 4 , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least three goals 3 , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany , 1990 -- 1998 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least four goals 3 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least five goals 2 , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru , 1970 , 1978 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , ( 2002 -- 2006 ) and Thomas Müller ( Germany , 2010 -- 2014 ) Most qualification tournaments with at least one goal 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals 12 years , 1 month and 7 days ; Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals overall 12 years , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 8 June 1958 -- 14 June 1970 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 19 June 1958 -- 21 June 1970 ) , Diego Maradona ( Argentina , 18 June 1982 -- 21 June 1994 ) , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 8 June 1986 -- 24 June 1998 ) , Henrik Larsson ( Sweden , 16 July 1994 -- 20 June 2006 ) , Sami Al - Jaber ( Saudi Arabia , 25 June 1994 -- 14 June 2006 ) , Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico , 20 June 1998 -- 17 June 2010 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) , Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 8 June 2002 -- 18 June 2014 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 17 June 2006 -- 20 June 2018 ) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 -- 26 June 2018 ) Longest period between one goal and another 12 years , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 1986 -- 1998 ) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 2002 -- 2014 ) First goalscorer Lucien Laurent ( France ) , vs Mexico , 13 July 1930 Youngest goalscorer 17 years , 239 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Wales , 19 June 1958 Youngest hat - trick scorer 17 years , 244 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs France , 24 June 1958 Youngest goalscorer , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Oldest goalscorer 42 years , 39 days , Roger Milla ( Cameroon ) , vs Russia , 28 June 1994 Oldest hat - trick scorer 33 years , 130 days , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal ) , vs Spain , 15 June 2018 Oldest goalscorer , final 35 years , 264 days , Nils Liedholm ( Sweden ) , vs Brazil , 29 June 1958 Most penalties scored ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 4 , Eusébio ( Portugal , 4 in 1966 ) , Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands , 4 in 1978 ) -- both records for one tournament -- and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 2 each in 1994 and 1998 ) Most penalties missed ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana ) , vs Czech Republic , 2006 and vs Uruguay , 2010 First substitute winning goalscorer , final came on 86th minute , Mario Götze ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 2014 Fastest goal from kickoff 11 seconds , Hakan Şükür ( Turkey ) , vs South Korea , 2002 Fastest goal by a substitute 16 seconds , Ebbe Sand ( Denmark ) , vs Nigeria , 1998 Fastest goal in a final 90 seconds , Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands ) , vs West Germany , 1974 final Fastest goal in a qualifying match 8.1 seconds , Christian Benteke ( Belgium ) , vs Gibraltar , 2018 UEFA Group H Fastest brace scored 69 seconds , Toni Kroos ( Germany ) , vs Brazil , 2014 Latest goal in regular time 97th minute , Neymar ( Brazil ) , vs Costa Rica , 2018 Latest goal from kickoff 121st minute , Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria ) , vs Germany , 2014 Latest goal from kickoff in a final 120th minute , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs Germany , 1966 ( see `` they think it 's all over '' ) Latest goal from kickoff , with no goals scored between 119th minute , David Platt ( England ) , vs Belgium , 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 Latest goal from kickoff in a final , with no goals scored between 116th minute , Andrés Iniesta ( Spain ) , vs Netherlands , 2010 Most participations in different World Cup penalty shoot - outs 3 times , Roberto Baggio Italy ( 1990 , converted , 1994 , missed , and 1998 , converted ) Own goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA World Cup own goals Penalties ( edit ) By team ( edit ) Most awarded 18 , Spain Most converted 15 , Spain Most missed or saved 4 , Brazil By tournament ( edit ) Most awarded 29 , 2018 Most converted 22 , 2018 Most missed or saved 7 , 2018 Penalty shoot - outs ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA World Cup penalty shoot - outs By team ( edit ) Most played 5 , Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Most played in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) , Spain ( 2002 ) , Costa Rica and Netherlands ( 2014 ) , Croatia and Russia ( 2018 ) Most won 4 , Germany ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 ) and Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2014 ) Most won in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most lost 3 , England ( 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) , Italy ( 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) and Spain ( 1986 , 2002 , 2018 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Fewest played ( since the introduction in 1978 ) 0 , 1978 Goalkeeping ( edit ) Most clean sheets ( matches without conceding ) 10 , Peter Shilton ( England , 1982 -- 1990 ) and Fabien Barthez ( France , 1998 -- 2006 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( finals ) 517 mins ( 5 consecutive clean sheets ) , Walter Zenga ( Italy , 1990 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( qualifying ) 921 mins ( 9 consecutive clean sheets ) , Richard Wilson ( New Zealand , 1982 ) Most goals conceded 25 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico ) and Mohamed Al - Deayea ( Saudi Arabia ) Most goals conceded , one tournament 16 , Hong Duk - Yung ( South Korea ) , 1954 Most goals conceded , one match 10 , Luis Guevara Mora ( El Salvador ) , 1982 ( vs Hungary ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament , champions 2 , Fabien Barthez ( France ) , 1998 , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 2006 ) and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 2010 ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament 0 , Pascal Zuberbühler ( Switzerland ) , 2006 Fewest goals conceded , penalty shoot - outs , one match 0 , Oleksandr Shovkovskiy ( Ukraine ) , vs Switzerland , 2006 Most penalties saved , one tournament ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland ) , 1974 and Brad Friedel ( United States ) , 2002 Most penalties saved overall ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland , both in 1974 ) , Brad Friedel ( United States , both in 2002 ) , and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 1 in 2002 and 1 in 2010 ) Most penalties saved in one penalty shoot - out 3 , Ricardo ( Portugal ) , vs England , 2006 and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia ) , vs Denmark , 2018 Most penalties saved overall in penalty shoot - outs 4 , Harald Schumacher ( Germany , 2 vs France in 1982 and 2 vs Mexico in 1986 ) , Sergio Goycochea ( Argentina , 2 vs Yugoslavia in 1990 and 2 vs Italy in 1990 ) , and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia , 3 vs Denmark , 2018 and 1 vs Russia , 2018 ) Coaching ( edit ) Most matches coached 25 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most matches won 16 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most championships 2 , Vittorio Pozzo ( Italy , 1934 -- 1938 ) Most tournaments 6 , Carlos Alberto Parreira ( 1982 , 1990 -- 1998 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most nations coached 5 , Bora Milutinović ( Mexico , 1986 ; Costa Rica , 1990 ; United States , 1994 ; Nigeria , 1998 ; China PR , 2002 ) , and Carlos Alberto Parreira ( Kuwait , 1982 ; United Arab Emirates , 1990 ; Brazil , 1994 and 2006 ; Saudi Arabia , 1998 , South Africa , 2010 ) Most consecutive tournaments with same team 4 , Walter Winterbottom ( England , 1950 -- 1962 ) ; Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) ( note that Sepp Herberger took Germany / West Germany to four tournaments , ( 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 ) omitting the 1950 competition from which Germany was banned ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 wins ; Portugal , 2006 , 4 wins -- Portugal `` won '' its next match , the quarter - final against England , by penalty shoot - out , which technically counts as a draw ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 12 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 matches ; Portugal , 2006 , 5 matches ) Youngest coach 27 years and 267 days , Juan José Tramutola ( Argentina , 1930 ) Oldest coach 71 years and 317 days , Otto Rehhagel ( Greece , 2010 ) Quickest substitution made 4th minute , Cesare Maldini , Giuseppe Bergomi for Alessandro Nesta ( Italy , vs Austria , 1998 ) ; Sven - Göran Eriksson , Peter Crouch for Michael Owen ( England , vs Sweden , 2006 ) Most championship wins as player and head coach 3 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) Most tournament appearances as player and head coach 5 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 , 1974 & 1998 as coach ) ; Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1966 -- 1974 as player , 1986 & 1990 as coach ) ; Berti Vogts , West Germany ( 1970 -- 1978 as player , 1994 & 1998 as coach ) ; Diego Maradona , Argentina ( 1982 -- 1994 as player , 2010 as coach ) Won tournaments as both player and head coach Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) , Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1974 as player , 1990 as coach ) and Didier Deschamps , France ( 1998 as player , 2018 as coach ) First World Cup player to coach a team in a World Cup Milorad Arsenijević , Serbia ( 1930 as player , 1950 as coach , both times for Yugoslavia ) Refereeing ( edit ) Most tournaments 3 -- John Langenus ( Belgium , 1930 -- 1938 ) , Ivan Eklind ( Sweden , 1934 -- 1950 ) , Benjamin Griffiths ( Wales , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Arthur Ellis ( England , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 -- 1966 ) , Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Joël Quiniou ( France , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Ali Mohamed Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates , 1994 -- 2002 ) , Óscar Ruiz ( Colombia , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Carlos Eugênio Simon ( Brazil , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico , 2006 -- 2014 ) , Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador , 2010 -- 2018 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , overall 11 -- Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , one tournament 5 -- Benito Archundia ( Mexico , 2006 ) , Horacio Elizondo ( Argentina , 2006 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 ) and Néstor Pitana ( Argentina , 2018 ) Youngest referee 24 years and 193 days -- Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 ) Oldest referee 53 years and 236 days -- George Reader ( England , 1950 ) Discipline ( edit ) Note : There are no official records for cautions issued in tournaments before the introduction of yellow cards in 1970 . Fastest caution 11 seconds , Jesús Gallardo ( Mexico ) , vs Sweden , 2018 Fastest sending off 56 seconds , José Batista ( Uruguay ) , vs Scotland , 1986 Fastest sending off , qualification 37 seconds , Rashed Al Hooti ( Bahrain ) , vs Iran , 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification Latest caution during penalty shoot - out : Edinho ( Brazil ) , vs France 1986 ; Carlos Roa ( Argentina ) , vs England , 1998 Latest sending off after penalty shoot - out : Leandro Cufré ( Argentina ) , vs Germany , 2006 ( Cufré was red carded for kicking Per Mertesacker in an altercation following the match ) Sent off from the bench Claudio Caniggia ( Argentina ) , vs Sweden , 2002 Most cards ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most cautions ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most sendings off ( all - time , player ) 2 , Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 and 1998 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 and 2006 ) Most sendings off ( tournament ) 28 ( in 64 games ) , 2006 Most sendings off ( all - time , team ) 11 ( in 97 games ) , Brazil Most sendings off ( match , both teams ) 4 ( 2 each ) in Portugal vs Netherlands , 2006 ( also known as Battle of Nuremberg ) Most sendings off ( final match ) 2 , Pedro Monzón & Gustavo Dezotti ( both Argentina ) , v West Germany , 1990 Most cautions ( tournament ) 345 ( in 64 matches ) , 2006 Most cautions ( all - time , team ) 88 ( in 64 games ) , Argentina Most cautions ( match , one team ) 9 , Portugal , 2006 , vs Netherlands & Netherlands , 2010 , vs Spain Most cautions ( match , both teams ) 16 -- Portugal vs Netherlands , June 25 , 2006 ; and Cameroon v Germany , June 11 , 2002 Most cautions ( match , player ) 3 ( 61 ' , 90 ' , 93 ' ) Josip Šimunić ( Croatia ) , vs Australia , 2006 ( referee : Graham Poll ) Most cautions ( final match , both teams ) 14 , 5 ( Spain ) and 9 ( Netherlands ) 2010 Most suspensions ( tournament , player ) 2 , André Kana - Biyik ( Cameroon 1990 ) Suspension ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases 15 months , Diego Maradona ( Argentina vs Nigeria , 1994 ) misconduct 10 matches , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . 9 matches , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini 1 year , Ndaye Mulamba ( Zaire vs Yugoslavia , 1974 ) for kicking the referee 1 year , Samir Shaker Mahmoud ( Iraq vs Belgium , 1986 ) for spitting at the referee Fair Play Violation Life ( amnestied after 12 years ) : Roberto Rojas ( Chile vs Brazil , 1989 ) for feigning injury from a firecracker , leading to a match being abandoned . none Fine ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases misconduct ( Have other sanction ) CHF 30,000 , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . ( Only fined ) CHF 50,000 , Croatia ( Kosovo vs Croatia , 2016 ) for anti-Serbia chants by fans . ( Have other sanction ) CHF 100,000 , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini ( Only fined ) CHF 10,000 , Xherdan Shaqiri and Granit Xhaka ( Serbia vs Switzerland , 2018 ) both for celebrated their goals by making double - headed eagle gesture with their hands . Fair Play Violation none none Other none none Other sanction ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases none misconduct Empty stadium , many cases none Fair Play Violation Chile banned from the qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup none Other none none Teams : Matches played / goals scored ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most matches played 109 , Germany , Brazil Fewest matches played 1 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most wins 73 , Brazil Most losses 27 , Mexico Most draws 21 , Italy , England Most points 237 , Brazil Most average points / match 2.17 , Brazil Most matches played without a win or a draw 6 , El Salvador Most matches played without a win 9 , Honduras Most matches played until first win 17 , Bulgaria Most goals scored 229 , Brazil Most goals conceded 125 , Germany Fewest goals scored 0 , Canada , China PR , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Fewest goals conceded 2 , Angola Best goal difference + 124 , Brazil Worst goal difference -- 38 , Mexico Most matches played without scoring a goal 3 , Canada , China PR , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Most matches played always conceding a goal 6 , El Salvador Highest average of goals scored per match 2.72 , Hungary ( 87 goals in 32 matches ) Lowest average of goals conceded per match 0.67 , Angola ( 2 goals in 3 matches ) Highest average of goals conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Lowest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 1 , Angola Highest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most meetings between two teams 7 times , Brazil vs Sweden ( 1938 , 1950 , 1958 , 1978 , 1990 and twice in 1994 ) , Germany vs Yugoslavia / Serbia ( 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1974 , 1990 , 1998 and 2010 ) and Argentina vs Germany ( 1958 , 1966 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams 5 times , Italy vs Argentina ( 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) Most meetings between two teams , final match 3 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most tournaments unbeaten 7 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having lost a match 3 , England ( 1982 , 1990 , 2006 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having won a match 6 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1978 ) and Bulgaria ( 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1986 , 1998 ) In one tournament ( edit ) Most wins 7 , Brazil , 2002 Fewest wins , champions 3 , Uruguay , 1950 ( out of 4 ) Most matches not won , champions 3 , Italy , 1982 ( out of 7 ) Most wins by non-champion ( excluding third - place playoff ) 6 , Netherlands , 2010 Most matches not won 5 , Yugoslavia , 1974 ; Argentina , 1974 ; West Germany , 1978 ; Belgium , 1986 ; Republic of Ireland , 1990 ; Argentina , 1990 Most matches not won in regulation time 6 , Belgium in 1986 and England in 1990 Most losses 3 ( 28 teams , of which only Mexico has accomplished this feat at three different tournaments : 1930 , 1950 , and 1978 ) Most losses , champions 1 , Germany , 1954 and 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; Spain , 2010 Most victories over former World Cup winning teams 3 , Brazil , 1970 ; Italy , 1982 ; Argentina , 1986 ; Germany , 2010 and 2014 Most matches against former World Cup champions and staying unbeaten 4 , Argentina , 1986 Most matches between former World Cup champions 7 , 1970 All matches won without extra time , replays , penalty shoot - outs or playoffs Uruguay in 1930 ( 4 matches ) , Brazil in 1970 ( 6 matches ) , Brazil in 2002 ( 7 matches ) , France in 2018 ( 7 matches ) Highest finish without winning a match Quarter - finals , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 ) Highest finish , winning at most one match Fourth , Sweden ( 1938 ) Most goals scored 27 , Hungary , 1954 Fewest goals conceded 0 , Switzerland , 2006 Most goals conceded 16 , South Korea , 1954 Most matches gone into extra time 3 , England , 1990 ; Argentina , 2014 ; Croatia , 2018 Most minutes without conceding a goal 517 mins , Italy , 1990 Highest goal difference + 17 , Hungary , 1954 Highest goal difference , champions + 14 , Brazil , 2002 ; Germany , 2014 Lowest goal difference − 16 , South Korea , 1954 Lowest goal difference , champions + 6 , Italy , 1938 and 1982 ; Spain , 2010 Highest average of goals scored per match 5.40 , Hungary , 1954 ; Highest average goal difference per match + 3.2 , Hungary , 1954 Highest average goal difference per match , champions + 3.0 , Uruguay , 1930 Most goals scored , champions 25 , West Germany , 1954 Fewest goals scored , champions 8 , Spain , 2010 Fewest goals scored , finalists 5 , Argentina , 1990 Fewest goals conceded , champions 2 , France , 1998 ; Italy , 2006 ; Spain , 2010 Most goals conceded , champions 14 , West Germany , 1954 Lowest average of goals scored per match , champions 1.14 , Spain , 2010 Most unbeaten teams 5 , 2006 ( Switzerland , Argentina , England , France , Italy ) Fewest unbeaten teams 0 , 1954 Most matches to qualify for World Cup finals 22 , Australia ( 2018 ) Largest distance travelled in a single qualifying campaign 155,000 miles : Australia ( 2018 ) Most brothers in the same team in the finals 3 , Honduras ( Johnny Palacios , Jerry Palacios , Wilson Palacios - 2010 ) Teams : overall performance ( winning percentage ) ( edit ) In one tournament ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Brazil ( 1970 ) 6 6 0 0 100 19 7 + 12 + 2.0 3.2 Brazil ( 2002 ) 7 7 0 0 100 18 + 14 + 2.0 2.6 Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Because a large number of teams have had lost all their matches in a world cup , only teams with a goal difference / match < = − 4.0 are included . Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Korea ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 16 − 16 − 8.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1950 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 8.0 0.0 Dutch East Indies ( 1938 ) 0 0 0 0 6 − 6 − 6.0 0.0 United States ( 1934 ) 0 0 0 7 − 6 − 6.0 1.0 Zaire ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 0 14 − 14 − 4.7 0.0 Saudi Arabia ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 0 12 − 12 − 4.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1930 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 Scotland ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 El Salvador ( 1982 ) 0 0 0 13 − 12 − 4.0 0.3 Haiti ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 14 − 12 − 4.0 0.7 Host team ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Africa ( 2010 ) 33 5 − 2 − 0.7 1.0 Defending champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M France ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 − 3 − 1.0 0.0 Champion ( edit ) Best overall performance see all - time best overall performance above Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1982 ) 7 0 79 12 6 + 6 + 0.9 + 1.7 Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 * 79 15 + 11 + 1.6 + 2.1 * one of the wins was after extra time Non-champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 86 10 + 8 + 1.1 + 1.4 Worst overall performance see all - time worst overall performance above Upsets ( edit ) Teams eliminated by any penalty shoot - outs are not considered as defeated . Biggest upset in the group stage , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset in the knockout stage , per FIFA rankings + 34 -- South Korea ( 2002 ) ranked 40 -- won 2 -- 1 over Italy ( ranked 6 ) Biggest upset of a defending champion , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset of a top ranked team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Continental Records Biggest upset by an African team , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset by an Asian team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset by a European team , per FIFA rankings + 29 -- Slovakia ( 2010 ) ranked 34 -- won 3 -- 2 over Italy ( ranked 5 ) Biggest upset by an Oceanian team , per FIFA rankings + 24 -- Australia ( 2006 ) ranked 42 -- won 3 -- 1 over Japan ( ranked 18 ) Biggest upset by a North American team , per FIFA rankings + 21 -- Costa Rica ( 2014 ) ranked 28 -- won 3 -- 1 over Uruguay ( ranked 7 ) Biggest upset by a South American team , per FIFA rankings + 15 -- Ecuador ( 2002 ) ranked 36 -- won 1 -- 0 over Croatia ( ranked 21 ) Hat - tricks ( edit ) Most hat - tricks in a single World Cup 8 , 1954 Fewest hat - tricks in a single World Cup 0 , 2006 Streaks ( edit ) Most consecutive successful qualification attempts 9 , Spain ( 1986 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive failed qualification attempts 20 , Luxembourg ( 1934 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Brazil , from 2 -- 1 Turkey ( 2002 ) to 3 -- 0 Ghana ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 13 , Brazil , from 3 -- 0 Austria ( 1958 ) ( group stage ) to 2 -- 0 Bulgaria ( 1966 ) ( group stage ) Most consecutive losses 9 , Mexico , from 1 -- 4 France ( 1930 ) to 0 -- 3 Sweden ( 1958 ) Most consecutive matches without a win 17 , Bulgaria , from 0 -- 1 Argentina ( 1962 ) to 0 -- 3 Nigeria ( 1994 ) Most consecutive draws 5 , Belgium , from 0 -- 0 Netherlands ( 1998 ) to 1 -- 1 Tunisia ( 2002 ) Most consecutive matches without a draw 16 , Portugal , from 3 -- 1 Hungary ( 1966 ) to 1 -- 0 Netherlands ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least one goal 18 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 1958 ) and Germany ( 1934 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least two goals 11 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least three / four goals 4 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1950 ) and Hungary ( 1954 ) ( four goals ) ; also Portugal ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1970 ) , Brazil ( 1970 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least six / eight goals 2 , Hungary ( 1954 ) ( eight goals ) ; also Brazil ( 1950 ) ( six goals ) Most consecutive matches without scoring a goal 5 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 and 1994 ) , Algeria ( 1986 and 2010 ) , and Honduras ( 1982 and 2010 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal ( clean sheets ) 5 , Italy ( 1990 ) and Switzerland ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal 559 , Switzerland ( 1994 , 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least one goal 22 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1994 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least two goals 9 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least three goals 5 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least four goals 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 -- 1950 ) , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least five / six / seven goals 2 , South Korea ( 1954 ) ( seven goals ) ; also United States ( 1930 -- 1934 ) ( six goals ) ; also Austria ( 1954 ) ( five goals ) Team ( edit ) Biggest margin of victory 9 , Hungary 9 -- 0 South Korea , 1954 ; Yugoslavia 9 -- 0 Zaire , 1974 and Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Biggest margin of victory , qualifying match 31 , Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa , April 11 , 2001 , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a match , one team 10 , Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored in a match , both teams 12 , Austria 7 -- 5 Switzerland , 1954 Highest scoring draw 4 -- 4 , England vs Belgium ( a.e.t. ) , 1954 , and Soviet Union vs Colombia , 1962 Largest deficit overcome in a win 3 goals , Austria , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 7 -- 5 vs Switzerland ) and Portugal , 1966 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 5 -- 3 vs North Korea ) Largest deficit overcome in a draw 3 goals , Colombia , 1962 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 4 -- 4 vs Soviet Union ) and Uruguay , 2002 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 3 -- 3 vs Senegal ) Most goals scored in extra time , both teams 5 , Italy 3 -- 2 West Germany , 1970 Most goals scored in a final , one team 5 , Brazil , 1958 Most goals scored in a final , both teams 7 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 Fewest goals scored in a final , both teams 0 , Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy , 1994 Biggest margin of victory in a final 3 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 ; Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy , 1970 , and France 3 -- 0 Brazil , 1998 Largest deficit overcome in a win in a final 2 , West Germany , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 2 down to win 3 -- 2 vs Hungary ) Most goals in a tournament , one team 27 , Hungary , 1954 Most individual goalscorers for one team , one match 7 , Yugoslavia , vs Zaire , 1974 ( Dušan Bajević , Dragan Džajić , Ivica Šurjak , Josip Katalinski , Vladislav Bogićević , Branko Oblak , Ilija Petković ) Most individual goalscorers for one team , one tournament 11 , incl . an own goal by an opponent , Belgium , 2018 ( Michy Batshuayi , Nacer Chadli , Kevin De Bruyne , Marouane Fellaini , Eden Hazard , Adnan Januzaj , Romelu Lukaku , Dries Mertens , Thomas Meunier , Jan Vertonghen , and an own goal by Brazil 's Fernandinho ) Largest goal difference improvement in consecutive matches + 10 : Turkey ( 1954 ) -- lost 1 -- 4 to West Germany , then won 7 -- 0 over South Korea ; and West Germany ( 1954 ) -- lost 3 -- 8 to Hungary , then won 7 -- 2 over Turkey Largest goal difference worsening in consecutive matches − 12 : Sweden ( 1938 ) -- won 8 -- 0 over Cuba , then lost 1 -- 5 to Hungary ; Turkey ( 1954 ) -- won 7 -- 0 over South Korea , then lost 2 -- 7 to West Germany ; Hungary ( 1982 ) -- won 10 -- 1 over El Salvador , then lost 1 -- 4 to Argentina Tournament ( edit ) Most goals scored in a tournament 171 goals , 1998 and 2014 Fewest goals scored in a tournament 70 goals , 1930 and 1934 Most goals per match in a tournament 5.38 goals per match , 1954 Fewest goals per match in a tournament 2.21 goals per match , 1990 Most consecutive matches without a scoreless draw 37 matches , 2018 Most matches without a scoreless draw 63 matches , 2018 Most scorers in a tournament 122 , 2018 Most players scoring at least two goals in a tournament 37 , 1998 Most players scoring at least three goals in a tournament 21 , 1954 Most players scoring at least four goals in a tournament 11 , 1954 Most players scoring at least five goals in a tournament 6 , 1994 - Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , Romário ( Brazil ) , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany ) , Roberto Baggio ( Italy ) and Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) Most players scoring at least six goals in a tournament 4 , 1954 - Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary ) , Erich Probst ( Austria ) , Max Morlock ( West Germany ) and Josef Hügi ( Switzerland ) Most players scoring at least seven goals in a tournament 2 , 1970 - Gerd Müller ( West Germany ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil ) Top scoring teams by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : Argentina , 18 goals 1934 : Italy , 12 goals 1938 : Hungary , 15 goals 1950 : Brazil , 22 goals 1954 : Hungary , 27 goals 1958 : France , 23 goals 1962 : Brazil , 14 goals 1966 : Portugal , 17 goals 1970 : Brazil , 19 goals 1974 : Poland , 16 goals 1978 : Argentina & Netherlands , 15 goals each 1982 : France , 16 goals 1986 : Argentina , 14 goals 1990 : West Germany , 15 goals 1994 : Sweden , 15 goals 1998 : France , 15 goals 2002 : Brazil , 18 goals 2006 : Germany , 14 goals 2010 : Germany , 16 goals 2014 : Germany , 18 goals 2018 : Belgium , 16 goals Teams listed in bold won the tournament . Fewer than half of all World Cup tournaments have been won by the highest scoring team . Goal scoring by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : 70 goals in 18 matches ( 15 group matches , 3 knockout matches ) . 3.89 goals per game ( gpg ) 1934 : 70 goals in 17 matches ( 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 1 replay ) . 4.67 gpg 1938 : 84 goals in 18 matches ( 14 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 replays ) . 3.56 gpg 1950 : 88 goals in 22 matches ( 22 group matches ) . 4 gpg 1954 : 140 goals in 26 matches ( 16 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 2 progress play - offs ) . 5.38 gpg 1958 : 126 goals in 35 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 progress play - offs ) . 3.6 gpg 1962 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1966 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1970 : 95 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) 3.96 gpg 1974 : 97 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.55 gpg 1978 : 102 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.68 gpg 1982 : 146 goals in 52 matches ( 48 group matches , 3 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.81 gpg 1986 : 132 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.54 gpg 1990 : 115 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.21 gpg 1994 : 141 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.71 gpg 1998 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2002 : 161 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.52 gpg 2006 : 147 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.3 gpg 2010 : 145 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.27 gpg 2014 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2018 : 169 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.64 gpg Host records ( edit ) Most times hosted 2 , Mexico , 1970 and 1986 ; Italy , 1934 and 1990 ; France , 1938 and 1998 ; Germany , 1974 and 2006 ; Brazil , 1950 and 2014 Most times hosted , continent 11 , Europe ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2018 ) Best performance by host Winners , 6 times : Uruguay , 1930 ; Italy , 1934 ; England , 1966 ; West Germany , 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; France , 1998 Worst performance by host South Africa in 2010 became the first host to be eliminated in the first round Two other hosts : United States in 1994 and Spain in 1982 both reached the second round but finished with a worse overall W -- D -- L record than South Africa 's , 1 -- 1 -- 1 . However , South Africa had a worse goal difference of − 2 and both United States and Spain finished the first round with a goal difference of 0 . Had its best performance as hosts Champions : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Runners - up : Sweden ( 1958 ) Third place : Chile ( 1962 ) Fourth place : South Korea ( 2002 ) Quarter - finals : Switzerland ( 1954 ) , Mexico ( 1970 , 1986 ) , Russia ( 2018 ) Round of 16 : Japan ( 2002 ) Group stage of 32 : South Africa ( 2010 ) Stadium to host most World Cup matches Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 19 ( 10 in 1970 and 9 in 1986 ) Most times a stadium hosted a World Cup final 2 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) and Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) City to host most World Cup matches Mexico City , Mexico , 23 ( 19 at Estadio Azteca and 4 at Estadio Olimpico Universitario ) Most times a city hosted a World Cup final 2 , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 1934 and 1990 ) ; Paris , France ( 1938 and 1998 ) ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) Attendance ( edit ) Final 114,600 , Argentina v West Germany , 29 June 1986 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 1986 Decisive match 199,854 , Uruguay v Brazil , 16 July 1950 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1950 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup tournament 300 , Romania vs Peru , 14 July 1930 , Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo , Uruguay , 1930 Highest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 162,764 , Brazil vs Colombia , 9 March 1977 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1978 CONMEBOL Group 1 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 0 , Costa Rica vs Panama , 26 March 2005 , Estadio Ricardo Saprissa , San Juan de Tibás , San José , Costa Rica , 2006 CONCACAF Final Group Highest average of attendance per match 68,991 , 1994 Highest attendance ( tournament ) 3,570,000 , 1994 Lowest average of attendance per match 23,235 , 1934 Lowest attendance ( tournament ) 390,000 , 1934 Others ( edit ) Most players provided by a club overall 128 , Juventus Most players provided by a football association overall 1022 , Premier League Most players provided by a club for champions squads overall 24 , Juventus Most players provided by a club 16 , Seoul Army Club ( 1954 ) , Manchester City ( 2018 ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used to determine 5th - 8th places . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Brazil 's 1930 and 1982 results drop out and the leader is Germany with 17 ( every tournament except 1930 , 1938 , 1950 and 2018 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then England still has the most 5th - 8th - place finishes ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Mexico still has the most 9th - 16th - place finishes ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Until 1978 inclusive , all tournaments had sixteen teams or fewer . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then the record is 2 , shared by several countries : Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1938 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1954 -- 1958 ) , Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1962 ) , Hungary ( 1962 -- 1966 ) , Germany ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , England ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , Argentina ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , and Brazil ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Turkey had a gap of 12 tournaments , equal to that of Egypt and Norway , from 1954 to 2002 . Jump up ^ In 1954 , the West Germany ( `` Germany FR '' ) team became world champions in what was the team 's debut appearance representing the name and territory of West Germany . However , Germany ( since 1949 officially Federal Republic of Germany ) is since 1904 represented by the same governing body ( Deutscher Fußball - Bund , DFB ) , and FIFA officially attributes all international results of the DFB team since 1908 to Germany , including the results of 1954 -- 1990 , when the team was often called West Germany . Thus , the 1954 participation is counted as the third appearance of the team , as Germany had previously appeared in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups . Jump up ^ Other teams never progressing from the first round in at least two appearances are as follows : 5 appearances Tunisia ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 ) and Iran ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) ; 3 appearances Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , South Africa ( 1998 , 2002 , 2010 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Ivory Coast ( 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) and Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) ; 2 appearances El Salvador ( 1970 , 1982 ) , New Zealand ( 1982 , 2010 ) and Slovenia ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Although France have not lost any of its 3 games , in 2006 they were runner - up after losing penalty shoots - out against Italy . The match ended in a 1 - 1 draw . Jump up ^ Although in 1978 there were n't semifinals , Argentina won second round group ahead of Brazil which disputed 3rd place match against Italy . Even more , game against Brazil ended in a 0 - 0 draw . Jump up ^ Pelé , Lothar Matthäus , Pierre Littbarski and Ronaldo each appeared three times in the squads of the teams that reached the finals , but none of them played in all three games . Jump up ^ According to the Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation , Fuad Anwar Amin of Saudi Arabia would have been the youngest captain , at 21 years & 250 days in the 1994 , but the source does not specify the match in which he was captain . It is listed that the starting captain was substituted in both the match against the Netherlands and the one against Sweden , in which Amin may have been given the armband on the captains ' substitutions , but this information has not been verified . In any case , Meola still is the youngest starting captain , and players who received the captain 's armband during the course of the match are generally not regarded as official captains . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Final matches overview '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Awards '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Other teams always progressing from the first round have only appeared in one tournament each : Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) , and Slovakia ( excluding Czechoslovakia ; 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Other teams never progressing from the first round in at least two appearances are as follows : 5 appearances Tunisia ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 ) and Iran ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) ; 3 appearances Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , South Africa ( 1998 , 2002 , 2010 ) , Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , and Ivory Coast ( 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) ; 2 appearances El Salvador ( 1970 , 1982 ) , New Zealand ( 1982 , 2010 ) , and Slovenia ( 2002 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Pele and Greaves to get World Cup winners medals '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yoesting , Travis ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Men 's World Cup Records Of All Time '' . The18 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA official records claimed he was born in 1987 , but some sources claimed he was born in 1985 , which would mean he was 15 years and 320 days old when he played the match . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1994 finals : Oldest and youngest '' . RSSSF.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ According to `` FIFA World Cup Superlatives : Players '' Archived 10 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... A FIFA report , however , indicates that Taylor participated in another match after that date , again versus St. Kitts and Nevis , on 31 March 2004 , breaking his own record . If the age listed in the `` Superlatives '' ( PDF ) file corresponds to the February match , then in accordance with the match report from March the actual record would be 46 years and 222 days . ^ Jump up to : `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com. 5 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruiz nets five goals in historic performance , but Guatemala ousted '' . CONCACAF. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A historic goal on a day of battles '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 11 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Thanks to VAR , the World Cup record for most penalty kicks has been shattered in Russia 2018 group stage Jump up ^ 9 consecutive clean sheets , 5 of them away from home over 2 qualifying rounds against 5 different oppositions from 2 Confederations . Jump up ^ Zuberbühler kept goal throughout every minute of Switzerland 's four matches . Other keepers have kept clean sheets only playing part of their team 's matches : Velloso ( Brazil , 1930 , 1 match of 2 ) ; Pedro Benítez ( Paraguay , 1930 , 1 of 2 ) ; József Háda ( Hungary , 1938 , 1 of 4 ) ; Giuseppe Moro ( Italy , 1950 , 1 of 2 ) ; István Ilku ( Hungary , 1958 , 1 of 4 ) ; Lorenzo Buffon ( Italy , 1962 , 2 of 3 ) ; Rogelio Domínguez ( Argentina , 1962 , 1 of 3 ) ; Adán Godoy ( Chile , 1962 , 1 of 6 ) ; Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1966 , 1 of 3 ) ; Horst Wolter ( West Germany , 1970 , 1 of 6 ) ; József Szendrei ( Hungary , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Viktor Chanov ( USSR , 1986 , 1 of 4 ) ; Manuel Bento ( Portugal , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Plamen Nikolov ( Bulgaria , 1994 , 45 mins of 7 ) ; Vincent Enyeama ( Nigeria , 2002 , 1 of 3 ) ; Rami Shaaban ( Sweden , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) ; Santiago Cañizares ( Spain , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) ; Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . www.espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Zagallo was also an assistant coach when Brazil won in 1994 . Jump up ^ Chris Goodwin & Peter Young . `` England 's World Cup Final Tournament Player Disciplinary Records '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 03 . records of player discipline prior to the advent of yellow and red cards may not be complete . ^ Jump up to : `` Mascherano makes unwanted World Cup history as Argentina bow out of Russia 2018 '' . Goal . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arscott , David ( 2012 ) . The World Cup , A Very Peculiar History . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781908759481 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal - Netherlands '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon - Germany '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match : the referee failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow , and was only red carded after the third yellow . The original FIFA match report listed all three cautions , however was revised shortly after , with the second caution ( 90 ' ) not being recorded ; it is unknown whether this was for consistency in the reports , or whether the caution was retrospectively overturned . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup final : Beauty was rewarded in the end -- Vicente del Bosque '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Biyik missed the team 's second game after receiving a red card in the first ; and then missed their fifth game after yellow cards in the third and fourth . Others , including Zinedine Zidane in 2006 , have earned a second suspension in their team 's final match of the tournament , not servable during the tournament . Jump up ^ Kerr , John H. ( 1997 ) . Motivation and Emotion in Sport : reversal theory . Psychology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0863775004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatian player sanctioned for discriminatory behaviour '' . FIFA. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Suárez banned for four months for biting in World Cup game '' . The Guardian . 26 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Mulamba is living like a pauper 44 years after Zaire red - card farce '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Michael ( June -- July 2002 ) . `` The difference makers : from a do - everything goaltender to a snakebit sniper to America 's newest , greatest hope , these will be the most influential players at the World Cup -- The 2002 World Cup '' . Soccer Digest . Iraq 's Barmeer ( sic ) Shaker was slapped with a one - year suspension for spitting at a referee in a loss to Belgium ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ `` Banned for a year '' . The Toronto Star . 15 June 1986 . p . E2 . Iraqi World Cup player Bameer ( sic ) Shaker has been banned for one year from international soccer for spitting at a referee . Jump up ^ `` FIFA lifts Rojas lifetime ban '' . CBC Sports . 30 April 2001 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : A match decided by a penalty shoot - out is considered a draw for both sides . Jump up ^ England did lose the third - place playoff in 1990 , but had already been eliminated from any chance of winning the World Cup . Jump up ^ France in 1998 had 6 match wins ; the Italy match is regarded as drawn although France progressed via penalties . In addition , France 's win against Paraguay happened after extra time , while Brazil won all their matches in regulation time . Jump up ^ Uruguay also qualified for the 1950 finals without playing a match as a result of withdrawals by other teams in South America Jump up ^ Poland in 1974 , Italy in 1990 , and Belgium in 2018 also won 6 matches , but one of them was the third - place playoff . Playing less matches , Argentina in 1930 , Czechoslovakia in 1934 , and Hungary in 1938 and 1954 won all the games but lost the final . Jump up ^ Netherlands also won all eight of their qualification matches . Jump up ^ Details as follows : Brazil in 1970 beat England ( first round ) , Uruguay ( semi-final ) and Italy ( final ) . Italy in 1982 beat Argentina ( second group stage ) , Brazil ( second group stage ) and West Germany ( final ) . Argentina in 1986 beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Germany in 2010 beat England ( round of 16 ) , Argentina ( quarter - final ) and Uruguay ( third - place match ) . In 2014 , Germany beat France ( quarter - final ) , Brazil ( semi-final ) and Argentina ( final ) . Jump up ^ Excluding Argentina themselves there were 5 former World Cup champions when 1986 . They draw Italy at group stage , then beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Jump up ^ Even though were only 5 nations had crowned before 1970 , those campaign obtained most matches between former champions of totally 7 matches tally . Beside of all 5 former champions qualified to the tournament , they all advanced to the knockout stage , 4 of them advanced into semi-finals that monopolize the remaining games . Those 7 matches were : Italy vs Uruguay and Brazil vs England ( group stage ) , England vs West Germany ( quarter - final ) , Brazil vs Uruguay and Italy vs West Germany ( semi-final ) , Uruguay vs West Germany ( third place ) , Brazil vs Italy ( final ) . Jump up ^ Sweden progressed to the last eight without playing a single match as a result of withdrawal by Austria ^ Jump up to : Successful kicks in a penalty shoot - out are not counted as goals ( but penalties scored in the normal course of play are counted ) Jump up ^ A goal down ? 30 minutes of extra time ? No problem for tireless Croatia Jump up ^ ( https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/palacios-brothers-making-history-1251303 Palacios brothers making history ) Jump up ^ Excluding automatic qualification as host , as reigning champion , or by invitation . Jump up ^ Reeves , Nick ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Chile fell 10 - man Swiss to close in on last 16 '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Small consolation but the Swiss set a new World Cup record of 559 minutes played without scoring a goal , to overtake Italy 's mark of 550 minutes . Jump up ^ `` Attacking excellence , defensive distinction '' . FIFA World Cup . FIFA. 2010 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . 9 hours and 19 minutes without conceding a goal enabled Switzerland to set a new and impressive FIFA World Cup record today . The Swiss , who started the day in third place behind Italy ( 550 minutes ) and England ( 501 ) , rose to the No1 position midway through the second half , but only had eight minutes to savour their new status . That was when Chile 's Mark Gonzalez became the first player to score against the Helvetians since Spain 's Txiki Beguiristain at USA 1994 . Jump up ^ If own goals are excluded , then Belgium shares the record of 10 goalscorers with France in 1982 and Italy in 2006 . Jump up ^ Matches within one tournament . Otherwise , Hungary had a + 11 swing between 2 -- 4 v Italy in 1938 and 9 -- 0 v South Korea in 1954 ; and again between 1 -- 3 v France in 1978 and 10 -- 1 v El Salvador in 1982 ; and likewise Germany between 0 -- 3 v Croatia in 1998 and 8 -- 0 v Saudi Arabia in 2002 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Ryan ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` South Africa beats France 2 - 1 , but eliminated '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Also had its only title at home Jump up ^ `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philly.com. 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup home advantage : How the hosts have fared and why there is hope for Russia '' . Sky Sports . 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Switzerland 's best position , the sixth place in 1950 , relies on retrospective rankings , and had them eliminated in the group stage . While the Swiss also reached the quarter - finals in 1934 and 1938 , both tournaments only required one win , in contrast to 1954 's group stage format . 1954 also marked the last time Switzerland reached the top 8 . Jump up ^ Not counting the results as Soviet Union , who reached the semi-finals in 1966 . Jump up ^ Also reached this stage in 2010 and 2018 . Jump up ^ 2010 had hosts South Africa matching their 2002 record , falling in the group stage with one win , one tie and one draw , even if with a lower goal difference . Jump up ^ Although the decisive match of the 1950 tournament , it was simply the last game of a final four - team group format to decide the winner . This is also the highest attendance for ANY World Cup match , or indeed any soccer match anywhere . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` Costa Rica fans banned after violence '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ It has not been verified whether this is a unique occurrence , or if other World Cup qualification matches throughout history have had an attendance of 0 . ^ Jump up to : Marcarini , Edoardo ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Mondiali , convocati per club all time : 1a la Juve '' . Sky Sport ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2014 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Squads of the 1954 FIFA World Cup '' . AllWorldCups.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Superlatives at the Wayback Machine ( archived 14 June 2010 ) FIFA World Cup biggest margin victories at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) FIFA competitions biggest crowds at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) ( in German ) Statistics and records at Worldcupportal.de hide FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_records&oldid=850565826 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Top sports lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles that may contain original research from December 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles with self - published sources from July 2017 All articles with self - published sources Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who scored the fastest goal in fifa world cup | [
"Most goals scored, overall finals\n16, Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)[6]\nMost goals scored, overall qualifying\n39, Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala, 2002–2016)[11]\nMost goals scored in a tournament\n13, Just Fontaine ( France, 1958)[6]\nHighest goals average in a tournament\n2.2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 11 goals in 5 matches, 1954)\nFor a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament (Golden Boot winner), see Golden Boot.\nMost goals scored in a match\n5, Oleg Salenko ( Russia), vs Cameroon, 1994[6]\nMost goals scored in a lost match\n4, Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland), vs Brazil, 1938\nMost goals scored in a qualifying match\n13, Archie Thompson ( Australia), vs American Samoa, 2002 OFC Group 1\nMost goals scored in a final match\n3, Geoff Hurst ( England), vs West Germany, 1966\nMost goals scored in all final matches\n3, Vavá ( Brazil), 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962; Pelé ( Brazil), 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970; Geoff Hurst ( England), 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France), 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006\nScored goal(s) in multiple final matches\nVavá ( Brazil, 1958 & 1962), Pelé ( Brazil, 1958 & 1970), Paul Breitner ( West Germany, 1974 & 1982) and Zinedine Zidane ( France, 1998 & 2006).\nMost matches with at least one goal\n11, Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)\nMost consecutive matches with at least one goal\n6, Just Fontaine ( France, 1958) and Jairzinho ( Brazil, 1970)\nMost matches with at least two goals\n4, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954), Just Fontaine ( France, 1958), Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost consecutive matches with at least two goals\n4, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954)\nMost hat-tricks\n2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954), Just Fontaine ( France, 1958), Gerd Müller ( West Germany, 1970) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina, 1994 & 1998)\nMost consecutive hat-tricks\n2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany, 1970)\nFastest hat-trick\n8 minutes, László Kiss ( Hungary), scored at 69', 72' and 76', vs El Salvador, 1982\nMost goals scored by a substitute in a match\n3, László Kiss ( Hungary), vs El Salvador, 1982\nOlympic goals (goals from a corner) scored in a World Cup\n1, Marcos Coll ( Colombia), vs Soviet Union, 1962\nHat-tricks from the penalty spot\nNever occurred in the final tournament, four times in qualification: Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland), vs Faroe Islands, 7 October 2000, 2002 UEFA Group 1; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden), vs Moldova, 6 June 2001, 2002 UEFA Group 4; Ronaldo ( Brazil), vs Argentina, 2 June 2004, 2006 CONMEBOL; Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon), vs Niger, 15 June 2013, 2014 CAF Second Round Group E\nScoring in every match of a team in a World Cup (at least three matches)\nGyörgy Sárosi ( Hungary), 5 goals in 4 matches (1938), Arne Nyberg ( Sweden), 3 goals in 3 matches (1938), Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay), 4 goals in 4 matches (1950), Just Fontaine ( France), 13 goals in 6 matches (1958), Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina), 3 goals in 3 matches (1958), Ferenc Bene ( Hungary), 4 goals in 4 matches (1966), Jairzinho ( Brazil), 7 goals in 6 matches (1970), Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru), 5 goals in 4 matches (1970), James Rodríguez ( Colombia), 6 goals in 5 matches (2014)\nMost tournaments with at least one goal\n4, Pelé ( Brazil, 1958–1970), Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 1958–1970), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal, 2006–2018)\nMost tournaments with at least two goals\n4, Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 1958–1970) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)\nMost tournaments with at least three goals\n3, Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany, 1990–1998), Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost tournaments with at least four goals\n3, Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost tournaments with at least five goals\n2, Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru, 1970, 1978), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, (2002–2006) and Thomas Müller ( Germany, 2010–2014)\nMost qualification tournaments with at least one goal\n5, Rafael Márquez ( Mexico, 2002–2018) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala, 2002–2018)\nLongest period between a player's first and last goals\n12 years, 1 month and 7 days; Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 1 June 2002 – 8 July 2014)\nLongest period between a player's first and last goals overall\n12 years, Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 8 June 1958 – 14 June 1970), Pelé ( Brazil, 19 June 1958 – 21 June 1970), Diego Maradona ( Argentina, 18 June 1982 – 21 June 1994), Michael Laudrup ( Denmark, 8 June 1986 – 24 June 1998), Henrik Larsson ( Sweden, 16 July 1994 – 20 June 2006), Sami Al-Jaber ( Saudi Arabia, 25 June 1994 – 14 June 2006), Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico, 20 June 1998 – 17 June 2010), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 1 June 2002 – 8 July 2014), Ivica Olić ( Croatia, 8 June 2002 – 18 June 2014), Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal, 17 June 2006 – 20 June 2018) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 – 26 June 2018)\nLongest period between one goal and another\n12 years, Michael Laudrup ( Denmark, 1986–1998) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia, 2002–2014)\nFirst goalscorer\nLucien Laurent ( France), vs Mexico, 13 July 1930\nYoungest goalscorer\n17 years, 239 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs Wales, 19 June 1958\nYoungest hat-trick scorer\n17 years, 244 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs France, 24 June 1958\nYoungest goalscorer, final\n17 years, 249 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs Sweden, 29 June 1958\nOldest goalscorer\n42 years, 39 days, Roger Milla ( Cameroon), vs Russia, 28 June 1994\nOldest hat-trick scorer\n33 years, 130 days, Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal), vs Spain, 15 June 2018\nOldest goalscorer, final\n35 years, 264 days, Nils Liedholm ( Sweden), vs Brazil, 29 June 1958\nMost penalties scored (excluding during shoot-outs)\n4, Eusébio ( Portugal, 4 in 1966), Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands, 4 in 1978) – both records for one tournament – and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina, 2 each in 1994 and 1998)\nMost penalties missed (excluding during shoot-outs)\n2, Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana), vs Czech Republic, 2006 and vs Uruguay, 2010\nFirst substitute winning goalscorer, final\ncame on 86th minute, Mario Götze ( Germany), vs Argentina, 2014\nFastest goal from kickoff\n11 seconds, Hakan Şükür ( Turkey), vs South Korea, 2002\nFastest goal by a substitute\n16 seconds, Ebbe Sand ( Denmark), vs Nigeria, 1998\nFastest goal in a final\n90 seconds, Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands), vs West Germany, 1974 final\nFastest goal in a qualifying match\n8.1 seconds, Christian Benteke ( Belgium), vs Gibraltar, 2018 UEFA Group H[12]\nFastest brace scored\n69 seconds, Toni Kroos ( Germany), vs Brazil, 2014\nLatest goal in regular time\n97th minute, Neymar ( Brazil), vs Costa Rica, 2018\nLatest goal from kickoff\n121st minute, Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy), vs Germany, 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria), vs Germany, 2014\nLatest goal from kickoff in a final\n120th minute, Geoff Hurst ( England), vs Germany, 1966 (see \"they think it's all over\")\nLatest goal from kickoff, with no goals scored between\n119th minute, David Platt ( England), vs Belgium, 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy), vs Germany, 2006\nLatest goal from kickoff in a final, with no goals scored between\n116th minute, Andrés Iniesta ( Spain), vs Netherlands, 2010\nMost participations in different World Cup penalty shoot-outs\n3 times, Roberto Baggio Italy (1990, converted, 1994, missed, and 1998, converted)"
] | [
"Hakan Şükür"
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2025061181169513412 | Sussex Inlet, New South Wales | Sussex Inlet , New South Wales - Wikipedia Sussex Inlet , New South Wales Jump to : navigation , search Sussex Inlet New South Wales Sussex Inlet Coordinates 35 ° 09 ′ S 150 ° 34 ′ E / 35.150 ° S 150.567 ° E / - 35.150 ; 150.567 Coordinates : 35 ° 09 ′ S 150 ° 34 ′ E / 35.150 ° S 150.567 ° E / - 35.150 ; 150.567 Population 3,575 ( 2016 census ) LGA ( s ) City of Shoalhaven State electorate ( s ) South Coast Federal Division ( s ) Gilmore Sussex Inlet is a town in the South Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The town lies on the west bank of the waterway called Sussex Inlet , which divides New South Wales from the Jervis Bay Territory . The town lies within the City of Shoalhaven . As at the 2016 census , the population of Sussex Inlet was 3,575 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Gallery 3 References 4 External links Geography ( edit ) The town of Sussex Inlet is located on the west bank of Sussex Inlet , a narrow inlet connecting Wreck Bay to the waterbody of St Georges Basin . The east bank of Sussex Inlet is the Booderee National Park . Jervis Bay Airport is located about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) east of Sussex Inlet . Gallery ( edit ) Jervis Bay Territory map showing Sussex Inlet . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Sussex Inlet ( State Suburb ) '' . 2016 Census QuickStats . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) SussexInlet.com Sussex Inlet website Sussex Inlet Info . Website VISITNSW.com - Sussex - Inlet ( hide ) City of Shoalhaven , New South Wales , Australia Nowra suburbs Nowra Bangalee Bomaderry Cambewarra Cambewarra Village Mundamia North Nowra Nowra Hill South Nowra Tapitallee Terara West Nowra Worrigee Suburbs near Jervis Bay Basin View Bream Beach Callala Bay Callala Beach Comberton Erowal Bay Huskisson Hyams Beach Myola Old Erowal Bay Sanctuary Point St Georges Basin Vincentia Woollamia Worrowing Heights Wrights Beach Sussex Inlet Sussex Inlet Berrara Cudmirrah Swanhaven Ulladulla Ulladulla Berringer Lake Burrill Lake Dolphin Point Kings Point Little Forest Milton Mollymook Mollymook Beach Narrawallee Woodburn North of Shoalhaven River Back Forest Barrengarry Beaumont Bellawongarah Berry Berry Mountain Bolong Brogers Creek ( part ) Broughton Broughton Vale Broughton Village ( part ) Browns Mountain Budgong Bundewallah Coolangatta Far Meadow Illaroo Jaspers Brush Kangaroo Valley Meroo Meadow Shoalhaven Heads Upper Kangaroo River Watersleigh Wattamolla Woodhill South of Shoalhaven River Bamarang Barringella Beecroft Peninsula Bewong Brundee Burrier Comerong Island Culburra Beach Currarong Falls Creek Greenwell Point Jerrawangala Kinghorne Longreach Mayfield Numbaa Orient Point Parma Pyree Sassafras Tolwong Tomerong Tullarwalla Wandandian Wollumboola Yerriyong Far South Bawley Point Bendalong Brooman Cockwhy Conjola Conjola Park Croobyar Cunjurong Point Currowan ( part ) Depot Beach Durras North East Lynne Fishermans Paradise Kioloa Lake Conjola Manyana Mogood Mount Kingiman Pebbly Beach Pointer Mountain Pretty Beach Tabourie Lake Termeil Woodstock Yatte Yattah Main Article : Local government areas of New South Wales This Shoalhaven geography article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sussex_Inlet,_New_South_Wales&oldid=795163021 '' Categories : Towns in New South Wales City of Shoalhaven Towns in the South Coast ( New South Wales ) Coastal towns in New South Wales Illawarra region geography stubs Hidden categories : Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2016 ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 12 : 37 . About Wikipedia | where is sussex inlet in new south wales | [
"Sussex Inlet is a town in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The town lies on the west bank of the waterway called Sussex Inlet, which divides New South Wales from the Jervis Bay Territory. The town lies within the City of Shoalhaven."
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"South Coast region"
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168272150449765327 | History of Kolkata | History of Kolkata - Wikipedia History of Kolkata The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Kolkata Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta in English , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly . The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire . Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi . Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire . This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition . Kolkata is also noted for its revolutionary history , ranging from the Indian struggle for independence to the leftist Naxalite and trade - union movements . Labelled the `` Cultural Capital of India '' , `` The City of Processions '' , `` The City of Palaces '' , and the `` City of Joy '' , Kolkata has also been home to prominent people such as , Raja Ram Mohan Roy , Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar , Rabindranath Tagore , Keshub Chandra Sen , Jagadish Chandra Bose , Ramakrishna Paramahamsa , Sarada Devi , Swami Vivekananda , Sister Nivedita , Sri Aurobindo , Subhas Chandra Bose , Satyendra Nath Bose , Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri , Paramahansa Yogananda , Anil Kumar Gain , Kazi Nazrul Islam , Jibanananda Das , A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar , Mother Teresa , Satyajit Ray , Ustad Ali Akbar Khan , Ustad Vilayat Khan and Pandit Ravi Shankar . Problems related to rapid urbanization started to plague Kolkata from the 1930s and the city remains an example of the urbanization challenges of the developing nations . Contents 1 Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) 2 Origins 2.1 Name 2.2 Journey from British rule to independence 2.3 The fall of Calcutta to Siraj ud - Daula 3 British India 3.1 Churches 3.2 18th century scandals 3.3 Opium trade 4 Social and intellectual life in the 18th century 4.1 The Baboo / Babu Culture and the Bengal Renaissance 4.2 Growth 5 Contribution to the independence movement of India 6 After Independence 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Older sources Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is a long chain of events behind the arrival of the British East India Company in Bengal , specifically Job Charnock in Sutanuti in 1690 . These incidents are documented in numerous records of the East India Company and by several authors ( Bruce 1810 ( Vol I and II ) , Marshman Vol I , Unknown 1829 ; see references below ) . These documents tell the story of how the English were severely beaten and wiped out from Bengal several times by the forces of the Mughal Emperor and how each time they came back to Bengal to continue their trade . The agents of the East India Company first visited the provinces of Bengal , Bihar and Odisha , for trade during the period of Ibrahim Khan ( ca 1617 - 1624 ) , the Subahdar ( Governor ) of Bengal at the time of Mughal Emperor Jahangir . The first factory was established in Surat in 1620 and later in Agra , and agents were further sent from these places to the eastern provinces to examine the possibility of opening factories there . However the transportation costs and logistics were unfavorable and the plan was abandoned . In January 1644 , the daughter of the Emperor was severely burnt and a doctor named Gabriel Boughton , formerly the surgeon of the East Indiaman Hopewell , was sent from Surat for her treatment . He was able to successfully treat her burns and in reward the Emperor allowed the company to establish factory at Pipili , Odisha , and for the first time English ships arrived at an eastern port . During 1638 , Shah Jahan appointed his son Shah Shuja as the Subahdar of Bengal and Boughton visited the capital at Rajmahal where his services were again used to treat one of the ladies in the palace , and in return , the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore , Odisha and Hooghly , Bengal in addition to Pipili , Odisha . Shaista Khan was appointed as the Governor of Bengal in around 1664 by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and was relieved upon his request in around 1682 . While he was returning to Delhi , Englishmen sent with him a request to the Emperor to obtain a special firman to do business forever in Bengal ; the Emperor was pleased to provide them the Firman and the occasion was celebrated with a 300 gun salute at Hooghly . The investment in Bengal soared , the Bengal residency was separated from Madras and Mr. Hedges was appointed as the chief officer to oversee trade in Bengal . His residence in Hooghly was secured with soldiers obtained from Madras . This is the first time English soldiers came on the soil of Bengal . However , the Firman was vague in many aspects and soon disputes started to grow between the English and the Governor . During this time a local disturbance occurred when the zamindar in Bihar attacked the Governor of Bihar . Mr. Peacock , the chief of the factory in Patna , was imprisoned by the Governor with the assumption that he was involved in the dispute . At the same time their saltpetre trade was disrupted by another rival British company . To protect their trade in Bengal , the original East India Company requested to build a fort in the mouth of Hooghly or on its banks . This request was immediately turned down by Shaista Khan and a 3.5 % tax was imposed in addition to the already existing tax of 3,000 rupees , notwithstanding the Firman obtained earlier . Another incident with the Faujdar of Cossimbazar resulted in altercations between the Governor of Bengal and the company causing their ships to leave Bengal without obtaining cargo . Enraged with this situation and determined to establish their authority , the company requested King James II in 1685 to permit the use of force against the Emperor 's army to settle the matter . Admiral Nicholson was sent with ships to attack the port at Chittagong , fortify it , make an alliance with the King of Arakan who was against the Mughals , establish a mint and collect revenue , thus making Chittagong a fort city for the British in the eastern part . Then he was ordered to proceed to Dhaka . It was assumed that the Governor would abandon the city and then a peace treaty would be offered which would guarantee free trade and other economic benefits for the British and he would give up the territory of Dhaka and Chittagong . Job Charnock was then at Madras and was directed to join the expedition with 400 soldiers from the Madras division . Unfortunately the plan went awry ; some of the ships , due to the change in current and wind , arrived at Hooghly instead of Chittagong and anchored off the factory in Hooghly after being joined by their Madras troops . The presence of a large number of war ships alarmed Shaista Khan and he immediately offered a truce . However the peace was broken again when some British troops misbehaved with Shaista Khan 's troops in Hooghly on 28 October 1686 for which the former were severely beaten by the latter . At the same time the admiral opened fire and burnt down 500 houses ; property losses were about thirty lacs of rupees . However a truce was again obtained between Mr. Charnock and the local Foujidar , and the English were allowed to put saltpetre on board their ships . However , Shaista Khan upon hearing this ordered the closing and confiscation of all their factories and properties in Bengal and sent a large force to drive out the English from Hooghly . Upon hearing the news of Shaista Khan 's plan , Mr. Charnock determined that it was no longer safe to remain in Hooghly and decided to move downstream to Sutanuti , a small hamlet on the banks of the river Hooghly on 20 December 1686 . At this time their ships in Bengal required extensive repairs and the remainder of their fleet were considered in danger . In this situation they considered that they would be extremely fortunate if they could hold their current position instead of their desires on Chittagong and for this matter they decided to ask forgiveness from the Emperor and requested to reinstate the previously obtained Firman . Peace treaty was again offered by the Governor at the end of December 1686 but it was mainly to buy out time for attack and by February 1687 a large troop of Shaista Khan 's army arrived at Hooghly to drive the British out of Bengal . Charnock decided it was not safe to remain in Sutanuti and moved to the island village at Hijli . There he remained with his soldiers in an utterly inhospitable place full of mosquitoes , snakes and tigers . The Governor 's troops did n't bother them there since they knew the British would not be able to survive long there . In fact , within three months about half of Charnock 's soldiers died and the remaining half were ready to be hospitalized . With his back to the wall , Charnock was desperately willing to negotiate with Shaista Khan to get out of this mess . Luck favored him because of an unexpected event . At the time when Nicholson was ordered to proceed to Chittagong , Sir John Child was ordered to withdraw the company 's establishment from Bombay , commence hostilities on the western coast , blockade Mughal harbors and attack their ships anywhere to be found . Emperor Aurangzeb wanted to reconcile with the British to ensure uninterrupted voyage of pilgrims to Mecca and asked his Governors to make terms with them . As a result , a peace treaty was signed between Shaista Khan and Charnock on 16 August 1687 . Shaista Khan allowed them to remain in Bengal , however to be limited only to Uluberia , a small town on the bank of river Hooghly south of Sutanuti , where they were allowed to make a port and do business from there , but their war ships were strictly not allowed to enter Hooghly . Charnock arrived at Uluberia , started making a dock there , however soon started to dislike the place and wanted to return to Sutanuti . At this time the Governor asked them to return and settle at Hooghly , ordered them not to build any structure at Sutanuti and asked Charnock to pay a large sum of money for compensation . While not in a position to fight against the Governor 's troops , two British agents were sent to Dhaka to plead to the Governor to allow them to return to Sutanuti and build a fort there . At the same time , when the news of failure of Nicholson reached England , it was decided that until a fort was built on the bank of the river , the English would never be able to do business with ease and would always be on the mercy of the forces of the Governor . For this , Captain Heath was sent to Bengal with 160 soldiers either to fight and win against the forces of the Governor or to bring back all the properties of the company to Madras and abandon the trade in Bengal . Captain Heath arrived in October 1688 in Bengal , took all of company persons on board , set sail to Balasore on 8 November 1688 . He reached Balasore on 29 November , pounded and destroyed the town including their own factory and released some English prisoners from the Governor 's prison . They left Balasore on 13 December for Chittagong , reached there on 17 December , found the Governor 's fortification too strong to destroy and decided to wait until his demands are answered by the Governor . However , instead of waiting for Governor 's answer , Captain Heath set sail to Arakan , arrived there on 31 January 1689 and offered treaty to the king that English will fight against the Mughals at Dhaka and the king would provide them settlements in his dominion . When a fortnight passed without any answer from the king , Captain Heath , frustrated and dejected , returned to Madras on 4 March 1689 . This was a total failure of English objectives in Bengal during the early period of 1689 which caused them abandoning Bengal as their trading location in eastern region . Emperor Aurangzeb , enraged with the situation that the British fortified in Madras , occupied territory around it , captured Mughal ships , went into alliance with his enemy Sambhaji , he ordered his commanders everywhere in India to exterminate British from the country and seize their properties anywhere to be found . Warehouses in Visakhapatnam were destroyed and many English men were captured and put to death . Shaista Khan went after them in Dhaka , captured them and put them behind bars . Shaista Khan retired from his duty as Governor in ca 1689 and Ibrahim Khan was appointed as the new Governor of Bengal by Emperor Aurangzeb . By this time Aurangzeb was camping at Visapur and was much aware of the fact that he was losing revenues from the British trade and the British ships could cause him much trouble by stopping the pilgrimage to Mecca since they controlled the sea - route . At the same time , the British were desperate to open negotiations with the Emperor after they left Bengal and Mr. Child was sent to him . He decided to accept the offer and ordered the Governor of Bengal to allow British to return there . As a result , Ibrahim Khan invited Mr. Charnock back to Bengal ; but Mr. Charnock refused to come back until a specific Firman with terms and conditions clearly specified was issued by the Emperor so that they would not be subjected to further humiliations . Ibrahim Khan again sent letter to Mr. Charnock explaining that he had requested for the special Firman from the Emperor and it would take a few months before it arrived , and in the mean time Mr. Charnock was welcome to settle in Bengal and the Governor would pay him 80,000 rupees for the goods that have been destroyed by Shaista Khan 's regime . With this friendly invitation , Mr. Job Charnock with 30 soldiers returned to Sutanuti on 24 August 1690 and hoisted the Royal Standards of England on the banks of river Hooghly , thus beginning a new era of British involvement in Bengal . In the next year , Ibrahim Khan sent the order from the Emperor to Mr. Charnock which allowed unrestricted trade without paying any other taxes except the usual 3,000 rupees . Mr. Charnock died in January 1692 . While the English were always looking for fortification of their factories in Bengal , Ibrahim Khan never allowed them to do so . In 1695 the town of Hooghly was seized by Sobha Singh along with an unknown Afghan Rahim Khan , and the English at Sutanuti requested from the Governor to use their own armed protection for their factories when their factories were surrounded by the enemy . Ibrahim Khan allowed them to protect their own factories , but did not allow any fortification explicitly . However , in the absence of specific orders the permission to defend their property was taken as a permit to build fortress and construction began immediately overnight with all available manpower . The fort was built on the bank of river Hooghly at Sutanuti with mortar brought from Madras , completed in ca 1701 and was called Fort William after King William III of England . This was the old Fort William and construction for a new one ( the present one ) started after Siraj Ud - Daulah attacked Fort William in 1756 . In 1690 , Job Charnok , an agent of the East India Company chose this place for a British trade settlement . The site was carefully selected , being protected by the Hooghly River on the west , a creek to the north , and by salt lakes about two and a half miles to the east . There were three large villages along the east bank of the river Ganges , named , Sutanuti , Gobindapur and Kalikata . These three villages were bought by the British from the local land lords . The Mughal emperor granted East India Company freedom of trade in return for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees . Origins ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Main article : Etymology of Kolkata The rent - roll of Akbar , the 16th century Mughal emperor , and the work of a Bengali poet , Bipradas Pipilai , of the late 15th century , both make mention of the city 's early name 's being Kolikata , from which Kolkata / Calcutta derive . There is much discussion about the origin of the city 's name . The most accepted view is that it comes from the Hindu goddess Kali and the original name was KaliKshetra , `` the place of Kali '' . Other theories include : The name comes from the location of the original settlement beside a khal ( `` canal '' in Bengali ) The place was known for its manufacture of shell - lime , the name deriving from kali ( `` lime '' ) and kata ( `` burnt shell '' ) The name is derived from the Bengali kilkila ( `` flat area '' ) , which is mentioned in the old literature . The name came into being when Job Charnock asked a farmer the name of the area around Hooghly River . The farmer misunderstood due to language problems and thought that he was referring as to when he harvested his paddy . He proudly replied `` Kal Kaata hoe chhilo '' meaning `` I cut it yesterday . '' Job Charnock thought that the name of the place is Calcutta . The area where the city is now located was originally inhabited by the people of three villages : Kalikata , Sutanuti and Gobindapur . However , the boundaries of the three villages gradually became less distinct , and before the battle of Plassey , the city could be divided into four different sub-areas : European Kolkata ( Dihi Kolkata ) ; a residential village with some sacred spots ( Gobindapur ) ; a traditional Indian market ( Bazar Kalikata or Burrabazar ) ; and a riverine mart concentrating on cloth trade ( Sutanati ) . After the battle of Plassey in 1757 , the British started rebuilding the city with the idea of making it the capital for their empire . The Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that Job Charnock , the Englishman generally believed to be the founder of the Calcutta , is not the founder of the city and that hence Kolkata has no birthday . According to the Court , the city has its genesis in the Maurya and Gupta period and it was an established trading post long before the Slave Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate , the Mughals , the Portuguese , the French or the British established a modern township there . The British East India Company chose the place for a trade settlement . In 1698 , the East India Company bought three villages ( Sutanuti , Kalikata and Gobindapur ) from a local landlord family of Sabarna Roy Choudhury . The next year , the company began developing the city as a Presidency City . In 1727 , on the order of King George I , a civil court was set up in the city . The Calcutta Municipal corporation ( now renamed Kolkata Municipal Corporation ) was formed and the city had its first mayor . Journey from British rule to Independence ( edit ) The three villages , in particular Kalikata , where Calcutta is located , came into the possession of the British East India Company in 1690 and some scholars like to date its beginnings as a major city from the construction of Fort William by the British in 1698 , though this is debated ( see the court ruling in `` Name and origins '' above ) . From 1772 to 1911 , Calcutta was the capital of British India . From 1912 to India 's Independence in 1947 , it was the capital of all of Bengal . After Independence , Calcutta remained the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal . The fall of Calcutta to Siraj ud - Daula ( edit ) See also : Robert Clive and Bengal Presidency When the Seven Years ' War broke out , owing to their constant rivalry with the French , and the fall of Madras to the forces of Dupleix , early in 1756 the British authorities in Calcutta began repairs to the fortifications of old Fort William , which were extremely decayed . This irritated the new Nawab of Bengal , Siraj Ud Daulah , who viewed it as a threat to his sovereignty . Enraged still further when the British granted asylum to one Krishnaballav , who had embezzled money from the dewani of Dhaka , Siraj ud - Daula first attacked and captured Cossimbazar ( taking as hostage William Watts and Begum Johnson ) , and then Calcutta , which fell after a short siege on 20 June 1756 , during which the Governor and many other officials escaped down the Hooghly River , leaving the remainder of the garrison and the Eurasian population of Calcutta to their fate . This is now known as the Siege of Calcutta . It is said that 123 Britons later died in the Black Hole of Calcutta after his victory , but recent evidence calls into question the numbers involved , and suggests that the Nawab himself was probably unaware of what transpired . He renamed Calcutta Alinagar after the previous Nawab , and his maternal grandfather , Alivardi Khan . Having installed Manikchand as the ruler of Alinagar , Siraj returned to Murshidabad . Soon ( on 2 January 1757 ) Watson and Robert Clive retook Calcutta with a force of Company sepoys and the assistance of the Royal Navy . Hearing the news , Siraj ud - Daula moved to attack Calcutta , but fearing an attack from Ahmad Shah Abdali , after a few days of war he signed the Treaty of Alinagar with the East India Company , giving them permission to build the fort . Although Siraj ud - Daula conceded temporary defeat in the Pact of Alinagar , he once again began scheming with the French against the British . Meanwhile , the Third Carnatic War was starting in the south . Also at this time , nobles such as Jagat Seth , Mir Jafar , Rai Durlav , Omichand and Rajballav were plotting against Siraj ud - Daula ( a principal reason being the Nawab 's arrogance , well attested to in contemporary sources ) and they invited Clive to take part in their plans . Clive seized on this plan to get rid of two enemies at once . Citing non-existent reasons , he attacked Murshidabad , having previously reached an agreement with Mir Jafar to install him on the musnud of Bengal . On the fateful day of 23 June 1757 , 23 miles away from Murshidabad in the mango groves of Palashi , the armies met at the Battle of Plassey . The British army consisted of 800 European soldiers and 2,200 Indian soldiers , while the Nawab 's army was made up of 18,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry . At the start of this seemingly impossible battle , generals Rai Durlav and Iar Latif held their armies together , but in an act of treachery Mir Jafar led his troops away from the battlefield , and the remaining army led by Mirmadan and Mohanlal was defeated . Siraj ud - Daula escaped but was later caught and killed by Miran , the son of Mir Jafar . Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab , and the British had effectively seized control of Bengal . In 1765 , after defeating the next Nawab , Mir Qasim , the Nawab of Oudh and the Mughal Emperor at the Battle of Buxar , there was no one to stand in the way of the British and their dominance in North India . Thus , British imperialism began in India with the conquest of Bengal , a game in which a main pawn was the great city of Calcutta . Calcutta also had an indirect but important influence on the battles of the Carnatic Wars . When Madras fell to Dupleix , the British were still able to direct the war from another of their strongholds , Calcutta . They also used the wealth of Bengal to defeat the French . As Dr. R.C. Majumdar stated in An Advanced History of India , `` The Battle of Plassey may be truly said to have decided the fate of the French in India . '' British India ( edit ) Churches ( edit ) St. John 's Church , originally a cathedral , was among the first public buildings erected by the East India Company after Kolkata became the effective capital of British India . It is located at the North - Western corner of Raj Bhavan , and served as the Anglican Cathedral of Calcutta till 1847 , when the see was transferred to St. Paul 's Cathedral . Construction of the building , modelled on St Martin - in - the - Fields of London , started in 1784 , with Rs 30,000 raised through a public lottery , and was completed in 1787 . It is the third oldest church in the city , next to the Armenian and the Old Mission Church . 18th century scandals ( edit ) One of the most notorious incidents of the latter part of the century was the trial and execution of Nanda Kumar , who had been the governor of Hugging in 1756 . In 1764 he had been appointed collector of Burdwan in place of Warren Hastings , which resulted in a long - standing enmity between the two men . In 1775 , when Hastings was Governor - General , Nanda Kumar brought accusations of corruption against him , accusing him of accepting bribes and other abuses of power . These were taken up with enthusiasm by Hastings ' rivals on the Governor General 's Council , led by Philip Francis . Whilst this matter was still awaiting investigation Nanda Kumar was indicted for forgery of a deed , condemned and executed . There was a strong suspicion that the charges had been invented by Hastings , and that he had put pressure on the judges to pass sentence of death . At this date it was far from clear whether or not English law applied in Calcutta , and it was extremely rare for the death penalty to be applied for forgery even in England . Furthermore , Nanda Kumar was a Brahman , and his hanging caused widespread dismay and outrage in Calcutta . Warren Hastings and Sir Elijah Impey , the Chief Justice , were both impeached , and were accused by Edmund Burke and afterwards by Thomas Babington Macaulay of committing a judicial murder . Five years after this incident , in 1780 , relations between Warren Hastings and Philip Francis deteriorated to such an extent that the two fought a duel in the grounds of Belvedere ( now the National Library ) on the road to the suburb of Alipore . Francis was severely wounded , but Hastings escaped unscathed . Opium trade ( edit ) After the territorial conquest of Bengal in 1757 , the British East India Company pursued a monopoly on production and export of opium from India . The company bought opium from local traders and later directly from farmers , and sold it at auction in Calcutta . From there much of it was smuggled to Canton in China by foreign traders , eventually leading to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . Social and intellectual life in the 18th century ( edit ) In 1772 , Calcutta became the capital of British India , a decision made by Governor General Warren Hastings . On 29 January 1780 , Hickey 's Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertiser became the first newspaper to be printed in India , and is an invaluable chronicle of the social life of Anglo - Indian society in Calcutta . Contemporary memoirs such as those of William Hickey record the consumption of enormous meals , washed down by copious quantities of claret , port , madeira and other wines , followed by the smoking of Hookahs . After the death of his English wife , Charlotte , ( who is buried in Park Street Cemetery ) Hickey married a Bengali girl called Jemdanee , who died in childbirth in 1796 , prompting him to write in his journal that `` Thus did I lose as gentle and affectionately attached a girl as ever man was blessed with '' . Such unions between Europeans , English , French and Portuguese , and local women , both Hindu and Muslim , were common throughout the 18th century in Calcutta , and are the origin of the city 's substantial Anglo - Indian ( or Eurasian ) community today : by the early 19th century , however , increasing racial intolerance made marriages of this kind much rarer . Calcutta 's intellectual life received a great boost in 1784 with the foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Sir William Jones , with the encouragement of Warren Hastings , himself no mean Oriental scholar . Jones worked closely with the pandits of the Kalighat Temple , together with the local ulema , in translating and producing new editions of rare and forgotten texts . His study of Sanskrit with Pandit Ramlochan at Nadiya led him to posit the existence of the Indo - European family of languages . Many distinguished scholars , English and Bengali , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke , James Prinsep and Pandit Radhakanta Sarman would grace the Society 's meetings and publications over the following century , vastly enriching knowledge of India 's culture and past . Calcutta saw the establishment of several different Western - style higher education institutions this period , including Sanskrit College ( 1824 ) , Calcutta Medical College ( 1835 ) , University of Calcutta ( 1857 ) , Surendranath College ( 1885 ) and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science ( 1887 ) , India 's first research institute . The Baboo / babu culture and the Bengal Renaissance ( edit ) See also : Bengal Renaissance In the time of British India , Calcutta was regarded as `` the second city of the British Empire '' ( after London ) and was aptly renamed `` City of Palaces '' and the Great Eastern Hotel was regarded as the `` Jewel of the East '' . Calcutta at that time was famous for its `` Baboo Culture '' , a mixture of English Liberalism , European fin de siecle decadence , Mughal conservatism , and indigenous revivalism , inculcating aspects of socio - moral and political change . This culture was fostered in its wake by the Zamindari system , the Dayabhaga System the Hindu Joint Family System , the Mitakshara System , the Muslim Zenana System , the Protestant spirit of free capitalist enterprise , the Mughal - inspired feudal system and the Nautch . This also fostered the Bengal Renaissance , an awakening of modern liberal thinking in 19th century Bengal , and which gradually percolated to the rest of India . Growth ( edit ) In 1750 , Calcutta had a population of 120,000 . The centre of Company control over the whole of Bengal from 1757 , Calcutta underwent rapid industrial growth from the 1850s , especially in the textile sector , despite the poverty of the surrounding region . Trade with other nations also grew . For example , the first U.S. merchant ship arrived in Kolkata in 1787 . In fact , the U.S Consulate in Calcutta is the U.S. Department of State 's second - oldest consulate and dates from 19 November 1792 . Despite being almost totally destroyed by a cyclone , in which 60,000 died , on 5 October 1864 , Calcutta grew , mostly in an unplanned way , in the next 150 years from 117,000 to 1,098,000 inhabitants ( including suburbs ) , and now has a metropolitan population of approximately 14.6 million . Contribution to the Independence movement of India ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historically , Calcutta was the centre of activity in the early stages of the national movement of independence . Exactly a hundred years after the fall of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey , Calcutta saw the beginning of what is often called the First Independence Movement of India . It should be noted here that it is also just as often as not referred to as a War of Independence , and as one historian put it , `` The so called First National War of Independence was neither First , nor National , nor a War of Independence '' . In the suburbs of Calcutta , at the Barrackpore military barracks , sepoy Mangal Pandey sparked off a huge revolt that shook the foundations of the British Empire . This movement is sometimes also called the Indian Mutiny , although recent evidence goes against using this name and suggests `` The Revolt of 1857 '' as a better and less controversial choice . In 1883 , Surendranath Banerjea organised a national conference - the first of its kind in 19th century India . This conference heralded the birth of The Indian National Congress . The first native president of the Indian National Congress was Sir Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee and he was also the first Congress president to advocate self - rule by Indians , Sir Surendra Nath Banerjea ( referred to by the British as `` Surrender Not '' ) were early eminent Calcuttans , who provoked and influenced nationalist thinking in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Other societies based on nationalist or religious thoughts were started , like the Hindu Mela . Revolutionary organisations like the Jugantar and the Anushilan Samiti were formed with the goal of using force against the British rulers . Among early nationalist leaders , the most prominent were Sri Aurobindo , Indira devi Chaudhurani , Bipin Chandra Pal . The early nationalists were inspired by Swami Vivekananda , the foremost disciple of the Hindu mystic Sri Ramakrishna and helped by Sister Nivedita , disciple of the former . The rousing cry that awakened India 's soul was penned by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Now the national song of the nation , it is an ode to the land of Bharat ( India ) as the Divine Mother , `` Vande Mataram . '' The Elgin Road residence of Subhas Chandra Bose in Calcutta was the place from where he escaped the British to reach Germany during the Second World War . He was the co-founder of the Indian National Army and the Head of State of the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind , formed to counter and combat the British Raj in India . Renamed Netaji by poet laureate Rabindranath Tagore , he is regarded by many as perhaps the most prominent and influential freedom fighter in Indian history and is venerated in many Bengali households even today . Muslims were also involved in the nationalist movement , most notably Fazl Huq who from Calcutta in the 1930s attempted to organise a non-communal peasant party to agitate against the British and the wealthy Indian landowning class . The fact that many of the Hindus in this latter group were linked to the local Congress organisation and dominated the mainstream nationalist movement in Bengal from Calcutta led to attempts to thwart Huq 's activities and fed into the tragic decline in communal relations that savaged Calcutta in 1946 and 1947 ( see Kenneth McPherson , `` The Muslim Microcosm : the Muslims of Calcutta 1918 - 1935 '' , Steiner , Wiesbaden , 1973 ) . After Independence ( edit ) Slum in Calcutta , 1986 The intense violence caused during the partition of India led to a shift in demographics in Bengal , and especially Kolkata ; large numbers of Muslims left for East Pakistan , while hundreds of thousands of Hindus arrived to take their place . Kolkata received millions of refugees from what became East Pakistan without receiving substantial assistance from the central government . Over the 1960s and 1970s , severe power shortages , strife in labour relations ( including strikes by workers and lockouts by employers ) and a militant Marxist - Maoist movement who sometimes used violence and property destruction as tactics of protest -- the Naxalites -- damaged much of the city 's infrastructure , leading to economic stagnation . ( Ironically , this is the same city that has historically been a strong base of Indian communism : West Bengal was ruled by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( CPI ( M ) ) dominated Left Front for nearly three decades -- the world 's longest - running democratically elected communist government . ) In 1971 , the war between India and Pakistan led to another massive influx of refugees from the former East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) , and their settling in Calcutta massively strained its already damaged infrastructure . In the mid-1970s , Bombay overtook Calcutta as India 's most populous city . Calcutta became plagued by power outages , labor unrest , disappearing industry , and violence from the Naxalite movement . In 1985 Rajiv Gandhi referred to Calcutta as a `` dying city '' because of the social and political traumas . The city 's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s . Since 2000 , Information Technology ( IT ) services revitalized the city 's stagnant economy . The city has also experienced a growth in the manufacturing sector . Following similar moves elsewhere in the country , the state government changed the city 's official name from Calcutta to Kolkata in 2001 . See also ( edit ) 2007 Kolkata riots British India French India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nolan , Edward . `` The illustrated history of the British empire in India and the East vol 3 '' . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Danvers , Frederick Charles ( 1888 ) . Bengal ; its chiefs , agents , and governors . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Frazer , R.W. ( Robert Watson ) ( 1896 ) . British India : Story of Nations Series . University of California Libraries ( Digital ) . Originally published - London : T. Fisher Unwin . New York : G.P. Putnam . pp. 39 -- 40 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Britannica entry Jump up ^ Calcuttaweb article Archived 2007 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mukerji , Dr. S.C. 1991 . The Changing Face of Calcutta : An Architectural Approach . Government of West Bengal Jump up ^ Gupta , Subhrangshu ( 17 May 2003 ) . `` Job Charnock not Kolkata founder : HC Says city has no foundation day '' . The Tribune online edition . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ghulam Husain Salim Riyazu - s - Salatin . A History of Bengal Ed . & Trans . Maulavi Abdus Salam ( Calcutta : Baptist Mission Press ) 1902 Fasc. IV Jump up ^ `` Kolkata : Heritage Tour : Religious Buildings : St. John 's Church '' . kolkatainformation.com. 2003 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Das , Soumitra ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` Gour to St. John 's '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chakraborty , Lahiri , , Samhita ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Wicked man on the wall '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Roy , Nishitranjan , Swasato Kolkata Ingrej Amaler Sthapathya , ( in Bengali ) , pp. 24 , 1st edition , 1988 , Prtikhan Press Pvt. Ltd . Jump up ^ The Memoirs of William Hickey ( London : Hurst & Blackett ) Vol. II ( 1918 ) pp154 - 5 Jump up ^ H.E. Busteed Echoes of Old Calcutta ( Calcutta ) 1908 pp73 - 106 ; H. Beveridge The Trial of Nanda Kumar Jump up ^ Busteed Old Calcutta pp107 - 117 Jump up ^ The Memoirs of William Hickey ( London : Hurst & Blackett ) Vol. II ( 1918 ) pp136 - 7 Vol . III ( 1923 ) pp205 - 6 , 234 - 5 ; Percival Spear The Nabobs ( Delhi : OUP ) 1998 p36 Jump up ^ Memoirs of William Hickey ( London : Hurst & Blackett ) Vol. IV ( 1925 ) p141 Jump up ^ O.P. Kejariwal The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India 's past ( Delhi : OUP ) 1988 pp29 - 75 Jump up ^ Turner , Steve ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` Colonial echoes in old Calcutta '' . The Independent . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 2010 ) . India : A History . New York , NY : Grove Press . p. 388 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4558 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by U.S. Consul General Henry V. Jardine for the Bharat Chamber Of Commerce '' . Speeches and Articles , Consulate General of the United States , Kolkata , India . U.S. Department of State . 15 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( Gandhi 1992 , pp. 497 ) Jump up ^ Trillin , Calvin . `` Last Days of the Rickshaw . '' National Geographic . Volume 213 , Number 4 . April 2008 . 95 - 97 . Jump up ^ Biswas S ( 2006 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Calcutta 's colourless campaign '' . BBC . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( Roy & Alsayyad 2004 ) Jump up ^ ( Bennett & Hindle 1996 , pp. 63 -- 70 ) ^ Jump up to : Trillin , Calvin . `` Last Days of the Rickshaw . '' National Geographic . Volume 213 , Number 4 . April 2008 . 97 . Jump up ^ `` From Poorhouse to Powerhouse . '' Spiegel Online . Jump up ^ Easwaran K. `` Politics of name change '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 26 . References ( edit ) Bennett , A ; Hindle , J ( 1996 ) , London Review of Books : An Anthology , Verso , pp. 63 -- 70 , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 121 - X Datta . Partho . Planning the City : Urbanization and Reform in Calcutta c. 1800 -- c. 1940 ( New Delhi : Tulika Books , 2012 ) . xv , 332 pp . Gandhi , R ( 1992 ) , Patel : A Life , Navajivan Roy , A ; Alsayyad , N ( 2004 ) , Urban Informality : Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East , Latin America and South Asia , Lexington Books , ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0741 - 0 Older sources ( edit ) Unknown ( 1829 ) , Historical and Ecclesiastical Sketches of Bengal ; From the Earliest Settlement , Until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English , in 1757 , Read Online External link in publisher = ( help ) Bruce , John ( 1810 ) , Annals of the Honorable East - India Company : from their establishment by the charter of queen Elizabeth , 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707 - 8 , Vol - I , Read Online External link in publisher = ( help ) Bruce , John ( 1810 ) , Annals of the Honorable East - India Company : from their establishment by the charter of queen Elizabeth , 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707 - 8 , Vol - II , Read Online External link in publisher = ( help ) Marshman , John Clark ( 1867 ) , The History of India From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie 's Administration - 1867 , Vol - I , Read Online External link in publisher = ( help ) Kolkata topics History Bengali renaissance Black Hole of Calcutta Bhurshut Calcutta Flag Dihi Panchannagram Direct Action Day Dutch Bengal Gobindapur History of Kolkata Presidency division Job Charnock Kalighat Falta Railway Kalikata Lal Dighi Maratha Ditch Robert Clive Sabarna Roy Choudhury Siege of Calcutta Sutanuti State Archaeological Gallery The Calcutta Quran Petition Warren Hastings Battle of Biderra Nabakrishna Deb Rabindranath Tagore Localities and streets Kolkata Metropolitan Area Neighbourhoods list Streets ( list ) Ethnic enclaves Bow Barracks ( Anglo - Indian ) Chinatown , Kolkata ( Chinese ) Tangra , Kolkata ( Chinese ) Armani - para ( Armenian ) Buildings Belvedere Estate Indian Museum Jorasanko Thakur Bari Calcutta High Court Marble Palace National Library of India Netaji Bhawan Raj Bhavan Sabarna Sangrahashala Shaheed Minar Victoria Memorial St. Paul 's Cathedral Metcalfe Hall Writers ' Building Metropolitan Building Grand Hotel Shobhabazar Rajbari High rises Completed Chatterjee International Center South City Tata Centre Industry House Everest House Jeevan Sudha GOI Building Hiland Park Upcoming The 42 Urbana Uniworld City Education Secondary Calcutta Boys ' School Calcutta Girls ' High School Don Bosco School , Park Circus Hare School Hindu School , Kolkata La Martiniere Calcutta Loreto Schools Ramakrishna , Narendrapur Sainik School , Purulia Scottish Church Collegiate School South Point School St. Xavier 's Collegiate School St. Paul 's School , Darjeeling St. James ' School ( Kolkata ) Higher Aliah University Asiatic Society Asutosh College Vivekananda College Marine Engineering and Research Institute Bethune College Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology Medical College and Hospital Calcutta National Medical College Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management Indian Statistical Institute Jadavpur University Maulana Azad College Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology National Library of India Netaji Subhas Open University Presidency University Rabindra Bharati University Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics School of Tropical Medicine Scottish Church College St. Xavier 's College University of Calcutta West Bengal University of Health Sciences West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Calcutta School of Music Industry and economy ABP Group Allahabad Bank AMRI Hospitals Andrew Yule and Company Baidyanath Group Balmer Lawrie Batanagar Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Berger Paints Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Biecco Lawrie Birds Jute and Export Birla Corporation Braithwaite & Co . Braithwaite , Burn & Jessop Construction Company Bridge and Roof Company Britannia Industries Burn & Company Burnpur Burn Standard Company Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation ( CESC ) Calcutta Stock Exchange Chandras ' Chemical Factory Coal India Damodar Valley Corporation Emami Exide Industries Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers GKB Opticals Hawkers Hind Motor Hindustan Ambassador IISCO India Government Mint , Kolkata ITC Limited Jai Balaji group Jessop & Company Kolkata Port Trust Lexulous Limtex Lux Industries Magma Fincorp National Insurance Company Peerless Group Saregama Sinclairs Hotels Limited Tata Global Beverages The Juice Station The Park Hotels UCO Bank United Bank of India VISA Steel Transportation Road Calcutta Tramways Company Calcutta State Transport Corporation Kalyani Expressway Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation South Bengal State Transport Corporation Howrah Bridge ( Rabindra Setu ) Belghoria Expressway Vidyasagar Setu Vivekananda Setu Nivedita Setu Golden Quadrilateral Rickshaw Hand - pulled rickshaw Rail Kolkata Metro Kolkata Circular Railway Kolkata Suburban Railway Eastern Railway South Eastern Railway Trams in Kolkata Kolkata LRTS Howrah Junction railway station Kolkata railway station Sealdah railway station Shalimar railway station Kolkata Monorail Sea Port of Kolkata Air Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport List of airports Culture Kolkata Book Fair Calcutta Youth Choir Coffee House Dwarkin Festivals Kolkata International Film Festival Dover Lane Music Conference Kolkata in the media Music of Bengal Nandan Priya Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Ritwik Ghatak Satyajit Ray Feluda Byomkesh Bakshi Tollywood Ghosts in Bengali culture Adda P.C. Sorcar Football Kolkata Derby Group theatre of Kolkata Places of worship Hindu Belur Math Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kalighat Christian St. Paul 's Cathedral Portuguese Church St. John 's Church Parasnath Temple Tipu Sultan Mosque Birla Mandir , Kolkata Chinese temples in Kolkata Magen David Synagogue Sports ATK Barasat Stadium B.C. Roy Trophy Beighton Cup Bengal cricket team Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Polo Club Calcutta South Club Bengal Tigers Bhawanipore F.C. Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Football League Dalhousie A.C. East Bengal Club East Bengal Ground Eastern Railway F.C. Eden Gardens Indian Football Association IFA Shield Kalighat F.C. Kishore Bharati Krirangan Kolkata Derby Kolkata Knight Riders No Dada No KKR Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament Kolkata Vipers Mohammedan Sporting Club Mohammedan Sporting Ground Mohun Bagan Athletic Club Mohun Bagan Ground Netaji Indoor Stadium Pailan Arrows United S.C. Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Royal Bengal Tigers Salt Lake Stadium Sunfeast Open Southern Samity Subroto Cup Aryan F.C. Tollygunge Agragami F.C. West Bengal football team Other topics Someplace Else Princeton Club Calcutta Club Adwaita Zoological Garden , Alipore Bengal Club Central Forensic Science Laboratory Calcutta Rowing Club Electoral constituencies List of people from Kolkata Fort William Hooghly River Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden Kundu Special Chinese of Calcutta Early phase of printing in Calcutta Legendary personalities in Bengal Maidan Missionaries of Charity Rabindra Sarobar Royal Calcutta Golf Club South Park Street Cemetery Sundarbans National Park Tolly Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kolkata&oldid=856146983 '' Categories : History of Kolkata History of West Bengal Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date and year Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with Bengali - language external links Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Indian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2017 Western culture - centric Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | calcutta was capital of british till which year | [
"Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition. \n"
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-1682363683397246784 | Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys) | Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) - wikipedia Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Music Man B - side `` It 's Alright '' Released August 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country Length 2 : 06 Label RCA 12067 Songwriter ( s ) Waylon Jennings Producer ( s ) Richie Albright Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( 1981 ) `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( duet with Jessi Colter ) ( 1981 ) The `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings . It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man . Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard , the song became a # 1 hit on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Charts 3 Other versions 4 Other artists 5 References 6 Further reading Song History ( edit ) As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners ( 1975 ) , Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered on CBS in 1979 and was based on Moonrunners . Jennings wrote the theme song for the show and recorded two versions : the television theme version and a slightly different version made commercially available on both single and album which received radio airplay . The television show version features Larry McNeely 's banjo work which the commercially available version does not . Additionally , the television version 's third verse contains the lyric , `` Fightin ' the system like two modern - day Robin Hoods '' , which is accompanied by a `` Yee - haw ! '' said by characters , Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) , though it is in fact Schneider 's vocal used twice . The commercially available version receiving radio airplay contains a musical bridge which follows the first verse and chorus . Also , following the commercial version 's second chorus , Jennings makes a tongue - in - cheek reference to his faceless appearance in the credits by singing , `` I 'm a good ol ' boy , you know my mama loves me , but she do n't understand why they keep showing my hands and not my face on TV '' ( a statement referring to the opening shot in the television theme version where Jennings is only shown below the neck playing guitar ) . Most of Jennings ' greatest hits albums and various compilation releases containing the `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' feature the commercially available version . Commercial performance ( edit ) In November 1980 , `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' became Jennings ' twelfth # 1 country hit overall ( tenth as a solo recording act ) . The song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts and became his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 21 . It also appeared on several other music charts . The original 1980 single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales over a million . Subsequent to the 2005 movie , the song was certified platinum in 2007 for a million ringtone sales . Note : the certification sales qualification levels had been changed in 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart 26 Canadian RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S. Cashbox Top 100 22 Other versions ( edit ) The song was covered by the Swedish Lo - fi - group Loosegoats on their demo For Sale by Owner but has never been featured on any of their full - length albums . Rapper Lil Wyte sampled the song on his song `` Comin ' Yo Direction '' off his album Doubt Me Now . Other Artists ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Waylon Jennings ' son Shooter Jennings is known for singing `` Good ol ' Boys '' at the Dukefests , which honor the series , and his late father . Along with Willie Nelson and Ben L. Jones ( Cooter on the series ) , Waylon Jennings sang the song in an extended version . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song while driving The General Lee for their album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ( 1982 ) . In 2006 , John Schneider ( Bo Duke ) , Tom Wopat ( Luke Duke ) , and Catherine Bach ( Daisy Duke ) made a music video , as seen on the 7th Season DVD of the series . John Schneider also covered the song . In The Dukes of Hazzard film adaptation ( 2005 ) , a recording of Waylon Jennings was used in one scene , also , as heard on the soundtrack , by Willie Nelson ( Uncle Jesse in the film ) . In the film The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) , country singer John Anderson sings the theme . Rock band Cage9 , performed a cover version of the song was heard in the trailers from the same two films . Nike used the song in an advertising campaign featuring NFL star Randy Moss and NBA star Jason Williams , who were teammates in the same high school in rural Belle , West Virginia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ) , p. 426 - 427 Jump up ^ Bruce Eder ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Television 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 6 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Certification - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Good Ol ' Boys by John Schneider '' . YouTube . 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006 , '' 2007 . Preceded by `` I Believe in You '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single November 1 , 1980 Succeeded by `` On the Road Again '' by Willie Nelson ( hide ) Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&oldid=816261814 '' Categories : 1980 singles Waylon Jennings songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Television theme songs The Dukes of Hazzard Songs written by Waylon Jennings RCA Records singles 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 07 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the theme song of dukes of hazzard | [
"The \"Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)\" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings. It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man. Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard, the song became a #1 hit on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1980."
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"Waylon Jennings"
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-7109713643670230057 | Ian Hanmore | Ian Hanmore - wikipedia Ian Hanmore Ian Hanmore Hanmore in 2014 Occupation Actor Years active 1996 -- present Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones . Contents 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) He also played Albert Flood in The Awakening , Margaret 's Father in The Magdalene Sisters , Lord Ruthven in Mary Queen of Scots and Father Angelo in the 2006 Doctor Who episode `` Tooth and Claw '' . He played the Guide in James Graham 's site specific piece `` The Tour Guide '' and has performed in a number of other stage productions including Chris Lee 's `` The Fall of the Peacock Throne '' where he played Mohammad Mosaddeq . His most recent role was that of Joe Necchi in Untitled Production 's adaptation of Alexander Trocchi 's `` Cain 's Book '' . He has voiced the Audiobook versions of a number of crime novels including work by James Oswald and Stuart McBride . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Butterfly Man Tom Reid Short film 1998 Postmortem Theodore Symes 1999 Frog The Reverend Short film Women Talking Dirty Rescuing driver 2000 Kill the Day Senior Guard Short film Credited as Iain Hanmore 2002 Tattoo Big John Short film The Magdalene Sisters Margaret 's Father 2003 Young Adam Freight Supervisor Solid Air John Hutchison The Ticking Man Hitman Divine Dad Short film 2005 Suburban Home Lewis Short film Retribution Dennis Mckenzie Mrs Henderson Presents Poker Player Uncredited The Best Man Drunk 2011 The Awakening Albert Flood 2012 Citadel Council Office Clerk 2013 Mary Queen of Scots Lord Ruthven 2015 `` Moxie '' Ally 2016 `` Simon , First and Only '' Father Kavanagh Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Split Second Billy 's Father TV movie Two Thousand Acres of Sky Paul Macdonald Episodes # 1.1 & # 1.3 Gas Attack Senior Police Detective TV movie Terri McIntyre Driving Instructor Episode : `` Classy Bitch '' Monarch of the Glen Markey Episode # 3.6 2002 The Book Group Taxi Driver 1 Episodes : `` The Alchemist '' `` Bedtime Stories '' 2003 The Deal Scottish MP 2 TV movie Outlaws Judge Roberts Episodes : `` Three Monkeys '' `` The Power and the Glory '' `` A Life of Grime '' 2005 No Angels Pissed Up Pete Episode # 2.6 2006 Doctor Who Father Angelo Episode : `` Tooth and Claw '' Vital Signs Derek Johnson Episode # 1.2 2007 Life on Mars Peter Wilkes Episode # 2.7 Still Game Butler Episode : `` Fly Society '' Dear Green Place Oberon Episode : `` There 's Been a Murder '' 2009 Shameless Robert Episode # 6.10 2011 Waking the Dead Ernst Geiger Episodes : `` Harbinger : Part 1 '' `` Harbinger : Part 2 '' The Fades Polus 2012 Game of Thrones Pyat Pree Episodes : `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` Valar Morghulis '' 2014 `` The Game '' Denis Lamb Episode ♯ 6 2015 `` Outlander '' Father Anselm Episode : `` To Ransom a Man 's Soul '' 2015 `` The Syndicate '' John Kempt Episodes : ♯ 3.2 ♯ 3.4 ♯ 3.6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Everything Geek Podcast Guest Interview - Ian Hanmore '' . youtube.com. 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Hanmore - Actor - Equity '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Hanmore credits - Curtis Brown '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Stage / Reviews / Fall of the Peacock Throne '' . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Projects : Cain 's Book > Arts > The Arches , Glasgow '' . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ IMDB External links ( edit ) Ian Hanmore on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Hanmore&oldid=853987457 '' Categories : Scottish male film actors Scottish male stage actors Scottish male television actors Living people Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 05 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the warlock in game of thrones | [
"Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones.[1]\n"
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"Ian Hanmore"
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-3261585636240506146 | Trip the light fantastic (phrase) | Trip the light fantastic ( phrase ) - wikipedia Trip the light fantastic ( phrase ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of the phrase , see Trip the light fantastic ( disambiguation ) . To `` trip the light fantastic '' is to dance nimbly or lightly , or to move in a pattern to musical accompaniment . It is often used in a humorous vein . As early as 1908 it was viewed as a cliché or hackneyed phrase . Grammatically , it is an example of a constructionally idiosyncratic idiom , in that it is impossible to construct a meaningful literal - scene from the formal structure . As such it should be viewed as a catena . History ( edit ) This phrase evolved through a series of usages and references . The phrase is typically attributed to Milton 's 1645 poem L'Allegro , which includes the lines Com , and trip it as ye go , On the light fantastick toe . The imagery of tripping on toes also appears in Shakespeare 's The Tempest : `` Before you can say come , and goe , / And breathe twice ; and cry , so , so : / Each one tripping on his Toe , / Will be here with mop , and mowe . '' This expression was popularized in the American song `` Sidewalks of New York '' ( melody and text by Charles B. Lawlor and James W. Blake ) in 1894 . Part of the chorus : `` Boys and girls together , me and Mamie O'Rourke / Tripped the light fantastic / On the sidewalks of New York . '' Those lyrics were probably inspired by `` The Ballet Girl '' , a song popularized by Tony Pastor at his Bowery `` Opera House '' in the mid-19th century that had as the chorus : `` While she danced on her light fantastic toe , / Round the stage she used to go ; / Had it not been for a man named Joe , / She might have belonged to me . '' The idiom `` to trip the light fandango '' was already in usage in the US as a phrase for carefree dancing in a Spanish or Latin American fandango style by the time of World War II ( see , for example , its usage in the recording `` South America '' , Vitaphone Release 1460A , 1945 ) . Chester Himes uses a variation on the phrase : `` Colored boys and girls in ski ensembles and ballet skirts were skating the light fantastic at two o'clock ... '' In 1967 , English rock band Procol Harum released its hit song , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' , with lyrics by Keith Reid , that included a play on the phrase with `` skip the light fandango '' , casting Milton 's light and nimble dancing in a modernist perspective . More recent usage includes a line from Quentin Tarantino 's movie Inglourious Basterds ; a song title on electronica artist BT 's debut album , Ima ; Sophie Ellis - Bextor 's 2007 album Trip the Light Fantastic ; Mary Lou Lord 's song , `` Lights are Changing '' ; and The Light Fantastic , the second book in Terry Pratchett 's Discworld series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lasseter , Jim . `` trip the light fantastic '' . www.randomhouse.com . Random House , Inc . Retrieved March 20 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , Betty and Kirkpatrick , Elizabeth McLaren ( 1999 ) `` light fantastic '' Clichés : Over 1500 Phrases Explored and Explained Macmillan , New York , page 115 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19844 - 2 Jump up ^ Jarvie , Gordon ( 2009 ) `` Trip '' Bloomsbury Dictionary of Idioms A & C Black , London , page 652 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2492 - 5 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Robert A. ( January 1908 ) `` Correct English '' The West Virginia School Journal 36 ( 10 ) : pp. 18 -- 19 , page 19 Jump up ^ Chafe , Wallace L. ( May 1968 ) `` Idiomaticity as an Anomaly in the Chomskyan Paradigm '' Foundations of Language 4 ( 2 ) : pp. 109 -- 127 , page 111 Jump up ^ Langlotz , Andreas ( 2006 ) Idiomatic Creativity : A Cognitive - Linguistic Model of Idiom - Representation and Idiom - Variation in English John Benjamins Publishing Company , Amsterdam , The Netherlands , page 132 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 2370 - 8 Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` Trip the light fantastic '' . www.phrases.org.uk . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Chrysti M. ( 2006 ) `` Trip the Light Fantastic '' Verbivore 's Feast : Second Course : More Word & Phrase Origins Farcountry Press , Helena , Montana , page 320 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56037 - 404 - 6 Jump up ^ Tony Pastor 's 201 Bowery Songster , 1867 . New York : Dick & Fitzgerald , p. 9 Jump up ^ Himes , Chester ; All Shot Up . 1960 . Pegasus 2007 p. 101 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/trip-the-light-fantastic.html http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010320 http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/trip_the_light_fantastic/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trip_the_light_fantastic_(phrase)&oldid=804883302 '' Categories : English - language idioms Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does trip the light fantastic come from | [
"This phrase evolved through a series of usages and references. The phrase is typically attributed to Milton's 1645 poem L'Allegro,[2][7][8] which includes the lines"
] | [
"Milton's 1645 poem L'Allegro"
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-5452258669649424108 | Pelias | Pelias - wikipedia Pelias Jump to : navigation , search Pelias , king of Iolcos , stops on the steps of a temple as he recognises young Jason by his missing sandal ; Roman fresco from Pompeii , 1st century AD . The Murder of Pelias by His Daughters. , Georges Moreau de Tours ( 1878 ) Pelias ( / ˈpiːlɪˌæs / ; Greek : Πελίας ) was king of Iolcus in Greek mythology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family 2 Mythology 2.1 Early years 2.2 Quest of Golden Fleece 2.3 Pelias ' death 3 References 4 External links Family ( edit ) Pelias was the son of Tyro and Poseidon . His wife is recorded as either Anaxibia , daughter of Bias , or Phylomache , daughter of Amphion . He was the father of Acastus , Pisidice , Alcestis , Pelopia , Hippothoe , Amphinome , Evadne , Asteropeia , and Antinoe . Mythology ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Tyro was married to Cretheus , with whom she had three sons , Aeson , Pherês , and Amythaon , but she loved Enipeus , a river god . She pursued Enipeus , who refused her advances . One day , Poseidon , filled with lust for Tyro , disguised himself as Enipeus and from their union were born Pelias and Neleus , twin boys . Tyro exposed her sons on a mountain to die , but they were found by a herdsman who raised them as his own , as one story goes , or they were raised by a maid . When they reached adulthood , Pelias and Neleus found Tyro and killed her stepmother Sidero , for having mistreated her . ( Sidero hid in a temple to Hera but Pelias killed her anyway , causing Hera 's undying hatred of Pelias . ) Pelias was power - hungry and he wished to gain dominion over all of Thessaly . To this end , he banished Neleus and Pherês , and locked Aeson in the dungeons in Iolcus ( by the modern city of Volos ) . While in the dungeons , Aeson married and had several children , most famously , Jason . Aeson sent Jason away from Iolcus in fear that Pelias would kill him as an heir to the throne . Jason grew in the care of Chiron the centaur , on Mount Pelium , to be educated while Pelias , fearing that he would be overthrown , was warned by an oracle to beware a man wearing one sandal . Quest of Golden Fleece ( edit ) Many years later , Pelias offered a sacrifice by the sea in honor of Poseidon . Jason , who was summoned with many others to take part in the sacrifice , lost one of his sandals in the flooded river Anaurus while rushing to Iolcus . In Virgil 's Aeneid , Hera had disguised herself as an old woman , whom Jason was helping across the river when he lost his sandal . When Jason entered Iolcus , he was announced as a man wearing one sandal . Fearful , Pelias asked Jason what he would do if confronted with the man who would be his downfall . Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece . Pelias took Jason 's advice and sent him to retrieve the Golden Fleece . It would be found at Colchis , in a grove sacred to Ares , the god of war . Though the Golden Fleece simply hung on an oak tree , this was a seemingly impossible task , as an ever - watchful dragon guarded it . Jason made preparations by commanding the shipwright Argus to build a ship large enough for fifty men , which he would eventually call the Argo . These heroes who would join his quest were known as the Argonauts . Upon their arrival Jason requested the Golden Fleece from the King of Colchis , Aeëtes . Aeëtes demanded that Jason must first yoke a pair of fire - breathing bulls to a plough and sow dragon 's teeth into the earth . Medea , daughter of Aeëtes , fell in love with Jason , and being endowed with magical powers , aided him in his completion of the difficult task . She cast a spell to put the dragon to sleep , enabling Jason to obtain the Golden Fleece from the oak tree . Jason , Medea , and the Argonauts fled Colchis and began their return journey to Thessaly . Pelias ' death ( edit ) Pelias sends forth Jason , in an 1879 illustration from Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church . During Jason 's absence , Pelias thought the Argo had sunk , and this was what he told Aeson and Promachus , who committed suicide by drinking poison . However , it is unknown but possible that the two were both killed directly by Pelias . When Jason and Medea returned , Pelias still refused to give up his throne . Medea conspired to have Pelias ' own daughters ( Peliades ) kill him . She told them she could turn an old ram into a young ram by cutting up the old ram and boiling it . During the demonstration , a live , young ram jumped out of the pot . Excited , the girls cut their father into pieces and threw them into a pot , in the expectation that he would emerge rejuvenated . Pelias , of course , did not survive . As he was now an accessory to a terrible crime , Jason was still not made king . Pelias ' son Acastus later banished Jason and Medea , to Corinth , and so reclaimed the kingdom . An alternate telling of the story has Medea slitting the throat of Jason 's father Aeson , who she then really does revive as a much younger man ; Pelias ' daughters then slit their father 's throat after she promises to do the same for him , and she merely breaks her word and leaves him dead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Greek Mythology Link ( Carlos Parada ) - Pelias 1 '' . maicar.com . Jump up ^ `` York University Libraries '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ Apollodorus The Library of Greek Mythology . Trans . Robin Hard . New York : Oxford University Press Inc. , 1997 . 48 - 49 . Print . Jump up ^ Collier , P.F. `` Jason . '' Collier 's Encyclopedia . Ed . William D. Halsey and Emanuel Friedman. 1981 . 504 - 05 . Print . External links ( edit ) Media related to Pelias at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Jason and the Argonauts Characters Aeson ( father ) Argonauts Medea ( spouse ) Argus Aeëtes ( father - in - law ) Pelias ( uncle ) Phineus ( oracle ) Cheiron ( trainer ) Ancient sources Medea by Euripides Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica ( Latin ) by Gaius Valerius Flaccus Argonautica Orphica Film / TV Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 film ) Medea Young Hercules ( 1998 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 2000 miniseries ) Atlantis ( 2013 ) Opera Giasone ( 1649 ) La toison d'or ( 1789 ) Other The Golden Fleecing ( comic book story ) Jason et Médée ( ballet ) Jason and Medea ( painting ) Rise of the Argonauts ( video game ) Argo Golden Fleece Related The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles Jason in popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelias&oldid=799787946 '' Categories : Princes in Greek mythology Kings of Iolcus Family of Salmoneus Offspring of Poseidon Mythological Greek characters Mythology of Argonautica Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who fulfilled the warning beware of the man with one sandal | [
"Many years later, Pelias offered a sacrifice by the sea in honor of Poseidon. Jason, who was summoned with many others to take part in the sacrifice, lost one of his sandals in the flooded river Anaurus while rushing to Iolcus. In Virgil's Aeneid, Hera had disguised herself as an old woman, whom Jason was helping across the river when he lost his sandal. When Jason entered Iolcus, he was announced as a man wearing one sandal. Fearful, Pelias asked Jason what he would do if confronted with the man who would be his downfall. Jason responded that he would send that man after the Golden Fleece. Pelias took Jason's advice and sent him to retrieve the Golden Fleece. It would be found at Colchis, in a grove sacred to Ares, the god of war. Though the Golden Fleece simply hung on an oak tree, this was a seemingly impossible task, as an ever-watchful dragon guarded it.[3]"
] | [
"Jason"
] |
43587347060462479 | Lean On | Lean On - wikipedia Lean On Jump to : navigation , search `` Lean On '' Single by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ from the album Peace Is the Mission Released March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Dance bounce moombahton Length 2 : 56 Label Mad Decent Because Warner Songwriter ( s ) MØ Diplo DJ Snake Philip Meckseper Producer ( s ) Major Lazer DJ Snake Major Lazer singles chronology `` Come On to Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) `` Powerful '' ( 2015 ) `` Come On to Me '' ( 2014 ) `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) `` Powerful '' ( 2015 ) DJ Snake singles chronology `` You Know You Like It '' ( 2014 ) You Know You Like It 2014 `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) Lean On2015 `` Middle '' ( 2015 ) Middle 2015 MØ singles chronology `` Beg for It '' ( 2014 ) Beg for It 2014 `` Lean On '' ( 2015 ) Lean On2015 `` Lost '' ( 2015 ) Lost 2015 Lean On ( Remixes ) Cover Music video `` Lean On '' on YouTube `` Lean On '' is a song recorded by American electronic music group Major Lazer and French producer DJ Snake featuring vocals from Danish singer MØ , released as the lead single from Major Lazer 's third studio album , Peace Is the Mission , on March 2 , 2015 . It was produced by Major Lazer and DJ Snake , and written by MØ , Major Lazer member Diplo , and DJ Snake . It is a dance and electronic song being also described as a house ballad . `` Lean On '' was a critical and commercial success , peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number two on the UK Singles Chart . It reached number one in several other countries including Australia , Ireland , the Netherlands , Mexico , New Zealand , Finland , Denmark and Switzerland . In November 2015 , `` Lean On '' was named by Spotify as the most streamed song of all time , and has over 1 billion streams globally as of June 2017 ; however , it has since been overtaken by Drake 's `` One Dance '' ( 2016 ) . The accompanying music video for `` Lean On '' was filmed in ND Studios , Karjat ( India ) , Kaul Heritage City , Vasai in Maharashtra ( India ) . The video premiered on March 23 , 2015 and has over 2.2 billion views on YouTube as of October 2017 . According to IFPI , `` Lean On '' was the fifth best selling song of 2015 worldwide , and one of the best - selling singles of all time , with global sales of 13.1 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Remixes 6.1 Ty Dolla Sign remix 7 Track listing 8 In popular culture 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Regarding the creative process behind `` Lean On '' , producer Major Lazer said , `` We wrote this song with MØ very early from an instrumental Jr . Blender created in some sessions in Trinidad . It was a strong hook . Very big to me but the production was lacking an attitude we needed . A year later I remixed the song at a completely different tempo and asked DJ Snake for a signature post chorus . After he did his thing , me , MØ and Blender rewrote the song at the new tempo in Las Vegas and made something very unique that became our album 's lead - off single . We 're super proud of this song . '' Diplo offered a slower reggae arrangement of the song to Rihanna , who rejected it . He also offered said arrangement of the song to Nicki Minaj , who turned it down as well . Diplo called this turn of events `` a blessing in disguise . MØ sounds better than anybody was going to sound on that record . '' Composition ( edit ) According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , the song is composed in the key of G minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) The song has received critical acclaim . Brennan Carley of Spin wrote , `` It 's as if No Doubt met the C + C Music Factory '' . Consequence of Sound 's Michelle Geslani called the song a ' bouncy banger ' and complimented MØ 's `` siren - like '' vocals . David Jeffries from AllMusic praised MØ and DJ Snake for helping the track `` deliver the sentimental lyrics and sensual house music at an intoxicating half - speed tempo . '' Billboard 's Matt Medved called the song and the recent Diplo 's collaboration with Skrillex on Jack Ü 's `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` both innovates and finds crossover appeal '' , with the first being called `` a pop gloss . '' Rolling Stone ranked `` Lean On '' at number 48 on its year - end list to find the 50 best songs of 2015 , while Billboard listed it number one on its Top 10 Dance / Electronic songs of 2015 . The latter magazine also ranked `` Lean On '' at number 3 on its year - end critics ' poll for 2015 : `` The Grammys got it wrong . It 's rare that a dance record of this quality reaches this level of ubiquity -- after all , this is Spotify 's most streamed song of all - time as of Nov. 2015 . Despite being independently released , the infectious three - minute single became the poster child for dance crossover , dominating both radio and festival play and hitting No. 4 on the Hot 100 . By Billboard 's measure , `` Lean On '' was the dance / electronic song of the year . '' The prestigious Village Voice ranked `` Lean On '' at number 25 on their annual year - end critic 's poll . On January 26 , 2016 , `` Lean On '' reached # 3 on Triple J 's Hottest 100 of 2015 . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Lean On '' was a global commercial success . In the United States , `` Lean On '' debuted at the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated April 25 , 2015 . The song later reached number four on August 29 , 2015 , spending 10 consecutive weeks in the top - 10 . This entry makes it Major Lazer and MØ 's highest - charting hit in the country at the time making Major Lazer 's first top 10 and top 40 , also making MØ 's first top 10 and second top 40 ( `` Cold Water '' , a collaboration with Justin Bieber , reached number two in 2016 ) ; `` Lean On '' also ties with DJ Snake 's `` Turn Down for What '' , which also reached number four in June 2014 . In the United Kingdom , `` Lean On '' debuted at number 38 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending April 11 , 2015 . The song entered the top - 10 three weeks later , before reaching number two on June 27 , 2015 . The song spent 12 non-consecutive weeks in the top - 10 , becoming one of the few songs during 2015 to spend more than 10 weeks in the top 10 ( even above several number - one singles ) . Elsewhere , in Australia , Denmark , Finland , Hungary , Ireland , New Zealand , and Norway , `` Lean On '' reached number one . Additionally , the single reached number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100 . In November 2015 , `` Lean On '' was announced to have overtaken `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran as the most streamed song of all time on Spotify , with 526 million streams globally . It currently has over 1 billion streams on the site , making it the fourth most streamed song . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Lean On '' was directed by Tim Erem , produced by Mikhail Mehra , Akshay Multani & Per Welen , director of photography Jacob Møller . It was shot at ND Studios , Karjat and Kaul Heritage City , Vasai in Maharashtra , India . Some scenes of the video are filmed in the Gold Room of Stockholm 's town hall . It follows a premise of Major Lazer , MØ and DJ Snake engaging in dance sequences . It was inspired by a previous tour Major Lazer embarked on in the country . Speaking about the music video , Major Lazer member Diplo said : `` When we toured there ( in India ) as Major Lazer , it was mind - blowing to see our fan - base and we wanted to incorporate the attitude and positive vibes into our video and just do something that embodies the essence of Major Lazer . Major Lazer has always been a culture mashup and to us , India feels like some kind of special creature with one foot in history and one firmly in the future . '' The video premiered on April 30 , 2015 and has over 2.2 billion views on YouTube , making it the twelfth most viewed video on the site . Remixes ( edit ) On July 10 , 2015 , the official EP of remixes was released for digital download . The EP consists of seven remixes . Ty Dolla Sign remix ( edit ) The official remix of `` Lean On '' features a guest appearance by American rapper Ty Dolla Sign . It was premiered through Major Lazer 's SoundCloud on June 17 , 2015 . Ty Dolla Sign starts the remix with his new verse while the rest of the song is the same as in the original version . The remix was well received by music critics . Zach Frydenlund of Complex wrote ; `` While the song was already catchy as hell , Ty Dolla adds another element to the single '' . Rap - Up also gave a positive review to the remix with writing that Ty Dolla Sign starts the song with `` electrifying verse that is guaranteed to get you lit '' . Elias Leight of The Fader wrote that Ty Dolla Sign added `` some extra juice '' to the song with his verse . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Lean On '' ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 2 : 56 Digital download ( Remixes -- EP ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Lean On '' ( Dillon Francis and Jauz Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 4 : 38 2 . `` Lean On '' ( CRNKN Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 3 : 24 3 . `` Lean On '' ( Ephwurd and ETC ! ETC ! Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) ( US non-enter ) 3 : 18 4 . `` Lean On '' ( Fono Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 5 : 09 5 . `` Lean On '' ( Malaa Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 6 : 17 6 . `` Lean On '' ( Moska Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 4 : 07 Digital download ( Remixes Vol. 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Lean On '' ( J Balvin and Farruko Remix ) 3 : 51 2 . `` Lean On '' ( Tiësto and MOTi Remix ) ( featuring MØ and DJ Snake ) 4 : 56 In popular culture ( edit ) The song is used in the teaser for the Nexus 5X . `` Lean On '' appeared in the 2016 dance video game Just Dance 2017 . It is also featured in 2K Sports 's video game NBA 2K16 and the film How to be Single . It appeared in YouTube Rewind 2015 and Daniel Kim 's Pop Danthology 2015 . The song was also covered by American musical duo R. City , alongside American acapella group Pentatonix which later was released on their self - titled deluxe album `` Pentatonix '' . The song is heard playing in the car before Evie and the girls disappear in The Leftovers season 2 finale `` I Live Here Now '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 57 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Netherlands Dance ( Dance Top 30 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay New ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 5 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Colombia ( National - Report ) 31 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Netherlands Dance ( Dance Top 30 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 8 Russia ( Tophit ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 23 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 49 Australia ( ARIA ) 86 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 86 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 52 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 72 Italy ( FIMI ) 60 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 73 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 92 US Billboard Hot 100 85 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 800,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 × Platinum 350,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 4 × Platinum 60,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Worldwide March 2 , 2015 Digital download Mad Decent Because Warner See also ( edit ) List of most viewed YouTube videos References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chris Tart . `` '' Lean On '' -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake ft MØ ( YouTube Official Lyric Video + Lyrics ) -- Zumic -- Free Music , Lyrics , Reviews `` . Zumic . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer and DJ Snake ft . MØ release `` Lean On '' `` . Brightside . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Jon ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer 's New Album : Peace Is the Mission '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lean On ( feat . MØ and DJ Snake ) -- Single di Major Lazer '' ( in Italian ) . iTunes Store ( IT ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Repertoire -- Lean On '' . bmi.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Will Major Lazer , DJ Snake & MØ 's `` Lean On '' Be 2015 's Song of the Summer ? `` . Idolator.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Leaning power : Spotify names its most streamed track of all time '' . The Guardian . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kris , Sir ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Drake 's `` One Dance '' Single Featuring Wizkid & Kyla is The Most Streamed Song On Spotify in History `` . ourhype360 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rys , Dan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Adele , Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth Lead 2015 Global Albums and Digital Song Rankings '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diplo on Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan . `` Diplo Says ' Lean On ' Was Initially Meant for Nicki Minaj or Rihanna '' . Spin . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Major Lazer `` Lean On '' Sheet Music musicnotes.com Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer Need Mø and DJ Snake to ' Lean On ' in New Single '' . Spin . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geslani , Michelle ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer premieres new song ' Lean On ' featuring DJ Snake and MØ -- listen '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . Peace Is the Mission at AllMusic . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medved , Matt ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Diplo 's Reggae Act Major Lazer Finds Its Footing -- In the World of Pop With ' Peace Is the Mission ' : Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2015 '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Best Dance / Electronic Songs of 2015 : Critics ' Picks - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 25 Best Songs of 2015 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop Statistics '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 , April 25 , 2015 '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Lean On '' on YouTube . Note : see Description section ( Director -- Tim Erem ) . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Major Lazer 's New Video Lean On -- Music Bands in India Indian Rock Music '' . Music Bands in Indipa Indian Rock Music . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer 's new video shot in Mumbai , garners 1.5 million views on YouTube '' . The Indian Express . March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Hunter ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer and DJ Snake -- Lean On ( featuring MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . Run The Trap . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 300 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lean On ( Remixes ) ( feat . MØ & DJ Snake ) -- EP by Major Lazer '' . iTunes . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachel Brodsky ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ty Dolla $ ign Remixed Major Lazer 's ' Lean On ' '' . Spin . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zach Frydenlund ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer Links With Ty Dolla $ ign For the `` Lean On ( Remix ) '' `` . Complex . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Major Lazer feat . Ty Dolla $ ign -- ' Lean On ( Remix ) ' '' . Rap - Up . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elias Leight ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Hear Ty Dolla $ ign 's Hedonistic Remix Of Major Lazer 's `` Lean On '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/album/56k0jdcAe2CBpCOsD1HE0A Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/album/5oOsIw3xQ84fAJ2ik7uV5l Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/album/7jlm6XHaXiJffCz4ccDQ07 Jump up ^ `` Google Nexus 5X TV Spot , ' Features ' Song by Major Lazer , DJ Snake , MØ '' . iSpot.tv . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General del 18 de Junio , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino Top 20 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1309 ( Week Commencing 30 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 17 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . August 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201529 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201521 into search . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Major Lazer . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finnishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lean On Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer -- Lean On Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . FIMI . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Major Lazer '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Major Lazer . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Major Lazer search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaaroverzichten - Dance 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay New . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201527 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201519 into search . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 06 - 23 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Singles Top 60 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Major Lazer & DJ Snake feat . MØ -- Lean On '' . Swiss Hitparade . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Dance Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' Archived January 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 : Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 : Singles '' ( in French ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 : Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Tracklisten Top 2015 '' . Hitlisten.nu . IFPI . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA IN VETTA NEGLI ALBUM E NEI SINGOLI DIGITALI '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Detection Tophit 200 Yearly '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( German ) . Swiss Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MO -- Lean On '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Enter Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MO in the field Interpret . Enter Lean On in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake Feat . MØ `` Lean On '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MO ; ' Lean On ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ -- Lean On '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Major Lazer feat . DJ Snake & MØ -- Lean On '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Major Lazer -- Lean On '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2015 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Type Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Lean On and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Major Lazer ; ' Lean On ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake -- Lean On '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Lean On in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Major Lazer -- Lean On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` Lean On '' on YouTube Major Lazer Diplo Walshy Fire Jillionaire Switch Skerrit Bwoy Studio albums Guns Do n't Kill People ... Lazers Do Free the Universe Peace Is the Mission Music Is the Weapon Extended plays Lazers Never Die Original Don Apocalypse Soon Know No Better Singles `` Pon de Floor '' `` Original Don '' `` Get Free '' `` Jah No Partial '' `` Watch Out for This ( Bumaye ) '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Aerosol Can '' `` Come On to Me '' `` Lean On '' `` Powerful '' `` Lost '' `` Light It Up ( Remix ) '' `` Cold Water '' `` Believer '' `` Run Up '' `` Know No Better '' `` Sua Cara '' Other songs `` Be Together '' `` All My Love '' Related articles Discography Mad Decent TV series Reincarnated DJ Snake Discography Studio albums Encore ( 2016 ) Singles `` Turn Down for What '' `` Get Low '' `` You Know You Like It '' `` Lean On '' `` Middle '' `` Talk '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` A Different Way '' MØ Discography Studio albums No Mythologies to Follow EPs Bikini Daze When I Was Young Singles `` Pilgrim '' `` XXX 88 '' `` Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Say You 'll Be There '' `` Walk This Way '' `` Kamikaze '' `` Final Song '' `` Drum '' `` Do n't Leave '' `` Nights with You '' Featured singles `` One More '' `` Beg for It '' `` Lean On '' `` Lost '' `` Cold Water '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_On&oldid=816097831 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs DJ Snake songs MØ songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Major Lazer songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diplo Because Music singles Songs written by MØ Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use mdy dates from December 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Luxembourgdigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 07 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl singing in lean on major lazer | [
"\"Lean On\" is a song recorded by American electronic music group Major Lazer and French producer DJ Snake featuring vocals from Danish singer MØ, released as the lead single from Major Lazer's third studio album, Peace Is the Mission, on March 2, 2015.[4] It was produced by Major Lazer and DJ Snake, and written by MØ, Major Lazer member Diplo, and DJ Snake.[5] It is a dance[1][2] and electronic song[3] being also described as a house ballad.[6]"
] | [
"MØ"
] |
8566487595602415395 | The Mummy (2017 film) | The Mummy ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia The Mummy ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Mummy Theatrical release poster Directed by Alex Kurtzman Produced by Alex Kurtzman Chris Morgan Sean Daniel Sarah Bradshaw Screenplay by David Koepp Christopher McQuarrie Dylan Kussman Story by Jon Spaihts Alex Kurtzman Jenny Lumet Starring Tom Cruise Annabelle Wallis Sofia Boutella Jake Johnson Courtney B. Vance Russell Crowe Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Ben Seresin Edited by Paul Hirsch Gina Hirsch Andrew Mondshein Production company Dark Universe Perfect World Pictures K / O Paper Products Sean Daniel Company Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) ( State Theatre ) June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 -- 195 million Box office $409.1 million The Mummy is a 2017 American action - adventure film directed by Alex Kurtzman and written by David Koepp , Christopher McQuarrie , and Dylan Kussman , with a story by Kurtzman , Jon Spaihts , and Jenny Lumet . It is a reboot of The Mummy franchise and the first installment in Universal 's planned Dark Universe franchise . The film stars Tom Cruise , Annabelle Wallis , Sofia Boutella , Jake Johnson , Courtney B. Vance , and Russell Crowe . The Mummy premiered at the State Theatre in Sydney , Australia on May 22 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on June 9 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed over $409 million worldwide ; it was labeled a box office bomb given its high production and marketing costs , with projected losses of around $95 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Video game 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 International 5.2 Critical response 6 Future 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1127 A.D. , several English crusader knights bury an Egyptian ruby within the tomb of one of their members . In present - day London , a construction crew discovers the tomb and a mysterious man is authorized to investigate the site . Ominous reporting on the news notes that people are not as far from important relics of the past as they realize . In a flashback to the New Kingdom era , Princess Ahmanet is first in line to succeed her father Menehptre until his second wife gives birth to a son . Determined to claim the throne for herself , Ahmanet summons Set , who agrees to help her if she uses a mystical dagger known as the Dagger of Set to transfer his spirit into a corporeal form . After killing her family , Ahmanet attempts to sacrifice her lover to Set but is captured by her father 's priests and condemned to be mummified alive for eternity . Her sarcophagus is buried in Mesopotamia and submerged in a pool of mercury so that her monstrous form will not escape . In present - day Iraq , Sergeant Nick Morton and Corporal Chris Vail , while on Long Range Reconnaissance for the U.S. Army , discover the tomb of Ahmanet after calling in an airstrike on an insurgent stronghold . Jennifer Halsey , an archaeologist who had a one - night stand with Nick and had her map stolen by him , arrives and investigates the tomb , correctly concluding that it is a prison . After Nick extracts Ahmanet 's sarcophagus from the pool of mercury , Nick 's superior , Colonel Greenway , places it on a transport plane headed to England . During the flight , Vail becomes possessed by Ahmanet 's power after being bitten by a camel spider while inside the tomb . After attempting to open the sarcophagus , he stabs Greenway and tries to attack the group , forcing Nick to kill him . A huge number of crows then assault the plane , causing it to crash and killing everyone on board except for Jennifer , who is parachuted off the plane by Nick . Nick awakens a day later in a morgue in Oxford , discovering that he has been brought back to life by unknown means , and he learns from Vail 's sardonic ghost that he has been cursed by Ahmanet , who seeks to use him as a replacement vessel for Set . Ahmanet 's mummy escapes from the sarcophagus and begins feeding on rescue workers to regenerate her decomposed body . Turning the workers into zombie minions , she lures Nick and Jennifer into a trap , forcing the two to fight off the minions as they unsuccessfully try to escape . Ahmanet also recovers the Dagger of Set from a reliquary in a nearby church . At the last moment , however , unknown soldiers appear and subdue Ahmanet . Their leader , Dr. Henry Jekyll , explains that Jennifer is an agent of Prodigium , a secret society dedicated to hunting supernatural threats . He reveals much of his own history and confirms that Nick was cursed when Ahmanet 's tomb was opened . Although first welcoming Dr. Jekyll 's help , Nick ( as well as Jennifer ) become horrified to discover the doctor 's intention to complete the ritual , allowing Set to possess Nick completely , in the belief that this will render Set vulnerable and allow his evil to be ended forever . Meanwhile , Ahmanet summons a spider to possess a Prodigium technician and frees herself from captivity , wreaking havoc , death , and destruction in the process . After verbally sparring with Nick , Jekyll succumbs to his own dark impulses and transforms into Edward Hyde , his murderous and psychotic alternate personality , even as Ahmanet wreaks havoc outside unbeknownst to them . Nick rebuffs the repulsive Hyde 's offer of an alliance between them , and Hyde attacks him . However , Nick manages to stop him with the serum Jekyll uses to suppress his evil side . He and Jennifer then escape from Prodigium , but they run into Ahmanet once again . She steals back the dagger , summons an army of deceased English crusaders to serve her , and creates a massive sandstorm that ravages London , with Nick and Jennifer narrowly escaping her grasp . The undead knights slaughter the Prodigium soldiers in the tomb discovered during the film 's opening , and Ahmanet finally recovers the ruby and places it in the dagger 's pommel , granting her all that she needs to free Set aside from Nick himself . Guided by the spectral Vail , Nick and Jennifer flee into the London Underground tunnels , but it is revealed that Vail is still under Ahmanet 's control and they are soon attacked by Ahmanet 's minions . Ahmanet captures Jennifer and drowns her , hoping to break her hold over Nick . Nick puts up a determined fight , but he gives up and lets himself embrace Ahmanet , using it as a ruse to steal the dagger and shatter the ruby . However , he sees the lifeless Jennifer and bets on stabbing himself . His body is partially possessed by Set , who proceeds to join Ahmanet to uphold his end of the bargain . However , looking back at Jennifer 's dead body , Nick regains control , using Set 's powers to overpower and suck the life out of Ahmanet . With her transformed back into a shriveled mummy , Nick then harnesses Set 's powers to resurrect Jennifer , saying goodbye before becoming overwhelmed by Set 's nature and disappearing . Soon , Jennifer regroups with Dr. Jekyll , and they tensely discuss if Nick , now fused with Set in an uncertain way , will use his powers for good , evil , or something else entirely . Ahmanet 's corpse is lowered into a locked pool of mercury within the Prodigium base for safekeeping . Later on in the desert , Nick resurrects Vail , and the two set out on a new adventure . Cast ( edit ) Director Alex Kurtzman with the film 's main actors . Left to right : Sofia Boutella , Tom Cruise , Annabelle Wallis , Russell Crowe . Tom Cruise as Nick Morton , a U.S. military sergeant who unintentionally unearths the tomb of Princess Ahmanet , unleashing an unspeakable evil . Nick becomes haunted , fused with , and possessed by Set after Ahmanet puts a curse on him . Sofia Boutella as Ahmanet , the title character She is loosely based on Imhotep from the original Mummy films , as well as the ancient Egyptian goddess , Amunet . Once in line to be the queen of Ancient Egypt , Ahmanet murdered her father and his family in order to resurrect Set , an act for which she was cursed for all eternity and buried alive , until she is accidentally freed as the titular Mummy . Annabelle Wallis as Jennifer `` Jenny '' Halsey , an archaeologist who has a past with Nick . She secretly works for the monster - hunting organization known as Prodigium . Jake Johnson as Chris Vail , Nick 's friend and closest ally . Courtney B. Vance as Colonel Greenway , Nick and Chris 's superior officer . Russell Crowe as Dr. Henry Jekyll , a brilliant scientist who leads Prodigium , an organization dedicated to locating , containing , and when necessary , destroying monsters . Due to a failed experiment intended to repress his evil side , he must regularly inject himself with a serum to prevent himself from transforming into his evil and monstrous alter - ego , Edward Hyde . Additionally , Marwan Kenzari plays Malik , Jekyll 's chief of security and a member of Prodigium . Javier Botet plays Set , the ancient Egyptian god of deserts , storms , darkness , and violence , who aids Princess Ahmanet in her quest to rule Egypt . Set has a connection with Nick Morton , as the latter is intended to be the human vessel for his resurrection . Production ( edit ) Universal Pictures first announced plans for a modern reboot of The Mummy franchise in 2012 . The project went through multiple directors , with Len Wiseman leaving the project in 2013 , and a second director , Andrés Muschietti , in 2014 . Tom Cruise began talks about playing the lead in November 2015 , with Sofia Boutella beginning talks that December . Kurtzman cast Boutella after seeing and being impressed by her largely mute performance in Kingsman : The Secret Service . Kurtzman noted that `` if you look at her eyes , and this is what I got from watching Kingsman , there 's a whole performance going on here . And in not saying anything but conveying that much to me , I thought oh my god , no matter how much prosthetics we put on her , no matter how much CG we put on her face , if I see this , she 's going to convey something very emotional to me . '' Other casting news was announced between March and May , with Russell Crowe joining during the latter month . Shortly after the film opened , Variety reported that Cruise had excessive control over the film and firm control of nearly every aspect of production and post-production , including re-writing the script and editing to his specifications , telling Kurtzman how to direct on set , and enlarging his role while downplaying Boutella 's . Universal contractually guaranteed Cruise control of most aspects of the project , from script approval to post-production decisions . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on April 3 , 2016 , in Oxford , United Kingdom , and also took place in Surrey . Filming on the movie wrapped on July 17 , 2016 , in London . Production then moved to Namibia for two weeks , with principal photography on the film being completed on August 13 , 2016 . For the filming of the plane crash the production made use of The Vomit Comet and parabolic flight to simulate the illusion of weightlessness . The crew did a total of 64 takes with many of the crew becoming sick to their stomachs . Initially Kurtzman planned to shoot the scene entirely using wires and a rotating set , however Cruise 's insistence changed his mind . Music ( edit ) Composer Brian Tyler started work on the music for the movie early , writing about a half hour of music before filming even began . Working on the film for a year and half , Tyler recorded with an 84 - piece orchestra and 32 - voice choir at London 's Abbey Road . He ultimately wrote and recorded over two hours of music , which , given the length of the film ( 107 minutes ) , resulted in a soundtrack album longer than the film itself . Release ( edit ) Initially scheduled for a 2016 release , the film was released in the United States and Canada on June 9 , 2017 , with international roll out beginning the same day . The film was screened in various formats , such as 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . On December 20 , 2016 , IMAX released a trailer with the wrong audio track attached ; this unintentionally prompted the creation of memes and video montages featuring the mistakenly included audio track , which was missing most of the sound effects and instead featured Tom Cruise 's grunts and screams . IMAX reacted by taking down the trailer and issuing DMCA takedown notices in an attempt to stop it from spreading . Following the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing on May 22 , Universal cancelled the film 's U.K. premiere , which had been scheduled to take place in London on June 1 . Video game ( edit ) A video game based on the film , The Mummy Demastered , was released on October 24 , 2017 . It is a Metroidvania featuring a stand - alone story , which takes place concurrently with the events of the film and follows Prodigium soldiers under the command of Dr. Jekyll who fight the forces of Princess Ahmanet ; unlike the film , it received positive reviews . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Mummy grossed $80.1 million in the United States and Canada and $329 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $409.1 million , against a combined production and advertising budget of around $345 million . The film had a worldwide opening of $172.4 million , the biggest global debut of Tom Cruise 's career . United States and Canada ( edit ) In North America , the film was released alongside It Comes at Night and Megan Leavey , and was originally projected to gross $35 -- 40 million from 4,034 theaters in its opening weekend . However after making $12 million on its first day ( including $2.66 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend projections were lowered to $30 million . It ended up debuting to $31.7 million , marking the lowest of the Mummy franchise and finishing second at the box office behind Wonder Woman ( $58.2 million in its second week ) . Deadline.com attributed the film 's underperformance to poor critic and audience reactions , as well as `` blockbuster fatigue . '' In its second weekend the film made $14.5 million ( dropping 54.2 % ) , finishing 4th at the box office . The same week , Deadline reported that the film is expected to lose Universal around $95 million in an estimated 375 million worldwide gross . It was pulled from 827 theaters in its third week and made $5.8 million , dropping another 60 % and finishing 6th at the box office . International ( edit ) Outside North America , the film opened in 63 overseas territories , with China , the UK , Mexico , Germany , Ireland , Australia , New Zealand , Brazil and Russia receiving the film the same day as in North America , and was projected to debut to $125 -- 135 million . It opened on June 6 , 2017 in South Korea and grossed $6.6 million on its first day , the biggest - ever debut for both Tom Cruise and Universal in the country . It ended up having a foreign debut of $140.7 million , the biggest of Cruise 's career . In its opening weekend the film made $52.4 million in China , $7.4 million in Russia , $4.9 million in Mexico and $4.2 million in the United Kingdom . As of July 9 , 2017 , The film other big markets are China ( $91.5 million ) , South Korea ( $26.2 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $15.9 million ) and Brazil ( $13.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Mummy received generally negative reviews from critics , with criticism aimed at its incoherent narrative , inconsistent tone , sub-par acting , and shoehorned plot points setting up the Dark Universe . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 246 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Lacking the campy fun of the franchise 's most recent entries and failing to deliver many monster - movie thrills , The Mummy suggests a speedy unraveling for the Dark Universe . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 44 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B − '' on an A+ to F scale . Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , writing : `` If you like incomprehensible collections of things that vaguely resemble other things you might 've enjoyed in the past , The Mummy is the movie for you . '' IndieWire 's David Ehrlich gave the film a D - , calling it the worst film of Cruise 's career and criticizing its lack of originality , saying : `` It 's one thing to excavate the iconography of old Hollywood , it 's another to exploit it . This is n't filmmaking , it 's tomb - raiding . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote : `` The problem at its heart is that the reality of what the movie is -- a Tom Cruise vehicle -- is at war with the material . The actor , at 54 , is still playing that old Cruise trope , the selfish cocky semi-scoundrel who has to grow up ... The trouble is that Cruise , at least in a high - powered potboiler like this one , is so devoted to maintaining his image as a clear and wholesome hero that his flirtation with the dark side is almost entirely theoretical . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film one star out of four , saying : `` How meh is The Mummy ? Let me count the ways . For all the huffing and puffing and digital desperation from overworked computers , this reboot lands onscreen with a resounding thud . '' Glen Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 / 4 stars , writing : I found something almost admirable about the film 's cheek . It 's amazingly relentless in its naked borrowing from other , better horror and sci - fi movies that I was able to keep occupied making a checklist of the movies referenced . Entertainment Weekly 's Chis Nashawaty wrote that the film `` feels derivative and unnecessary and like it was written by committee . '' In BBC World News Culture , Nicholas Barber calls the film `` a mish - mash of wildly varying tones and plot strands , from its convoluted beginning to its shameless non-end . Tom Cruise 's new film barely qualifies as a film at all . None of it makes sense . The film delivers all the chases , explosions , zombies and ghosts you could ask for , and there are a few amusing lines and creepy moments , but , between the headache - inducing flashbacks and hallucinations , the narrative would be easier to follow if it were written in hieroglyphics . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that the film `` has some nice moments but is basically a mess . The plot sags like an aeon - old decaying limb , a jumble of ideas and scenes from what look like different screenplay drafts . '' Empire film magazine was more positive , with Dan Jolin awarding the film three stars . `` It 's running and jumping grin - flashing business as usual for Cruise , once more on safe character territory as an Ethan Hunt-esque action protagonist who couples up with a much younger woman , while another woman chases after him , '' he wrote . `` And if the next installment - teasing conclusion is anything to go by , Cruise seemed to have enough fun making this that he may just return for more . '' Future ( edit ) The film is part of the Universal Pictures ' Dark Universe , an attempt to create a modern cinematic universe based on the classic Universal Monsters film series . A remake of Bride of Frankenstein was originally scheduled for release on February 14 , 2019 with Bill Condon as director , but on October 5 , 2017 , Universal decided to postpone it to allow more work to be done on the script . Javier Bardem and Angelina Jolie were in talks to portray the monster and his bride . The 2014 film Dracula Untold , starring Luke Evans as the titular character , was originally considered to be the first film in the series ; however , since the film 's release , the connection to Dark Universe was downplayed , and The Mummy was re-positioned as the first film in the series . On November 8 , 2017 , Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects , leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jake Johnson 's character is listed as Sgt . Vail in the closing credits , but called Corporal Vail by Morton in the scene where they talk with Greenway . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Mummy '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mummy ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Will Lose $95 M : Here 's Why '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mummy ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Mama ' Director in Talks to Helm ' Mummy ' Reboot for Universal '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Stakes Out Release Date for Third Monster Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` What Universal Must Do To Sell Its Classic Monsters Universe '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Why ' ' The Mummy ' ' needed Brendan Fraser trilogy Easter eggs , according to director Alex Kurtzman '' . Digitalspy.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Mummy : Trailer 1 , archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 , retrieved April 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Cruise 's The Mummy Trailer Teases Gods , Monsters and Scares '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Cruise 's ' The Mummy ' Gets New Release Date '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kingsman ' Actress Sofia Boutella in Talks to Star in ' The Mummy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' People v. O.J. ' Star Courtney B. Vance Joins Tom Cruise in ' The Mummy ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Russell Crowe Joining Tom Cruise In ' The Mummy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Russell ( @ russellcrowe ) ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ... Dr. Henry Jekyll M.D , D.C.L , L.L.D , F.R.S etc ... at your service '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marwan Kenzari Joins Tom Cruise in ' The Mummy ' Reboot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biscotti , Steven ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` UMU Looks Inside Dr. Jekyll 's Briefcase & Reveals a ' Dark Universe ' ! '' . Universal Monsters Universe . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Brennan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Javier Botet will provide his twisted skills to The Mummy , It remake '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Gets Reboot from ' Prometheus ' Writer Jon Spaihts '' . movieweb.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Mummy Remake to Be an Epic Horror Movie Set in Present Day America '' . movieweb.com . December 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Director Len Wiseman Exits ' The Mummy ' Reboot at Universal '' . thewrap.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Star Jake Johnson Joins Tom Cruise in ' The Mummy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mummy ' Reboot Loses ' Mama ' Director Andy Muschetti '' . thewrap.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Cruise in Talks to Star in ' The Mummy ' Reboot ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim . `` THE MUMMY : FILMMAKER ALEX KURTZMAN ON RESURRECTING UNIVERSAL 'S CLASSIC MONSTERS AND BUILDING A SHARED UNIVERSE '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Cruise 's ' Mummy ' Reboot Casts Annabelle Wallis '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Russell Crowe in Early Talks to Join Tom Cruise in ' The Mummy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Russell Crowe in Talks to Join Tom Cruise in ' The Mummy ' Reboot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ; Lang , Brent ; Kroll , Justin ; Clarke , Stewart ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Inside ' The Mummy 's ' Troubles : Tom Cruise Had Excessive Control ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PICTURES : Hollywood superstar Tom Cruise films in Oxford '' . Oxford Mail . April 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mummy Set Photos Featuring Tom Cruise and Annabelle Wallis '' . ComingSoon.net. April 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise begins filming for the new Mummy movie in Surrey '' . Mail Online . May 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise and Annabelle Wallis Photos from The Mummy Set '' . Mail Online . July 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biscotti , Steven ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Sarcophagus Closes on ' The Mummy ' ; Principal Photography Wraps ! '' . Universal Monsters Universe . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Ben . `` The secrets of Hollywood 's sickest stunts : what 's it like to fly in the Vomit Comet ? '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` The Mummy star Annabelle Wallis talks riding the ' vomit comet ' with Tom Cruise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent . `` Tom Cruise 's Zero - Gravity Stunt in ' The Mummy ' Took 64 Takes '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter . `` ' The Mummy ' Airplane Sequence Was Shot In Zero G Using The Vomit Comet '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Composer Brian Tyler Gets Deep About Film 's Score : Hear an Exclusive Clip '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlman , Jake ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Universal to release ' The Huntsman ' in 2016 , pushes back ' The Mummy ' '' . ew.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dates ' The Mummy ' Reboot For April 2016 , Pushes ' Warcraft ' Out Of ' Star Wars ' Slot '' . Deadline.com . November 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' London Premiere Canceled Following Manchester Attack '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean . `` The messed - up Mummy trailer is mutating faster than Universal Pictures can keep up '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Nick ( @ Babylonian ) ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` i think `` leaked '' is maybe a strong word to describe a trailer they distributed themselves , but okay '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' London Premiere Canceled After Manchester Attack '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://store.steampowered.com/app/630310/The_Mummy_Demastered/ Jump up ^ https://www.destructoid.com/review-the-mummy-demastered-467743.phtml Jump up ^ http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/the_mummy_demastered Jump up ^ http://www.psu.com/review/34495/the-mummy-demastered-review Jump up ^ https://www.polygon.com/features/2017/9/25/16353996/mummy-demastered-wayforward-universal-monsters Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-mummy-demastered-review/1900-6416797/ ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Mummy ' On Course For $139 M Overseas , $169.3 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Showdown : Tom Cruise 's ' The Mummy ' to Get Lassoed by ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' The Mummy ' Turned Crummy At The Domestic B.O. & What This Means For Uni 's ' Dark Universe ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars On Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Could ' The Mummy ' Really Turn Out To Be Tom Cruise 's Biggest Global Opening Of All - Time With $177 M ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unwraps $6.6 M All - Time Opening Day Record In South Korea '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . June 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mummy ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mummy reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Will Have You Feeling That Old ' I 've Just Seen A Hollywood Movie ' Feeling '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' The Mummy ' Is The Worst Tom Cruise Movie Ever '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Tom Cruise in ' The Mummy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Review : First of ' Dark Universe ' Reboots Is a Monster Fail '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Mummy Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . www.rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Mummy reboot slammed as ' worst Tom Cruise movie ever ' by critics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas . `` The Mummy is ' barely a film at all ' '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . The Guardian Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan . `` The Mummy ( 2017 ) '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura . `` Universal Invented Movie Universes ; Why Are They Having Such a Hard Time with Them Now ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Universal 's ' Dark Universe ' has added two more characters '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) . `` ' Bride Of Frankenstein ' Back To Lab As London Pre-Production Postponed ; Javier Bardem & Angelina Jolie Expected To Wait '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura . `` Universal Invented Movie Universes ; Why Are They Having Such a Hard Time with Them Now ? '' . HWD . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Evans 's Dracula is n't in Dark Universe '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orquiola , John ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why Dark Universe is Better Off Without Dracula ( For Now ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Universal 's `` Monsterverse '' in Peril as Top Producers Exit ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Mummy ( 2017 film ) Official website The Mummy on IMDb The Mummy at AllMovie The Mummy on Twitter The Mummy Universal series The Mummy The Mummy 's Hand The Mummy 's Tomb The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy Hammer series The Mummy The Curse of the Mummy 's Tomb The Mummy 's Shroud Blood from the Mummy 's Tomb 1999 series The Mummy The Mummy Returns The Scorpion King The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor The Scorpion King 2 : Rise of a Warrior The Scorpion King 3 : Battle for Redemption The Scorpion King 4 : Quest for Power Dark Universe The Mummy Characters Imhotep Mathayus Kharis Video games The Scorpion King : Rise of the Akkadian The Scorpion King : Sword of Osiris The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor The Mummy Demastered Miscellaneous Mad Monster Party ? Mad Mad Mad Monsters Bubba Ho - Tep The Mummy : The Animated Series Revenge of the Mummy Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania 2 Tale of the Mummy Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1908 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1912 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1913 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) The Head of Janus ( 1920 ) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde ( 1925 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) The Son of Dr. Jekyll ( 1951 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll ( 1957 ) The Doctor 's Horrible Experiment ( 1959 ) The Ugly Duckling ( 1959 ) My Friend , Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1963 ) Karutha Rathrikal ( 1967 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) I , Monster ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo ( 1972 ) Dr. Black , Mr. Hyde ( 1976 ) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot ( 1979 ) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype ( 1980 ) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes ( 1981 ) Chehre Pe Chehra ( 1981 ) Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again ( 1982 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde ( 1995 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 2006 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Animation The Impatient Patient ( 1942 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse ( 1947 ) Motor Mania ( 1950 ) Dr. Jerkyl 's Hide ( 1954 ) Hyde and Hare ( 1955 ) Hyde and Go Tweet ( 1960 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) The Pagemaster ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein ( 2008 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1988 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2001 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Music `` Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive '' ( 1983 ) `` Bubba Hyde '' ( 1995 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2003 ) Jekyll & Hyde en Español ( 2004 ) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1887 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1888 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Or a Mis - Spent Life ( 1897 ) Jekyll & Hyde ( 1990 ) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jekyll ( 2007 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- present ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2015 ) Comics Mister Hyde ( introduced 1963 ) Batman : Two Faces ( 1998 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 1999 -- present ) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner ( 1824 ) Knots and Crosses ( 1987 ) Mary Reilly ( 1990 ) Radio Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1932 ) Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) The Wolf Man Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 remake ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) Last Warning Last Performance ( 1929 ) Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) Mad Doctor of Market Street Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) Spider Woman Strikes Back Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon Mole People ( 1956 ) Incredible Shrinking Man Deadly Mantis Land Unknown Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Tributes Boo ! ( 1932 ) Shock Theater ( 1957 ) Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Munsters ( 1964 -- 66 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Monster Squad ( 1976 -- 77 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Monster High ( 2010 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mummy_(2017_film)&oldid=818304763 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American film remakes American fantasy films American horror films American action films Films based on Egyptian mythology The Mummy films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films IMAX films Mummy films Reboot films Universal Pictures films Dark Universe films K / O Paper Products films Films produced by Roberto Orci Films set in ancient Egypt Films set in Iraq Films set in London Films shot in England Films shot in Surrey Films shot in Morocco Films shot in Namibia Films scored by Brian Tyler Patricide in fiction Screenplays by Christopher McQuarrie Films about princesses Perfect World Pictures films 2010s monster movies Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Twitter username same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actress who plays the mummy | [
"Sofia Boutella as Ahmanet, the title character[11][12] She is loosely based on Imhotep from the original Mummy films, as well as the ancient Egyptian goddess, Amunet. Once in line to be the queen of Ancient Egypt, Ahmanet murdered her father and his family in order to resurrect Set, an act for which she was cursed for all eternity and buried alive, until she is accidentally freed as the titular Mummy."
] | [
"Sofia Boutella"
] |
7767215088655163951 | Michael Buffer | Michael Buffer - wikipedia Michael Buffer Jump to : navigation , search `` Let 's get ready to rumble '' redirects here . For the PJ & Duncan song , see Let 's Get Ready to Rhumble . Michael Buffer Michael Buffer in Washington , D.C. at Fight For Children 's `` Fight Night 2007 '' ( 1944 - 11 - 02 ) November 2 , 1944 ( age 72 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S. Occupation Ring announcer , actor Years active 1982 -- present Known for `` Let 's Get Ready To Rumble ! '' catchphrase Website www.letsrumble.com Michael Buffer ( born November 2 , 1944 ) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches . He is known for his trademarked catchphrase , `` Let 's get ready to rumble ! '' , and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter 's name . His half - brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Boxing 2.2 Wrestling 2.3 Other appearances 2.4 Trademark 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Buffer was born and raised in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to an enlisted man in the United States Navy and his wife during World War II . His parents divorced when he was 11 months of age , and Buffer was then raised by foster parents , a school bus driver and housewife , in the Philadelphia suburb of Roslyn . He enlisted in the United States Army during the Vietnam War at age 20 and served until age 23 . He held various jobs including a car salesman , then began a modeling career at age 32 before becoming a ring announcer at age 38 . Career ( edit ) Boxing ( edit ) In 1982 , Buffer began his career as a ring announcer . By 1983 , he was announcing all boxing matches promoted by Bob Arum 's Top Rank on ESPN , which gave him a national identity at a time when ring announcers were strictly locally hired talent . By 1984 , Buffer developed the catchphrase `` Let 's get ready to rumble '' in his announcing , which gained enormous popularity . He began the process of obtaining a federal trademark for the phrase in the 1980s , which he acquired in 1992 . Consequently , Buffer has earned in excess of $400 million with the license for his trademark . By the late 1980s , Buffer was the exclusive ring announcer for all bouts in Donald Trump - owned casinos . Trump said of Buffer , `` He 's great , he 's the choice , he has a unique ability ... I told my people , ' We got to have him . ' '' Buffer 's work was also admired by many of the boxing greats . Sugar Ray Leonard once said , `` When ( Buffer ) introduces a fighter , it makes him want to fight . '' Buffer 's fame has reunited him with long - lost family members . In 1989 , Buffer was contacted by his birth - father , who introduced Buffer to Buffer 's half - brothers after having seen him on television . In the mid-1990s , Buffer brought on one of his half - brothers , Bruce Buffer , as his agent / manager . This grew into a business partnership to increase licensing productivity of the trademark . Michael Buffer is currently the announcer for all HBO and RTL ( Germany ) boxing matches , along with Versus matches promoted by Top Rank . He has also been the ring announcer for a number of boxing events shown on Sky Sports in the United Kingdom Wrestling ( edit ) Buffer was formerly the exclusive ring announcer for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) main events featuring Hulk Hogan or other top WCW talent until 2001 , when the organization folded . WCW 's former parent company Time Warner owned through their pay - per - view subscription division HBO , which broadcast many matches from promoter Top Rank , of which Buffer is the lead ring announcer . The exclusivity of his contract with WCW prevented Buffer from announcing for other wrestling - type organizations , forcing him to stop announcing for the UFC ( his only UFC cards were UFC 6 and UFC 7 ) . However , when WCW ceased to exist , and Time Warner had no more affiliation with professional wrestling , Buffer was enabled to announce in other wrestling promotions . WWF wrestler Triple H created the phrase `` Let 's get ready to suck it ! '' as part of his D - Generation X act to mock Buffer while he was on WWF Raw 's rival show WCW Monday Nitro during the Monday Night Wars . On the August 18 , 2007 edition of Saturday Night 's Main Event , for the first time in more than six years , Buffer returned to pro-wrestling ring announcing duties at Madison Square Garden in a boxing match between pro boxer Evander Holyfield ( who was substituting for Montel Vontavious Porter ) and pro wrestler Matt Hardy . Buffer appears in the Royal Rumble 2008 commercial , in which he begins to say `` Let 's get ready to rumble ! '' only to be superkicked by Shawn Michaels , causing him to fall over . As well as being in the commercial for the event , he was the guest ring announcer during the Royal Rumble match itself . Other appearances ( edit ) During his career , Buffer has announced the University of Kentucky Athletics 2016 Big Blue Madness , the World Series , Stanley Cup Finals , NBA Finals , the Volunteer 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway , and NFL playoff games . He was a guest announcer at the 1999 Indianapolis 500 . Buffer , like his brother Bruce , announced early UFC fights , starting at UFC 6 in 1995 . He has appeared on various talk shows hosted by Jay Leno , David Letterman , Arsenio Hall , Conan O'Brien and Jimmy Kimmel . He has also appeared on Saturday Night Live , In Living Color , Mad TV and The Howard Stern Show . He has been animated in The Simpsons , South Park , and Celebrity Deathmatch , he appears as featuring artist on `` Let 's Get Ready to Rumble '' and `` Go for It All ! '' by German eurodance group the K.O. 's and his voice was sampled in the Ant & Dec song `` Let 's Get Ready to Rhumble '' . He has played himself in various films including Ready to Rumble and Rocky Balboa , and in 2008 Buffer appeared as Walbridge , the main villain in the comedy You Do n't Mess with the Zohan . Buffer is currently the host of Versus ' boxing retro show Legends of the Ring , which is produced by Top Rank , Inc. , where he is ring announcer for most of their top matches . He appeared on NBC 's Deal or No Deal on December 10 , 2007 , and opened the finale of the seventh season of American Idol , a production of RTL . On July 19 , 2008 , he announced the Affliction : Banned mixed martial arts show . On November 10 , 2008 , Buffer started the heads - up action at the 2008 World Series of Poker final table with a modified version of his trademark statement , `` Let 's get ready to shuffle up and deal '' . Buffer also appears in the animated TV series Phineas and Ferb in the episode `` Raging Bully '' , as the voice of the announcer for the big thumb - wrestling match with Phineas and Buford . Buffer has been reproduced as an action figure in both Toy Biz 's WCW line and Jakks Pacific 's Rocky line . He recorded the introduction track for country artist Josh Turner 's 2012 album , Punching Bag . In 2011 he made an appearance on the 12th season of Dancing with the Stars to announce Sugar Ray Leonard week 3 dance . In 2013 , Buffer appeared in Progressive Insurance commercials , promoting their program of combining different coverages into one policy , with a parody of his famous phrase - `` Let 's get ready to bundle ! '' Buffer has also served as ringside announcer for the syndicated television game show The Grudge Match , hosted by Steve Albert and Jesse Ventura . Buffer appeared in the extended version of the Muppets webisode `` Food Fight '' , where he is seen announcing the cooking competition between Gordon Ramsay and the Swedish Chef . Buffer appeared at the University of Kentucky 's men 's basketball teams ' legendary `` Big Blue Madness '' on October 14th , 2016 . Instead of his traditional `` Let 's get ready to rumble ! '' Buffer announced the beginning of the event with `` Let 's get ready to roundball ! '' . He kept up this tradition on Saturday , January 28th when he announced his new rendition again at the perennial Blue Blood rivalry between the men 's basketball teams of the University of Kentucky and the University of Kansas . Trademark ( edit ) Buffer began using the phrase `` Let 's get ready to rumble ! '' in 1984 . By 1992 , he acquired a federal trademark for the phrase . Buffer uses his famous phrase in various licensing deals including the platinum selling album Jock Jams by Tommy Boy Records , the video games Ready 2 Rumble Boxing , Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 for the PlayStation 2 , Nintendo 64 , Dreamcast and Game Boy Advance and Greatest Heavyweights of the Ring for the Sega Genesis and numerous other products . In addition , he has used variations of the phrase in advertisements , including the popular commercial for Mega Millions in which he says `` Let 's get ready to Win Big ! '' and the Kraft Cheese commercial in which he says `` Let 's get ready to Crumble ! '' and most recently for Progressive Insurance in which he says `` Let 's get ready to bundle ! '' The phrase , `` Are you ready to rumble ? '' is spoken in the 1957 television show Maverick , titled `` Stage West '' ( episode 6 , season one ) . by the stage coach driver to the passengers as he prepares to leave in the stage coach . As of 2009 , the catchphrase has generated $400 million in revenue from licensing the trademark . Personal life ( edit ) Buffer first wed at age 21 . The marriage , which ended in divorce after seven years . He has two sons from his first marriage . More than 25 years passed before he remarried in 1999 . He and his second wife divorced in 2003 . On September 13 , 2007 , while making an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , he proposed to his current ( third ) wife , Christine . Buffer currently resides in Southern California . His half - brother Bruce Buffer is the announcer for leading mixed martial arts promotion , Ultimate Fighting Championship . Both Michael and Bruce are grandsons of late boxer Johnny Buff . In 2008 Buffer was treated for throat cancer . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes Homeboy Ring announcer 1989 Harlem Nights Ring announcer Rocky V Himself / Ring announcer 1995 Virtuosity Emcee 1999 Play It to the Bone Himself / Ring announcer 2000 The Extreme Adventures of Super Dave Himself / Sports commentator Direct - to - video Ready to Rumble Himself / Ring announcer 2003 More Than Famous Himself Game Over Himself / Ring announcer Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Himself Fade to Black Himself Against the Ropes Himself / Ring announcer 2005 The L.A. Riot Spectacular Himself 2006 Rocky Balboa Himself / Ring announcer BoxinBuddies : Knockout Juvenile Diabetes Mik O ' Tux Animated short 2008 Cornered : A Life Caught in the Ring Himself You Do n't Mess with the Zohan Grant Walbridge 2009 2012 Himself / Ring announcer Love and Other Drugs Pfizer Convention MC The Fighter Fight announcer 2011 The Green Card Tour : Live from The O2 Arena Himself / Announcer Russell Peters direct - to - video comedy special 2012 Vanilla Ice Archive Himself 2013 Maravilla , la película Himself Grudge Match Himself / Ring announcer 2015 Creed Himself / Ring announcer Television Year Title Role Notes 1988 - 2017 HBO Boxing Himself / Ring announcer 57 episodes 1989 Showtime Championship Boxing Himself / Ring announcer Episode dated November 4 , 1989 1991 - 1992 The Grudge Match Himself / Ring announcer 1991 - 2017 Sky Sports World Championship Boxing Himself / Master of Ceremonies Evander Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe Himself 1993 Fallen Champ : The Untold Story of Mike Tyson Himself Evander Holyfield vs. Michael Moorer Himself Saturday Night Live Himself Season 20 episode 9 : `` George Foreman / Hole '' Uncredited Weird Science Himself Season 4 episode 2 : `` Men in Tights '' The Simpsons Himself / Ring announcer Season 8 episode 3 : `` The Homer They Fall '' 1998 - 2000 Celebrity Deathmatch Himself Pilot : `` Deathbowl ' 98 '' Season 2 episode 1 : `` Deathbowl ' 99 '' Season 3 episode 1 : `` Deathbowl 2000 '' 1998 Monday Nitro Himself 3 episodes South Park Himself Season 1 episode 10 : `` Damien '' 1999 - 2012 ESPN Friday Night Fights Himself / Ring announcer 1999 Mad About You Announcer # 2 Season 7 episode 17 : `` Separate Beds '' 2000 Clerks Himself Season 1 episode 4 : `` A Dissertation on the American Justice System by People Who Have Never Been Inside a Courtroom , Let Alone Know Anything About the Law , But Have Seen Way Too Many Legal Thrillers '' 2002 - 2013 Promi - Boxen Himself / Ring announcer 2002 Celebrity Boxing Himself / Ring announcer Inside Schwartz Himself Episode : `` It 's All in the Footwork '' No official date for the episode as it went unaired 2003 Man vs. Beast Himself Maximum Surge Himself / Ring announcer TV film Open Access Himself Season 1 episode 4 : `` Miami '' Jeopardy ! Himself / Video clue presenter Season 20 episode 170 : aired April 30 , 2004 Las Vegas Himself / Contest announcer Season 1 episode 11 : `` Blood and Sand '' Season 1 episode 20 : `` The Strange Life of Bob '' Extreme Makeover : Home Edition Himself Season 2 episode 10 : `` The Broadbent Family '' 2005 50 Hottest Vegas Moments Himself Entourage Himself Season 2 episode 6 : `` Chinatown '' 2006 Legends of the Ring Himself / Host Unknown episodes 2007 Polizeistund ' ade - Das Abschiedskonzert von Klaus & Klaus Himself The World Awaits : De La Hoya vs. Mayweather Himself Saturday Night 's Main Event Himself Season 2 episode 2 : August 18 , 2007 BET Awards Himself Janice & Abbey Himself Season 1 episode 5 : `` Success ? '' Deal or No Deal Himself Season 3 episode 20 : aired December 10 , 2007 2008 Phineas and Ferb Event announcer Season 1 episode 6 : `` Raging Bully '' RAW Himself Season 16 episode 10 American Idol Himself Season 7 episode 41 : The Final Two Perform 2009 Pacquiao vs. Hatton : The Battle of East and West Himself The Great Debate Himself / Host / Emcee The Bold and the Beautiful Himself Episodes # 5965 and # 5966 2011 Lucian Bute : L'Homme , L'Athlète Himself 2012 America 's Next Top Model Himself Cycle 18 episode 1 : Kelly Osbourne NBC Sports Network Fight Night Himself / Ring announcer 2013 Legendary Nights Himself Season 2 episode 1 : `` The Tale of Gatti - Ward '' 2014 Who Is ... Himself 1 episode 2015 30 for 30 Himself Episode : `` Chasing Tyson '' 2017 Mano a Mano : The Battle for Mexico Himself Video Games Year Title Role Notes 1993 Prize Fighter Himself / Announcer ClayFighter 631⁄3 Announcer 1999 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing Himself References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Article Two -- December 1998 '' . Boxing Monthly . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Richard ( June 1992 ) . `` Let 's Get Ready to ... '' . Sports Illustrated . 76 : 72 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxing - Columns - Thomas Hauser '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Terry ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` The Crazy World of Trademarks '' . Under the Influence . CBC Radio . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Buffer -- iSB Keynote Speakers and Entertainment '' . Internationalspeakers.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Buffer '' . IMDb . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show News '' . MarksFriggin.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Berman and Michael Milberger ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Let 's Get Ready to Rumble ' Worth $400 M '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The voice of the octagon Boxing @ Yahoo ! Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Buffer Battles Cancer '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Michael Buffer on IMDb VIAF : 10057750 BNF : cb141600840 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 3d4e1e45 - 2df2 - 4a48 - 8462 - c9f6a68ffeb6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Buffer&oldid=804140483 '' Categories : 1944 births Living people Cancer survivors Professional wrestling announcers Mixed martial arts announcers Boxing people Public address announcers People from Philadelphia United States Army soldiers International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees American military personnel of the Vietnam War Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2011 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Қазақша Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who trademarked let's get ready to rumble | [
"Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, \"Let's get ready to rumble!\", and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter's name. His half-brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer."
] | [
"Michael Buffer"
] |
-2286869278975378071 | Femur | Femur - wikipedia Femur Not to be confused with Fima ( disambiguation ) or FEMA ( disambiguation ) . Femur Position of femur ( shown in red ) Left femur seen from behind . Details Origins Gastrocnemius , vastus lateralis , vastus medialis and vastus intermedius Insertions Gluteus maximus , gluteus medius , gluteus minimus , iliopsoas , lateral rotator group , adductors of the hip Articulations hip : acetabulum of pelvis superiorly knee : with the tibia and patella inferiorly Identifiers Latin Os femoris , os longissimum MeSH D005269 TA A02. 5.04. 001 FMA 9611 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The femur ( / ˈfiːmər / , pl . femurs or femora / ˈfɛmərə / ) or thigh bone , is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates . The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint , while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint . By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body . The femur is also the longest bone in the human body . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Upper part 1.2 Body 1.3 Lower part 1.4 Development 2 Function 2.1 Muscle attachments 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Fractures 4 Other animals 4.1 Invertebrates 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The femur is the only bone in the upper leg . The two femurs converge medially toward the knees , where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae . The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral - tibial angle . Human females have wider pelvic bones , causing their femora to converge more than in males . In the condition genu valgum ( knock knee ) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another . The opposite extreme is genu varum ( bow - leggedness ) . In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum , the femoral - tibial angle is about 175 degrees . The femur is the longest and , by most measures , the strongest bone in the human body . Its length on average is 26.74 % of a person 's height , a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation , and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject 's height from an incomplete skeleton . The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis ( shaft or body ) and two epiphyses ( extremities ) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee . Upper part ( edit ) Main article : Upper extremity of femur The upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above , showing head , neck , and the greater and lesser trochanter The upper or proximal extremity ( close to the torso ) contains the head , neck , the two trochanters and adjacent structures . The head of the femur , which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone , comprises two - thirds of a sphere . It has a small groove , or fovea , connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch . The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum . The neck is 4 -- 5 cm . long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle . The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees . This angle is highly variant . In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average . An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara . Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated . In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated , the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound ( deep ) for the femoral artery . The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule . Here the two trochanters , greater and lesser trochanter , are found . The greater trochanter is almost box - shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur . The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint . The greater trochanter can easily be felt . The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater trochanter . The lesser trochanter is a cone - shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck . The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front . A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest , and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm . along the back part of the body : it is called the linea quadrata ( or quadrate line ) . About the junction of the upper one - third and lower two - thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located . The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercel , such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur . In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle . Body ( edit ) Main article : Body of femur The body of the femur ( or shaft ) is long , slender and almost cylindrical in form . It is a little broader above than in the center , broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below . It is slightly arched , so as to be convex in front , and concave behind , where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge , the linea aspera which diverges proximal and distal as the medial and lateral ridge . Proximal the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line . Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes ; a lateral and medial border . These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces : One anterior , one medial and one lateral . Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated . The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity . When present , it is oblong , rounded , or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge . A structure of minor importance in humans , the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17 -- 72 % between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males . Lower part ( edit ) Main article : Lower extremity of femur Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below . Left knee joint from behind , showing interior ligaments . The lower extremity of the femur ( or distal extremity ) is larger than the upper extremity . It is somewhat cuboid in form , but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero - posterior ( front to back ) . It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles . Anteriorly , the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface . Posteriorly , they project considerably and a deep notch , the Intercondylar fossa of femur , is present between them . The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero - posterior and transverse diameters . The medial condyle is the longer and , when the femur is held with its body perpendicular , projects to a lower level . When , however , the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane . The condyles are not quite parallel with one another ; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero - posterior , but that of the medial runs backward and medialward . Their opposed surfaces are small , rough , and concave , and form the walls of the intercondyloid fossa . This fossa is limited above by a ridge , the intercondyloid line , and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface . The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall . The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior , inferior , and posterior surfaces of the condyles . Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella ; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities , the lateral of which is broader , more prominent , and extends farther upward than the medial . Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation , the epicondyle . The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee - joint is attached . At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the gastrocnemius . The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the medial , gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee - joint . Development ( edit ) Main article : Limb development The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm , formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development . By the sixth week of development , the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes . Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs , including the femur , by the 12th week of development . The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1 -- 2 days . Function ( edit ) As the femur is the only bone in the thigh , it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints . Some biarticular muscles -- which cross two joints , like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles -- also originate from the femur . In all , 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur . In cross-section , the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia , each containing muscles . These compartments use the femur as an axis , and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes ( or septa ) . Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply , and contains a different group of muscles . These compartments are named the anterior , medial and posterior fascial compartments . Muscle attachments ( edit ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the front ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the back ) Muscle Direction Attachment Iliacus muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter Psoas major muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter Gluteus maximus muscle Insertion Gluteal tuberosity Gluteus medius muscle Insertion Lateral surface of greater trochanter Gluteus minimus muscle Insertion Forefront of greater trochanter Piriformis muscle Insertion Superior boundary of greater trochanter Gemellus superior muscle Insertion Upper edge of Obturator internus 's tendon ( indirectly greater trochanter ) Obturator internus muscle Insertion Medial surface of greater trochanter Gemellus inferior muscle Insertion Lower edge of Obturator internus 's tendon ( indirectly greater trochanter ) Quadratus femoris muscle Insertion Intertrochanteric crest Obturator externus muscle Insertion Trochanteric fossa Pectineus muscle Insertion Pectineal line Adductor longus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera Adductor brevis muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera Adductor magnus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera and the adductor tubercle Vastus lateralis muscle Origin Greater trochanter and lateral ridge of linea aspera Vastus intermedius muscle Origin Front and lateral surface of femur Vastus medialis muscle Origin Distal part of intertrochanteric line and medial ridge of linea aspera Short head of biceps femoris Origin Lateral ridge of linea aspera Popliteus muscle Origin Under the lateral epicondyle Articularis genu muscle Origin Lower 1 / 4 of anterior femur deep to vastus intermedius Gastrocnemius muscle Origin Behind the adductor tubercle , over the lateral epicondyle and the popliteal facies Plantaris muscle Origin Over the lateral condyle Clinical significance ( edit ) Fractures ( edit ) Main articles : Hip fracture and femoral fracture A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head , femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture , especially when associated with osteoporosis . Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a traction splint . Other animals ( edit ) Femora of Moa chicks . In primitive tetrapods , the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter , and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the adductor crest . The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms , reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum . The greater trochanter was present in the extinct archosaurs , as well as in modern birds and mammals , being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait . The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals , which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters . The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone . Some species of whales , snakes , and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs . One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the eusthenopteron , a prehistoric lobe - finned fish from the Late Devonian period . Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals , including some primates . Invertebrates ( edit ) Main article : Arthropod leg In invertebrate zoology the name femur appears in arthropodology . The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy ; the term `` femur '' simply has been adopted by analogy and refers , where applicable , to the most proximal of ( usually ) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda . The two basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter . This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology . In myriapodology another segment , the prefemur , connects the trochanter and femur . Additional images ( edit ) Position of femur ( shown in red ) . Pelvis and patella are shown as semi-transparent . View from behind . View from the front . Long Bone ( Femur ) Muscles of thigh . Lateral view . Muscles of thigh . Cross section . Distribution forces of the femur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Femora '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Femora '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . ^ Jump up to : Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 239 -- 241 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Feldesman , M.R. , J.G. Kleckner , and J.K. Lundy . ( November 1990 ) . `` The femur / stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late - pleistocene fossil hominids '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 83 ( 3 ) : 359 -- 372 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330830309 . PMID 2252082 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sunderland S ( January 1938 ) . `` The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur '' . J. Anat. 72 ( Pt 2 ) : 309 -- 12 . PMC 1252427 . PMID 17104699 . Jump up ^ Lozanoff , Scott ; Sciulli , Paul W ; Schneider , Kim N ( December 1985 ) . `` Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the human femur '' . J Anat. 143 : 149 -- 159 . PMC 1166433 . PMID 3870721 . ^ Jump up to : Bolanowski , Wojciech ; Śmiszkiewicz - Skwarska , Alicja ; Polguj , Michał ; Jędrzejewski , Kazimierz S ( 2005 ) . `` The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur '' ( PDF ) . Folia Morphol. 64 ( 3 ) : 168 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. `` Developmental Biology '' . 9th ed. , 2010 Jump up ^ Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 364 -- 367 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 204 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Struthers , John ( January 1881 ) . `` The Bones , Articulations , and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind - Limb of the Greenland Right - Whale ( Balaena mysticetus ) '' . Journal of Anatomy and Physiology . Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 15 ( Pt 2 ) : i1 -- 176 . PMC 1310010 . PMID 17231384 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Femur at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Femur at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of thighbone at Wiktionary Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femur&oldid=854705397 '' Categories : Bones of the lower limb Long bones Femur Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 文言 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the femur located in your body | [
"The femur is the only bone in the upper leg. The two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae. The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle. Human females have wider pelvic bones, causing their femora to converge more than in males. In the condition genu valgum (knock knee) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness). In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum, the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees.[3]\n"
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"in the upper leg"
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-137630055700969959 | New Hope Club | New Hope Club - Wikipedia New Hope Club Jump to : navigation , search New Hope Club New Hope Club in 2015 . Left to right : George Smith , Blake Richardson and Reece Bibby . Background information Origin United Kingdom Genres Pop , pop rock Years active 2015 -- present Labels Steady Records Hollywood Records Associated acts The Vamps , The Tide , Sabrina Carpenter , Tini Stoessel Website newhopeclubofficialmerch.com Members Reece Bibby Blake Richardson George Smith New Hope Club is a British pop trio formed in 2015 , consisting of Reece Bibby , Blake Richardson and George Smith . Their debut EP , Welcome to the Club , was released on Steady Records / Hollywood Records on May 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Band members 3 Touring 4 Discography 4.1 Extended plays 4.2 Singles 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) George Smith and Blake Richardson formed New Hope Club in October 2015 . As a member of the boy band Stereo Kicks , Reece Bibby appeared on the eleventh season of The X Factor in the UK in 2014 , finishing fifth . Stereo Kicks broke up in July 2015 after failing to land a record deal ; in November 2015 , Bibby joined New Hope Club . Bibby , Smith , and Richardson are all originally from Northern England . New Hope Club 's first recording was a cover of `` Wake Up '' by The Vamps in October 2015 . In December 2015 , The Vamps signed the band to their label Steady Records , a subsidiary of Virgin EMI Records . They were the second band signed to the label , after The Tide . New Hope Club 's debut 4 - song EP Welcome to the Club was released on Hollywood Records via Steady Records on May 5 , 2017 . The video for `` Perfume '' was released in January 2017 , and the video for `` Fixed '' was released with their EP . The band spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Next Big Sound chart , peaking at number 5 on September 16 , 2017 . At the 2017 Teen Choice Awards , they were nominated for Choice Next Big Thing . The band released their video for their fourth single `` Water '' on October 6 , 2017 . They are going on tour with The Vamps , as well as Australian band Mr. Diddy during 2018 . Band members ( edit ) Blake Richardson - Vocals , Guitar , Piano George Smith - Vocals , Guitar , Piano Reece Bibby - Vocals , Bass , Drums , Guitar Touring ( edit ) New Hope Club opened for The Vamps on their 2016 UK tour , and for their tour of the UK and Ireland in the spring of 2017 . They regularly performed `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' with The Vamps during that tour . They also opened for Tini Stoessel on her 2017 Got Me Started Tour in Germany . They have also opened for Sabrina Carpenter on her North American summer 2017 De-Tour , and opened yet again for The Vamps on their fall 2017 tour in Australia . In August 2017 , they performed at Arthur Ashe Kids ' Day at Arthur Ashe Stadium in New York City . Discography ( edit ) Extended plays ( edit ) Title Notes Welcome to the Club Release date : May 5 , 2017 Label : Steady Records / Hollywood Records Formats : Digital download Singles ( edit ) `` Fixed ( Brad Simpson Remix ) '' ( September 1 , 2017 ) ( Virgin EMI Records / Hollywood Records ) `` Whoever He Is '' ( December 1 , 2017 ) ( Virgin EMI Records ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicola Craig , `` Artist 101 : New Hope Club , '' Celebmix , February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Corner , `` The Vamps have signed new band New Hope Club to their record label , '' Digital Spy , December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tania Willis , `` Stereo Kicks are the latest act to be voted off X Factor ... after losing out to Lauren Platt in sing - off , '' Daily Mail , November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stereo Kicks '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kristine Hope Kowlaski , `` Take a Listen : Reece Bibby Starts a New Band After Stereo Kicks ' Breakup , '' Twist , November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brie Hiramine , `` ' X Factor ' Boy Band Member Starts Another Group After Leaving His Old Band , '' J - 14 , November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Hollywood Record 's British Band New Hope Club , '' Just Jared Jr. , May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shawna Hudson , `` Find Out All About British Boy Band New Hope Club , '' Sweety High , May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Six Quick Questions For New Hope Club , '' essentiallypop.com , April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Hope Club Announce Debut EP , '' Jammerzine , May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New Hope Club Chart History , Billboard . Accessed June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : The Complete Winners List ! '' perezhilton.com , August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayley Smith , `` Interview : New Hope Club Hit The Road With The Vamps For UK Arena Tour , '' United By Pop , April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Hope Club to Tour in Germany for the First Time , '' Juice or Cider , March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Hope Club Will Tour America With Sabrina Carpenter This Summer , '' Juice or Cider , April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vamps Are Bringing Their Huge World Tour To Aus This Year , '' themusic.com.au , June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rachael Ellenbogen , `` New Hope Club Dishes On New Music , Songwriting Process And Dream Collaborations , '' International Business Times , September 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Hope_Club&oldid=815653251 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 2015 English pop music groups English boy bands Hollywood Records artists The X Factor ( UK TV series ) contestants 2015 establishments in England Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 05 : 16 . About Wikipedia | who are the members of new hope club | [
"New Hope Club is a British pop trio formed in 2015, consisting of Reece Bibby, Blake Richardson and George Smith. Their debut EP, Welcome to the Club, was released on Steady Records/Hollywood Records on May 5, 2017."
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"Reece Bibby, Blake Richardson and George Smith"
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-6744301787140577225 | Three-point field goal | Three - point field goal - wikipedia Three - point field goal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In American and Canadian football , a field goal happens to be worth three points . Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals A three - point field goal ( also 3 - pointer or informally , trey ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from center of the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945 in a game between Columbia and Fordham , but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , introduced in its inaugural 1967 -- 68 season . ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA ; its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of 1976 . The official scorer 's report showing the first three - point field goal in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 Three years later in June 1979 , the NBA adopted the three - point line for a one - year trial for the 1979 -- 80 season , despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 ; the season opener at Boston Garden was more noted for the debut of Larry Bird ( and two new head coaches ) . Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets , in his final season , also made one in the same game , and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) , and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , and as far away as 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) in the Big Sky . Used only in conference play for several years , it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986 -- 87 season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in March 1987 . The three - pointer was adopted in women 's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , effective with the 2008 -- 09 season , and the women 's line was moved to match the men 's in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . The NCAA used the FIBA three - point line ( see below ) in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in 2018 . For three seasons beginning in 1994 -- 95 , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 - inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.7 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using the FIBA distance , starting in 2013 . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . In the NBA , three - point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years , with effectiveness increasing slightly . The 1979 - 80 season had an average 2.2 three - point goals per game and 6.6 attempts ( 33 % effectiveness ) . The 1989 - 90 season had an average 4.8 three - point goals per game and 13.7 attempts ( 35 % effectiveness ) . The 2009 - 10 season had an average 6.4 three - point goals per game and 18.1 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . The 2016 - 17 season had an average 9.7 three - point goals per game and 27.0 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines NBA 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) 3 ft 0 in ( 0.91 m ) FIBA , WNBA 22 ft 2 in ( 6.76 m ) 4 ft 1 in ( 1.24 m ) NCAA 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) 4 ft 3 in ( 1.30 m ) U.S. high schools 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` ABA playoff plans set '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . July 12 , 1967 . p. 4D . Jump up ^ Deford , Frank ( November 27 , 1967 ) . `` Shooting for three '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Four ABA clubs gain NBA okay '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . June 18 , 1976 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Burial of the ABA a fact ; next step a dispersal draft '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . June 19 , 1976 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Deford , Frank ( June 28 , 1976 ) . `` One last hurrah in Hyannis '' . Sports Illustrated : 64 . Jump up ^ `` NBA votes 3 - pointer in , 3rd ref out '' . Reading Eagle . ( Pennsylvania ) . Associated Press . June 22 , 1979 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves 3 - point goal , goes back to two referees '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . June 22 , 1979 . p. 5D . Jump up ^ Newman , Bruce ( January 7 , 1980 ) . `` Now it 's bombs away in the NBA '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the 3 - Pointer - iHoops '' . Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bird only ' so - so , ' but Celts win over Houston '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . October 13 , 1979 . p. 4A . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics , 114 - 106 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5C . Jump up ^ `` NBA standings ( and boxscores ) '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( November 29 , 1982 ) . `` It will be one testy season '' . Sports Illustrated : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Monson not so high on the 3 - point shot '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . wire services . November 11 , 1982 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ `` Debate over 3 - pointer Continues '' . Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA approves 3 - point goal '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . April 3 , 1986 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` 3 - point goal draws mixed reviews '' . Reading Eagle . ( Pennsylvania ) . April 3 , 1986 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Three - point basket adopted '' . Eugene Register Guard . ( Oregon ) . April 3 , 1986 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( January 5 , 1987 ) . `` The three - point uproar '' . Sports Illustrated : 40 . Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` NIT to experiment with new rules this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' . FIBA . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=854817273 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Scoring ( sport ) 1961 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 00 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the nba put in the 3 point line | [
"Three years later in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial for the 1979–80 season,[9][10][11] despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[12] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979; the season opener at Boston Garden was more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[13][14] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[14][15]\n"
] | [
"June 1979"
] |
-6573495724387538011 | Certified Information Systems Security Professional | Certified information Systems security Professional - wikipedia Certified information Systems security Professional Jump to : navigation , search CISSP logo Certified Information Systems Security Professional ( CISSP ) is an independent information security certification granted by the International Information System Security Certification Consortium , also known as ( ISC ) 2 . As of 1 January 2018 , there are 122,289 ( ISC ) 2 members holding the CISSP certification worldwide , in 166 countries with the United States holding the highest member count at 79,617 members . In June 2004 , the CISSP designation was accredited under the ANSI ISO / IEC Standard 17024 : 2003 . It is also formally approved by the U.S. Department of Defense ( DoD ) in both their Information Assurance Technical ( IAT ) and Managerial ( IAM ) categories for their DoDD 8570 certification requirement . The CISSP has been adopted as a baseline for the U.S. National Security Agency 's ISSEP program . CISSP is a globally recognized certification in the field of IT security . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Certification subject matter 3 Requirements 4 Concentrations 5 Ongoing certification 6 Value 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In the mid-1980s , a need arose for a standardized , vendor - neutral certification program that provided structure and demonstrated competence . In November 1988 , the Special Interest Group for Computer Security ( SIG - CS ) , a member of the Data Processing Management Association ( DPMA ) , brought together several organizations interested in this goal . The International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium or `` ( ISC ) 2 '' formed in mid-1989 as a non-profit organization . By 1990 , the first working committee to establish a Common Body of Knowledge ( CBK ) had been formed . The first version of the CBK was finalized by 1992 , and the CISSP credential was launched by 1994 . Certification subject matter ( edit ) The CISSP curriculum covers subject matter in a variety of Information Security topics . The CISSP examination is based on what ( ISC ) 2 terms the Common Body of Knowledge ( or CBK ) . According to ( ISC ) 2 , `` the CISSP CBK is a taxonomy -- a collection of topics relevant to information security professionals around the world . The CISSP CBK establishes a common framework of information security terms and principles that allow information security professionals worldwide to discuss , debate and resolve matters pertaining to the profession with a common understanding . '' From 2015 , the CISSP curriculum is divided into eight domains : Security and Risk Management Asset Security Security Engineering Communications and Network Security Identity and Access Management Security Assessment and Testing Security Operations Software Development Security Before 2015 , it covered ten similar domains . Requirements ( edit ) Possess a minimum of five years of direct full - time security work experience in two or more of the ( ISC ) 2 information security domains ( CBK ) . One year may be waived for having either a four - year college degree , a master 's degree in Information Security , or for possessing one of a number of other certifications . A candidate without the five years of experience may earn the Associate of ( ISC ) 2 designation by passing the required CISSP examination , valid for a maximum of six years . During those six years a candidate will need to obtain the required experience and submit the required endorsement form for certification as a CISSP . Upon completion of the professional experience requirements the certification will be converted to CISSP status . Attest to the truth of their assertions regarding professional experience and accept the CISSP Code of Ethics . Answer questions regarding criminal history and related background . Pass the multiple choice CISSP exam with a scaled score of 700 points or greater out of 1000 possible points . Have their qualifications endorsed by another ( ISC ) 2 certification holder in good standing . Concentrations ( edit ) Holders of CISSP certifications can earn additional certifications in areas of specialty . There are three possibilities : Information Systems Security Architecture Professional ( CISSP - ISSAP ) Information Systems Security Engineering Professional ( CISSP - ISSEP ) , an advanced information security certification issued by ( ISC ) 2 that focuses on the engineering aspects of information security . In October 2014 it was announced that some of its curriculum would be made available to the public by the United States Department of Homeland Security through its National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies program . Both ZDNet and Network World have named ISSEP one of tech 's most valuable certifications . Information Systems Security Management Professional ( CISSP - ISSMP ) , an advanced information security certification issued by ( ISC ) 2 that focuses on the management aspects of information security . In September 2014 , Computerworld rated ISSMP one of the top ten most valuable certifications in all of tech . Ongoing certification ( edit ) The CISSP credential is valid for three years ; most holders renew by submitting Continuing Professional Education ( CPE ) credits . There is also a yearly membership fee required to maintain certification . Value ( edit ) In 2005 , Certification Magazine surveyed 35,167 IT professionals in 170 countries on compensation and found that CISSPs led their list of certificates ranked by salary . A 2006 Certification Magazine salary survey also ranked the CISSP credential highly , and ranked CISSP concentration certifications as the top best - paid credentials in IT . In 2008 , another study came to the conclusion that IT professionals with CISSP ( or other major security certifications ) tend to have salaries $21,000 higher than IT professionals without such certificates . However , there 's no proof that there 's any cause - and - effect between the certificate and salaries . As of 2017 , a study by CyberSecurityDegrees.com surveyed some 10,000 current and historical cyber security job listings that preferred candidates holding CISSP certifications . CyberSecurityDegrees found that these job openings offered an average salary of $17,526 more than the average cyber security salary . ANSI certifies that CISSP meets the requirements of ANSI / ISO / IEC Standard 17024 , a personnel certification accreditation program . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Member Counts '' . ( ISC ) 2 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : ANSI Accreditation Services - International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium , Inc . ( ISC ) 2 Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ANSI Jump up ^ `` ( ISC ) 2 CISSP Security Credential Earns ISO / IEC 17024 Re-accreditation from ANSI '' ( Press release ) . Palm Harbor , FL : ( ISC ) 2 . September 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DoD 8570.01 - M Information Assurance Workforce Improvement Program '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NSA Partners With ( ISC ) 2 To Create New InfoSec Certification '' . February 27 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Shon ( 2010 ) . All - In - One CISSP Exam Guide ( 5 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 160217 - 8 . Jump up ^ History of ( ISC ) 2 . ( ISC ) 2 Jump up ^ Conrad ; Misenar ; Feldman . 11th Hour CISSP . Syngress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 417142 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tipton ; Henry . Official ( ISC ) 2 Guide to the CISSP CBK . Auerbach Publications . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8231 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ( ISC ) 2 CISSP and SSCP Domain Refresh FAQ '' . ( ISC ) 2 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forensics and Incident Response '' . www.peerlyst.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CISSP Professional Experience Requirement '' . ( ISC ) 2 . 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How to Become an Associate '' . ( ISC ) 2 . 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( ISC ) 2 Code of Ethics '' . ( ISC ) 2 . 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` How To Certify '' . ( ISC ) 2 . 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement '' . ( ISC ) 2 . 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CISSP ® Concentrations '' . ( ISC ) 2 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ InfoSecurity Magazine ( Sep 2009 ) : Finding your way : An overview of information security industry qualifications and associations Jump up ^ ( ISC ) 2 Offers Certification Via DHS Jump up ^ ZDNet ( Feb 2014 ) : 20 technology certifications that are paying off Jump up ^ Network World ( Dec 2013 ) : 18 Hot IT Certifications for 2014 Jump up ^ GCN : DOD approves new credentials for security professionals Jump up ^ InfoSecurity Magazine ( Sep 2009 ) : Finding your way : An overview of information security industry qualifications and associations Jump up ^ ComperWorld : IT skills that are in demand , and those that will be Jump up ^ `` Maintaining Your Credential '' . ( ISC ) 2 . 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Certifications by Salary in 2007 '' . Certification Magazine . April 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sosbe , Tim ; Hollis , Emily ; Summerfield , Brian ; McLean , Cari ( December 2005 ) . `` CertMag 's 2005 Salary Survey : Monitoring Your Net Worth '' . Certification Magazine . CertMag . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salary boost for getting CISSP , related certs . NetworkWorld Jump up ^ CyberSecurityDegrees. com 's Study of the Most Lucrative Cyber Security Certifications Cyber Security Degrees External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Information security certifications CompTIA Security+ CSA+ CASP Cisco Systems CCNA Security CCNP Security CCIE Security EC - Council CEH CNDA EITCI EITCA / IS ISACA CISA CISM CRISC ( ISC ) 2 CISSP SSCP ISSMP ISSEP ISSAP Mile2 CPTE Offensive Security OSCP OSWP OSCE OSEE OSWE eLearnSecurity eCPPT GIAC GISF GSEC GCIA GCIH GCUX GCWN GCED GPEN GWAPT GAWN GICSP G7799 GSNA GISP GSLC GCPM GSSP - JAVA GSSP -. NET GWEB GCFE GCFA GREM GNFA GLEG GSE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Information_Systems_Security_Professional&oldid=822177825 '' Categories : Computer security qualifications Data security Information technology qualifications ( ISC ) 2 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia | eight domains of the csslp common body of knowledge (cbk) | [
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n",
"\nSecurity and Risk Management\nAsset Security\nSecurity Engineering\nCommunications and Network Security\nIdentity and Access Management\nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nSecurity Operations\nSoftware Development Security[11]\n"
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-4126474534856647056 | Squanto | Squanto - Wikipedia Squanto Jump to : navigation , search For the 1994 film , see Squanto : A Warrior 's Tale . Squanto 1911 illustration of Tisquantum ( `` Squanto '' ) teaching the Plymouth colonists to plant maize . Tisquantum c. 1574 -- c , 1594 Patuxet ( now Plymouth , Massachusetts ) late November 1622 o.s. Mamamoycke ( or Monomoit ) ( now Chatham , Massachusetts ) Nationality Patuxett Other names Squanto Known for Guidance , advice , and translation services to the Mayflower settlers Tisquantum ( / tɪsˈkwɑːntəm / ; c. 1585 ( ± 10 years ? ) -- late November 1622 o.s. ) , more commonly known by the diminutive variant Squanto , was a Patuxet Native North American known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . One of the last surviving people of the Patuxet tribe -- who had lived on the western coast of Cape Cod Bay and were annihilated by an epidemic infection -- he acted as a translator , guide , and advisor while he lived with them for 20 months . He showed them how to sow and fertilize native crops , a boon when it turned out that the crop from the seeds they brought largely failed , and introduced them to the fur trade , an important means by which they could reduce their indebtedness to their London financial backers . Six years before the Mayflower 's landing , in 1614 Squanto was abducted by an English adventurer , Thomas Hunt , who came to Patuxet as part of a commercial fishing and trading venture commanded by Captain John Smith . After Smith left for England with his cargo , Hunt , who was to take his dried fish cargo to Spain , kidnapped 27 Natives , including Squanto , and sailed to Spain to sell them into slavery . How Squanto escaped from Spain to England is not known , but when in England Squanto lived with a merchant involved in the project to exploit and settle Newfoundland . He eventually was sent there , where he met an associate of John Smith , Thomas Dermer , who was acting for the London merchants involved in settling New England . In 1619 Dermer brought Squanto to his native village , which he found to be destroyed by an epidemic . After intervening in a dispute between Dermer and Cape Cod Natives , Squanto evidently went to live with the Pokanoket , some say as a prisoner . No records exist of his activities from that time until his famous encounter with the Mayflower settlement in 1621 . Squanto 's chief fame resulted from his efforts to bring about peaceable contact and alliance between the English Separatists and other colonists who had come aboard the Mayflower and the Pokanoket . Owing to his facility with English , Squanto played a key role in the early meetings in March 1621 . He soon became attached to the English settlers , whom he assisted in plantings of native vegetables , obtaining trade with local peoples and dealings with other native tribes , in at least one case endangering his safety in the process . He accompanied the settlers on a variety of missions to surrounding Natives as a result of which the English settlers created a peace and trade regime that ensured their security against attack and gave them the opportunity to obtain food supplement when their own supplies became insufficient , which became the case as more unprovisioned settlers were sent by their London commercial underwriters . Jealousy grew between Squanto and Hobomock , another Pokanoket living with the settlers . Just as Squanto and a group of settlers had launched their boat to trade for more corn , an alarm arose in Plymouth that the colony was under attack . Squanto was accused of fomenting hostilities between the Pokanoket and the English , allegations that were believed by both the sachem of the Pokanoket and the governor of Plymouth . A last minute reprieve saved Squanto from being handed over for execution . Despite the treaty Squanto helped broker between them , the settlers ' governor , William Bradford , had been reluctant to part with Squanto , owing to his value to the colony . The standoff between the English colonists and the Pokanoket over Squanto increased Native hostilities around the colony 's borders . It also put a stop to the colony 's trade for native food at a time when its own store was becoming depleted . As food shortages increased , Bradford relied on Squanto to pilot a ship of English settlers a trading expedition around Cape Cod and through dangerous shoals that only Squanto had experience with . During that voyage Squanto contracted what the governor called an `` Indian fever . '' Despite their urgent need for food for the colony , Bradford stayed with Squanto for several days until he died . Bradford wrote that his death was a `` great loss . '' Considerable mythology and legend has grown up around Squanto over time , largely because of early praise by Bradford and owing to the central role that the `` Thanksgiving '' festival of 1621 plays in American folk history . Less the `` noble savage '' that later myth portrayed him and more a shrewd , practical advisor and dependable , loyal diplomat , Squanto played a crucial role in the survival of the English settlers during their first two years , when they were ill - prepared to cope with the physical and social world they had come to colonize . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Early life and years of bondage 2.1 The indigenous culture from which Squanto came 2.2 First encounters with Europeans 2.3 English kidnappings and Squanto 's abduction 2.3. 1 Captain Weymouth 's voyage and the first kidnappings 2.3. 2 First Europeans among the Cape Cod Natives 2.3. 2.1 Gosnold 's settlement attempt 2.3. 2.2 Pring 's failed settlement 2.3. 2.3 English kidnapping around Cape Cod 2.3. 3 John Smith 's expedition and Squanto 's abduction 2.4 The great epidemic and Squanto 's return to New England 2.4. 1 The devastation of the New England sea - coast 2.4. 2 Squanto 's return to New England 3 Among the Mayflower settlers 3.1 The English search for a settlement site while the Natives warily respond 3.1. 1 The English settlers land , plunder , then winter in `` a hidious and desolate wilderness '' 3.1. 2 The Native political landscape during the winter of 1620 -- 21 3.2 Mutual assistance forged 3.2. 1 The first amicable encounter and treaty 3.2. 2 Squanto as guide to frontier survival 3.3 Squanto 's role in settler diplomacy 3.3. 1 Mission to Pokanoket 3.3. 2 Mission to the Nauset 3.3. 3 Action to save Squanto in Nemasket 3.3. 4 Mission to the Massachuset people 3.4 The peace regime that Squanto helped achieve 3.4. 1 `` Thanksgiving '' 3.4. 2 The Narragansett threat 3.5 Squanto 's double dealing 3.5. 1 False alarms 3.5. 2 Allegations against Squanto 3.5. 3 Massasoit 's demand for Squanto 3.6 Squanto 's final mission with the settlers 3.6. 1 Arrival of the Sparrow 3.6. 2 Weston 's English settlers 3.6. 3 Trading expedition with Weston 's men 3.7 Squanto 's death 4 Assessment , memorials , representations , and folklore 4.1 Historical assessment 4.2 Memorials and landmarks 4.3 Literature and popular entertainment 4.4 Didactic literature and folklore 5 Notes , references and sources 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 5.3 Sources 5.3. 1 Primary 5.3. 2 Secondary 6 External links Name ( edit ) Documents from the 17th century variously render the spelling of Tisquantum 's name as Tisquantum , Tasquantum , and Tusquantum , and alternately call him Squanto , Squantum , Tantum , and Tantam . Even the two Mayflower settlers who dealt with him most closely spelled his name differently : William Bradford nicknamed him `` Squanto '' while Edward Winslow invariably referred to him by what historians believe is his proper name , Tisquantum . One suggestion of the meaning is that it derives from the Algonquian expression for the rage of the Manitou , `` the world - suffusing spiritual power at the heart of coastal Indians ' religious beliefs . '' Manitou was not a being . Rather it was `` the spiritual potency of an object ... or a phenonmenon , '' the force which made `` everything in Nature responsive to man . '' Other suggestions have been offered , but all involve some relationship to beings or powers that the English associated with the devil or evil . It is therefore unlikely that it was his birth name rather than one he acquired or assumed later in life , but there is no historical evidence on this point . The name may suggest , for example , that he underwent special spiritual and military training ( as a pniesesock , or otherwise ) , and for this reason was selected for his role as liaison with the English settlers in 1620 ( see below ) . Or perhaps the name was selected at the time of his 1621 encounter with the English settlers either as a defense to their cultural or religious influence or because he was entering a cultural no - mans - land . Early life and years of bondage ( edit ) Almost nothing is known of Squanto 's life before his first contact with Europeans , and even when and how that first encounter took place is subject to contradictory assertions . The indigenous culture from which Squanto came ( edit ) `` ( T ) he time and circumstances of Squanto 's birth are unknown . '' But given that first - hand descriptions of him written between 1618 and 1622 do not remark on his youth or old age , it has been suggested that a reasonable presumption is that he was in his twenties or thirties when he was forcibly embarked to Spain in 1614 , and therefore was born around 1585 ( ± 10 years ) . 1605 map drawn by Samuel de Champlain of Plymouth Harbor ( which he called Port St. Louis ) . `` F '' designates wigwams and cultivated fields . For the rest of the legend , see Pilgrim Hall Museum . While records do not exist which describe his childhood or years before his abduction , a description of the social world in which he lived during his formative years may provide some insight . The interrelated societies that lived in southern New England at the time of English settlement attempts at the beginning of the 17th century referred to themselves as Ninnimissinuok , a variation of the Narragansett word Ninnimissinnȗwock , meaning roughly `` people '' and signifying `` familiarity and shared identity . '' Squanto 's band or tribe , the Patuxet , occupied the coastal area west of Cape Cod Bay . Squanto himself told an English trader that the Patuxet once numbered 2,000 . They spoke a dialect of Eastern Algonquian common to peoples as far west as Narragansett Bay . The various Algonquian dialects of Southern New England were sufficiently similar to allow effective communications . The term patuxet refers to the site of Plymouth , Massachusetts and , according to some writers ( who may have misunderstood their source ) , means `` at the little falls . '' Politically it has been generally ( although not universally ) inferred that the Patuxet had been subjugated by the so - called Wampanoags ( Pokanoket ) and made part of the so - called Wampanoag confederacy . Since the Patuxet had been decimated by disease before European settlement ( see below ) , there are no written records of Patuxet life by first - hand observers . In such a case reasonable conclusions about a culture 's organization and beliefs may be made by reference to other tribes in the same area `` which may be expected to share cultural traits . '' In this case the Southern New England tribes were closely related linguistically ( through similar Algonquin languages ) , politically ( by the Pokanoket suzerainty ) , economically ( by trade ) and ethnically . Unlike the native inhabitants living in northern Maine and Canada where the annual growing season was insufficiently long to reliably produce maize harvests ( and they , as a result , were required to live a fairly nomadic existence ) the southern New England Algonquins were `` rudimentary sedentary cultivators . '' Although their habitations were relatively mobile , being made of striplings fixed in a circle in the ground with their tops tied by walnut bark ( with hole for smoke from central fire inside ) , covered with mats of reed , hemp and hides , the one main migration of the entire population of each tribe ( including women and children ) was a biannual one and took place only from winter residence ( in warmer forested areas ) to summer habitation ( near the cornfields ) and back again . Maize and other cultivated vegetables made up a substantial part of the Ninnimissinuok diet . William Wood noted in his 1634 report that `` to speake paradoxically , they be great eaters , and yet little meate - men ... '' Stanford nutritionist M.K. Bennett concluded that 60 % of their daily caloric intake came from grain products and only 10 % from animal or bird flesh ( as opposed to more than 20 % in the average diet in mid-20th - century America ) . To support their dependence on corn cultivation , the men cleared fields , broke the ground and fertilized the soil with fish and crustaceans , while the women tended to weeding with clam - shell hoes , with assiduity that amazed English settlers . The proficiency at horticulture allowed the southern New England Natives to accumulate enough surplus not only for their own winter needs , but also for trade ( especially to northern native bands ) , and as the English settlers repeatedly sought , to relieve their distress for many years when the harvests of the English proved insufficient . 1612 engraving of Champlain 's drawing of Southern New England Algonquian Natives emphasizing their pacific nature and sedentary and agricultural lifestyle . Socially the groups that made up the Ninnimissinuok were hierarchically stratified and presided over by one ( or sometimes two ) sachem ( ordinarily a male but women could act as sachems when male heirs were absent ) . Sachems acquired their positions by selection from a hereditary group ( perhaps matrilineal ) . The polity of the sachem was called a sontimooonk or sachemship . The members of this polity were those who pledged to defend not only the sachem himself by the institution of the sachemship itself . Colonial writers noted that sachemships could themselves be subjected to a ruler over many sachems , a great sachem or kaeasonimoog , which the English writers referred to as `` kings . '' Sachems held dominion over specific territories marked by geographical identifiers . The authority of the sachem was absolute within his domain . It was traditional , however , that for the sachem to strive to achieve a consensus in all important matters . One factor limiting the despotism of sachems was the option , said to have been frequently exercised , for a subject to leave a particular sachem and live under a more congenial ruler . The chief functions of the sachem were to allocate land for cultivation , to manage the trade with other sachemships or more distant native societies , to dispense justice ( including passing on capital punishment ) , to collect and store tribute from harvests and hunts in part at least for later redistribution , to aid in trade and for gifts in aid of foreign policy , and the making and conducting war . It was on the authority of great sachem Massasoit , for example , that Squanto was dispatched to live among and assist the English settlers in the years 1621 and 1622 . Sachems were advised by `` principal men '' of the community , called ahtaskoaog , generally called `` nobles '' by the English . Sachems achieved consensus through the consent of these men , who probably also were involved in the selection of new sachems ( among those within the prescribed degree of kinship to the incumbent ) . One or more `` principal men '' were almost always present when sachems ceded land , perhaps suggesting that their consent was necessary . In addition , among the Pokanoket , according to Edward Winslow , there was a class called the pniesesock , which collected the annual tribute to the sachem , led warriors into battle and had a special relationship with one of the gods , Abbomocho ( Hobbomock ) invoked in powwows for healing powers , a force that the English associated with the devil . The priest class came from this order , and aside from healing powers , the shamans also acted as orators , giving them political power within their societies . Salisbury has suggested that Squanto was a pniesesock . This class may have produced something of a praetorian guard , equivalent to the `` valiant men '' described by Roger Williams among the Narragansett , the only Southern New England society ( other than the Pokanoket ) with a permanent military elite . Whether or not Squanto received special training for such a position , it is likely he underwent the initiation ordeal of Pokanoket or Patuxet youth , which required them to endure an entire winter alone . In addition to the class of commoners ( sanops ) , there were outsiders , wanderers who attached themselves to a tribe or band ; this last group had few rights except the expectation of protection against any enemy they shared with the larger group . First encounters with Europeans ( edit ) For nearly a century before the landing of the Mayflower in 1620 , the Ninnimissinuok sporadically experienced direct contact by European explorers and for decades before that the indirect consequences of European cod fishermen off the Newfoundland banks . The effect of these early encounters , though gradual and perhaps unattributable when they occurred , were profound . First , and more immediately catastrophic , Europeans brought a variety of diseases for which the aboriginal population had no resistance . Mortality rates eventually rose to 90 % throughout the entire continent . When the English settlers arrived , they discovered that vast swaths of Southern New England , previously prepared for cultivation and settlement by extensive deforestation and land preparation was devoid of all inhabitants . Second , more gradual but equally profound for the economic and social conditions of the Natives , the trading system engaged in at first by the Newfoundland fishermen , and later , more systematically by the French and English , called , for short , the `` Fur Trade , '' destroyed the previously existing continental intertribal pattern of exchange in which the Natives traded local products in a system of extensive and peaceful commerce . That system was replaced by an economy driven by the demand of the Europeans for one product ( animal pelts ) . The new economy resulted in intense intertribal rivalries and hostilities , which eventually allowed the English to play one off against the other . In addition to contributing to the first two causes of calamity , the English created immense ill - will and eventually hostilities by their aggressive approach to settlement , the brutality of which was apparent even before the first settlers . This was the result of the system the English employed which depended exclusively on private profiteers . Richard Hakluyt made plain the goals that the entrepreneurs would pursue in an `` inducement '' he wrote in 1585 : `` The ends of this voyage are these : 1 , to plant the Christian religion ; 2 , To trafficke ; 3 , To conquer ; Or , to do all three . '' The first goal was never seriously pursued . The 1605 voyage of George Weymouth showed how cavalierly the English entrepreneurs and their agents treated American Natives to achieve the second and third goals . English kidnappings and Squanto 's abduction ( edit ) Captain Weymouth 's voyage and the first kidnappings ( edit ) In 1605 George Weymouth , sponsored by Henry Wriothesley and Thomas Arundell , set out on an expedition to explore the possibility of settlement in upper New England . A report of the voyage , written by James Rosier ( hired by Arundell to make detailed observations ) , was published soon after the expedition 's return . The pamphlet described the physical resources available to settlers on the islands and coast of Maine ( harbors , rivers , soil , trees , wild fruit and vegetables , and so forth ) . The compelling part of the story , however , is the crew 's encounters with the Natives , which began eleven days after the Archangel first moored among the Georges Islands , on May 30 , 1605 , as the ship was anchored in Muscongus Bay and the captain and 13 men had gone off in the shallop to explore . The report tells how the remaining crew had a chance encounter that afternoon with a hunting party , developed a sign language with them , and over several days encouraged their trust with gifts and then trade . Illustration of Captain Weymouth impressing Natives of Pemaquid , Maine with a sword he magnetized by means of a lodestone . On his return , as though they had agreed on how to treat the aboriginal inhabitants on arrival , Weymouth joined in the hospitality , offering the Natives bread and peas which they were unfamiliar with and amazing them with a sword magnetized with a lodestone . After three days of hospitality and trading , Rosier suggested that the crew visit their homes to trade . Rosier wrote that cultivating their trust was part of the plan to colonize once they had decided that the land was prime for European settlement . On June 3 , as they themselves had suggested , the English set out to visit their homes . They became skittish when a large assembly came to escort them and decided not to go . Rosier claimed that they then decided to kidnap a number of Natives , although why this followed from their belief that the Natives intended mischief is not made entirely clear by Rosier . No thought was given that the Natives were providing an honor guard or even that it was Rosier 's own proposal the previous day that they should go to the Natives ' homes . Instead , the Englishmen presumed the Natives were acting in accordance with their preconception of `` salvages , '' and rather than simply retreat , they decided that they would kidnap some of them ( later when they were not outnumbered ) , although Rosier never explains what this was intended to accomplish : These things considered , we began to joyne them in the ranke of other Salvages , who have beene by travellers in most discoveries found very trecherous ; never attempting mischiefe , until by some remisnesse , fit opportunity affordeth them certain ability to execute the same . Wherefore after good advise taken we determined so soone as we could to take some of them , least ( being suspitious we had discovered their plots ) they should absent themselves from us . So the next day they abducted five Natives , three by duplicity and two by violence . In discussing the violence necessary to grab hold of two Natives , Rosier lets fall that the kidnapping had been long planned , saying that they would have risked greater violence to secure their victims because the capture of Natives was `` a matter of great importance for the full accomplement of our voyage . '' The idea was undoubtedly conceived by the entrepreneurs back in England as a way to become familiar with the land and inhabitants that they intended to conquer . The plan operated , however , at cross-purposes with their attempt to create good will . Not long after Weymouth 's crew had left , Champlain , sailing from the north , met a man named Anaffon , a minor trader in furs , at Monhegan Island on July 31 . The Native told Champlain of the English who had been there fishing not long before and `` under cover of friendship '' had murdered five Natives of the area . The English had not hidden their perfidy ; instead , they were thought to have committed worse crimes than they did . At any rate , all five hostages were taken to England and three were given ( without explanation ) to Sir Ferdinando Gorges . Gorges was an investor in the Weymouth voyage and became the chief promoter of the scheme when Arundell withdrew from the project . In a book published in 1658 , a decade after Gorges had died , and presumably written when Gorges was quite old , Gorges wrote of his delight in Weymouth 's kidnapping , and named Squanto as one of the three given over to him . ( Captain George Weymouth , having failed at finding a Northwest Passage ) , happened into a River on the Coast of America , called Pemmaquid , from whence he brought five of the Natives , three of whose names were Manida , Sellwarroes , and Tasquantum , whom I seized upon , they were all of one Nation , but of severall parts , and severall Families ; This accident must be acknowledged the meanes under God of putting on foote , and giving life to all our Plantations ... . Circumstantial evidence makes nearly impossible the claim that it was Squanto among the three taken by Gorges , and no modern historian entertains this as fact . But Gorges 's involvement in the abductions is an important part of Squanto 's story . The abductions were an intentional policy of the English entrepreneurs and lead directly to Squanto 's own abduction ( although unauthorized by the London entrepreneurs ) . But even before that the abduction of Natives became a regular feature of the English colonial enterprise . Gorges , chief among the entrepreneurs , wanted to impress on the Natives the superiority of the English technology and military might that would back colonists , and the colonial entrepreneurs wanted to learn as much as they could from their captives about the lands and peoples of the New World . And they displayed their victims prominently to attract financing and public support for their commercial project . It is difficult to understand how they did not see that the policy was destined to misfire by creating a hostility toward the English among the natives peoples of New England which would prove dangerous to those sent to man colonial outposts . It is more difficult to understand how they continued the policy after the experience with these first captives . Two of the captives , Manedo and Sassacomit , were sent back with Captain Henry Chollons in 1606 , but the ship was intercepted by the Spanish . Manedo was lost , but Sassacomit , seriously injured , was lodged in a Spanish prison . In an odd foreshadowing of Squanto 's own fate , Sassacomit was forced to escape his bondage in Spain and make his way to England before he could be returned to his home in what is now Maine . That may not be the only coincidence uniting the two . Two other of the kidnapped Abenaki were returned to Maine in connection with Gorges 's plan to found a trading colony there . His idea was that the returned Abenaki would act as liaison between the English settlers and the local population . Instead of providing a safe entrée for the English escorting him , however , one of the two , Skidwarres , had to be forced to identify himself so that the Natives would stop the attack they made on the English . Skidwarres once home , did not persuade the Abenaki to trade with the English but instead warned them to be wary of them . The conduct of Skidwarres and fellow abductee Tahanedo , nurtured the mistrust that would eventually doom the Sagadahoc colony . This experience did not deter Gorges or other English entrepreneurs from continuing the practice of abducting local men to be transported to England . In fact it would be used in the Cape Cod area as well . But the practice of kidnapping was only part of the brutally imperious policy of the privately financed imperial enterprise which created the political and social landscape that the Mayflower settlers would have to navigate , and it would be Squanto who gave them the most important assistance in this endeavor . First Europeans among the Cape Cod Natives ( edit ) Gosnold 's settlement attempt ( edit ) English plans to colonize New England began to take concrete form in the early to mid 1590s when Edward Hayes wrote a treatise to Lord Burghley setting forth the rationale and procedure for settlement . The first expedition to set out from England to southern New England was fully in accord with Hayes 's principles . On May 14 , 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold together with a 32 - man crew aboard the Concord made landfall off the southern coast of Maine . They had set off almost two months before from Falmouth with the purpose of setting up a small fishing outpost of 20 of the crew who would stay the winter . They were there hailed by a `` Biscay shallop '' containing eight men , who the English discovered were not `` Christians '' as they had supposed but `` savages '' of `` swart '' color who had many European accoutrements and acted boldly among the English . They proceeded westward until they came upon a cape , which they called Cape Cod for the abundant fish , The captain explored the land and found a young Native boy , wearing copper ear decorations and an apparent willingness to help the Englishman . Continuing down the Atlantic coast of Cape Cod , pivoting on Gilbert 's Point , they coasted westward observing numerous Natives on shore , many running after them to gaze . Gosnold at Cuttyhunk , 1602 by Albert Bierstadt ( Oil on canvas . 1858 . New Bedford Whaling Museum . ) The crew eventually saw ( and named ) Martha 's Vineyard , which they explored but found no inhabitants on it . From there they sailed about the various islands now called Elizabeth until they came upon Cuttyhunk Island ( which they called Elizabeth Island ) , where on the 20th of May they determined to establish the proposed settlement on the western part of the island . They selected the island in the middle of a large fresh water lake in the south of the island for which they made a flat - bottomed boat to transport from the island to larger island that encompassed it . Each time they encountered Natives , whether on their coasting expeditions or Gosnold 's separate explorations while the others were building the fort , such as his visit to the mainland on May 31 , the Natives showed themselves ready to trade . Indeed , their metal ornaments and their supply of furs to offer show that they had already become acculturated to European ways and they were willing to accommodate . It became , from the Natives ' point of view , the ritual that bonded the two cultures . Gosnold 's men were interested , however , with the trade that would enrich them and their commercial underwriters in Europe so spent more time tending to the harvesting of sassafras root and cedar wood than daily encounters with the Natives . In fact , they made a conscious effort to prevent the Natives from finding out the location of their fort . It is unclear how the situation developed but by June 11 the relations had become so strained that a party of two Englishmen out hunting for shellfish for food were set upon by four Natives who shot one in the side with an arrow . Shortly thereafter a dispute between those supposed to stay and those returning to England resulted in the decision to end the settlement project . They all set out on the return voyage on June 17 . No attempt was made to learn from this encounter with the local populations . Interested only in return on investment ( and the proposed settlement were mainly to allow more efficient exploitation of resources to be returned to England for sale ) , the English entrepreneurs , who considered the Natives solely in relation to their commercial goals , over the next decade would involve themselves in an increasingly hostile series of encounters which turned the amiable helpfulness that Gosnold first discovered among all the Ninnimissinuok to open hostility by the time of the Mayflower landing . Pring 's failed settlement ( edit ) Engraved illustration of Pring 's barricade in 1706 Dutch translation of the account in Purchas . The failure of this first enterprise did not dampen colonizing plans . Brereton 's report of the area omitted any problems with local inhabitants and ( like all exploration reports ) painted a glowing picture of Northern Virginia . The following year , 1603 , the 23 - year - old Martin Pring was commissioned to command a second attempt to settle New England , again financing it against a return cargo of sassafras . Pring must have been anticipating hostile ( or unwanted ) Native activity because they brought with them `` two excellent Mastives , '' one of which `` would carrie a halfe - Pike in his mouth . '' Of the use of these dogs Pring wrote : `` when we would be rid of the Savages company wee would let loose the Mastives , and suddenly without cry they would flee away . '' They found sassafras in sufficient quantity in a bay , and immediately built a barricado for defense against the inhabitants . Pring insisted that they were constantly visited by groups of Natives as large as `` one hundred and twentie at once . '' He does not explain , however , how relations with the locals deteriorated from harmony to the day when the settlers fired their cannon and set the mastiffs on 140 of them , but it probably had to do with the abrupt conduct of the English , insensitivity to local customs ( which they used only when convenient ) , and their brutal use of the dogs . English interest in exploiting northern Virginia turned northward for a while ( beginning with Weymouth and his exploration and abductions ) , but Native antipathy toward the English was spreading widely . In contrast to the French who , under Champlain , were able to make a peaceful coasting expedition in Cape Cod Bay in 1605 , the English seemed unable to form any working relation with the native populations . `` Instead their blustering approach , particularly their violence and their unwillingness to enter into reciprocal relationships , was fanning Indian resentment toward their nation . '' This as much as anything else doomed Gorges 's Sagadahoc Colony among the Abenaki . English kidnapping around Cape Cod ( edit ) English kidnapping of Natives did not stop with the failure of Weymouth 's abductions to achieve its purpose . In fact , by 1610 Native Americans on display in England was such a common event that Shakespeare makes a joke of it in The Tempest . The following year Shakespeare 's friend , Henry Wriothesley , who had already cosponsored Weymouth 's kidnapping expedition in 1605 , underwrote another one under Captain Edward Harlow , although it was ostensibly to discover an island around Cape Cod . Unable to find the island they reached the cape where `` they detained three Salvages aboard them ; '' one , Pechmo , lept overboard and got away . He brought back friends who set up a hail of arrows to cut away a boat from the stern of the vessel . Three English seamen were wounded by arrows . When they anchored at the Ile of Nohono , Natives in canoes again attacked the English until they were driven off with guns . At that place the English kidnapped another Native then proceeded to Capawe ( Capawack or Martha 's Vineyard ) where they took two more , including the sachem Epenow . Again a Native ended up in the hands of Gorges . Gorges wrote that he obtained Epenow from Captain Henry Harley , although he denied knowing how Harley got him , except that Gorges was told that `` he had been shewed in London for a wonder . '' Gorges seems to have thought that his failure to obtain the loyalty of the Natives kidnapped by Weymouth was owing to not having kept them in his custody long enough . Epenow he kept for three years . In that time Epenow convinced him that Martha 's Vineyard had gold mines of great wealth . In 1614 Gorges consulted with Wriothesley and determined to send Epenow back with Captain Hobson , who had been with Harlow in 1611 when Epenow was kidnapped . He persuaded Hobson to stake ₤ 100 of his own money on the adventure . Gorges also sent two additional Natives he had in captivity , Assacomet ( from Weymouth 's expedition ) and Wanape , who was from southern New England ( and sent to Gorges via the Isle of Wight ) . When they reached their destination , the principal inhabitants ( including relatives of Epenow ) came on board . They promised to come again in the morning to trade . But Epenow had secretly let them know that he was held captive , and the next morning they came with twenty canoes which stood their ground while Epenow went overboard . They escaped under a hail of arrows which wounded Hobson and some of the crew . Gorges ends the tale by lamenting the incompetence of Hobson 's men . John Smith 's expedition and Squanto 's abduction ( edit ) John Smith had left the Jamestown adventure but he still believed in the colonial enterprise and craved the excitement of sea - borne adventure . In 1614 he associated himself with a group of adventurers under Captain Marmeduke Roydon who appointed him head of an expedition of two vessels to Northern Virginia . The commercial purpose was to take whales for fins and oil and to seek out mines of gold or copper . In the event those purposes failed , they were to obtain sufficient fish to defray the cost of the voyage . Whaling soon proved impractical ; they had no way to kill the whales , and the whales were the wrong kinds anyway . No one had any expertise in finding gold mines , so in the end the voyage came down to obtaining fish and furs to defray the expense . Most of the crew spent their time fishing , while Smith and eight others took a small boat on a coasting expedition during which for trifles he was able to obtain 11,000 beaver skins and 100 each of martins and otters . John Smith 's 1614 Map of New England . Smith also brought back to England a number of things that would have more long - term consequences . First , he published a map , which would become highly important in future colonizing projects . It was the best map so far made of what he called `` New England , '' showing not only the coast but also the major waterways . He also brought back to England something more important : He had a diagnosis of why English colonial projects had failed , and he had a solution , based on his experience in Virginia . First , he noted that the French had been able , even in areas nominally under English suzerainty , to obtain essentially all the trade in a very short time . Although the peoples inhabiting the coasts from Maine to Cape Cod were numerous and had `` large corne fields , and great troupes of well proportioned people , '' within six weeks the French had obtained everything they had to trade . This was due to the fact that the French had created a great trading network which they could exploit , and the English , who had not cultivated these relations , could not . When once there were inter-tribal warfare now the French had created peace in the name of the fur trade . Former enemies like the Massachuset and the Abenaki `` are all friends , and have each trade with other , so farre as they have society on each others frontiers . '' Of course this system had been developed to favor the French , while English adventurers had taken a counter-productive approach by ignoring the possibility of organizing the Natives for their benefit . That reality could not be reversed by diplomacy alone at this point ; what was needed was a small amount of military force , as Smith learned in Virginia . He suggested that English adventurers not only rely on his own experience in wars around the world and his experience in New England where his few men could engage in `` silly encounters '' without hurt or long term hostility but also compare the experience of the Spaniards in determining how many armed men were necessary to effect Native compliance . His publications were highly persuasive especially to Gorges . And although Smith and Gorges planned an expedition under these principles , it came to nothing ( ill wind on one voyage and capture by French pirates on the next ended his attempts ) . But the views he published on the advantages of the muscular use of preventive force on aboriginal peoples would influence Miles Standish , the military advisor to , then commander of the Mayflower settlers . In a more specific way John Smith 's 1614 voyage along the coast of New England profoundly impacted Squanto 's life and took him from obscurity and cast him into the historical records . This came about when Smith , having collected a ship 's cargo worth of `` Furres , ... traine Oile and Cor - fish , '' returned with the bark to England , leaving the other vessel under the command of Thomas Hunt who was to complete the haul of cod , prepare the vessel and proceed to Málaga , Spain where there was a market for dried fish . Without authority , Hunt decided to enhance the value of his shipment by adding human cargo . So he sailed to Plymouth Harbor ostensibly to trade with the village of Patuxet . Although the Patuxet had not been part of the fur trade for as long as the Natives to the north , they `` were producing substantial fur surpluses by the time of Smith 's visit in 1614 ... '' and given the visits of Champlain , Smith and other traders Squanto and the other Patuxet `` had learned something of European approaches to trade , diplomacy and military conflict and had witnessed some of their technological accomplishments . '' But it is clear that they had not had enough of the experience with the English that the Natives in the north had acquired . So Hunt was able to lure Squanto among twenty Patuxet under promise of trade . Once aboard they were confined as the vessel sailed across Cape Cod Bay where Hunt abducted seven more from the Nauset . Hunt then set sail for Málaga . Málaga in 1572 , forty years before Squanto was delivered there in slavery . Smith was convinced that Hunt 's actions were directed at him ; by inflaming the local population , Smith said , he could `` prevent that intent I had to make a plantation there '' keeping the country in `` obscuritie '' so that Hunt and a few merchants could monopolize it . He had , according to Smith , taken his ( Smith 's ) maps and notes of the area to defeat 's Smith 's settlement plans . He could not believe that Hunt was driven by greed since there was `` little private gaine '' to be gotten ; Hunt `` sold those silly Salvages for Rials of eight . '' Gorges also railed against Hunt 's act and worried about the prospect of `` a warre now new begun between the inhabitants of those parts , and us , '' although he seemed mostly concerned about whether this event had upset his gold - finding plans with Epenow on Martha 's Vineyard . No one seemed much concerned about the inhumanity of this . Smith suggested Hunt got his just deserts because `` this wilde act kept him ever after from any more imploiment to those parts . '' Gorges saw Hunt 's comeuppance in the fact that he was unable to sell his entire lot of slaves . Hunt , according to Gorges , took the Natives to the `` Straits '' where he sold as many as he could . But when the `` Friers of those parts '' discovered what he was doing , they took the rest to be `` instructed in the Christian Faith ; and so disappointed this unworthy fellow of his hopes of gaine ... '' What basis he had , if any , for this claim is unknown ; in fact , it is likely he never met Squanto , at least before 1619 . In any event , despite later fictionalized versions of Squanto 's life , Gorges makes no claim that he was one of the slaves who were taken up by the friars `` to be instructed in the Christian faith '' and those who relate his history heard directly from Squanto 's mouth ( Bradford , Winslow and Pratt ) do not relate such an incident . The outrage would long be remembered by the Natives around Cape Cod Bay . In 1621 the Nauset would refused the advances of the first Mayflower scouting party and eventually attacked them . Even when the English settled Plymouth , far from the home of the Nausets , they haunted the settlement from a nearby hill . Squanto later mediated a meeting between the Plymouth settlers and the Nauset on Cape Cod , and the English learned what deep pain still remained from the kidnapping . A woman , who they thought was at least 100 years old , came out to meet them , yet could not look at them `` without breaking forth into great passion , weeping and crying excessively . '' She told them that Hunt had taken her three sons and now `` shee was deprived of the comfort of her children in her old age . '' Epenow in Martha 's Vineyard was not yet finished with his revenge , and the Nauset would help him . As for the Patuxet , whom Hunt injured the most , the English never heard , for the great epidemic had virtually exterminated them before the English settled in their village . No records show how long Squanto lived in Spain , what he did there or how he `` got away for England '' ( as Bradford put it ) . Prowse asserts that he spent four years in slavery in Spain and then was smuggled aboard a ship belonging to Guy 's colony , taken to Spain and then to Newfoundland but offers not authority . Smith attested that Squanto lived in England `` a good time , '' although he does not say what he was doing there . Plymouth Governor William Bradford , the Englishman who knew him best ( and most sympathetically ) , recorded that after Spain he lived in Cornhill in the City of London with John Slany ( `` Master John Slanie '' ) . Slany was a merchant and shipbuilder who became another of the merchant adventurers of London hoping to make money from colonizing projects in America . He was an investor in the East India Company . But more importantly for Squanto he was one of the grantees of the Newfoundland patent and treasurer of the Company of Adventurers and Planters of London and Bristol who were to exploit the grant . This association may have had something to do with obtaining Squanto from Málaga . Slany 's motive in housing him was probably no more disinterested than Gorges 's in detaining his Natives . The great epidemic and Squanto 's return to New England ( edit ) The devastation of the New England sea - coast ( edit ) During the time Squanto spent in Spain and England , a virulent pestilence descended on southern New England . There is no consensus on what disease struck -- if indeed it was only one disease . The testimony of the two eye witnesses who wrote about it , however , attests to the extraordinarily lethal consequences of the epidemic . Richard Vines , along the Saco River in Maine in the employ of Ferdinando Gorges to assess the nature of winters there in 1616 -- 17 , informed Gorges that he and his men lived in the same cabins with the Natives , but they did not experience the head aches that were a symptom of the plague that rendered that country `` void of Inhabitants . '' That the English could live in close proximity to the afflicted leaves little doubt that the sickness was a virgin soil epidemic . Thomas Dermer , also in the employ of Gorges , in 1619 having dispatched to London a shipment of furs and fish from Monhegon Island , took a small bark and sailed down the coast of New England towards Virginia . He wrote Samuel Purchas in December describing the `` plague '' he had seen all along the coast , of seeing `` the sores of some that had escaped , who described the spots of such as usually die . '' Aside from headaches and sores there were three other symptoms : jaundice , fever and epistaxis . This evidence from contemporary and near contemporary witnesses has led to diagnoses of yellow fever ( generally now discounted ) , smallpox , the plague , leptospirosis complicated by Weil syndrome and other explanations . Whatever the nature of the infection , there is no doubt about the extent and devastating impact of the epidemic . The fury of the contagion began no later than 1617 and continued unabated until 1619 , and may have continued in population pockets for years after that . The sweep of the devastation was enormous . The coastal Abenaki as far north as the Kennebec were nearly wiped out . Due south on Cape Cod the three villages there numbered 100 by 1621 , whereas Champlain estimated that two of them contained between 650 -- 800 . On the coast between those villages and the Kennebec there was nothing but devastation . Where Champlain and Smith found almost continual habitation and agriculture , there was nothing but empty land . The Agawam on Cape Ann were decimated , the Pawtucket ( near modern Lowell , Massachusetts ) were almost totally destroyed . The Pennacook , Massachuset and Pokanoket were nearly annihilated . Squanto 's people were essentially wiped out , the village abandoned . Smith wrote that in three successive years `` neere two hundred miles along the Sea coast , that in some places there scarce remained five of a hundred ... '' But the epidemic ended at the border of the Pokanoket and the Narragansett , for there was no trading between them ; the Narragansett traded with the Dutch , and not part of the French network . The conclusion is almost inescapable : the infection was introduced into the pax commerce the French built up , and `` the very source of the Indians ' momentary prosperity and harmony -- the French trade -- apparently brought about their subsequent impoverishment and destruction as well . For years afterwards the signs of death would mar the landscape . Edward Winslow on his first journey inland to the village of Pokanoket saw the evidence of many towns now abandoned : `` Thousands of men have lived there , which dyed in a great plague not long since : and pitty it was and is to see , so many goodly fieldes , & so well seated , without men to dress and manure the same . '' Not many years later Thomas Morton walked the forests around Boston harbor and saw `` in a place where many inhabited , there hath been but one left a live , to tell what became of the rest , the living being ( as it seemes ) not able to bury the dead , they were left for the Crowes , Kites and vermin to prey upon . And the bones and skulls upon the severall places of their habitations , made such a spectacle after my coming into those partes , that , as I travailed in the forest nere the Massachussets , it seemed to mee a new found Golgatha . '' John Smith reported a story of how this calamity originated . He told of a shipwreck where two men escaped on shore , one dying and the other living among the Massachuset people . The survivor tried to persuade the Natives of the superiority of the Christian God , but the sachem mocked him showing his assembled people from a hilltop and asked the Christian `` if God has so many people and able to kill all those ? '' The Christian assured him God did , and according to Smith , of the five or six hundred about Massachusets , after the sickness there remained but thirty and their neighbors slaughtered 28 of them . The remaining two surrendered their Country to the English . Thomas Morton elaborated on this story , having the Christians be Frenchmen , and had the Massachusetts set on the men in the harbor , burning their vessel and bringing the survivors to Peddocks Island . They crew were distributed among five local sachem , who treated them as slaves . One of the survivors warned his tormentors of God 's wrath , which warning was spurned , and the pestilence followed on the heels of that arrogance . The story was embellished to the point of becoming a Puritan parable under Cotton Mather , but may have had a kernel of truth , as Dermer and Squanto would find out . Squanto 's return to New England ( edit ) How Squanto came to be in Newfoundland in 1618 was not explained . Slany , associated as he was with the royal land grant there and the company who intended to settle or otherwise exploit it , doubtless had means to send Squanto there , perhaps by one of he vessels regularly in the fish and wine trade among Newfoundland , the Mediterranean and England . According to the report by the Plymouth Council for New England which Gorges authored and published in 1622 , Squanto was in Newfoundland `` with Captain Mason Governor there for the undertaking of that Plantation '' possibly meaning he was indentured there . Also at Cuper 's Cove in Conception Bay was Thomas Dermer , an adventurer in the interest of Gorges who had accompanied Smith on his abortive 1615 voyage to New England . Squanto and Dermer talked of New England while in Newfoundland , and Squanto so persuaded him that his ( Dermer 's ) fortune could be made there ( as Gorges put it Squanto `` drew his affections wholly to follow his hopes that way '' ) that Dermer wrote Gorges of his belief and requested that Gorges send him a commission to act in New England . Map of New England from Newfoundland to Cape Cod in Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1880 -- 81 . The next season Gorges sent Captain Rowcraft to meet Dermer at Monhegan , but through a combination of events sounding implausible , Rowcraft ended up going to Virginia ( where he once lived ) , got into a fight and was killed . Not knowing that Rowcraft had been dispatched to meet Dermer , Mason advised Dermer to sail to England to discuss the matter with Gorges rather than simply undertake the expedition without authorization . He arrived shortly after Rowcraft departed . Dermer and Gorges agreed on the New England plans . Gorges dispatched Dermer ( `` with his Salvage '' ) on the next vessel ready in the fishing trade to New England , and Gorges also assigned him a group of men to join with Rowcraft . Not knowing that Rowcraft had gone to Virginia , Dermer was unsure what to do . He soon heard from the mutineers that Rowcraft had gone to Virginia . So Dermer waited until a vessel from there brought news of Rowcraft 's death . He decided to take the pinnace assigned to Rowcraft the year before to continue the plans that Gorges laid out for him ; namely , to travel the coast from Gorges 's failed Sagadahoc Colony to Capawack ( Martha 's Vineyard ) where Gorges 's dreams of gold mines ended , taking notes of his observations of the coast and sending them to Gorges . Dermer , Squanto and crew of a pinnace of five tons left Monhegan Island for their coasting voyage . Before sailing , Squanto probably had heard reports of the sickness ; Vines , after all , had reported to Gorges that `` the plague '' had struck Sagadahoc in 1616 . On the coast , however , the reality was probably worse than could be imagined . Dermer reported : `` I found some antient Plantations , not long since populous now utterly void ; in other places a remnant remaines , but not free of sickness . '' When they reached Squanto 's village of Patuxet , Dermer did not stop for a full report ( `` finding all dead '' ) ; instead they moved inland . A days ' journey brought them to the village of Nemasket ( spelled Nummasquyt by Dermer ) , from which place Dermer sent a messenger ( probably Squanto ) to the village of Pokanoket ( Poconakit ) , near present day Bristol , Rhode Island , seat of the sachem the English would call Massasoit . The distance from Nemasket to Pokanoket being a day 's journey , it was probably two or more days later when `` two kings '' ( `` almost certainly Massasoit and his brother Quadequina '' ) with an armed guard numbering fifty returned with Squanto to Nemasket . Dermer wrote that the kings were `` well satisfied '' with what Squanto and Dermer told them ( the kings `` being desirous of noveltie '' ) and so complied with their wishes , one of which was to redeem a French captive at Nemasket . Dermer later also redeemed a sailor who had escaped a shipwreck three years earlier at Mastachusit ( possibly around Great Blue Hill , from which the Massachuset take their name ) . These sailors may have been the basis of Smith 's tale in 1631 or the two in the more elaborate version of Morton in 1637 ( explaining the divine cause of the epidemic ) . By June 11 , Dermer had discovered an island in the bay and had `` good quarter '' with the Natives there . From there he coasted to Monhegan . The vessel that had brought him from England was about to depart for there , and Dermer sent along a report of his activities to Gorges as well as soil samples . Also there was the Sampson which had come from Virginia and was to return . Because there were no men to protect his property there , he put most of most of his provisions aboard the Sampson and manned the pinnace and supplied it with the provisions needed for his coasting expedition . It was at Saco ( Dermer called it `` Sawahquatooke ) that Dermer left Squanto who , he wrote , `` desired ( in regard of our long journey ) to stay with some of our Savage friends '' there , later writers presuming he went to look for remaining family . Dermer set out but he went only about 40 league before they ran into a severe storm which put them to the choice ( `` Incidit in Syllam '' as he put it ) to either run the rocks or enter a dangerous broad bay . They tried but failed to do the former and were eventually driven aground a furlough from shore . To avoid being `` beaten to pieces , '' they threw their provisions , most of their apparel and almost everything else overboard and were able to weather the storm until the next high water , which allowed them to get ashore and repair the injury and leaks they sustained to the pinnace . Without Squanto , Dermer soon encountered hostility from Natives . At Manamock in the southeast corner of Cape Cod , Dermer was captured by the Nauset , who were still seething over English atrocities , including Hunt 's kidnapping raid . Dermer was forced to pay ransom in hatchets , but they still would not release him . He devised an escape and captured their sachem , for whose return they repaid the hatchets and a canoe full of corn , which Dermer desperately needed . He travelled to Martha 's Vineyard where he had a friendly meeting with Epenow . ( Dermer was evidently commissioned for this by Gorges , still pursuing gold mines there . ) From there sailed to Virginia , with assorted adventures on the way ( including an attack on Long Island ) . At Virginia , he hoped to repair the pinnace and place a deck on her for immediate return , but he and most of his men contracted a fever and were forced to spend the winter there . The following spring Dermer sailed back to New England . His and Squanto 's itinerary after rejoining are somewhat unclear because they are recorded in only by two sources : Gorges for the statement for the Council for New England as well as his much later semi-autobiographical recollections and a letter from Dermer , evidently to Gorges , a copy of which was only partially transcribed by William Bradford in his History of the Plymouth Plantation . The two sources are hard to reconcile and leave many gaps . As Baxter reconstructed it , Dermer first came directly to Monhegan without incident and spent the summer exploring the coast . This would account for how Squanto rejoined Dermer and possibly how Samoset ( a native of the Pemaquid area who was the first Native to greet the Mayflower settlers ) found his way to the Plymouth area with Squanto . Adams also believed that Dermer brought Samoset to Massachusetts , but it is not in either source . Gorges writes that owing to his failure to resolve favorably the Council for New England 's disputes with the Virginia Company , he had given orders by his fishing ships to retire Dermer `` until all things were cleared , '' but this `` worthy Gentleman '' `` resolutely resolved to pursue the ends he aimed at '' and `` could not be persuaded to look back , as yet ... '' He set off again down the coast of Maine and into Massachusetts , where he came again to Nemasket . According to the June 30 , 1620 letter transcribed by Bradford , the natives of Nemasket and the Pokanoket generally , who the year before peacefully traded with him and allowed him to redeem two French sailors , now bore `` an inveterate malice to the English . '' This was the result of an incident the previous year in which an English vessel invited several Natives on board ostensibly to trade . When onboard the sailors using `` murderers '' ( a ship 's gun which used small bullets and slugs ) and small shot occasioned `` a greater slaugher . '' Dermer doubted that it was an English vessel , but the Natives believed it because , as Dermer put it , `` the French have so possessed them . '' Dermer concluded by noting that `` Squanto can not deny but they would have killed me when I was in Nemask , had he not entreated hard for me . '' This episode is not related by Gorges . The final episode in Dermer 's career with Squanto is recorded by both Gorges ( twice ) and Bradford with different details in all three versions . Dermer rounded the cape , first stopping at Nantucket ( `` Nautican '' ) and then to Martha 's Vineyard ( `` Capawike '' ) to again meet with Epenow . Bradford writes that Squanto accompanied him ( `` he going ashore amongst the Indians to trade , as he used to do ... '' ) ; Gorges is silent on what Squanto did . Gorges writes : `` This Savage ( Epenow ) speaking some English , laughed at his escape ( in 1614 ) , and reported the story of it . '' Dermer replied that he came from Gorges , that he was one of his servants and that Gorges `` was much grieved he ( Epenow ) had beene so ill used , as to be forced to steal away . '' Epenow asked questions about Gorges and , according to Gorges , `` conceived he ( Dermer ) was come on purpose to betray him and conspired with some of his fellowes to take the Captaine . '' Dermer drew his sword , and although he freed himself , received 14 mortal wounds in the process . He escaped with all possible speed to Virginia , but there contracted `` the infirmity many of our Nation are subject unto at their first coming into those parts . '' Gorges 's earlier version , officially for the Council for New England , merely reported that `` he was betrayed by certaine new Salvages , who sodainly set upon him , giving him foureteene or fifteene wounds '' before sailing to Virginia where he died . Bradford writes that the Natives set upon his men and killed all but Dermer and one who remained in the boat . Dermer escaped to the boat where the Natives were about `` to cut off his head upon the cuddy ( i.e. , cabin ) of the boat , had not the man rescued him with a sword . '' Bradford recorded that Dermer got off to Virginia and died `` whether of his wounds or the diseases of the country , or both together , is uncertain . '' Not one of the three versions mentions what happened to Squanto . Seventeen years after the event , however , Thomas Morton published his New England Canaan . In it he described the `` Salvage '' who had been `` taken by a worthlesse man '' ( evidently Thomas Hunt ) and `` had been detained there ( among the Pokanoket ) as theire Captive . '' This person , Morton continued , was induced by the Pokanoket to introduce himself to the new English settlers at Patuxet ( soon to be called Plymouth ) , for the purpose of brokering a peace between the two peoples and to give him incentive to meet these new inhabitants `` which was a thinge hee durst not himselfe attempt without security or hostage , promised that Salvage freedome ... '' It is on the basis of this writing that Salisbury evidently reconstructs Squanto 's supposed captivity among the Pokanoket . He writes that the incident told to Dermer in Nemasket concerning the English slaughter of Natives invited onboard to trade `` could only have revived the Indians ' suspicion of the English that had prevailed before Squanto 's return . These suspicions were now focused on Squanto himself , as Dermer 's accomplice , and led to his being turned over to the Pokanoket with whom he remained until he was ransomed by the Plymouth colonists in March 1621 . '' Salisbury concludes that after Dermer escaped `` Squanto was again made a captive , this time of the Indians . '' But , whatever conclusions can be reached about Thomas Morton 's credibiiity in general , ( and Bradford came to think of his morals in general as very low ) Morton 's discussion concerning Squanto in the chapter in which he describes his captivity by the Pokanokets is hardly persuasive . Morton , who never knew Squanto , confuses him with Samoset in the very chapter , and he otherwise muddles the account . Earlier in his book he had Squanto act as ambassador from sachem Cheecatawback to the powerful Narragansett to continue a ruse by the sachem , which suggests that either the Natives who told him these stories or he himself used this famous Native as something of a stock character . In any event , Adams , who edited Morton 's book and studied Morton 's life ( and does not regard him the reprobate that Bradford did ) , describes the chapter that Salisbury relies on : `` This is a confused , rambling account of the familiar Indian incidents which took place during the first year after the landing at Plymouth . There is nothing of historical value in it , and nothing which has not been more accurately and better told by Bradford , Winslow , Mourt ( ' ' Mourt 's Relation ' ' ) and ( John ) Smith . And none of those other sources state that Squanto was a captive of Massasoit . There appears to be little reason to believe that Squanto was a prisoner of the Pokanoket . And there is no other account of what Squanto did from the time he left Dermer to the time he met the new settlers at Patuxet / Plymouth . Among the Mayflower settlers ( edit ) The English search for a settlement site while the Natives warily respond ( edit ) The English settlers land , plunder , then winter in `` a hidious and desolate wilderness '' ( edit ) Having been delayed two months beyond its intended departure , the Mayflower , its crew and 102 passengers sighted land very late in the year on November 9 , 1620 o.s. at Cape Cod . This being well north of the land their patent entitled them to settle , they spent a day attempting to track southward to the mouth of `` Hudson 's river '' ( their intended destination ) , but dangerous shoals and breakers caused them to return and anchor in Cape Cod Harbor . With no settlement site selected beforehand and no one onboard having any experience with the land in those parts ( indeed , the ship did not even have soundings of the depths along the coast ) , and most critically the settlers ' shallop having been severely battered during the storms in the crossing , the passengers were unable to disembark entirely from the Mayflower . On Saturday , November 11 , after organizing themselves into something of a self - governing body , 15 armed men went ashore to gather wood and returned with optimistic reports of the land and soil . The next week , expecting the repair to the shallop to take five or six days , the settlers determined in the interim to send Myles Standish , the settlers ' military adviser , with a band of heavily armed and armored men , to survey the Cape . Standish had the men armed and armored and marching in a military file . When they encountered their first native inhabitants , the Natives fled in terror . The next day , when they were confident the locals were out of sight , the armed band dug up Native mounds , and upon finding winter supplies of maize and beans , they took as much as they could carry in their containers , filling their pockets as well . They took so much husked corn that two men could barely carry it . ( They would call this location `` Cornhill . '' ) At the Mayflower the repairs to the shallop were taking longer than expected . When they were completed a week and a half later , the settlers decided to send a larger force , this time headed by Captain Jones and including members of the crew as well as settlers . On November 27 , Captain Jones set off with 34 men in both the shallop and longboat . The fallen snow , freezing water and bitter winds exacted a heavy toll . Captain Jones was able to return to the ship with more than 10 bushels of husked corn , a bottle of oil and a bag of beans that the Natives had buried . Eighteen , under the command of Standish , remained . Although they continued digging in mounds , they found no more food , only graves , which they disinterred to inspect their contents and took `` sundry of the pret ( t ) iest things away with us , '' covering up the corpse . While they were `` thus ranging and searching , '' they came upon the summer homes of the inhabitants there , filled with utensils , mats , baskets , bits of food , hunting trophies and material for making mats . `` ( S ) ome of the best things we tooke away with us ... . '' Whether or not Bradford 's different justifications for these thefts rings true , it is true that `` ( l ) ooting houses , graves , and storage pits was hardly the way to win the trust of the local inhabitants . '' Just how hostile they took these actions to be , the Natives showed when the settlers made their third expedition . By the first week of December 1621 o.s. the settlers were becoming concerned that if they did not select a settlement site soon , the crew would simply leave them stranded , particularly if food supplies began to run low . Besides , continuing coasting expeditions in the heart of winter risked the health and life of men crucial to the enterprise . While there was some discussion of looking for a site north of Cape Cod Bay , it was decided to make one more effort to find the elusive river on the shores of Cape Cod . On December 6 Captain Standish took 11 settlers ( six Separatists , three London adventurers and two seamen ) together with eight of the ship 's crew and set off . After several hours in tricky seas and bitter cold , they maneuvered to Wellfleet Harbor , noticed Natives busying themselves about a large `` black thing , '' landed a league or two away where they set up their barricado for the night and watched a Native fire about four miles away . After landing , which took some time , they tried to find the Natives , who eluded them again . After a long day of `` ranging up and downe , '' at sundown they met up with the men from the shallop and made camp . At midnight they were alarmed by cries in the dark , which stopped after several musket shot . They convinced themselves it was a pack of wolves . When they roused at 5 the next morning , some took their armor down to the shallop and returned to hear the same cries ; then there began a hail of arrows . Standish fired off his flintlock , but since only a couple men had their arms , he ordered them to wait on firing their matchlocks until they could see the attackers . When the men were able to regroup , their repeated fire at the trees behind which the Natives shot their arrows eventually chased them off . The settlers pursued them for a little while but gave up . They named the place of the first skirmish with the Nauset `` First Encounter . '' The Englishmen were able to reach the shallop and continue their search for a settlement site , But after several hours of coasting westward , they fell into bad weather , and first their rudder broke and then at nightfall their mast broke into three pieces . They made it into the protection of Plymouth Bay and spent the night at Clark 's Island . On Monday November 11 , they landed on the mainland , the site of the now extinct Patuxets , and saw former cornfields and running brooks , : a place very good for situation . '' It was here they decided to settle . Short of supplies , unprepared for a winter much colder than in England or Leiden and afflicted by the diseases that come from being ship bound in those times , they endured brutal conditions in what Bradford called `` a hidious and desolate wilderness . '' As half the settler population died that winter , they constantly feared encounters with indigenous peoples . Bradford complained that unlike the shipwrecked Paul who was refreshed by the `` barbarians '' they were confronted with `` savage barbarians ( who ) ... were readier to fill ( our ) sides with arrows , than otherwise . '' Yet they experienced nothing but eerie silence . The Native political landscape during the winter of 1620 -- 21 ( edit ) As the English settlers struggled to survive working to build a settlement on the site of the village of Patuxet and spending nights on board the Mayflower , Native villages that surrounded them and their associated tribes farther away watched their movements all the while considering how to proceed . Both John Smith , who observed these people during his coasting expedition in 1614 , and Daniel Gookin , who over a half century later interviewed old Natives who remembered or were told of the peoples who lived around the time of the Mayflower landing and thereafter , agreed that the villages were associated into loosely confederated associations . Although the confederations involved payment of tribute by the smaller villages to the dominant sachem , they were neither structured governments nor treaty alliances as the Europeans understood them ( although they continued to treat them as such ) , for individuals or groups could leave the associations at will and join another village or different association . The dominant sachem 's seat was more like a center of political power , `` its strength diminishing as its distance from the center increased . '' And while the borders of these confederacies were necessarily indistinct , they nevertheless commanded such military power as the Natives could muster , and which the English feared . Both Smith and Gookin agree that there were three main associations which surrounded the area that the English planned to make their settlement . Map of Southern New England , 1620 -- 22 showing Native peoples , settlements and English exploration sites . The first group , to the north of the English settlement were the Massachuset , once a large and strong confederation . Known as the People of the Great Blue Hill , they extended from south of Massachusetts Bay to Cape Ann . Edward Johnson in the middle of the 17th century stated that they once numbered 30,000 , but this was an exaggeration to make a rhetorical point . They nevertheless were substantial . One early 20th century antiquarian estimated that one of the sub-sachemships had a located near Concord , Massachusetts had a population of 3,000 . The maps that Champlain drew of villages in 1605 showed that north of the Massachuset , villages were surrounded by stockades , but the Massachuset were not , apparently unafraid of attack . Before English settlement in Boston Bay , the Massachuset had been at war with both the Pokanoket and in alliance with them against the Narragansett . The epidemic of 1616 -- 19 , however , severely reduced their population , so much so that afterwards they lived in fear of their northern neighbors , who they called the Tarratines , bands of Abenaki who raided them and plundered their food supplies , which reduced their population further . As a result , by the winter of 1620 they were considerably weakened and withdrawn to the Charles River drainage basin . The second group , the one to the west , south and east of the English settlers , were the Pokanoket , among which Squanto dwelt , whether as a prisoner , a member of the outsider class or otherwise . His people , the now nearly extinct Patuxet , inhabited the land on which the English were preparing for settlement . Smith and Gookin seem to disagree whether the Patuxet were once tributaries of the Pokanoket sachem . Because the Patuxet were not numerous enough to command their territory , the question has little importance with respect to the relations between the English and Pokanoket , who seem to have regarded the area as under their control . It might explain the status of Squanto , however . Among others who were affiliated with the Pokanoket as tributaries were the Nauset band , who lived on eastern half of Cape Cod and who were extremely hostile to the English , not only for their recent raids on their food stores and graves , but also for a decade of mistreatment . The sachem of the Pokanoket was called by the English Massasoit . The principal village of the confederation and Massasoit 's tribal village was Pokanoket , located about 50 miles from Patuxet ( Plymouth ) , near modern Bristol , Rhode Island . The third group was the farthest from the English -- the Narragansett , who lived west of the Pokanoket in what is now Rhode Island . They were not touched by the epidemic , and that created the complicating factor in the relations among the Natives surrounding the English . The Narragansett were a very large Indian society . While they may not have numbered 30,000 in 1641 as claimed , they were nevertheless ( as De Forest writes ) `` the densest aboriginal population in New England '' owing to the abundant supply of fish easily accessible from the ample beaches in what is now Rhode Island . Roger Williams claimed that he saw `` many thousands '' of men and women in their annual semi-religious harvest dance before a 200 foot long house `` upon a plaine neer the Court ( which they call Kittcickan̄ick ) ... '' Gookin estimated they could put more than 5,000 men under arm and noted that they `` oftentimes '' waged war with the Pequots to their west and the Pokanoket and Massachuset federations to their east . Winslow in 1622 heard the Narragansetts `` reported to be many thousands strong ... '' Although the Pokanoket may not have been as severely affected by the epidemic as either the Massachuset or the Patuxets and others , they were seriously weakened . This weakened condition allowed the Narragansetts to force them to withdraw from their position at the head of Narraganset Bay to the Taunton River drainage system . Moreover , the Pokanoket , Massachuset and their affiliated tribes , lost their ability to trade for European goods , by bartering their vegetable surplus with the Abenaki in the north . The Narragansetts now monopolized all European goods by virtue of their command of the southern commerce via Long Island . Given that the epidemic so thoroughly disrupted Native societies , their political relations , food supply and trade , there was great temptation for one group to commit acts of predation on a weaker neighbor . So if the Pokasets engaged the English to their east , they would expose themselves to predation by the Narragansetts on their west . On the other hand , the English were an undeniable threat . Many allies of the Pokanoket regarded Europeans with white hot hatred . The Nauset were willing to kill Europeans who merely sought to trade with them . These English , however , seemed worse . They were not interested in trade ; quite the reverse , they helped themselves to plunder . And unlike the previous boatloads of Europeans , these English brought women and children , probably the first European women and children these people had ever seen . These newcomers were also building habitations without consulting local inhabitants . Massasoit was faced with the dilemma whether to throw in with the English , who might protect him from the Narragansett , or try to put together a coalition to oust the English . To decide the issue , according to Bradford 's account ( who says he learned of it later ) , `` they got all the Powachs of the country , for three days together in a horrid and devilish manner , to curse and execrate them with their conjurations , which assembly and service they held in a dark and dismal swamp . '' Philbrick sees this as a convocation of shamans brought together to drive the English from the shores by supernatural means . Salisbury , however , attributes the description to the English excessive fear of witchcraft and sees the meeting as the means by which the `` Pokanoket were ritually purging themselves of their hostility toward the English . Whatever the purpose , out of this meeting arose the decision to approach English settlers to find out if their intentions were peaceful or not . Mutual assistance forged ( edit ) The first amicable encounter and treaty ( edit ) There is no record of why Massasoit made this decision , but it is significant that he had with him two men who were familiar with the English , one intimately so . First there was Squanto , who spent a great deal of time with the English , much of it in England itself , and he already proved himself to be persuasive in preventing and ceasing hostilities by the Natives against the English . A subsequent settler at Plymouth , who lived at Plymouth for a little while when Squanto was still alive , related in a declaration in 1668 ( late in his life and decades after the events ) what he heard of Squanto 's influence : `` This man tould Massassoit what wonders he had seen in Eingland & y if he Could make Einglish his friends then ( ... ) Enemies y weare to strong for him would be Constrained to bowe to him ... '' The second man was Samoset . Samoset was a minor Abenakki sachem ( sagamore ) who haled from the Muscongus Bay bay area of present - day Maine . Both Adams and Morison speculate that he was brought to the Cape Cod area by Dermer ( in 1619 or 1620 ) . He evidently learned his English from English fishermen who plied those waters . Massasoit chose Samoset for the initial contact . The Plymouth settlement was on high alert at the time . On February 16 , 1620 / 21 a settler went off fowling . As he hid himself in the reeds by a creek awaiting birds about a mile and a half from the settlement , he spotted a dozen Natives `` marching towards our plantation '' and heard in the distance `` the noyse of many more . '' The settler hid until they were out of sight and then hastily returned to spread the alarm . Standish and Francis Cooke , working in the woods , hastened home , leaving their tools behind them . The settlers organized a watch and began to make ready their weapons , `` which by the moysture and rayne were out of temper . '' The Natives took the tools left in the woods The next day the settlers elected Standish as their military commander . While they were thus meeting , they spied two Natives peering at them over Strawberry Hill less than a quarter of a mile away . The Natives made gestures inviting the settlers come to them ; the settlers returned the gesture , took up arms and sent Standish and Stephen Hopkins to meet the two , but they departed . Again `` noyse of a great many more '' was heard in the distance , but no one was seen . This encounter seriously disturbed the settlers , and they resolved to mount their cannons . Samoset comes `` boldly '' into Plymouth settlement . Woodcut designed by A.R. Waud and engraved by J.P. Davis ( 1876 ) . By Friday , March 16 , Captain Jones and some of the crew having brought two pieces of the ordnance from the ship , the settlers were about to continue their military organization , when to their great alarm Samoset `` boldly came alone '' in their midst . Samoset , however , proved to be entirely guileless . With a conviviality evidently learned from the English fishermen he long knew , he even asked for a beer ( they gave him `` strong water '' and food , instead ) . He spent the day giving them intelligence of the surrounding peoples , and spent the night . That Sunday , March 18 , Samoset brought five men with him all bearing deer skins and one cat skin . The settlers entertained them , but , it being the Sabbath , refused to trade with them , although encouraging them to return with more furs . All left but Samoset , who , feigning sickness , lingered until Wednesday . That day , after Samoset left , again Natives taunted the settlers from the hill and again disappeared when Standish and three others approached the hill . It was on Thursday , March 22 that Samoset appeared again , this time with Squanto . Besides a few skins and newly caught fish , the men brought important news : Massasoit , his brother Quadrquina and all of their men were close by . After an hour 's discussion , the sachem and his train of sixty men appeared on Strawberry Hill . The two sides unwilling to make the first move , it was Squanto who , shuttling between the groups , effected the simple protocol that permitted Edward Winslow to approach the sachem . Winslow , with Squanto as translator , proclaimed the loving and peaceful intentions of King James and the desire of their governor to trade and make peace with him . After Massasoit ate , further protocols involving the exchanges of hostages , allowed Standish ( with the protection of half a dozen musketeers ) to lead the sachem to a `` house then building , '' which was quickly furnished with pillows and a rug . Governor Carver then came , `` with Drumme and Trumpet after him , '' to meet Massasoit . After drinking `` a great draught '' of strong water ( enough to make Carver `` sweate all the while after '' ) and then a repast of fresh meat , the parties negotiated a treaty of peace and , significantly , mutual defense between the Plymouth settlers and the Pokanoket people . According to Bradford , `` all the while he sat by the Governour , he trembled for feare , '' and therefore the settlers probably could have made the treaty more unequal than it was . Massasoit 's followers `` applauded '' the treaty , and the peace terms were kept during Massasoit 's lifetime , and the settlers would be called upon to fulfill their mutual defense obligations . There would be an issue concerning the obligation to hand over criminals ( it was the settlers who seemed to be in breach ) , one that involved Squanto , but that was a year in the future . Squanto as guide to Frontier survival ( edit ) When Massasoit and his train left the day after the treaty , Samoset and Squanto remained . It was Squanto , however , whom Bradford developed a relationship with and came to rely on . With the departure of the Mayflower at the beginning of April , it was a great comfort to have someone with experience in the land and peoples in whom they could trust . Bradford considered him `` a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation . '' Squanto instructed them in survival skills and acquainted them with their environment : `` He directed them how to set their corn , where to take fish , and to procure other commodities , and was also their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit , and never left them till he died . '' Unlike other Natives in the area , of whom Bradford and Winslow constantly complained for frequently and in large numbers coming to seek food from the settlers , Squanto made himself useful from the start . The day after Massasoit left Plymouth , Squanto spent the day at Eel River , treading eels out of the mud with his feet . The bucketful of eels he brought back were `` fat and sweet . '' Collection of eels became part of the settlers ' annual practice . But Bradford makes special mention of Squanto 's instruction concerning native horticulture . Illustration of corn cultivation in mounds by Algonquian village in North Carolina . Watercolor by John White c. 1585 . Squanto had arrived just at the time that the planters were to sow their first crops in the Western Hemisphere . Bradford said that in thitehis regard `` Squanto stood them in great stead , showing them both the manner how to set it , and after how to dress and tend it . '' While it is true that the Plymouth settlers were primarily artisans ( `` printers , weavers , watchmakers , and carpenters and carpenters with little farming experience '' ) who could use any advice on agriculture , the reference to `` the manner how to set it , '' seems to mean more than simply how to plant the seeds . Indeed , southern New England native planting methods were quite different from northern European methods . First , fields were cleared by burning ( conifers especially ) or by girdling ( especially hardwood trees ) to prepare for the following growing season . Thomas Morton observed the native practice of biannual burning of undergrowth , to which he ascribed the characteristic landscape of New England as like English parks with only occasional trees . In planting season instead of plowing furrows for seed overturning a large amount of top soil , the Natives made small mounds of soil by hand or shell tools in which to place the seeds ( and when the soil was depleted fish was also added for fertilizer ) . When the corn sprounted , bean seeds were added to the same mounds so that they stalks could be used for support for the bean runners . Squash vines were trained along the mounds to protect the corn stalk roots and reduce weeds . The combination of the three plants was characteristic of native agriculture with the legumes fixing atmospheric nitrogen for the other plants , the maize providing support and the squash reducing the need to weed . Unlike the English farmers at home , the Natives were willing to plant on hillsides ( usually the southern ) and tops of hills . What Bradford especially mentioned was how Sqanto showed them how to fertilize exhausted soil : he told them , except they got fish and set with it ( corn seed ) in these old grounds it would come to nothing . And he showed them that in the middle of April they should have store enough ( of fish ) come up the brook by which they began to build , and taught them how to take it , and where to get other provisions necessary for them . All of which they found true by trial and experience . Edward Winslow made the same point about the value of Indian cultivation methods in a letter to England at the end of the year : We set the last Spring some twentie Acres of Indian Corne , and sowed some six Acres of Barly and Pease ; and according to the manner of the Indians , we manured our ground with Herings or rather Shadds , which we have in great abundance , and take with great ease at our doores . Our Corn did prove well , & God be praysed , we had a good increase of Indian - Corne , and our Barly indifferent good , but our Pease were not worth the gathering , for we feared they were too late sowne . '' The method shown by Squanto became the regular practice of the settlers . This testimony by the two Plymouth plantation leaders has been challenged by ethnologist Lynn Ceci in the late 20th century . She did not dispute that Squanto taught the early English settlers how to manure their corn crop with fish ( which she conceded `` is an excellent fertilizer for corn '' ) but rather that Squanto was teaching them an `` Indian '' technology , rather than one he acquired , during his years of bondage , from European sources . Her argument rests on ( i ) the conclusion that in places other than southern New England the condition for fish fertilization by natives did not exist and therefore was not a `` common and widespread practice in any part of Native North America , '' ( ii ) the absence of English sources that attest to Native use of fish fertilizer ( iii ) that some early English settlers testified that they had not seen Natives use fertilizer and that they were `` too lazy to catch fish , '' ( iv ) that fertilization was an `` advanced trait '' and one that was unnecessary ( and overly burdensome given the manpower available to Native societies and their lack of draught animals ) since Natives could simply leave their fields fallow as was observed by early explorers and ( v ) there is scattered European authority that shows that southern Europeans used marine fertilizers for crops and occasional examples of English use of fish fertilizer , one of which Squanto may have come into contact with . Various historians have disputed Ceci 's analysis , arguing that she ( i ) ignored evidence pointing to the aboriginal origins of the fish fertilization practice ; ( ii ) failed to consider the ulterior motives settlers had for denigrating native husbandry and work ethic ; namely , that land - hungry settlers used the principle of vacuum domiciliun to claim that Natives never `` used '' their lands ( in prescribed English manner ) and therefore had no title , ( iii ) failed to consider the considerably greater pre-epidemic population which would have made changing plots ( requiring tree - clearing ) less easy and at the same time provided manpower for widespread fertilization when she speculated that it was easier for Natives to abandon established fields and obtain new ones . ( iv ) betrayed ignorance of the fact that the English had no draft animals or wagons until 1624 , when she assumed that the English settlers could more easily fertilize fields because of the Indians lacked draft animals and even wagons , ( v ) ignored the fact that the Natives had more available manpower than the Plymouth settlers and produced crops of higher yield when she calculated the amount of labor required to fertilize , and ( vi ) did not consider the difference between native American agriculture and European ( and even Newfoundland ) farming ( which did not grow maize and the famers did not plant seeds in mounds over fish deposited as manure ) when reviewing the possible , but scanty , evidence of European fertilization by fish . An additional suggestive piece of evidence for aboriginal use of fish fertilizer is the use of the same Algonquian word for certain small fish and fertilizer . A recent writer who has reviewed all the literature has concluded that Ceci 's claim has been `` authoritatively refuted . '' However that dispute turns out , neither Ceci nor anyone else has ever challenged the facts that it was Squanto who showed the Plymouth settlers how to plant native foods , that his method yielded better results than their own planting of English crops and that Squanto 's assistance was crucial to the fledgling settlement 's survival during its first year . Squanto also introduced the Plymouth colony to the means to reduce their financial obligation to their sponsors and fellow stockholders in London . Squanto had been familiar with the fur trade for many years . ( His participation in it was in fact what caused him to be kidnapped in 1614 . ) Squanto showed the settlers how they could obtain pelts with the `` few trifling commodities they brought with them at first . '' The settlers not only were unprepared to engage in the extensive network of Native bands created by the French , they knew nothing about it . In fact , Bradford reported that there was not `` any amongst them that ever saw a beaver skin till they came here and were informed by Squanto . '' Squanto 's role in settler diplomacy ( edit ) Writing a decade and a half after the event ( which he did not witness ) , Thomas Morton stated that as a result of the peace treaty , Massasoit was `` freed and suffered ( Squanto ) to live with the English ... '' If the Pokanoket ever held Squanto as a prisoner , they never treated him as such from the time of their first encounter with the Plymouth settlers . For his part Squanto proved remarkably loyal to the English . One commentator has suggested the loneliness occasioned by the wholesale extinction of his people ( perhaps in conjunction with an unrecorded kindness he received in his years with the English ) as the motive for his attachment to the Plymouth settlers . Another has suggested , on the other hand , that it was part of a long game of self - interest he conceived while in the captivity of the Pokanoket only later to be hatched . The settlers , compelled by their own interestes , were forced to rely on Squanto because he was the only means by which they could communicate with the surrounding Natives , and he therefore was involved in every contact for the twenty months he lived with them . Mission to Pokanoket ( edit ) The colony decided in June that a mission to Massasoit in Pokatoket would enhance their security and reduce visits by Natives who drained their food resources . Winslow wrote that they wanted to ensure the peace treaty was still valued by the Pokanoket and to reconnoitre the surrounding country and the strength of the various villages . They also hoped to show their willingness to repay the grain they stole on Cape Cod the last winter , in the words of Winslow to `` make satisfaction for some conceived injuries to be done on our parts ... '' Sculpture of Massasoit in Mill Creek Park , Kansas City , Missouri by Cyrus E. Dallin ( 1920 ) . Governor Bradford selected Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins to make the journey with Squanto . They set off on July 2 carrying with them a present for Massasoit -- a `` Horse - mans coat '' made of red cotton and trimmed `` with a slight lace . '' The emissaries also took along a copper chain and a message , evidently agreed upon by the settlers at a meeting . The message expressed their desire to continue and strengthen the peace between the two peoples and also explained the purpose of the chain . Because the colonies were uncertain of their first harvest , they requested him to restrain his people from seeking entertainment as frequently as they had . But they wished always to entertain any guest of Massasoit . So if he gave anyone the chain , they would know that the visitor was sent by him and they would always receive him . The message also attempted to justify the settlers ' conduct on Cape Cod and requested he send his men to the Nauset to express the English settlers ' wish to make restitution . All settled , they departed at 9 a.m. , and travelled for two days meeting friendly Natives along the way . When they arrived at Pokanoket , Massasoit had to be sent for , and when he arrived , at Squanto 's suggestion Winslow and Hopkins gave him a salute with their muskets . Massasoit was grateful for the coat and graciously assured them on all points they made . He assured them that his thirty tributary villages would remain in peace and would bring furs to Plymouth . After spending two uncomfortable nights , Squanto was sent off to the various villages to seek trading partners for the English , and with Tokamahamon taking Squanto 's place , the envoys returned to their settlement . Mission to the Nauset ( edit ) Winslow writes that shortly after he returned from Pokanoket a crisis arose that required an immediate mission to the Cape Cod Natives , the Nauset with whom the clashed at `` First Encounter , '' and with whom they never made restitution for their takings not to mention their despoiling of graves . The crisis was this : one of the Billington children , John , had wondered off and had not returned for five days . Bradford sent word to Massasoit who made inquiry and found that the child had wondered into a Manumett village , who turned him over to the Nauset . The ten settlers that comprised the mission took along both Squanto ( as a translator ) and Tokamahamon ( `` a special friend , '' in Winslow 's words ) . They sailed to Cummaquid by evening and spent the night anchored in the bay . At morning , the two Natives onboard were sent to speak to two Natives they saw lobstering . They were told that the boy was at Nauset , and the Cape Cod Natives invited all the men to take food with them . The Englishmen waited until the tide allowed the boat to reach the shore and then they were escorted to their sachem , Iyanough , who was in his mid-20s and in the words of Winslow `` very personable , gentle , courteous , and fayre conditioned , indeed not like a Savage ... '' The colonists were lavishly entertained , and Iyanough even agreed to accompany them to the Nauset . While in this village they met an old woman , `` no lesse then an hundred yeeres old , '' wanted to see the Englishmen , and told them of how her two sons were kidnapped by the Hunt at the same time Squanto was and she had not seen them since . Winslow assured her that they would never treat Natives that way and `` gave her some small trifles , which somewhat appeased her . '' After their lunch , the settlers with the sachem and two of his band , took the shallop to Nauset , but the tide being such that the boat could not reach shore , the English sent on Inyanough and Squanto to meet the Nauset sachem Aspinet . While the English remained in the their shallop , Nauset men `` very thick '' came to entreat them to come ashore , but Winslow 's party was afraid because this was the very spot of First Encounter . Indeed , the one of the many whose corn they had stolen the previous winter came out to meet them . They promised to reimburse him . That night the sachem came with a train ( of more than 100 , the English estimated ) and bore the boy out to the shallop . The colonists gave Aspinet a knife and one to the man who carried the boy to the boat . By this , Winslow considered `` they made peace with us . '' The Nausets departed , but the English there learned ( probably from Squanto ) that the Narragansetts had attacked the Pokanoket and taken Massasoit . This was a great alarm because their own settlement was hardly well guarded given that so many were on this mission . The men tried to set off immediately , but they had no fresh water . After stopping again at Iyanough 's village , they set off again for Plymouth . This mission , which could have resulted in hostilities , instead resulted in a working relation or even peace between the Plymouth settlers and the Cape Cod Natives ( both the Nausets and the Cummaquid ) . Winslow attributed that outcome to Squanto . Bradford wrote that the Natives whose corn had been stolen the previous winter came and received compensation and peace generally prevailed . Action to save Squanto in Nemasket ( edit ) According to Winslow when the men who had rescued the Billington boy returned to Plymouth , it was confirmed to them that Massasoit had been ousted or taken by the Narragansetts . They also learned that Corbitant , a Pocasset sachem formerly tributary to Massasoit , was at Nemasket attempting to pry that band away from Massasoit . Corbitant was reportedly also railing against the peace initiatives that the Plymouth settlers had just had with the Cummaquid and the Nauset . Squanto was an especial object of Corbitant 's ire not only because of his role in mediating peace with the Cape Cod Natives but also because he was the principal means by which the settlers could communicate with the natives : `` if he were dead , the English had lost their tongue , '' he reportedly said . Hobomok , a Pokanoket pniese residing among the English , had also been threatened before for his loyalty to Massasoit . Squanto and Hobomok were evidently too frightened to try to seek out Massasoit , and instead went to Nemasket to find out what they could . Tokamahamon , however , went looking for Massasoit . When at Nemasket Squanto and Hobomok were discovered by Corbitant , who captured both and while Corbitant was holding Squanto with a knife to his breast , Hobomok broke free and ran to Plymouth to alert them , thinking Squanto had died . Bradford 's chronology is somewhat different and he makes no mention of a possible abduction of Massasoit . As he describes it , the event happened sometime after the mission to the Nauset when `` peace and acquaintance was pretty well established with the natives around them . '' Squanto and Hobomok were off on `` business among the Indians '' and on their return , they encountered Corbitant at Nemasket and fell into a quarrel during which he threatened to stab Hobomok . The latter escaped and informed the settlers that he feared Squanto was dead . In any event , Governor Bradford organized an armed task force under the command of Standish , consisting of a dozen or so men . They set off before daybreak on August 14 under the guidance of Hobomok . The plan was to march the 14 miles at Nemasket , rest and then take the village unawares in the night . Hobomok lost the way , however , but Winslow of Hopkins , who had twice been to the place on their trip to Pokanoket and back , were able to navigate the group so as to arrive in time to eat before raiding the house at which Corbitant was staying , according to Hobomok . The surprise was total , and the villagers were terrified . The English could not make the Natives understand that they were only looking for Corbitant , and there were `` three sore wounded '' trying to escape the house . At last the militiay came to understand that Squanto was unharmed and staying in the village and that Corbitant and his train returned to Pocaset . While the English searched the dwelling , Hobomok got on top of it and called for Squanto and Tiquantum , both of whom came . The settlers commandeered the house for the night . The next day they explained to the village that they were only interested in Corbitant and those supporting him . They warned that if he continued threatening the English settlers or encouraged orthers or if Massasoit did not return from the Narragansetts or if anyone attempted harm to any of his subjects ( including Squanto and Hobomok ) , the English would inflict retribution . That day they marched back to Plymouth with Nemasket villagers helping bear their equipment . Bradford wrote that this action resulted in a firmer peace , and that `` divers sachems '' congratulated the settlers and more came to terms with them . Even Corbitant , through Massasoit , made his peace . Nathaniel Morton much later recorded that on September 13 , 1621 o.s. nine sub-sachem came to Plymouth and signed a document purporting to declare themselves `` Loyal Subjects of King James , King of Great Britain , France and Ireland ... '' Neither Bradford nor Winslow describe any such meeting , and Morton does not explain why the document does not contain any other terms as did the Treaty with Massasoit the same year . One of the signatories , `` Caunbatant , '' is believed by Ford to be Corbitant . But if he came to Plymouth that day , it would contradict Bradford , who said that Corbitant 's peace concession was through Massasoit because he was `` shy to come near them a long while after . '' Mission to the Massachuset people ( edit ) The English resolved to meet with the last confederation of villages on their border -- the Massachuset , who the settlers heard had frequently threatened them . On August 18 , about a month after the return from Nemasket , a crew of ten settlers , as well as Squanto and two other Natives to interpret , set off around midnight , hoping to arrive before the next daybreak . But they misjudged the distance and were forced to ancmet'sor off shore and stay in the shallop over the next night . Once ashore they found a woman coming to collect the lobsters trapped , and she told them where the villagers were . Squanto was sent to make contact . When the settlers met the sachem , they discovered he presided over a considerably reduced band of followers . His name was Obbatinewat , and he was a tributary of Massasoit . He explained that his current location within Boston harbor ( `` in the bottome of the Massachuset bay '' ) it was not a permanent residence since he moved regularly to avoid the Tarentines as well as the Squa Sachim ( the widow of Nanepashemet ) , another enemy . Obbatinewat agreed to submit himself to King James in exchange for the colonists ' promise to protect him from his enemies . He also took them to see the squa sachem across the Massachusetts Bay . Engraving of a Pequot fort on Block Island in 1637 with design remarkably similar to the description of Nenepashemet 's fort observed by Plymouth settlers in 1621 . On Friday , September 21 they went ashore ( possibly at a place they called Squantum , Quincy , Massachusetts , near Dorchester ) and marched three miles to a recently harvested cornfield . A mile further they found the house of Nanepashemet , built on a scaffod over raised poles six feet off the ground . Further on they came to a fort encircled by large poles and a trench breast - high . Inside the palisade was a house where Nanepashemet was buried . A mile further on they found the place where the sachem had been killed . Here the English stayed sending Squanto and another Native to find the people . There were signs of hurried removal , but they found the women together with their corn and later a man who was brought to the settlers , trembling . They assured him that they did not intend harm and he agreed to trade furs with them . Squanto urged that the English simply `` rifle '' the women and take their skins on the ground that `` they are a bad people and oft threatned you , '' but the English insisted on treating them fairly . The women followed the men to the shallop , selling them everything they had , including the coats off their backs . As the colonists shipped off they noticed that the many islands in the harbor had been inhabited , some cleared entirely , but all the inhabitants had died . Although they returned with `` a good quantity of beaver , '' the men who had seen Boston Harbor expressed their regret that they had not settled there . The peace regime that Squanto helped achieve ( edit ) During the fall of 1621 the Plymouth settlers had every reason to be contented with their condition , less than one year after the `` starving times . '' Bradford expressed the sentiment with biblical allusion that they found `` the Lord to be with them in all their ways , and to bless their outgoings and incomings ... '' Winslow was more prosaic when he reviewed the political situation with respect to surrounding natives in December 1621 : `` Wee have found the Indians very faithfull in their Covenant of Peace with us ; very loving and readie to pleasure us ... , '' not only the greatest , Massasoit , `` but also all the Princes and peoples round about us '' for fifty miles . Even a sachem from Martha 's Vineyard , who they never saw , and also seven others came in to submit to King James `` so that there is now great peace amongst the Indians themselves , which was not formerly , neither would have bin but for us ... `` `` Thanksgiving '' ( edit ) Bradford wrote in his journal that come fall together with their harvest of Indian corn , they had abundant fish and fowl , including many turkeys they took in addition to venison . He affirmed that the reports of plenty that many report `` to their friends in England '' were not `` feigned but true reports . '' He did not , however , describe any harvest festival with their native allies . Winslow , however , did , and the letter which was included in Mourt 's Relation became the basis for the tradition of `` the first Thanksgiving . '' Winslow 's description of what was later celebrated as the first Thanksgiving was quite short . He wrote that after the harvest ( of Indian corn , their planting of peas were not worth gathering and their barley harvest of barley was `` indifferent '' ) , Bradford sent out four men fowling `` so we might after a more special manner rejoice together , after we had gathered the fruit of our labours ... '' The time was one of recreation , including the shooting of arms , and many Natives joined them , including Massasoit and 90 of his men , who stayed three days . They killed five deer which they presented to Bradford , Standish and others in Plymouth . Winslow concluded his description by telling his readers that `` we are so farre from want , that we often wish you partakers of our plentie . '' The Narragansett threat ( edit ) The various treaties created a system where the English settlers filled the vacuum created by the epidemic . The villages and tribal networks surrounding Plymouth now saw themselves as tributaries to the English and ( as they were assured ) King James . The settlers also viewed the treaties as committing the Natives to a form of vassalage . Nathaniel Morton , Bradford 's nephew , interpreted the original treaty with Massasoit , for example , as `` at the same time '' ( not within the written treaty terms ) acknowledginghimeself `` content to become the Subject of our Sovereign Lord the King aforesaid , His Heirs and Successors , and gave unto them all the Lands adjacent , to them and their Heirs for ever . '' The problem with this political and commercial system was that it `` incurred the resentment of the Narragansett by depriving them of tributaries just when Dutch traders were expanding their activities in the ( Narragansett ) bay . '' In January 1622 the Narraganset responded by issuing an ultimatum to the English . Map of Southern New England in the 17th century with locations of prominent societies of Ninnimissinuok . In December 1621 the Fortune ( which had brought 35 more settlers ) had departed for England . Not long afterwards rumors began to reach Plymouth that the Narragansett were making warlike preparations against the English . Winslow believed that that nation had learned that the new settlers brought neither arms nor provisions and thus in fact weakened the English colony . Bradford saw their belligerency as a result of their desire to `` lord it over '' the peoples who had been weakened by the epidemic ( and presumably obtain tribute from them ) and the colonists were `` a bar in their way . '' In January 1621 / 22 a messenger from Narraganset sachem Canonicus ( who travelled with Tokamahamon , Winslow 's `` special friend '' ) arrived looking for Squanto , who was away from the settlement . Winslow wrote that the messenger appeared relieved and left a bundle of arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake skin . Rather than let him depart , however , Bradford committed him to the custody of Standish . The captain asked Winslow , who had a `` speciall familiaritie '' with other Indians , to see if he could get anything out of the messenger . The messenger would not be specific but said that he believed `` they were enemies to us . '' That night Winslow and another ( probably Hopkins ) took charge of him . After his fear subsided , the messenger told him that the messenger who had come from Canonicus last summer to treat for peace , returned and persuaded the sachem on war . Canonicus was particularly aggrieved by the `` meannesse '' of the gifts sent him by the English , not only in relation to what he sent to colonists but also in light of his own greatness . On obtaining this information , Bradford ordered the messenger released . When Squanto returned he explained that the meaning of the arrows wrapped in snake skin was enmity ; it was a challenge . After consultation , Bradford stuffed the snake skin with powder and shot and had a Native return it to Canonicus with a defiant message . Winslow wrote that the returned emblem so terrified Canonicus that he reused to touch it , and that it passed from hand to hand until , by a circuitous route , it was returned to Plymouth . Squanto 's double dealing ( edit ) Notwithstanding the colonists ' bold response to the Narragansett challenge , the settlers realized their defenselessness to attack . Bradford instituted a series of measures to secure Plymouth . Most important they decided to enclose the settlement within a pale ( probably much like what was discovered surrounding Nenepashemet 's fort ) . They shut the inhabitants within gates that were locked at night , and a night guard was posted . Standish divided the men into four squadrons and drilled them in where to report in the event of alarm . They also came up with a plan of how to respond to fire alarms so as to have a sufficient armed force to respond to possible Native treachery . The fence around the settlement required the most effort since it required felling suitable large trees , digging holes deep enough to support the large timbers and securing them close enough to each other to prevent penetration by arrows . This work had to be done in the winter and at a time too when the settlers were on half rations because of the new and unexpected settlers . The work took more than a month to complete . False alarms ( edit ) By the beginning of March , the fortification of the settlement had been accomplished . It was now time when the settlers had promised the Massachuset they would come to trade for furs . They received another alarm however , this time from Hobomok , who was still living with them . Hobomok told of his fear that the Massachuset had joined in a confederacy with the Narraganset and if Standish and his men went there , they would be cut off and at the same time the Narraganset would attack the settlement at Plymouth . Hobomok also told them that Squanto was part of this conspiracy , that he learned this from other Natives he met in the woods and that the settlers would find this out when Squanto would urge the settlers into the Native houses `` for their better advantage . '' This allegation must have come as a shock to the English given that Squanto 's conduct for nearly a year seemed to have aligned him perfectly with the English interest both in helping to pacify surrounding societies and in obtaining goods that could be used to reduce their debt to the settlers ' financial sponsors . Bradford consulted with his advisors , and they concluded that they had to make the mission despite this information . The decision was made partly for strategic reasons . If the colonists cancelled the promised trip out of fear and instead stayed shut up `` in our new - enclosed towne , '' they might encourage even more aggression . But the main reason they had to make the trip was that their `` Store was almost emptie '' and without the corn they could obtain by trading `` we could not long subsist ... '' The governor therefore deputed Standish and 10 men to make the trip and sent along both Squanto and Hobomok , given `` the jealousy between them . '' Not long after the shallop departed , `` an Indian belonging to Squanto 's family '' came running in . He betrayed signs of great fear , constantly looking behind him as if someone `` were at his heels . '' He was taken to Bradford to whom he told that many of the Narraganset together with Corbitant `` and he thought Massasoit '' were about to attack Plymouth . Winslow ( who was not there but wrote closer to the time of the incident than did Bradford ) gave even more graphic details : The Native 's face was covered in fresh blood which he explained was a wound he received when he tried speaking up for the settlers . In this account he said that the combined forces were already at Nemasket and were set on taking advantage of the opportunity supplied by Standish 's absence . Bradford immediately put the settlement on military readiness and had the ordnance discharge three rounds in the hope that the shallop had not gone too far . Because of calm seas Standish and his men had just reached Gurnet 's Nose , heard the alarm and quickly returned . When Hobomok first heard the news he `` said flatly that it was false ... '' Not only was he assured of Massasoit 's faithfulness , he knew that his being a pniese meant he would have been consulted by Massasoit before he undertook such a scheme . To make further sure Hobomok volunteered his wife to return to Pokanoket to assess the situation for herself . At the same time Bradford had the watch maintained all that night , but there were no signs of Natives , hostile or otherwise . Hobomok 's wife found the village of Pokanoket quiet with no signs of war preparations . She then informed Massasoit of the commotion at Plymouth . The sachem was `` much offended at the carriage of Tisquantum '' but was grateful for Bradford 's trust in him ( Massasoit ) . He also sent word back that he would send word to the governor , pursuant to the first article of the treaty they had entered , if any hostile actions were preparing . Allegations against Squanto ( edit ) Winslow writes that `` by degrees wee began to discover Tisquantum , '' but he does not describes the means or over what period of time this discovery took place . There apparently was no formal proceeding . The conclusion reached , according to Winslow , was that Squanto had been using his proximity and apparent influence over the English settlers `` to make himselfe great in the eyes of '' local Natives for his own benefit . Winslow explains that Squanto convinced locals that he had the ability to influence the English toward peace or war and that he frequently extorted Natives by claiming that the settlers were about to kill them in order `` that thereby hee might get gifts to himself to work their peace ... '' Bradford 's account agrees with Winslow 's to this point , and he also explains where the information came from : `` by the former passages , and other things of like nature , '' evidently referring to rumors Hobomok said he heard in the woods . Winslow goes much further in his charge , however , claiming that Squanto intended to sabotage the peace with Massasoit by false claims of Massasoit aggression `` hoping whilest things were hot in the heat of bloud , to provoke us to march into his Country against him , whereby he hoped to kindle such a flame as would not easily be quenched , and hoping if that blocke were once removed , there were no other betweene him and honour '' which he preferred over life and peace . Winslow later remembered `` one notable ( though ) wicked practice of this Tisquantum '' ; namely , that he told the locals that the English possessed the `` plague '' buried under their storehouse and that they could unleash it at will . What he referred to was their cache of gunpowder . Massasoit 's demand for Squanto ( edit ) Captain Standish and his men eventually did go to the Massachuset and returned with a `` good store of Trade . '' On their return they saw that Massasoit was there and he was displaying his anger against Squanto . Bradford did his best to appease him , and he eventually departed . No long afterward , however , he sent a messenger demanding that Squanto be put to death . Bradford responded that although Squanto `` deserved to die both in respect of him ( Massasoit ) and us , '' but said that Squanto was too useful to the settlers because otherwise he had no one to translate . Not long afterward , the same messenger returned , this time with `` divers others , '' demanding Squanto . They argued that Squanto being a subject of Massasoit , was subject , pursuant to the first article of the Peace Treaty , to the sachem 's demand , in effect , rendition . They further argued that if Bradford would not produce pursuant to the Treaty , Massasoit had sent many beavers ' skins to induce his consent . Finally , if Bradford still would not release him to them , the messenger had brought Massasoit 's own knife by which Bradford himself could cut off Squanto 's head and hands to be returned with the messenger . Bradford avoided the question of Massasoit 's right under the treaty but refused the beaver pelts saying that `` It was not the manner of the English to sell mens lives at a price ... '' The governor called Squanto ( who had promised not to flee ) , who denied the charges and ascribed them to Hobomok 's desire for his downfall . He nonetheless offered to abide by Bradford 's decision . Bradford was `` ready to deliver him into the hands of his Executioners '' but at that instance a boat passed before the town in the harbor . Fearing that it might be the French , Bradford said he had to first identify the ship before dealing with the demand . The messenger and his companions , however , `` mad with rage , and impatient at delay '' left `` in great heat . '' Squanto 's final mission with the settlers ( edit ) Arrival of the Sparrow ( edit ) The ship the English saw pass before the town was not French , but rather a shallop from the Sparrow , a shipping vessel sponsored by Thomas Weston and one other of the Plymouth settlement 's sponsors , which was plying the eastern fishing grounds . This boat brought seven additional settlers but no provisions whatsoever `` nor any hope of any . '' In a letter they brought , Weston explained that the settlers were to set up a salt pan operation on one of the islands in the harbor for the private account of Weston . He asked the Plymouth colony , however , to house and feed these newcomers , provide them with seed stock and ( ironically ) salt , until he was able to send the salt pan to them . The Plymouth settlers had spent the winter and spring on half rations in order to feed the settlers that had been sent nine months ago without provisions . Now Weston was exhorting them to support new settlers who were not even sent to help the plantation . He also announced that he would be sending another ship that would discharge more passengers before it would sail on to Virginia . He requested that the settlers entertain them in their houses so that they could go out and cut down timber to lade the ship quickly so as not to delay its departure . Bradford found the whole business `` but cold comfort to fill their hungry bellies . '' Bradford was not exaggerating . Winslow described the dire straits . They now were without bread `` the want whereof much abated the strength and the flesh of some , and swelled others . '' Without hooks or seines or netting , they could not collect the bass in the rivers and cove , and without tackle and navigation rope , they could not fish for the abundant cod in the sea . Had it not been for shellfish which they could catch by hand , they would have perished . But there was more , Weston also informed them that the London backers had decided to dissolve the venture . Weston urged the settlers to ratify the decision ; only then might the London merchants send them further support , although what motivation they would then have he did not explain . That boat also , evidently , contained alarming news from the South . John Huddleston , who was unknown to them but captained a fishing ship that had returned from Virginia to the Maine fishing grounds , advised his `` good friends at Plymouth '' of the massacre in the Jamestown settlements by the Powhatan in which he said 400 had been killed . He warned them : `` Happy is he whom other men 's harms doth make to beware . '' This last communication Bradford decided to turn to their advantage . Sending a return for this kindness , they might also seek fish or other provisions from the fishermen . Winslow and a crew were selected to make the voyage to Maine , 150 miles away , to a place they had never been . In Winslow 's reckoning , he left at the end of May for Damariscove . Winslow found the fishermen more than sympathetic and they freely gave what they could . Even though this was not as much as Winslow hoped , it was enough to keep them going until the harvest . When Winslow returned the threat they felt had to be addressed . The general anxiety aroused by Huddleston 's letter was hieghtened by the increasingly hostile taunts they learned of . Surrounding villagers were `` glorying in our weaknesse , '' and the English heard threats about how `` easie it would be ere long to cut us off . '' Even Massasoit turned cool towards the English , and could not be counted on to tamp down this rising hostility . So they decided to build a fort on burying hill in town . And just as they did when building the palisade , the men had to cut down trees , haul them from the forest and up the hill and construct the fortified building , all with inadequate nutrition and at the neglect of dressing their crops . Weston 's English settlers ( edit ) They might have thought they reached the end of their problems but in June 1622 the settlers saw two more vessels arrive , carrying 60 additional mouths to feed arrived . These were the passengers that Weston had written would be unloaded from the vessel going on to Virginia . That vessel also carried more distressing news . Weston informed the governor that he was no longer a part of the company sponsoring the Plymouth settlement . The settlers he sent just now , and requested the Plymouth settlement to house and feed , were for his own enterprise . The `` sixty lusty men '' would not work for the benefit of Plymouth ; in fact he had obtained a patent and as soon as they were ready they would settle an area in Massachusetts Bay . Other letters also were brought . The other venturers in London explained that they had bought out Weston , and everyone was better off without him . Weston , who saw the letter before it was sent , advised the settlers to break off from the remaining merchants , and as a sign of good faith delivered a quantity of bread and cod to them . ( Although , as Bradford noted in the margin , he `` left not his own men a bite of bread . '' ) The arrivals also brought news that the Fortune had been taken by French pirates , and therefore all their past effort to export American cargo ( valued at ₤ 500 ) would count for nothing . Finally Robert Cushman sent a letter advising that Weston 's men `` are no men for us ; wherefore I prey you entertain them not '' ; he also advised the Plymouth Separatists not to trade with them or loan them anything except on strict collateral. `` I fear these people will hardly deal so well with the savages as they should . I pray you therefore signify to Squanto that they are a distinct body from us , and we have nothing to do with them , neither must be blamed for their faults , much less can warrant their fidelity . '' As much as all this vexed the governor , Bradford took in the men and fed and housed them as he did the others sent to him , even though Weston 's men would compete with his colony for pelts and other Native trade . But the words of Cushman would prove prophetic . Map contained as frontispiece to Wood 1634 . Weston 's men , `` stout knaves '' in the words of Thomas Morton , were roustabouts collected for adventure and they scandalized the mostly strictly religious villagers of Plymouth . Worse , they stole the colony 's corn , wandering into the fields and snatching the green ears for themselves . When caught , they were `` well whipped , '' but hunger drove them to steal `` by night and day . '' The harvest again proved disappointing , so that it appeared that `` famine must still ensue , the next year also '' for lack of seed . And they could not even trade for staples because their supply of items the Natives sought had been exhausted . Part of their cares were lessened when their coasters returned from scouting places in Weston 's patent and took Weston 's men ( except for the sick , who remained ) to the site they selected for settlement , called Wessagusset ( now Weymouth ) . But not long after , even there they plagued Plymouth , who heard , from Natives once friendly with them , that Weston 's settlers were stealing their corn and committing other abuses . At the end of August a fortuitous event staved off another starving winter : the Discovery , bound for London , arrived from a coasting expedition from Virginia . The ship had a cargo of knives , beads and other items prized by Natives , but seeing the desperation of the colonists the captain drove a hard bargain : He required them to buy a large lot , charged them double their price and valued their beaver pelts at 3s . per pound , which he could sell at 20s . `` Yet they were glad of the occasion and fain to buy at any price ... '' Trading expedition with Weston 's men ( edit ) The Charity returned from Virginia at the end of September -- beginning of October . It proceeded on to England , leaving the Wessagusset settlers well provisioned . The Swan was left for their use as well . It was not long after they learned that the Plymouth settlers had acquired a store of trading goods that they wrote Bradford proposing that they jointly undertake a trading expedition , they to supply the use of the Swan . They proposed equal division of the proceeds with payment for their share of the goods traded to await arrival of Weston . ( Bradford assumed they had burned through their provisions . ) Bradford agreed and proposed an expedition southward of the Cape . Winslow wrote that Squanto and Massasoit had `` wrought '' a peace ( although he does n't explain how this came about ) . With Squanto as guide , they might find the passage among the Monomoy Shoals to Nantucket Sound ; Squanto had advised them he twice sailed through the shoals , once on an English and once on a French vessel . The venture ran into problems from the start . When in Plymouth Richard Green , Weston 's brother - in - law and temporary governor of the colony , died . After his burial and receiving directions to proceed from the succeeding governor of Wessagusset , Standish was appointed leader but twice the voyage was turned back by violent winds . On the second attempt , Standish fell ill . On his return Bradford himself took charge of the enterprise . In November they set out . When they reached the shoals , Squanto piloted the vessel , but the master of the vessel did not trust the directions and bore up . Squanto directed him through a narrow passage , and they were able to harbor near Mamamoycke ( now Chatham ) . That night Bradford went ashore with a few others , Squanto acting as translator and facilitator . Not having seen any of these Englishmen before , the Natives were initially reluctant . But Squanto coaxed them and they provided a plentiful meal of venison and other victuals . They were reluctant to allow the English to see their homes , but when Bradford showed his intention to stay on shore , they invited him to their shelters , having first removed all their belongings . As long as the English stayed , the Natives would disappear `` bag and baggage '' whenever their possessions were seen . Eventually Squanto persuaded them to trade and as a result , the settlers obtained eight hogsheads of corn and beans . The villagers also told them that they had seen vessels `` of good burthen '' pass through the shoals . And so , with Squanto felling confident , the English were prepared to make another attempt . But suddenly Squanto became ill and died . Squanto 's death ( edit ) The sickness seems to have greatly shaken Bradford , for they lingered there for several days before he died . Bradford described his death in some detail : In this place Squanto fell sick of Indian fever , bleeding much at the nose ( which the Indians take as a symptom of death ) and within a few days died there ; desiring the Governor to pray for him , that he might go to the Englishmen 's God in Heaven ; and bequeathed sundry of his things to sundry of his English friends , as remembrances of his love ; of whom they had a great loss . Without Squanto to pilot them , the English settlers decided against trying the shoals again and returned to Cape Cod Bay . The English Separatists may have comforted themselves by believing that Squanto had become a convert , but it is doubtful that he subscribed to Christianity in any orthodox way . William Wood writing a little more than a decade later explained why some of the Ninnimissinuok began recognizing the power of `` the Englishmens God , as they call him '' : `` because they could never yet have power by their conjurations to damnifie the English either in body or goods '' and since the introduction of the new spirit `` the times and seasons being much altered in sever or eight years , freer from lightning and thunder , and long droughts , suddaine and tempestuous dashes of rain , and lamentable cold Winters . '' Although the English counted Squanto and later Hobomok among their first converts , the two probably `` hoped to add the Christian God to their personal arrays '' of deities . Willison suggested another reason that Squanto likely wished for heaven : `` for he may well have feared what would happen if he chanced to meet Massasoit in the Happy Hunting Grounds . '' Philbrick speculates that Squanto may have been poisoned by Massasoit . His bases for the claim are ( i ) that other Native Americans had engaged in assassinations during the 17th century ; and ( ii ) that Massasoit 's own son , the so - called King Philip , may have assassinated John Sassamon , an event that led to the bloody King Philip 's War a half - century later . He suggests that the `` peace '' Winslow says was lately made between the two could have been a `` rouse '' but does not explain how Massasoit could have accomplished the feat on the very remote southeast end of Cape Cod , more than 85 miles distant from Pokanoket . Squanto is reputed to be buried in the village of Chatham Port . Assessment , memorials , representations , and folklore ( edit ) Historical assessment ( edit ) Because almost all the historical records of Squanto were written by English Separatists and because most of that writing had the purpose to attract new settlers , give account of their actions to their financial sponsors or to justify themselves to co-religionists , they tended to relegate Squanto ( or any other Native American ) to the role of assistant to them in their activities . No real attempt was made to understand Squanto or Native culture , particularly religion . The closest that Bradford got in analyzing him was to say `` that Squanto sought his own ends and played his own game , ... to enrich himself . '' But in the end , he gave `` sundry of his things to sundry of his English friends . '' Historians ' assessment of Squanto depended on the extent they were willing to consider the possible biases or motivations of the writers . Earlier writers tended to take the colonists ' statements at face value . Current writers , especially those familiar with ethnohistorical research , have given a more nuanced view of Squanto , among other Native Americans . As a result , the assessment of historians has run the gamut . Adams characterized him as `` a notable illustration of the innate childishness of the Indian character . '' By contrast , Shuffelton says he `` in his own way , was quite as sophisticated as his English friends , and he was one of the most widely traveled men in the New England of his time , having visited Spain , England , and Newfoundland , as well as a large expanse of his own region . '' Early Plymouth historian Judge John Davis , more than a half century before , also saw Squanto as a `` child of nature , '' but was willing to grant him some usefulness to the enterprise : `` With some aberrations , his conduct was generally irreproachable , and his useful services to the infant settlement , entitle him to grateful remembrance . '' In the middle of the 20th century Adolf was much harder on the character of Squanto ( `` his attempt to aggrandize himself by playing the Whites and Indians against each other indicates an unsavory facet of his personality '' ) but gave him more importance ( without him `` the founding and development of Plymouth would have been much more difficult , if not impossible . '' ) . Most have followed the line that Baylies early took of acknowledging the alleged duplicity and also the significant contribution to the settlers ' survival : `` Although Squanto had discovered some traits of duplicity , yet his loss was justly deemed a public misfortune , as he had rendered the English much service . '' Memorials and landmarks ( edit ) As for monuments and memorials , although many ( as Willison put it ) `` clutter up the Pilgrim towns there is none to Squanto ... '' The first settlers may have named after him the peninsula called Squantum once in Dorchester , now in Quincy , during their first expedition there with Squanto as their guide . Thomas Morton refers to a place called `` Squanto 's Chappell , '' but this is probably another name for the peninsula . Literature and popular entertainment ( edit ) Squanto rarely makes appearances in literature or popular entertainment . Of all the 19th century New England poets and story tellers who drew on pre-Revolution America for their characters , only one seems to have mentioned Squanto . And while Henry Wadsworth Longfellow himself had five ancestors aboard the Mayflower , `` The Courtship of Miles Standish '' has the captain blustering at the beginning , daring the savages to attack , yet the enemies he addresses could not have been known to him by name until their peaceful intentions had already been made known : Let them come if they like , be it sagamore , sachem , or pow - wow , Aspinet , Samoset , Corbitant , Squanto , or Tokamahamon ! Squanto is almost equally scarce in popular entertainment , but when he appeared it was typically in implausible fantasies . Very early in what Willison calls the `` Pilgrim Apotheosis , '' marked by the 1793 sermon of Reverend Chandler Robbins , in which he described the Mayflower setters as `` pilgrims , '' a `` Melo Drama '' was advertised in Boston titled `` The Pilgrims , Or the Landing of the Forefathrs at Plymouth Rock '' filled with Indian threats and comic scenes . In Act II Samoset carries off the maiden Juliana and Winslow for a sacrifice , but the next scene presents `` A dreadful Combat with Clubs and Shileds , between Samoset and Squanto . '' Nearly two centuries later Squanto appears again as an action figure in the Disney film Squanto : A Warrior 's Tale ( 1994 ) with not much more fidelity to history . Squanto ( voiced by Frank Welker appears in the first episode ( `` The Mayflower Voyagers '' , aired October 21 , 1988 ) of the animated mini-series This Is America , Charlie Brown . A more historically accurate depiction of Squanto ( as played by Kalani Queypo ) appeared in the National Geographic Channel film Saints & Strangers , written by Eric Overmyer and Seth Fisher , which aired the week of Thanksgiving 2015 . Didactic literature and folklore ( edit ) Squanto returning John Billington from the Nauset in a 1922 storybook for children . Where Squanto is most encountered is in literature designed to instruct children and young people , provide inspiration , or guide them to a patriotic or religious truth . This came about for two reasons . First , Lincoln 's establishment of Thanksgiving as a national holiday enshrined the New England Anglo - Saxon festival , vaguely associated with an American strain of Protestantism , as something of a national origins myth , in the middle of a divisive Civil War when even some Unionists were becoming concerned with rising non-Anglo - Saxon immigration . This coincided , as Ceci noted , with the `` noble savage '' movement , which was `` rooted in romantic reconstructions of Indians ( for example , Hiawatha ) as uncorrupted natural beings -- who were becoming extinct -- in contrast to rising industrial and urban mobs . '' She points to the Indian Head coin first struck in 1859 `` to commemorate their passing . ' '' Even though there was only the briefest mention of `` Thanksgiving '' in the Plymouth settlers ' writings , and despite the fact that he was not mentioned as being present ( although , living with the settlers , he likely was ) Squanto was the focus around both myths could be wrapped . He is , or at least a fictionalized portray of him , thus a favorite of a certain politically conservative American Protestant groups . The story of the selfless `` noble savage '' who patiently guided and occasionally saved the `` Pilgrims '' ( to whom he was subservient and who attributed their good fortune solely to their faith , all celebrated during a bounteous festival ) was thought to be an enchanting figure for children and young adults . Beginning early in the 20th century Squanto entered high school textbooks , children 's read - aloud and self - reading books , more recently learn - to - read and coloring books and children 's religious inspiration books . Over time and particularly depending on the didactic purpose , these books have greatly fictionalized what little historical evidence remains of Squanto 's life . Their portraits of Squanto 's life and times spans the gamut of accuracy . Those intending to teach a moral lesson or tell history from a religious viewpoint tend to be the least accurate even when they claim to be telling a true historical story . Recently there have been attempts to tell the story as accurately as possible , without reducing Squanto to a mere servant of the English . There have even been attempts to place the story in the social and historical context of fur trade , epidemics and land disputes . Almost none , however , have dealt with Squanto 's life after `` Thanksgiving '' ( except occasionally the story of the rescue of John Billington ) . An exception to all of that is the publication of a `` young adult '' version of Philbrick 's best - selling adult history . Nevertheless , given the sources which can be drawn on , Squanto 's story inevitably is seen from the European perspective . Notes , references and sources ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kinnicutt proposes meanings for the various renderings of his name : Squantam , a contracted form of Musquqntum menaing `` He is angry '' ; Tantum is a shortened form of Keilhtannittoom , meaning `` My great god '' ; Tanto , from Kehtanito , for `` He is the greatest god '' : and Tisquqntum , for Atsquqntum , possibly for `` He possesses the god of evil . '' Jump up ^ Dockstader has a different interpretation of the name , although his source is not explained . In contrast to all the other authority concluding that the meaning of Squanto has something to do with supernatural force , Dockstader writes that Tiquantum means `` door '' or `` entrance . '' Jump up ^ The other Pokanoket who came to live with the English settlers , Hobomok , also used the name of a supernatural being . Kupperman suggests that they both may have taken up these names `` as they took up English association to indicate that they were entering into a liminal state with all the power and danger that that entailed . '' Pulsipher describes a Maine shaman who spoke of God 's movement from the Natives to the English ( to destroy them ) also used the same divine avatar Squando perhaps for a similar reason . The problem with Kupperman 's speculation with respect to Squanto is that he is recorded to have used the name in 1614 . So if he assumed the name in his dealing with the English , he had to have done it much earlier than 1621 , perhaps when he was abducted . Jump up ^ The languages of Southern New England are known today as : Western Abenaki , Massachusett , Loup A and Loup B , Narragansett , Mohegan - Pequot and Quiripi - Unquachog . These languages were spoken south of the Saco River including eastern Long Island . They descended from a Proto - Eastern Algonquian language ( which broke off from Proto - Algonquian about 2,000 years ago ) , concentrated in southeastern New England , From this nucleus Eastern Algonquian languages spread southward by language replacement and northward by migration . Many 17th - century writers state that numerous people in the coastal areas of Southern New England were fluent in two or more of these languages . Jump up ^ In his grammar of the American languages , Roger Williams says that between the French possessions ( in Canada ) and the Dutch ( in New York ) `` their Dialects doe exceedingly differ ; yet not so , but ( within that compass ) a man may , by this helpe , converse with thousands of Natives all over the Countrey ... '' Jump up ^ So says Adolf referencing Morison . Morison gives Mourt 's Relation as authority for both assertions ( without giving a page citation ) . While it is true that in that word Patuxet is equated there with `` New Plymouth '' ( or in Dexter 's transcription New Plimmoth ) , Dexter 's note on its meaning is different from Morison 's conclusion : `` Patuxet ... is probably of different composition from Pawtucket , i.e. ' at the little falls ' Petuhqui , or Puttukque , signifying ' round ' is common in Indian names , as a preface of ' rock , ' ' hill , ' ' lake , ' &c . Probably Patuxet should be resolved into Puttukq - something , -- it is difficult to say what . '' An early 19th - century historian wrote that `` Indians did not name places arbitrarily , but from its peculiarities , '' but as to what `` patuxet '' signified he did not say , noting only that `` the name of Patuxet was attached to many places in New England . '' Jump up ^ Wampanoags as an ethnonym was first applied to later descendants of the Pokanoket and was not used by them to describe themselves . It seems to have been derived from a Delaware term for `` easterner '' and picked up by Dutch explorers who applied the term Wapanoos to Natives living near Narragansett Bay . By contrast John Smith , who visited the area in 1614 , identified the Pakanokicks in association with Massasoyts , presumably kin of the Wampanoag chief sachem Massassoit , who would become allied with the Plymouth settlers ( see below ) . The tributaries of this loosely confedereated association of bands included the Wampagnoag of Bristol County , Rhode Island , the Pocaset at Rehoboth , Swansea and Tiverton , the Agawan at Wareham , the Manomet at Sandwich , the Sakatucket at Mashpee , the Mattakee as Barnstable , the Nobsquasset at Yarmouth , the Monamoys at Chatham , the Nauset at Eastham and the Natives in the islands to the south of Cape Cod . The term Pokanoket came to be applied to all the territory and peoples presided over by Massasoit . Jump up ^ So concluded Bennett , chiefly based on the writing of Roger Williams , who wrote : `` their great remove is from their Summer fields to warme and thicke woodie bottomes where they winter ... '' Thomas Morton also noted annual ( if not more ) changes of habitation : `` They use not to winter and summer in the same place , for that would be reason to make the fuell scarece ; but , after the manner of the Gentry of civilized nations , remove for their pleasures ... '' Morton suggested that they removed to hunt , fish or even for `` Revelles . '' Williams , however , said that other than the removal of the entire village from winter and summer habitations , individual families or even the whole might move : to avoid flea infestations , to tend to multiple corn plots , when there was a death in the household , and in response to hostilities . '' In any event these descriptions , and others , suggest the life of relatively sedentary horticulturists . Jump up ^ William Wood wrote of the women 's work in tending to corn : `` wherein they exceede our English husband - men , keeping it so cleare with their Clamme shell - hooes , as if it were a garden rather than a corne - field , not suffering a choaking weede to advance his audacious head above their infant corne , or an undermining worme to spoile his spumes . '' So regular was their diligence that when a field spouted weeds the English believed the Natives were neglecting cultivation to prepare for war . Jump up ^ Gookin in the passage quoted , above by dividing the native population into five `` Nations '' with subordinated groups , recognized the distinction between sachem and `` great sachem . '' Edward Winslow described the nature of a great sachem , which he called a `` King '' as follows : Their Sachims can not bee all called Kings , but onely some few of them , to whom the rest resort for protection , and pay homage unto them , neither may they warre without their knowledge and approbation , yet to be commanded by the greater as occasion serveth . Of these sort is Massassowat our friend , and Conanacus of Nanohigganset our supposed enemy . Wood also described great sachems : `` A King of large Dominions hath his Viceroyes , or inferiour Kings under him , to agitate his State - affaires , and keepe his Subjects in good decorum . Other Officers there be , but how to distinguish them by name is some - thing difficult ... . '' Massassoit , as Winslow pointed out , was such a great sachem or kaeasonimoog as his Pokanoket presided over other sachemships , including Squanto 's Patuxet . Jump up ^ Roger Williams noted that `` The Natives are very exact and punctual in the bounds of their Lands , belonging to this or that Prince or People , ( even to a River , Brooke ) &c . '' Winslow wrote that sachems were jealous of their domain : `` Every Sachim knoweth how farre the bounds and limites of his own Countrey extendeth , and that is his owne proper inheritance ... . The great Sachims or Kings , know their owne bounds or limits of land , as well as the rest . '' Boundaries were well known and defined by drainage basins , streams , hills or other notable features . Even a casual trespass , such as encroachment on a deer park , was grounds for hostility and even death . Jump up ^ Winslow called this supernatural being Hobbamock ( the Natives north of the Pokanoket call it Hobbamoqui , he said ) and expressly equated him with their devil . William Wood called this same supernatural being Abamacho and said it presided over the infernal regions where their enemies and `` loose livers '' were condemned to dwell after death . Winslow used the term powah to refer to the shaman who conducted the healing ceremony . Wood described in detail these ceremonies . Jump up ^ According to Isaack de Rasieres , on return the initiate would be required to imbibe poisonous herbs for several days . If he was able to endure the ordeal , he was rewarded with a wife and presumably obtained a certain rank among the Pokanoket . Jump up ^ In June 1524 Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano under commission of Francis I sailed into Newport Harbor and , according to his published report encountered the aboriginal Narragansett with mutual exuberance and acceptance . It would be over a half century later that further direct contacts occurred , these by the English who were driven first by privateering and the desire to match Spain 's colonial enterprise during the Anglo - Spanish War and later in competition with the French who were establishing entrepôts in the north in the area of Newfoundland and the Saint Lawrence River . The English adventurers who reached southern New England included Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 , Martin Pring in 1603 and George Weymouth in 1605 . The French explorers Samuel de Champlain and Marc Lescarbot explored the New England coast from the French fishing and trading settlements in the north between 1604 and 1606 . Dutch explorer Adrien Block encountered the peoples between Narragansett Bay and Long Island in his cartographic voyages between 1612 and 1614 . And John Smith , recently active in the founding of the Colony of Virginia at Jamestown , explored the coast of New England with a view towards the prospects of settlement in 1614 . The fishermen off the Newfoundland banks from Bristol , Normandy and Brittany as well as the Basque provinces began making annual spring visit beginning as early as 1481 to bring salted cod for sale to Southern Europe . Jump up ^ Paleopathological evidence exists for European importation of typhoid , diphtheria , influenza , measles , chicken pox , whooping cough , tuberculosis , yellow fever , scarlet fever , gonorrhea and smallpox . Jump up ^ The crown was unwilling to expend any money to finance exploration or settlement but was quite interested in participating in any revenue that it generated . It therefore granted monopolies to favored entrepreneurs to undertake the financing . To obtain investors the entrepreneurs had to be able to show near - term profits and to do so be willing to cut expense and produce immediate income . And that is what the promoters proposed doing , regardless of the wishes of the native inhabitants . Jump up ^ Unlike the French or even the Spanish , the English never attempted any missions among the Natives until much later . Roger Williams made this point in 1643 . Jump up ^ Based on the Native words that Rosier listed in his report , Goddard concluded that the Natives spoke Eastern Abenaki . The speakers , therefore , might have been Penobscot , Passamaquoddy or members of smaller societies like the Micmac or Maliseet . Jump up ^ At about 5 : 00 p.m. on May 30 , the remaining 14 men on board the Archangel spied three canoes of Natives and convinced three individuals to come aboard . The English sailors intrigued them with iron knives , combs , glasses , bracelets , rings and `` other triffles . '' `` We found them then ( as after ) a people of exceeding good intention , quicke understanding and readie capacitie . '' Having developed a sign language to communicate with them , Rosier persuaded them to spend the night near the ship , and the next day after providing breakfast for them , he made them to understand that if they returned with skins the English would trade knives and other desirable items for them . Jump up ^ Captain Weymouth returned that morning ( May 31 ) , and shortly after noon four canoes of Natives returned with items to trade . A rain prevented commerce on land , but after it subsided the Captain invited several on board and even gave one a shirt and the rest gowns to dry in . After treating them to sugar candy and raisins ( among other things ) , the English provided the Natives with bread and fish for their companions . The next morning Rosier and five other Englishmen traded with 28 Natives . The captain and crew entertained them the rest of the day , with Rosier intriguing them by writing down their names for things and the captain slightly alarming them with his magnetized sword . That night several Natives slept aboard the ship while one sailor stayed ashore where he witnessed a two - hour pow - wow . June 2 being Sabbath Rosier `` signed they should depart , and at the next Sun rising we would goe along with them to their houses ; which they understood ( as we thought ) and departed ... '' That evening three canoes came to the vessel bearing tobacco , and another night of amicable hospitality ensued . Jump up ^ `` Thus because we found the land a place answereable to the intent of our discovery , viz . fit for any nation to inhabit , we used the people with as great kindness as we could devise , or found them capable of . '' Jump up ^ Early the next morning the Natives who slept ashore prevailed upon the captain to accompany them to the mainland where they would trade ( as Rosier had suggested the day before ) . Weymouth took 15 men with eight rowers and travelled to the mainland . Instead of disembarking , the English arranged to send a scout ( holding a hostage for security ) . The scout reported that there were 280 men with bows and arrows and tamed wolves , but no merchandise . The English immediately suspected a trap . Jump up ^ On June 3 Natives visited the vessel again , and three went aboard . Rosier and eight other men went on land to pretend to trade with the other three . One took flight , and the English `` used little delay , but suddenly laid hands upon them . '' The two Natives struggled mightily `` it was as much as five or sixe of us could doe to get them into the light horsemen '' where they were borne to the ship and all five were shunted off to the lower deck , where they remained as Weymouth continued exploring . Jump up ^ Weymouth took the Natives , who were Eastern Abenaki from Maine , whereas Squanto , who was Patuxet , a Southern New England Algonquin , lived in Plymouth , a place , according to Rosier 's report , the Archangel neither reached nor planned to . Adams maintains that `` it is not supposable that a member of the Pokánoket tribe would be passing the summer of 1605 in a visit among his deadly enemies the Tarratines , whose language was not even intelligible to him ... and be captures as one of a party of them in the way described by Rosier ... . '' Adams 1892 , p. 24 n. 2 ( cont 'd ) . Rosier himself names the five Natives , and while two of them have a similar name to two of the three Gorges names , the other is not Squanto at all . Moreover , much earlier Gorges had in fact written about Squanto -- this in connection with Squanto 's actual kidnapping later by Thomas Hunt ( described below ) , but he did not note that this Squanto was the same person who had lived in his house years before . Moreover , if Squanto were in England in 1605 , he had to return to New England to be kidnapped by Thomas Hunt . But there is no record of any ship sailing to New England with Squanto on board , before the Hunt abduction . Moreover , although John Smith writes disapprovingly of Squanto 's abduction by Hunt , he does not mention that this would have been a second abduction of him , if Gorges 's much later account were true . Finally , according to an early Plymouth `` joiner , '' when Squanto was asked how he learned English , he related the story of his abduction by Hunt in 1614 , his escape from Spain to England and his stay there but not his supposed capture by Weymouth in 1605 and his stay in England with Gorges . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Salisbury 1982 , pp. 265 -- 66 n. 15 ; Shuffelton 1976 , p. 109 ; Adolf 1964 , p. 247 ; Adams 1892 , p. 24 n . 2 ( cont 'd ) ( `` there can be no doubt that Gorges was mistaken in his statement , and that the Patuxet savage was not kidnapped at Pemaquid . '' ) ; Burrage 1906 ( `` erroneously introduced ( in Briefe Narration ) by Gorges writing many years afterward . '' ) ; Deane 1885 , p. 37 ( `` In saying that the name of one of these three natives was `` Tasquantum , '' he errs. `` ) . On the other had Kinnicutt sets forth circumstances that he believes gives Gorges 's statement some plausibility . Kinnicutt 1914 , pp. 109 -- 11 . Kinnicut believes that Squanto was the same Native that Smith as the `` Tantum '' whom Smith writes he `` '' set on shore at Cape Cod '' in 1614 . the reference ot `` Tantum , '' however , in his acocounts of 1616 , 1620 or 1622 , only his account of 1624 . Even so , it would have been odd for Smith to have brought Squanto from England and set him down in Cape Cod when Smith had actually visited Patuxet , Squanto 's village , before he reached Cape Cod . `` Tantum '' is therefore unlikely to be Squanto . Jump up ^ Salisbury suggests that Sassacomit was in fact Samoset , whose later pairing with Squanto in Plymouth might explain Gorges 's mistaking him for Squanto . If this is true , and if Samoset travelled with Dermer from Permaquid to the Cape Cod area ( see below ) , Samoset would have been a shipmate of Squanto , and thus the two of them would have had a longer acquaintance than otherwise supposed , as well as shared experiences of Spain and England , and it would explain why the two of them were among the Pokanoket at the same time . Jump up ^ Whether the ideas were Hayes 's own or Burghley 's which Hayes merely justified by the report , a settlement in southern New England comported with Burghley 's foreign policy objective . Hayes argued that the area 's climate better comported with English comfort and produced agriculture much like England 's . The area also produced a wealth of fish prized in Europe which could support a small foothold establishment with more settlers to be added later . Jump up ^ Gabriel Archer 's description expresses the surprise the English experienced in finding Natives so thoroughly influenced by Europeans ( probably French fishermen ) . He remarked on the breeches , stocking , shoes and hat `` made by some Christian '' but worn by one of them as well as how `` boldly '' they boarded the Concord . They could also speak `` divers Christian words '' and with chalk described the coast thereabout . Jump up ^ On May 31 , 1602 o.s. Gosnold sailed the Concord toward Hap 's Hill , which is now Round Hill near Dumplin Rocks in Dartmouth , and came ashore . He was greeted by men , women and children willing to offer him `` skinnes of wilde beasts , which may be rich Furres , Tobacco , Hempe , artificial Strings coloured , Chaines , '' and so forth . Jump up ^ The exact spot is a matter of conjecture . Bancroft believed that it was at Old Town Harbor in Martha 's Vineyard , which would be consistent with Pring 's statement that it was in `` the latitude of 41 . degrees and odd minutes . '' Burrage wrote that it was at Plymouth , Massachusetts , where the Mayflower settlers would later settle . Salisbury thinks that it was in Provincetown Harbor . Jump up ^ Pring tells the story of locals charmed by the playing of the zither ( `` gitterne '' ) by a sailor , who the Natives paid tobacco , pipes and snakes skins to play , while they `` danced twentie in a Ring ... singing Io Ia Io Ia Ia Io ... '' Jump up ^ Trinculo comes upon Caliban hiding under a blanket and quips that he can not decide if it is a man or a fish . He considers that if he were in London he could paint him and exhibit him for crowds will pay to see exhibited men : `` Any strange beast there makes a man ( prosperous ) . When they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar , they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian . '' The Tempest II : ii : 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Some 19th century writers assumed that Gorges was mistaken and meant instead that he obtained Epenow from Captain Harlow , who like Harley , was from Gorges 's failed Sagadahoc Colony . But Gorges writes that Epenow was part of 29 other Natives in his possession , not the five collected by Harlow , which makes it seems that Harley was something like a broker and Harlow one of his suppliers . In any event , Baxter gives reasons explaining why the often unreliable Gorges was unlikely to have confused these two men . Jump up ^ In his first account , published in 1622 , only three years from the event he mentions , he tells of his first learning of `` Taquantum '' in connection with his stay with Captain Mason and Thomas Dermer in Newfoundland , evidently not realizing that Squanto lived in London for a long while with John Slany . In fact , on the basis of Gorges 's narrations , his biographer inferred that Squanto had somehow sailed from Spain to Newfoundland directly . In any event , Gorges regularly hopelessly confuses one Native for another . Jump up ^ See Dunn 1993 , p. 39 ; Salisbury 1982 , p. 235 . Gorges complicates the story again . In his account published in 1658 , over 40 years after the event , he writes that Dermer then in Newfoundland advised him that `` one of my Salvages ( had been ) brought from Malago in a ship of Bristol ... '' This unnamed `` Salvage '' seems to be Squanto but Gorges says that this same Native `` was after employed '' by him with Captain Hobson on the voyage to Martha 's Vineyard which in fact took place in 1614 , four years before Dermer was in Newfoundland . He thus confuses Squanto with Assocomet ( which he obtain from Weymouth 's Maine expedition ) or Epenow ( which he obtained either directly or indirectly from Captain Harlow 's voyage to Matha 's Vineyard . Aside from this utter confusion , the account as to how this Native arrived in Newfoundland is at odds with the nature of the trade . The regular trade in cod with the Mediterranean was not bilateral , but rather triangular with cod shipped from Newfoundland to Spain in exchange for wine , which was in turned shipped to England . The third leg was the transport of English laborers from England to Newfoundland , and this means is much more likely to be the one by which Squanto arrived in Newfoundland . See generally Pope 2004 . Jump up ^ Gorges 's biographer speculates that Squanto , after spending four years in Spain , was taken by a Bristol to Newfoundland `` laden probably with wine which was to be exchanged for fish . '' It might be equally or more probable that a Bristol vessel bringing wine from Málaga to England might also have speculated on the value of Native Americans in England either for exhibition or in connection with a colonial enterprise ( especially given that the Newfoundland adventure was made up of Bristol partners ) . Jump up ^ Writing in 1674 Daniel Gookin tells of interviews of Natives then old but young children during the epidemic who told him that `` the bodies all over were exceeding yellow , describing it by a yellow garment they showed me , both before they died , and afterwards . '' Moreover , the philologist James Hammond Trumbull wrote that the Algonquin word translated by Roger Williams as `` the plague '' ( i.e. , the epidemic of 1616 -- 19 ) , weauashaûonck , literally means `` a bad yellowing , '' just as weasuaashaûi ( Williams : `` He hath the plague '' ) derives from `` he is badly yellow . '' Jump up ^ In 1622 Bradford watched Squanto die of what he called `` the Indian fever . '' The chief symptom was profuse bleeding from the nose . This may or may not have been the result of a late infection from the same diseases as involved in the epidemic . But it took place in a remote corner of Cape Cod among Natives who evidenced much wariness of Europeans . Squanto , however , may have contracted the illness on the mainland around Plymouth Harbor where he had come from not many days before . Jump up ^ Williams collected twenty three different authors who wrote about the epidemic from 1619 to 1677 . Jump up ^ Yellow fever was first suggested by Hoyt who also suggested it might have come from the West Indies . But Adams rejected this identification on the ground that the disease only affected Natives , not Europeans , and the epidemic survived frost which yellow fever could not . Jump up ^ Both Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Samuel Abbott Green ascribed the epidemic to smallpox . But that diagnosis does not explain jaundice , head aches , lung congestion or superficial spots . Moreover , Roger Williams 's lexicography of the Algonquin language lists one word for the `` plague '' ( i.e. , the 1616 -- 1619 epidemic ) , weauashaûonck , and an entirely separate word for pox ( which they became familiarity with during the 1633 epidemic ) , mamaskishashaûonck . After the 1633 pox Governor Bradford himself saw that the Natives differentiated between the former `` plague '' and smallpox . Concerning an outbreak at the trading post in Windsor , Connecticut he wrote : `` a sorer disease can not befall them ; they fear it more than the plague . '' Finally , Adams makes the point that Europeans at the time had `` a terrible familiarity '' with smallpox : `` They knew its every symptom . They were themselves liable to it . '' Yet , Vines and his companions slept in the same cabins as the suffering Abenaki in 1616 , and neither contracted the disease or remarked on the pocks of the sufferers . Nor did Dermer observe pocks in 1619 . Jump up ^ Early 17th century Europeans were familiar with both bubonic and pneumonic plague , and the Mayflower settlers from London probably experience outbreaks there in the early 1600s . The early descriptions of the epidemic refer to it as `` the plague , '' but it is unclear whether that term was applied specifically to the disease caused by the Yersinia bacterium ( which is how Bradford uses the term when referring to the 1625 plague in London ) , all highly contagious febrile diseases or even to any widespread afflictions ( as Bradford uses it quoting Proverbs 22 : 3 ) . But in one case , Edward Winslow speaks of it as if it represented a known and specific disease . In late 1622 he writes of certain Massachuset who had planted corn on behalf of the settlers . `` When they ( the settlers ) came thither , they found a great sicknesse to be amongst the Indians , not unlike the plague , if not the same . '' The symptoms described are largely consistent with the plague ( headache in early phases , epistaxis , `` sores '' representing `` boboes '' ) , except for jaundice . Winter infection is possible with the pneumonic form . There were ample reservoirs in the black rats from ships on the coast that Lescarbot noted during Champlain 's visits in 1603 -- 06 . Moreover , Winslow noted the presence of fleas in Natives houses when he visited the village of Pokanoket in 1621 . Williams also wrote that one of the reasons that Natives might move habitations was to avoid flea infestation . Yet if Squanto died of the plague , then Bradford was unable to diagnosis it , for he called Squanto 's affliction the `` Indian fever . '' Jump up ^ The advantage of this explanation is that it accounts for the same symptoms as the plague explanation does and in addition for the jaundice that Gookin wrote of . Instead of `` buboes , '' however , this condition exhibits a rash , which may not be consistent with Dermer 's observation of `` sores . '' And since the posited contact with the free living Leptospira bacteria involves contaminated water , mud or food sources ( such as buried corn ) , it is not clear why the English should have escaped infection , especially since they did all the same activities as the Natives , and even purchased their stored corn . In fact , the corn purchased in November 1622 was from Natives who Winslow states exhibited plague - like symptoms . Jump up ^ Among the other diagnoses are influenza , chickenpox , typhus , typhoid fever , trichinosis , cerebrospinal meningitis , and syndemic infection of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) and hepatitis D virus ( HDV ) . Table 1 in Marr & Cathey 2010 lists the sources for proponents and opponents of each of the foregoing suggestions and Table 2 shows which of the observations the prominent explanations account for . Jump up ^ If Squanto died of this same disease , then it continued until at least November 1622 . Winslow also recorded what he thought appeared just like the `` plague '' in Boston Harbor just after Squanto 's death . Jump up ^ Pratt told the story , claiming he heard it directly from the Natives around Massachusetts Bay . At the end of the century , after a war with Massasoit 's son , Cotton Mather saw the epidemic , which he reported took away 19 of twenty , as the divine means by which `` the woods were almost cleared of those pernicious creatures , to make room for a better growth . '' He modifies the story to have the Frenchman , with his last dying breath `` tell those tawny pagans , ' that God being angry with them for their wickedness , would not only destroy them all , but also people the place with another nation , which would not live after their brutish manners . ' '' Jump up ^ By this time the area around Monhegan had become a major staging area for the English fishing trade . When Rowcraft approached the shore , he discovered a French bark infringing on the exclusive fishing rights claimed by Gorges 's Plymouth Company . Rowcraft seized the bark and sent the Frenchmen back to England on his vessel , retaining the bark to be used by him and a few of his men for the coasting expedition assigned by Gorges ( presumably with Dermer and Squanto ) . For some ill explained reason , his men mutinied , and Rowcraft left them on shore near the Saco River . The bark proved unsuited for a coasting expedition , because it drew too much water . So he decided to sail directly to Virginia ( without Dermer ) possibly to obtain the kind of vessel to comply with his commission . Baxter untangles Gorges 's turgid prose to tell the story simply at Baxter 1890 , p . I : 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ For example , both Baxter and Salisbury wrote that Squanto intended to seek out his people , but Saco is 135 miles overland from Plymouth , where Squanto 's village was located . Perhaps , Sawhquotooke was closer to Patuxet . An unnamed editor writing for the New York Historical Society , for example , wrote that that village was `` ( a ) n Indian settlement in the present town of Brewster , on the peninsula of Cape Cod . '' He does not cite any authority for this assertion , and it is contradicted by Gorges and later writers . Jump up ^ That Gorges sent his orders to Dermer by means of his fishing ships suggests that Dermer received them in Monhegan , thus supporting Baxter 's supposition that he went there in 1620 . Jump up ^ At least one writer has this event taking place during the 1619 visit to Nemasket . It is unlikely , however , that Dermer would have omitted it from the letter he wrote to Purchas in December 1619 , given that Dermer included other conflicts with the Natives . It also is unlikely that Massasoit would have allowed him to redeem two French sailors if the Pokanoket were so furious with the English , especially after it took Squanto 's best efforts to prevent his own execution . Salisbury sets this event in 1620 , before the next encounter with Epenow , which seems to be the sense in which Bradford intended it to be read . Jump up ^ Salisbury cites no source for this reconstruction . Jump up ^ The chapter also confuses Massasoit with Hobomock in connection with the story of the gunpowder and plague discussed below . Moreover , Pratt who very late in life gave a narration of the early days of the Plymouth Plantation claims to have learned , perhaps from Squanto directly , certain conversations Squanto had with Massasoit before they met the Mayflower settlers , which does not imply a captor - captive relation . Jump up ^ The Mayflower settlers used the Julian calendar which ( 1 ) at the time was ten days ' behind '' the modern Gregorian calendar ( e.g. , November 11 , 1620 o.s. was the same as November 21 , 1620 n.s. ) and ( 2 ) for civil and legal purposes changed calendar years on March 25 rather than January 1 ( e.g. , March 1 , 1620 o.s. was the same as March 11 , 1621 n.s. ) . By the 1620s , however , January 1 had become popularly associated with `` New Years day , '' so often dates in the period from January 1 to March 24 were written with both years , thus : March 1 , 1620 / 21 ( which was equivalent to March 11 , 1621 n.s. ) . Jump up ^ On that day the settlers entered into their Mayflower Compact to give some legitimacy to settling outside their patent and to provide a basis for decision - making . Jump up ^ Standish set off on November 15 , with 16 men ( including William Bradford ) armed with matchlock guns and swords and wearing corslet armor . Within a mile 's march along the shore , they encountered five or six Nauset with a dog coming from the opposite direction . The Natives broke into the woods , and the Englishmen followed hard upon them , but the Natives ran away with `` might and mayne . '' Fearing treachery and ambush the English followed their footsteps until nightfall but saw no one Jump up ^ On the second day of the first expedition , November 16 , 1620 o.s. , they came upon a mound of sand covered with old mats , which they soon learned was a grave and moved on . They then found fields of stubble from corn harvested earlier that year . Examining further they found planks and a kettle from a ship , next to which was a mound of fresh sand . When they dug it up they discovered fresh corn in baskets , the largest of which held three or four bushels of newly husked corn . They set up a sentinel and dug up all the corn . After consultation , `` we concluded to take the Ketle , and as much of the Corne as we could carry away with us ... besides , they that could put any into their Pockets filled the same ... '' Jump up ^ Along all the shore of Cape Cod Harbor tidal flats extended a considerable distance ( Bradford estimated three - quarter of a mile ) preventing even small boats from reaching shore . That day a detachment left the boats to march along the shore . They were required to wade in dangerously cold water `` to the mid ( d ) le of the thigh , and oft to the knees , '' a task more difficult for armored men . When they reached land , they found snow in drifts up to a foot high . They had to spend the night on land without the others because the boats could not find a landfall . Bradford attributes to this night the beginning of their winter dying : `` some of our people that are dead tooke the originall of their death here . '' Jump up ^ On November 29 the detachment having met up with the men from the boats , the combined force proceeded to the place from which the first expedition departed . Using their cutlasses and short swords they were able to dig through the ice and frozen ground to find the corn hidden by the men under Standish on November 17 . They also found additional food stored by the Natives , which they took . Jump up ^ As for the theft of food and seed , Bradford claims it was owing to `` Gods good providence , '' otherwise they would have had none . And he elsewhere says they planned to pay for it when they met the Natives . As for the thefts from the houses , Bradford said the men intended to leave beads and other things as a sign of peace , but they forgot in their haste . An early historian of the colony , Francis Baylies , called the thefts `` inexcusable '' and by rationalizing that they would later repay it `` they compromised with their consciences ... '' Jump up ^ It took them two hours to get out of Cape Cod Harbor before they could unfurl their sail . The water was bitter and `` frose on our on our clothes , and made them many times like coats of Iron ... '' They sailed past Billingsgate Point into Wellfleet Harbor where they saw Natives stripping the blubber off of what they later discovered was an orca , which they called grampus . Jump up ^ They discovered a large and ornate native burying ground , but this time they did not disturb the graves . Jump up ^ Smith wrote that the Patuxet , whom he called the `` Accomack , '' were members of the Massachuset confederation . Gookin has them as part of the Pokanoket confederation . Most historians have followed Gookin , but Salisbury suggests that Gooking was `` reinforcing the rewriting of local Indian history '' first done by the English settlers in order to justify their land treaty with the Pokanoket in 1621 . Jump up ^ Massasoit was a titular name ( meaning `` great king or sachem '' ) . His given name was Osamequin ( which he used on the Sowams ' deed ) , otherwise spelled Ousamequin or Woosamequin , and meant `` yellow feather . '' The English uniformly refer to him as Massasoit . Jump up ^ See Philbrick 2006 , pp. 95 -- 96 . In his death speech in 1660 the most celebrated of New England shamans Passaconaway told his people that he had attempted to drive the English out by spiritual powers : `` I was as much an Enemy to the English at their first coming into these Parts , as anyone whatsoever , and did try all Ways and Means possible to have destroyed them , at least to have prevented them sitting down here , but I could no way effect it ; ... therefore I advise you never to contend with the English , nor make War with them . '' Passaconaway was with the Massachuset , however . Moreover , Squanto reportedly had been advising Massasoit of the power of the English long before the convocation . Jump up ^ Kupperman ventures the explanation that the name Samoset is a corruption of `` Somerset '' -- a name the English fisherman used for him . Earlier S.G. Drake suggested that Samoset tried to explain that he was from the `` Somerset '' part of Maine ( named by Gorges ) and the Plymouth settlers misunderstood him , thinking he was telling them his name . Matthews , however , disproved the latter suggestion and makes a convincing case that Samoset was his original Native name and that he later became known among the English as `` Capt . John Sommerset , a Sagamore Indian of Pemaquid , '' ( and variations ) , who deeded land along Muscongus Bay to John Brown in 1625 . Salisbury proposes that Samoset may have been one of the Natives captured by Weymouth in 1605 and given over to Gorges -- the one mistaken by Gorges in his old age for Squanto . Jump up ^ On first seeing him the settlers immediately stopped Samoset before he could reach the `` Randevous '' evidently fearing that he would discover how sickly and depleted their numbers were . Unperturbed , he greeted them in English with `` well - come . '' He explained that he came from Monhegan Island where he learned English from the English fishermen that regularly used the island for settlements when they made their voyages to the Maine fishing grounds . He was even able to recite the names of captains and other officers of the regular vessels . Speaking openly , Samoset told the settlers of the surrounding Natives , their leaders and strength . He told them of the peoples that inhabited the land they settled on and how the `` extraordinary plague '' had carried them off , meaning , as Winslow noted , `` there is none to hinter our possession , or lay claim unto it ... . '' He spent the entire day with them , spent the night and left the next morning , telling them that their nearest neighbors , the `` Masasoits '' numbered `` sixtie stronge . '' Samoset also warned them the Nauset on Cape Cod , those from whom the settlers stole , were a hundred strong and had already killed Englishmen less than a year before . He was also aware of the hostile encounter the setters had with these very settlers he was speaking to . Jump up ^ As it was recorded in Mourt 's Relation , '' the treaty called for the surrender of any Native who injured any of the English for punishment by the latter but not vice versa . The treaty also required Massosoit to bind his `` Confederates '' to the terms of the treaty . The terms , however , were considered fair by Massasoit , and he even applied to the Plymouth court in 1639 to have the treaty ratified and renewed . Jump up ^ With a view to their government for the new year , which began on March 25 under the Julian calendar then in use , the settlers again chose John Caver as their governor , he having been first elected the previous November , when the settlers entered into their compact aboard the Mayflower . Some time in April , while working in the fields Carver developed a headache and several hours later fell into a comma from which he never recovered , dying several days later . The settlers elected Bradford to replace him . Jump up ^ Two years later John Pory reported to Henry Wriothesley , then treasurer of the Virginia Company : `` In March the eels come forth out of places they lie bedded all winter , into the fresh streams , and there into the sea , and in their passage they are taken in pots. ... In winter the inhabitants dig them up , being bedded in gravel not above two or three foot deep ... They are passing sweet , fat and wholesome , having no taste at all of the mud , and are as great as ever I saw any . '' Jump up ^ Despite frequently comparing their situation to living in the `` howling wilderness '' of Deuteronomy ( 32 : 10 ) , the English found vast stretches of cleared land , so much so that they enacted laws to prevent deforestation and regulated tree cutting . Jump up ^ The existence of tree stumps ( left by the aboriginal method of deforestation ) and rocky soil made plowing difficult , even if the Natives had iron plows and beasts of burden . But the native method of creating seed mounds had the beneficial result of preventing the soil erosion that resulted when European methods were adopted , which methods involved `` stirring the soil over the entire field . '' As a result , `` it appears that the Indians were able to grow corn on the same field longer than the white settlers . '' Jump up ^ Pory reported two years later : `` In April and May come up another kind of fish which they call herring or old wives in infinite schools , into a small river running under the town , and so into a great pond or lake of a mile broad , where they cast their spawn , the water of the said river being in many places not above half a foot deep . Yea , when a heap of stones is reared up against them a foot high above the water , they leap and tumple over , and will not be beaten back with cudgels. ... The inhabitants during the said two months take them up in hogsheads . And with those they eat not , they manure the ground , burying two or three in each hill of corn . '' Jump up ^ Ceci discounts the testimony of Bradford and Winslow on the assumption that neither had seen Native fertilization by fish when they wrote , although she offers no support for this conclusion , despite that Bradford 's testimony must have been written much later than 1621 and that Winslow 's letter was dated after he spent nearly a year in the Plymouth area , during which he went on several journeys to different native villages . Jump up ^ Governor John Winthrop the Younger , shortly after being the first American elected to the English scientific association , the Royal Society , was asked by Robert Boyle to submit a treatise on American maize ( possibly to help revitalize English agriculture after the devastation of the Civil War ) . Winthrop provided a detailed essay on the cultivation , use and value of maize In it he makes the following remark on Native fertilization techniques : `` Where the ground is not very good , or hath beene long planted and worne out , the Indians used to put two or three of these forementioned Fishes ( alooses ) under each place upon which they planted their Corne , ... and by these meanes had far greater Crops then that ground would otherwise produce , many times more than double , the English have learned this good husbandry of the Indians , and do still use it in places , where those ( alooses ) come up on great plenty ... '' Jump up ^ Fertilization would have disproved the assertion that the Native 's left their lands vacant because it not only showed active cultivation of the land but also long - term investment in it . The supposed legal principle was asserted at the very beginning of the English colonial enterprise , right in Plymouth during its precarious first year . A particularly brazen example of its expression was published by Robert Cushman , the Separatists ' London agent who visited Plymouth at the end of 1621 . As part of his plea for more settlers , he justified the taking of the land of the Natives thus : `` their land is spacious and void & there are few and doe but run over the grasse ... they are not industrious , neither have art , science , skill or facilitie to use either the land or the commodities of it , but all spoils , rots , and is marred for want of manuring , gathering , ordering , &c . As the ancient Patriarckes therefore removed from straiter places to the more roomthy , where the Land lay idel and waste and none used it , though there dwelt inhabitants by them ... so it is lawfull now to take a land now which none useth , and make use of it . This essay was published in the same work , Mourt 's Relation , in which Winslow explained that their corn harvest this first year was from seeds planted and manured `` according to the manner of the Indians ... '' Later , when Puritans began settling the Massachusetts Bay Colony the principle was frequently invoked by John Winthrop ( the senior ) and John Cotton . Jump up ^ The Narragansetts used mannawhatteaûg to designate several types of fish including the herring - like marine menhaden as well as `` fertilizer '' which `` indicates that this fish ... received its name from the fact of its being used as manure for cornfields . '' Jump up ^ Salisbury follows Morton in believing Squanto a Pokanoket prisoner ( despite Morton 's confusion of Squanto with Samoset and discrepancies ) and writes that as an exchange for his services in connection with the treaty with the English `` the Pokanoket now freed him to become guide , interpreter , and diplomat for the colony . '' There is no direct evidence of any such arrangement , although perhaps Massasoit was grateful for Squanto 's advice that the English could become an ally against the Narragansett , if what Pratt declared were true . There was , however , no sign observed by Bradford or Winslow which showed Massasoit releasing Squanto after the treaty ceremonies . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation says they left on June 10 . That day being a Sabbath , Prince points out that it was therefore the unlikely day of their departure . Both he and Young therefore follow Bradford who recorded ( although many years after the event ) that they left on July 2 . Jump up ^ En route they were accompanied by Natives who had been at the bay lobstering . At 3 p.m. they arrived at Nemasket , where the villagers fed and entertained them . At Squanto 's suggestion they set off again , and by dusk they reached the Indian weir near Titicut on the Taunton River where they met Nemasket men fishing for bass . They exchanged food and spent the night in the open air . The next morning they set off again following the Taunton River , which promised to take them to Massasoit 's seat . Again they encountered Natives , many of whom offered to carry their baggage and even carry them across streams . The English would occasionally offer bead bracelets in gratitude . Jump up ^ Because he was called back to the village unexpectedly , Massasoit had no food for his guests . The next day Massasoit was able to obtain two large fish , but they had to be shared among forty , because many village sachems had been invited to play games and visit the envoys . This fish , however , was the only food the Englishmen ate during their visit to Pokanoket . Winslow complained mostly about the sleeping accommodations , however . They were invited to sleep on the same planks as Massasoit , his wife and two of his chief men . Winslow also complained of the singing of the men as well as the fleas and lice within their home and the mosquitoes without . Jump up ^ Winslow writes of this Tokamahamon that `` we had found faithfull before and after upon all occasions , '' but there is no previous mention of him in either Mourt 's Relation or Bradford 's OPP . He does appear later , however . Jump up ^ Winslow reports that six `` Savages '' accompanied them . They found food at the nearest village , which had fed before when they were on their way to Pokanoket . They continued on to the weir , where they found a Native who provided half his catch to them . Winslow sent Tokamahamon on to Nemasket to see if he could have food waiting for them , while they spent the night at the weir . A thunderstorm began at 2 a.m. which continued until they reached Nemasket where they were fed ( as they were during their outward journey ) . The envoys continued on in the rain and reached Plymouth so that they could observe Sabbath the next day . Jump up ^ Winslow recorded that the mission began on June 10 , under his dating this would have been the Monday after the Saturday that he and Hopkins returned . Prince finds this date inconsistent with certain details preceding and following the account of this mission and therefore holds that the trip took place sometime between the end of July and August 13 . Jump up ^ HIs name , they thought , was Maramoick ( but that was probably the name of the location they were then at ) : `` we promised him restitution , & desired him either to come Patuxet for satisfaction , or else we would bring them so much corne againe , he promised to come , wee used him very kindly for the present . '' . Jump up ^ Young believes that only seven men were left to guard Plymouth . This calculation , however , assumed that both Winslow and Hopkins were still on their mission to Pokatoket and not with the 10 men among the Nausets . But this is unlikely , not only because it contradicts the chronology Young himself endorsed , but also because it meant that Squanto would have been with Winslow and Hopkins , yet he is explicitly named among those on the mission to the Nauset . Jump up ^ This is the first mention of Hobomok in any of the settler records . Bradford describes him as `` a proper lusty man , and a man of account for his valour and parts amongst the Indians ... '' Jump up ^ Bradford wrote that the force was made up of Standish and fourteen men , while Winslow wrote that ten men were sent . Jump up ^ Their names as provided by Morton were : Oquamehud , Cawnacome , Obbatinnua , Nattawahunt , Caunbatant , Quadaquina , Huttamoden and Appanow . Jump up ^ Hutchinson writes that the Abeneki known as `` Tarrateens '' or `` Tarrenteens '' lived on the Kennebec and nearby rivers in Maine . They traded frequently with the French who disposed them against the English . Within the first year of the Massachusetts Bay colony they murdered several settlers who went to trade with them . After the murderers were hanged , there was tentative peace between them and the English for forty years , but not with the Massachuset . `` There was great enmity between the Tarrentines and the Alberginians , or the Indians of Massachusets Bay , who although they had been formerly a great people , yet were so reduced , that , upon alarms , they wouly ( sic ) fly to the English houses as to asylums , where the Tarrenteens durst not pursue them . '' Jump up ^ Bradford quoted Deuteronomy 32 : 8 , which those familiar would understand the unspoken allusion to a `` waste howling wilderness . '' But the chapter also has the assurance that the Lord kept Jacob `` as the apple of his eye . '' Jump up ^ So Alexander Young put it as early as 1841 . Jump up ^ Humins surmises that the entourage included sachems and other heademn of the confederation 's villages . '' Jump up ^ According to John Smith 's account in New England Trials ( 1622 ) , the Fortune arrived at New Plymouth on November 11 , 1621 o.s. and departed December 12 . Bradford described the 35 that were to remain as `` unexpected or looked for '' and detailed how they were less prepared than the original settlers had been , bringing no provisions , no material to construct habitation and only the poorest of clothes . It was only when they entered Cape Cod Bay , according to Bradford , that they began to consider what desperation they would be in if the original colonists had perished . The Fortune also brought a letter from London financier Thomas Weston complaining about holding the Mayflower for so long the previous year and failing to lade her for her return . Bradford 's response was surprisingly mild . They also shipped back three hogshead of furs as well as sasssafras , and clapboard for a total freigt value of ₤ 500 . Jump up ^ Winslow wrote that the Narragansett had sought and obtained a peace agreement with the Plymouth settlers the previous summer , although no mention of it is made in any of the writings of the settlers . Jump up ^ The story was revealed by Squanto himself when some barrels of gunpowder were unearthed under a house . Hobomok asked what they were , and Squanto replied that it was the plague that he had told him and others about . Oddly in a tale of the wickedness of Squanto for claiming the English had control over the plague is this addendum : Hobomok asked one of the settlers whether it was true , and the settler replied , `` no ; But the God of the English had it in store , and could send it at is pleasure to the destruction of his and our enemies . '' Jump up ^ The first two numbered items of the treaty as it was printed in Mourt 's Relation provided : `` 1 . That neither he nor any of his should injure or doe hurt to any of our people . 2 . And if any of his did hurt to any of ours , he should send the offender , that we might punish him . '' As printed the terms do not seem reciprocal , but Massasoit apparently thought they were . Neither Bradford in his answer to the messenger , nor Bradford or Winslow in their history of this event deny that the treaty entitled Massasoit to the return of Squanto . Jump up ^ The events in Bradford 's and Winslow 's chronologies , or at least the ordering of the narratives , do not agree . Bradford 's order is : ( 1 ) Provisions spent , no source of food found ; ( 2 ) end of May brings shallop from Sparrow with Weston letters and seven new settlers ; ( 3 ) Charity and Swan arrive depositing `` sixty lusty men '' ' ; ( 4 ) amidst `` their straights '' letter from Huddleston brought by `` this boat '' from the east ; ( 5 ) Winslow and men return with them ; ( 6 ) `` this summer '' they build fort . Winslow 's sequence is : ( 1 ) Shallop from Sparrow arrives ; ( 2 ) end of May 1622 , food storehouse spent ; ( 3 ) Winslow and his men sail to Damariscove in Maine ; ( 4 ) on return finds state of colony much weakened from lack of bread ; ( 5 ) Native taunts cause settlers to start building fort , at expense of planting ; ( 6 ) end of June -- beginning of July Charity and Swan arrive . The chronology adopted below follows Willison 's combination of the two accounts . Although Bradford 's rather careless use of pronouns makes it unclear which `` pilot '' Winslow followed to the fishing grounds in Maine ( which carried the Huddleton letter ) or indeed who brought the Huddleton letter , it is likely the shallop from the Sparrow and not another boat from Huddleston himself , as Willison and Adams before him conclude . Philbrick has Huddleston 's letter arrive after the Charity and Swan , and only mentions Winslow 's voyage to the fishing grounds , which , if it took place after the arrival of those two vessels , would have taken place after the end of the fishing season . Jump up ^ The islands off the Damariscove river in Maine early on provided stages for fishermen from early times . Damariscove Island was called Damerill 's Isles on John Smith 's 1614 map . Bradford noted that in 1622 there `` were many more ships come afishing . '' The Sparrow was stationed on these grounds . Morison states that 300 to 400 sails of different countries , including 30 to 40 English as well as some from Virginia , came to fish these grounds in May , leaving in the summer . Winslow 's mission was to beg or borrow supplies from these fishermen . Jump up ^ These were the same `` perilous shoals and breakers '' that caused the Mayflower to turn back on November 9 , 1620 o.s. Jump up ^ A marker on the front lawn of the Nickerson Genealogical Research Center on Orleans Road in Chatham states that Squanto is buried at the head of Ryder 's Cove . Nickerson claims that the skeleton which washed out `` of a hill between Head of the Bay and Cove 's Pond '' around 1770 was probably Squanto 's . Jump up ^ See , for example , `` The Story of Squanto '' . Christian Worldview Journal . August 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ; `` Squanto : A Thanksgiving Drama '' . Focus on the Family Daily Broadcast . May 1 , 2007 . ; `` Tell Your Kids the Story of Squanto '' . Christian Headlines . November 19 , 2014 . ; `` History of Thanksgiving Indian : Why Squanto already knew English '' . Bill Petro : Building the Gap from Strategy and Execution . November 23 , 2016 ... Jump up ^ The illustration at the head of this article , for example , is one of two of Squanto in Bricker , Garland Armor ( 1911 ) . The Teaching of Agriculture in the High School . New York : Macmillan Co . ( Plates after p. 112 . ) Jump up ^ For example , Olcott , Frances Jenkins ( 1922 ) . Good Stories for Great Birthdays , Arranged for Story - Telling and Reading Aloud and for the Children 's Own Reading . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co . This book was reissued by the University of Virginia Library in 1995 . Squanto is referred to as `` Tisquantum '' and `` A Big Indian '' in the stories entitled `` The Father of the New England Colonies '' ( William Bradford ) , at pp. 125 -- 139 . See also Bradstreet , Howard ( 1925 ) . Squanto . ( Hartford ? Conn . ) : ( Bradstreet ? ) . Jump up ^ E.g. : Beals , Frank L. ; Ballard , Lowell C. ( 1954 ) . Real Adventure with the Pilgrim Settlers : William Bradford , Miles Standish , Squanto , Roger Williams . San Francisco : H. Wagner Publishing Co . Bulla , Clyde Robert ( 1954 ) . Squanto , Friend of the White Men . New York : T.Y. Crowell . Bulla , Clyde Robert ( 1956 ) . John Billington , friend of Squanto . New York : Crowell . Stevenson , Augusta ; Goldstein , Nathan ( 1962 ) . Squanto , Young Indian Hunter . Indianapolis , Indiana : Bobbs - Merrill . Anderson , A.M. ( 1962 ) . Squanto and the Pilgrims . Chicago : Wheeler . Ziner , Feenie ( 1965 ) . Dark Pilgrim . Philadelphia : Chilton Books . Graff , Robert ; Graff ( 1965 ) . Squanto : Indian Adventurer . Champaign , Illinois : Garrard Publishing Co . Grant , Matthew G. ( 1974 ) . Squanto : The Indian who Saved the Pilgrims . Chicago : Creative Education . Jassem , Kate ( 1979 ) . Squanto : The Pilgrim Adventure . Mahwah , New Jersey : Troll Associates . Cole , Joan Wade ; Newsom , Tom ( 1979 ) . Squanto . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma : Economy Co . ; Kessel , Joyce K. ( 1983 ) . Squanto and the First Thanksgiving . Minneapolis , Minnesota : Carolrhoda Bookr . Rothaus , James R. ( 1988 ) . Squanto : The Indian who Saved the Pilgrims ( 1500 - 1622 ) . Mankato , Minnesota : Creative Education . ; Celsi , Teresa Noel ( 1992 ) . Squanto and the First Thanksgiving . Austin , Texas : Raintree Steck - Vaughn . Dubowski , Cathy East ( 1997 ) . The Story of Squanto : First Friend to the P. Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Gareth Stevens Publishers . ; Bruchac , Joseph ( 2000 ) . Squanto 's Journey : The Story of the Ffirst Thanksgiving . n.l. : Silver Whistle . Samoset and Squanto . Peterborough , New Hampshire : Cobblestone Publishing Co. 2001 . Whitehurst , Susan ( 2002 ) . A Plymouth Partnership : Pilgrims and Native Americans . New York : PowerKids Press . Buckley , Susan Washborn ( 2003 ) . Squanto the Pilgrims ' Friend . New York : Scholastic . Hirschfelder , Arlene B. ( 2004 ) . Squanto , 1585 ? - 1622 . Mankato , Minnesota : Blue Earth Books . Roop , Peter ; Roop , Connie ( 2005 ) . Thank You , Squanto ! . New York : Scholastic . Banks , Joan ( 2006 ) . Squanto . Chicago : Wright Group / McGraw Hill . Ghiglieri , Carol ; Noll , Cheryl Kirk ( 2007 ) . Squanto : A Friend to the Pilgrims . New York : Scholastic . Jump up ^ E.g. , Hobbs , Carolyn ; Roland , Pat ( 1981 ) . Squanto . Milton , Florida : Printed by the Children 's Bible Club . The Legend of Squanto . Carol Stream , Illinois . 2005 . Metaxas , Eric ( 2005 ) . Squanto and the First Thanksgiving . Rowayton , Connecticut : ABDO Publishing Co . The book was retitled Squanto and the Miracle of Thanksgiving when it was republished in 2014 by the religious publisher Thomas Nelson . The book was turned into an animated video by Rabbit Ears Entertainment in 2007 . Jump up ^ For example , Metaxas 2005 , praised as a `` true story '' by the author 's colleague Chuck Colson , misstates almost every well documented fact in Squanto 's life . It begins with the abduction of 12 year old Squanto which the first sentence dates at `` the year of our Lord 1608 '' ( rather than 1614 ) . When he meets the `` Pilgrims '' he greets Governor Bradford ( rather than Carver ) . The rest is A fictIonalized religious parable which ends with Squanto ( after `` Thanksgiving '' and before any allegations of treachery ) thanking God for the Pilgrims . Jump up ^ Bruchac 2000 , for example , even names Hunt , Smith and Dermer and tries to portray Squanto from a Native American , rather than `` Pilgrim , '' perspective . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baxter 1890 , p . I104 n. 146 ; Kinnicutt 1914 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 202 n. 1 . Jump up ^ Mann 2005 . Jump up ^ Martin 1978 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Kinnicutt 1914 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dockstader 1977 , p. 278 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury 1981 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Kupperman 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Pulsipher 2005 , pp. 191 - 92 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , pp. 228 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , pp. 228 -- 29 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Salisbury 1981 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , p. i . Jump up ^ Letter of Emmanuel Altham to his brother Sir Edward Altham , September 1623 , in James 1963 , p. 29 . A copy of the letter is also reproduced online by MayflowerHistory.com . Jump up ^ Goddard 1978 , pp. passim . Jump up ^ Goddard 1978 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , pp. 28 -- 29 , 34 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , pp. ( ii ) -- ( iii ) . See also Salisbury 1981 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Adolf 1964 , p. 257 n. 1 . Jump up ^ Bradford 1952 , p. 82 n. 7 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 41 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 99 and Young 1841 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Dexter 1865 , p. 84 n. 297 . Jump up ^ Baylies 1830 , p. 63 n. ‡ . Jump up ^ Smith 1907 , p. II : 12 . Jump up ^ Weston 1906 , p. 1 n. 2 . Jump up ^ Salwen 1978 , pp. 174 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Morison 1956 , pp. 69 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Axtell 1978 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1955 , pp. 370 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1955 , pp. 374 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 12 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 35 and Young 1841 , p. 144 ; Morton 1637 , pp. 24 -- 25 in Adams 1883 , pp. 134 -- 35 ; Letter of Philaret ( John Dunton ) to Rev. Samuel Annesley , n.d. ( 1686 ) in Whitmore 1867 , pp. 207 -- 46 , 217 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1955 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , p. 26 reprinted in Adams 1883 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 1643 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1955 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , pp. 166 - 67 , 169 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Jennings 1976 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , pp. 120 -- 21 ; Jennings 1976 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Jennings 1976 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , pp. 140 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Gookin 1792 , pp. 147 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 56 reprinted at Young 1841 , pp. 360 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ See Bragdon 1996 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1924 , p. 57 reprinted at Young 1841 , pp. 361 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Gookin 1792 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1924 , p. 57 reprinted at Youmg 1841 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 59 -- 60 reprinted at Young 1841 , pp. 364 -- 65 ; Wood 1634 , p. 90 ; Williams 1643 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 57 -- 58 reprinted at Young 1841 , pp. 362 -- 63 ; Jennings 1976 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , pp. 145 , 147 -- 48 ; Salisbury 1982 , p. 47 ; Jennings 1976 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , pp. 178 -- 79 ; Brigdon 1996 , pp. 148 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Brandon 1996 , p. 151 ; Humins 1987 , pp. 58 -- 59 ; Salisbury . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 53 reprinted at Young 1841 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , p. 105 For more on Abbomocho , see Bragdon 1996 , pp. 143 , 188 -- 90 , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 54 reprinted at Young 1841 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , pp. 92 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins 1956 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Letter of Isaack de Rasieres to Samuel Bloomaert , ca . 1628 , in James 1963 , p. 79 . See also Salisbury 1981 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Robbins 1956 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , pp. 3 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Martin 1978 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Martin 1978 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Jennings 1976 , pp. 15 -- 16 , 22 -- 24 , 26 -- 31 ; Martin 1978 , pp. 43 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Jennings 1976 , pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Jennings 1976 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , pp. ( x ) -- ( xii ) . Jump up ^ Burrage 1906 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Goddard 1978 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 367 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 367 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 369 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 371 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 375 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 367 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , pp. 377 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1605 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Champlain & 1878 -- 82 , p. II : 92 . Jump up ^ Rosier 1065 reprinted at Burrage 1906 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1658 reprinted at Baxter 1890 , p. II : 8 . ^ Jump up to : Pratt 1858 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Salsubry , 1982 & 265 -- 66 n. 15 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1832 -- 37 reprinted in Brown 1897 , pp. 127 -- 39 . See also Burrage 1914 , pp. 56 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 266 n. 15 . Jump up ^ Saluisbury 1982 , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Quinn 1960 , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Brereton 1602 , pp. 3 -- 4 reprinted in Levermore 1912 , p . I : 31 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1647 reprinted in Archer 1843 , p. 72 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 43 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1647 reprinted in Archer 1843 , p. 73 and Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1647 -- 48 reprinted in Archer 1843 , pp. 73 -- 74 and Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 45 -- 46 . See also Brereton 1602 , p. 4 reprinted in Levermore 1912 , p . I : 32 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1648 reprinted in Archer 1843 , pp. 74 -- 75 and Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Brereton 1602 , p. 5 reprinted in Levermore 1912 , p . I : 33 ; Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1648 reprinted in Archer 1843 , pp. 75 -- 76 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 47 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1648 -- 49 reprinted in Archer 1843 , pp. 75 -- 76 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 49 . Jump up ^ Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Knapp 1836 , pp. 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1649 reprinted in Archer 1843 , p. 78 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 50 Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1649 -- 50 reprinted in Archer 1843 , p. 79 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 51 Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1650 reprinted in Archer 1843 , pp. 80 -- 81 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 53 Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1655 reprinted in Burrage 1906 , p. 348 and Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Bancroft 1862 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Burrage 1906 , pp. 346 -- 47 n. 4 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1654 -- 55 reprinted in Burrage 1906 , pp. 346 -- 47 and Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 63 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Purchas 1625 , p. 1655 reprinted in Burrage 1906 , p. 347 and Levermore 1912 , p . I : 63 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. 1656 reprinted in Burrage 1906 , pp. 350 -- 51 and Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Smith 1907 , pp. II : 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Baxter 1890 , p. II : 20 n. 310 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1658 , p. 13 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1658 , pp. 14 -- 16 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Smith 1907 , p. II : 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 1907 , p. II : 4 . Jump up ^ Smith 1616 , p. 26 reprinted in Arber 1910 , p . I : 205 . Jump up ^ Smith 1616 , p. 28 reprinted in Arber 1910 , p . I : 206 . Jump up ^ Smith 1631 , p. 1 reprinted in Arber 1910 , p. II : 925 . Jump up ^ Smith 1620 reprinted in Arber 1910 , p . I : 264 . Jump up ^ Smith 1631 , pp. 30 -- 31 reprinted in Arber 1910 , pp. II : 955 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , pp. 98 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , pp. 233 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 233 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 186 . See also Dunn 1993 , p. 39 and Salisbury 1981 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Smith 1616 , p. 47 reprinted in Arber 1910 , p . I : 219 . Jump up ^ Smith 1907 , pp. II : 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Baxter 1890 , p . I : 211 . See Salisbury 1981 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Baxter 1890 , p . I : 209 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , p. 11 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. I : 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ See Gorges 1622 , p. 13 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p . I : 212 . Kinnicut also notes that Gorges makes no mention of Squanto having lived in England at any time from 1614 to 1619 . Kinnicutt 1914 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Baxter 1890 , p . I : 105 n. 146 ( cont 'd ) . Jump up ^ E.g. Baxter 1890 , p. II : 27 n. 216 in addition to the accounts cited before . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Revelation 1622 , p. 50 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 81 and Davis 1908 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1658 , pp. 17 -- 18 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. II : 26 . Jump up ^ Prowse 1895 , p. 104 n. 2 . Jump up ^ Smith 1907 , p. II : 62 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 35 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 191 . In his history Bradford simply notes that he `` was entertained by a merchant in London . '' OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 81 and Davis 1908 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ The Patent , April 27 , 1610 , which lists the grantees and extent of the grant , is printed in Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1876 -- 77 and reprinted in Purchas 1905 , pp. 19 : 405 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Dean 1887 , p. 135 . See Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1877 -- 80 reprinted in Purchas 1905 , pp. 19 : 410 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1658 , p. 12 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Crosby 1976 , pp. 289 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1778 reprinted in Purchas 1905 , p. 19 : 129 . ^ Jump up to : Gookin 1792 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Letter from J.H. Trumbull to Samuel Abbot Green , Hartford , July 25 , 1881 , published in Green 1881 , pp. 129 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 114 and Davis 1908 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Williams 1909 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Hoyt 1824 , p. 89 & n. * . Jump up ^ Adams 1892 , p. 2 . See also Cook 1973 , pp. 487 -- 88 ( `` no mosquito - borne infection can survive the New England winter . '' ) . Jump up ^ Holmes 1891 , pp. 314 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Cook 1973 , pp. 488 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 188 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 270 and Davis 1908 , pp. 312 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Adams 1882 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradfod 1952 , p. 177 and Davis 1908 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 24 and Davis 1908 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Winslow 1624 , p. 18 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Cook 1973 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Marr & Cathey 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 45 -- 46 reprinted in ( Dexter 1865 , pp. 45 -- 47 ) and Young 1841 , pp. 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Marr & Cathey 2100 . Jump up ^ Cook 1973 , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Salisbury & 1981982 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Cook 1973 , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Smith 1631 , p. 9 reprinted in Arber , 1910 & II : 933 . Jump up ^ Salsibury 1982 , pp. 102 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 42 -- 43 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , p. 23 reprinted in Adams 1883 , pp. 132 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Smith 1631 , p. 9 reprinted in Arber 1910 , p. II : 933 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , pp. 22 -- 23 reprinted in Adams 1883 , pp. 130 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1858 , pp. 479 , 489 . Jump up ^ Mather 1855 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Pope 2004 discusses this trade . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , p. 13 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p . I : 212 . Jump up ^ D. eane 1887 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , pp. 14 -- 16 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. I : 212 -- 15 ; Gorges 1658 , p. 18 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. II : 27 . Jump up ^ Gorges , 1622 & pp13 -- 14 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. I : 212 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , p. 16 reprinted in Baxter , p . I : 215 ; Gorges 1658 , p. 19 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. II : 28 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , pp. 16 -- 17 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. I : 216 ; Gorges 1658 , p. 19 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. II : 28 . Jump up ^ Letter of Thomas Dermer to Samuel Purchas , December 27 , 1619 in Purchas 1625 , p. 1778 reprinted in Purchas 1905 , p. 19 : 129 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1881 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn 1993 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1778 reprinted in Purchas 1905 , pp. 19 : 130 . Jump up ^ Adams 1883 , p. 131 n. 2 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , p. IV : 1779 reprinted in Purchas 1905 , p. 19 : 131 . Jump up ^ Baxter , 1890 & I : 109 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1881 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ `` Letter of Thomas Dermer , Describing his passage from Maine to Virginia , A.D. 1619 . From Purchas 's Pilgrims , London 1625 '' . Collections of the New - York Historical Society . 2 . 1 : 343 -- 45 , at 351 n. * ... Jump up ^ See Gorges 1622 , p. 15 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. I : 123 -- 14 : Rowcraft 's mutineers were put at `` Sawaguatock '' and got to Monhegan , `` an Island lying some three leagues in the Sea , and fifteen leagues from that place ... '' Jump up ^ E.g. , Baxter 1890 , p . I : 214 n. 267 ( who notes that French traders transliterated the native name as `` Choüacoet '' ) ; Dunn 1993 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1003 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Purchas 1625 , pp. IV1778 -- 79 ) ) reprinted in 1905 , pp. 130 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Baxter 1890 , p . I : 110 . Jump up ^ Morison 1952 , p. 80 n. 8 . Jump up ^ Adams 1883 , p. 244 n. 2 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , p. 19 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p . I : 219 . Jump up ^ Bradford 1952 , p. 82 n. 6 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 82 reprinted in Davis 1908 , pp. 112 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury 1981 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1658 , pp. 19 -- 20 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. II : 29 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 83 and Davis 1908 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Gorger 1658 , p. 20 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p. II : 29 . Jump up ^ Gorges 1622 , p. 19 reprinted in Baxter 1890 , p . I : 219 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 83 and Davis 1908 , pp. 113 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Adams 1893 , p. 244 n. 1 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , p. 104 reprinted in Adams 1883 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ See generally Kupperman 1977 ; Major 1970 ; Adams 1883 , pp. 6 , 15 , 19 , 20 -- 21 , 30 , 32 , 37 , 46 -- 47 , 79 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , pp. 44 -- 47 reprinted in Adams 1883 , pp. 162 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Adams 1883 , pp. 243 -- 44 n. 1 . Jump up ^ See Pratt 1858 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 1 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 1 -- 2 and Young 1841 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 60 , Davis 1908 , pp. 94 -- 95 and Young 1841 , pp. 102 -- 03 ; Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 1 -- 2 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 2 -- 3 and Young 1841 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 2 -- 3 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 5 -- 8 and Young 1841 , pp. 120 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 3 -- 4 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 8 -- 11 and Young 1841 , pp. 122 -- 24 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 64 and Davis 1908 , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 4 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 11 -- 14 and Young 1841 , pp. 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 4 -- 5 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 13 -- 16 and Young 1841 , pp. 125 -- 27 . See also OPP in Bradford 1952 , pp. 64 -- 65 and Davis 1908 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 5 -- 7 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 18 -- 22 and Young 1841 , pp. 129 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 7 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 22 and Young 1841 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 120 n. 2 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 8 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 27 and Young 1841 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 9 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 28 and Young 1841 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 10 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 30 -- 31 and Young 1841 , pp. 140 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 11 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 34 and Young 1841 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 13 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 37 and Young 1841 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 10 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 31 and Young 1841 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 66 and Davis 1908 , p. 100 . See also Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 7 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 22 and Young 1841 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Baylies 1830 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 13 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 38 and Young 1841 , pp. 146 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 16 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 46 and Young 1841 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 16 -- 17 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 46 -- 48 and Young 1841 , pp. 151 -- 53 . See also Young 's note at p. 152 n. 5 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 16 -- 18 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 46 -- 51 and Young 1841 , pp. 151 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 18 -- 20 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 52 -- 55 and Young 1841 , pp. 156 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 20 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 55 and Young 1841 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 20 -- 21 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 55 -- 59 and Young 1841 , pp. 159 -- 62 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 60 , Davis 1908 , pp. 96 and Young 1841 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Chase 1883 , pp. 882 - 83 . Jump up ^ Robbins 1956 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1654 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Tolman 1902 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , pp. 187 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Robbins 1956 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Arber 1910 , p . I : 192 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 250 n. 31 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson 1765 , pp. 459 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Bicknell 1908 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 87 and Davis 1908 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Robbins 1956 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Brinley 1792 , pp. 216 -- 17 . See also Young 1851 , p. 280 n. 1 . Jump up ^ De Forest 1851 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Williams 1643 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 1 reprinted at Young 1841 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , p. 107 ; Testimony of Roger Williams relative to the purchase of lands at Seekonk and Providence , December 13 , 1661 ( o.s ) in Bartlett 1963 , pp. 316 -- 17 ; `` Indian Testimony about Pawtucket and Narragansett River , '' taken August 15 , 1679 in Trumbull 1859 , pp. 274 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , pp. 237 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 84 and Davis 1908 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1677 , p. 9 reprinted in Drake 1865 , pp. I : 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Salsibury 1981 , pp. 239 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1858 , p. 485 . Ellipsis in brackets indicates lacuna in manuscript . Jump up ^ Adams 1883 , p. 244 n. 2 ; Bradford 1952 , p. 80 n. 8 Jump up ^ Kupperman 2000 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Drake 1865 , p. II : 81 n. 95 . Jump up ^ Matthews , pp. 61 , 65 , passim . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1982 , pp. 265 -- 66 n. 15 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 30 -- 31 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 79 -- 80 and Young 1841 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 31 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 80 -- 81 and Young 1841 , pp. 180 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 31 -- 32 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 81 -- 83 and Young 1841 , pp. 181 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 33 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 84 and Young 1841 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 182 n. 3 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 32 -- 33 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 84 -- 87 and Young 1841 , pp. 182 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 33 -- 35 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 87 -- 89 and Young 1841 , pp. 186 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 35 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 90 and Young 1841 , pp. 189 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 35 -- 36 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 90 -- 92 and Young 1841 , pp. 190 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 36 -- 37 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 92 -- 94 and Young 1841 , pp. 192 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 37 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 94 and Young 1841 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 37 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 93 -- 94 and Young 1841 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Morton 1669 , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 38 -- 39 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 95 -- 97 and Young 1841 , pp. 195 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 39 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 97 and Young 1841 , pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 76 and Davis 1908 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 86 and Davis 1908 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 85 and Davis 1908 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 81 and Davis 1908 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 39 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 97 and Young 1841 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Letter of John Pory to the Earl of Southampton , January 13 , 1622 / 23 in James 1963 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 85 and Davis 1908 , pp. 115 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ceci 1990 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , pp. 52 -- 53 reprinted in Adams 1883 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Bragdon 1996 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ See Letter of Isaack de Rasieres to Samuel Bloomaert , ca . 1628 , in James 1963 , p. 77 ( `` Their farms ( around Plymouth ) are not so good as ours ( in New Netherlands ) , because they are more stony , and consequently not so suitable for the plow . '' ) . Jump up ^ Herndon 1967 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Bragdon1996 , pp. 107 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 85 and Davis 1908 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Letter from E.W. to ( George Morton ? ) , dated December 11 , 1621 in Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 60 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 131 -- 42 , at 132 -- 33 and Young 1841 , pp. 230 -- 38 , at 230 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Letter of John Pory to the Earl of Southampton , January 13 , 1622 / 23 in James 1963 , pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ceci 1975 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Rostlund 1957 , p. 228 cited at Ceci 1975 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Ceci 1975 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ceci 1975 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ The essay was first published in Mood 1937 , pp. 125 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Mood 1937 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Jennings 1976 , pp. 81 - 84 , 135 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Warden 1975 , p. 976 . Jump up ^ Cushman 1622b , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 60 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 132 and Young 1841 , pp. 230 -- 31 Jump up ^ Tomlins 2010 , pp. 148 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Nanepashemet 1993 , pp. 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Nanepashemet 1993 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Russell 1980 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain 1902 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 94 and Davis 1908 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , p. 104 reprinted in Adams 1883 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ 1981 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Adolf 1964 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , pp. 240 , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 40 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 98 and Young 1841 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Prince 1826 , p. 191 n. * . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 204 n. 3 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 87 and Davis 1908 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 40 -- 41 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 98 -- 101 and Young 1841 , pp. 202 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 41 -- 43 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 100 -- 03 and Young 1841 , pp. 204 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 43 -- 44 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 103 -- 06 and Baxter , pp. 206 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 46 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 46 and Young 1841 , pp. 211 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 46 -- 48 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 109 -- 11 and Young 1841 , pp. 211 -- 13 Jump up ^ Prince 1826 , p. 192 n. * . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 87 -- 88 and Davis 1908 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 49 -- 50 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 112 -- 13 and Young 1841 , pp. 214 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 50 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 113 -- 14 and Young 1841 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Dexter 1865 , p. 115 n. 371 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 51 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 115 and Young 1841 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Young 1841 , pp. 217 -- 18 n. 4 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 50 -- 52 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 114 -- 17 and Young , pp. 216 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 53 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 119 and Young 1841 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 88 and Davis 1908 , pp. 118 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 53 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 118 and Young 1841 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Bradford 1952 , p. 88 n. 4 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 53 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 118 -- 20 and Young 1841 , pp. 219 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 88 and Davis 1908 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Mount 's Relation 1622 , p. 53 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 118 -- 19 and Young 1841 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 53 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 118 -- 19 and Young 1841 , pp. 219 -- 20 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 88 and Davis 1908 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 54 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 120 and Young 1841 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 89 and Davis 1908 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 89 and Davis 1908 , p. = 120 , Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 54 -- 56 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 121 -- 23 and Young 1841 , pp. 220 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Morton 1669 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ford 1912 , p. 227 n. 1 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 57 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 124 and Young 1841 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 57 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 124 -- 25 and Young 1841 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson 1765 , pp. 456 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 57 -- 58 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 125 -- 26 and Young 1841 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ See Young 1841 , p. 226 n. 3 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 58 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 127 -- 28 and Young , 1841 & pp226 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 59 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 129 and Young 1841 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , pp. 58 -- 60 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 127 -- 30 and Young 1841 , pp. 226 -- 29 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 90 and Davis 1908 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 61 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , pp. 133 -- 35 and Young 1841 , pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 90 and Davis 1908 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 231 n. 3 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 61 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 133 and Young 1841 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Humins 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 61 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 133 and Young 1841 , pp. 231 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Morton 1669 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1981 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Arber 1910 , p . I : 260 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 90 -- 96 and Davis 1908 , pp. 121 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 1 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 1 -- 2 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 96 -- 97 and Davis 1908 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 2 -- 3 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 281 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 3 -- 4 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 283 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 4 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 97 and Davis 198 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford , p. 96 and Davis 1908 , p. 125 ; Winslow 1624 , pp. 4 -- 5 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 284 -- 85 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford , p. 96 and Davis 1908 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 5 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 6 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 98 and Davis 1908 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 6 -- 7 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 98 and Davis 1908 , p. 127 ; Winslow 1624 , p. 7 reprinted in Young 1941 , pp. 287 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 7 -- 8 reprinted in Young 8141 , pp. 288 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 8 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 289 , Jump up ^ OP : Bradford 1952 , p. 99 and Davis 1908 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 128 reprinted in Young , pp. 289 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 10 -- 11 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 292 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation 1622 , p. 37 reprinted in Dexter 1865 , p. 93 and Young 1841 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 9 -- 10 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 290 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Bradford 1952 , p. 99 -- 100 nn. 3 & 4 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 99 -- 100 and Davis 1908 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 100 and Young 1908 , pp. 129 . See also Bradford 1952 , p. 100 n. 5 ; Willison 1945 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 101 and Davis 1908 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 101 and Davis 1908 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 12 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 12 -- 13 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 102 and Davis 1908 , pp. 130 -- 31 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 99 -- 112 and Davis 1908 , pp. 128 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 12 -- 15 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 292 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , pp. 204 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 110 and Davis 1908 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Adams 1882 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , pp. 15 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Williamson 1839 , p. 56 & n. † . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 99 and Davis 1908 , p. 128 Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 99 and Davis 1908 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Bradford 1952 , p. 99 n . 4 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 11 -- 13 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 292 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 13 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 103 -- 09 and Davis 1908 , pp. 132 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , p. 117 reprinted in Adams 1883 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Adams 1882 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 13 -- 14 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 296 -- 97 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , p. 112 and Davis 1908 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 14 -- 15 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 297 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Bradford 1952 , p. 112 and Davis 1908 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 15 reprinted in Young 1841 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 113 -- 14 and Davis 1908 , pp. 140 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 103 n. 1 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 15 -- 16 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , p. 16 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 299 -- 300 ; OPP : Bradford 1952 , pp. 113 -- 14 and Davis 1908 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 17 -- 18 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 300 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Winslow 1624 , pp. 17 -- 18 reprinted in Young 1841 , pp. 301 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Wood 1634 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Simmons 1988 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , pp. 138 & 383 . Jump up ^ Nickerson 1994 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Adams 1892 , p . I : 36 . Jump up ^ Shuffelton 1976 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Davis 1826 , pp. 85 -- 86 n. § . Jump up ^ Adolf 1964 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Baylies 1830 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , p. 468 n. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Chronological and Topographical Account of Dorchester '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 9 : 147 -- 99 , 164 . 1804 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 226 n . 3 . Jump up ^ Morton 1637 , pp. 84 , 93 reprinted in Adams 1883 , pp. 216 , 229 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , pp. 190 -- 91 n. 3 ; Adams 1883 , p. 216 n. 3 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Willison 1945 , pp. 484 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saints & Strangers ' Cast on Bringing Early American Settlers to Life '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobsbawm & Ranger 1983 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Ceci 1990 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ See . e.g. , Stefoff , Rebecca ( 2001 ) . The Colonies . New York : Benchmark Books . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2008 ) . The Mayflower and the Pilgrims ' New World . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Sources ( edit ) Primary ( edit ) Archer , Gabriel ( 1843 ) . `` The Relation of Captain Gosnold 's Voyage to the North part of Virginia , begun the sixth - and twentieth of March , Anno 42 Elizabethae Reginae , 1602 , and delivered by Gabriel Archer , a gentleman in the said voyage '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 3 . 8 : 72 -- 81 . The book was first published in Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1647 -- 51 . An annotated version is contained in Levermore 1912 , pp. I : 43 -- 54 . Bradford , William ( 1906 ) . Governor William Bradford 's Letter Book . Boston , Massachusetts : Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants . Bradford , William ( 1952 ) . Morison , Samuel Eliot , ed . Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620 -- 1647 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . LCCN 51013222 . This is the modern critical edition of the manuscript by William Bradford entitled simply Of plimouth plantation . In the notes and references the manuscript ( as opposed to the printed versions ) is sometimes referred to as OPP . The first book of the manuscript had been copied into Plymouth church records by Nathaniel Morton , Bradford 's nephew and secretary , and it was this version that was annotated and printed in Young 1841 , pp. 1 -- 108 , the original at a time having been missing since the beginning of the American Revolution . In the decade after the publication by Young , the original manuscript was discovered to be in the library of the Bishop of London in Fulham Palace . The Massachusetts Historical Society arranged for a longhand copy to be made . That version was published in Volume III of the Fourth Series of the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1856 ) , which volume is hosted by the Internet Archive . When the manuscript was returned to Massachusetts at the end of the 19th century , the Massachusetts legislature commissioned a new transcription to be published . While the version that resulted was more faithful to the idiosyncratic orthography of Bradford , it contained , according to Morison , many of the same mistakes as the transcription published in 1856 . The legislature 's version was published in 1898 . A copy is hosted by the Internet Archive . That version was the basis of the annotated version published as Davis , William T. , ed. ( 1908 ) . Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , 1606 -- 1646 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . The 1982 Barnes & Noble reprint of this edition can be found online at HathiTrust . A digitized version with most of Davis 's annotations and notes removed is hosted at the University of Maryland 's Early Americas Digital Archive . The most amply annotated and literrally transcribed edition of the work is Ford 1912 . The history of the manuscript is described in the Editorial Preface to the 1856 publication by the Massachusetts Historical Society and more fully in the Introduction of Morison 's edition ( pp. xxvii -- xl ) , which also contains a history of the published editions of the manuscript ( pp. xl -- xliii ) . Brereton , John ( 1602 ) . A Brief and true Relation of the Discoverie of the North Part of Virginia ... . London : Georg . Bishop . A facsimile reprint with introduction by Luther S. Livingston and published by Dodd , Mead & Co. in 1903 is hosted by the Internet Archive . A digitized version ( with page numbers ) is also hosted by the University of Michigan . An annotated version can also be found in Burrage 1906 , pp. 353 -- 94 . Brinley , Francis ( 1798 ) . `` A Brief Account of the Several Settlements and Governments in and about the lands of the Narragansett Bay Bay in New England '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 5 : 216 -- 220 . Champlain , Samuel de ( 1878 -- 82 ) . Slafter , Edmund F. , ed . Title Voyages of Samuel de Champlain . Translated by Otis , Charles Pomeroy . Boston : The Prince Society . LCCN 03017624 . Hosted by Internet Archives : Volume I ; 1567 -- 35 ( 1880 ) ; Volume II : 1604 -- 1610 ( 1878 ) ; Volume III : 1611 -- 1618 ( 1882 ) . Cushman , Robert ( 1622a ) . A sermon preached at Plimmoth in New - England December 9 . 1621 ... . London : Printed by I ( ohn ) D ( awson ) for Iohn Bellamie . Repinted in Cushman , Robert ( 1858 ) . The First Sermon Ever Preached in New England ... . New York : J.E.D. Comstock . Cushman , Robert ( 1622b ) . `` Reasons & considerations touching the lawfulnesse of removing out of England into the parts of America '' . A relation , or , Journall of the beginning and proceedings of the English plantation setled at Plimoth in New England , by certaine English adventurers both merchants and others ... . London : Printed for John Bellamie . pp. 60 -- 72 . Gookin , Daniel ( 1792 ) . `` Historical Collections of the Indians in New England '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 3rd series . 1 : 141 -- 229 . ( Reprint of 1674 manuscript . ) Gorges , Ferdinando ( 1622 ) . A briefe relation of the discovery and plantation of Nevv England ... . London : Printed by John Haviland , and are to be sold by William Bladen . Published under the authorship of `` Plymouth Council for New England . '' This work was published in Purchas 1625 , pp. IV : 1827 -- 1832 ( in the 1905 -- 07 reprint it is found volume 19 , pp. 269 -- 284 and reprinted by the Massachusetts Historical Society as Gorges , Ferdinando ( 1832 ) . `` A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 2nd series . 9 : 1 -- 25 . The booklet was also reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. I : 199 -- 240 . Gorges , Ferdinando ( 1658 ) . A Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings for the Advancement of Plantations into the Parts of America . London : Printed by E. Beudenell for Nath . Brook . This pamphlet was reprinted by the Massachusetts Historical Society as Gorges , Ferdinando ( 1837 ) . `` A Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings for the Advancement of Plantations into the Parts of America '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 3rd series . 6 : 45 -- 93 . ( Hosted by the Internet Archive . ) And by the Maine Historical Society as Gorges , Ferdinando ( 1847 ) . `` A Briefe Narration ... '' . Collections of the Maine Historical Society : ( v ) - xiv , ( 15 ) - 71 . ( Hosted online by the HathiTrust . ) It is also reprinted in Baxter 1890 , pp. II : 1 -- 81 . Hubbard , William ( 1677 ) . A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New - England , from the First Planting thereof in the year 1607 . to this Present Year 1677 . But Chiefly of the Late Troubles in the Two Last Years , 1675 . and 1676 . To which is added a discourse about the warre with the Pequods in the year 1637 . Boston : Printed by John Foster . LCCN 03026260 . This volume was reprinted and annotated as Drake 1865 . Johnson , Edward ( 1654 ) . Wonder - Working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England . London : Printed for Nath : Brooke . A facsiile copy of the work ( with original page numbers ) is reproduced in the second volume of Poole , William Frederick , ed. ( 1867 ) . Wonder - Working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England . Andover , Massachusetts : W.F. Draper . This work is hosted by Hathitrust : Volume I and Volume II . Morton , Nathaniel ( 1669 ) . New Englands Memorial . Cambridge : S.G. and M.J. for John Ulster of Boston . A facsimile reproduction is contained in Lord , Arthur , ed. ( 1903 ) . New Englands Memorial . Boston : The Club of Odd Volumes . An early annotated edition is Davis , John , ed. ( 1826 ) . New - England 's Memorial by Nathaniel Morton . Boston : Crocker & Brewster . This book is largely based on the manuscript Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford , Morton 's uncle . Morton , Thomas ( 1637 ) . New English Canaan , or New Canaan . Amsterdam : Jacob Frederick Stam . , an annotated version of which , retaining the original orthography , is contained , together with introductory matter and notes , in Adams , Charles Frances , Jr. , ed. ( 1883 ) . New England Canaan of Thomas Morton . Boston : The Prince Society . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Mourt 's Relation ( 1622 ) . A relation , or , Journall of the beginning and proceedings of the English plantation setled at Plimoth in New England , by certaine English adventurers both merchants and others ... . London : Printed for John Bellamie . This work ( the authors of which are not credited ) is commonly called Mourt 's Relation , and is generally accepted to have been written by William Bradford and Edward Winslow ( as to the narrative parts ) and Robert Cushman ( as to the religious and promotional parts ) . An annotated version was first printed in Young 1841 , pp. 109 -- 251 . Another annotated version is Dexter , Henry Martyn , ed. ( 1865 ) . Mourt 's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . Boston : John Kimball Wiggin . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 -- via Internet Archive . Several different copies of that book are also hosted by HathiTrust . A version with contemporary orthography and comments was published in connection with the Plimouth Plantation , Inc. as Heath , Dwight B. , ed. ( 1963 ) . Mourt 's Relation : A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth . Bedford , Massachusetts : Applewood Books . ISBN 0918222842 . Pratt , Phineas ( 1858 ) . `` A Declaration of the Affairs of the English People that First Inhabited New England '' . Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 4 . 4 : 474 -- 87 . Purchas , Samuel , ed. ( 1625 ) . Hakluytus posthumus , or , Purchas his Pilgrimes . Contayning a history of the world , in sea voyages , & lande - travells , by Englishmen and others ... . London : Imprinted for H. Fetherston . The original imprint was `` In fower parts , each containing five bookes . '' All four volumes ( parts ) are hosted online by the Library of Congress The 1905 -- 07 reproduction was printed in 20 volumves ( one for each `` book '' ) : Purchas , Samuel , ed. ( 1905 ) . Hakluytus posthumus . Glasgow : J. MacLehose and Sons . Rosier , James ( 1605 ) . A True Relation of the most prosperous voyage made this present yeere 1605 , by Captaine George Waymouth , in the discovery of the land of Virginia . London : Geor . Bishop . The pamphlet was reprinted in an 1877 edition hosted online by HathiTrust . It is reprinted with annotations at Burrage 1906 , pp. 357 -- 94 . Smith , John ( 1616 ) . A description of New England : or The observations , and discoveries , of Captain John Smith ( admirall of that country ) in the north of America , in the year of our Lord 1614 . London : Printed by Humfrey Lownes , for Robert Clerke . This book is reprinted in Arber 1910 , pp. 175 -- 232 . A digitized version can be downloaded from The Digital Commons at University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Smith , John ( 1620 ) . New Englands trials . London : Printed by William Jones . Smith , John ( 1624 ) . The generall historie of Virginia , New England & the Summer Isles . London : Printed by I.D. and I.H. for Michael Sparkes ... Macmillan published a verbatim version of the first printing ( with different pagination ) of this work as well as Smith 's 1630 autobiography and his Sea Grammar : Smith , John ( 1907 ) . The generall historie of Virginia , New England & the Summer Isles : together with The true travels , adventures and observations , and A sea grammar . New York : Macmillan . The Macmillan version , is hosted by the Library of Congress in two volumes ) : Volume I and Volume II . A searchable version ( with various download options ) of the same book is hosted by the Internet Archive : Voume I and Volume II . The Generall History of Virginia is also contained in Arber 1910 , pp. I : 273 -- 38 ; II : 385 -- 784 . The work was twice republished in Smith 's life ( in 1726 and 1727 ) and immediately after his death ( in 1732 ) . Smith , John ( 1631 ) . Advertisement for the unexperienced Planters of New - England , or any where . London : John Haviland . Whitmore , W.H. , ed. ( 1867 ) . John Dunton 's Letters from New England . Boston : Printed for the Prince Society by T.R. Marvin & Son . Williams , Roger ( 1643 ) . A key into the language of America : or , An help to the language of the natives in that part of America , called New - England . London : Printed by Gregory Dexter . A digitized version with modern typeface but 1643 pagination is hosted by the University of Michigan . Winslow , Edward ( 1624 ) . Good newes from New - England : or , A true relation of things very remarkable at the plantation of Plimoth in New - England ... Together with a relation of such religious and civill lawes and customes , as are in practise amongst the Indians ... . London : Printed by I. D ( awson and Eliot 's Court Press ) for William Bladen and John Bellamie . The work is reprinted , with annotations , in Young 1841 , pp. 269 -- 375 . Wood , William ( 1634 ) . New Englands Prospect . London : Tho . Coates for John Bellamie . A facsimile reproduction , with original pagination , is printed in an 1865 edition , together with a new preface and one from a 1764 reprinting , by The Society of Boston and hosted by the Internet Archive . Secondary ( edit ) Adams , Charles Francis ( 1892 ) . Three Episodes of Massachusetts History . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin and Company . Online ( via HathiTrust ) : Multiple copies . ( `` The Settlement of Boston Bay '' is found in Volume 1 , pp. 1 -- 360 . The chapter on Squanto is found at pp. 23 -- 44 . ) Adolf , Leonard A. ( Summer 1964 ) . `` Squanto 's Role in Pilgrim Diplomacy '' . Ethnohistory. 11 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 480471 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Arber , Edward , ed. ( 1910 ) . Travels and Works of Captain John Smith . Edinburgh : John Grant . Hosted online by the Internet Archive : Volume I and Volume II . Bartlett , John Russell , ed. ( 1963 ) . The Complete Writings of Roger Williams . 6 . New York : Russell & Russell Inc . LCCN 63011034 . Axtell , James ( January 1978 ) . `` The Ethnohistory of Early America : A Review Essay '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 35 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 1922574 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Bancroft , George ( 1862 ) . History of the United States , from the Discovery of the American Continent : History of the Colonization of the United States . 1 . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown , & Co . Baxter , James Phinney ( 1890 ) . Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his Province of Maine . Boston : The Prince Society . In three volumes , online , at the Internet Archive , as follows : Volume 1 consists of Baxter 's memoir of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and A briefe relation of the discovery and plantation of New England ... ( London : J. Haviland for W. Bladen , 1622 ) . Volume 2 includes A briefe narration of the original undertakings of the advancement of plantation into the parts of American ... by ... Sir Ferdinando Gorges ... ( London : E. Brudenell , for N. Brook , 1658 ) as well as other works of Gorges and his son Thomas Gorges . Volume 3 is devoted to Gorges 's letters and other papers , 1596 -- 1646 . Baylies , Francis ( 1830 ) . An Historical Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth . 1 -- Part the First ( From 1620 to 1641 ) . Boston : Hilliard , Gray , Little , and Wilkins . Bennett , M.K. ( October 1955 ) . `` The Food Economy of the New England Indians , 1605 -- 75 '' . Journal of Political Economy. 63 ( 5 ) : 369 -- 397 . doi : 10.1086 / 257706 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Bicknell , Thomas W. ( 1908 ) . Sowams : With Ancient Records of Sowams and Parts Adjacent -- Illustrated . New Haven , Connecticut : Associated Publishers of American Records . LCCN 08019182 . Bragdon , Kathleen J. ( 1996 ) . Native People of Southern New England , 1650 -- 1775 . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0806140046 . Brown , Alexander ( 1897 ) . Genesis of the United States . 1 . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . Burrage , Henry S. , ed. ( 1906 ) . Early English and French voyages , chiefly from Hakluyt , 1534 -- 1608 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ( The work consists of first - hand accounts of early voyages to the New World , with introduction and notes by Burrage . ) Burrage , Henry S. ( 1914 ) . The Beginnings of Colonial Maine , 1602 - 1658 . Portland , Mainee : Printed for the state . LCCN 14008527 . Ceci , Lynn ( April 4 , 1975 ) . `` Fish Fertilizer : A Native North American Practice ? '' . Science . 188 : 26 -- 30 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 188.4183. 26 . PMID 17760151 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Ceci , Lynn ( September 19 , 1975 ) . `` Letter : Indian Corn Cultivation '' . Science . 189 ( 4207 ) : 946 -- 50 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Ceci , Lynn ( 1990 ) . `` Squanto and the Pilgrims : On Planting Corn ' in the manner of the Indians ' '' . In Clifton , James A . The Invented Indian : Cultural Fictions and Government Policies . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . pp. 71 -- 89 . ISBN 0887383416 . Cell , Gillian T. ( October 1965 ) . `` The Newfoundland Company : A Study of Subscribers to a Colonizing Venture '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 22 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 1922912 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Chamberlain , Alexander F. ( October -- December 1902 ) . `` Algonkian Words in American English : A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 15 ( 59 ) : 240 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 533199 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 -- via JSTOR . Chase , Henry E. ( 1885 ) . `` Notes on the Wampanoag Indians '' . Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year 1883 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office : 878 -- 907 . Cook , Sherburne F. ( September 1973 ) . `` The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians '' . Human Biology . 45 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 508 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Crosby , Alfred W. ( April 1976 ) . `` Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 99 . doi : 10.2307 / 1922166 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . De Forest , John William ( 1851 ) . History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850 . Hartford , Connecticut : Wm . Jas . Hamersley . LCCN 02015045 . Dean , John Ward , ed. ( 1887 ) . Capt . John Mason , the Founder of New Hampshire . Boston : The Prince Society . ( A copy is also hosted by the HathiTrust . ) Deane , Charles ( March 1885 ) . `` Indians Kidnapped from Maine '' . Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 2nd . 2 : 35 -- 38 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . Deetz , James ; Deetz , Patricia E. Scott ( 2000 ) . The Times of Their Lives : Life , Love , and Death in Plymouth Colony . New York : Random House . ISBN 0716738309 . Dockstader , Frederick J. ( 1977 ) . Great North American Indians : Profiles in Life and Leadership . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0442021488 . Drake , Samuel G. ( 1845 ) . The Book of the Indians , or , Biography and History of the Indians of North America from its First Discovery to the Year 1841 ( 9th ed . ) . Boston : Benjamin B. Mussey . Drake , Samuel G. , ed. ( 1865 ) . The History of the Indian Wars in New England . Roxbury , Massachusetts : Printed for W. Elliot Woodward . LCCN 02015135 . Hosted by the Internet Archive in two volumes : Volume I and Voume II . Dunn , Jerome P. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Squanto Before He Met the Pilgrims '' . Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society . 54 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 42 . Ford , Worthington C. ( 1912 ) . History of Plymouth Plantation 1620 -- 1647 . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin Company for The Massachusetts Historical Society . LCCN 12029493 . The work is in two volumes hosted on the Internet Archive as Volume I and Volume II . Goddard , Ives ( 1978 ) . `` Eastern Algonquian Languages '' . In Trigger , Bruce G. Northeast . Handbook of North American Indians . 15 . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . pp. 70 -- 77 . ISBN 0160045754 . ( William C. Sturtevant , general editor . ) Green , Samuel Abbott ( 1881 ) . History of Medicine in Massachusetts : A Centennial Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society . Boston : A. Williams & Co . Herndon , G. Melvin ( July 1967 ) . `` Indian Agriculture in the Southern Colonies '' . 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New England Quarterly . 49 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 16 . doi : 10.2307 / 364560 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Simmons , William ( 1986 ) . Spirit of the New England Tribes : Indian History and Folklore , 1620 -- 1984 . Hanover , New Hampshire : University Press of New England . ISBN 0874513707 . Snow , Dear R. ; Lanphear , Kim M. ( Winter 1988 ) . `` European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast : The Timing of the First Epidemics '' . Ethnohistory. 35 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 482431 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Sylvester , Herbert Milton ( 1910 ) . Indian Wars of New England . 1 . Boston : W.B. Clarke Co . LCCN 10027624 . Tolman , Adams ( 1902 ) . `` Indian Relics in Concord '' . Publications of the Concord Antiquarian Society . 10 . Tomlins , Christophr L. ( 2010 ) . Freedom Bound : Law , Labor , and Civic Identity in Colonizing English America , 1580 - 1865 . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521761390 . Trumbull , J. Hammond , ed. ( 1859 ) . The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut , May , 1678 -- June 1689 . 3 . Hartford , Connecticut : Press of Case , Lockwood & Co . Vaughan , Alden T. ( 1995 ) . New England Frontier : Puritans and Indians , 1620 -- 1675 ( 3rd ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 080612718X . Warden , G.B. ( September 19 , 1975 ) . `` Letter : Indian Corn Cultivation '' . Science . 189 ( 4207 ) : 946 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Weston , Thomas ( 1906 ) . History of the Town of Middleboro , Massachusetts 1669 -- 1905 . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin and Company . LCCN 06023056 . Williams , Herbert Upham ( 1909 ) . The Epidemic of the Indians of New England , 1616 - 1620 , with Remarks on Native American Infections . n.p. This is a reprint of an article by the same name published in Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin . 20 ( 224 ) : 340 -- 49 ( November 1909 ) . Williamson , William D. ( 1839 ) . History of the State of Maine ; From its First Discovery , A.D. 1602 , to the Separation , A.D. 1820 , Inclusive. 1 . Hallowell : Glazier , Masters & Smith . Willison , George F. ( 1945 ) . Saints and Strangers . New York : Reynal & Hitchcock . LCCN 45006745 / / r83 . Young , Alexander , ed. ( 1841 ) . Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth , from 1602 -- 1625 . Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown . LCCN 01012110 . Da Capo published a facsimile reprinting of this volume in 1971 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Squanto . Modern History Sourcebook : William Bradford : from History of Plymouth Plantation , c. 1650 Treaty with the Indians 1621 Caleb Johnson 's MayflowerHistory.com Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix ( hide ) Mayflower passengers and related topics General Mayflower List of Mayflower passengers Captain Christopher Jones Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 The More family Cole 's Hill Mayflower Compact signatories Pilgrims Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation Mourt 's Relation Separatists Priscilla ( Mullins ) Alden Isaac Allerton Mary Allerton William Bradford Dorothy Bradford Love Brewster William Brewster Peter Browne William Butten John Carver ( Plymouth Colony governor ) James Chilton Mary Chilton Francis Cooke Humility Cooper John Crackston Edward Doty Moses Fletcher Edward Fuller Samuel Fuller John Howland Degory Priest Thomas Rogers Henry Samson George Soule Edward Tilley John Tilley Thomas Tinker John Turner William White Resolved White Peregrine White Edward Winslow Other passengers John Alden John Billington Francis Eaton Constance Hopkins Elizabeth Hopkins Oceanus Hopkins Stephen Hopkins Christopher Martin Elinor More Jasper More Mary More Richard More William Mullins Myles Standish Richard Warren Native American associates Squanto Samoset Hobbamock Massasoit Corbitant Related Speedwell Fortune passengers The Anne and Little James passengers Plymouth Rock The Mayflower Society Mayflower House Museum Pilgrim Hall Museum Mayflower II Harwich Mayflower Project National Monument to the Forefathers Pilgrim Monument VIAF : 3631690 LCCN : n80019652 ISNI : 0000 0000 7875 8322 GND : 132376547 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squanto&oldid=815576953 '' Categories : Wampanoag people American folklore Burials in Massachusetts Native Americans connected with Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts 1622 deaths American slaves 16th - century births Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hCards Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the famous captain that took the first team from the mayflower overland | [
"Tisquantum (/tɪsˈkwɑːntəm/; c. 1585 (±10 years ?) – late November 1622 o.s.), more commonly known by the diminutive variant Squanto, was a Patuxet Native North American known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers, who made their settlement at the site of Squanto's former summer village. One of the last surviving people of the Patuxet tribe—who had lived on the western coast of Cape Cod Bay and were annihilated by an epidemic infection—he acted as a translator, guide, and advisor while he lived with them for 20 months. He showed them how to sow and fertilize native crops, a boon when it turned out that the crop from the seeds they brought largely failed, and introduced them to the fur trade, an important means by which they could reduce their indebtedness to their London financial backers."
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"Squanto"
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-4565080422077537803 | List of Miami Marlins managers | List of Miami Marlins managers - wikipedia List of Miami Marlins managers Jump to : navigation , search The Miami Marlins are a professional Major League Baseball based in Miami , Florida . The Marlins are members of the National League East division in MLB , joining in 1993 as an expansion team . In baseball , the head coach of a team is called the manager , or more formally , the field manager . The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field . The Marlins have employed 12 different managers since their founding as the Florida Marlins in 1993 . The Marlins ' first manager was Rene Lachemann , who led the team from its creation in 1993 through part of the 1996 season . He has the most losses in franchise history with 285 , and has the lowest winning percentage , with . 437 . After Cookie Rojas managed for one game , John Boles served as manager for the final 75 games of the 1996 season . Jim Leyland took over the franchise for the next two seasons , and in the process led the Marlins to their first World Series championship in 1997 . In 1999 , Boles took over and started his second stint as manager of the Marlins , which lasted until partway through the 2001 season . Tony Pérez was interim manager for the rest of 2001 ; Pérez is the only Miami Marlins manager who is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame , inducted as a player in 2000 . Jeff Torborg took over as manager to start the 2002 season , and served for 1 ⁄ seasons . Jack McKeon took over and guided the franchise to their second World Series championship in 2003 . He served until the end of the 2005 season , and was replaced by Joe Girardi , who was manager for one full season , in 2006 . Fredi González took over from Girardi and managed the team from 2007 until partway through 2010 ; he is the current franchise leader in games managed ( 555 ) . Edwin Rodríguez managed the Marlins from 2010 to 2011 , and after Brandon Hyde managed for one game , McKeon returned for a second stint as manager . After McKeon retired , Ozzie Guillén took over as manager of the Marlins for the 2012 season , the team 's first as the Miami Marlins . Ozzie Guillén was fired on October 23 , 2012 after finishing in last place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Managers 3 Managers with multiple tenures 4 References Key ( edit ) # Number of Marlins managers . Any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once . Win % Winning percentage : number of wins divided by number of games managed PA Playoff appearances : number of times this manager has led the franchise to the playoffs PW Playoff wins : number of playoff games won for this manager PL Playoff losses : number of playoff games lost for this manager WS World Series : number of World Series victories achieved by this manager Result Managerial result : how manager ended his tenure with team Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame Interim manager * Won Manager of the Year award Managers ( edit ) Statistics current through 2017 season # Manager Seasons Win % PA PW PL WS Result Ref 01 ! 1 Lachemann ! Rene Lachemann 01 ! 1993 -- 1996 221 285 . 437 - 01 ! 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 02 ! 2 Rojas ! Cookie Rojas 02 ! 1996 0 1.000 - 01 ! - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Interim 03 ! 3 Boles ! John Boles 03 ! 1996 40 35 . 533 - 01 ! - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Interim 04 ! 4 Leyland ! Jim Leyland 04 ! 1997 -- 1998 146 178 . 451 01 ! 1 01 ! 11 01 ! 5 - 01 ! 1 Resigned 50 ! -- Boles ! John Boles 05 ! 1999 -- 2001 165 206 . 445 - 01 ! - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 05 ! 5 Perez ! Tony Pérez 06 ! 2001 54 60 . 474 - 01 ! - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Interim 06 ! 6 Torborg ! Jeff Torborg 07 ! 2002 -- 2003 95 105 . 475 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 07 ! 7 McKeon ! Jack McKeon * 08 ! 2003 -- 2005 286 257 . 538 01 ! 1 01 ! 11 01 ! 6 - 01 ! 1 Resigned 08 ! 8 Girardi ! Joe Girardi * 09 ! 2006 78 84 . 481 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 09 ! 9 Gonzalez ! Fredi González 10 ! 2007 -- 2010 276 279 . 497 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 10 Rodriguez ! Edwin Rodríguez 11 ! 2010 -- 2011 78 85 . 479 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Resigned 11 Hyde ! Brandon Hyde 12 ! 2011 0 . 000 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Interim 50 ! -- McKeon ! Jack McKeon 13 ! 2011 40 50 . 444 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Interim 12 Guillén ! Ozzie Guillén 14 ! 2012 69 93 . 426 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 13 Redmond ! Mike Redmond 14 ! 2013 -- 2015 155 207 . 428 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Fired 14 Jennings ! Dan Jennings 15 ! 2015 55 69 . 443 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Interim 15 Mattingly ! Don Mattingly 15 ! 2016 -- present 156 167 . 483 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Totals 1655 1867 . 470 22 11 Jim Leyland managed the Marlins to their first World Series win in 1997 . Tony Pérez is the only Miami Marlins manager in the Hall of Fame , elected in 2000 as a player . Jack McKeon ( left ) , seen here with former President of the United States George W. Bush , won Manager of the Year honors and a World Series in his three years managing the Marlins . Mike Redmond , manager of the Miami Marlins ( 2013 - 2015 ) Don Mattingly the current Marlins manager Managers with multiple tenures ( edit ) # Manager Seasons Win % PA PW PL WS Ref 03 ! 3 Boles , John John Boles 1996 , 1999 -- 2001 205 241 . 460 -- -- -- -- 07 ! 7 McKeon , Jack Jack McKeon 2003 -- 2005 , 2011 281 257 . 522 11 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Manager : Definition Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.Reference.com . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dickson , P. ( 2009 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( Third ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 530 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06681 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rene Lachemann Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cookie Rojas Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Boles Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Leyland Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Pérez Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Torborg Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack McKeon Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Girardi Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fredi González Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edwin Rodriguez Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fredi Gonzalez Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Guillen Managerial Record '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaduk , Kevin ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Mike Redmond hired as next Marlins manager '' . Big League Stew . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Marlins owner Jeffrey Loria '' . MLB.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Molly ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` SOURCE : MARLINS HIRE DON MATTINGLY AS MANAGER '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Miami Marlins Established in 1993 Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . Jupiter Hammerheads Greensboro Grasshoppers Short A Batavia Muckdogs Rookie Gulf Coast League Marlins DSL Marlins Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Major League Baseball managers by team American League East Buck Showalter ( Baltimore Orioles ) Alex Cora ( Boston Red Sox ) Aaron Boone ( New York Yankees ) Kevin Cash ( Tampa Bay Rays ) John Gibbons ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Rick Renteria ( Chicago White Sox ) Terry Francona ( Cleveland Indians ) Ron Gardenhire ( Detroit Tigers ) Ned Yost ( Kansas City Royals ) Paul Molitor ( Minnesota Twins ) West A.J. Hinch ( Houston Astros ) Mike Scioscia ( Los Angeles Angels ) Bob Melvin ( Oakland Athletics ) Scott Servais ( Seattle Mariners ) Jeff Banister ( Texas Rangers ) National League East Brian Snitker ( Atlanta Braves ) Don Mattingly ( Miami Marlins ) Mickey Callaway ( New York Mets ) Gabe Kapler ( Philadelphia Phillies ) Dave Martinez ( Washington Nationals ) Central Joe Maddon ( Chicago Cubs ) Jim Riggleman ( Cincinnati Reds ) Craig Counsell ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Clint Hurdle ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) Mike Matheny ( St. Louis Cardinals ) West Torey Lovullo ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Bud Black ( Colorado Rockies ) Dave Roberts ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) Andy Green ( San Diego Padres ) Bruce Bochy ( San Francisco Giants ) Defunct teams Baltimore Orioles ( 19th century ) Buffalo Bisons Cleveland Blues ( NL ) Cleveland Spiders Detroit Wolverines Louisville Colonels New York Metropolitans Providence Grays Washington Senators ( 19th century ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miami_Marlins_managers&oldid=835325176 '' Categories : Miami Marlins managers Lists of Major League Baseball managers Miami Marlins lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 00 : 32 . About Wikipedia | who is the head coach of the miami marlins | [
"\n\n#\nManager\nSeasons\nW\nL\nWin%\nPA\nPW\nPL\nWS\nResult\nRef\n\n\n01 !1\nLachemann !Rene Lachemann\n01 !1993–1996\n221\n285\n.437\n-01 !01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[3]\n\n\n02 !2\nRojas !Cookie Rojas\n02 !1996\n1\n0\n1.000\n-01 !-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nInterim\n[4]\n\n\n03 !3\nBoles !John Boles\n03 !1996\n40\n35\n.533\n-01 !-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nInterim\n[5]\n\n\n04 !4\nLeyland !Jim Leyland\n04 !1997–1998\n146\n178\n.451\n01 !1\n01 !11\n01 !5\n-01 !1\nResigned\n[6]\n\n\n50 !—\nBoles !John Boles\n05 !1999–2001\n165\n206\n.445\n-01 !-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[5]\n\n\n05 !5\nPerez !Tony Pérez\n06 !2001\n54\n60\n.474\n-01 !-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nInterim\n[7]\n\n\n06 !6\nTorborg !Jeff Torborg\n07 !2002–2003\n95\n105\n.475\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[8]\n\n\n07 !7\nMcKeon !Jack McKeon*\n08 !2003–2005\n286\n257\n.538\n01 !1\n01 !11\n01 !6\n-01 !1\nResigned\n[9]\n\n\n08 !8\nGirardi !Joe Girardi*\n09 !2006\n78\n84\n.481\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[10]\n\n\n09 !9\nGonzalez !Fredi González\n10 !2007–2010\n276\n279\n.497\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[11]\n\n\n10\nRodriguez !Edwin Rodríguez\n11 !2010–2011\n78\n85\n.479\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nResigned\n[12]\n\n\n11\nHyde !Brandon Hyde\n12 !2011\n0\n1\n.000\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nInterim\n[13]\n\n\n50 !—\nMcKeon !Jack McKeon\n13 !2011\n40\n50\n.444\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nInterim\n[9]\n\n\n12\nGuillén !Ozzie Guillén\n14 !2012\n69\n93\n.426\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[15]\n\n\n13\nRedmond !Mike Redmond\n14 !2013–2015\n155\n207\n.428\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nFired\n[16]\n\n\n14\nJennings !Dan Jennings\n15 !2015\n55\n69\n.443\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\nInterim\n[17]\n\n\n15\nMattingly !Don Mattingly\n15 !2016–present\n156\n167\n.483\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n-01 !—\n\n[18]\n\n\nTotals\n1655\n1867\n.470\n2\n22\n11\n2\n\n\n\n"
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"Don Mattingly"
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8507465927849538769 | List of TCP and UDP port numbers | List of TCP and UDP port numbers - Wikipedia List of TCP and UDP port numbers Jump to : navigation , search This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols of the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite for the establishment of host - to - host connectivity . Originally , port numbers were used by the Network Control Program ( NCP ) in the ARPANET for which two ports were required for half - duplex transmission . Later , the Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) and the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) needed only one port for full - duplex , bidirectional traffic . The even - numbered ports were not used , and this resulted in some even numbers in the well - known port number range being unassigned . The Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP ) and the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol ( DCCP ) also use port numbers . They usually use port numbers that match the services of the corresponding TCP or UDP implementation , if they exist . The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) is responsible for maintaining the official assignments of port numbers for specific uses . However , many unofficial uses of both well - known and registered port numbers occur in practice . Similarly many of the official assignments refer to protocols that were never or are no longer in common use . This article lists port numbers and their associated protocols that have experienced significant uptake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table legend 2 Well - known ports 3 Registered ports 4 Dynamic , private or ephemeral ports 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Table legend ( edit ) Official : Port is registered with IANA for the application . Unofficial : Port is not registered with IANA for the application . Multiple use : Multiple applications are known to use this port . Well - known ports ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 are the well - known ports or system ports . They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services . On Unix - like operating systems , a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the well - known ports . Well - known ports ( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description IANA status 0 N / A N / A In programming APIs ( not in communication between hosts ) , requests a system - allocated ( dynamic ) port N / A 0 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official TCP Assigned TCP Port Service Multiplexer ( TCPMUX ) . Historic . Both TCP and UDP have been assigned to TCPMUX by IANA , but by design only TCP is specified . Official Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 5 TCP UDP Remote job entry Official 6 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 7 TCP UDP Echo Protocol Official 8 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 9 TCP SCTP UDP Discard Protocol Official 9 UDP Wake - on - LAN Unofficial 10 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 11 TCP UDP Active Users ( systat service ) Official 12 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 13 TCP UDP Daytime Protocol Official 14 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 15 TCP UDP Previously netstat service Unofficial 16 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 17 TCP UDP Quote of the Day ( QOTD ) Official 18 TCP UDP Message Send Protocol Official 19 TCP UDP Character Generator Protocol ( CHARGEN ) Official 20 TCP SCTP Assigned File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) data transfer Official 21 TCP SCTP Assigned File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) control ( command ) Official 22 TCP SCTP UDP Secure Shell ( SSH ) , secure logins , file transfers ( scp , sftp ) and port forwarding Official 23 TCP Assigned Telnet protocol -- unencrypted text communications Official 25 TCP Assigned Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) , used for email routing between mail servers Official 26 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 37 TCP UDP Time Protocol Official 38 TCP UDP Route Access Protocol ( RAP ) Official 39 TCP UDP Resource Location Protocol ( RLP ) -- used for determining the location of higher level services from hosts on a network Official 40 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 42 TCP UDP Host Name Server Protocol Official 43 TCP UDP WHOIS protocol Official 49 TCP UDP TACACS+ Login Host protocol Official 50 TCP UDP Remote Mail Checking Protocol Official 51 Reserved Official 51 TCP UDP Previously Interface Message Processor logical address management Unofficial 52 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) Time Protocol Official 53 TCP UDP Domain Name System ( DNS ) Official 54 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) clearinghouse Official 56 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) authentication Official 57 TCP UDP Any private terminal access Official 58 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) Mail Official 67 Assigned UDP Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) server ; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Official 68 Assigned UDP Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) client ; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Official 69 Assigned UDP Trivial File Transfer Protocol ( TFTP ) Official 70 TCP UDP Gopher protocol Official 71 -- 74 TCP UDP NETRJS protocol Official 75 TCP UDP Any private dial out service Official 77 TCP UDP Any private Remote job entry Official 79 TCP Assigned Finger protocol Official 80 TCP SCTP UDP Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) Official 80 UDP QUIC ( from Chromium ) for HTTP Unofficial 81 N / A N / A Unassigned Official 81 TCP TorPark onion routing Unofficial 82 UDP TorPark control Unofficial 87 Any private terminal link Official 88 TCP Assigned Kerberos authentication system Official 90 TCP UDP dnsix ( DoD Network Security for Information Exchange ) Securit ( sic ? ) Attribute Token Map Official 90 TCP UDP PointCast ( dotcom ) Unofficial 99 TCP WIP message protocol Unofficial 100 N / A N / A Unassigned ( with known unauthorized use ) Official 101 TCP UDP NIC host name Official 102 TCP UDP ISO Transport Service Access Point ( TSAP ) Class 0 protocol ; Official 104 TCP UDP Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ( DICOM ; also port 11112 ) Official 105 TCP UDP CCSO Nameserver Official 107 TCP UDP Remote User Telnet Service ( RTelnet ) Official 108 TCP UDP IBM Systems Network Architecture ( SNA ) gateway access server Official 109 TCP UDP Post Office Protocol , version 2 ( POP2 ) Official 110 TCP Assigned Post Office Protocol , version 3 ( POP3 ) Official 111 TCP UDP Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call ( ONC RPC , sometimes referred to as Sun RPC ) Official 113 TCP Ident , authentication service / identification protocol , used by IRC servers to identify users Official 113 TCP Assigned Authentication Service ( auth ) , the predecessor to identification protocol . Used to determine a user 's identity of a particular TCP connection . Official 114 N / A N / A Unassigned ( deprecated since June 2004 ) Official 115 TCP UDP Simple File Transfer Protocol Official 117 TCP UDP UUCP Mapping Project ( path service ) Official 118 TCP UDP Structured Query Language ( SQL ) Services Official 119 TCP Assigned Network News Transfer Protocol ( NNTP ) , retrieval of newsgroup messages Official 123 Assigned UDP Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) , used for time synchronization Official 126 TCP UDP Formerly Unisys Unitary Login , renamed by Unisys to NXEdit . Used by Unisys Programmer 's Workbench for Clearpath MCP , an IDE for Unisys MCP software development Official 135 TCP UDP DCE endpoint resolution Official 135 TCP UDP Microsoft EPMAP ( End Point Mapper ) , also known as DCE / RPC Locator service , used to remotely manage services including DHCP server , DNS server and WINS . Also used by DCOM Official 137 Assigned UDP NetBIOS Name Service , used for name registration and resolution Official 138 TCP UDP NetBIOS Datagram Service Official 139 TCP Assigned NetBIOS Session Service Official 143 TCP Assigned Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) , management of electronic mail messages on a server Official 152 TCP UDP Background File Transfer Program ( BFTP ) Official 153 TCP UDP Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol ( SGMP ) , a protocol for remote inspection and alteration of gateway management information Official 156 TCP UDP Structured Query Language ( SQL ) Service Official 158 TCP UDP Distributed Mail System Protocol ( DMSP , sometimes referred to as Pcmail ) Official 161 Assigned UDP Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) Official 162 TCP UDP Simple Network Management Protocol Trap ( SNMPTRAP ) Official 170 TCP UDP Print server Official 177 TCP UDP X Display Manager Control Protocol ( XDMCP ) , used for remote logins to an X Display Manager server Official 179 TCP SCTP UDP Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) , used to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems ( AS ) on the Internet Official 194 TCP UDP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Official 199 TCP UDP SNMP multiplexing protocol ( SMUX ) Official 201 TCP UDP AppleTalk Routing Maintenance Official 209 TCP UDP Quick Mail Transfer Protocol Official 210 TCP UDP ANSI Z39. 50 Official 213 TCP UDP Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX ) Official 218 TCP UDP Message posting protocol ( MPP ) Official 220 TCP UDP Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) , version 3 Official 259 TCP UDP Efficient Short Remote Operations ( ESRO ) Official 262 TCP UDP Arcisdms Official 264 TCP UDP Border Gateway Multicast Protocol ( BGMP ) Official 280 TCP UDP http - mgmt Official 300 TCP ThinLinc Web Access Unofficial 308 TCP Novastor Online Backup Official 311 TCP Mac OS X Server Admin ( officially AppleShare IP Web administration ) Official 318 TCP UDP PKIX Time Stamp Protocol ( TSP ) Official 319 UDP Precision Time Protocol ( PTP ) event messages Official 320 UDP Precision Time Protocol ( PTP ) general messages Official 350 TCP UDP Mapping of Airline Traffic over Internet Protocol ( MATIP ) type A Official 351 TCP UDP MATIP type B Official 356 TCP UDP cloanto - net - 1 ( used by Cloanto Amiga Explorer and VMs ) Official 366 TCP UDP On - Demand Mail Relay ( ODMR ) Official 369 TCP UDP Rpc2portmap Official 370 TCP codaauth2 , Coda authentication server Official 370 UDP codaauth2 , Coda authentication server Official 370 UDP securecast1 , outgoing packets to NAI 's SecureCast servers As of 2000 Official 371 TCP UDP ClearCase albd Official 383 TCP UDP HP data alarm manager Official 384 TCP UDP A Remote Network Server System Official 387 TCP UDP AURP ( AppleTalk Update - based Routing Protocol ) Official 389 TCP Assigned Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP ) Official 399 TCP UDP Digital Equipment Corporation DECnet ( Phase V+ ) over TCP / IP Official 401 TCP UDP Uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) Official 427 TCP UDP Service Location Protocol ( SLP ) Official 433 TCP UDP NNSP , part of Network News Transfer Protocol Official 434 TCP UDP Mobile IP Agent ( RFC 5944 ) Official 443 TCP SCTP Assigned Hypertext Transfer Protocol over TLS / SSL ( HTTPS ) Official 443 UDP QUIC ( from Chromium ) for HTTPS Unofficial 444 TCP UDP Simple Network Paging Protocol ( SNPP ) , RFC 1568 Official 444 TCP Well known Slither.io port Unofficial 445 TCP UDP Microsoft - DS Active Directory , Windows shares Official 445 TCP Assigned Microsoft - DS SMB file sharing Official 464 TCP UDP Kerberos Change / Set password Official 465 TCP URL Rendezvous Directory for SSM ( Cisco protocol ) Official 465 TCP Authenticated SMTP over TLS / SSL ( SMTPS ) Unofficial 475 TCP UDP tcpnethaspsrv , Aladdin Knowledge Systems Hasp services Official 491 TCP GO - Global remote access and application publishing software Unofficial 497 TCP UDP Retrospect Official 500 Assigned UDP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol ( ISAKMP ) / Internet Key Exchange ( IKE ) Official 502 TCP UDP Modbus Protocol Official 504 TCP UDP Citadel , multiservice protocol for dedicated clients for the Citadel groupware system Official 510 TCP UDP FirstClass Protocol ( FCP ) , used by FirstClass client / server groupware system Official 512 TCP Rexec , Remote Process Execution Official 512 UDP comsat , together with biff Official 513 TCP rlogin Official 513 UDP Who Official 514 TCP Remote Shell , used to execute non-interactive commands on a remote system ( Remote Shell , rsh , remsh ) Official 514 UDP Syslog , used for system logging Official 515 TCP Assigned Line Printer Daemon ( LPD ) , print service Official 517 UDP Talk Official 518 UDP NTalk Official 520 TCP efs , extended file name server Official 520 UDP Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ) Official 521 UDP Routing Information Protocol Next Generation ( RIPng ) Official 524 TCP UDP NetWare Core Protocol ( NCP ) is used for a variety things such as access to primary NetWare server resources , Time Synchronization , etc . Official 525 UDP Timed , Timeserver Official 530 TCP UDP Remote procedure call ( RPC ) Official 531 TCP UDP AOL Instant Messenger Unofficial 532 TCP Assigned netnews Official 533 UDP netwall , For Emergency Broadcasts Official 540 TCP Unix - to - Unix Copy Protocol ( UUCP ) Official 542 TCP UDP commerce ( Commerce Applications ) Official 543 TCP klogin , Kerberos login Official 544 TCP kshell , Kerberos Remote shell Official 546 TCP UDP DHCPv6 client Official 547 TCP UDP DHCPv6 server Official 548 TCP Assigned Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP ) over TCP Official 550 TCP UDP new - rwho , new - who Official 554 TCP UDP Real Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) Official 556 TCP Remotefs , RFS , rfs_server Official 560 UDP rmonitor , Remote Monitor Official 561 UDP monitor Official 563 TCP UDP NNTP over TLS / SSL ( NNTPS ) Official 564 TCP 9P ( Plan 9 ) Unofficial 585 N / A N / A De-registered since April 2006 ( with recommendation to use port 993 instead ) Official 585 TCP ? Legacy use of Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( IMAPS ) Unofficial 587 TCP Assigned email message submission ( SMTP ) Official 591 TCP FileMaker 6.0 ( and later ) Web Sharing ( HTTP Alternate , also see port 80 ) Official 593 TCP UDP HTTP RPC Ep Map , Remote procedure call over Hypertext Transfer Protocol , often used by Distributed Component Object Model services and Microsoft Exchange Server Official 601 TCP Reliable Syslog Service -- used for system logging Official 604 TCP TUNNEL profile , a protocol for BEEP peers to form an application layer tunnel Official 623 UDP ASF Remote Management and Control Protocol ( ASF - RMCP ) & IPMI Remote Management Protocol Official 625 TCP Open Directory Proxy ( ODProxy ) Unofficial 631 TCP UDP Internet Printing Protocol ( IPP ) Official 631 TCP UDP Common Unix Printing System ( CUPS ) administration console ( extension to IPP ) Unofficial 635 TCP UDP RLZ DBase Official 636 TCP UDP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( LDAPS ) Official 639 TCP UDP MSDP , Multicast Source Discovery Protocol Official 641 TCP UDP SupportSoft Nexus Remote Command ( control / listening ) , a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic Official 643 TCP UDP SANity Official 646 TCP UDP Label Distribution Protocol ( LDP ) , a routing protocol used in MPLS networks Official 647 TCP DHCP Failover protocol Official 648 TCP Registry Registrar Protocol ( RRP ) Official 651 TCP UDP IEEE - MMS Official 653 TCP UDP SupportSoft Nexus Remote Command ( data ) , a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic Official 654 TCP Media Management System ( MMS ) Media Management Protocol ( MMP ) Official 655 TCP UDP Tinc VPN daemon Official 657 TCP UDP IBM RMC ( Remote monitoring and Control ) protocol , used by System p5 AIX Integrated Virtualization Manager ( IVM ) and Hardware Management Console to connect managed logical partitions ( LPAR ) to enable dynamic partition reconfiguration Official 660 TCP Assigned Mac OS X Server administration , version 10.4 and earlier Official 666 TCP UDP Doom , first online first - person shooter Official 666 TCP airserv - ng , aircrack - ng 's server for remote - controlling wireless devices Unofficial 674 TCP Application Configuration Access Protocol ( ACAP ) Official 688 TCP UDP REALM - RUSD ( ApplianceWare Server Appliance Management Protocol ) Official 690 TCP UDP Velneo Application Transfer Protocol ( VATP ) Official 691 TCP MS Exchange Routing Official 694 TCP UDP Linux - HA high - availability heartbeat Official 695 TCP IEEE Media Management System over SSL ( IEEE - MMS - SSL ) Official 698 UDP Optimized Link State Routing ( OLSR ) Official 700 TCP Extensible Provisioning Protocol ( EPP ) , a protocol for communication between domain name registries and registrars ( RFC 5734 ) Official 701 TCP Link Management Protocol ( LMP ) , a protocol that runs between a pair of nodes and is used to manage traffic engineering ( TE ) links Official 702 TCP IRIS ( Internet Registry Information Service ) over BEEP ( Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol ) ( RFC 3983 ) Official 706 TCP Secure Internet Live Conferencing ( SILC ) Official 711 TCP Cisco Tag Distribution Protocol -- being replaced by the MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Official 712 TCP Topology Broadcast based on Reverse - Path Forwarding routing protocol ( TBRPF ; RFC 3684 ) Official 749 TCP UDP Kerberos ( protocol ) administration Official 750 UDP kerberos - iv , Kerberos version IV Official 751 TCP UDP kerberos_master , Kerberos authentication Unofficial 752 UDP passwd_server , Kerberos password ( kpasswd ) server Unofficial 753 TCP Reverse Routing Header ( RRH ) Official 753 UDP Reverse Routing Header ( RRH ) Official 753 UDP userreg_server , Kerberos userreg server Unofficial 754 TCP tell send Official 754 TCP krb5_prop , Kerberos v5 slave propagation Unofficial 754 UDP tell send Official 760 TCP UDP krbupdate ( kreg ) , Kerberos registration Unofficial 782 TCP Conserver serial - console management server Unofficial 783 TCP SpamAssassin spamd daemon Unofficial 800 TCP UDP mdbs - daemon Official 808 TCP Microsoft Net. TCP Port Sharing Service Unofficial 829 Yes Assigned Certificate Management Protocol Official 830 TCP UDP NETCONF over SSH Official 831 TCP UDP NETCONF over BEEP Official 832 TCP UDP NETCONF for SOAP over HTTPS Official 833 TCP UDP NETCONF for SOAP over BEEP Official 843 TCP Adobe Flash Unofficial 847 TCP DHCP Failover protocol Official 848 TCP UDP Group Domain Of Interpretation ( GDOI ) protocol Official 853 TCP UDP DNS over TLS ( RFC 7858 ) Official 860 TCP iSCSI ( RFC 3720 ) Official 861 TCP UDP OWAMP control ( RFC 4656 ) Official 862 TCP UDP TWAMP control ( RFC 5357 ) Official 873 TCP rsync file synchronization protocol Official 888 TCP cddbp , CD DataBase ( CDDB ) protocol ( CDDBP ) Unofficial 888 TCP IBM Endpoint Manager Remote Control Unofficial 897 TCP UDP Brocade SMI - S RPC Unofficial 898 TCP UDP Brocade SMI - S RPC SSL Unofficial 902 TCP UDP VMware ESXi Unofficial 903 TCP VMware ESXi Unofficial 953 TCP BIND remote name daemon control ( RNDC ) Official 954 -- 988 N / A N / A Unassigned Official 981 TCP Remote HTTPS management for firewall devices running embedded Check Point VPN - 1 software Unofficial 987 TCP Microsoft Remote Web Workplace , a feature of Windows Small Business Server Unofficial 989 TCP UDP FTPS Protocol ( data ) , FTP over TLS / SSL Official 990 TCP UDP FTPS Protocol ( control ) , FTP over TLS / SSL Official 991 TCP UDP Netnews Administration System ( NAS ) Official 992 TCP UDP Telnet protocol over TLS / SSL Official 993 TCP Assigned Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( IMAPS ) Official 994 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official 994 TCP UDP Internet Relay Chat over TLS / SSL ( IRCS ) Unofficial 995 TCP UDP Post Office Protocol 3 over TLS / SSL ( POP3S ) Official < / ref > Unofficial 1010 TCP ThinLinc web - based administration interface Unofficial 1023 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official Registered ports ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The range of port numbers from 1024 to 49151 are the registered ports . They are assigned by IANA for specific service upon application by a requesting entity . On most systems , registered ports can be used without superuser privileges . Registered ports ( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description IANA status 1024 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official 1027 Reserved Reserved Official 1027 UDP Native IPv6 behind IPv4 - to - IPv4 NAT Customer Premises Equipment ( 6a44 ) Official 1028 Deprecated Official 1029 Microsoft DCOM services Official 1058 TCP UDP nim , IBM AIX Network Installation Manager ( NIM ) Official 1059 TCP UDP nimreg , IBM AIX Network Installation Manager ( NIM ) Official 1080 TCP UDP SOCKS proxy Official 1085 TCP UDP WebObjects Official 1098 TCP UDP rmiactivation , Java remote method invocation ( RMI ) activation Official 1099 TCP Assigned rmiregistry , Java remote method invocation ( RMI ) registry Official 1109 Reserved -- IANA Official 1109 TCP Kerberos Post Office Protocol ( KPOP ) Unofficial 1119 TCP UDP Battle.net chat / game protocol , used by Blizzard 's games Official 1167 TCP SCTP UDP Cisco IP SLA ( Service Assurance Agent ) Official 1194 TCP UDP OpenVPN Official 1198 TCP UDP The cajo project Free dynamic transparent distributed computing in Java Official 1214 TCP UDP Kazaa Official 1220 TCP Assigned QuickTime Streaming Server administration Official 1234 TCP UDP Infoseek search agent Official 1234 UDP VLC media player default port for UDP / RTP stream Unofficial 1241 TCP UDP Nessus Security Scanner Official 1270 TCP UDP Microsoft System Center Operations Manager ( SCOM ) ( formerly Microsoft Operations Manager ( MOM ) ) agent Official 1293 TCP UDP Internet Protocol Security ( IPSec ) Official 1311 TCP UDP Windows RxMon. exe Official 1311 TCP Dell OpenManage HTTPS Unofficial 1314 ? ? Festival Speech Synthesis System server Unofficial 1337 TCP neo4j - shell Unofficial 1337 TCP WASTE Encrypted File Sharing Program Unofficial 1341 TCP UDP Qubes ( Manufacturing Execution System ) Official 1344 TCP UDP Internet Content Adaptation Protocol Official 1352 TCP UDP IBM Lotus Notes / Domino ( RPC ) protocol Official 1360 TCP UDP Mimer SQL Official 1414 TCP UDP IBM WebSphere MQ ( formerly known as MQSeries ) Official 1417 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 1 Port Official 1418 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 2 Port Official 1419 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 3 Port Official 1420 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 4 Port Official 1431 TCP Reverse Gossip Transport Protocol ( RGTP ) , used to access a General - purpose Reverse - Ordered Gossip Gathering System ( GROGGS ) bulletin board , such as that implemented on the Cambridge University 's Phoenix system Official 1433 TCP UDP Microsoft SQL Server database management system ( MSSQL ) server Official 1434 TCP UDP Microsoft SQL Server database management system ( MSSQL ) monitor Official 1492 TCP Sid Meier 's CivNet , a multiplayer remake of the original Sid Meier 's Civilization game Unofficial 1494 TCP UDP Citrix Independent Computing Architecture ( ICA ) Unofficial 1500 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager server Unofficial 1501 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager client scheduler Unofficial 1503 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( Whiteboard and Application Sharing ) Unofficial 1512 TCP UDP Microsoft 's Windows Internet Name Service ( WINS ) Official 1513 TCP UDP Garena game client Unofficial 1521 TCP UDP nCUBE License Manager Official 1521 TCP Oracle database default listener , in future releases official port 2483 ( TCP / IP ) and 2484 ( TCP / IP with SSL ) Unofficial 1524 TCP UDP ingreslock , ingres Official 1527 TCP UDP Oracle Net Services , formerly known as SQL * Net Official 1527 TCP Apache Derby Network Server Unofficial 1533 TCP UDP IBM Sametime Virtual Places Chat Official 1534 UDP Eclipse Target Communication Framework ( TCF ) agent discovery Unofficial 1547 TCP UDP Laplink Official 1550 TCP Gadu - Gadu ( direct client - to - client ) Unofficial 1581 TCP UDP MIL STD 2045 - 47001 VMF Official 1581 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager web client Unofficial 1582 -- 1583 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager server web interface Unofficial 1583 ? ? Pervasive PSQL Unofficial 1589 TCP UDP Cisco VLAN Query Protocol ( VQP ) Official 1604 TCP UDP DarkComet remote administration tool ( RAT ) Unofficial 1626 TCP iSketch Unofficial 1627 TCP iSketch Unofficial 1628 TCP UDP LonTalk normal Official 1629 TCP UDP LonTalk urgent Official 1645 UDP Early deployment of RADIUS before RFC standardization was done using UDP port number 1645 . Enabled for compatibility reasons by default on Cisco and Juniper Networks RADIUS servers . Official port is 1812 . TCP port 1645 must not be used . Unofficial 1646 UDP Old radacct port , RADIUS accounting protocol . Enabled for compatibility reasons by default on Cisco and Juniper Networks RADIUS servers . Official port is 1813 . TCP port 1646 must not be used . Unofficial 1666 TCP Perforce Unofficial 1677 TCP UDP Novell GroupWise clients in client / server access mode Official 1688 TCP Microsoft Key Management Service ( KMS ) for Windows Activation Unofficial 1701 TCP UDP Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol ( L2F ) Official 1701 Assigned UDP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Official 1707 TCP UDP Windward Studios games ( vdmplay ) Official 1707 UDP L2TP / IPsec , for establish an initial connection Unofficial 1716 UDP America 's Army , a massively multiplayer online game ( MMO ) Unofficial 1719 TCP UDP H. 323 registration and alternate communication Official 1720 TCP UDP H. 323 call signaling Official 1723 TCP Assigned Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) Official 1755 TCP UDP Microsoft Media Services ( MMS , ms - streaming ) Official 1761 TCP UDP Novell ZENworks Unofficial 1783 Decomissioned ( sic ) Port 04 / 14 / 00 , ms Official 1801 TCP UDP Microsoft Message Queuing Official 1812 TCP UDP RADIUS authentication protocol , radius Official 1813 TCP UDP RADIUS accounting protocol , radius - acct Official 1863 TCP UDP Microsoft Notification Protocol ( MSNP ) , used by the Microsoft Messenger service and a number of instant messaging Messenger clients Official 1880 ? ? Node - RED Unofficial 1883 TCP UDP MQTT ( formerly MQ Telemetry Transport ) Official 1900 Assigned UDP Simple Service Discovery Protocol ( SSDP ) , discovery of UPnP devices Official 1935 TCP UDP Macromedia Flash Communications Server MX , the precursor to Adobe Flash Media Server before Macromedia 's acquisition by Adobe on December 3 , 2005 Official 1935 TCP UDP Real Time Messaging Protocol ( RTMP ) , primarily used in Adobe Flash Unofficial 1967 UDP Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreements ( IP SLAs ) Control Protocol Unofficial 1970 TCP UDP Netop Remote Control Official 1972 TCP UDP InterSystems Caché Official 1984 TCP UDP Big Brother Official 1985 TCP UDP Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol ( HSRP ) Official 1998 TCP UDP Cisco X. 25 over TCP ( XOT ) service Official 2000 TCP UDP Cisco Skinny Client Control Protocol ( SCCP ) Official ? ? Artemis : Spaceship Bridge Simulator Unofficial 2033 TCP UDP Civilization IV multiplayer Unofficial 2049 TCP SCTP UDP Network File System ( NFS ) Official 2056 TCP UDP Civilization IV multiplayer Unofficial 2080 TCP UDP Autodesk NLM ( FLEXlm ) Official 2082 TCP cPanel default Unofficial 2083 TCP UDP Secure RADIUS Service ( radsec ) Official 2083 TCP cPanel default SSL Unofficial 2086 TCP UDP GNUnet Official 2086 TCP WebHost Manager default Unofficial 2087 TCP WebHost Manager default SSL Unofficial 2095 TCP cPanel default web mail Official 2096 TCP cPanel default SSL web mail Unofficial 2100 TCP Warzone 2100 multiplayer Unofficial 2101 TCP Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol ( NTRIP ) Unofficial 2102 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service server Official 2103 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service serv - hm connection Official 2104 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service hostmanager Official 2123 TCP UDP GTP control messages ( GTP - C ) Official 2142 TCP UDP TDMoIP ( TDM over IP ) Official 2152 TCP UDP GTP user data messages ( GTP - U ) Official 2159 TCP UDP GDB remote debug port Official 2181 TCP UDP EForward - document transport system Official 2181 TCP Apache ZooKeeper default client port Unofficial 2195 TCP Apple Push Notification Service Unofficial 2196 TCP Apple Push Notification Service , feedback service Unofficial 2210 TCP UDP NOAAPORT Broadcast Network Official 2211 TCP UDP EMWIN Official 2221 TCP ESET anti-virus updates Unofficial 2222 TCP UDP EtherNet / IP implicit messaging for IO data Official 2222 ? ? DirectAdmin Access Unofficial 2222 -- 2226 TCP ESET Remote administrator Official 2261 TCP UDP CoMotion master Official 2262 TCP UDP CoMotion backup Official 2266 TCP UDP M - Files Official 2302 UDP ArmA multiplayer Unofficial UDP Halo : Combat Evolved multiplayer host Unofficial 2303 UDP ArmA multiplayer ( default port for game + 1 ) Unofficial UDP Halo : Combat Evolved multiplayer listener Unofficial 2305 UDP ArmA multiplayer ( default port for game + 3 ) Unofficial 2351 TCP AIM game LAN network port Unofficial 2368 TCP Ghost ( blogging platform ) Unofficial 2369 TCP Default for BMC Control - M / Server Configuration Agent Unofficial 2370 TCP Default for BMC Control - M / Server , to allow the Control - M / Enterprise Manager to connect to the Control - M / Server Unofficial 2375 TCP Reserved Docker REST API ( plain ) Official 2376 TCP Reserved Docker REST API ( SSL ) Official 2379 TCP Reserved CoreOS etcd client communication Official 2379 TCP KGS Go Server Unofficial 2380 TCP Reserved CoreOS etcd server communication Official 2399 TCP UDP FileMaker Data Access Layer ( ODBC / JDBC ) Official 2401 TCP UDP CVS version control system password - based server Official 2404 TCP UDP IEC 60870 - 5 - 104 , used to send electric power telecontrol messages between two systems via directly connected data circuits Official 2424 TCP OrientDB database listening for binary client connections Unofficial 2427 TCP UDP Media Gateway Control Protocol ( MGCP ) media gateway Official 2447 TCP UDP ovwdb -- OpenView Network Node Manager ( NNM ) daemon Official 2480 TCP OrientDB database listening for HTTP client connections Unofficial 2483 TCP UDP Oracle database listening for insecure client connections to the listener , replaces port 1521 Official 2484 TCP UDP Oracle database listening for SSL client connections to the listener Official 2535 TCP UDP Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol ( MADCAP ) . All standard messages are UDP datagrams . Official 2541 TCP UDP LonTalk / IP Official 2546 -- 2548 TCP UDP EVault data protection services Official 2593 TCP UDP Ultima Online servers Unofficial 2598 TCP Citrix Independent Computing Architecture ( ICA ) with Session Reliability ; port 1494 without session reliability Unofficial 2599 TCP UDP Ultima Online servers Unofficial 2638 TCP UDP SQL Anywhere database server Official 2710 TCP UDP XBT Tracker . UDP tracker extension is considered experimental . Unofficial 2727 TCP UDP Media Gateway Control Protocol ( MGCP ) media gateway controller ( call agent ) Official 2809 TCP UDP corbaloc : iiop URL , per the CORBA 3.0. 3 specification Official 2811 TCP UDP gsi ftp , per the GridFTP specification Official 2827 TCP I2P BOB Bridge Unofficial 2944 TCP UDP Megaco text H. 248 Official 2945 TCP UDP Megaco binary ( ASN. 1 ) H. 248 Official 2947 TCP UDP gpsd , GPS daemon Official 2948 TCP UDP WAP push Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS ) Official 2949 TCP UDP WAP push secure ( MMS ) Official 2967 TCP UDP Symantec System Center agent ( SSC - AGENT ) Official 3000 TCP Cloud9 IDE server Unofficial 3000 TCP Ruby on Rails development default Unofficial 3000 TCP Meteor development default Unofficial 3000 TCP UDP Resilio Sync , spun from BitTorrent Sync . Unofficial 3000 UDP Distributed Interactive Simulation ( DIS ) Unofficial 3004 TCP iSync Unofficial 3020 TCP UDP Common Internet File System ( CIFS ) . See also port 445 for Server Message Block ( SMB ) , a dialect of CIFS . Official 3050 TCP UDP gds - db ( Interbase / Firebird databases ) Official 3052 TCP UDP APC PowerChute Network Official 3074 TCP UDP Xbox LIVE and Games for Windows -- Live Official 3101 TCP BlackBerry Enterprise Server communication protocol Unofficial 3128 TCP ? Squid caching web proxy Unofficial 3225 TCP UDP Fibre Channel over IP ( FCIP ) Official 3233 TCP UDP WhiskerControl research control protocol Official 3260 TCP UDP iSCSI Official 3268 TCP UDP msft - gc , Microsoft Global Catalog ( LDAP service which contains data from Active Directory forests ) Official 3269 TCP UDP msft - gc - ssl , Microsoft Global Catalog over SSL ( similar to port 3268 , LDAP over SSL ) Official 3283 TCP UDP Net Assistant , a predecessor to Apple Remote Desktop Official 3283 TCP UDP Apple Remote Desktop 2.0 or later Unofficial 3290 UDP Virtual Air Traffic Simulation ( VATSIM ) network voice communication Unofficial 3305 TCP UDP Odette File Transfer Protocol ( OFTP ) Official 3306 TCP Assigned MySQL database system Official 3313 TCP Verisys file integrity monitoring software Unofficial 3316 TCP AzimuthVMS database port for the CCTV recording software AzimuthVMS Unofficial 3323 TCP UDP DECE GEODI Server Unofficial 3332 UDP Thundercloud DataPath Overlay Control Unofficial 3333 TCP Eggdrop , an IRC bot default port Unofficial 3333 TCP Network Caller ID server Unofficial 3333 TCP CruiseControl. rb Unofficial 3351 ? ? Pervasive PSQL Unofficial 3386 TCP UDP GTP ' 3GPP GSM / UMTS CDR logging protocol Official 3389 TCP UDP Microsoft Terminal Server ( RDP ) officially registered as Windows Based Terminal ( WBT ) Official 3396 TCP UDP Novell NDPS Printer Agent Official 3412 TCP UDP xmlBlaster Official 3455 TCP UDP Resource Reservation Protocol ( RSVP ) Official 3423 TCP Xware xTrm Communication Protocol Official 3424 TCP Xware xTrm Communication Protocol over SSL Official 3478 TCP UDP STUN , a protocol for NAT traversal Official 3478 TCP UDP TURN , a protocol for NAT traversal ( extension to STUN ) Official 3478 TCP UDP STUN Behavior Discovery . See also port 5349 . Official 3479 TCP UDP PlayStation Network Unofficial 3480 TCP UDP PlayStation Network Unofficial 3483 UDP Slim Devices discovery protocol Official 3483 TCP Slim Devices SlimProto protocol Official 3493 TCP UDP Network UPS Tools ( NUT ) Official 3516 TCP UDP Smartcard Port Official 3527 UDP Microsoft Message Queuing Official 3535 TCP SMTP alternate Unofficial 3544 UDP Teredo tunneling Official 3605 UDP ComCam IO Port Official 3606 TCP UDP Splitlock Server Official 3632 TCP Assigned Distcc , distributed compiler Official 3644 TCP Evidian , ssowatch Official 3645 TCP UDP Cyc Official 3659 TCP UDP Apple SASL , used by Mac OS X Server Password Server Official 3659 UDP Battlefield 4 Unofficial 3667 TCP UDP Information Exchange Official 3689 TCP Assigned Digital Audio Access Protocol ( DAAP ) , used by Apple 's iTunes and AirPlay Official 3690 TCP UDP Subversion ( SVN ) version control system Official 3702 TCP UDP Web Services Dynamic Discovery ( WS - Discovery ) , used by various components of Windows Vista and later Official 3724 TCP UDP Some Blizzard games Official 3724 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial 3725 TCP UDP Netia NA - ER Port Official 3768 TCP UDP RBLcheckd server daemon Official 3784 UDP Bidirectional Forwarding Detection ( BFD ) for IPv4 and IPv6 ( Single Hop ) ( RFC 5881 ) Official 3785 UDP VoIP program used by Ventrilo Unofficial 3799 UDP RADIUS change of authorization Official 3804 TCP UDP Harman Professional HiQnet protocol Official 3825 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial 3826 TCP UDP WarMUX game server Official 3826 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial 3835 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial 3830 TCP UDP System Management Agent , developed and used by Cerner to monitor and manage solutions Official 3856 TCP UDP ERP Server Application used by F10 Software Unofficial 3880 TCP UDP IGRS Official 3868 TCP SCTP Diameter base protocol ( RFC 3588 ) Official 3872 TCP Oracle Enterprise Manager Remote Agent Official 3900 TCP udt_os , IBM UniData UDT OS Official 3960 UDP Warframe online interaction Unofficial 3962 UDP Warframe online interaction Unofficial 3978 TCP UDP OpenTTD game ( masterserver and content service ) Unofficial 3979 TCP UDP OpenTTD game Unofficial 3999 TCP UDP Norman distributed scanning service Official 4000 TCP UDP Diablo II game Unofficial 4001 TCP Microsoft Ants game Unofficial 4001 TCP CoreOS etcd client communication Unofficial 4018 TCP UDP Protocol information and warnings Official 4035 TCP IBM Rational Developer for System z Remote System Explorer Daemon Unofficial 4045 TCP UDP Solaris lockd NFS lock daemon / manager Unofficial 4050 TCP Mud Master Chat protocol ( MMCP ) - Peer - to - peer communications between MUD clients . Unofficial 4069 UDP Minger Email Address Verification Protocol Official 4089 TCP UDP OpenCORE Remote Control Service Official 4090 TCP UDP Kerio Official 4093 TCP UDP PxPlus Client server interface ProvideX Official 4096 TCP UDP Ascom Timeplex Bridge Relay Element ( BRE ) Official 4105 TCP UDP Shofar ( ShofarNexus ) Official 4111 TCP Assigned Xgrid Official 4116 TCP UDP Smartcard - TLS Official 4117 TCP WatchGuard System Manager Unofficial 4125 TCP Microsoft Remote Web Workplace administration Unofficial 4172 TCP UDP Teradici PCoIP Official 4190 TCP ManageSieve Official 4198 TCP UDP Couch Potato Android app Unofficial 4201 TCP TinyMUD and various derivatives Unofficial 4222 TCP NATS server default port Unofficial 4226 TCP UDP Aleph One , a computer game Unofficial 4242 TCP Orthanc -- DICOM server Unofficial 4242 TCP Quassel distributed IRC client Unofficial 4243 TCP Docker implementations , redistributions , and setups default Unofficial 4243 TCP CrashPlan Unofficial 4244 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 4303 TCP UDP Simple Railroad Command Protocol ( SRCP ) Official 4307 TCP TrueConf Client - TrueConf Server media data exchange Official 4321 TCP Referral Whois ( RWhois ) Protocol Official 4352 TCP PJLink , by JBMIA for controlling projectors via LAN connections Official 4444 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server -- Intradoc Socket port . ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Unofficial 4444 ? ? Metasploit 's default listener port Unofficial 4444 TCP UDP Xvfb X server virtual frame buffer service Unofficial 4444 -- 4445 TCP I2P HTTP / S proxy Unofficial 4486 TCP UDP Integrated Client Message Service ( ICMS ) Official 4488 TCP Assigned Apple Wide Area Connectivity Service , used by Back to My Mac Official 4500 Assigned UDP IPSec NAT Traversal ( RFC 3947 , RFC 4306 ) Official 4502 -- 4534 TCP Microsoft Silverlight connectable ports under non-elevated trust Official 4505 -- 4506 TCP Salt master Unofficial 4534 UDP Armagetron Advanced server default Unofficial 4560 TCP default Log4j socketappender port Unofficial 4567 TCP Sinatra default server port in development mode ( HTTP ) Unofficial 4569 UDP Inter-Asterisk eXchange ( IAX2 ) Official 4604 TCP Identity Registration Protocol Official 4605 TCP Direct End to End Secure Chat Protocol Official 4610 -- 4640 TCP QualiSystems TestShell Suite Services Unofficial 4662 TCP UDP OrbitNet Message Service Official 4662 TCP Default for older versions of eMule Unofficial 4664 TCP Google Desktop Search Unofficial 4672 UDP Default for older versions of eMule Unofficial 4711 TCP eMule optional web interface Unofficial 4713 TCP PulseAudio sound server Unofficial 4728 TCP Computer Associates Desktop and Server Management ( DMP ) / Port Multiplexer Official 4730 TCP UDP Gearman 's job server Official 4739 TCP UDP IP Flow Information Export Official 4747 TCP Apprentice Unofficial 4750 TCP BladeLogic Agent Unofficial 4753 TCP UDP SIMON ( service and discovery ) Official 4789 UDP Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network ( VXLAN ) Official 4840 TCP UDP OPC UA TCP Protocol for OPC Unified Architecture from OPC Foundation Official 4843 TCP UDP OPC UA TCP Protocol over TLS / SSL for OPC Unified Architecture from OPC Foundation Official 4847 TCP UDP Web Fresh Communication , Quadrion Software & Odorless Entertainment Official 4848 TCP Java , Glassfish Application Server administration default Unofficial 4894 TCP UDP LysKOM Protocol A Official 4949 TCP Munin Resource Monitoring Tool Official 4950 TCP UDP Cylon Controls UC32 Communications Port Official 5000 TCP UPnP -- Windows network device interoperability Unofficial 5000 TCP UDP VTun , VPN Software Unofficial 5000 UDP FlightGear multiplayer Unofficial 5000 TCP Synology Inc . Management Console , File Station , Audio Station Unofficial 5000 TCP Flask Development Webserver Unofficial 5000 TCP Heroku console access Official 5000 TCP AT&T U-verse public , educational , and government access ( PEG ) streaming over HTTP Unofficial 5000 -- 5500 No Yes League of Legends , a multiplayer online battle arena video game Unofficial 5001 TCP Slingbox and Slingplayer Unofficial 5001 TCP UDP Iperf ( Tool for measuring TCP and UDP bandwidth performance ) Unofficial 5001 TCP Synology Inc . Secured Management Console , File Station , Audio Station Unofficial 5002 TCP ASSA ARX access control system Unofficial 5003 TCP Assigned FileMaker -- name binding and transport Official 5004 TCP DCCP UDP Real - time Transport Protocol media data ( RTP ) ( RFC 3551 , RFC 4571 ) Official 5005 TCP DCCP UDP Real - time Transport Protocol control protocol ( RTCP ) ( RFC 3551 , RFC 4571 ) Official 5010 TCP UDP Registered to : TelePath ( the IBM FlowMark workflow - management system messaging platform ) The TCP port is now used for : IBM WebSphere MQ Workflow Official 5011 TCP UDP TelePath ( the IBM FlowMark workflow - management system messaging platform ) Official 5031 TCP UDP AVM CAPI - over-TCP ( ISDN over Ethernet tunneling ) Unofficial 5037 TCP Android ADB server Unofficial 5048 TCP Texai Message Service Official 5050 TCP Yahoo ! Messenger Unofficial 5051 TCP ita - agent Symantec Intruder Alert Official 5060 TCP UDP Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) Official 5061 TCP Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) over TLS Official 5062 TCP UDP Localisation access Official 5064 Yes Yes EPICS Channel Access server Official 5065 Assigned Yes EPICS Channel Access repeater beacon Official 5070 Yes No Binary Floor Control Protocol ( BFCP ) Unofficial 5082 TCP UDP Qpur Communication Protocol Official 5083 TCP UDP Qpur File Protocol Official 5084 TCP UDP EPCglobal Low Level Reader Protocol ( LLRP ) Official 5085 TCP UDP EPCglobal Low Level Reader Protocol ( LLRP ) over TLS Official 5093 UDP SafeNet , Inc Sentinel LM , Sentinel RMS , License Manager , client - to - server Official 5099 TCP UDP SafeNet , Inc Sentinel LM , Sentinel RMS , License Manager , server - to - server Official 5104 TCP IBM Tivoli Framework NetCOOL / Impact HTTP Service Unofficial 5121 TCP Neverwinter Nights Unofficial 5124 TCP UDP TorgaNET ( Micronational Darknet ) Unofficial 5125 TCP UDP TorgaNET ( Micronational Intelligence Darknet ) Unofficial 5150 TCP UDP ATMP Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol Official 5151 TCP ESRI SDE Instance Official 5151 UDP ESRI SDE Remote Start Official 5154 TCP UDP BZFlag Official 5172 TCP PC over IP Endpoint Management Official 5190 TCP AOL Instant Messenger protocol Official 5198 UDP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Voice ) Unofficial 5199 UDP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Voice ) Unofficial 5200 TCP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Information ) Unofficial 5201 TCP UDP Iperf3 ( Tool for measuring TCP and UDP bandwidth performance ) Unofficial 5222 TCP Reserved Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) client connection Official 5223 TCP Apple Push Notification Service Unofficial 5223 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) client connection over SSL Unofficial 5228 TCP HP Virtual Room Service Official 5228 TCP Google Play , Android Cloud to Device Messaging Service , Google Cloud Messaging Unofficial 5242 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 5243 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 5246 UDP Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) CAPWAP control Official 5247 UDP Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) CAPWAP data Official 5269 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) server - to - server connection Official 5280 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Official 5281 TCP Undo License Manager Official 5281 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Unofficial 5298 TCP UDP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Official 5310 TCP UDP Outlaws ( 1997 video game ) . Both UDP and TCP are reserved , but only UDP is used Official 5349 Yes / No Yes / No STUN over TLS / DTLS , a protocol for NAT traversal Official 5349 Yes / No Yes / No TURN over TLS / DTLS , a protocol for NAT traversal Official 5349 TCP Reserved STUN Behavior Discovery over TLS . See also port 3478 . Official 5351 Reserved UDP NAT Port Mapping Protocol and Port Control Protocol -- client - requested configuration for connections through network address translators and firewalls Official 5353 Assigned UDP Multicast DNS ( mDNS ) Official 5355 TCP UDP Link - Local Multicast Name Resolution ( LLMNR ) , allows hosts to perform name resolution for hosts on the same local link ( only provided by Windows Vista and Server 2008 ) Official 5357 TCP UDP Web Services for Devices ( WSDAPI ) ( only provided by Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Server 2008 ) Unofficial 5358 TCP UDP WSDAPI Applications to Use a Secure Channel ( only provided by Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Server 2008 ) Unofficial 5394 UDP Kega Fusion , a Sega multi-console emulator Unofficial 5402 TCP UDP Multicast File Transfer Protocol ( MFTP ) Official 5405 TCP UDP NetSupport Manager Official 5412 TCP UDP IBM Rational Synergy ( Telelogic Synergy ) ( Continuus CM ) Message Router Official 5413 TCP UDP Wonderware SuiteLink service Official 5417 TCP UDP SNS Agent Official 5421 TCP UDP NetSupport Manager Official 5432 TCP Assigned PostgreSQL database system Official 5433 TCP Bouwsoft file / webserver Unofficial 5445 UDP Cisco Unified Video Advantage Unofficial 5480 TCP VMware VAMI ( Virtual Appliance Management Infrastructure ) -- used for initial setup of various administration settings on Virtual Appliances designed using the VAMI architecture . Unofficial 5481 TCP Schneider Electric 's ClearSCADA ( SCADA implementation for Windows ) -- used for client - to - server communication . Unofficial 5495 TCP IBM Cognos TM1 Admin server Unofficial 5498 TCP Hotline tracker server connection Unofficial 5499 UDP Hotline tracker server discovery Unofficial 5500 TCP Hotline control connection Unofficial 5500 TCP VNC Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol -- for incoming listening viewer Unofficial 5501 TCP Hotline file transfer connection Unofficial 5517 TCP Setiqueue Proxy server client for SETI@Home project Unofficial 5550 TCP Hewlett - Packard Data Protector Unofficial 5554 TCP UDP Fastboot default wireless port Unofficial 5555 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content : Inbound Refinery -- Intradoc Socket port . ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 5555 TCP Freeciv versions up to 2.0 , Hewlett - Packard Data Protector , McAfee EndPoint Encryption Database Server , SAP , Default for Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0 , Softether VPN default port Unofficial 5556 TCP UDP Freeciv , Oracle WebLogic Server Node Manager Official 5568 TCP UDP Session Data Transport ( SDT ) , a part of Architecture for Control Networks ( ACN ) Official 5631 TCP pcANYWHEREdata , Symantec pcAnywhere ( version 7.52 and later ) data Official 5632 UDP pcANYWHEREstat , Symantec pcAnywhere ( version 7.52 and later ) status Official 5656 TCP IBM Lotus Sametime p2p file transfer Unofficial 5666 TCP NRPE ( Nagios ) Unofficial 5667 TCP NSCA ( Nagios ) Unofficial 5670 TCP FILEMQ ZeroMQ File Message Queuing Protocol Official 5670 UDP ZRE - DISC ZeroMQ Realtime Exchange Protocol ( Discovery ) Official 5672 TCP AMQP Official 5678 UDP Mikrotik RouterOS Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( MNDP ) Unofficial 5683 UDP Constrained Application Protocol ( CoAP ) Official 5701 TCP Hazelcast default communication port Unofficial 5722 TCP UDP Microsoft RPC , DFSR ( SYSVOL ) Replication Service Official 5718 TCP Microsoft DPM Data Channel ( with the agent coordinator ) Unofficial 5719 TCP Microsoft DPM Data Channel ( with the protection agent ) Unofficial 5723 TCP System Center Operations Manager Unofficial 5724 TCP Operations Manager Console Unofficial 5741 TCP UDP IDA Discover Port 1 Official 5742 TCP UDP IDA Discover Port 2 Official 5800 TCP VNC Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol over HTTP Unofficial 5800 TCP ProjectWise Server Unofficial 5900 TCP UDP Remote Frame Buffer protocol ( RFB ) Official 5900 TCP Virtual Network Computing ( VNC ) Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol Unofficial 5931 TCP UDP AMMYY admin Remote Control Official 5938 TCP UDP TeamViewer remote desktop protocol Unofficial 5984 TCP UDP CouchDB database server Official 5985 TCP Windows PowerShell Default psSession Port Official 5986 TCP Windows PowerShell Default psSession Port Official 5988 -- 5989 TCP CIM - XML ( DMTF Protocol ) Official 6000 - 6063 TCP UDP X11 -- used between an X client and server over the network Official 6005 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server -- Socket used for communication between Control - M processes -- though often changed during installation Unofficial 6005 TCP Default for Camfrog chat & cam client Unofficial 6009 TCP JD Edwards EnterpriseOne ERP system JDENet messaging client listener Unofficial 6050 TCP Arcserve backup Unofficial 6051 TCP Arcserve backup Unofficial 6086 TCP Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol ( PDTP ) , FTP like file server in a P2P network Official 6100 TCP Vizrt System Unofficial 6100 TCP Ventrilo authentication for version 3 Unofficial 6101 TCP Backup Exec Agent Browser Unofficial 6110 TCP UDP softcm , HP Softbench CM Official 6111 TCP UDP spc , HP Softbench Sub-Process Control Official 6112 TCP UDP dtspcd , execute commands and launch applications remotely Official 6112 TCP UDP Blizzard 's Battle.net gaming service and some games , ArenaNet gaming service , Relic gaming service Unofficial 6112 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial 6113 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids , Used by some Blizzard games Unofficial 6136 TCP ObjectDB database server Unofficial 6159 TCP ARINC 840 EFB Application Control Interface Official 6200 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server ( With Native UI ) and Inbound Refinery Unofficial 6201 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Admin Unofficial 6225 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server Web UI Unofficial 6227 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : JavaDB Unofficial 6240 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Capture Unofficial 6244 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server -- Intradoc Socket port Unofficial 6255 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Inbound Refinery -- Intradoc Socket port Unofficial 6257 UDP WinMX ( see also 6699 ) Unofficial 6260 TCP UDP planet M.U.L.E. Unofficial 6262 TCP Sybase Advantage Database Server Unofficial 6343 UDP SFlow , sFlow traffic monitoring Official 6346 TCP UDP gnutella - svc , gnutella ( FrostWire , Limewire , Shareaza , etc . ) Official 6347 TCP UDP gnutella - rtr , Gnutella alternate Official 6350 TCP UDP App Discovery and Access Protocol Official 6379 TCP Redis key - value data store Official 6389 TCP EMC CLARiiON Unofficial 6432 TCP PgBouncer -- A connection pooler for PostgreSQL Official 6436 TCP Leap Motion Websocket Server TLS Unofficial 6437 TCP Leap Motion Websocket Server Unofficial 6444 TCP UDP Sun Grid Engine Qmaster Service Official 6445 TCP UDP Sun Grid Engine Execution Service Official 6502 TCP UDP Netop Remote Control Unofficial 6513 TCP NETCONF over TLS Official 6514 TCP Syslog over TLS Official 6515 TCP UDP Elipse RPC Protocol ( REC ) Official 6522 TCP Gobby ( and other libobby - based software ) Unofficial 6523 TCP Gobby 0.5 ( and other libinfinity - based software ) Unofficial 6543 TCP Pylons project # Pyramid Default Pylons Pyramid web service port Unofficial 6556 TCP Check MK Agent Unofficial 6566 TCP SANE ( Scanner Access Now Easy ) -- SANE network scanner daemon Official 6560 -- 6561 TCP Speech - Dispatcher daemon Unofficial 6571 Windows Live FolderShare client Unofficial 6600 TCP Microsoft Hyper - V Live Official 6600 TCP Music Player Daemon ( MPD ) Unofficial 6601 TCP Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway Official 6602 TCP Microsoft Windows WSS Communication Official 6619 TCP UDP odette - ftps , Odette File Transfer Protocol ( OFTP ) over TLS / SSL Official 6622 TCP UDP Multicast FTP Official 6653 TCP Assigned OpenFlow Official 6660 -- 6664 TCP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Unofficial 6665 -- 6669 TCP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Official 6679 TCP UDP Osorno Automation Protocol ( OSAUT ) Official 6679 TCP IRC SSL ( Secure Internet Relay Chat ) -- often used Unofficial 6690 TCP Synology Cloud station Unofficial 6697 TCP IRC SSL ( Secure Internet Relay Chat ) -- often used Official 6699 TCP WinMX ( see also 6257 ) Unofficial 6715 TCP AberMUD and derivatives default port Unofficial 6783 -- 6785 TCP Splashtop Remote server broadcast Unofficial 6789 TCP Campbell Scientific Loggernet Software Unofficial 6789 TCP Bucky 's Instant Messaging Program Unofficial 6869 TCP Derandom default server Unofficial 6881 -- 6887 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6888 TCP UDP MUSE Official 6888 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6889 -- 6890 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6891 -- 6900 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6891 -- 6900 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( File transfer ) Unofficial 6901 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( Voice ) Unofficial 6901 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6902 -- 6968 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6969 TCP UDP acmsoda Official 6969 TCP BitTorrent tracker Unofficial 6970 -- 6999 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6970 -- 9999 UDP QuickTime Streaming Server Unofficial 7000 TCP Default for Vuze 's built in HTTPS Bittorrent Tracker Unofficial 7000 TCP Avira Server Management Console Unofficial 7001 TCP Avira Server Management Console Unofficial 7001 TCP Default for BEA WebLogic Server 's HTTP server , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7002 TCP Default for BEA WebLogic Server 's HTTPS server , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7005 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server and Control - M / Agent for Agent - to - Server , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7006 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server and Control - M / Agent for Server - to - Agent , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7010 TCP Default for Cisco AON AMC ( AON Management Console ) Unofficial 7022 TCP Database mirroring endpoints Unofficial 7023 UDP Bryan Wilcutt T2 - NMCS Protocol for SatCom Modems Official 7025 TCP Zimbra LMTP ( mailbox ) -- local mail delivery Unofficial 7047 TCP Zimbra conversion server Unofficial 7070 Yes Maybe Real Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) , used by QuickTime Streaming Server . TCP is used by default , UDP is used as an alternate . Unofficial 7133 TCP Enemy Territory : Quake Wars Unofficial 7144 TCP Peercast Unofficial 7145 TCP Peercast Unofficial 7171 TCP Tibia Unofficial 7262 TCP UDP CNAP ( Calypso Network Access Protocol ) Official 7272 TCP UDP WatchMe - WatchMe Monitoring Official 7306 TCP Zimbra mysql ( mailbox ) Unofficial 7307 TCP Zimbra mysql ( logger ) Unofficial 7312 UDP Sibelius License Server Unofficial 7396 TCP Web control interface for Folding@home v7. 3.6 and later Unofficial 7400 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS Discovery Official 7401 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS User - Traffic Official 7402 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS Meta - Traffic Official 7471 TCP Stateless Transport Tunneling ( STT ) Unofficial 7473 TCP Rise : The Vieneo Province Official 7474 TCP Neo4J Server webadmin Official 7478 TCP Default port used by Open iT Server . Official 7542 TCP UDP Saratoga file transfer protocol Official 7547 TCP UDP CPE WAN Management Protocol ( CWMP ) Technical Report 069 Official 7575 UDP Populous : The Beginning server Unofficial 7624 TCP UDP Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface Official 7631 TCP ERLPhase Official 7634 TCP hddtemp -- Utility to monitor hard drive temperature Unofficial 7652 -- 7654 TCP I2P anonymizing overlay network Unofficial 7655 UDP I2P SAM Bridge Socket API Unofficial 7656 -- 7660 TCP I2P anonymizing overlay network Unofficial 7670 TCP BrettspielWelt BSW Boardgame Portal Unofficial 7687 TCP Bolt database connection Official 7707 -- 7708 UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 7717 UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 7777 TCP iChat server file transfer proxy Unofficial 7777 TCP Oracle Cluster File System 2 Unofficial 7777 TCP Windows backdoor program tini. exe default Unofficial 7777 TCP Just Cause 2 : Multiplayer Mod Server Unofficial 7777 TCP Terraria default server Unofficial 7777 UDP San Andreas Multiplayer ( SA - MP ) default port server Unofficial 7777 -- 7788 TCP UDP Unreal Tournament series default server Unofficial 7831 TCP Default used by Smartlaunch Internet Cafe Administration software Unofficial 7880 TCP UDP PowerSchool Gradebook Server Unofficial 7890 TCP Default that will be used by the iControl Internet Cafe Suite Administration software Unofficial 7915 TCP Default for YSFlight server Unofficial 7935 TCP Fixed port used for Adobe Flash Debug Player to communicate with a debugger ( Flash IDE , Flex Builder or fdb ) . Unofficial 7990 TCP Atlassian Bitbucket ( default port ) Unofficial 8000 TCP Commonly used for Internet radio streams such as SHOUTcast , Icecast and iTunes Radio Unofficial 8000 ? ? DynamoDB Local Unofficial 8000 ? ? Django Development Webserver Unofficial 8005 TCP Tomcat remote shutdown Unofficial 8006 TCP Quest AppAssure 5 API Unofficial 8007 TCP Quest AppAssure 5 Engine Unofficial 8008 TCP UDP Alternative port for HTTP . See also ports 80 and 8080 . Official 8008 TCP IBM HTTP Server administration default Unofficial 8008 TCP iCal , a calendar application by Apple Unofficial 8009 TCP Apache JServ Protocol ( ajp13 ) Unofficial 8042 ? ? Orthanc -- REST API over HTTP Unofficial 8069 TCP OpenERP 5.0 XML - RPC protocol Unofficial 8070 TCP OpenERP 5.0 NET - RPC protocol Unofficial 8074 TCP UDP Gadu - Gadu Official 8075 TCP Killing Floor web administration interface Unofficial 8080 TCP UDP Alternative port for HTTP . See also ports 80 and 8008 . Official 8080 TCP Apache Tomcat Unofficial 8080 TCP Atlassian JIRA applications Unofficial 8088 TCP Asterisk management access via HTTP Unofficial 8089 Yes No Splunk daemon management Unofficial 8089 TCP Fritz ! Box automatic TR - 069 configuration Unofficial 8090 ? ? Atlassian Confluence Unofficial 8090 TCP Coral Content Distribution Network ( legacy ; 80 and 8080 now supported ) Unofficial 8091 ? ? CouchBase web administration Unofficial 8092 ? ? CouchBase API Unofficial 8111 TCP JOSM Remote Control Unofficial 8112 TCP PAC Pacifica Coin Unofficial 8116 UDP Check Point Cluster Control Protocol Unofficial 8118 TCP Privoxy -- advertisement - filtering Web proxy Official 8123 TCP Polipo Web proxy Official 8139 TCP Puppet ( software ) Client agent Unofficial 8140 TCP Puppet ( software ) Master server Official 8172 TCP Microsoft Remote Administration for IIS Manager Unofficial 8184 TCP NCSA Brown Dog Data Access Proxy Unofficial 8194 TCP Bloomberg Application Official 8195 TCP Bloomberg Application Unofficial 8200 TCP GoToMyPC Unofficial 8200 TCP MiniDLNA media server Web Interface 8222 ? ? VMware VI Web Access via HTTP Unofficial 8243 TCP UDP HTTPS listener for Apache Synapse Official 8245 TCP Dynamic DNS for at least No - IP and DyDNS Unofficial 8280 TCP UDP HTTP listener for Apache Synapse Official 8281 TCP HTTP Listener for Gatecraft Plugin Unofficial 8291 TCP Winbox -- Default on a MikroTik RouterOS for a Windows application used to administer MikroTik RouterOS Unofficial 8303 UDP Teeworlds Server Unofficial 8332 TCP Bitcoin JSON - RPC server Unofficial 8333 TCP Bitcoin Unofficial 8333 ? ? VMware VI Web Access via HTTPS Unofficial 8337 TCP VisualSVN Distributed File System Service ( VDFS ) Unofficial 8384 TCP Syncthing web GUI Unofficial 8388 TCP Shadowsocks proxy server Unofficial 8443 TCP SW Soft Plesk Control Panel Unofficial 8443 TCP Apache Tomcat SSL Unofficial 8443 TCP Promise WebPAM SSL Unofficial 8443 TCP iCal over SSL Unofficial 8444 TCP Bitmessage Unofficial 8484 TCP MapleStory Login Server Unofficial 8500 TCP Adobe ColdFusion built - in web server Unofficial 8530 ? ? Windows Server Update Services over HTTP Unofficial 8531 ? ? Windows Server Update Services over HTTPS Unofficial 8580 ? ? Freegate , an Internet anonymizer and proxy tool Unofficial 8629 TCP Tibero database Unofficial 8642 TCP Lotus Notes Traveler auto synchronization for Windows Mobile and Nokia devices Unofficial 8691 TCP Ultra Fractal , a fractal generation and rendering software application -- distributed calculations over networked computers Unofficial 8767 UDP Voice channel of TeamSpeak 2 , a proprietary Voice over IP protocol targeted at gamers Unofficial 8834 ? ? Nessus , a vulnerability scanner -- remote XML - RPC web server Unofficial 8840 ? ? Opera Unite , an extensible framework for web applications Unofficial 8880 TCP Alternate port of CDDB ( Compact Disc Database ) protocol , used to look up audio CD ( compact disc ) information over the Internet . See also port 888 . Official 8880 ? ? IBM WebSphere Application Server SOAP connector Unofficial 8883 TCP UDP Secure MQTT ( MQTT over TLS ) Official 8887 ? ? HyperVM over HTTP Unofficial 8888 ? ? HyperVM over HTTPS Unofficial 8888 ? UDP Freenet web UI ( localhost only ) Unofficial 8888 ? ? Default for IPython / Jupyter notebook dashboards Unofficial 8888 ? ? MAMP web server Unofficial 8889 ? ? MAMP MySQL database server Unofficial 8983 ? ? Apache Solr Unofficial 8997 ? ? Alternate port for I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial 8998 ? ? I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial 8999 ? ? Alternate port for I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial 9000 TCP SonarQube Web Server Unofficial 9000 TCP DBGp Unofficial 9000 TCP SqueezeCenter web server & streaming Unofficial 9000 UDP UDPCast Unofficial 9000 TCP Play ! Framework web server Unofficial 9000 TCP Hadoop NameNode default port Unofficial 9000 TCP PHP - FPM default port Unofficial 9000 TCP QBittorrent 's embedded torrent tracker default port Unofficial 9001 TCP UDP ETL Service Manager Official 9001 Microsoft SharePoint authoring environment Unofficial 9001 cisco - xremote router configuration Unofficial 9001 Tor network default Unofficial 9001 TCP DBGp Proxy Unofficial 9001 TCP HSQLDB default port Unofficial 9002 Newforma Server comms Unofficial 9006 De-Commissioned Port Official 9006 TCP Tomcat in standalone mode Unofficial 9030 TCP Tor often used Unofficial 9042 TCP Apache Cassandra native protocol clients Unofficial 9043 TCP WebSphere Application Server Administration Console secure Unofficial 9050 -- 9051 TCP Tor Unofficial 9060 TCP WebSphere Application Server Administration Console Unofficial 9080 TCP UDP glrpc , Groove Collaboration software GLRPC Official 9080 TCP WebSphere Application Server HTTP Transport ( port 1 ) default Unofficial 9080 TCP Remote Potato by FatAttitude , Windows Media Center addon Unofficial 9080 TCP ServerWMC , Windows Media Center addon Unofficial 9090 TCP Openfire Administration Console Unofficial 9090 TCP SqueezeCenter control ( CLI ) Unofficial 9090 TCP Cherokee Admin Panel Unofficial 9091 TCP Openfire Administration Console ( SSL Secured ) Unofficial 9091 TCP Transmission ( BitTorrent client ) Web Interface Unofficial 9092 TCP H2 ( DBMS ) Database Server Unofficial 9092 TCP Apache Kafka A Distributed Streaming Platform Unofficial 9100 TCP Assigned PDL Data Stream , used for printing to certain network printers Official 9101 TCP UDP Bacula Director Official 9102 TCP UDP Bacula File Daemon Official 9103 TCP UDP Bacula Storage Daemon Official 9119 TCP UDP MXit Instant Messenger Official 9150 TCP Tor Unofficial 9191 TCP Sierra Wireless Airlink Unofficial 9199 TCP Avtex LLC -- qStats Unofficial 9200 TCP Elasticsearch -- default Elasticsearch port Unofficial 9217 TCP iPass Platform Service Unofficial 9293 TCP Sony PlayStation RemotePlay Unofficial 9300 TCP IBM Cognos BI Unofficial 9303 UDP D - Link Shareport Share storage and MFP printers Unofficial 9306 TCP Sphinx Native API Official 9309 TCP UDP Sony PlayStation Vita Host Collaboration WiFi Data Transfer Unofficial 9312 TCP Sphinx SphinxQL Official 9332 TCP Litecoin JSON - RPC server Unofficial 9333 TCP Litecoin Unofficial 9339 TCP Clash of Clans , a mobile freemium strategy video game Unofficial 9389 TCP UDP adws , Microsoft AD DS Web Services , Powershell uses this port Official 9418 TCP UDP git , Git pack transfer service Official 9419 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master control port Unofficial 9420 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master command port Unofficial 9421 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master client port Unofficial 9422 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- Chunkservers Unofficial 9425 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- CGI server Unofficial 9443 TCP VMware Websense Triton console ( HTTPS port used for accessing and administrating a vCenter Server via the Web Management Interface ) Unofficial 9443 TCP NCSA Brown Dog Data Tilling Service Unofficial 9535 TCP UDP mngsuite , LANDesk Management Suite Remote Control Official 9536 TCP UDP laes - bf , IP Fabrics Surveillance buffering function Official 9600 No Yes Factory Interface Network Service ( FINS ) , a network protocol used by Omron programmable logic controllers Unofficial 9675 TCP UDP Spiceworks Desktop , IT Helpdesk Software Unofficial 9676 TCP UDP Spiceworks Desktop , IT Helpdesk Software Unofficial 9695 Assigned UDP Content centric networking ( CCN , CCNx ) Official 9785 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 9800 TCP UDP WebDAV Source Official 9800 WebCT e-learning portal Unofficial 9875 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial 9898 TCP Tripwire -- File Integrity Monitoring Software Unofficial 9899 UDP SCTP tunneling ( port number used in SCTP packets encapsulated in UDP , RFC 6951 ) Official 9981 TCP TVHeadend HTTP server ( web interface ) Unofficial 9982 TCP TVHeadend HTSP server ( Streaming protocol ) Unofficial 9987 UDP TeamSpeak 3 server default ( voice ) port ( for the conflicting service see the IANA list ) Unofficial 9993 UDP ZeroTier Default port for ZeroTier Unofficial 9997 TCP Splunk port for communication between the forwarders and indexers Unofficial 9999 Urchin Web Analytics Unofficial 10000 TCP UDP Network Data Management Protocol Official 10000 BackupExec Unofficial 10000 Webmin , Web - based Unix / Linux system administration tool ( default port ) Unofficial 10000 -- 20000 No Yes Used on VoIP networks for receiving and transmitting voice telephony traffic which includes Google Voice via the OBiTalk ATA devices as well as on the MagicJack and Vonage ATA network devices . Unofficial 10001 UDP Ubiquiti UniFi access points broadcast to 255.255. 255.255 : 10001 ( UDP ) to locate the controller ( s ) Unofficial 10009 TCP UDP CrossFire , a multiplayer online First Person Shooter Unofficial 10010 TCP Open Object Rexx ( ooRexx ) rxapi daemon Official 10024 TCP Zimbra smtp ( mta ) -- to amavis from postfix Unofficial 10025 TCP Zimbra smtp ( mta ) -- back to postfix from amavis Unofficial 10042 TCP Mathoid server Unofficial 10050 TCP UDP Zabbix agent Official 10051 TCP UDP Zabbix trapper Official 10080 TCP Touhou fight games ( Immaterial and Missing Power , Scarlet Weather Rhapsody , Hisoutensoku , Hopeless Masquerade and Urban Legend in Limbo ) Unofficial 10110 TCP UDP NMEA 0183 Navigational Data . Transport of NMEA 0183 sentences over TCP or UDP Official 10172 TCP Intuit Quickbooks client Unofficial 10200 TCP FRISK Software International 's fpscand virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial 10200 TCP FRISK Software International 's f - protd virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial 10201 -- 10204 TCP FRISK Software International 's f - protd virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial 10212 TCP GE Intelligent Platforms Proficy HMI / SCADA -- CIMPLICITY WebView Official 10308 ? ? Lock On : Modern Air Combat Unofficial 10480 ? ? SWAT 4 Dedicated Server Unofficial 10505 UDP BlueStacks ( android simulator ) broadcast Unofficial 10514 TCP UDP TLS - enabled Rsyslog ( default by convention ) Unofficial 10823 UDP Farming Simulator 2011 Unofficial 10891 TCP Jungle Disk ( this port is opened by the Jungle Disk Monitor service on the localhost ) Unofficial 10933 TCP Listen port used by the Octopus Deploy Tentacle deployment agent Official 11001 TCP UDP metasys ( Johnson Controls Metasys java AC control environment ) Official 11111 TCP RiCcI , Remote Configuration Interface ( Redhat Linux ) Unofficial 11112 TCP UDP ACR / NEMA Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ( DICOM ) Official 11211 TCP UDP memcached Unofficial 11214 TCP UDP memcached incoming SSL proxy Unofficial 11215 TCP UDP memcached internal outgoing SSL proxy Unofficial 11235 Savage : Battle for Newerth Unofficial 11311 TCP UDP Robot Operating System master Unofficial 11371 TCP UDP OpenPGP HTTP key server Official 11753 TCP OpenRCT2 multiplayer Unofficial 12012 UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Korea Server -- Status / Version Check Unofficial 12013 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Korea Server Unofficial 12035 UDP Second Life , used for server UDP in - bound Unofficial 12043 TCP Second Life , used for LSL HTTPS in - bound Unofficial 12046 TCP Second Life , used for LSL HTTP in - bound Unofficial 12201 Yes Yes Graylog Extended Log Format ( GELF ) Unofficial 12222 UDP Light Weight Access Point Protocol ( LWAPP ) LWAPP data ( RFC 5412 ) Official 12223 UDP Light Weight Access Point Protocol ( LWAPP ) LWAPP control ( RFC 5412 ) Official 12345 TCP UDP Cube World Unofficial 12345 TCP Little Fighter 2 Unofficial 12345 NetBus remote administration tool ( often Trojan horse ) . Unofficial 12443 TCP IBM HMC web browser management access over HTTPS instead of default port 443 Unofficial 12489 TCP NSClient / NSClient++ / NC_Net ( Nagios ) Unofficial 12975 TCP LogMeIn Hamachi ( VPN tunnel software ; also port 32976 ) -- used to connect to Mediation Server ( bibi.hamachi.cc ) ; will attempt to use SSL ( TCP port 443 ) if both 12975 & 32976 fail to connect Unofficial 13000 -- 13050 UDP Second Life , used for server UDP in - bound Unofficial 13008 TCP UDP CrossFire , a multiplayer online First Person Shooter Unofficial 13075 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Enterprise Manager Corba communication , though often changed during installation Official 13720 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bprd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13721 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bpdbm ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13724 TCP UDP Symantec Network Utility -- vnetd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13782 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bpcd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13783 TCP UDP Symantec VOPIED protocol ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13785 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup Database -- nbdb ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13786 TCP UDP Symantec nomdb ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 14550 UDP MAVLink Unofficial 14567 UDP Battlefield 1942 and mods Unofficial 15000 TCP psyBNC Unofficial 15000 TCP Wesnoth Unofficial 15000 TCP Kaspersky Network Agent Unofficial 15441 ? ? ZeroNet fileserver Unofficial 15567 UDP Battlefield Vietnam and mods Unofficial 15345 TCP UDP XPilot Contact Official 15672 Yes No RabbitMQ management plugin Unofficial 16000 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Imaging ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16000 TCP shroudBNC Unofficial 16080 TCP Mac OS X Server Web ( HTTP ) service with performance cache Unofficial 16200 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16225 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server Web UI. Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16250 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Inbound Refinery ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16261 TCP UDP Project Zomboid multiplayer . Additional sequential ports used for each player connecting to server . Unofficial 16300 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Records Management ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Records Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16384 UDP CISCO Default RTP MIN Unofficial 16384 - 16387 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's iChat for audio and video Unofficial 16384 - 16387 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's FaceTime and Game Center Unofficial 16393 - 16402 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's FaceTime and Game Center Unofficial 16403 - 16472 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's Game Center Unofficial 16400 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Capture ( formerly known as Oracle Document Capture ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16482 CISCO Default RTP MAX Official 16567 UDP Battlefield 2 and mods Unofficial 17011 TCP Worms multiplayer Unofficial 17500 TCP UDP Dropbox LanSync Protocol ( db - lsp ) ; used to synchronize file catalogs between Dropbox clients on a local network . Official 18091 TCP UDP memcached Internal REST HTTPS for SSL Unofficial 18092 TCP UDP memcached Internal CAPI HTTPS for SSL Unofficial 18104 TCP RAD PDF Service Official 18200 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server status / version check Unofficial 18201 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server Unofficial 18206 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server FAM database Unofficial 18300 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server status / version check Unofficial 18301 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server Unofficial 18306 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server FAM database Unofficial 18333 TCP Bitcoin testnet Unofficial 18400 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , KAIZEN Brazil Server status / version check Unofficial 18401 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , KAIZEN Brazil Server Unofficial 18505 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle R4p3 Server , Nexon Server status / version check Unofficial 18506 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Nexon Server Unofficial 18605 TCP UDP X-BEAT status / version check Unofficial 18606 TCP UDP X-BEAT Unofficial 19000 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , G10 / alaplaya Server status / version check Unofficial 19000 UDP JACK sound server Unofficial 19001 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , G10 / alaplaya Server Unofficial 19132 UDP Minecraft : Pocket Edition multiplayer server Unofficial 19150 TCP UDP Gkrellm Server Unofficial 19226 TCP Panda Software AdminSecure Communication Agent Unofficial 19283 TCP UDP K2 -- KeyAuditor & KeyServer , Sassafras Software Inc . Software Asset Management tools Official 19294 TCP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial 19295 UDP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial 19302 UDP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial 19315 TCP UDP KeyShadow for K2 -- KeyAuditor & KeyServer , Sassafras Software Inc . Software Asset Management tools Official 19812 Yes No 4D database SQL Communication Official 19813 TCP UDP 4D database Client Server Communication Official 19814 TCP 4D database DB4D Communication Official 19999 Distributed Network Protocol -- Secure ( DNP -- Secure ) , a secure version of the protocol used in SCADA systems between communicating RTU 's and IED 's Official 20000 Distributed Network Protocol ( DNP ) , a protocol used in SCADA systems between communicating RTU 's and IED 's Official 20000 Usermin , Web - based Unix / Linux user administration tool ( default port ) Unofficial 20000 UDP Used on VoIP networks for receiving and transmitting voice telephony traffic which includes Google Voice via the OBiTalk ATA devices as well as on the MagicJack and Vonage ATA network devices . Unofficial 20560 TCP UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 20595 UDP 0 A.D. Empires Ascendant Unofficial 20808 UDP Ableton Link Unofficial 21025 TCP Starbound Server ( default ) , Starbound Unofficial 22000 TCP Syncthing ( default ) Unofficial 22136 TCP FLIR Systems Camera Resource Protocol Unofficial 22222 TCP Davis Instruments , WeatherLink IP Unofficial 23073 Soldat Dedicated Server Unofficial 23399 Skype default protocol Unofficial 23513 ? ? Duke Nukem 3D source ports Unofficial 24441 TCP UDP Pyzor spam detection network Unofficial 24444 NetBeans integrated development environment Unofficial 24465 TCP UDP Tonido Directory Server for Tonido which is a Personal Web App and P2P platform Official 24554 TCP UDP BINKP , Fidonet mail transfers over TCP / IP Official 24800 Synergy : keyboard / mouse sharing software Unofficial 24842 StepMania : Online : Dance Dance Revolution Simulator Unofficial 25565 TCP Minecraft multiplayer server Unofficial 25565 UDP Minecraft multiplayer server query Unofficial 25575 UDP Minecraft multiplayer server RCON Unofficial 25826 UDP collectd default port Unofficial 26000 TCP UDP id Software 's Quake server Official 26000 TCP EVE Online Unofficial 26000 UDP Xonotic , an open source arena shooter Unofficial 26900 -- 26901 TCP EVE Online Unofficial 27000 -- 27030 UDP Steam , client Unofficial 27000 -- 27006 UDP id Software 's QuakeWorld master server Unofficial 27000 TCP PowerBuilder SySAM license server Unofficial 27000 -- 27009 TCP UDP FlexNet Publisher 's License server ( from the range of default ports ) Official 27014 -- 27050 TCP Steam , file downloads Unofficial 27015 UDP GoldSrc and Source engine dedicated server port Unofficial 27015 UDP Unturned , multiplayer survival video game Unofficial 27016 Magicka server port Unofficial 27017 Yes No MongoDB daemon process ( mongod ) and routing service ( mongos ) Unofficial 27031 -- 27036 UDP Steam , In - Home Streaming ( LAN only ) Unofficial 27374 Sub7 default . Unofficial 27500 -- 27900 UDP id Software 's QuakeWorld Unofficial 27888 UDP Kaillera server Unofficial 27901 -- 27910 UDP id Software 's Quake II master server Unofficial 27950 UDP OpenArena outgoing Unofficial 27960 -- 27969 UDP Activision 's Enemy Territory and id Software 's Quake III Arena , Quake III and Quake Live and some ioquake3 derived games , such as Urban Terror ( OpenArena incoming ) Unofficial 28001 Starsiege : Tribes Unofficial 28015 UDP Rust ( video game ) Unofficial 28770 -- 28771 UDP AssaultCube Reloaded , a video game based upon a modification of AssaultCube Unofficial 28785 -- 28786 UDP Cube 2 : Sauerbraten Unofficial 28852 TCP UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 28910 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial 28960 TCP UDP Call of Duty ; Call of Duty : United Offensive ; Call of Duty 2 ; Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ; Call of Duty : World at War ( PC platform ) Unofficial 29000 ? ? Perfect World , an adventure and fantasy MMORPG Unofficial 29070 TCP UDP Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy by Ravensoft Unofficial 29900 -- 29901 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial 29920 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial 30564 TCP Multiplicity : keyboard / mouse / clipboard sharing software Unofficial 31337 TCP Back Orifice remote administration tool Unofficial 31416 ? ? BOINC RPC Unofficial 31438 TCP Rocket U2 Unofficial 31457 TCP TetriNET Official 32137 TCP UDP Immunet Protect ( UDP in version 2.0 , TCP since version 3.0 ) Unofficial 32400 TCP Plex Media Server Official 32764 TCP A backdoor found on certain Linksys , Netgear and other wireless DSL modems / combination routers Unofficial 32887 TCP Ace of Spades , a multiplayer FPS video game Unofficial 32976 TCP LogMeIn Hamachi , a VPN application ; also TCP port 12975 and SSL ( TCP 443 ) . Unofficial 33434 TCP UDP traceroute Official 33848 UDP Jenkins , a continuous integration ( CI ) tool Unofficial 34000 UDP Infestation : Survivor Stories ( formerly known as The War Z ) , a multiplayer zombie video game Unofficial 34197 No Yes Factorio , a multiplayer survival and factory - building game Unofficial 35357 TCP OpenStack Identity ( Keystone ) administration Official 37008 UDP TZSP intrusion detection Unofficial 40000 TCP UDP SafetyNET p -- a real - time Industrial Ethernet protocol Official 43110 TCP ZeroNet web UI default port Unofficial 43594 -- 43595 ? ? RuneScape Unofficial 44405 TCP Mu Online Connect Server Unofficial 44818 TCP UDP EtherNet / IP explicit messaging Official 47001 TCP Windows Remote Management Service ( WinRM ) Official 47808 TCP UDP BACnet Building Automation and Control Networks ( 47808 = BAC0 ) Official 49151 TCP UDP Reserved Official Dynamic , private or ephemeral ports ( edit ) See also : Ephemeral port The range 49152 -- 65535 ( 2 + 2 to 2 − 1 ) contains dynamic or private ports that can not be registered with IANA . This range is used for private or customized services , for temporary purposes , and for automatic allocation of ephemeral ports . Dynamic , private or ephemeral ports ( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description 49152 -- 65535 Yes No Certificate Management over CMS 60000 -- 61000 Port 22 Yes Range from which Mosh -- a remote - terminal application similar to SSH -- typically assigns ports for ongoing sessions between Mosh servers and Mosh clients . See also ( edit ) Internet Protocol Suite Computer networking portal Computer science portal Internet portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) . Jump up ^ Michelle Cotton ; Lars Eggert et al. ( August 2011 ) . Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC6335 . BCP 165 . RFC 6335 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6335 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ services ( 5 ) -- Linux File Formats Manual Jump up ^ `` Linux / net / ipv4 / inet_connection_sock. c '' . LXR . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lottor , M. ( November 1988 ) . TCP Port Service Multiplexer ( TCPMUX ) . IETF . pp. 1 -- 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1078 . RFC 1078 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1078 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( May 1983 ) . Daytime Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0862 . STD 20 . RFC 862 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc862#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` TCP and UDP ports used by Apple software products '' . Support . Apple ( published 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . 2014 - 11 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Randall R. , ed. ( September 2007 ) . Stream Control Transmission Protocol . IETF . pp. 135 -- 136 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC4960 . RFC 4960 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4960 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( May 1983 ) . Discard Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0863 . STD 21 . RFC 863 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc863#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How to Configure the Ports Used for Wake On LAN '' . Microsoft TechNet . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 ... The default port for the wake - up transmission is UDP port 9 ... ^ Jump up to : `` systat and netstat '' . eTutorials ... The ps - ef and netstat - a commands are bound to TCP ports 11 and 15 , respectively ... Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( May 1983 ) . Active Users . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0866 . STD 24 . RFC 866 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc866 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( May 1983 ) . Daytime Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0867 . STD 25 . RFC 867 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc867#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( May 1983 ) . Quote of the Day Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0865 . STD 23 . RFC 865 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc865#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Russell ( June 1990 ) . Message Send Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1159 . RFC 1159 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1159#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Russell ; Arnold , Geoff ( April 1992 ) . Message Send Protocol 2 . IETF . pp. 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1312 . RFC 1312 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1312 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( May 1983 ) . Character Generator Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0864 . STD 22 . RFC 864 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc864#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( June 1980 ) . File Transfer Protocol specification . IETF . p. 57 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0765 . RFC 765 . IEN 149 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc765#page-57 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ; Reynolds , J. ( October 1985 ) . File Transfer Protocol . IETF . p. 59 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0959 . STD 9 . RFC 959 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc959#page-59 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ; Reynolds , J. ( May 1983 ) . Telnet Protocol Specification . IETF . p. 15 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0854 . STD 8 . RFC 854 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc854#page-15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Postel , Jonathan B. ( August 1982 ) . Simple Mail Transfer Protocol . IETF . p. 44 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0821 . STD 10 . RFC 821 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821#page-44 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ; Harrenstien , K. ( May 1983 ) . Time Protocol . IETF . pp. 1 -- 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0868 . STD 26 . RFC 868 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc868 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ullmann , Robert ( June 1993 ) . `` RAP Protocol '' . RAP : Internet Route Access Protocol . IETF . p. 4 . sec. 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1476 . RFC 1476 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1476#section-2 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... The RAP protocol operates on TCP port 38 , with peers opening a symmetric TCP connection between the RAP ports on each system ... RAP is also used on UDP port 38 , as a peer discovery method ... '' Jump up ^ Accetta , M. ( December 1983 ) . Resource Location Protocol . IETF . p. 15 . sec . A . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0887 . RFC 887 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc887#appendix-A . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . `` ... The `` well - known '' UDP port number for the Resource Location Protocol is 39 ( 47 octal ) ... `` Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( August 1979 ) . Internet Name Server . IETF . IEN 116 . https://tools.ietf.org/rfcmarkup?url=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/ien/ien116.txt . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harrenstien , Ken ; White , Vic ( 1982 - 03 - 01 ) . NICNAME / WHOIS . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0812 . RFC 812 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc812#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harrenstien , K. ; Stahl , M. ; Feinler , E. ( October 1985 ) . NICNAME / WHOIS . IETF . p. 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0954 . RFC 954 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc954#page-2 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Daigle , Leslie ( September 2004 ) . WHOIS Protocol Specification . Ran Atkinson , Ken Harrenstien , Mary Stahl , Elizabeth Feinler . IETF . p. 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3912 . RFC 3912 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3912#page-2 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Finseth , Craig A. ( July 1993 ) . An Access Control Protocol , Sometimes Called TACACS . IETF . p. 7 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1492 . RFC 1492 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1492#page-7 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dorner , Steve ; Resnick , Pete ( June 1992 ) . Remote Mail Checking Protocol . IETF . pp. 1 -- 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1339 . RFC 1339 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1339 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sollins , Karen R. ( 1980 - 01 - 29 ) . The TFTP Protocol . IETF . p. 6 . IEN 133 . https://tools.ietf.org/rfcmarkup?url=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/ien/ien133.txt#page-6 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sollins , K.R. ( June 1981 ) . TFTP Protocol ( revision 2 ) . Noel Chiappa , Bob Baldwin , Dave Clark , Steve Szymanski , Larry Allen , Geoff Cooper , Mike Greenwald , Liza Martin , David Reed . IETF . pp. 6 , 14 , 16 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0783 . RFC 783 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc783 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sollins , Karen R. ( July 1992 ) . The TFTP Protocol ( Revision 2 ) . IETF . pp. 4 -- 5 , 9 , 10 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1350 . STD 33 . RFC 1350 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1350 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anklesaria ( sic ? ) , Farhad ; McCahill , M. ; Lindner , Paul ; Johnson , David ; Torrey , Daniel ; Alberti , Bob ( March 1993 ) . The Internet Gopher Protocol ( a distributed document search and retrieval protocol ) . IETF . pp. 1 , 4 -- 5 , 7 , 11 -- 13 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1436 . RFC 1436 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1436 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... This protocol assumes a reliable data stream ; TCP is assumed . Gopher servers should listen on port 70 ( port 70 is assigned to Internet Gopher by IANA ) ... '' Jump up ^ Braden , R. ( 1971 - 01 - 13 ) . NETRJS : A third level protocol for Remote Job Entry . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0088 . RFC 88 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc88 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Braden , R. ( 1977 - 11 - 22 ) . NETRJS Protocol . IETF . p. 3 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0740 . RFC 740 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc740#page-3 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Postel , Jon ; Vernon , J. ( January 1983 ) . Assigned Numbers . IETF . p. 10 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0820 . RFC 820 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc820#page-10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Karrenstien , K. ( 1977 - 12 - 30 ) . NAME / FINGER Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0742 . RFC 742 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc742#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , David Paul ( December 1991 ) . `` Flow of events '' . The Finger User Information Protocol . IETF . p. 4 . sec . 2.1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1288 . RFC 1288 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1288#section-2.1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... Finger is based on the Transmission Control Protocol , using TCP port 79 decimal ... '' Jump up ^ `` Does HTTP use UDP '' . Stack Overflow ( published 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . 2008 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Roy T. ; Gettys , James ; Mogul , Jeffrey C. ; Nielsen , Henrik Frystyk ; Masinter , Larry ; Leach , Paul J. ; Berners - Lee , Tim ( June 1999 ) . Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP / 1.1 . IETF . pp. 13 , 19 -- 20 , 37 , 129 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC2616 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... HTTP communication usually takes place over TCP / IP connections . The default port is TCP 80 ... '' Jump up ^ Fielding , Roy T. ; Reschke , Julian F. , eds . ( June 2014 ) . Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP / 1.1 ) : Message Syntax and Routing . IETF . pp. 11 , 17 , 19 , 42 -- 43 , 50 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC7230 . RFC 7230 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Belshe , Mike ; Peon , Roberto ( May 2015 ) . `` Starting HTTP / 2 '' . In Thomson , Martin . Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 ( HTTP / 2 ) . IETF . p. 7 . sec. 3 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC7540 . RFC 7540 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-3 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... HTTP / 2 uses the same `` http '' and `` https '' URI schemes used by HTTP / 1.1 . HTTP / 2 shares the same default port numbers : 80 for `` http '' URIs and 443 for `` https '' URIs ... `` Jump up ^ Kohl , John ; Neuman , B. Clifford ( September 1993 ) . `` IP transport '' . The Kerberos Network Authentication Service ( V5 ) . IETF . pp. 81 -- 82 . sec. 8.2. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1510 . RFC 1510 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1510#section-8.2.1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... When contacting a Kerberos server ( KDC ) ... the client shall send a UDP datagram containing only an encoding of the request to port 88 ( decimal ) at the KDC 's IP address ... '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Clifford ; Yu , Tom ; Hartman , Sam ; Raeburn , Kenneth ( July 2005 ) . The Kerberos Network Authentication Service ( V5 ) . Acknowledgements to John Kohl et al. in section 11 `` Acknowledgements '' , pages 121 -- 122 . IETF . pp. 102 -- 103 , 105 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC4120 . RFC 4120 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4120 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . `` ... Kerberos servers ( KDCs ) supporting IP transports MUST accept TCP ... UDP requests and SHOULD listen for them on port 88 ( decimal ) ... '' Jump up ^ Cass , D.E. ; Rose , M.T. ( April 1986 ) . ISO Transport Services on Top of the TCP . IETF . pp. 5 , 8 , 12 -- 13 , 23 -- 24 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0983 . RFC 983 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc983 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... A TSAP server begins by LISTENing on TCP port 102 ... '' Jump up ^ Rose , Marshall T. ; Cass , Dwight E. ( May 1987 ) . ISO Transport Service on top of the TCP Version : 3 . IETF . pp. 1 , 13 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1006 . STD 35 . RFC 1006 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1006 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... TCP port 102 is reserved for hosts which implement this standard ... '' Jump up ^ Hedberg , Roland ; Pomes , Paul ( September 1998 ) . `` Basic Operation '' . The CCSO Nameserver ( Ph ) Architecture . IETF . p. 4 . sec. 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC2378 . RFC 2378 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2378#section-2 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... Initially , the server host starts the Ph service by listening on TCP port 105 ... '' Jump up ^ Postel , Jon ( November 1982 ) . The Remote User Telnet Service . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0818 . RFC 818 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc818#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... the specific service of User Telnet may be accessed ( on hosts that choose to provide it ) by opening a connection to port 107 ( 153 octal ) ... '' Jump up ^ Butler , M. ; Postel , J. ; Chase , D. ; Goldberger , J. ; Reynolds , J.K. ( February 1985 ) . Post Office Protocol : Version 2 . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0937 . RFC 937 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc937#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... This protocol assumes a reliable data stream such as provided by TCP or any similar protocol . When TCP is used , the POP2 server listens on port 109 ... '' Jump up ^ Rose , Marshall ( November 1988 ) . Post Office Protocol : Version 3 . IETF . pp. 2 , 13 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1081 . RFC 1081 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1081 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... the server host starts the POP3 service by listening on TCP port 110 ... '' Jump up ^ Myers , John G. ; Rose , Marshall T. ( May 1996 ) . Post Office Protocol - Version 3 . IETF . pp. 3 , 19 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1939 . STD 53 . RFC 1939 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... the server host starts the POP3 service by listening on TCP port 110 ... '' Jump up ^ St. Johns , Michael C. ( February 1993 ) . `` Overview '' . Identification Protocol . Acknowledgement is given to Dan Bernstein in section 7 , `` Acknowledgements '' , page 8 . IETF . p. 113 . sec. 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1413 . RFC 1413 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1413#section-2 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... The Identification Protocol ( a.k.a. , `` ident '' , a.k.a. , `` the Ident Protocol '' ) ... listens for TCP connections on TCP port 113 ( decimal ) ... `` Jump up ^ St. Johns , Michael C. ( January 1985 ) . Authentication Server . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0931 . RFC 931 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc931#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... The Authentication Server Protocol provides a means to determine the identity of a user of a particular TCP connection ... A server listens for TCP connections on TCP port 113 ( decimal ) ... '' Jump up ^ Lottor , Mark K. ( September 1984 ) . Postel , Jon . ed . Simple File Transfer Protocol . IETF . p. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0931 . RFC 913 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc913#page-1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... SFTP is used by opening a TCP connection to the remote hosts ' SFTP port ( 115 decimal ) ... '' Jump up ^ Kantor , Brian ; Lapsley , Phil ( February 1986 ) . Network News Transfer Protocol . IETF . pp. 5 , 20 -- 23 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0977 . RFC 977 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... NNTP specifies a protocol for the distribution , inquiry , retrieval , and posting of news articles ... When used via Internet TCP , the contact port assigned for this service is 119 ... '' Jump up ^ Feather , Clive D.W. ( October 2006 ) . `` Reading and Transit Servers '' . Network News Transfer Protocol ( NNTP ) . Acknowledgements to NNTP Working Group ( Russ Allbery , Ned Freed ) , Brian Kantor , Phil Lapsley et al . ) in section 13 , `` Acknowledgements '' , pages 107 -- 109 . IETF . p. 21 . sec. 3.4. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3977 . RFC 3977 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977#section-3.4.1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... Network News Transfer Protocol ( NNTP ) ... is used for the distribution , inquiry , retrieval , and posting of Netnews articles using a reliable stream - based mechanism ... The official TCP port for the NNTP service is 119 ... '' Jump up ^ `` COM Fundamentals - Guide - COM Clients and Servers - Inter-Object Communications - Microsoft RPC '' . microsoft.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : NetBIOS Working Group ( March 1987 ) . Protocol standard for a NetBIOS service on a TCP / UDP transport : Concepts and methods . Acknowledgements to Internet Activities Board 's End - to - End Services Task Force et al. in section 2 , `` Acknowledgements '' , page 6 ... IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1001 . STD 19 . RFC 1001 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1001 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : NetBIOS Working Group ( March 1987 ) . Protocol standard for a NetBIOS service on a TCP / UDP transport : Detailed specifications . Acknowledgements to Internet Activities Board in section 2 , `` Acknowledgements '' , page 4 . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1002 . STD 19 . RFC 1002 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1002 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Crispin , Mark R. ( March 2003 ) . INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4rev1 . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3501 . RFC 3501 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... The Internet Message Access Protocol ... allows a client to access and manipulate electronic mail messages on a server ... The IMAP4rev1 protocol assumes a reliable data stream such as that provided by TCP . When TCP is used , an IMAP4rev1 server listens on port 143 ... '' Jump up ^ DeSchon , A. ; Braden , R. ( August 1988 ) . Background File Transfer Program ( BFTP ) . IETF . pp. 4 , 14 , 20 , 24 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1068 . RFC 1068 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1068 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... The BFTP program ... can be executed as a remotely - accessible service that can be reached via a Telnet connection to the BFTP well - known port ( 152 ) ... '' Jump up ^ Davin , J. ; Case , J. ; Fedor , M. ; Schoffstall , M. ( November 1987 ) . `` The Authentication Protocol '' . Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol . IETF . p. 10 . sec. 4 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1028 . RFC 1028 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1028#section-4 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... This memo defines a simple application - layer protocol by which management information for a gateway may be inspected or altered by logically remote users ... An authentication protocol entity responds to protocol messages received at UDP port 153 on the host with which it is associated ... '' Jump up ^ Lambert , M. ( June 1988 ) . PCMAIL : A distributed mail system for personal computers . IETF . p. 8 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1056 . RFC 1056 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1056#page-8 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... Pcmail is a distributed mail system providing mail service to an arbitrary number of users ... The TCP contact port for DMSP has been designated 158 ... '' ^ Jump up to : Case , J. ; Fedor , M. ; Schoffstall , M. ; Davin , C. ( May 1990 ) . `` Protocol Specification '' . Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) . Acknowledgements to IETF SNMP Extensions working group in section 6 , `` Acknowledgements '' , page 33 . IETF . p. 15 . sec. 4 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1157 . RFC 1157 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1157#section-4 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... A protocol entity receives messages at UDP port 161 on the host ... Messages which report traps should be received on UDP port 162 for further processing ... '' Jump up ^ `` Understanding Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) Traps '' . Support . Cisco ( published 2006 - 10 - 10 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Packard , Keith ( 2004 ) . X Display Manager Control Protocol ( Version 1.1 ed . ) . The Open Group . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 ... The purpose of the X Display Manager Control Protocol ( XDMCP ) is to provide a uniform mechanism for an autonomous display to request login service from a remote host ... When XDMCP is implemented on top of the Internet User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) , port number 177 is to be used ... Jump up ^ Rekhter , Yakov ; Li , Tony ; Hares , Susan , eds . ( January 2006 ) . A Border Gateway Protocol 4 ( BGP - 4 ) . Acknowledgements to Kirk Lougheed et al. in section 2 , `` Acknowledgements '' , pages 6 -- 7 . IETF . pp. 8 , 47 -- 48 , 51 -- 52 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC4271 . RFC 4271 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4271 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . `` ... BGP listens on TCP port 179 ... '' ^ Jump up to : Hartmann , Hartmann ( August 2014 ) . Default Port for Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) via TLS / SSL . IETF . p. 2 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC7194 . RFC 7194 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7194#page-2 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . `` Although system port assignments exist for IRC traffic that is plain text ( TCP / UDP port 194 ) or TLS / SSL encrypted ( TCP / UDP port 994 ) ... '' Jump up ^ Rose , Marshall T. ( May 1991 ) . `` Mapping onto the TCP '' . SNMP MUX Protocol and MIB . Acknowledgements to Jeffrey S. Case et al. in section 5 `` Acknowledgements '' , page 12 . IETF . p. 8 . sec. 3.3. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1227 . RFC 1227 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1227#section-3.3.1 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . `` ... When using the TCP to provide the transport - backing for the SMUX protocol , the SNMP agent listens on TCP port 199 ... '' Jump up ^ `` README. smux '' . Net - SNMP ( published 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 ... SMUX is the snmp multiplexing protocol ( RFC 1227 ) . It can be used by an snmp agent to query variables maintained by another user - level process ... Jump up ^ `` Virus Alerts -- SecureCastFAQ '' . nai.com . Santa Clara , CA , USA : Network Associates , Inc. , now McAfee. 2000 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 1504 - Appletalk Update - Based Routing Protocol : Enhanced App '' . faqs.org . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Active Directory and Active Directory Domain Services Port Requirements '' . Microsoft TechNet ( published 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 1340 , Assigned Numbers '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zwicky , Elizabeth D. ; Cooper , Simon ; Chapman , D. Brent ( June 2000 ) ( 1st pub. 1995 ) . `` Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) '' . Building Internet Firewalls ( Second ed . ) . O'Reilly . 16.7 . ISBN 1 - 56592 - 871 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 ... IMAP over SSL currently uses port 993 , but an earlier convention uses port 585 ... Jump up ^ `` RFC 4409 , ' ' Message Submission for Mail ' ' '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 3620 , The TUNNEL Profile '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ INTERNET DRAFT , DHCP Failover Protocol ( expired : September 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` RFC 3632 , VeriSign Registry Registrar Protocol ( RRP ) Version 2.0. 0 '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Standard ( 1244.3 - 2000 ) for Media Management System ( MMS ) Media Management Protocol ( MMP ) '' . IEEE. 2001 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Integrated Virtualization Manager on IBM System p5 '' ( PDF ) . IBM . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Standard ( 1244.2 - 2000 ) for Media Management Systems ( MMS ) Session Security , Authentication , Initialization Protocol ( SSAIP ) '' . IEEE. 2000 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 4204 , Link Management Protocol '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 3981 , IRIS : The Internet Registry Information Service ( IRIS ) Core Protocol '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Internet Registry Information Service ( IRIS ) Archived February 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Internet - Draft , Using the Internet Registry Information Service ( IRIS ) over the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol ( BEEP ) '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tag Distribution Protocol Internet - Draft '' . IETF. 1997 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States Patent 7286529 , Discovery and tag space identifiers in a tag distribution protocol ( TDP ) '' . Patentstorm.us . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cisco IOS Software Release 11.1 CT New Features Archived January 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cisco IOS Software Releases 12.0 S , MPLS Label Distribution Protocol ( LDP ) Jump up ^ `` ARRANGEMENT IN A ROUTER OF A MOBILE NETWORK FOR OPTIMIZING USE OF MESSAGES CARRYING REVERSE ROUTING HEADERS '' . WIPO ( published 2004 - 07 - 01 ) . 2003 - 12 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adams , Carlisle ; Farrell , Stephen ; Kause , Tomi ; Mononen , Tero ( September 2005 ) . Internet X. 509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management Protocol ( CMP ) . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC4210 . RFC 4210 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4210 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Setting up a socket policy file server '' . Adobe.com. 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` vCenter Server 4.1 network port requirements '' . VMware Knowledge Base . 2014 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Required ports for configuring an external firewall to allow ESX / ESXi and vCenter Server traffic '' . VMware Knowledge Base . 2014 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Using rndc '' . Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide ( 5.0. 0 - 19 ed . ) . Red Hat ( published 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . 2006 . 16.4 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 ... default TCP port 953 ... allow rndc commands ... Jump up ^ rndc ( 8 ) -- Linux Administration and Privileged Commands Manual ... TCP port ... BIND 9 's default control channel port , 953 ... Jump up ^ `` NG FAQ - Ports used by Check Point VPN - 1 / FireWall - 1 Next Generation '' . FW-1.de ( published 2007 - 01 - 02 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 ... 981 / tcp ... remote administration from external using HTTPS ... Jump up ^ `` Managing Windows Small Business Server 2008 Remote Web Workplace '' . Microsoft TechNet ( published 2009 - 10 - 08 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 ... Windows SBS 2008 must allow connections through TCP ports 80 , 443 , 987 , and 3389 . The computer used to connect to Remote Web Workplace must allow connections through TCP ports 80 , 443 , 987 , and 3389 . Routers on Windows SBS 2008 must be configured to forward Internet traffic to TCP ports 80 , 443 , 987 , and 3389 . ... Jump up ^ RFC 4707 Jump up ^ `` Appendix A. TCP Ports Used by ThinLinc '' . ThinLinc Administrator 's Guide for ThinLinc 4.6. 0 . Cendio AB ( published 2016 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 ... By default , ThinLinc 's web - based administration interface is available on TCP port 1010 ... Jump up ^ Carpenter , Brian ; Dan , Wing ; Jiang , Sheng Jiang ( October 2012 ) . Despres , Remi . ed . Native IPv6 behind IPv4 - to - IPv4 NAT Customer Premises Equipment ( 6a44 ) . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC6751 . ISSN 2070 - 1721 . RFC 6751 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6751 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firewall , Proxy , Router and Port Configuration for Blizzard Games '' . Blizzard Entertainment . 2012 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dell OpenManage Version 8.0. 1 Port Information Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dell . 2014 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Basic command line options '' . The Festival Speech Synthesis System -- System documentation . The Centre for Speech Technology Research ( 1.4 ed . ) . University of Edinburgh ( published 1999 - 06 - 19 ) . 1999 - 06 - 17 . 7.1 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 ... Festival waits for clients on a known port ( the value of server_port , default is 1314 ) ... ^ Jump up to : Muir , Jeff . `` Two Port ICA '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open communication ports required by IBM Tivoli Storage Manager for Virtual Environments 6.4 '' . Support . IBM . IBM . 2016 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Network ports and URLs that are used by Windows Live Messenger '' . Support . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Recommended Port Numbers '' . Oracle . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hilker , Steve ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Oracle Default Port Numbers '' . Oracle Wiki . Toad World . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Start Network Server '' . The Apache DB Project . Derby Tutorial . Apache Software Foundation ( published 2016 - 03 - 23 ) . 2008 - 04 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Start the Network server by executing the startNetworkServer. bat ( Windows ) or startNetworkServer ( UNIX ) script . This will start the Network Server up on port 1527 ... Jump up ^ `` Discovery / Autoconf '' . Eclipse . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pervasive PSQL Vx Server 11 SP3 Release Notes '' . Pervasive PSQL. 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 ... Pervasive PSQL Vx Server 11 SP3 communicates via the following ones : 3351 for the transactional interface , 1583 for the relational interface , and 139 for named pipes ... ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions '' . iSketch . n.d. Connection problems . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 ... allow TCP / IP connections on port 1626 & 1627 ( 1627 only needed for sending sketches . ) ^ Jump up to : `` RADIUS Overview '' . juniper.net . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeKok , Alan ( May 2012 ) . `` Assigned Ports for RADIUS / TCP '' . RADIUS over TCP . IETF . p. 7 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC6613 . ISSN 2070 - 1721 . RFC 6613 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6613#page-7 . Jump up ^ `` P4PORT '' . Perforce. 2012 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 ... Valid communications protocols are tcp ( plaintext over TCP / IP ) or ssl ( SSL over TCP / IP ) . Jump up ^ `` How to troubleshoot the Key Management Service ( KMS ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 ... 1688 is the default TCP port used by the clients to connect to the KMS host ... Jump up ^ Patel , Baiju V. ; Aboda , Bernard ; Dixon , William ; Zorn , Glen ; Booth , Skip ( November 2001 ) . Securing L2TP using IPsec . Thanks to Gurdeep Singh Pall , David Eitelbach , Peter Ford , Sanjay Anand , John Richardson , Rob Adams . IETF . pp. 8 -- 14 , 23 -- 26 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC3193 . RFC 3193 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3193 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jleeke ; Tickner , Patrick ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Linux Server '' . AAManual ( America 's Army Game Manual ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 ... The port the server will listen on . The default port is 1716 . Jump up ^ `` Ports used by some ZENworks products '' . Novell Support Knowledgebase . Micro Focus ( published 2007 - 04 - 18 ) . 2012 - 04 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TCP and UDP Ports Used by ZENworks Primary Servers '' . ZENworks 11 SP4 Primary Server and Satellite Reference . Novell ( published 2016 - 05 - 31 ) . 2016 - 06 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Configuration '' . Node - RED Documentation . IBM Emerging Technologies . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ports and firewalls '' . Support . Adobe ( published 2015 - 12 - 14 ) . 2015 - 02 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 ... Flash Media Server listens for RTMP / E requests on port 1935 / TCP ... Flash Media Server listens for RTMFP requests on port 1935 / UDP ... Jump up ^ Doyle , Michael ; Substelny , Mike . Artemis Spaceship Bridge Simulator -- Terran Star Naval Academy Tactical Manual 1.70 ( PDF ) ( Windows ed . ) . p. 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 ... This screen allows the Bridge Crew to connect to the Artemis Simulator ... The network must also be configured to forward port 2010 to the server machine 's local address ... ^ Jump up to : `` Which ports are required to play Civilization 4 online ? '' . Support . 2K. 2016 - 07 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Log in to Your Server or Account '' . cPanel Knowledge Base ( published 2016 - 08 - 22 ) . 2014 - 06 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` If you 're not getting Apple push notifications '' . Support . Apple ( published 2016 - 04 - 15 ) . 2014 - 11 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Installation manual and user guide Remote administrator 5 '' ( PDF ) . ESET , spol . s r.o . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What ports do I need to open in my firewall ? '' . DirectAdmin Knowledge Base . JBMC Software ( published 2011 - 05 - 29 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Known multiplayer issues in Halo : Combat Evolved '' . Support . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Balderston , David ; Boutté , Andy ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Ghost config. js - Broken Down '' . Ghost for Beginners . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... This is the port that Ghost is listening on . By default 2368 is used ... Jump up ^ `` KGS : Set Preferences '' . KGS Go Server . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . The TCP / IP port of the KGS server . The default is 2379 ... ^ Jump up to : Garulli , Luca ; Dyer , Kenneth P.J. ; Franchini , Roberto ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) . `` OrientDB Server '' . OrientDB Manual -- version 2.1. x ( published 2016 - 05 - 18 ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... Upon startup , the server runs on port 2424 for the binary protocol and 2480 for the http one . If a port is busy the next free one will be used . The default range is 2424 - 2430 ( binary ) and 2480 - 2490 ( http ) ... Jump up ^ Hanna , Stephen R. ; Patel , Baiju V. ; Shah , Munil ( December 1999 ) . `` Protocol Description '' . Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol . Thanks to Rajeev Byrisetty , Steve Deering , Peter Ford , Mark Handley , Van Jacobson , David Oran , Thomas Pfenning , Dave Thaler , Ramesh Vyaghrapuri and the participants of the IETF . IETF . p. 6 . sec . 2.0 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC2730 . RFC 2730 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2730#section-2.0 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . `` ... A reserved port number dedicated for MADCAP is used on the server ( port number 2535 , as assigned by IANA ) . Any port number may be used on client machines ... '' Jump up ^ Hanna , Stephen R. ; Patel , Baiju V. ; Shah , Munil ( December 1999 ) . `` Protocol Overview '' . Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol . Thanks to Rajeev Byrisetty , Steve Deering , Peter Ford , Mark Handley , Van Jacobson , David Oran , Thomas Pfenning , Dave Thaler , Ramesh Vyaghrapuri and the participants of the IETF . IETF . p. 3 . sec . 1.5 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC2730 . RFC 2730 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2730#section-1.5 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . `` ... All messages are UDP datagrams ... '' Jump up ^ `` DocCommentXchange '' . sybase.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . Iana.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . XBT Tracker . SourceForge . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... XBT Tracker listens on port 2710 ... Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . XBT Tracker . SourceForge . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... An experimental UDP tracker extension is also supported via announce URL udp://...:2710 ... ^ Jump up to : `` Ports Used by I2P '' . I2P . December 2015 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Started with Rails '' . Ruby on Rails. 2012 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Documentation - Meteor '' . meteor.com . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Ports And Protocols Are Used By Sync ? '' . Sync Help Center . Resilio. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... Connecting to the tracker server for automatic peer discovery : TCP and UDP , port 3000 ... Jump up ^ `` Firewall and connection requirements for the BlackBerry Enterprise Server , BlackBerry Device Service , and Universal Device Service '' . Blackberry Knowledge Base ( published 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . 2015 - 08 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... On the firewall , verify that port 3101 is open for outbound initiated , bi-directional Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) traffic ... Jump up ^ `` Squid configuration directive http_port '' . Squid Documentation ( published 2013 - 05 - 09 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 ... Squid normally listens to port 3128 ... Jump up ^ `` Eggdrop. conf '' . Eggdrop Wiki . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CruiseControl. rb -- Getting Started '' . thoughtworks.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How to change the listening port for Remote Desktop '' . Microsoft . 2011 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 5389 : Session Traversal Utilities for NAT ( STUN ) '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 5766 - Traversal Using Relays around NAT ( TURN ) : Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT ( STUN ) '' . ietf.org . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Derek C. ; Lowekamp , Bruce B. ( May 2010 ) . `` Port Numbers and SRV Registry '' . NAT Behavior Discovery Using Session Traversal Utilities for NAT ( STUN ) . Thanks to Dan Wing , Cullen Jennings , and Magnus Westerlund for detailed comments ... IETF . p. 25 . sec . 9.2 . RFC 5780 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5780#section-9.2 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . `` ... By default , the STUN NAT Behavior Discovery usage runs on the same ports as STUN : 3478 over UDP and TCP , and 5349 for TCP over TLS ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` Test Internet Connection '' . PlayStation ® 4 User 's Guide . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 ... refer to the port numbers listed below , which are used when you connect your PS4 TM system to a PlayStation TM Network server . TCP : 80 , 443 , 3478 , 3479 , 3480 UDP : 3478 , 3479 ... Jump up ^ 3 min expected wait time ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Using Microsoft Outlook Express with Your Email Go Daddy Help Go Daddy Support '' . Help.godaddy.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` IBM U2 product family '' . IBM . 2009 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TinTin++ Mud Client Manual - Chat Protocol '' . Jump up ^ `` IETF Draft of the Minger Email Address Verification Protocol '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . Iana.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Couch - Potato - Server / Network. java at master rarcher / Couch - Potato - Server '' . Jump up ^ `` Install and Run NATS Server '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Configuration of Orthanc '' . Orthanc Book . 2017 ( First published 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 ... The default configuration file would : Create a DICOM server with the DICOM AET ( Application Entity Title ) ORTHANC that listens on the port 4242 . Create a HTTP server for the REST API that listens on the port 8042 . ... Jump up ^ `` First steps with Docker '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening ports for Viber Desktop '' . Viber . Viber Media S. à r.l . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . www.iana.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 2167 , Referral Whois ( RWhois ) Protocol '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` eMule Ports '' . Emule-project.net. 2007 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Port Details - Port 4728 '' . SANS . Jump up ^ `` Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . www.iana.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` FlightGear Howto : Multiplayer '' . flightgear.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` PEG Specifications '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Inter-governmental Trade Network . Jan 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 ... TCP port 5000 shall be configured and open inbound through firewalls to the encoder ... Jump up ^ Picture of Horse ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Troubleshooting Connection Issues '' . Riot Games Support . Riot Games . Port forwarding . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 ... Now you must create an entry for each of the port ranges listed on the previous page ... 5000 - 5500 UDP ( League of Legends Game Client ) ... Jump up ^ ARX Passersystem , Användarmanual Archived August 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Graham ; Spiro , Jason , eds. ( 3 April 2012 ) . `` Nmap indicates that `` telepathstart '' and `` telepathattack '' are listening on ports 5010 and 5011 of my Linux box . What are these ? `` . IT Security Stack Exchange . Stack Exchange , Inc . Answer by Graham Hill . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Symantec Intruder Alert product support '' . Symantec . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.aps.anl.gov/epics/base/R3-14/12-docs/CAref.html#port Jump up ^ Camarillo , Gonzalo ; Ott , Joerg ; Drage , Keith ( November 2006 ) . The Binary Floor Control Protocol ( BFCP ) . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC4582 . RFC 4582 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4582 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Tivoli Netcool / Impact '' . IBM . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 2107 , Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol '' . IETF . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Port 5172 ( tcp / udp ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 3920 , Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) : Core '' . Tools.ietf.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 6120 , Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) : Core '' . IETF. 2003 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 5415 , Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) Protocol Specification '' . IETF. 2008 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ XEP - 0124 : Bidirectional - streams Over Synchronous HTTP ( BOSH ) Jump up ^ `` XEP - 0124 : Bidirectional - streams Over Synchronous HTTP ( BOSH ) with SSL '' . Xmpp.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` XEP - 0174 : Serverless Messaging '' . Xmpp.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Kega Fusion Mini-Manual '' . arcadezone.org . Niobium 's Arcade Zone. 2010 - 01 - 16 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kega Fusion Mini-Manual '' . gamingpwnage.webs.com . GamingPwnage . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kenneth ; Robertson , Kary ; Tweedly , Alex ; White , Marc ( April 1998 ) . `` MFTP Architecture '' . StarBurst Multicast File Transfer Protocol ( MFTP ) Specification . Acknowledgements to Scott Bradner , Ken Cates , and Tony Speakman . IETF . p. 10 . sec. 3 . I-D draft - miller - mftp - spec - 03 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-miller-mftp-spec-03#section-3 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . `` ... IANA has assigned UDP port 5402 for MFTP . Certain MFTP messages must be sent to this port because it will be the only port number known both to the sender ( Server ) and the receivers ( Clients ) ... '' Jump up ^ `` Use IT Group - Bouwsoft - Groensoft '' . Bouwsoft.be . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Firewall Configuration to Allow Client - Server Comms '' . Schneider Electric Resource Center . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Port Numbers '' . Docs.oracle.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ANSI E1. 17 - 2010 Jump up ^ pcAnywhere IP port usage Jump up ^ How to change the IP ports that pcAnywhere uses Jump up ^ `` AMQP URI Specification '' . www.rabbitmq.com . GoPivotal , Inc. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hazelcast 3.9 Reference Manual '' . docs.hazelcast.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Technet : Using a Firewall with Operations Manager 2007 '' . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Troubleshooting ProjectWise Gateway or Connection Server ( TN ) - Content Management Wiki - Content Management - Bentley Communities '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` VNC Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) : Q53 Which TCP / IP ports does VNC use ? '' . AT&T Laboratories Cambridge . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` TeamViewer 8 Manual Remote Control '' ( PDF ) . www.teamviewer.com . TeamViewer GmbH. 2012 . p. 68 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enter - PSSession '' . www.technet.com . Microsoft TechNet. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` vSphere Documentation Center '' . vmware.com . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Server Configuration '' . ObjectDB 2.6 Developer 's Guide . n.d. Chapter 6 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 ... The port attribute specifies a TPC ( sic ) port on which the server is listening for new connections . Usually the default port 6136 should be specified ... Jump up ^ `` RFC 5424 '' . IETF. 2008 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mosberger , David ( 20 Apr 2009 ) . `` SANE Unix man page '' . SANE - Scanner Access Now Easy . Jump up ^ `` Datalogger Support Software '' . Campbellsci.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Worldwide . `` Application - Oriented Networking -- Cisco Systems '' . Cisco.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Database Mirroring Endpoint '' . SQL Server 2008 R2 . Microsoft . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WebClientAuthenticatedSessionIDs - FAHClient '' . stanford.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Neo4J Manual Chapter 27 . Web Interface '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Open iT FAQs : What are the default port server of Open iT ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Wood , Lloyd ; Eddy , Wesley M. ; Smith , Charles ; Ivancic , Will ; Jackson , Chris ( November 2016 ) . Saratoga : A Scalable Data Transfer Protocol . Contributions by James H. McKim et al. ( section 10 `` Acknowledgements '' , p. 52 ) . IETF . I-D draft - wood - tsvwg - saratoga - 20 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wood-tsvwg-saratoga-20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . `` ... Saratoga is a file transfer and content delivery protocol ... IANA has allocated port 7542 ( tcp / udp ) for use by Saratoga ... '' Jump up ^ Wood , Lloyd ; Eddy , Wesley M. ; Ivancic , Will ; McKim , Jim ; Jackson , Chris ( 13 -- 14 September 2007 ) . Saratoga : a Delay - Tolerant Networking convergence layer with efficient link utilization . 2007 International Workshop on Space and Satellite Communications . Salzburg : IEEE . pp. 168 -- 172 . doi : 10.1109 / IWSSC. 2007.4409410 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4244 - 0938 - 9 ... Saratoga is a rate - based UDP file transfer protocol capable of transferring large files . Saratoga has been in operational use since 2004 to move mission imaging data from the Disaster Monitoring Constellation ( DMC ) remote - sensing satellites to ground stations ... Jump up ^ `` Smartlaunch 4.1 Cyber Cafe Management Software Product Overview '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How to create a YSF Server , step by step guide '' . forum.ysfhq.com . YSFlight Headquarters. 2011 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Flex 3 -- Adobe Flex 3 Help '' . adobe.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Running DynamoDB on Your Computer '' . Amazon DynamoDB -- Developer Guide ( API Version 2012 - 08 - 10 ed . ) . Amazon Web Services . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 ... DynamoDB uses port 8000 by default ... Jump up ^ `` Writing your first Django app '' . Django documentation ( 1.10 ed . ) . Django Software Foundation . 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 ... By default , the runserver command starts the development server on the internal IP at port 8000 ... ^ Jump up to : `` AppAssure 5 Firewall Port Requirements '' . AppAssure ( Knowledge Base ) . Dell ( published 2012 - 10 - 23 ) . 2012 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenERP Web Installation '' . OpenERP Documentation ( 5.0 ed . ) ( published 2017 - 02 - 12 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 ... port is the OpenERP server port which is by default 8070 for NET - RPC or 8069 for XML ( S ) - RPC . The web server itself listens by default on port 8080 ... Jump up ^ `` Changing JIRA application TCP ports '' . Administering JIRA applications 7.1. n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 ... By default , JIRA applications use TCP listening port 8080 and hence , JIRA applications are typically available at http://:8080 ... Jump up ^ `` web. conf '' . Splunk ® Enterprise Admin Manual ( 6.6. 3 ed . ) . Splunk . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 ... The following are the spec and example files for web. conf ... Location of splunkd ... Defaults to 127.0. 0.1 : 8089 ... Jump up ^ `` How is the FRITZ ! Box protected from attacks against port 8089 ? '' . AVM. 2016 - 02 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 ... The FRITZ ! Box supports the TR - 069 protocol ... If necessary , the service provider 's Auto Configuration Server ( ACS ) contacts the FRITZ ! Box over TCP port 8089 using a URI ( Uniform Resource Identifier ) that was previously negotiated ... Jump up ^ `` Change listen port for Confluence '' . Confluence Server documentation ( 6.0 ed . ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 ... If you see this error : ... This means you are running other software on Confluence 's default port of 8090 ... Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions '' . Coral Content Distribution Network Wiki . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 ... you can now access CoralCDN through ports 80 , 8080 , and 8090 ... ^ Jump up to : `` Network Configuration '' . CouchBase Developer Portal. 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Remote Administration for IIS Manager '' . iis.net . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bloomberg Transport and Security Specification '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` VMware Server 2.0 RC 2 Release Notes '' . VMWare Documentation . VMWare ( published 2008 - 08 - 26 ) . 2008 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 ... The default VI Web Access HTTP connection port is 8222 and the default HTTPS port is 8333 ... ^ Jump up to : `` Apache Synapse '' . apache.org. 2012 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Remote Access Update API - CheckIP Tool FAQ '' . dyn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` MikroTik Wiki `` IP / Services '' page `` . MikroTik. 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bitcoin Forum : Command Line and JSON - RPC ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ - Bitcoin '' . En.bitcoin.it. 2014 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling the inbound firewall rule for a master VDFS service - VisualSVN Help Center '' . visualsvn.com . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Configuring and Administering Adobe ColdFusion 10 ( PDF ) . Adobe ( published 2012 - 09 - 07 ) . n.d. pp. 2 , 5 , 29 , 95 , 150 -- 151 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 ... The ColdFusion server configuration is built on top of Tomcat , also called the built - in web server ... By default in the server configuration , the built - in web server listens on port 8500 ... ^ Jump up to : `` How to Configure a Firewall for Software Updates '' . Microsoft TechNet . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 ... By default , a WSUS server that is configured for the default Web site uses port 80 for HTTP and port 443 for HTTPS . By default , the WSUS server uses port 8530 for HTTP and port 8531 for HTTPS if it is using the WSUS custom Web site ... ^ Jump up to : `` Step 3 : Configure WSUS '' . Deploy Windows Server Update Services in Your Organization . Microsoft TechNet . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 ... WSUS upstream and downstream servers will synchronize on the port configured by the WSUS Administrator . By default , these ports are configured as follows : On WSUS 3.2 and earlier , port 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS On WSUS 6.2 and later ( at least Windows Server 2012 ) , port 8530 for HTTP and 8531 for HTTPS ... Jump up ^ Ohling , Freerk ; Varley Jamieson , Helen ; Rastapopoulos , Roberto ; Schoen , Seth ; booki ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Freegate '' . How to Bypass Internet Censorship . FLOSS Manuals. 22 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 ... Freegate is a proxy tool ... If you want to use another application with Freegate ... you will have to configure them to use Freegate as a proxy server ... the port is 8580 ... Jump up ^ `` Planning your network topology '' . Lotus Notes Traveler 8.5. 1 documentation . IBM ( published 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . n.d . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Network calculations '' . Ultra Fractal manual . Frederik Slijkerman . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... Ultra Fractal enables you to distribute calculations over multiple computers connected with a network ... Ultra Fractal uses the TCP / IP protocol for network calculations , ... Jump up ^ `` Network servers '' . Ultra Fractal manual . Frederik Slijkerman . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... To be able to connect to a remote computer , Ultra Fractal must be running in server mode ... By default , the server listens on port 8691 for connections ... Jump up ^ `` Which ports does the TeamSpeak 2 server use ? '' . Support . TeamSpeak . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nessus 6.8 User Guide ( PDF ) . Tenable Network Security ( published 2017 - 06 - 27 ) . n.d.p. 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 ... The Nessus UI uses port 8834 ... By default , Nessus is installed and managed using HTTPS and SSL , uses port 8834 ... Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( 2009 - 06 - 18 ) . `` First look : Opera Unite alpha lets you share files -- but is it safe ? '' . Networking . Computerworld . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... Unite is both a Web browser and a Web server . With the included JavaScript applets , ... To make this happen , your PC and its Internet connection have to have port 8840 open ... Jump up ^ The How - To Geek ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` How to Share Large Files Over the Internet with Opera Unite '' . Lifehacker . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... Unite automatically hooks into your router using uPnP to dynamically open port 8840 , but it can also use a Unite proxy server when you 're behind a more restrictive firewall ... Jump up ^ `` Use of CDDB service in your software '' . CDDB Inc. 1998 - 09 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 -- via Department of Engineering Science , University of Oxford ... CDDB ( CD database ) is an information database containing artist , disc title , track titles , and other information for digital audio compact discs ... There are two forms of remote access to CDDB servers , CDDBP and HTTP . All current CDDB servers answer either at IP port 888 or 8880 for CDDBP and port 80 for HTTP access ... Jump up ^ `` Port number settings in WebSphere Application Server versions '' . WebSphere Application Server - Express , Version 8.0 documentation . IBM ( published 2016 - 07 - 25 ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . MQTT . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... TCP / IP port 1883 is reserved with IANA for use with MQTT . TCP / IP port 8883 is also registered , for using MQTT over SSL ... Jump up ^ Banks , Andrew ; Gupta , Guhan , eds. ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Network Connections '' . MQTT Version 3.1. 1 ( Plus Errata 01 ed . ) . OASIS . 4.2 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... TCP ports 8883 and 1883 are registered with IANA for MQTT TLS and non TLS communication respectively ... Jump up ^ Ivanov , Paul ; et al. ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Running a notebook server '' . In Baecker , Arnd . IPython Documentation . IPython ( 3.2. 1 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 ... The IPython notebook web - application is based on a server - client structure ... By default , a notebook server runs on http://127.0.0.1:8888/ and is accessible only from localhost ... Jump up ^ `` Running the Notebook '' . Jupyter Documentation ( Latest ed . ) . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 -- via Read the Docs ... By default , the notebook server starts on port 8888 . If port 8888 is unavailable or in use , the notebook server searches the next available port ... Jump up ^ `` Running Solr '' . Apache Solr Reference Guide 6.6 . Apache Software Foundation . c. 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 ... If you did n't start Solr after installing it , you can start it by running bin / solr from the Solr directory ... This will start Solr in the background , listening on port 8983 ... Jump up ^ Gaudin , Olivier . `` SonarQube Installation Instructions '' . codehaus.org . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Play2 Documentation '' . Playframework.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How to use qBittorrent as a tracker '' . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ETL Electronics Archived January 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kafka 0.11. 0 Documentation '' . Apache Kafka . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` RESTful API with JSON over HTTP '' . Elasticsearch . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 TM Using remote play ( via the Internet ) '' . Manuals.playstation.net. 2013 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Transferring data using Wi - Fi PlayStation ® Vita User 's Guide '' . Manuals.playstation.net . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Konopelko , Piotr Robert ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . Kruszona - Zawadzka , Agata , ed . MooseFS 3.0 User 's Manual ( PDF ) ( 1.0. 4 ed . ) . pp. 11 , 19 -- 23 , 58 , 62 , 74 -- 76 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tripwire Enterprise 8 '' . Nvd.nist.gov . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Bergkvist , Christoffer ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Install and initial setup '' . Tvheadend . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 ... Tvheadend listens to the following TCP ports by default : 9981 - HTTP server ( web interface ) 9982 - HTSP server ( Streaming protocol ) ... ^ Jump up to : `` Port Forwarding '' . Vonage ( published 2016 - 12 - 16 ) . n.d . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Manual pages - F - PROT Antivirus Support - Unix '' . F-prot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manual pages - F - PROT Antivirus Support - Unix '' . F-prot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GE Proficy HMI / SCADA - CIMPLICITY Input Validation Flaws Let Remote Users Upload and Execute Arbitrary Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` network broadcast from bluestacks - Beacon - v1 '' . Getsatisfaction.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` IANA Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Octopus Deploy Documentation '' . October 2015 . Jump up ^ John , Ted ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Multiplayer '' . OpenRCT2 0.0. 2 documentation . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 ... enter the hostname or IP address ( and optionally a port if the server is not using the default OpenRCT2 port , 11753 ) ... configure your router to forward TCP connections on your chosen port ( default is 11753 ) ... ^ Jump up to : `` Authentication Flow '' . Second Life Wiki . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LSL_HTTP_server '' . Second Life Wiki . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://docs.graylog.org/en/latest/pages/gelf.html Jump up ^ `` Server '' . Cube World Wiki . 2013 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` How to Access the Version 7 HMC Remotely '' . IBM . 2013 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Scheduler - Usage . `` Forums : Controlm - M Usage Forum Index - > Control - M Enterprise Manager '' . Scheduler - Usage . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Management Plugin '' . RabbitMQ . Pivotal Software . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 ... The Web UI is located at : http://server-name:15672/ ... NB : The port for RabbitMQ versions prior to 3.0 is 55672 ... Jump up ^ `` ' ' Mac OS X Server 10 : Web service uses ports 80 and 16080 by default ' ' '' . apple.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sassafras Software Inc '' . Sassafras.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : How do I allow my internal XMPP client or server to connect to the Talk service ? , Google Code Help , accessed December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' 4D Server and port numbers ' ' '' . 4d.com. 2013 - 12 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tutorials / Setting up a server -- Minecraft Wiki '' . minecraft.gamepedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Protocol - wiki.vg '' . wiki.vg . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Query - wiki.vg '' . wiki.vg . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RCON - wiki.vg '' . wiki.vg . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Networking introduction - collectd Wiki '' . Collectd.org. 2012 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Required Ports for Steam '' . Support . Steam . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kleinman , Sam ; et al. `` Default MongoDB Port '' . MongoDB 3.4 Manual . Reference . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rust Dedicated Server '' . Valve Developer Community ( Revision 209464 ed . ) . Valve Corporation . 2017 - 06 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Configuration '' . Cube 2 : Sauerbraten -- Documentation . Sauerbraten . n.d. Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 ... Servers use the ports 28785 ( UDP ) and 28786 ( UDP ) ... ^ Jump up to : Nintendo ® Wi - Fi Connection Instruction Booklet ( PDF ) . Nintendo . n.d.p. 24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 06 - 29 ... TCP : Allow traffic to all destinations on ports : 28910 , 29900 , 29901 , 29920 , 80 , and 443 . UDP : Allow all traffic to all destinations . ( Necessary for peer - to - peer connections and game play ) . ... Jump up ^ `` Ports Used for Call of Duty Games '' . Activision Support . Activision. 2008 -- 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ boinc ( 1 ) -- Linux User Commands Manual Jump up ^ Rocket UniVerse Installation Guide ( Version 11.2. 3 ) ( PDF ) ( UNV - 113 - INST - 1 ed . ) . Rocket Software . April 2014 . pp. 3 -- 8 , 4 -- 8 ... When you install UniVerse on your system for the first time , you must add the UniRPC daemon 's port to the / etc / services file . Add the following line to the / etc / services file : uvrpc 31438 / tcp # uvrpc port ... Jump up ^ `` Immunet Protect 2.0 Requirements & Compatible Security Package List '' . Support . Immunet. 2010 - 05 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pedersen ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Manually Configure Ports In Your Firewall '' . Forum . Immunet . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` What network ports do I need to allow through my firewall ? '' . Support ( FAQ ) . Plex . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 ... TCP : 32400 ( for access to the Plex Media Server ) ... Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Backdoor in wireless DSL routers lets attacker reset router , get admin '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 ... A hacker has found a backdoor to wireless combination router / DSL modems ... The attack , confirmed to work on several Linksys and Netgear DSL modems ... the router responded to messages over an unusual TCP port number : 32764 ... the backdoor might affect wireless routers with DSL modems from SerComm , ... Jump up ^ `` Which ports and protocols does LogMeIn Hamachi use ? '' . Support . LogMeIn . n.d. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 ... TCP 12975 ( initiator port ) TCP 32976 ( session port ) If the above ports can not be used to achieve a connection , Hamachi will try again using SSL ( TCP 443 ) ... Jump up ^ Kawaguchi , Kohsuke ; et al. ( 2007 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Remote access API '' . In Scheibe , René . Jenkins Wiki . Small contributions from various people . ( published 2017 - 03 - 15 ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 ... Jenkins instances listen on UDP port 33848 ... Jump up ^ Kawaguchi , Kohsuke ; et al. ( 2010 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Auto - discovering Jenkins on the network '' . Jenkins Wiki ( published 2016 - 02 - 24 ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 ... Jenkins listens on UDP port 33848 ... Jump up ^ `` Appendix B. Firewalls and default ports '' . OpenStack Configuration Reference . OpenStack Foundation . 2016 - 05 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How do I set up exceptions in my firewall for RuneScape ? '' . Support . RuneScape . n.d . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 ... open the following ports ; 443 , 43594 and 43595 ... Jump up ^ `` Obtaining Data from the Local Computer ( Windows ) '' . Msdn.microsoft.com. 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry . IETF . August 2011 . RFC 6335 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6335 . Jump up ^ Schaad , Jim ; Myers , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` TCP - Based Protocol '' . Certificate Management over CMS ( CMC ) : Transport Protocols . IETF . p. 4 . sec. 5 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC5273 . RFC 5273 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5273#section-5 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . `` ... When CMC messages are sent over a TCP - based connection ... There is no specific port that is to be used when doing TCP - based transport . Only the Private Ports 49152 - 65535 may be used in this manner ( without registration ) . The ports in the range of 1 - 49151 ( sic ? ) SHOULD NOT be used ... '' Jump up ^ `` Mosh '' . mosh.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) `` Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry '' . IANA . 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"\nWell-known ports\n\n[hide]Port\nTCP\nUDP\nDescription\nIANA status\n\n\n0\nN/A\nN/A\nIn programming APIs (not in communication between hosts), requests a system-allocated (dynamic) port[4]\nN/A\n\n\n0\nReserved\nReserved\nReserved\nOfficial\n\n\n1\nTCP\nAssigned\nTCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX). Historic. Both TCP and UDP have been assigned to TCPMUX by IANA,[1] but by design only TCP is specified.[5]\nOfficial\n\n\n4\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n5\nTCP\nUDP\nRemote job entry\nOfficial\n\n\n6\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n7\nTCP\nUDP\nEcho Protocol[6][7]\nOfficial\n\n\n8\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n9\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nUDP\nDiscard Protocol[9]\nOfficial\n\n\n9\n\nUDP\nWake-on-LAN[10]\nUnofficial\n\n\n10\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n11\nTCP\nUDP\nActive Users (systat service)[11][12]\nOfficial\n\n\n12\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n13\nTCP\nUDP\nDaytime Protocol[13]\nOfficial\n\n\n14\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n15\nTCP\nUDP\nPreviously netstat service[1][11]\nUnofficial\n\n\n16\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n17\nTCP\nUDP\nQuote of the Day (QOTD)[14]\nOfficial\n\n\n18\nTCP\nUDP\nMessage Send Protocol[15][16]\nOfficial\n\n\n19\nTCP\nUDP\nCharacter Generator Protocol (CHARGEN)[17]\nOfficial\n\n\n20\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nAssigned\nFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) data transfer[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n21\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nAssigned\nFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) control (command)[7][8][18][19]\nOfficial\n\n\n22\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nUDP\nSecure Shell (SSH),[7] secure logins, file transfers (scp, sftp) and port forwarding\nOfficial\n\n\n23\nTCP\nAssigned\nTelnet protocol—unencrypted text communications[7][20]\nOfficial\n\n\n25\nTCP\nAssigned\nSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),[7][21] used for email routing between mail servers\nOfficial\n\n\n26\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n37\nTCP\nUDP\nTime Protocol[22]\nOfficial\n\n\n38\nTCP\nUDP\nRoute Access Protocol (RAP)[23][importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n39\nTCP\nUDP\nResource Location Protocol (RLP)[24][importance?]—used for determining the location of higher level services from hosts on a network\nOfficial\n\n\n40\nReserved\nReserved\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n42\nTCP\nUDP\nHost Name Server Protocol[25]\nOfficial\n\n\n43\nTCP\nUDP\nWHOIS protocol[26][27][28]\nOfficial\n\n\n49\nTCP\nUDP\nTACACS+ Login Host protocol[29][needs update?]\nOfficial\n\n\n50\nTCP\nUDP\nRemote Mail Checking Protocol[30][importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n51\n\n\nReserved\nOfficial\n\n\n51\nTCP\nUDP\nPreviously Interface Message Processor logical address management[citation needed]\nUnofficial\n\n\n52\nTCP\nUDP\nXerox Network Systems (XNS) Time Protocol[importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n53\nTCP\nUDP\nDomain Name System (DNS)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n54\nTCP\nUDP\nXerox Network Systems (XNS) clearinghouse[importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n56\nTCP\nUDP\nXerox Network Systems (XNS) authentication[importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n57\nTCP\nUDP\nAny private terminal access[further explanation needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n58\nTCP\nUDP\nXerox Network Systems (XNS) Mail[importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n67\nAssigned\nUDP\nBootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) server;[7] also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)\nOfficial\n\n\n68\nAssigned\nUDP\nBootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) client;[7] also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)\nOfficial\n\n\n69\nAssigned\nUDP\nTrivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)[7][31][32][33]\nOfficial\n\n\n70\nTCP\nUDP\nGopher protocol[34]\nOfficial\n\n\n71–74\nTCP\nUDP\nNETRJS protocol[35][36][37]\nOfficial\n\n\n75\nTCP\nUDP\nAny private dial out service[further explanation needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n77\nTCP\nUDP\nAny private Remote job entry[further explanation needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n79\nTCP\nAssigned\nFinger protocol[7][38][39]\nOfficial\n\n\n80\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nUDP[40]\nHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)[7][41][42][43]\nOfficial\n\n\n80\n\nUDP\nQUIC (from Chromium) for HTTP[citation needed]\nUnofficial\n\n\n81\nN/A\nN/A\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n81\nTCP\n\nTorPark onion routing[verification needed]\nUnofficial\n\n\n82\n\nUDP\nTorPark control[verification needed]\nUnofficial\n\n\n87\n\n\nAny private terminal link[further explanation needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n88\nTCP\nAssigned\nKerberos[7][44][45] authentication system\nOfficial\n\n\n90\nTCP\nUDP\ndnsix (DoD Network Security for Information Exchange) Securit [sic?] Attribute Token Map[importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n90\nTCP\nUDP\nPointCast (dotcom)[1][third-party source needed]\nUnofficial\n\n\n99\nTCP\n\nWIP message protocol[verification needed]\nUnofficial\n\n\n100\nN/A\nN/A\nUnassigned (with known unauthorized use[further explanation needed])[1]\nOfficial\n\n\n101\nTCP\nUDP\nNIC host name\nOfficial\n\n\n102\nTCP\nUDP\nISO Transport Service Access Point (TSAP) Class 0 protocol;[46][47]\nOfficial\n\n\n104\nTCP\nUDP\nDigital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM; also port 11112)\nOfficial\n\n\n105\nTCP\nUDP\nCCSO Nameserver[48]\nOfficial\n\n\n107\nTCP\nUDP\nRemote User Telnet Service (RTelnet)[49]\nOfficial\n\n\n108\nTCP\nUDP\nIBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) gateway access server\nOfficial\n\n\n109\nTCP\nUDP\nPost Office Protocol, version 2 (POP2)[50]\nOfficial\n\n\n110\nTCP\nAssigned\nPost Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3)[7][51][52]\nOfficial\n\n\n111\nTCP\nUDP\nOpen Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC, sometimes referred to as Sun RPC)\nOfficial\n\n\n113\nTCP\n\nIdent, authentication service/identification protocol,[7][53] used by IRC servers to identify users\nOfficial\n\n\n113\nTCP\nAssigned\nAuthentication Service (auth), the predecessor to identification protocol. Used to determine a user's identity of a particular TCP connection.[54]\nOfficial\n\n\n114\nN/A\nN/A\nUnassigned (deprecated since June 2004)[1]\nOfficial\n\n\n115\nTCP\nUDP\nSimple File Transfer Protocol[7][55]\nOfficial\n\n\n117\nTCP\nUDP\nUUCP Mapping Project (path service)[citation needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n118\nTCP\nUDP\nStructured Query Language (SQL) Services[Jargon]\nOfficial\n\n\n119\nTCP\nAssigned\nNetwork News Transfer Protocol (NNTP),[7] retrieval of newsgroup messages[56][57]\nOfficial\n\n\n123\nAssigned\nUDP\nNetwork Time Protocol (NTP), used for time synchronization[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n126\nTCP\nUDP\nFormerly Unisys Unitary Login, renamed by Unisys to NXEdit. Used by Unisys Programmer's Workbench for Clearpath MCP, an IDE for Unisys MCP software development\nOfficial\n\n\n135\nTCP\nUDP\nDCE endpoint resolution\nOfficial\n\n\n135\nTCP\nUDP\nMicrosoft EPMAP (End Point Mapper), also known as DCE/RPC Locator service,[58] used to remotely manage services including DHCP server, DNS server and WINS. Also used by DCOM\nOfficial\n\n\n137\nAssigned\nUDP\nNetBIOS Name Service, used for name registration and resolution[59][60]\nOfficial\n\n\n138\nTCP\nUDP\nNetBIOS Datagram Service[7][59][60]\nOfficial\n\n\n139\nTCP\nAssigned\nNetBIOS Session Service[59][60]\nOfficial\n\n\n143\nTCP\nAssigned\nInternet Message Access Protocol (IMAP),[7] management of electronic mail messages on a server[61]\nOfficial\n\n\n152\nTCP\nUDP\nBackground File Transfer Program (BFTP)[62][importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n153\nTCP\nUDP\nSimple Gateway Monitoring Protocol (SGMP), a protocol for remote inspection and alteration of gateway management information[63]\nOfficial\n\n\n156\nTCP\nUDP\nStructured Query Language (SQL) Service[Jargon]\nOfficial\n\n\n158\nTCP\nUDP\nDistributed Mail System Protocol (DMSP, sometimes referred to as Pcmail)[64][importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n161\nAssigned\nUDP\nSimple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)[65][citation needed][7]\nOfficial\n\n\n162\nTCP\nUDP\nSimple Network Management Protocol Trap (SNMPTRAP)[65][66][citation needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n170\nTCP\nUDP\nPrint server[verification needed]\nOfficial\n\n\n177\nTCP\nUDP\nX Display Manager Control Protocol (XDMCP), used for remote logins to an X Display Manager server[67]\nOfficial\n\n\n179\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nUDP\nBorder Gateway Protocol (BGP),[68] used to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet\nOfficial\n\n\n194\nTCP\nUDP\nInternet Relay Chat (IRC)[69]\nOfficial\n\n\n199\nTCP\nUDP\nSNMP multiplexing protocol (SMUX)[70][71][importance?]\nOfficial\n\n\n201\nTCP\nUDP\nAppleTalk Routing Maintenance\nOfficial\n\n\n209\nTCP\nUDP\nQuick Mail Transfer Protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n210\nTCP\nUDP\nANSI Z39.50\nOfficial\n\n\n213\nTCP\nUDP\nInternetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)\nOfficial\n\n\n218\nTCP\nUDP\nMessage posting protocol (MPP)\nOfficial\n\n\n220\nTCP\nUDP\nInternet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), version 3\nOfficial\n\n\n259\nTCP\nUDP\nEfficient Short Remote Operations (ESRO)\nOfficial\n\n\n262\nTCP\nUDP\nArcisdms\nOfficial\n\n\n264\nTCP\nUDP\nBorder Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP)\nOfficial\n\n\n280\nTCP\nUDP\nhttp-mgmt\nOfficial\n\n\n300\nTCP\n\nThinLinc Web Access\nUnofficial\n\n\n308\nTCP\n\nNovastor Online Backup\nOfficial\n\n\n311\nTCP\n\nMac OS X Server Admin[7] (officially AppleShare IP Web administration[1])\nOfficial\n\n\n318\nTCP\nUDP\nPKIX Time Stamp Protocol (TSP)\nOfficial\n\n\n319\n\nUDP\nPrecision Time Protocol (PTP) event messages\nOfficial\n\n\n320\n\nUDP\nPrecision Time Protocol (PTP) general messages\nOfficial\n\n\n350\nTCP\nUDP\nMapping of Airline Traffic over Internet Protocol (MATIP) type A\nOfficial\n\n\n351\nTCP\nUDP\nMATIP type B\nOfficial\n\n\n356\nTCP\nUDP\ncloanto-net-1 (used by Cloanto Amiga Explorer and VMs)\nOfficial\n\n\n366\nTCP\nUDP\nOn-Demand Mail Relay (ODMR)\nOfficial\n\n\n369\nTCP\nUDP\nRpc2portmap\nOfficial\n\n\n370\nTCP\n\ncodaauth2, Coda authentication server\nOfficial\n\n\n370\n\nUDP\ncodaauth2, Coda authentication server\nOfficial\n\n\n370\n\nUDP\nsecurecast1, outgoing packets to NAI's SecureCast servers[72]As of 2000[update]\nOfficial\n\n\n371\nTCP\nUDP\nClearCase albd\nOfficial\n\n\n383\nTCP\nUDP\nHP data alarm manager\nOfficial\n\n\n384\nTCP\nUDP\nA Remote Network Server System\nOfficial\n\n\n387\nTCP\nUDP\nAURP (AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol)[73]\nOfficial\n\n\n389\nTCP\nAssigned\nLightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n399\nTCP\nUDP\nDigital Equipment Corporation DECnet (Phase V+) over TCP/IP\nOfficial\n\n\n401\nTCP\nUDP\nUninterruptible power supply (UPS)\nOfficial\n\n\n427\nTCP\nUDP\nService Location Protocol (SLP)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n433\nTCP\nUDP\nNNSP, part of Network News Transfer Protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n434\nTCP\nUDP\nMobile IP Agent (RFC 5944)\nOfficial\n\n\n443\n\n\n\nTCP\nSCTP[8]\n\n\n\nAssigned\nHypertext Transfer Protocol over TLS/SSL (HTTPS)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n443\n\nUDP\nQUIC (from Chromium) for HTTPS\nUnofficial\n\n\n444\nTCP\nUDP\nSimple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP), RFC 1568\nOfficial\n\n\n444\nTCP\n\nWell known Slither.io port\nUnofficial\n\n\n445\nTCP\nUDP\nMicrosoft-DS Active Directory,[74] Windows shares\nOfficial\n\n\n445\nTCP\nAssigned\nMicrosoft-DS SMB[7] file sharing\nOfficial\n\n\n464\nTCP\nUDP\nKerberos Change/Set password\nOfficial\n\n\n465\nTCP\n\nURL Rendezvous Directory for SSM (Cisco protocol)\nOfficial\n\n\n465\nTCP\n\nAuthenticated SMTP[7] over TLS/SSL (SMTPS)\nUnofficial\n\n\n475\nTCP\nUDP\ntcpnethaspsrv, Aladdin Knowledge Systems Hasp services\nOfficial\n\n\n491\nTCP\n\nGO-Global remote access and application publishing software\nUnofficial\n\n\n497\nTCP\nUDP\nRetrospect\nOfficial\n\n\n500\nAssigned\nUDP\nInternet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) / Internet Key Exchange (IKE)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n502\nTCP\nUDP\nModbus Protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n504\nTCP\nUDP\nCitadel, multiservice protocol for dedicated clients for the Citadel groupware system\nOfficial\n\n\n510\nTCP\nUDP\nFirstClass Protocol (FCP), used by FirstClass client/server groupware system\nOfficial\n\n\n512\nTCP\n\nRexec, Remote Process Execution\nOfficial\n\n\n512\n\nUDP\ncomsat, together with biff\nOfficial\n\n\n513\nTCP\n\nrlogin\nOfficial\n\n\n513\n\nUDP\nWho[75]\nOfficial\n\n\n514\nTCP\n\nRemote Shell, used to execute non-interactive commands on a remote system (Remote Shell, rsh, remsh)\nOfficial\n\n\n514\n\nUDP\nSyslog,[7] used for system logging\nOfficial\n\n\n515\nTCP\nAssigned\nLine Printer Daemon (LPD),[7] print service\nOfficial\n\n\n517\n\nUDP\nTalk\nOfficial\n\n\n518\n\nUDP\nNTalk\nOfficial\n\n\n520\nTCP\n\nefs, extended file name server\nOfficial\n\n\n520\n\nUDP\nRouting Information Protocol (RIP)\nOfficial\n\n\n521\n\nUDP\nRouting Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng)\nOfficial\n\n\n524\nTCP\nUDP\nNetWare Core Protocol (NCP) is used for a variety things such as access to primary NetWare server resources, Time Synchronization, etc.\nOfficial\n\n\n525\n\nUDP\nTimed, Timeserver\nOfficial\n\n\n530\nTCP\nUDP\nRemote procedure call (RPC)\nOfficial\n\n\n531\nTCP\nUDP\nAOL Instant Messenger\nUnofficial\n\n\n532\nTCP\nAssigned\nnetnews[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n533\n\nUDP\nnetwall, For Emergency Broadcasts\nOfficial\n\n\n540\nTCP\n\nUnix-to-Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP)\nOfficial\n\n\n542\nTCP\nUDP\ncommerce (Commerce Applications)\nOfficial\n\n\n543\nTCP\n\nklogin, Kerberos login\nOfficial\n\n\n544\nTCP\n\nkshell, Kerberos Remote shell\nOfficial\n\n\n546\nTCP\nUDP\nDHCPv6 client\nOfficial\n\n\n547\nTCP\nUDP\nDHCPv6 server\nOfficial\n\n\n548\nTCP\nAssigned\nApple Filing Protocol (AFP) over TCP[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n550\nTCP\nUDP\nnew-rwho, new-who[75]\nOfficial\n\n\n554\nTCP\nUDP\nReal Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n556\nTCP\n\nRemotefs, RFS, rfs_server\nOfficial\n\n\n560\n\nUDP\nrmonitor, Remote Monitor\nOfficial\n\n\n561\n\nUDP\nmonitor\nOfficial\n\n\n563\nTCP\nUDP\nNNTP over TLS/SSL (NNTPS)\nOfficial\n\n\n564\nTCP\n\n9P (Plan 9)\nUnofficial\n\n\n585\nN/A\nN/A\nDe-registered since April 2006 (with recommendation to use port 993 instead)[1]\nOfficial\n\n\n585\nTCP\n?\nLegacy use of Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS/SSL (IMAPS)[76]\nUnofficial\n\n\n587\nTCP\nAssigned\nemail message submission[77] (SMTP)\nOfficial\n\n\n591\nTCP\n\nFileMaker 6.0 (and later) Web Sharing (HTTP Alternate, also see port 80)\nOfficial\n\n\n593\nTCP\nUDP\nHTTP RPC Ep Map, Remote procedure call over Hypertext Transfer Protocol, often used by Distributed Component Object Model services and Microsoft Exchange Server\nOfficial\n\n\n601\nTCP\n\nReliable Syslog Service — used for system logging\nOfficial\n\n\n604\nTCP\n\nTUNNEL profile,[78] a protocol for BEEP peers to form an application layer tunnel\nOfficial\n\n\n623\n\nUDP\nASF Remote Management and Control Protocol (ASF-RMCP) & IPMI Remote Management Protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n625\nTCP\n\nOpen Directory Proxy (ODProxy)[7]\nUnofficial\n\n\n631\nTCP\nUDP\nInternet Printing Protocol (IPP)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n631\nTCP\nUDP\nCommon Unix Printing System (CUPS) administration console (extension to IPP)\nUnofficial\n\n\n635\nTCP\nUDP\nRLZ DBase\nOfficial\n\n\n636\nTCP\nUDP\nLightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS/SSL (LDAPS)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n639\nTCP\nUDP\nMSDP, Multicast Source Discovery Protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n641\nTCP\nUDP\nSupportSoft Nexus Remote Command (control/listening), a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic\nOfficial\n\n\n643\nTCP\nUDP\nSANity\nOfficial\n\n\n646\nTCP\nUDP\nLabel Distribution Protocol (LDP), a routing protocol used in MPLS networks\nOfficial\n\n\n647\nTCP\n\nDHCP Failover protocol[79]\nOfficial\n\n\n648\nTCP\n\nRegistry Registrar Protocol (RRP)[80]\nOfficial\n\n\n651\nTCP\nUDP\nIEEE-MMS\nOfficial\n\n\n653\nTCP\nUDP\nSupportSoft Nexus Remote Command (data), a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic\nOfficial\n\n\n654\nTCP\n\nMedia Management System (MMS) Media Management Protocol (MMP)[81]\nOfficial\n\n\n655\nTCP\nUDP\nTinc VPN daemon\nOfficial\n\n\n657\nTCP\nUDP\nIBM RMC (Remote monitoring and Control) protocol, used by System p5 AIX Integrated Virtualization Manager (IVM)[82] and Hardware Management Console to connect managed logical partitions (LPAR) to enable dynamic partition reconfiguration\nOfficial\n\n\n660\nTCP\nAssigned\nMac OS X Server administration,[1] version 10.4 and earlier[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n666\nTCP\nUDP\nDoom, first online first-person shooter\nOfficial\n\n\n666\nTCP\n\nairserv-ng, aircrack-ng's server for remote-controlling wireless devices\nUnofficial\n\n\n674\nTCP\n\nApplication Configuration Access Protocol (ACAP)\nOfficial\n\n\n688\nTCP\nUDP\nREALM-RUSD (ApplianceWare Server Appliance Management Protocol)\nOfficial\n\n\n690\nTCP\nUDP\nVelneo Application Transfer Protocol (VATP)\nOfficial\n\n\n691\nTCP\n\nMS Exchange Routing\nOfficial\n\n\n694\nTCP\nUDP\nLinux-HA high-availability heartbeat\nOfficial\n\n\n695\nTCP\n\nIEEE Media Management System over SSL (IEEE-MMS-SSL)[83]\nOfficial\n\n\n698\n\nUDP\nOptimized Link State Routing (OLSR)\nOfficial\n\n\n700\nTCP\n\nExtensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP), a protocol for communication between domain name registries and registrars (RFC 5734)\nOfficial\n\n\n701\nTCP\n\nLink Management Protocol (LMP),[84] a protocol that runs between a pair of nodes and is used to manage traffic engineering (TE) links\nOfficial\n\n\n702\nTCP\n\nIRIS[85][86] (Internet Registry Information Service) over BEEP (Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol)[87] (RFC 3983)\nOfficial\n\n\n706\nTCP\n\nSecure Internet Live Conferencing (SILC)\nOfficial\n\n\n711\nTCP\n\nCisco Tag Distribution Protocol[88][89][90]—being replaced by the MPLS Label Distribution Protocol[91]\nOfficial\n\n\n712\nTCP\n\nTopology Broadcast based on Reverse-Path Forwarding routing protocol (TBRPF; RFC 3684)\nOfficial\n\n\n749\nTCP\nUDP\nKerberos (protocol) administration[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n750\n\nUDP\nkerberos-iv, Kerberos version IV\nOfficial\n\n\n751\nTCP\nUDP\nkerberos_master, Kerberos authentication\nUnofficial\n\n\n752\n\nUDP\npasswd_server, Kerberos password (kpasswd) server\nUnofficial\n\n\n753\nTCP\n\nReverse Routing Header (RRH)[92]\nOfficial\n\n\n753\n\nUDP\nReverse Routing Header (RRH)\nOfficial\n\n\n753\n\nUDP\nuserreg_server, Kerberos userreg server\nUnofficial\n\n\n754\nTCP\n\ntell send\nOfficial\n\n\n754\nTCP\n\nkrb5_prop, Kerberos v5 slave propagation\nUnofficial\n\n\n754\n\nUDP\ntell send\nOfficial\n\n\n760\nTCP\nUDP\nkrbupdate [kreg], Kerberos registration\nUnofficial\n\n\n782\nTCP\n\nConserver serial-console management server\nUnofficial\n\n\n783\nTCP\n\nSpamAssassin spamd daemon\nUnofficial\n\n\n800\nTCP\nUDP\nmdbs-daemon\nOfficial\n\n\n808\nTCP\n\nMicrosoft Net.TCP Port Sharing Service\nUnofficial\n\n\n829\nYes\nAssigned\nCertificate Management Protocol[93]\nOfficial\n\n\n830\nTCP\nUDP\nNETCONF over SSH\nOfficial\n\n\n831\nTCP\nUDP\nNETCONF over BEEP\nOfficial\n\n\n832\nTCP\nUDP\nNETCONF for SOAP over HTTPS\nOfficial\n\n\n833\nTCP\nUDP\nNETCONF for SOAP over BEEP\nOfficial\n\n\n843\nTCP\n\nAdobe Flash[94]\nUnofficial\n\n\n847\nTCP\n\nDHCP Failover protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n848\nTCP\nUDP\nGroup Domain Of Interpretation (GDOI) protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n853\nTCP\nUDP\nDNS over TLS (RFC 7858)\nOfficial\n\n\n860\nTCP\n\niSCSI (RFC 3720)\nOfficial\n\n\n861\nTCP\nUDP\nOWAMP control (RFC 4656)\nOfficial\n\n\n862\nTCP\nUDP\nTWAMP control (RFC 5357)\nOfficial\n\n\n873\nTCP\n\nrsync file synchronization protocol\nOfficial\n\n\n888\nTCP\n\ncddbp, CD DataBase (CDDB) protocol (CDDBP)\nUnofficial\n\n\n888\nTCP\n\nIBM Endpoint Manager Remote Control\nUnofficial\n\n\n897\nTCP\nUDP\nBrocade SMI-S RPC\nUnofficial\n\n\n898\nTCP\nUDP\nBrocade SMI-S RPC SSL\nUnofficial\n\n\n902\nTCP\nUDP\nVMware ESXi[95][96]\nUnofficial\n\n\n903\nTCP\n\nVMware ESXi[95][96]\nUnofficial\n\n\n953\nTCP\n\nBIND remote name daemon control (RNDC)[97][98]\nOfficial\n\n\n954–988\nN/A\nN/A\nUnassigned\nOfficial\n\n\n981\nTCP\n\nRemote HTTPS management for firewall devices running embedded Check Point VPN-1 software[99]\nUnofficial\n\n\n987\nTCP\n\nMicrosoft Remote Web Workplace, a feature of Windows Small Business Server[100]\nUnofficial\n\n\n989\nTCP\nUDP\nFTPS Protocol (data), FTP over TLS/SSL\nOfficial\n\n\n990\nTCP\nUDP\nFTPS Protocol (control), FTP over TLS/SSL\nOfficial\n\n\n991\nTCP\nUDP\nNetnews Administration System (NAS)[101]\nOfficial\n\n\n992\nTCP\nUDP\nTelnet protocol over TLS/SSL\nOfficial\n\n\n993\nTCP\nAssigned\nInternet Message Access Protocol over TLS/SSL (IMAPS)[7]\nOfficial\n\n\n994\nReserved\nReserved\nReserved\nOfficial\n\n\n994\nTCP\nUDP\nInternet Relay Chat over TLS/SSL (IRCS)[69]\nUnofficial\n\n\n995\nTCP\nUDP\nPost Office Protocol 3 over TLS/SSL (POP3S)[7]\nOfficial\n || Unofficial\n\n\n\n1010\nTCP\n\nThinLinc web-based administration interface[102]\nUnofficial\n\n\n1023\nReserved\nReserved\nReserved[1]\nOfficial\n\n"
] | [
"53"
] |
-2971201102077540936 | Bo Brady | Bo Brady - wikipedia Bo Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bo Brady Peter Reckell as Bo Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Peter Reckell ( 1983 -- 92 , 1995 -- 2016 ) Robert Kelker - Kelly ( 1992 -- 95 ) Duration 1983 -- 87 1990 -- 2012 2015 -- 16 First appearance May 3 , 1983 Last appearance June 8 , 2016 Created by Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson Introduced by Betty Corday and Al Rabin ( 1983 ) Ken Corday and Al Rabin ( 1990 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2015 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Beauregard Aurelius Brady Occupation Police detective Bounty hunter Merchant marine ( show ) Family Family Kiriakis Brady family ( Legal ) Father Shawn Brady ( legal ) Victor Kiriakis Mother Caroline Brady Stepmother Carly Manning ( 1991 ) Kate Roberts ( 1993 -- 94 ) Vivian Alamain ( 1995 -- 97 , 2010 -- 11 ) Nicole Walker ( 2002 -- 08 ) Maggie Horton ( 2011 -- 15 ) Half - brothers Roman Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Philip Kiriakis Half - sisters Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady Isabella Toscano Spouse Hope Williams Brady ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2012 -- 14 ) Carly Manning ( 1992 ) Billie Reed ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 ) Sons Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Daughters Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Granddaughters Claire Brady Grandparents Template : Unbulleted list Peter Brady ( legal ) Uncles Template : Unbulleted list Eric Brady ( legal ) Nephews Eric Brady Rex Brady Andrew Donovan Joey Johnson Brady Black Tyler Kiriakis Nieces Carrie Brady Sami Brady Cassie Brady Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson First cousins Justin Kiriakis Xander Cook Other relatives Will Horton Allie Horton Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera Tate Black Sonny Kiriakis Bo Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives , the youngest of the series ' Brady family . Created under head - writer Margaret DePriest , the role was originated by Peter Reckell on May 3 , 1983 . Reckell left the show alongside Kristian Alfonso who played Bo 's wife Hope Williams Brady on April 20 , 1987 . Reckell returned from April 19 , 1990 , to January 17 , 1992 , when Robert Kelker - Kelly stepped into the role from March 13 , 1992 , to July 24 , 1995 . Reckell returned to portray Bo on August 1 , 1995 . In June 2012 , after much speculation , it was confirmed that Reckell would once again exit the soap . Reckell filmed his final scenes for Days of our Lives on July 24 , 2012 , last airing on October 30 . It was announced on March 18 , 2015 , that Reckell has inked a deal to return for the show 's fiftieth anniversary , airing on August 28 , 2015 . In May 2016 , it was announced that Reckell would return for a special episode centered around Hope , airing on June 7 and 8 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Storylines ( edit ) Bo was born on November 5 , 1962 and is the only son of Caroline Brady ( Peggy McCay ) and Victor Kiriakis ( John Aniston ) . However , Bo is raised as the youngest child of Caroline and her husband Shawn Brady ( Frank Parker ) until his paternity reveal in 1985 . Bo returns to Salem in 1983 and marries Hope Williams ( Kristian Alfonso ) shortly after . The couple later welcomes their son , Shawn - Douglas Brady . Bo later becomes a detective at the Salem Police Department . In 2000 , Bo and Hope welcome another son , Zack . During the Salem Stalker storyline , Bo loses his mother and older brother Roman ( Josh Taylor ) . He rejoins the police force to help solve the case and is forced to arrest his former sister - in - law , Dr. Marlena Evans ( Deidre Hall ) . Fortunately , all the victims are discovered on a mysterious island and Bo is on the rescue team . He is also reunited with his ex-wife , Billie Reed ( Julie Pinson ) . On New Year 's Day in 2006 , Zack is hit by a car driven by Bo and Billie 's daughter , Chelsea ( Rachel Melvin ) . To protect Chelsea , Bo hides the truth believing it would destroy his family . In 2008 , Chelsea saves Bo 's life by donating part of her pancreas when his begins failing . Bo suffers a concussion and temporarily experiences psychic visions . In 2012 , Bo quits the force after budget cuts and accompanies Caroline to California for Alzheimer 's treatment . Caroline eventually returns , but Bo decides to go sailing as it is a lifelong dream of his . Hope and their daughter go sailing with him for a brief vacation however all the boat scenes only include Hope and Ciara in the cabin by themselves . In late 2013 - early 2014 , Hope reveals that Bo went to Europe to continue investigating the DiMeras on his own . However , as time went on and his investigation took on a wider scope ( ostensibly as part of a larger ISA mission ) , so did his absence from home , and Hope . In March 2014 , John Black delivered a message to Hope that Bo 's investigation had branched off into a larger , more powerful , and more dangerous criminal organization than even the DiMeras , and is working deep undercover in Europe to bring them down , and may not be back for another year or more . Bo 's situation even precludes him from contacting friends and family , and a letter to Hope is the last known contact any Salemite has had with him . Beginning September 2015 , Bo is seen being held captive and tortured in a dirty prison , later revealed to be in Mexico . When Steve , with John 's help , begins to track him down , he is moved to an equally filthy hospital - looking facility . Steve , John , and Victor uncover that Bo was working with Victor to help Dr. Salinas find a cure for Caroline 's Alzheimer 's - type condition . This may have also been at the same time that he was involved in an investigation that may or may not have involved the ISA which took him to northern Europe . He was then lured by a Britta Englund - lookalike to Mexico . In November 2015 , Bo starts to blackout and experience headaches , Thanks to his sister , Kayla , he undergoes testing and is diagnosed with an inoperable terminal brain tumor and does n't have long to live . In the location of their first kiss , Bo tells Hope of his condition . Bo and Hope passionately repeat their wedding vows to each other as Bo becomes extremely pale and weak . Hope told Bo that his niece Sami 's son Will was murdered last month , which he was devastated , and then , Bo loses consciousness and dies in Hope 's arms , while snow starts to fall on them . See also ( edit ) Brady family Kiriakis family References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Days of our Lives -- Bios -- Peter Reckell as Bo Brady '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( 2013 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( April 20 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kelker Kelly Bio '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS : Peter Reckell Exit News '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( 2012 - 06 - 13 ) . `` TVLine Items : Days Vet Peter Reckell to Exit , Breaking Bad Star 's New Gig and More ! '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Reckell Exits Salem Today '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/days-ep-ken-corday-confirms-stephen-nichols-and-peter-reckell-returning-for-series-50th-anniversary/2015/03/18/ Jump up ^ White - Nobles , Omar ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Days of our Lives Scoop : Who 's Appearing in the Special Hope Episode ? ( Exclusive ) '' . TVSource Magazine . United States : SoSource Media LLC . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victor Kiriakis mentioned to Peggy that their son 's birthdate was his passcode to his phone . September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Daily Recaps Archive : The week of October 29 , 2007 '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Scenes '' . Boca Raton News . South Florida Media Company . August 5 , 1983 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives -- Bios -- Peter Reckell as Bo Brady '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC '' . NBC . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) http://www.soapcentral.com/days Bo at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bo_Brady&oldid=806305397 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional American police officers Fictional police commissioners Fictional characters introduced in 1983 Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played bo brady in days of our lives | [
"Bo Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives, the youngest of the series' Brady family. Created under head-writer Margaret DePriest, the role was originated by Peter Reckell on May 3, 1983.[1] Reckell left the show alongside Kristian Alfonso who played Bo's wife Hope Williams Brady on April 20, 1987.[2] Reckell returned from April 19, 1990, to January 17, 1992, when Robert Kelker-Kelly stepped into the role from March 13, 1992, to July 24, 1995.[3] Reckell returned to portray Bo on August 1, 1995.[1] In June 2012, after much speculation, it was confirmed that Reckell would once again exit the soap.[4][5] Reckell filmed his final scenes for Days of our Lives on July 24, 2012, last airing on October 30.[6] It was announced on March 18, 2015, that Reckell has inked a deal to return for the show's fiftieth anniversary, airing on August 28, 2015.[7] In May 2016, it was announced that Reckell would return for a special episode centered around Hope, airing on June 7 and 8, 2016.[8]",
"Bo Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives, the youngest of the series' Brady family. Created under head-writer Margaret DePriest, the role was originated by Peter Reckell on May 3, 1983.[1] Reckell left the show alongside Kristian Alfonso who played Bo's wife Hope Williams Brady on April 20, 1987.[2] Reckell returned from April 19, 1990, to January 17, 1992, when Robert Kelker-Kelly stepped into the role from March 13, 1992, to July 24, 1995.[3] Reckell returned to portray Bo on August 1, 1995.[1] In June 2012, after much speculation, it was confirmed that Reckell would once again exit the soap.[4][5] Reckell filmed his final scenes for Days of our Lives on July 24, 2012, last airing on October 30.[6] It was announced on March 18, 2015, that Reckell has inked a deal to return for the show's fiftieth anniversary, airing on August 28, 2015.[7] In May 2016, it was announced that Reckell would return for a special episode centered around Hope, airing on June 7 and 8, 2016.[8]"
] | [
"Peter Reckell",
"Robert Kelker-Kelly"
] |
6438553700938219057 | Bumblebee | Bumblebee - wikipedia Bumblebee Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bumblebee ( disambiguation ) and Bombus ( disambiguation ) . Bumblebee Temporal range : Eocene -- Present PreЄ Є Pg Buff - tailed bumblebee ( Bombus terrestris ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Family : Apidae Tribe : Bombini Genus : Bombus Latreille , 1802 Diversity > 250 species and subspecies Natural distribution shown in red . Introductions to New Zealand , spread to Tasmania not shown A bumblebee ( also written bumble bee ) is a member of the genus Bombus , part of Apidae , one of the bee families . This genus is the only extant group in the tribe Bombini , though a few extinct related genera ( e.g. , Calyptapis ) are known from fossils . Over 250 species of bumblebee are known . They are found primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere , although they are also found in South America where a few lowland tropical species have been identified . European bumblebees have also been introduced to New Zealand and Tasmania . The brood parasitic or cuckoo bumblebees have sometimes been classified as a subgenus or genus , Psithyrus , but are now usually treated as members of Bombus . Many bumblebees are social insects that form colonies with a single queen . The colonies are smaller than those of honey bees , growing to as few as 50 individuals in a nest . Female bumblebees can sting repeatedly , but generally ignore humans and other animals . Cuckoo bumblebees do not make nests ; their queens aggressively invade the nests of other bumblebee species , kill the resident queens and then lay their own eggs , which are cared for by the resident workers . Bumblebees have round bodies covered in soft hair ( long branched setae ) called pile , making them appear and feel fuzzy . They have aposematic ( warning ) coloration , often consisting of contrasting bands of colour , and different species of bumblebee in a region often resemble each other in mutually protective Müllerian mimicry . Harmless insects such as hoverflies often derive protection from resembling bumblebees , in Batesian mimicry , and may be confused with them . Nest - making bumblebees can be distinguished from similarly large , fuzzy cuckoo bees by the form of the female hind leg . In nesting bumblebees , it is modified to form a pollen basket , a bare shiny area surrounded by a fringe of hairs used to transport pollen , whereas in cuckoo bees , the hind leg is hairy all round , and pollen grains are wedged among the hairs for transport . Like their relatives the honeybees , bumblebees feed on nectar , using their long hairy tongues to lap up the liquid ; the proboscis is folded under the head during flight . Bumblebees gather nectar to add to the stores in the nest , and pollen to feed their young . They forage using colour and spatial relationships to identify flowers to feed from . Some bumblebees rob nectar , making a hole near the base of a flower to access the nectar while avoiding pollen transfer . Bumblebees are important agricultural pollinators , so their decline in Europe , North America , and Asia is a cause for concern . The decline has been caused by habitat loss , the mechanisation of agriculture , and pesticides . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and common names 2 Phylogeny 3 Taxonomy 4 General description 5 Distribution and habitat 6 Biology 6.1 Feeding 6.2 Wax production 6.3 Coloration 6.4 Temperature control 6.4. 1 Chill - coma temperature 6.5 Communication and social learning 6.6 Reproduction and nesting 6.7 Foraging behaviour 6.8 Asynchronous flight muscles 6.9 Cuckoo bumblebees 6.10 Sting 7 Predators , parasites and pathogens 8 Relationship to humans 8.1 Agricultural use 8.2 Population decline 8.3 Conservation efforts 8.4 Misconception about flight 8.5 In music and literature 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Etymology and common names ( edit ) Beatrix Potter called Babbity Bumble a `` bumble bee '' in The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse , 1910 . The word `` bumblebee '' is a compound of `` bumble '' + `` bee '' -- `` bumble '' meaning to hum , buzz , drone , or move ineptly or flounderingly . The generic name Bombus , assigned by Pierre André Latreille in 1802 , is derived from the Latin word for a buzzing or humming sound . According to the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , the term `` bumblebee '' was first recorded as having been used in the English language in the 1530 work Lesclarcissement by John Palsgrave , `` I bomme , as a bombyll bee dothe . '' However the OED also states that the term `` humblebee '' predates it , having first been used in 1450 in Fysshynge wyth Angle , `` In Juyll the greshop & the humbylbee in the medow . '' The latter term was used in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( circa 1600 ) by William Shakespeare , `` The honie - bags steale from the humble Bees . '' An old provincial name , `` dumbledor '' , also denoted a buzzing insect such as a bumblebee or cockchafer , `` dumble '' probably imitating the sound of these insects , while `` dor '' meant `` beetle '' . In On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) , Charles Darwin speculated about `` humble - bees '' and their interactions with other species : I have ( ... ) reason to believe that humble - bees are indispensable to the fertilisation of the heartsease ( Viola tricolor ) , for other bees do not visit this flower . From experiments which I have tried , I have found that the visits of bees , if not indispensable , are at least highly beneficial to the fertilisation of our clovers ; but humble - bees alone visit the common red clover ( Trifolium pratense ) , as other bees can not reach the nectar . However , `` bumblebee '' remained in use , for example in The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse ( 1910 ) by Beatrix Potter , `` Suddenly round a corner , she met Babbitty Bumble -- '' Zizz , Bizz , Bizzz ! '' said the bumble bee . '' Since World War II `` humblebee '' has fallen into near - total disuse . Phylogeny ( edit ) The bumblebee tribe Bombini is one of four groups of corbiculate bees ( those with pollen baskets ) in the Apidae , the others being the Apini ( honeybees ) , Euglossini ( orchid bees ) , and Meliponini ( stingless bees ) . The corbiculate bees are a monophyletic group . Advanced eusocial behaviour appears to have evolved twice in the group , giving rise to controversy , now largely settled , as to the phylogenetic origins of the four tribes ; it had been supposed that eusocial behaviour had evolved only once , requiring the Apini to be close to the Meliponini , which they do not resemble . It is now thought that the Apini ( with advanced societies ) and Euglossini are closely related , while the primitively eusocial Bombini are close to the Meliponini , which have somewhat more advanced eusocial behaviour . Sophie Cardinal and Bryan Danforth comment that `` While remarkable , a hypothesis of dual origins of advanced eusociality is congruent with early studies on corbiculate morphology and social behavior . '' Their analysis , combining molecular , morphological and behavioural data , gives the following cladogram : Corbiculate bees Apini ( honeybees ) Euglossini ( orchid bees ) Bombini ( bumblebees ) Meliponini ( stingless bees ) On this hypothesis , the molecular data suggest that the Bombini are 25 to 40 million years old , while the Meliponini ( and thus the clade that includes the Bombini and Meliponini ) are 81 to 96 million years old , about the same age as the corbiculate group . The fossil record for bees is incomplete with around 11 specimens that might possibly be Bombini , some poorly documented , had been described by 2011 ; some ( such as Calyptapis florissantensis from Florissant , USA , and Oligoapis beskonakensis from Beskonak , Turkey ) dated from the Oligocene . In 2012 a fossil bumblebee , Bombus ( Bombus ) randeckensis was described from the Miocene Randeck Maar in southwestern Germany and confidently placed in the subgenus Bombus . In 2014 , another species , Bombus cerdanyensis , was described from Late Miocene lacustrine beds of La Cerdanya , Spain , but not placed into any subgenus , while a new genus and species , Oligobombus cuspidatus was described from the late Eocene Bembridge Marls of the Isle of Wight . The species Bombus trophonius was described in October 2017 and placed in Bombus subgenus Cullumanobombus . Taxonomy ( edit ) Further information : List of bumblebee species The genus Bombus , the only one extant genus in the tribe Bombini , comprises over 250 species ; for an overview of the differences between bumblebees and other bees and wasps , see characteristics of common wasps and bees . The genus has been divided variously into up to 49 subgenera , a degree of complexity criticised by Williams ( 2008 ) . The cuckoo bumblebees Psithyrus have sometimes been treated as a separate genus but are now considered to be part of Bombus , in one or more subgenera . Williams identifies 15 subgenera that are seen to be monophyletic , fewer in number , diagnosable from morphology , and at least roughly correspond to behavioural and ecological groupings : Examples of Bombus species include Bombus atratus , Bombus dahlbomii , Bombus fervidus , Bombus lapidarius , Bombus ruderatus , and Bombus rupestris . Bombus ( genus ) Mendacibombus , 12 species Bombias , 3 species Kallobombus , 1 species Orientalibombus , 3 species Subterraneobombus , 10 species Megabombus , 22 species Thoracobombus , 50 species Psithyrus , 30 species Pyrobombus , 50 species Alpinobombus , 5 species Bombus ( subgenus ) , 5 species Alpigenobombus , 7 species Melanobombus , 17 species Sibirocobombus , 7 species Cullumanobombus , 23 species Subgenera of the genus Bombus General description ( edit ) Further information : Characteristics of common wasps and bees Bumblebees are varied in appearance , but are generally plump and densely furry . Compared to honeybees they are larger and stouter - bodied . Many species have broad bands of colour , the patterns helping to distinguish different species . Whereas honeybees have short tongues and therefore mainly pollinate open flowers , some bumblebee species have long tongues and collect nectar from flowers that are closed into a tube . Compared to a honeybee , a bumblebee has a broader body and a more rounded tip to the abdomen . Bumblebees have fewer stripes ( or none ) , and usually have part of the body covered in black fur , while honeybees have many stripes including several grey stripes on the abdomen . Sizes are very variable even within species ; the largest British species , B. terrestris , has queens up to 22 mm ( 0.9 in ) long , males up to 16 mm ( 0.6 in ) long , and workers between 11 and 17 mm ( 0.4 -- 0.7 in ) long . The largest bumblebee species in the world is B. dahlbomii of Chile , up to about 40 mm ( 1.6 in ) long , and described as `` flying mice '' and `` a monstrous fluffy ginger beast '' . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Bumblebees are typically found in temperate climates , and are often found at higher latitudes and altitudes than other bees , although a few lowland tropical species exist . A few species ( B. polaris and B. alpinus ) range into very cold climates where other bees might not be found ; B. polaris occurs in northern Ellesmere Island in the high Arctic , along with another bumblebee B. hyperboreus , which parasitises its nest . This is the most northernmost occurrence of any eusocial insect . One reason for their presence in cold places is that bumblebees can regulate their body temperature , via solar radiation , internal mechanisms of `` shivering '' and radiative cooling from the abdomen ( called heterothermy ) . Other bees have similar physiology , but the mechanisms seem best developed and have been most studied in bumblebees . They adapt to higher elevations by extending their wing stroke amplitude . Bumblebees have a largely cosmopolitan distribution but are absent from Australia ( apart from Tasmania where they have been introduced ) and are found in Africa only north of the Sahara . Biology ( edit ) A common carder bumblebee Bombus pascuorum extending its tongue towards a Heuchera inflorescence Feeding ( edit ) The bumblebee tongue ( the proboscis ) is a long , hairy structure that extends from a sheath - like modified maxilla . The primary action of the tongue is lapping , that is , repeated dipping of the tongue into liquid . The tip of the tongue probably acts as a suction cup and during lapping , nectar may be drawn up the proboscis by capillary action . When at rest or flying , the proboscis is kept folded under the head . The longer the tongue , the deeper the bumblebee can probe into a flower and bees probably learn by experience which flower source is best - suited to their tongue length . Bees with shorter proboscides , like Bombus bifarius , have a more difficult time foraging nectar relative to other bumblebees with longer proboscides ; to overcome this disadvantage , B. bifarius workers were observed to lick the back of spurs on the nectar duct , which resulted in a small reward . Wax production ( edit ) The exoskeleton of the abdomen is divided into plates called dorsal tergites and ventral sternites . Wax is secreted from glands on the abdomen and extruded between the sternites where it resembles flakes of dandruff . It is secreted by the queen when she starts a nest and by young workers . It is scraped from the abdomen by the legs , moulded until malleable and used in the construction of honeypots , to cover the eggs , to line empty cocoons for use as storage containers and sometimes to cover the exterior of the nest . Coloration ( edit ) Cuckoo bumblebees , like this Bombus barbutellus , have similar aposematic ( warning ) coloration to nest - making bumblebees , and may also mimic their host species . Further information : aposematism and mimicry The brightly coloured pile of the bumblebee is an aposematic ( warning ) signal , given that females can inflict a painful sting . Depending on the species and morph , the warning colours range from entirely black , to bright yellow , red , orange , white , and pink . Dipteran flies in the families Syrphidae ( hoverflies ) , Asilidae ( robber flies ) , Tabanidae ( horseflies ) , Oestridae ( bot or warble flies ) and Bombyliidae ( bee flies ) all include Batesian mimics of bumblebees , resembling them closely enough to deceive at least some predators . Many species of Bombus , including the group sometimes called Psithyrus ( cuckoo bumblebees ) , have evolved Müllerian mimicry , where the different bumblebees in a region resemble each other , so that a young predator need only learn to avoid any of them once . For example , in California a group of bumblebees consists of largely black species including B. californicus , B. caliginosus , B. vandykei , B. vosnesenskii , B. insularis and B. fernaldae . Other bees in California include a group of species all banded black and yellow . In each case , Müllerian mimicry provides the bees in the group with a selective advantage . In addition , parasitic ( cuckoo ) bumblebees resemble their hosts more closely than would be expected by chance , at least in areas like Europe where parasite - host co-speciation is common ; but this too may be explained as Müllerian mimicry , rather than requiring the parasite 's coloration to deceive the host ( aggressive mimicry ) . Temperature control ( edit ) Bumblebees are active in conditions when honeybees stay at home , and can readily absorb heat from even weak sunshine . The thick pile created by long setae ( bristles ) acts as insulation to keep bumblebees warm in cold weather ; species from cold climates have longer setae ( and thus thicker insulation ) than those from the tropics . The temperature of the flight muscles , which occupy much of the thorax , needs to be at least 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) before flight can take place . The muscle temperature can be raised by shivering . It takes about five minutes for the muscles to reach this temperature at an air temperature of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) . Chill - coma temperature ( edit ) The chill - coma temperature in relation to flying insects is the temperature at which flight muscles can not be activated . Compared to honey bees and carpenter bees , bumblebees have the lowest chill - coma temperature . Of the bumblebees Bombus bimaculatus has the lowest at 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) . However , bumblebees have been seen to fly in colder ambient temperatures . This discrepancy is likely because the chill - coma temperature was determined by tests done in a laboratory setting . However , bumblebees live in insulated shelters and can shiver to warm up before venturing into the cold . Communication and social learning ( edit ) Bumblebees do not have ears , and it is not known whether or how well they can hear . However , they are sensitive to the vibrations made by sound travelling through wood or other materials . Bumblebees do not exhibit the `` bee dances '' used by honeybees to tell other workers the locations of food sources . Instead , when they return from a successful foraging expedition , they run excitedly around in the nest for several minutes before going out to forage once more . These bees may be offering some form of communication based on the buzzing sounds made by their wings , which may stimulate other bees to start foraging . Another stimulant to foraging activity is the level of food reserves in the colony . Bees monitor the amount of honey in the honeypots , and when little is left or when high quality food is added , they are more likely to go out to forage . Bumblebees have been observed to partake in social learning . In a 2017 study involving Bombus terrestris , bees were taught to complete an unnatural task of moving large objects to obtain a reward . Bees that first observed another bee complete the task were significantly more successful in learning the task than bees that observed the same action performed by a magnet , indicating the importance of social information . The bees did not copy each other exactly : in fact , the study suggested that the bees were instead attempting to emulate each other 's goals . Reproduction and nesting ( edit ) Nest of red - tailed bumblebee . Bombus lapidarius , showing wax pots full of honey Further information : haplodiploidy and worker policing Nest size depends on species of bumblebee . Most form colonies of between 50 and 400 individuals , but colonies have been documented as small as ~ 20 individuals and as large as 1700 . These nests are small compared to honeybee hives , which hold about 50,000 bees . Many species nest underground , choosing old rodent burrows or sheltered places , and avoiding places that receive direct sunlight that could result in overheating . Other species make nests above ground , whether in thick grass or in holes in trees . A bumblebee nest is not organised into hexagonal combs like that of a honeybee ; the cells are instead clustered together untidily . The workers remove dead bees or larvae from the nest and deposit them outside the nest entrance , helping to prevent disease . Nests in temperate regions last only for a single season and do not survive the winter . In the early spring , the queen comes out of diapause and finds a suitable place to create her colony . Then she builds wax cells in which to lay her eggs which were fertilised the previous year . The eggs that hatch develop into female workers , and in time , the queen populates the colony , with workers feeding the young and performing other duties similar to honeybee workers . In temperate zones , young queens ( gynes ) leave the nest in the autumn and mate , often more than once , with males ( drones ) that are forcibly driven out of the colony . The drones and workers die as the weather turns colder ; the young queens feed intensively to build up stores of fat for the winter . They survive in a resting state ( diapause ) , generally below ground , until the weather warms up in the spring with the early bumblebee being the species that is among the first to emerge . Many species of bumblebee follow this general trend within the year . Bombus pensylvanicus is a species that follows this type of colony cycle . For this species the cycle begins in February , reproduction starts in July or August , and ends in the winter months . The queen remains in hibernation until spring of the following year in order to optimize conditions to search for a nest . Bumblebee life - cycle showing adults and larvae in nest of B. terrestris . Engraved in 1840 by William Home Lizars after drawing probably by James Hope Stewart . In fertilised queens , the ovaries only become active when the queen starts to lay . An egg passes along the oviduct to the vagina where there is a chamber called the spermatheca , in which the sperm from the mating is stored . Depending on need , she may allow her egg to be fertilised . Unfertilised eggs become haploid males ; fertilised eggs grow into diploid females and queens . The hormones that stimulate the development of the ovaries are suppressed in female worker bees , while the queen remains dominant . To develop , the larvae must be fed both nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein . Bumblebees feed nectar to the larvae by chewing a small hole in the brood cell into which they regurgitate nectar . Larvae are fed pollen in one of two ways , depending on the bumblebee species . Pocket - making bumblebees create pockets of pollen at the base of the brood - cell clump from which the larvae feed themselves . Pollen - storing bumblebees keep pollen in separate wax pots and feed it to the larvae . An above - ground nest , hidden in grass and moss , of the common carder bee , Bombus pascuorum . The wax canopy or involucrum has been removed to show winged workers and pupae in irregularly placed wax cells . After the emergence of the first or second group of offspring , workers take over the task of foraging and the queen spends most of her time laying eggs and caring for larvae . The colony grows progressively larger and eventually begins to produce males and new queens . Unlike the workers of more advanced social insects such as honeybees , bumblebee workers are fertile , and can lay unfertilised haploid eggs ( with only a single set of chromosomes ) that develop into viable male bumblebees . Only fertilised queens can lay diploid eggs ( one set of chromosomes from a drone , one from the queen ) that mature into workers and new queens . In a young colony , the queen minimises reproductive competition from workers by suppressing their egg - laying through physical aggression and pheromones . Worker policing leads to nearly all eggs laid by workers being eaten . Thus , the queen is usually the mother of all of the first males laid . Workers eventually begin to lay male eggs later in the season when the queen 's ability to suppress their reproduction diminishes . Because of the reproductive competition between workers and the queen , bumblebees are considered `` primitively eusocial '' . Although a large majority of bumblebees follow such monogynous colony cycles that only involve one queen , some select Bombus species ( such as Bombus atratus ) will spend part of their life cycle in a polygynous phase ( have multiple queens in one nest during these periods of polygyny ) . Foraging Behaviour. ( edit ) Further information : Bumblebee communication and nectar robbing A bumblebee loaded with pollen in its pollen baskets Bumblebees generally visit flowers that exhibit the bee pollination syndrome and these patches of flowers may be up to 1 -- 2 km from their colony . They tend to visit the same patches of flowers every day , as long as they continue to find nectar and pollen there , a habit known as pollinator or flower constancy . While foraging , bumblebees can reach ground speeds of up to 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Bumblebees use a combination of colour and spatial relationships to learn from which flowers to forage . They can also detect both the presence and the pattern of electric fields on flowers , which occur due to atmospheric electricity , and take a while to leak away into the ground . They use this information to find out if a flower has been recently visited by another bee . After arriving at a flower , they extract nectar using their long tongues ( `` glossae '' ) and store it in their crops . Many species of bumblebees also exhibit `` nectar robbing '' : instead of inserting the mouthparts into the flower in the normal way , these bees bite directly through the base of the corolla to extract nectar , avoiding pollen transfer . Biting open the stem of a flower ... ... and using its tongue to drink the nectar . A bumblebee `` nectar robbing '' a flower Pollen is removed from flowers deliberately or incidentally by bumblebees . Incidental removal occurs when bumblebees come in contact with the anthers of a flower while collecting nectar . When it enters a flower , the bumblebee 's body hairs receive a dusting of pollen from the anthers . In queens and workers this is then groomed into the corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) on the hind legs where it can be seen as bulging masses that may contain as many as a million pollen grains . Male bumblebees do not have corbiculae and do not purposively collect pollen . Bumblebees are also capable of buzz pollination , in which they dislodge pollen from the anthers by creating a resonant vibration with their flight muscles . In at least some species , once a bumblebee has visited a flower , it leaves a scent mark on it . This scent mark deters bumblebees from visiting that flower until the scent degrades . This scent mark is a general chemical bouquet that bumblebees leave behind in different locations ( e.g. nest , neutral , and food sites ) , and they learn to use this bouquet to identify both rewarding and unrewarding flowers , and may be able to identify who else has visited a flower . Bumblebees rely on this chemical bouquet more when the flower has a high handling time , that is , where it takes a longer time for the bee to find the nectar once inside the flower . Once they have collected nectar and pollen , female workers return to the nest and deposit the harvest into brood cells , or into wax cells for storage . Unlike honeybees , bumblebees only store a few days ' worth of food , so are much more vulnerable to food shortages . Male bumblebees collect only nectar and do so to feed themselves . They may visit quite different flowers from the workers because of their different nutritional needs . Asynchronous flight muscles ( edit ) Bees beat their wings about 200 times a second . Their thorax muscles do not contract on each nerve firing , but rather vibrate like a plucked rubber band . This is efficient , since it lets the system consisting of muscle and wing operate at its resonant frequency , leading to low energy consumption . Further , it is necessary , since insect motor nerves generally can not fire 200 times per second . These types of muscles are called asynchronous muscles and are found in the insect wing systems in families such as Hymenoptera , Diptera , Coleoptera , and Hemiptera . Bumblebees must warm up their bodies considerably to get airborne at low ambient temperatures . Bumblebees have been known to reach an internal thoracic temperature of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) using this method . Cuckoo bumblebees ( edit ) The cuckoo bumblebee B. vestalis , a parasite of B. terrestris Main article : Psithyrus Bumblebees of the subgenus Psithyrus ( known as ' cuckoo bumblebees ' , and formerly considered a separate genus ) are brood parasites , sometimes called kleptoparasites , in the colonies of other bumblebees , and have lost the ability to collect pollen . Before finding and invading a host colony , a Psithyrus female , such as that of the Psithyrus species of B. sylvestris , feeds directly from flowers . Once she has infiltrated a host colony , the Psithyrus female kills or subdues the queen of that colony , and uses pheromones and physical attacks to force the workers of that colony to feed her and her young . Usually , cuckoo bumblebees can be described as queen - intolerant inquilines , since the host queen is often killed to enable the parasite to produce more offspring , though some species , such as B. bohemicus , actually enjoy increased success when they leave the host queen alive . The female Psithyrus has a number of morphological adaptations for combat , such as larger mandibles , a tough cuticle and a larger venom sac that increase her chances of taking over a nest . Upon emerging from their cocoons , the Psithyrus males and females disperse and mate . The males do not survive the winter but , like nonparasitic bumblebee queens , Psithyrus females find suitable locations to spend the winter and enter diapause after mating . They usually emerge from hibernation later than their host species . Each species of cuckoo bee has a specific host species , which it may physically resemble . In the case of the parasitism of B. terrestris by B. ( Psithyrus ) vestalis , genetic analysis of individuals captured in the wild showed that about 42 % of the host species ' nests at a single location had `` ( lost ) their fight against their parasite '' . Sting ( edit ) Queen and worker bumblebees can sting . Unlike in honeybees , a bumblebee 's sting lacks barbs , so the bee can sting repeatedly without injuring itself ; by the same token , the sting is not left in the wound . Bumblebee species are not normally aggressive , but may sting in defence of their nest , or if harmed . Female cuckoo bumblebees aggressively attack host colony members , and sting the host queen , but ignore other animals unless disturbed . Predators , parasites and pathogens ( edit ) Bumblebee nest dug up and destroyed by a predator , probably a badger Bumblebees , despite their ability to sting , are eaten by certain predators . Nests may be dug up by badgers and eaten whole , including any adults present . Adults are preyed upon by robber flies and beewolves in North America . In Europe , birds including bee - eaters and shrikes capture adult bumblebees on the wing ; smaller birds such as great tits also occasionally learn to take bumblebees , while camouflaged crab spiders catch them as they visit flowers . Bumblebee stored as food by a great grey shrike The great grey shrike is able to detect flying bumblebees up to 100 metres away ; once captured , the sting is removed by repeatedly squeezing the insect with the mandibles and wiping the abdomen on a branch . The European honey buzzard follows flying bees back to their nest , digs out the nest with its feet , and eats larvae , pupae and adults as it finds them . Bumblebees are parasitised by tracheal mites , Locustacarus buchneri ; protozoans including Crithidia bombi and Apicystis bombi ; and microsporidians including Nosema bombi and Nosema ceranae . The tree bumblebee B. hypnorum has spread into the United Kingdom despite hosting high levels of a nematode that normally interferes with queen bees ' attempts to establish colonies . Deformed wing virus has been found to affect 11 % of bumblebees in Great Britain . Female Bee Moths ( Aphomia sociella ) prefer to lay their eggs in bumblebee nests . The A. sociella larvae will then feed on the eggs , larvae , and pupae left unprotected by the bumble bees , sometimes destroying large parts of the nest . Relationship to humans ( edit ) Bumblebees and human culture : Bombus anachoreta on a Russian postage stamp , 2005 Agricultural use ( edit ) Further information : List of crop plants pollinated by bees Bumblebees are important pollinators of both crops and wildflowers . Because bumblebees do not overwinter the entire colony , they do not stockpile honey , and therefore are not useful as honey producers . Bumblebees are increasingly cultured for agricultural use as pollinators , among other reasons because they can pollinate plants such as tomato in greenhouses by buzz pollination whereas other pollinators can not . Commercial production began in 1987 , when Roland De Jonghe founded the Biobest company ; in 1988 they produced enough nests to pollinate 40 hectares of tomatoes . The industry grew quickly , starting with other companies in the Netherlands . Bumblebee nests , mainly of buff - tailed bumblebees , are produced in at least 30 factories around the world ; over a million nests are grown annually in Europe ; Turkey is a major producer . Bumblebees are Northern Hemisphere animals . When red clover was introduced as a crop to New Zealand in the nineteenth century , it was found to have no local pollinators , and clover seed had accordingly to be imported each year . Four species of bumblebee from the United Kingdom were therefore imported as pollinators . In 1885 and 1886 the Canterbury Acclimatization Society brought in 442 queens , of which 93 survived and quickly multiplied . As planned , red clover was soon being produced from locally - grown seed . Bumblebees are also reared commercially to pollinate tomatoes grown in greenhouses . The New Zealand population of buff - tailed bumblebees naturally colonised Tasmania , 1,500 miles away , in 1992 . Some concerns exist about the impact of the international trade in mass - produced bumblebee colonies . Evidence from Japan and South America indicates bumblebees can escape and naturalise in new environments , causing damage to native pollinators . Greater use of native pollinators , such as Bombus ignitus in China and Japan , has occurred as a result . In addition , mounting evidence indicates mass - produced bumblebees may also carry diseases , harmful to wild bumblebees and honeybees . In Canada and Sweden it has been shown that growing a mosaic of different crops encourages bumblebees and provides higher yields than does a monoculture of oilseed rape , despite the fact that the bees were attracted to the crop . Population decline ( edit ) Bumblebee species are declining in Europe , North America , and Asia due to a number of factors , including land - use change that reduces their food plants . In North America , pathogens are possibly having a stronger negative effect especially for the subgenus Bombus . A major impact on bumblebees was caused by the mechanisation of agriculture , accelerated by the urgent need to increase food production during the Second World War . Small farms depended on horses to pull implements and carts . The horses were fed on clover and hay , both of which were permanently grown on a typical farm . Little artificial fertiliser was used . Farms thus provided flowering clover and flower - rich meadows , favouring bumblebees . Mechanisation removed the need for horses and most of the clover ; artificial fertilisers encouraged the growth of taller grasses , outcompeting the meadow flowers . Most of the flowers , and the bumblebees that fed on them , disappeared from Britain by the early 1980s . The last native British short - haired bumblebee was captured near Dungeness in 1988 . This significant increase in pesticide and fertilizer use associated with the industrialization of agriculture has had adverse effects on the Bombus genus . The bees are directly exposed to the chemicals in two ways : by consuming nectar that has been directly treated with pesticide , or through physical contact with treated plants and flowers . The species Bombus hortorum in particular has been found to be impacted by the pesticides ; their brood development has been reduced and their memory has been negatively affected . Additionally , pesticide use negatively impacts colony development and size . Bumblebees are in danger in many developed countries due to habitat destruction and collateral pesticide damage . The European Food Safety Authority ruled that three neonicotinoid pesticides ( clothianidin , imidacloprid , and thiamethoxam ) presented a high risk for bees . While most work on neonicotinoid toxicity has looked at honeybees , a study on B. terrestris showed that `` field - realistic '' levels of imidacloprid significantly reduced growth rate and cut production of new queens by 85 % , implying a `` considerable negative effect '' on wild bumblebee populations throughout the developed world . However , in another study , following chronic exposure to field - realistic levels of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam , colony weight gain was not affected , nor were the number or mass of sexuals produced . Low levels of neonicotinoids can reduce the number of bumblebees in a colony by as much as 55 % , and cause dysfunction in the bumblebees ' brains . The Bumblebee Conservation Trust considers this evidence of reduced brain function `` particularly alarming given that bumblebees rely upon their intelligence to go about their daily tasks . '' A study on B. terrestris had results that suggests that use of neonicotinoid pesticides can affect how well bumblebees are able to forage and pollinate . Bee colonies that had been affected by the pesticide released more foragers and collected more pollen than bees who had not been dosed with neonicotinoid . Although the bees affected by the pesticide were able to collect more pollen , they took a longer amount of time doing so . Of 19 species of native nestmaking bumblebees and six species of cuckoo bumblebees formerly widespread in Britain , three have been extirpated , eight are in serious decline , and only six remain widespread . Similar declines have been reported in Ireland , with four species designated endangered , and another two considered vulnerable to extinction . A decline in bumblebee numbers could cause large - scale changes to the countryside , resulting from inadequate pollination of certain plants . Some bumblebees native to North America are also vanishing , such as Bombus balteatus , Bombus terricola , Bombus affinis , and Bombus occidentalis , and one , Bombus franklini , may be extinct . In South America , Bombus bellicosus was extirpated in the northern limit of its distribution range , probably due to intense land use and climate change effects . Conservation efforts ( edit ) Drone short - haired bumblebee , Bombus subterraneus . The species was successfully reintroduced to England from Sweden . In 2006 the bumblebee researcher Dave Goulson founded a registered charity , the Bumblebee Conservation Trust , to prevent the extinction `` of any of the UK 's bumblebees . '' In 2009 and 2010 , the Trust attempted to reintroduce the short - haired bumblebee , Bombus subterraneus , which had become extinct in Britain , from the British - derived populations surviving in New Zealand from their introduction there a century earlier . From 2011 the Trust , in partnership with Natural England , Hymettus and the RSPB , has reintroduced short - haired bumblebee queens from Skåne in southern Sweden to restored flower - rich meadows at Dungeness in Kent . The queens were checked for mites and American foulbrood disease . Agri - environment schemes spread across the neighbouring area of Romney Marsh have been set up to provide over 800 hectares of additional flower - rich habitat for the bees . By the summer of 2013 , workers of the species were found near the release zone , proving that nests had been established . The restored habitat has produced a revival in at least five `` Schedule 41 priority '' species : the ruderal bumblebee , Bombus ruderatus ; the red - shanked carder bee , Bombus ruderarius ; the shrill carder bee , Bombus sylvarum ; the brown - banded carder bee , Bombus humilis and the moss carder bee , Bombus muscorum . The world 's first bumblebee sanctuary was established at Vane Farm in the Loch Leven National Nature Reserve in Scotland in 2008 . In 2011 , London 's Natural History Museum led the establishment of an International Union for the Conservation of Nature Bumblebee Specialist Group , chaired by Dr. Paul H. Williams , to assess the threat status of bumblebee species worldwide using Red List criteria . Bumblebee conservation is in its infancy in many parts of the world , but with the realization of the important part they play in pollination of crops , efforts are being made to manage farmland better . Enhancing the wild bee population can be done by the planting of wildflower strips , and in New Zealand , bee nesting boxes have achieved some success , perhaps because there are few burrowing mammals to provide potential nesting sites in that country . Misconception about flight ( edit ) A widely believed falsehood holds that scientists proved bumblebees to be incapable of flight . Further information : Insect flight According to 20th - century folklore , the laws of aerodynamics prove the bumblebee should be incapable of flight , as it does not have the capacity ( in terms of wing size or beats per second ) to achieve flight with the degree of wing loading necessary . Supposedly someone did a back of the envelope calculation , taking the weight of a bumblebee and its wing area into account , and worked out that if it only flies at a couple of metres per second , the wings would n't produce enough lift to hold the bee up , ' explains Charlie Ellington , Professor of Animal Mechanics at Cambridge University . The origin of this claim has been difficult to pin down with any certainty . John H. McMasters recounted an anecdote about an unnamed Swiss aerodynamicist at a dinner party who performed some rough calculations and concluded , presumably in jest , that according to the equations , bumblebees can not fly . In later years , McMasters has backed away from this origin , suggesting there could be multiple sources , and the earliest he has found was a reference in the 1934 book Le Vol des Insectes by French entomologist Antoine Magnan ( 1881 -- 1938 ) ; they had applied the equations of air resistance to insects and found their flight was impossible , but `` One should n't be surprised that the results of the calculations do n't square with reality '' . The following passage appears in the introduction to Le Vol des Insectes : Tout d'abord poussé par ce qui se fait en aviation , j'ai appliqué aux insectes les lois de la résistance de l'air , et je suis arrivé avec M. Sainte - Laguë à cette conclusion que leur vol est impossible . This translates to : First prompted by what is done in aviation , I applied the laws of air resistance to insects , and I arrived , with Mr. Sainte - Laguë , at this conclusion that their flight is impossible . Magnan refers to his assistant André Sainte - Laguë . Some credit physicist Ludwig Prandtl ( 1875 -- 1953 ) of the University of Göttingen in Germany with popularizing the idea . Others say Swiss gas dynamicist Jacob Ackeret ( 1898 -- 1981 ) did the calculations . Bumblebee in flight . It has its tongue extended and a laden pollen basket . The calculations that purported to show that bumblebees can not fly are based upon a simplified linear treatment of oscillating aerofoils . The method assumes small amplitude oscillations without flow separation . This ignores the effect of dynamic stall ( an airflow separation inducing a large vortex above the wing ) , which briefly produces several times the lift of the aerofoil in regular flight . More sophisticated aerodynamic analysis shows the bumblebee can fly because its wings encounter dynamic stall in every oscillation cycle . Additionally , John Maynard Smith , a noted biologist with a strong background in aeronautics , has pointed out that bumblebees would not be expected to sustain flight , as they would need to generate too much power given their tiny wing area . However , in aerodynamics experiments with other insects , he found that viscosity at the scale of small insects meant even their small wings can move a very large volume of air relative to their size , and this reduces the power required to sustain flight by an order of magnitude . In music and literature ( edit ) Flight of the Bumblebee Flight of the Bumblebee performed by the US Army Band Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov wrote the Flight of the Bumblebee , c. 1900 The orchestral interlude Flight of the Bumblebee was composed ( c. 1900 ) by Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov . It represents the turning of Prince Guidon into a bumblebee so he can fly away to visit his father , Tsar Saltan , in the opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan , although the music may reflect the flight of a bluebottle rather than a bumblebee . The music inspired Walt Disney to feature a bumblebee in his 1940 animated musical Fantasia and have it sound as if it were flying in all parts of the theater . This early attempt at `` surround sound '' was unsuccessful , and the music was excluded from the film 's release . In 1599 , during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , someone , possibly Tailboys Dymoke , published Caltha Poetarum : Or The Bumble Bee , under the pseudonym `` T. Cutwode '' . This was one of nine books censored under the Bishop 's Ban issued by the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and the Bishop of London Richard Bancroft . Emily Dickinson wrote a poem about a bumblebee . Daguerreotype , c. 1848 Emily Dickinson made a bumblebee the subject of her parody of Isaac Watts 's well - known poem about honeybees , How Doth the Little Busy Bee ( 1715 ) . Where Watts wrote `` How skilfully she builds her cell ! How neat she spreads the wax ! '' , Dickinson 's poem , `` The Bumble - Bee 's Religion '' ( 1881 ) begins `` His little Hearse - like Figure / Unto itself a Dirge / To a delusive Lilac / The vanity divulge / Of Industry and Morals / And every righteous thing / For the divine Perdition / of Idleness and Spring . '' The letter was said to have enclosed a dead bee . The entomologist Otto Plath wrote Bumblebees and Their Ways in 1934 . His daughter , the poet Sylvia Plath , wrote a group of poems about bees late in 1962 , within four months of her suicide , transforming her father 's interest into her poetry . Bumblebees of different species illustrated by Moses Harris in his 1782 Exposition of English Insects The scientist and illustrator Moses Harris ( 1731 -- 1785 ) painted accurate watercolour drawings of bumblebees in his An Exposition of English Insects Including the Several Classes of Neuroptera , Hymenoptera , & Diptera , or Bees , Flies , & Libellulae ( 1776 -- 80 ) . Bumblebees appear as characters , often eponymously , in children 's books . The surname Dumbledore in the Harry Potter series ( 1997 -- 2007 ) is an old name for bumblebee . J.K. Rowling said the name `` seemed to suit the headmaster , because one of his passions is music and I imagined him walking around humming to himself '' . Among the many books for younger children are Bumble the Bee by Yvon Douran and Tony Neal ( 2014 ) ; Bertie Bumble Bee by K.I. Al - Ghani ( 2012 ) ; Ben the Bumble Bee : How do bees make honey ? by Romessa Awadalla ( 2015 ) ; Bumble Bee Bob Has a Big Butt by Papa Campbell ( 2012 ) ; Buzz , Buzz , Buzz ! Went Bumble - bee by Colin West ( 1997 ) ; Bumble Bee by Margaret Wise Brown ( 2000 ) ; How the Bumble Came to Bee by Paul and Ella Quarry ( 2012 ) ; The Adventures of Professor Bumble and the Bumble Bees by Stephen Brailovsky ( 2010 ) . Among Beatrix Potter 's `` little books '' , Babbity Bumble and other members of her nest appear in The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse ( 1910 ) . Bumblebee is the name of a prominent character in the Transformers franchise . His name denotes his black - on - yellow vehicle paint job , directly referencing the bee genus because of its black and yellow stripes . Bumblebee is also the name of an automotive racing stripe that wraps around the grill instead of down the centre of the vehicle ; it can be found mainly on Chevrolet Camaros ( which happens to be the Transformers Autobot 's most popular vehicle mode ) . See also ( edit ) Ophrys bombyliflora , the bumblebee orchid Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The study location was the Botanical Garden Halle ( Saale ) in Germany , described as a flower - rich region with high and stable abundance of both host and cuckoo species . 24 B. terrestris workers and 24 drones were captured on foraging flights . 24 male B. vestalis were similarly captured . DNA analysis was used to estimate how many colonies these individuals came from . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williams , Paul H. ( 1998 ) . `` An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description '' . Bulletin of the Natural History Museum ( Entomology ) . 67 : 79 -- 152 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . 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Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hazen , Shelley ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Pesticides Damage Bumblebees ' Pollinating Skills -- And That Spells Trouble For Our Food '' . Inquistr . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaae , Richard ( nd ) . `` Bees , Wasps and Ants '' . Insect & Civilization Part 2 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ University of Newcastle - upon - Tyne ( 28 July 2006 ) . `` Scientists map the flight of the bumblebee '' . Science Daily . Jump up ^ Harman , Alan ( July 2003 ) . `` Bumblebee Shortage '' . Bee Culture . 59 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul H. ( 1986 ) . `` Environmental change and the distributions of British bumble bees ( Bombus Latr . ) '' . Bee World . 67 : 50 -- 61 . doi : 10.1080 / 0005772x. 1986.11098871 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , U. ; Murray , T.E. ; Byrne , A. ; Paxton , R.J. ; Brown , M.J.F. ( 2006 ) . `` Regional red list of Irish Bees '' ( PDF ) . Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service ( Ireland ) and Environment and Heritage Service ( N. Ireland ) . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's first bumblebee sanctuary creates a buzz '' . Geographical. 80 ( 10 ) : 8 . 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller - Struttmann , Nicole E. ; Geib , Jennifer C. ; Franklin , James D. ; Kevan , Peter G. ; Holdo , Ricardo M. ; Ebert - May , Diane ; Lynn , Austin M. ; Kettenbach , Jessica A. ; Hedrick , Elizabeth ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Functional mismatch in a bumble bee pollination mutualism under climate change '' . Science . 349 ( 6255 ) : 1541 -- 1544 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aab0868 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 26404836 . Jump up ^ Wong , Lisa ; Cameron , Sydney ; Favret , Colin ; Jennifer , Grixti ( 2009 ) . `` Decline of bumble bees ( Bombus ) in the North American Midwest '' . Biological Conservation. 142 : 75 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2008.09. 027 . Jump up ^ Flesher , Lohn ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Rusty Patched Bumblebee Declared Endangered '' . ABC News . APNews . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet Rusty Patched Bumble Bee ( Bombus affinis ) '' . Endangered Species . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bumble Bee Conservation '' . The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Martins , Aline C. ; Melo , Gabriel A.R. ( 2009 ) . `` Has the bumblebee Bombus bellicosus gone extinct in the northern portion of its distribution range in Brazil ? '' . Journal of Insect Conservation. 14 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 210 . doi : 10.1007 / s10841 - 009 - 9237 - y . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Bumblebee Conservation Trust . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Barkham , Patrick . `` A Sting in the Tale by Dave Goulson -- review '' . The Guardian ( 18 May 2013 ) . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Goulson , 2013 . pp. 1 -- 14 , 227 -- 241 Jump up ^ `` The Short - haired bumblebee reintroduction '' . Bumblebee Conservation Trust . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bumblebee Specialist Group '' . London , UK : Natural History Museum . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Update '' ( PDF ) . IUCN . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Goulson , 2013 . pp. 169 -- 172 Jump up ^ Ivars Peterson ( 11 September 2004 ) . Flight of the Bumblebee `` Flight of the Bumblebee '' Check url = value ( help ) . Science News . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . `` the venerable line about scientists having proved that a bumblebee ca n't fly appears regularly in magazine and newspaper stories . It 's also the kind of item that can come up in a cocktail party conversation when the subject turns to science or technology . ( ... ) Often , the statement is made in a distinctly disparaging tone aimed at putting down those know - it - all scientists and engineers who are so smart yet ca n't manage to understand something that 's apparent to everyone else . ( ... ) the story has had remarkable staying power , and the myth persists that science says a bumblebee ca n't fly . Indeed , this myth has taken on a new life of its own as a piece of `` urban folklore '' on the Internet . '' ^ Jump up to : `` The secrets of bee flight '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McMasters , John H. ( March -- April 1989 ) . `` The flight of the bumblebee and related myths of entomological engineering '' . American Scientist. 77 : 146 -- 169 . Bibcode : 1989AmSci ... 77 ... 164M . cited in Jay Ingram ( 2001 ) . The Barmaid 's Brain . Aurum Press . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 633 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jay Ingram ( 2001 ) . The Barmaid 's Brain . Aurum Press . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 633 - 3 . Jump up ^ Magnan , Antoine ( 1934 ) . Le Vol des Insectes . Hermann . Jump up ^ `` The bumblebee story can be traced back to a 1934 book by entomologist Antoine Magnan , who refers to a calculation by his assistant André Sainte - Laguë , who was an engineer . The conclusion was presumably based on the fact that the maximum possible lift produced by aircraft wings as small as a bumblebee 's wings and traveling as slowly as a bee in flight would be much less than the weight of a bee . '' Dickinson , M ( 2001 ) . `` Solving the mystery of insect flight '' . Scientific American . 284 ( 6 ) : 48 -- 57 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0601 - 48 . PMID 11396342 . Jump up ^ `` Bumblebees Ca n't Fly '' . Snopes . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bumblebees finally cleared for takeoff '' . Cornell Chronicle. 20 March 2000 . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ John Maynard Smith . `` Flight in Birds and Aeroplanes -- Science Video '' . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Maes , Francis ( 2002 ) . A history of Russian music : from Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar . University of California Press . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21815 - 4 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Maconie , Robin ( 1997 ) . The science of music . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 816648 - 1 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Holman , Tomlinson ( 2007 ) . Surround sound : up and running . Focal Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 80829 - 1 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caltha poetarum : or The bumble bee . Composed by T. Cutvvode Esquyre '' . University of Michigan Libraries . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caltha Poetarum '' . Banned Books . Archived from the original on 11 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Isaac ( 1715 ) . `` How Doth the Little Busy Bee '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Victoria N. ( 2010 ) . Emily Dickinson and Hymn Culture : Tradition and Experience . Ashgate . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6942 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Emily ( 1986 ) . The Bumble - Bee 's Religion , in a letter to Gilbert Dickinson , 1881 . The Letters of Emily Dickinson . Harvard University Press . p. 712 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Peter K. `` Biography '' . SylviaPlath.info . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvia Plath and the Bees '' . The County Dublin Beekeepers ' Association . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Connie Ann ( 1 January 2004 ) . Sylvia Plath : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33214 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Exposition of English insects '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Barnes and Noble interview , 19 March 1999 '' . AccioQuote ! . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . Sources ( edit ) Abbott , Carl , and Bartlett , John . `` Bumble Bees . '' Encarta Encyclopedia . 2004 ed . Anon . `` Bees '' . World Book Encyclopedia , 1998 ed . Benton , Ted . Bumblebees . New Naturalist Series ( # 98 ) . Collins , 2006 . Freeman , Scott . Biological Science . Upper Saddle River , 2002 . Goulson , Dave . Bumblebees : Their Behaviour and Ecology , 2003 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852607 - 5 Goulson , Dave . A Sting in the Tale . Jonathan Cape , 2013 . Hasley , William D. `` Bees . '' Collier 's Encyclopedia , 1990 ed . Macdonald , Murdo . Bumblebees . Scottish Natural Heritage , 2003 . Macdonald , Murdo & Nisbet , G. Highland Bumblebees : Distribution , Ecology and Conservation . HBRG , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 9552211 - 0 - 2 . -- Supplement 2 ( 2007 ) Michener , C.D. The Bees of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . Schweitzer , Dale F. et al. Conservation and Management of North American Bumble Bees . Washington D.C. : U.S. Forest Service , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bombus . Wikispecies has information related to Bombus Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Beekeeping / Plants_for_Bumblebees Bumblebees of the world -- find species by region , species groups , colour pattern , nhm.ac.uk The Bumblebee Conservation Trust IUCN 's Bumblebee Specialist Group Bombus Identification Guide , Discover Life : List of Species , Worldwide Species Map . Deciphering the Mystery of Bee Flight Insects portal Arthropods portal Animals portal Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q25407 BugGuide : 3077 EoL : 104136 GBIF : 1340278 ITIS : 154397 NCBI : 28641 ( hide ) Insects in culture Aspects of insects in culture In the arts Insects in art Beetlewing Insects in film Insects in literature Insects in music List of insect - inspired songs Insects on stamps In fishing Fishing bait Fly fishing Artificial fly Fly tying Maggot Mayfly Mealworm In medicine Apitherapy Apitoxin Melittin Maggot Spanish fly Cantharidin In mythology Bee Butterfly Cicada Dragonfly Praying mantis Scarab Entomophagy ( as food ) Adults Ant Cicada Cricket Grasshopper Termite Larvae Bamboo worm Darkling beetle Mealworm Mopani worm Rhinoceros beetle Silkworm Waxworm Witchetty grub Other aspects Biomimicry Cricket fighting Entomological warfare Flea circus Insects in religion Jingzhe Economic entomology Beneficial insects Pest control Encarsia formosa Ichneumon wasp Ladybird Pollination Bees crops pollinated Bumblebee Honey bee western Beetles Flies Lepidoptera Products Beekeeping Bee pollen Beeswax Honey Propolis Royal jelly Other insects Carmine / Cochineal Polish Chitin Kermes Sericulture Silk Lac / Shellac Model organism Drosophila melanogaster Harmful insects Crop pests Aphid Boll weevil Colorado potato beetle Cottony cushion scale Japanese beetle Locust Phylloxera Western corn rootworm Livestock pests Botfly Horn fly Horse - fly Screwworm fly Tsetse fly Warble fly Biting / stinging Insect bites and stings Insect sting allergy Bed bug Bee sting Flea Horse - fly Louse Mosquito Wasp Wood - eating Deathwatch beetle Furniture beetle House longhorn beetle Termite Woodworm Other pests Home - stored product entomology Clothes moth Cockroach Housefly Pioneers Jan Swammerdam Alfred Russel Wallace Jean - Henri Fabre Hans Zinsser ( Rats , Lice and History ) Lafcadio Hearn ( Insect Literature ) Related Living things in culture Arthropods Birds Fish Fungi Mammals Microbes Molluscs Reptiles Plants Zoomusicology LCCN : sh85017981 GND : 4445483 - 1 BNF : cb12287623f ( data ) NDL : 00974957 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bumblebee&oldid=814629960 '' Categories : Bumblebees Aposematic animals Extant Eocene first appearances Insects in culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Pages with URL errors Good articles Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles using diversity taxobox Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing French - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Aragonés Armãneashti Avañe'ẽ Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar മലയാളം Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 23 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do bumble bees live in the wild | [
"A bumblebee (also written bumble bee) is a member of the genus Bombus, part of Apidae, one of the bee families. This genus is the only extant group in the tribe Bombini, though a few extinct related genera (e.g., Calyptapis) are known from fossils. Over 250 species of bumblebee are known.[1] They are found primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, although they are also found in South America where a few lowland tropical species have been identified. European bumblebees have also been introduced to New Zealand and Tasmania. The brood parasitic or cuckoo bumblebees have sometimes been classified as a subgenus or genus, Psithyrus, but are now usually treated as members of Bombus."
] | [
"primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, although they are also found in South America"
] |
2668181103090514881 | Monkey D. Luffy | Monkey D. Luffy - wikipedia Monkey D. Luffy Jump to : navigation , search `` Luffy '' redirects here . For the fighting game player who goes by `` Luffy '' , see Olivier Hay . Monkey D. Luffy One Piece character First appearance One Piece chapter # 1 : `` Romance Dawn '' ( Weekly Shōnen Jump No. 34 , 1997 ) Created by Eiichiro Oda Voiced by Japanese Mayumi Tanaka Urara Takano ( 1998 OVA ) English Colleen Clinkenbeard Profile Aliases Straw Hat Luffy Relatives Monkey D. Garp ( grandfather ) Monkey D. Dragon ( father ) Portgas D. Ace ( adopted brother ) Sabo ( adopted brother ) Affiliations Straw Hat Pirates ( captain ) Straw Hat Grand fleet ( captain ) Dadan Family ( former ) Devil fruit Gum - Gum Fruit ( ゴムゴム の 実 , Gomu Gomu no Mi ) Monkey D. `` Straw Hat '' Luffy ( Japanese : モンキー ・ D ・ ルフィ , Hepburn : Monkī Dī Rufi ) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the One Piece manga series , created by Eiichiro Oda . Luffy made his debut in One Piece chapter # 1 as a young boy who acquires the properties of rubber after inadvertently eating the supernatural Gum - Gum fruit . He sails from the East Blue Sea to the Grand Line in search of the legendary treasure , One Piece , to succeed Gol D. Roger as King of the Pirates . Luffy , captain of the Straw Hat Pirates , recruits crew members , fights antagonists , and aids and befriends the inhabitants of several islands during his journey . Usually cheerful , he becomes serious when he fights . Luffy uses his elasticity to concentrate his power , executing a range of attacks . In his signature attack , Gum - Gum Pistol , he slingshots punches at opponents from a distance . Luffy appears in most of the episodes , films , television specials , and OVAs of the manga 's anime adaptations and several of the franchise 's video games . Due to the series ' international popularity , Luffy has become one of the world 's most recognizable anime characters . In addition to the One Piece franchise , the character has appeared in a number of manga and anime series and collaborative video games . His critical reception has been largely positive . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and conception 1.1 Development 1.2 Voice actors 2 Description 2.1 Personality 2.2 Abilities 3 Appearances 3.1 One Piece 3.2 In other media 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References Creation and conception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) When Eiichiro Oda created Luffy , he strove for a `` manliness '' similar to that of Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball series . Oda said that he named his main character `` Luffy '' because he felt that the name suited him . When he later learned about the sailing term , `` luffing '' , he was delighted by the coincidence . In his prototype one - shots , `` Romance Dawn '' , Oda refined the artistic style and story elements before publishing the final product a year later as the first chapter of One Piece . In the second version of `` Romance Dawn '' , Luffy resembled his design at the beginning of the series . To please his readers , Oda added rubberization to Luffy for comic effect and tries to make the character straightforward . Voice actors ( edit ) Colleen Clinkenbeard voiced Luffy in English . In the original Japanese version of the One Piece anime series and later spin - offs of the franchise , Luffy was voiced by Mayumi Tanaka . Tanaka said jokingly that she regrets providing Luffy 's voice because she is a mother in real life and Luffy is much younger . Asked about her voicing , Tanaka said that she `` strives for reality '' in scenes where Luffy speaks when he is eating or touching his nose . In the OVA Defeat the Pirate Ganzack ! , Luffy was voiced by Urara Takano . The character was voiced by Colleen Clinkenbeard in Funimation 's English - language dub of the One Piece franchise . Description ( edit ) Luffy is usually recognizable by his straw hat , a gift from `` Red - Haired '' Shanks . In his early childhood , he wears a white shirt and blue shorts . The character has a scar under his left eye from stabbing himself to demonstrate his courage to Shanks and his crew . He later wears a red vest , denim shorts and sandals before replacing his vest with a red , unbuttoned sea captain 's coat ( revealing the X-shaped scar on his chest he received from Akainu ) , and a yellow sash tied around his waist . Personality ( edit ) Luffy is portrayed as a carefree , happy - go - lucky character with great ambition and a huge appetite , often thinking with his stomach and comically gorging himself . Caring and generally good - hearted , he is not as dimwitted as many believe him to be and often demonstrates more understanding than the other characters expect . Knowing the danger ahead , Luffy is willing to risk his life to become King of the Pirates and protect his crew . A capable and reliable captain , he never puts his crew or himself at risk out of incompetence . During the Loguetown story arc , Smoker ( a navy captain at the time ) says that Luffy `` enjoys playing stupid '' ; Luffy responds with a mysterious smile . He enlists Chopper and Brook for his crew for their personality or appearance , but also because of his instinctive ability to read people . Luffy needs key jobs filled by his crew ( cook , navigator , doctor , musician and shipwright , filled by Sanji , Nami , Chopper , Brook and Franky respectively ) . At the beginning of the series , he said that he wanted at least 10 crew members with abilities he felt necessary for his goal . Despite his carefree personality , each crew member respects him in their own way . Luffy is rarely concerned about the consequences of his actions , doing what he feels is best even if it leads to retaliation by a powerful force . He is an extremely loyal captain , who has demonstrated throughout the series that he is willing to risk his life for the well - being of his crew . Abilities ( edit ) Luffy 's rubberiness is a result of eating the Gum - Gum fruit , which makes him immune to most blunt forces and electric attacks and gives him the ability to stretch his body at will . He uses his elasticity to accelerate part or all of his body to deliver punches , kicks , head butts and body checks or for propulsion . Like others exposed to Devil Fruit , Luffy can not swim ; when he is submerged in water or contacts the Sea - Prism Stone , he loses his strength and can not move on his own . In addition to his Devil Fruit powers , he has immense strength and endurance . Luffy 's signature attack is the Gum - Gum Pistol , a punch which he learned during years of training . Another technique developed later in the series is Second Gear ( ギア 2 ( セカンド ) , Gia Sekando ) , increasing his strength and speed for a short time but straining his body . Observing CP9 's Shave ( 剃 , Soru ) technique , Luffy adapted the move to his rubber body and matched the assassins ' speed . Third Gear ( ギア 3 ( サード ) , Gia Sādo ) , another technique , uses air in his bones to attack but makes him shrink afterwards . Luffy can use both techniques simultaneously ; after two years , he has gained better control of the techniques and is no longer affected by their drawbacks . Eventually , Luffy develops his latent ability to use Haki ( 覇気 , ambition ) . This ability has two main types : Armament Haki ( 武装 色 の 覇気 , Busōshoku no Haki ) , an armor - like force which can amplify defense and the force of attacks and negate a Devil Fruit user 's defense , allow physical contact and damage , and Observation Haki ( 見聞 色 の 覇気 , Kenbunshoku no Haki ) , a sixth sense which can read a person 's moves and detect their presence . He also has a rare third type , the Conquering King 's Haki ( 覇王 色 の 覇気 , Haōshoku no Haki ) , which can render people or animals near him unconscious . Two years later , Luffy masters the three types of Haki and uses them with his improved attacks . As a result of his encounter with Magellan , he has also developed an immunity to poison ( although it is implied that a strong poison may affect him ) . Luffy develops another technique , Fourth Gear ( ギア 4 ( フォース ) , Gia Fōsu ) ( similar to Third Gear ) , inflating his muscles to increase the size of his limbs ( except for his legs ) . He can make destructive moves by compressing and releasing his limbs , and can fly in a similar fashion to CP9 's Moon Walk ( 月 歩 , Geppō ) technique . Appearances ( edit ) One Piece ( edit ) Luffy first appears as a young boy in Windmill Village , who befriends the pirate `` Red - Haired '' Shanks and intends to become one himself . Before the series begins , he accidentally eats the Gum - Gum fruit and acquires rubber powers . Luffy is later saved by Shanks from being devoured by a Sea King , a large sea beast , and Shanks loses an arm . Ten years later , Luffy leaves the village in search of the One Piece treasure and to become King of the Pirates . He meets swordsman Roronoa Zoro , ocean navigator and thief Nami , cowardly marksman and liar Usopp , and chivalrous chef Sanji , and invites them to join his crew . Luffy also encounters and defeats the East Blue pirate Buggy the Clown and the fishman Arlong , becoming known to the general populace and the pirate - hating Marines . He later accepts an offer to return Princess Nefertari Vivi of Alabasta to her homeland to stop a rebellion incited by Seven Warlords of the Sea member and Baroque Works crime - syndicate leader Sir Crocodile . After he defeats Crocodile , Luffy accepts Crocodile subordinate Nico Robin as his ally . On Drum Island he finds reindeer doctor Tony Tony Chopper , who also joins his crew . While visiting Skypiea , the crew is drawn into a war . Luffy defeats the god Eneru , ending the war . He meets Admiral Aokiji , who easily defeats him . Luffy learns about Robin 's background and faces enemies connected to her , such as Franky ( a cyborg who becomes Luffy 's ally ) and the intelligence agency Cipher Pol No. 9 . Luffy and his crew save Robin at Enies Lobby . After their fight with CP9 , Franky joins the crew . Luffy enters the Florian Triangle and encounters Brook , a skeletal musician . To return Brook 's shadow , he defeats warlord Gecko Moria . After releasing the rest of the island 's prisoners , Brook becomes a member of Luffy 's crew . They go to the Sabaody Archipelago , and have Silvers Rayleigh coat the Thousand Sunny to enter the second half of the Grand Line . After Luffy 's encounter with Admiral Kizaru and warlord Bartholomew Kuma , he and his crew are sent to separate parts of the world . Stranded on Amazon Lily , an island ruled by the warlord Boa Hancock , Luffy impresses Hancock with his bravery and selflessness . Hancock falls in love with Luffy and brings him to the underground Impel Down prison to save his brother , Portgas D. Ace , from execution . Luffy breaks into the prison and meets previous foes and new allies , such as former warlord Jimbei . He frees the prisoners , they arrive at Marineford and Luffy is drawn into a war between the navy and Whitebeard 's pirate crews . Ace gives his life to save Luffy , who is evacuated with Jimbei from Marineford by Trafalgar Law . Returning to Amazon Lily , Luffy remembers first meeting Ace ; after Shanks left Windmill Village , Luffy 's grandfather left him in the care of bandit Curly Dadan . He befriends Ace and Sabo , who are like brothers to him , but Sabo is apparently killed by a World Noble . After returning to Marineford to send a hidden message to his crew , Luffy trains with Rayleigh on Ruskaina Island to become stronger . Two years later Luffy rejoins the Straw Hats , but the crew is briefly separated again while sailing to Fishman Island . Luffy and the others meet Jimbei and the island 's princess , Shirahoshi , and are drawn into a battle for the island against fishman Hody Jones . He , the crew and Jimbei conceive of a plan to defeat Hody and his henchmen . After Hody 's defeat , Luffy retrieves the stolen treasure from the rookie pirate Caribou and begins a feud with Big Mom . The crew enters the New World ; Luffy , Zoro , Usopp and Robin disembark on Punk Hazard and are soon captured by Caesar Clown , a jealous rival of the scientist Vegapunk . Luffy and his crew ally with Trafalgar Law , and he defeats Caesar after learning about his history . With Caesar hostage the alliance lands on Dressrosa ( the kingdom of Don Quixote Doflamingo ) , where Luffy enters a tournament to win Ace 's Devil Fruit . In other Media ( edit ) Luffy has appeared in every One Piece licensed electronic video game to date , including Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars , and is featured in the 2006 Dragon Ball Z - One Piece - Naruto crossover game Battle Stadium D.O.N . Luffy , Son Goku and Naruto Uzumaki were avatars in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion , `` Jumpland@Second Life '' . Luffy has also been mentioned in songs . He sings about being a wanted pirate in `` Wanted ! '' and about One Piece in `` Every - One Peace ! '' Luffy is a major playable character in the crossover game , J - Stars Victory VS . The character has made guest appearances in Japanese television shows and manga . Luffy and several other characters joined the cast of Dragon Ball in a spinoff entitled Cross Epoch . On April 3 , 2011 , Luffy and the other One Piece protagonists appeared in the first episode of the Toriko anime series and the crossover manga chapter . Luffy made a cameo appearance in a Weekly Shonen Jump episode of To Love - Ru , and the Gum - Gum was mentioned in the 50th episode of the Gin Tama anime series . He has also appeared in the web comic , VG Cats . In 2008 , Toei Animation sponsored the Italian Pallavolo Modena volleyball team ; Pietro Rinaldi and Edoardo Ciabattini 's black uniforms were decorated with an image of Luffy on the front . Luffy appeared on the cover of the January 2010 issue of the Japanese fashion magazine Men 's Non-No , the first manga character to do so . His clothes were designed by Shinichi `` Miter '' Mita . Reception ( edit ) Luffy led all three Shōnen Jump character popularity polls . According to Funimation Entertainment 's Mike McFarland and Christopher Sabat , Luffy was more likable than Dragon Ball 's Son Goku . Joe McCulloch preferred Luffy to Naruto Uzumaki from Naruto because Luffy `` work ( ed ) his ass off '' to achieve his goals after accidentally acquiring his powers . Luffy was nominated in the Best Male Character category for the 2008 Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards , losing to Ichigo Kurosaki of Bleach . He was ranked 22nd on Chris Mackenzie 's IGN list of top - 25 anime characters of all time . NTT customers chose Luffy as their second - favorite black - haired male anime character . The Gum - Gum Gatling technique topped the male category in a Japanese survey of the most popular moves in manga and anime . In a Japanese TV special from August 2017 , Luffy was voted as the 8th `` strongest hero '' from the Showa Era as well as the 4th one from the Heisei Era . Luffy has been praised in a number of publications . T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews called Luffy `` likabl ( y ) goofy '' and an idealist with infectious optimism . In a review of One Piece The Movie : Dead End no Bōken , the fourth One Piece film , The Star Online described him as `` an airhead and brilliant fighter '' . Rika Takahashi of EX wrote that Luffy 's stretching powers set One Piece apart from `` the old stereotypical adventure manga '' and the many other `` combat - oriented mangas ( sic ) '' , making the series `` something new and interesting '' . Anime News Network ( ANN ) writer Zac Bertschy found Luffy reminiscent of Rurouni Kenshin 's character Himura Kenshin in personality and attitude , but still thought him entertaining . Mania Entertainment 's Bryce Coulter called Luffy a `` great shonen hero '' . ANN 's Carl Kimlinger wrote , `` Colleen Clinkenbeard 's Luffy continues to grow on you '' . In the final chapter of Naruto , Boruto Uzumaki makes a drawing of Luffy as a legacy of him and the series . In a Weekly Shonen Jump manga , Tsugihagi Hyouryuu Sakka ( a character resembling Luffy ) says , `` Instead of saying what you hate , say what you like ! '' In the One Piece manga , Luffy cited but changed it to `` Instead of saying what you like , say what you hate ! '' The meme was acknowledged in the crossover fighting game , J - Stars Victory VS Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 麦わら の ルフィ , Mugiwara no Rufi Jump up ^ Pronounced with a long u , rather than a short one : / ˈluːfiː / LOO - fee . Japanese pronunciation : ( ɾɯɸiː ) . Jump up ^ The Devil Fruit that Luffy gained his abilities from was originally called the Gomu no Mi ( ゴム の 実 , lit . fruit of rubber ) , but after the editor pointed out that a real rubber fruit existed , the name was changed to the Gomu Gomu no Mi ( ゴムゴム の 実 , lit . fruit of rubber rubber , renamed `` Gum Gum Fruit '' in the English adaptations ) . ( `` Interview with Eiichiro Oda '' ( in Japanese ) . manganohi.jp . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 19 July 2001 ) . `` Interview with Eiichiro Oda and Akira Toriyama '' . One Piece Color Walk . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 1 . Shueisha . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 859217 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shonen Jump '' . Vol. 1 no . 3 . Viz Media . March 2003 . Jump up ^ WANTED ! . November 4 , 1998 . p. 208 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 872631 - 6 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Roy . `` Interview with Eiichiro Oda '' . COMICKERS ( in Japanese ) ( October 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Toei Animation ( October 20 , 1999 ) . `` 俺 は ルフィ ! 海賊王 に なる 男 だ ! '' . One Piece . Fuji TV . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2008 ) . One Piece , Vol. 52 . Shueisha . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874602 - 9 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2008 ) . One Piece , Vol. 52 . Shueisha . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874602 - 9 . Jump up ^ One Piece 倒せ ! 海賊 ギャンザック ! ! ( DVD ) . Shueisha. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Confirms One Piece Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 1997 ) . `` 1 '' . ROMANCE DAWN -- 冒険 の 夜明け -- . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 1 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 872509 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Oda , Eiichiro ( 2011 ) . `` 598 2 年 後 '' . Romance Dawn : For the New World . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 61 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870175 - 2 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2010 ) . `` 578 新 時代 へ 贈る もの '' . ポート ガス ・ D ・ エース 死す . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 59 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2001 ) . `` 149 Rumble '' . ヒルルク の 桜 . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 17 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873073 - 9 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2007 ) . `` 460 夜明け 前 に 取り返せ ! ! '' . オーズ の 冒険 . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 48 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874442 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2008 ) . `` 502 天竜 人 の 一 件 '' . 11 人 の 超新星 . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 51 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874563 - 3 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2006 ) . `` 398 宣戦 布告 '' . 宣戦 布告 . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 41 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874442 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 1999 ) . 死な ねェ よ . One Piece. 8 . Shueisha . p. 44 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 872712 - 6 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2008 ) . `` 388 ギア 2 '' . ギア . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 40 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 874003 - 3 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2008 ) . `` 495 ガオン 砲 '' . 11 人 の 超新星 . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 51 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874563 - 3 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2015 ) . `` 784 ギア 2 '' . ギア . One Piece ( in Japanese ) . TBA . Shueisha . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball , Naruto , One Piece to Enter Second Life '' . Anime News Network . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ One Piece Music & Song Collection II ( CD ) ( in Japanese ) . Mayumi Tanaka . Japan : Nippon Columbia . 2000 . COCX - 30383 . Jump up ^ Every - One Peace ( CD ) ( in Japanese ) . Mayumi Tanaka . Japan : Avex Entertainment . 2003 . AVCA - 14780 . Jump up ^ `` Project Versus J , the ' Ultimate ' Shonen Jump Game , to Launch '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toriyama , Akira ; Oda , Eiichiro ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Cross Epoch '' . Shonen Jump . Dragon Ball & One Piece ( in Japanese ) . 〒 101 - 8050 Tokyo - to , Chiyoda - ku Hitotsubashi 2 - 5 - 10 : Shueisha ( 4 / 5 ) . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Get One Piece x Toriko One - Shot Today ! '' . Shonen Jump . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Director : Shinji Takamatsu ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` 節目 節目 に 気合 を 入れ 直せ '' . Gin Tama . Episode 50 . TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ `` VG Cats - Probably Not Updated Today '' . vgcats.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian volleyball team sponsorship '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece 's Luffy Adorns Cover of Men 's Fashion Mag '' . Anime News Network . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2005 ) . One Piece , vol. 7 . Viz Media . p. 148 . ISBN 1 - 59116 - 852 - X . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2002 ) . One Piece , vol. 24 . Shueisha . pp. 206 -- 209 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873282 - 0 . Jump up ^ Oda , Eiichiro ( 2006 ) . One Piece , vol. 43 . Shueisha . pp. 214 -- 219 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 874149 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mike McFarland , Christopher Sabat ( Commentators ) . One Piece : Season 1 , First Voyage Disc 1 ; Staff Commentary on Episode 1 ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . Jump up ^ McCulloch , Joe ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` THIS WEEK IN COMICS ! ( 1 / 30 / 13 -- The Face of Mainstream Comics ) '' . The Comics Journal . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Society For The Promotion Of Japanese Animation Announces SPJA Industry Award Finalists At Tokyo International Anime Fair '' . Comipress.com . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SPJA Industry Award Winners are Up '' . Giapet . July 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Chris ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time '' . IGN . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dong , Bamboo ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Japanese Fans Rank Their Favorite Black - Haired Anime Characters '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest : Cobs ' Japanese Survey of Favorite Manga Weapon / Move '' . Anime News Network . January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Toshi ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` 12,000 Japanese Fans Vote on Japan 's Top Heroes and Heroines '' . Anime Now . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece the Movie 1 : I 'll Become the Pirate King ! '' . THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nice Piece of Work '' . The Star Online . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Rika ( 1998 ) . `` One Piece '' . Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bertschy , Zac ( August 3 , 2002 ) . `` One Piece anime review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Bryce ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` One Piece Season 1 Part 1 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( September 29 , 2008 ) . `` One Piece DVD -- Season One Part 2 Second Voyage '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 漫道 コバヤシ 第 13 号 「 NARUTO 完結 ! 岸本 斉史 SP 」 ( Kobayashi No. 13 ' Completion of Naruto ! Masashi Kishimoto SP ' ) ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Timson , Eric ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Luffy Acknowledges Meme in J - Stars Victory Vs . '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Anime and manga portal Fictional characters portal One Piece by Eiichiro Oda Manga Volumes Chapters 1 -- 186 187 -- 388 389 -- 594 595 -- 806 807 -- current Anime Episodes First list Season 1 5 6 7 8 Second list Season 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third list Season 15 16 17 18 19 Films One Piece : The Movie One Piece The Movie : Dead End no Bōken One Piece : The Cursed Holy Sword One Piece Movie : The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta One Piece Film : Strong World One Piece Film : Z One Piece Film : Gold Music Discography Video games Become The Pirate King ! Grand Battle ! Set Sail Pirate Crew ! Grand Battle ! 2 Grand Battle ! Rush One Piece Pirates ' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise / SP Grand Collection Pirate Warriors Pirate Warriors 2 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Pirate Warriors 3 Burning Blood Treasure Cruise Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Related Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Super Kabuki II : One Piece Category Book Piracy Periods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age Republic of Pirates Libertatia 21st century Types of pirate Privateers Buccaneers Corsairs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate River pirate Brethren of the Coast Barbary pirates Moro pirates Wōkòu Vikings Ushkuiniks Narentines Cilician pirates Confederate privateer Baltic Slavic pirates Uskoks Cossack pirates Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Fillibusters Areas Caribbean Lake Nicaragua British Virgin Islands Strait of Malacca Somali Coast Sulu Sea Falcon Lake South China Coast Anglo - Turkish piracy Port Royal Tortuga Saint - Malo Barbary Coast Lundy Lagos Salé Spanish Main Gulf of Guinea Indonesia Barataria Bay Persian Gulf Noted pirates Klaus Störtebeker Bartholomew Roberts Hendrick Lucifer Hayreddin Barbarossa Blackbeard Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Abshir Boyah Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Alexandre Exquemelin William Kidd Edward Low Redbeard William Dampier Black Caesar Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí Jean Lafitte Henry Morgan Lawrence Prince François l'Olonnais Henry Strangways Charles Gibbs Benito de Soto Diabolito Pedro Gilbert Mansel Alcantra Hippolyte Bouchard Samuel Hall Lord Nathaniel Gordon Albert W. Hicks Eli Boggs Bully Hayes Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Louis - Michel Aury Shirahama Kenki John Newland Maffitt Joseph Baker Joseph Barss Jørgen Jørgensen Vincenzo Gambi Dominique You Pierre Lafitte John Hawkins Peter Easton Nicholas van Hoorn Moses Cohen Henriques Piet Pieterszoon Hein Charlotte de Berry Samuel Bellamy Benjamin Hornigold Samuel Mason Henry Every Roche Braziliano Gan Ning Liang Daoming Wang Zhi Limahong Zheng Zhilong Zheng Jing Cai Qian Cheung Po Tsai Ching Shih Shap Ng - tsai Chui A-poo Lai Choi San Fūma Kotarō Olivier Levasseur Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monkey_D._Luffy&oldid=801151852 '' Categories : Anime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speeds Anime and manga characters with superhuman strength Anime and manga martial artists Child characters in anime and manga Comics characters introduced in 1997 Fictional characters who can stretch themselves Fictional vigilantes Fictional pirates Fictional ship captains Fictional prison escapees Male characters in anime and manga One Piece characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2012 CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip کوردی Basa Sunda Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 23 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did monkey d luffy get his powers | [
"Monkey D. \"Straw Hat\"[n 1] Luffy[n 2] (Japanese: モンキー・D・ルフィ, Hepburn: Monkī Dī Rufi) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the One Piece manga series, created by Eiichiro Oda. Luffy made his debut in One Piece chapter #1 as a young boy who acquires the properties of rubber after inadvertently eating the supernatural Gum-Gum fruit."
] | [
"inadvertently eating the supernatural Gum-Gum fruit"
] |
7010324847220637644 | Spider-Man (2017 TV series) | Spider - Man ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Spider - Man ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Marvel 's Spider - Man Genre Superhero fiction Based on Spider - Man by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko Developed by Kevin Shinick Voices of Robbie Daymond Laura Bailey Nadji Jeter Josh Keaton Nancy Linari Melanie Minichino Max Mittelman Fred Tatasciore Composer ( s ) Kevin Manthei Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 14 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Dan Buckley Joe Quesada Jeph Loeb Stan Lee Eric Radomski Running time 21 - 22 mins Production company ( s ) Marvel Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney XD Original release August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Ultimate Spider - Man Marvel 's Spider - Man , or simply Spider - Man , is an American animated television series based on the Spider - Man comics published by Marvel Comics . It is a replacement for the previous series , Ultimate Spider - Man , and premiered on August 19 , 2017 on Disney XD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Production 5 Episodes 5.1 Series overview 5.2 Origin Shorts ( 2017 ) 5.3 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After the death of his Uncle Ben , an intelligent teenager named Peter Parker comes to his own terms of becoming a masked superhero named Spider - Man when he became bitten by a radioactive spider during a school field trip to Oscorp and given spider - like powers . Cast ( edit ) Robbie Daymond -- Spider - Man / Peter Parker , Kevin Wyatt Laura Bailey -- Gwen Stacy Troy Baker -- Kraven the Hunter / Sergei Kravinoff Gregg Berger -- Absorbing Man / Carl Creel Steven Blum -- Bonesaw McGee Cameron Boyce -- Shocker / Herman Schultz Sofia Carson -- Sandgirl / Keemia Marko Jim Cummings -- Hammerhead , Ghost Alex Désert -- Jefferson Davis Trevor Devall -- Blizzard / Randy Macklin John DiMaggio -- Jackal / Raymond Warren Benjamin Diskin -- Spencer Smythe , Flash Thompson , Burglar , Venom Symbiote Alastair Duncan -- Vulture / Adrian Toomes Grey Griffin -- Black Cat / Felicia Hardy Ernie Hudson -- Robbie Robertson Nadji Jeter -- Miles Morales Josh Keaton -- Norman Osborn , Man - Wolf / John Jameson Natalie Lander -- Liz Allan / Screwball Nancy Linari -- Aunt May Parker Yuri Lowenthal -- Clash / Clayton Cole Scott Menville -- Doctor Octopus / Otto Octavius Matthew Mercer -- Rhino / Aleksei Sytsevich Melanie Minichino -- Anya Corazon Max Mittelman -- Harry Osborn Patton Oswalt -- Uncle Ben Parker Joe Quesada -- Joe Zeno Robinson -- Randy Robertson Sean Schemmel - Sal Salerno Kevin Shinick -- Bruce Banner Jason Spisak -- Alistair Smythe , Scorpion Fred Tatasciore -- Max Modell , Hulk Travis Willingham -- Sandman / Flint Marko Mick Wingert -- Iron Man / Tony Stark Crew ( edit ) Philip Pignotti -- Supervising Director Kevin Shinick -- Story Editor Production ( edit ) In October 2016 , the series was announced by Cort Lane , senior vice president of Marvel Animation , as a replacement for the series ' predecessor , Ultimate Spider - Man , which ended its run in early January 2017 . It premiered on August 19 , 2017 on Disney XD . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Origin Shorts 6 June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) July 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) 26 August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) TBA Origin shorts ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Introduction ! '' TBA TBA June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) N / A Peter Parker and Harry Osborn attend a field trip at Oscorp overseen by his teacher Spencer Smythe . At the end of the short , Peter is bitten by a genetically - modified spider . `` Observation ! '' TBA TBA July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) N / A After suffering some side effects from his spider bite , Peter Parker decides to use the scientific method to figure out what is happening to him . `` Hypothesis ! '' TBA TBA July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) N / A Peter Parker hypothesizes that his body is developing super powers and begins testing them out . `` Prediction ! '' TBA TBA July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) N / A Peter Parker predicts that his new abilities could bring him fame and fortune and begins to seek out a way to make a name for himself . 5 5 `` Experimentation ! '' TBA TBA July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) N / A The new and improved Peter Parker makes his official debut by entering a wrestling TV show called `` So You Want to Be a Wrestler '' where he goes up against a wrestler named Bonesaw McGee . 6 6 `` Conclusion ! '' TBA TBA July 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) N / A When his quest for fame results in personal tragedy where his Uncle Ben is killed by a burglar that he hesitated to stop , Peter Parker learns that with great power comes great responsibility . Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Horizon High : Part 1 '' Philip Pignotti Kevin Shinick August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) 101 0.19 Peter is accepted into Horizon High : a school for geniuses like Anya Corazon and Miles Morales . After Spider - Man stops a Vibranium machine that was secretly sabotaged by Spencer Smythe , his best friend Harry Osborn gets suspended by Max Modell pending an investigation when Spencer claims that Harry sabotaged the machine . Peter makes his debut as Spider - Man and must battle the Vulture when he targets his former employer Max Modell . `` Horizon High : Part 2 '' Philip Pignotti Kevin Shinick August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) 102 0.20 After Spider - Man stops the Scorpion from robbing the science museum , Peter Parker works to obtain money to help Aunt May pay the bills . After Peter Parker meets a prodigal student / class advisor named Otto Octavius , Max Modell takes him in as a lab assistant as Peter is told by Harry that his father Norman Osborn is creating the Osborn Academy for Geniuses as a way of saving his son Harry the embarrassment after what happened at Midtown High School . A giant robot secretly created by Spencer Smythe invades Horizon High stealing some of Harry Osborn 's devices just as our hero Spider - Man creates a new costume . `` Osborn Academy '' Sol Choi Kevin Shinick August 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) 104 N / A Following Spider - Man 's fight with Jackal , Norman Osborn opens Osborn Academy after Harry was suspended from Horizon High pending an investigation . Peter gets a tour of it alongside Max Modell , Anya Corazon , and Miles Morales where he also meets Horizon High student Gwen Stacy . Some of the students seen auditioning are Flash Thompson , John Jameson , Alistair Smythe , and Anya Corazon , in order to expand her background . Spider - Man faces two partners named Herman Schultz and Clayton Cole who are divided over a spot as a student at Osborn during their audition and cause chaos with their sound manipulating machinery . However , Jackal has other plans as he steals their equipment . Meanwhile , Harry continues to be suspicious of Spider - Man . In the end , Norman Osborn accepts responsibility for what happened as he accepts Herman Schultz into Osborn Academy , Harry is revealed to have been working on Green Goblin technology that Norman Osborn `` appropriated '' from Horizon High , and Raymond Warren meets with Gwen . Harry and Peter vow never to fight like Herman and Clayton . `` A Day in the Life '' Dan Duncan Mike Fasolo September 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 105 0.20 As he juggles working with Max Modell on the investigation on Harry Osborn , on a project for Otto Octavius ' class , meeting with Harry Osborn , and a study group with Anya Corazon and Miles Morales , Spider - Man catches Black Cat breaking into Horizon High to steal the V - 252 from the space program , and tries to catch her despite being hit by her bad luck abilities . Meanwhile , Raymond Warren is rejected by Max Modell for a position at Horizon High due to the accusations toward him at Empire State University and Raymond accidentally pricks a student with a serum hidden at the bottom of his ring . 5 5 `` Party Animals '' Sol Choi Sterling Gates September 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 106 0.20 After Spider - Man stops another Slayer which self - destructs afterwards , Alistair Smythe gets frustrated as Norman Osborn welcomes him into Osborn Academy . With Harry Osborn cleared of the accusation upon the conclusion of the investigation , Max Modell holds a dance on Saturday night as Norman Osborn tries to convince his son not to leave Osborn Academy . Meanwhile , Raymond Warren attempts to join the Oscorp Academy where he pitches his hybridization project . After having being accidentally pricked by Raymond Warren as part of his experiment , Aleksei Sytsevich mutates into Rhino as Spider - Man works to stop Rhino as well as Jackal . 6 6 `` Sandman '' Dan Duncan J.T. Krul September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 107 0.25 While at Coney Island with his classmates , Peter Parker becomes Spider - Man when Coney Island is attacked by Sandman . Upon analyzing the sample of the Sandman , he gets targeted by Sandman for the sample and is trying to reach his daughter Keemia . Spider - Man later learned his origins where his old boss Hammerhead was behind his origin that involved a ton of sand and toxic waste . Both of them work to rescue Keemia from Hammerhead only to find that the accident that Hammerhead caused also affected Keemia . Meanwhile , Gwen , Anya , and Miles work on their analysis of the V - 252 for the upcoming Stark Expo where it starts to get attracted to Peter Parker . 7 7 `` Symbiotic Relationship '' Sol Choi Kevin Burke & Chris `` Doc '' Wyatt September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 108 0.27 Following the V - 252 bonding to him following his fight with Keemia and Hammerhead , Peter Parker thwarts a robbery with A.I.M. and discovers how it is affecting him and what it actually is . He also learns that Norman Osborn has freed Vulture from prison while hiring him to be a professor at Osborn Academy while covering up the fact that they want to steal the V - 252 . Norman Osborn and Adrian Toomes allow Alistair to borrow the upgraded Vulture suit in order to infiltrate Horizon High . 8 8 `` Stark Expo '' Dan Duncan Kevin Shinick September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 109 0.29 After separating himself from the V - 252 , Peter Parker attends the Stark Expo as Spider - Man and has an encounter with Iron Man who mistakes him for an intruder . Peter then tries to find Max Modell in order to get him to not use the V - 252 as he has trouble confirming Peter 's theory . At the same time , Osborn Academy is planning to introduce the Vulture Force made from Vulture 's technology . The Stark Expo is then crashed by Ghost who steals the inter-connectivity disks to take control of everything at the Stark Expo . Spider - Man has to make a risk to use the V - 252 to help fight Ghost and to prove to Max Modell that Peter Parker was right about the V - 252 . 9 9 `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' Dan Duncan Kevin Shinick September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 111 0.31 While trying to get the spider from the experiment that granted Peter his powers , Spencer Smythe attacks Oscorp with a Spider - Slayer that he previously stole from Norman Osborn . Spencer Smythe bumps into Miles outside of Oscorp . One such spider called the Electrolis Arachnatis escapes and bites Miles , giving him powers as well . It is shown that Spencer Smythe is in allegiance with Raymond Warren who somehow got out of prison so that they can experiment with the eight spiders as part of their plot agains their mutual enemy Norman Osborn . Now Peter has to stop Miles from going all out , which leads to both Spencer Smythe on Warren 's behalf and Alistair Smythe on Osborn 's behalf attacking Miles ' neighborhood with giant Spider - Slayers . 10 10 `` Kraven 's Amazing Hunt '' Sol Choi Chris Cox & Kevin Shinick September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 112 0.25 After Spider - Man trains Miles in battle with Scorpion , they find that he was being used by Kraven the Hunter so that he can hunt them on the latest episode of his TV show `` Kraven 's Amazing Hunt . '' They are unaware that Kraven the Hunter has been hired by Norman Osborn to bring both Spider - Men to Oscorp for experimentation after the Spider - Slayer 's failure to retrieve the stolen spider specimens . When Kraven the Hunter starts veering from his deal with Norman Osborn , this causes him and Vulture to take matters into their own hands . Note : Miles Morales discovers Peter Parker is Spider - Man . 11 11 `` Halloween Moon '' Dan Duncan Kevin Burke & Chris `` Doc '' Wyatt October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 113 N / A On Halloween , Peter as Spider - Man , with Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy , helps the Hulk subdue a gamma - powered Man - Wolf before he infects the attendees of Horizon High 's Halloween party and all of Manhattan enough to turn them into werewolves . 12 12 `` Spider - Man on Ice '' Sol Choi Sterling Gates October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 114 TBD During a heat wave , Peter unknowingly helps the police to catch Hammerhead 's minion Randy Macklin . As Harry shows off his cryogenic gauntlet to Peter , Randy Macklin gives the police the slip and returns to claim the diamond he placed in Peter 's gauntlet and steals the cryogenic gauntlet . Upon becoming Blizzard , he turns against Hammerhead and starts his own crime spree . Though Spider - Man has to compete against Harry Osborn 's thermal gauntlet when it comes to defeating Blizzard and reclaiming the cryogenic gauntlet . 13 13 `` Venom '' Dan Duncan Kevin Shinick & Paul Giacoppo October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 115 TBD The V - 252 mysteriously finds a new host although it 's currently locked up in Avengers Mansion . Spider - Man finds that Venom is not setting off his Spider - Senses . At the same time , Peter Parker tutors Flash Thompson in his science exam overseen by his teacher Sal Salerno . Afterwards during the football game at Midtown High School 's rival Truman High led by its quarterback Kevin Wyatt , Spider - Man finds that the V - 252 had attached itself to Flash Thompson during the dance . Spider - Man works to stop Venom 's symbiote rampage when the other football players get infected . 14 14 `` Screwball Live '' Sol Choi Ben Joseph October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 110 TBD Following Spider - Man 's fight with Absorbing Man , he encounters Screwball where Spider - Man disrupts her prank at the opening at a power plant that is polluting and working for an anonymous benefactor . Spider - Man is unaware that Screwball is actually Liz Allan . Hammerhead wanted Absorbing Man to steal the drive containing incriminating evidence on Hammerhead that is in Owl 's possession which was taken by Spider - Man during the fight . During Screwball 's prank on Robbie Robertson by taking over a Worker - Bot made by Oscorp for helping at the New Media Building construction site , Absorbing Man begins to target Screwball in order to draw out Spider - Man by attacking Midtown High . Now Spider - Man must rescue Screwball and Randy Robertson and defeat Absorbing Man and Hammerhead . Broadcast ( edit ) The show premiered August 19 on Disney XD in the US , August 28 on Disney XD in India and a simulcast premiere October 14 on Disney Channel and Disney XD in Southeast Asia . Reception ( edit ) Amy Ratcliffe of IGN gave the first season 's premiere a score of 7.4 out of 10 , writing that the series `` strikes a solid balance between the familiar and the new , emphasizing qualities and hallmarks Spider - Man is known for while skipping over well - trod territory like showing the origin story . '' She commented , Marvel 's Spider - Man `` has enough of a different approach to make it stand apart from other animated takes on the character . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christian Holub ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Revisit Spider - Man 's origin in new animated short '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Mpider - man on Disney XD '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venom '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 13 . September 30 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Kraven 's Amazing Hunt '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 10 . September 30 , 2017 . Disney XD . ^ Jump up to : `` Screwball Live '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 14 . October 28 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Estrella , Ernie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's new Spider - Man cartoon puts emphasis on Horizon High 's Peter Parker '' . Syfy.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants Cameron Boyce to Tangle With Marvel 's Spider - Man -- First Look '' . TV Line . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sandman '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 6 . September 16 , 2017 . Disney XD . ^ Jump up to : `` Stark Expo '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 8 . September 16 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 9 . September 23 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man on Ice '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 12 . October 14 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Marvel Spotlights Animated Spider - Man In New Trailer '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Origins '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 0 . Disney XD . ^ Jump up to : `` A Day in the Life '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 4 . September 2 , 2017 . Disney XD . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Spider - Man ' Showrunner Kevin Shinick Focuses on `` Science and Relationships '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween Moon '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 11 . October 7 , 2017 . Disney XD . ^ Jump up to : `` Horizon High Pt. 1 '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 1 . August 19 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Osborn Academy '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 3 . August 26 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Horizon High Pt. 2 '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 2 . August 19 , 2017 . Disney XD . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : New ' Spider - Man ' animated series coming in 2017 '' . USA Today . 2016 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Spider - Man : Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Spider - Man episodes '' . Disney - ABC Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.disneyabcpress.com/disneyxd/shows/marvels-spider-man/episodes/halloween-moon/ Jump up ^ http://www.disneyabcpress.com/disneyxd/shows/marvels-spider-man/episodes/spider-man-on-ice/ Jump up ^ http://www.disneyabcpress.com/disneyxd/shows/marvels-spider-man/episodes/venom-2/ Jump up ^ http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/marvels-spider-man-screwball-live/EP027403000016?aid=zap2it Jump up ^ http://www.disneyabcpress.com/disneyxd/shows/marvels-spider-man/episodes/screwball-live/ Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Spider - Man : Season 1 Premiere `` Horizon High '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Spider - Man on IMDb Spider - Man at TV.com 2010s portal Cartoon portal Superhero fiction portal Animated television series based on Marvel Comics properties 1960s The Marvel Super Heroes Fantastic Four Spider - Man episodes 1970s The New Fantastic Four Fred and Barney Meet The Thing Spider - Woman 1980s Spider - Man Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends episodes The Incredible Hulk Dracula : Sovereign of the Damned X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men Solarman 1990s X-Men characters episodes Days of Future Past releases Iron Man episodes Fantastic Four episodes Spider - Man characters episodes Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Ultraforce The Incredible Hulk Men in Black : The Series episodes Silver Surfer Spider - Man Unlimited comics The Avengers : United They Stand 2000s X-Men : Evolution episodes characters Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Fantastic Four : World 's Greatest Heroes The Spectacular Spider - Man episodes characters Wolverine and the X-Men Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes The Super Hero Squad Show episodes 2010s Black Panther Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man episodes Avengers Assemble episodes Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episodes Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episodes Guardians of the Galaxy episodes Spider - Man Big Hero 6 : The Series Series groups Action Hour Action Universe Marvel Anime ( episodes ) Universe Related topics Marvel Entertainment Marvel Productions / New World Animation Marvel Films Animation Marvel Animation Disney XD Disney Channel Saban Entertainment Spider - Man Cartoon Maker Spider - Man Animated Series ( video game ) Toy Biz X-Men Cartoon Maker Spider - Man in popular media Television Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) episodes Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 79 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Capture of Captain America Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) episodes characters Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 98 ) episodes characters Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 09 ) episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man / Spider - Man : Web Warriors / Spider - Man VS . 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"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\nOrigin Shorts\n6\nJune 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)\nJuly 29, 2017 (2017-07-29)\n\n\n\n1\n26\nAugust 19, 2017 (2017-08-19)\nTBA\n\n"
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"August 19, 2017"
] |
-7859818774043678660 | List of That '70s Show characters | List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . She is a nurse , and a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also a good mother figure to Eric 's friends . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother , who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , she is portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , who is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite , and a ladies ' man , although later many of his flaws surface . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she eventually breaks up with him . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( September 16 , 1904 -- January 22 , 1977 ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( October 4 , 1901 - February 6 , 1978 ) ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=808869155 '' Categories : That ' 70s Show characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Fictional characters from Wisconsin Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the main character in that 70s show | [
"Eric Forman (portrayed by Topher Grace): The protagonist; Eric is a nice guy, generally geeky, physically slight, and somewhat clumsy. He is a smart-aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor. He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. His father, Red, is always hard on him. Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. He decides to become a teacher after high school, and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa, and returns at the series finale, reuniting with Donna."
] | [
"Eric Forman"
] |
-3298707258919525200 | One of These Nights (song) | One of These Nights ( song ) - wikipedia One of These Nights ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see One of These Nights ( disambiguation ) . `` One of These Nights '' Netherlands picture sleeve , unusually crediting `` The Eagles '' Single by Eagles from the album One of These Nights B - side `` Visions '' Released May 19 , 1975 Format 7 '' Genre Soft rock , disco Length 4 : 55 ( album ) 3 : 28 ( single ) Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` One of These Nights '' is a song written by Don Henley and Glenn Frey and recorded by the American rock band Eagles . The title track from their One of These Nights album , the song became their second single to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart after `` Best of My Love '' and also helped propel the album to number one . The single version was shortened from the album version of the song , removing most of the song 's intro and most of its fade - out , as well . Henley is lead vocalist on the verses , while Randy Meisner sings high harmony ( not lead ) on the refrain . The song features a guitar solo by Don Felder that is `` composed of blues - based licks and sustained string bends using an unusually meaty distortion tone . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Background The song was a conscious attempt by the band to write something different from a country - rock and ballad - type song . Don Henley said : `` We like to be a nice little country - rock band from Los Angeles ... about half the time . '' He added : `` We wanted to get away from the ballad syndrome with `` One of These Nights . '' With Don Felder in the band now , we can really rock . '' Frey said that they `` wanted ' One of These Nights ' to have a lot of teeth , a lot of bite -- a nasty track with pretty vocals . '' The writing was influence by R&B music and disco ; according to Frey , he was listening to Spinners and Al Green records when he started writing the song . Frey started the writing process by composing the music , and Henley then started with the lyrics . Frey said : `` I just went over to the piano and I started playing this little minor descending progression , and he comes over and goes , ' One of these nights ' . '' After that , Frey said : `` What usually happens is when we get the thing fused together , he gets involved in the music and I get involved in the lyrics . '' While they were recording the album in Miami , the band also shared a studio with the Bee Gees , and according to Henley , the `` four - on - the - floor '' bass - drum pattern is a nod to disco . In the liner notes of The Very Best Of , Frey had this to say about the song : `` We had Don Henley 's voice , which allowed us to go in a more soulful direction , which made me exceedingly happy ... A lot of things came together on One Of These Nights -- our love of the studio , the dramatic improvement in Don 's and my songwriting . We made a quantum leap with `` One Of These Nights . '' It was a breakthrough song . It is my favorite Eagles record . If I ever had to pick one , it would n't be `` Hotel California '' ; it would n't be `` Take It Easy . '' For me , it would be `` One Of These Nights . '' '' Frey also said that the song is about putting things off . `` We 've all said , ' One of these nights I 'm gon na do something -- get that girl , make that money , find that house . ' We all have our dreams -- a vision we hope will come true someday . When that ' someday ' will come is up to each of us . '' On the recording , Frey said : `` We cut the basic track in Miami in December at Criteria Studios . We took it to L.A. , put all the drone guitars and Felder 's solo on in L.A. , and went back to Miami to put the vocals on in March . '' The B - side , `` Visions '' , features lead vocals by guitarist Don Felder , the only Eagles song to do so . Personnel Don Henley -- lead vocals , drums Glenn Frey -- piano , backing vocals Don Felder -- lead guitar , rhythm guitar Randy Meisner -- bass guitar , backing vocals Bernie Leadon -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia KMR 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 13 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 87 New Zealand 15 US Billboard Hot 100 9 References Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` 10 / 1 : 5 essential Eagles albums - ' Hotel to ' Border ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Gambaccini ( August 28 , 1975 ) . `` Eagles Fly High With Disco ' Night ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Prown , Pete ; Newquist , Harvey P. ( 1997 ) . Legends of Rock Guitar : The Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists . Milwaukee , WI : Leonard . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 6 . Jump up ^ Travis Smiley . `` Glenn Frey Tribute -- Part 1 '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ The Very Best Of ( CD ) . Eagles . Warner Music Group . 2003 . R2 73971 . Jump up ^ `` '' One of These Nights '' - The Eagles `` . Super Seventies . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eagles -- One of These Nights '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4019a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4016 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eagles -- One of These Nights '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- One of These Nights '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eagles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eagles . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ The Official New Zealand Music Chart -- NZ End Of Year Charts 1975 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The Hustle '' by Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony Billboard Hot 100 number - one single August 2 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Jive Talkin ' '' by The Bee Gees ( hide ) Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_of_These_Nights_(song)&oldid=801654424 '' Categories : 1975 singles Disco songs Eagles ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Asylum Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk 1975 songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 00 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings vocals on one of these nights | [
"\"One of These Nights\" is a song written by Don Henley and Glenn Frey and recorded by the American rock band Eagles. The title track from their One of These Nights album, the song became their second single to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart after \"Best of My Love\" and also helped propel the album to number one. The single version was shortened from the album version of the song, removing most of the song's intro and most of its fade-out, as well. Henley is lead vocalist on the verses, while Randy Meisner sings high harmony (not lead) on the refrain. The song features a guitar solo by Don Felder that is \"composed of blues-based licks and sustained string bends using an unusually meaty distortion tone.\"[3]",
"\"One of These Nights\" is a song written by Don Henley and Glenn Frey and recorded by the American rock band Eagles. The title track from their One of These Nights album, the song became their second single to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart after \"Best of My Love\" and also helped propel the album to number one. The single version was shortened from the album version of the song, removing most of the song's intro and most of its fade-out, as well. Henley is lead vocalist on the verses, while Randy Meisner sings high harmony (not lead) on the refrain. The song features a guitar solo by Don Felder that is \"composed of blues-based licks and sustained string bends using an unusually meaty distortion tone.\"[3]"
] | [
"Don Henley",
"Randy Meisner"
] |
1772083037776180024 | Blockbuster (entertainment) | Blockbuster ( entertainment ) - wikipedia Blockbuster ( entertainment ) Jump to : navigation , search For the video rental chain , see Blockbuster LLC . Italian film Quo Vadis ( 1913 ) was the first blockbuster in the history of cinema A blockbuster is a work of entertainment -- especially a feature film , but also applied to other media -- which is highly popular and financially successful . The term has also come to refer to any large - budget production intended for `` blockbuster '' status , aimed at mass markets with associated merchandising , sometimes on a scale that meant the financial fortunes of a film studio or a distributor could depend on it . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The term began to appear in the American press in the early 1940s , referring to aerial bombs capable of destroying a whole block of buildings . It came to be applied to movies as a metaphor , indicating something successful on a dramatic scale . Successful films such as Quo Vadis , The Ten Commandments , Gone with the Wind , and Ben - Hur , were called `` blockbusters '' based purely on the amount of money earned at the box office . Other terms for highly successful films included : `` spectacular '' ( The Wall Street Journal ) and `` super-grosser '' ( New York Times ) . In 1975 the usage of `` blockbuster '' for films coalesced around Steven Spielberg 's Jaws , and became perceived as something new : a cultural phenomenon , fast - paced exciting entertainment , which became a common topic of conversation , inspiring repeated viewings . The film is regarded as the first film of the `` blockbuster era '' , referring to this as a film genre . Although earlier films such as Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) had made more in ticket sales ( when adjusted for inflation ) , Jaws ' domestic box office take in excess of $250 million was seen as a new standard for `` blockbuster '' . Two years later , Star Wars expanded on the success of Jaws , setting box office records and enjoying a theatrical run that lasted more than a year . After the success of Jaws and Star Wars , many Hollywood producers attempted to create similar `` event '' films with wide commercial appeal , and film companies began green - lighting increasingly large - budget films , and relying extensively on massive advertising blitzes leading up to their theatrical release . These two films were the prototypes for the `` summer blockbuster '' trend , in which major film studios and distributors planned their annual marketing strategy around a big release by July 4 , hoping to attract audiences over the summer , previously a moribund time for ticket sales . Blockbusters in the following decade included Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( late 1977 ) , Superman ( 1978 ) , Alien ( 1979 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T. ( 1982 ) , Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) , Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) , Back to the Future ( 1985 ) . Eventually , the focus on creating blockbusters grew so intense that a backlash occurred , with critics and some film - makers decrying the prevalence of a `` blockbuster mentality '' and lamenting the death of the author - driven , `` more artistic '' small - scale films of the New Hollywood era . This view is taken , for example , by film journalist Peter Biskind , who wrote that all studios wanted was another Jaws , and as production costs rose , they were less willing to take risks , and therefore based blockbusters on the `` lowest common denominators '' of the mass market . In his book The Long Tail , Chris Anderson talks about blockbuster films , stating that a society that is hit - driven , and makes way and room for only those films that are expected to be a hit , is in fact a limited society . See also ( edit ) Box office bomb Four - quadrant movie List of highest - grossing openings for films List of highest - grossing films Oscar season Sleeper hit AAA game , equivalent term in the videogame industry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` blockbuster Definition of blockbuster in English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tom Shone : Blockbuster ( 2004 ) . London , Simon & Schuster UK . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6838 - 5 . See pp. 27 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Neale , Steve . `` Hollywood Blockbusters : Historical Dimensions . '' Ed . Julien Stinger . Hollywood Blockbusters . London : Routeledge , 2003 . pp. 48 -- 50 . Print . Jump up ^ Boxofficemojo.com : All Time Box Office ( adjusted for inflation ) Jump up ^ Boxofficemojo.com : Jaws Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the Original STAR WARS on its 35th Anniversary '' . cinematreasures.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) . `` ' Jaws ' 40th Anniversary : How Steven Spielberg 's Movie Created the Summer Blockbuster '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Shone ( 2004 ) , Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Premiere of `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' `` . JournalStar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Superman ( 1978 ) '' . www.filmsite.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did ' Jaws ' and ' Star Wars ' Ruin Hollywood ? '' . Ross Douthat . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Peter Biskind : Easy Riders , Raging Bulls : How the Sex - Drugs - And Rock ' N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood . Simon and Schuster , 1998 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Chris . `` The Long Tail '' ( PDF ) . Chris Anderson . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Look up blockbuster in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Box Office Mojo list of all - time U.S. blockbuster motion pictures ( hide ) Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword - and - sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children 's Family Guy - cry Stag Teen Woman 's By format , technique , approach , or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop - motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black - and - white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film - poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low - budget Major studio Making - of Masala Message picture Meta - film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blockbuster_(entertainment)&oldid=831085428 '' Categories : Film and video terminology Television terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who decides if a movie is going to be a blockbuster | [
"After the success of Jaws and Star Wars, many Hollywood producers attempted to create similar \"event\" films with wide commercial appeal, and film companies began green-lighting increasingly large-budget films, and relying extensively on massive advertising blitzes leading up to their theatrical release. These two films were the prototypes for the \"summer blockbuster\" trend,[8] in which major film studios and distributors planned their annual marketing strategy around a big release by July 4,[9] hoping to attract audiences over the summer, previously a moribund time for ticket sales. Blockbusters in the following decade included Close Encounters of the Third Kind (late 1977),[10] Superman (1978),[11] Alien (1979),[12] Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981),[12] E.T. (1982),[12] Ghostbusters (1984),[12] Beverly Hills Cop (1984),[12] Back to the Future (1985).[12]"
] | [
"major film studios and distributors"
] |
-7720921381832884576 | List of cities with the most skyscrapers | List of cities with the most skyscrapers - wikipedia List of cities with the most skyscrapers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This list of cities with most skyscrapers ranks cities around the world by their number of skyscrapers . This list refers to skyscrapers at least 150 metres ( 490 ft ) tall or higher , complementing the list of cities with the most high - rise buildings . Contents 1 List of all cities by number of completed skyscrapers 2 Cities with at least 50 skyscrapers above 150m ( under construction inclusive ) 3 Cities with at least 1 skyscraper above 300m ( i.e. about 75 -- 80 floors ) ( under construction and on - hold inclusive ) 4 List of cities with the most buildings taller than 100m 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links List of all cities by number of completed skyscrapers This is a list of cities by number of skyscrapers that are 150 metres ( 490 ft ) or greater in height . Rank City Country Image No. of skyscrapers Hong Kong China 317 New York City United States 257 Shenzhen China 212 Dubai United Arab Emirates 177 5 Wuhan China 182 6 Shanghai China 153 7 Tokyo Japan 145 8 Guangzhou China 134 9 Chicago United States 121 10 Bangkok Thailand 119 11 Chongqing China 112 12 Metro Manila Philippines 104 13 Seoul South Korea 83 14 = Singapore Singapore 82 14 = Chengdu China 82 16 = Jakarta Indonesia 74 16 = Shenyang China 74 18 Nanjing China 56 19 Toronto Canada 55 20 Busan South Korea 54 21 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 53 22 Panama City Panama 52 23 Tianjin China 49 24 Miami United States 42 25 = Osaka Japan 41 25 = Istanbul Turkey 41 27 = Melbourne Australia 40 27 = Moscow Russia 40 29 = Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 37 29 = Houston United States 37 29 = Mumbai India 37 32 Dalian China 36 33 Doha Qatar 35 34 Sydney Australia 34 35 Incheon South Korea 32 36 Beijing China 30 37 Hangzhou China 28 38 Nanchang China 27 39 Xiamen China 25 40 = Los Angeles United States 24 40 = Changsha China 24 42 San Francisco United States 22 43 = Qingdao China 21 43 = London United Kingdom 21 43 = Boston United States 21 46 = Dallas United States 20 46 = George Town Malaysia 20 46 = Jinan China 20 46 = Nanning China 20 50 = Seattle United States 19 50 = Mexico City Mexico 19 52 = Macau China 18 52 = Atlanta United States 18 54 = Suzhou China 17 54 = Wuxi China 17 54 = Las Vegas United States 17 54 = Riyadh Saudi Arabia 17 54 = Tel Aviv Israel 17 59 = Calgary Canada 16 59 = Fuzhou China 16 59 = Hefei China 16 59 = Pyongyang North Korea 16 63 = Taipei Taiwan 15 63 = Ningbo China 15 65 = Frankfurt am Main Germany 14 65 = Goyang South Korea 14 65 = Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 14 68 = Brisbane Australia 13 68 = Kuwait City Kuwait 13 68 = Manama Bahrain 13 71 = Kolkata India 12 71 = Paris - Courbevoie France 12 71 = Philadelphia United States 12 74 São Paulo Brazil 11 75 = Buenos Aires Argentina 10 75 = Daejeon South Korea 10 75 = Jersey City United States 10 75 = Minneapolis United States 10 75 = Montreal Canada 10 75 = Nagoya Japan 10 75 = Pittsburgh United States 10 75 = Taichung Taiwan 10 75 = Warsaw Poland 10 75 = Zhengzhou China 10 Cities with at least 50 skyscrapers above 150m ( under construction inclusive ) Included in this chart are cities with skyscrapers of known heights that are completed or under construction . Rank City ≥ 800m ≥ 700m ≥ 600m ≥ 500m ≥ 450m ≥ 400m ≥ 350m ≥ 300m ≥ 250m ≥ 200m ≥ 150m Hong Kong -- -- -- -- 6 16 65 330 New York City -- -- -- 5 8 18 35 100 302 Dubai 15 37 69 114 232 Shenzhen -- -- -- 7 21 43 114 183 5 Shanghai -- -- 8 26 64 169 6 Tokyo -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 27 151 7 Chongqing -- -- -- -- -- 6 22 55 139 8 Chicago -- -- -- -- -- 7 15 33 127 9 Guangzhou -- -- -- 12 22 42 126 10 Jakarta -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 49 94 11 Bangkok -- -- 8 24 92 12 Chengdu -- -- -- -- 26 89 13 Toronto -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 27 87 14 Singapore -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 34 86 15 Seoul -- -- -- 6 20 85 16 Kuala Lumpur -- -- 5 10 21 46 82 17 Mumbai -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 38 76 18 Wuhan -- -- 7 14 38 68 19 Busan -- -- -- -- -- 11 18 65 20 Nanjing -- -- -- -- 8 13 34 64 21 Melbourne -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 23 62 = 22 Miami -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 61 = 22 Nanning -- -- -- 7 9 29 61 24 Tianjin -- -- -- 10 30 57 25 Panama City -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 52 26 Moscow -- -- -- -- -- 6 15 8 22 50 Cities with at least 1 skyscraper above 300m ( i.e. about 75 -- 80 floors ) ( under construction and on - hold inclusive ) City ≥ 700m ≥ 600m ≥ 500m ≥ 450m ≥ 400m ≥ 350m ≥ 300m Dubai 10 22 Shenzhen -- -- 7 14 New York City -- -- 7 12 Guangzhou -- -- 10 Kuala Lumpur - 5 6 9 Tianjin -- -- 8 Shanghai -- 6 Hong Kong -- -- 6 Chongqing -- -- -- 6 Chicago -- -- 6 Mecca - Jeddah Riyadh - - - 7 - Kuwait City - - - - 5 Jakarta - - - - - Moscow - - - - - 6 San Francisco - - - - - - Abu Dhabi - - - - - 6 Gold Coast - - - - - - Incheon - - - - - - Bangkok - - - - Doha - - 5 Santiago - - - - - - Seoul - - Busan - - Astana - - - - - Houston - - - - - - Los Angeles - - - - - - London - - - - - - Mexico City - - - - - - Monterrey - - - - - - Osaka - - - - - - Colombo - - - - Philadelphia - - - - - - Atlanta - - - - - - Melbourne - - - - - - Mumbai - - - - 5 Dhaka - - - - Pyongyang - - - - - - Toronto - - - - - - List of cities with the most buildings taller than 100m This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a ranking of the cities with at least 10 buildings above 100m . Rank City Country Buildings Hong Kong China 3,212 Shanghai China 1,475 Shenzhen China 963 Seoul South Korea 794 5 New York City United States 780 6 Sao Paulo Brazil 770 7 Mumbai India 768 8 Guangzhou China 760 8 Tokyo Japan 683 9 Dubai United Arab Emirates 671 10 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 671 11 Bangkok Thailand 664 12 Busan South Korea 544 13 Singapore Singapore 508 14 Manila Philippines 454 15 Istanbul Turkey 452 16 Jakarta Indonesia 447 17 Chicago United States 341 18 Beijing China 340 20 Toronto Canada 296 21 Wuhan China 268 22 Osaka Japan 234 23 Tianjin China 214 24 Hanoi Vietnam 294 25 Goiania Brazil 200 26 Moscow Russia 205 26 Panama City Panama 189 27 Macau China 173 28 Taipei Taiwan 171 29 Chongqing China 1667 30 Xiamen China 168 31 Shenyang China 160 32 George Town Malaysia 150 33 Dalian China 147 34 Hangzhou China 146 35 Mexico City Mexico 142 36 Miami United States 137 37 Chengdu China 133 38 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 126 39 Sydney Australia 123 40 Nanjing China 113 41 Melbourne Australia 111 42 Qingdao China 108 43 Recife Brazil 94 43 Buenos Aires Argentina 92 44 Doha Qatar 91 44 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 91 45 San Francisco United States 89 46 Houston United States 86 47 Balneario Camboriu Brazil 83 48 Honolulu United States 76 49 London United Kingdom 74 49 Curitiba Brazil 74 51 Atlanta United States 73 50 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 73 52 Paris France 72 52 New Delhi India 72 52 Salvador Brazil 72 53 Los Angeles United States 70 54 Ankara Turkey 68 55 Calgary Canada 63 56 Pattaya Thailand 61 57 Las Vegas United States 59 57 Philadelphia United States 59 57 Tel Aviv Israel 59 58 Kaohsiung Taiwan 57 59 Boston United States 56 60 Brisbane Australia 55 61 Johor Bahru Malaysia 54 62 Dallas United States 53 63 Montreal Canada 50 63 Surabaya Indonesia 50 64 Caracas Venezuela 46 65 Nagoya Japan 40 65 Seattle United States 40 66 Belem Brazil 38 67 Denver United States 34 68 Sao Bernardo do Campo Brazil 32 69 Kiev Ukraine 31 68 Beirut Lebanon 30 68 Frankfurt Germany 30 69 San Diego United States 29 70 Colombo Sri Lanka 28 70 Minneapolis United States 28 71 Detroit United States 27 72 Warsaw Poland 26 72 Vancouver Canada 26 72 Benidorm Spain 26 72 Joao Pessoa Brazil 26 72 Santos Brazil 26 73 Pittsburgh United States 25 74 Kolkata India 24 75 Acapulco Mexico 22 75 Cairo Egypt 22 75 Natal Brazil 22 75 Edmonton Canada 22 75 New Orleans United States 22 76 Rotterdam Netherlands 21 76 Baltimore United States 21 77 Bogota Colombia 20 77 Chennai India 20 78 Milan Italy 19 78 Monterrey Mexico 19 79 Bangalore India 18 79 Sapporo Japan 18 79 Hyderabad India 18 79 Durban South Africa 18 80 Cleveland United States 17 97 Perth Australia 17 98 Phoenix United States 17 99 Belgrade Serbia 16 100 Charlotte United States 16 101 Santiago Chile 15 102 Karachi Pakistan 15 103 Barcelona Spain 15 104 Tangerang Indonesia 15 105 Zapopan Mexico 14 106 Nashville United States 14 107 Auckland New Zealand 14 108 Austin United States 14 109 Johannesburg South Africa 13 110 Belo Horizonte Brazil 13 110 Brasilia Brazil 13 110 Izmir Turkey 13 111 Madrid Spain 13 112 Sendai Japan 12 113 Brussels Belgium 11 114 Hiroshima Japan 11 115 Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 11 116 St Louis United States 10 116 Vienna Austria 10 116 Phnom Penh Cambodia 10 116 Berlin Germany 10 116 Naples Italy 10 116 Trivandrum India 10 116 Yekaterinburg Russia 10 See also List of cities with the most high - rise buildings Notes ^ A Metro Manila - The actual administrative area governed by the City of Manila is only 42.88 square kilometers . The 16 cities and 1 municipality that constitute Metro Manila , formally known as the National Capital Region , were all historically governed as part of the City of Manila , and , as a whole , encompasses an area of 613.14 square kilometers , which is comparable to the areas covered by other cities on the list , such as Seoul , Singapore , and Mumbai . It 's number of completed skyscrapers combined are 94 making it the worlds number 10 in number of completed skyscrapers . References Jump up ^ `` Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings - The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong - The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City - The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nanjing EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo - The Skyscraper Center '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago - The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chongqing EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Seoul EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Shenyang EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.emporis.com/city/100280/tel-aviv-yaffo-israel/status/existing Jump up ^ GmbH , Emporis . `` Minneapolis Statistics EMPORIS '' . www.emporis.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York City '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shenzhen '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shanghai '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chongqing '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guangzhou '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jakarta '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chengdu '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seoul '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kuala Lumpur '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wuhan '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Busan '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nanjing '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nanning '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tianjin '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama City '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow '' . CTBUH . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CTBUH Tall Building Database '' . The Skyscraper Center . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` CTBUH Tall Building Database '' . The Skyscraper Center . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of cities with the most skyscrapers '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` The World 's 50 Tallest Urban Agglomerations '' . Ctbuh.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong - EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong - EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ GmbH , Emporis . `` New York City - EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chongqing - EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chongqing - EMPORIS '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . External links Skyscrapercenter.com CTBUH.com Emporis.com Skyscraperpage.com Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia Indian subcontinent Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Mosques Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Wood Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hindu temples Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers&oldid=854422414 '' Categories : Skyscrapers by city Construction records Cities - related lists of superlatives Lists of tallest buildings Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский ไทย Українська اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 07 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | cities with the most skyscrapers in north america | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nImage\n\nNo. of skyscrapers\n\n\n1\n\nHong Kong\n\n China\n\n\n\n317[2]\n\n\n2\n\nNew York City\n\n United States\n\n\n\n257[3]\n\n\n3\n\nShenzhen\n\n China\n\n\n\n212[4]\n\n\n4\n\nDubai\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n177[5]\n\n\n5\n\nWuhan\n\n China\n\n\n\n182[6]\n\n\n6\n\nShanghai\n\n China\n\n\n\n153[6]\n\n\n7\n\nTokyo\n\n Japan\n\n\n\n145[7][8]\n\n\n8\n\nGuangzhou\n\n China\n\n\n\n134[9]\n\n\n9\n\nChicago\n\n United States\n\n\n\n121[10]\n\n\n10\n\nBangkok\n\n Thailand\n\n\n\n119\n\n\n11\n\nChongqing\n\n China\n\n\n\n112[11]\n\n\n12\n\nMetro Manila\n\n Philippines\n\n\n\n104\n\n\n13\n\nSeoul\n\n South Korea\n\n\n\n83[12]\n\n\n14=\n\nSingapore\n\n Singapore\n\n\n\n82\n\n\n14=\n\nChengdu\n\n China\n\n\n\n82[6]\n\n\n16=\n\nJakarta\n\n Indonesia\n\n\n\n74\n\n\n16=\n\nShenyang\n\n China\n\n\n\n74[13]\n\n\n18\n\nNanjing\n\n China\n\n\n\n56[6]\n\n\n19\n\nToronto\n\n Canada\n\n\n\n55\n\n\n20\n\nBusan\n\n South Korea\n\n\n\n54\n\n\n21\n\nKuala Lumpur\n\n Malaysia\n\n\n\n53\n\n\n22\n\nPanama City\n\n Panama\n\n\n\n52\n\n\n23\n\nTianjin\n\n China\n\n\n\n49\n\n\n24\n\nMiami\n\n United States\n\n\n\n42\n\n\n25=\n\nOsaka\n\n Japan\n\n\n\n41\n\n\n25=\n\nIstanbul\n\n Turkey\n\n\n\n41\n\n\n27=\n\nMelbourne\n\n Australia\n\n\n\n40[14]\n\n\n27=\n\nMoscow\n\n Russia\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n29=\n\nAbu Dhabi\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\n\n\n37\n\n\n29=\n\nHouston\n\n United States\n\n\n\n37\n\n\n29=\n\nMumbai\n\n India\n\n\n\n37\n\n\n32\n\nDalian\n\n China\n\n\n\n36\n\n\n33\n\nDoha\n\n Qatar\n\n\n\n35\n\n\n34\n\nSydney\n\n Australia\n\n\n\n34\n\n\n35\n\nIncheon\n\n South Korea\n\n\n\n32\n\n\n36\n\nBeijing\n\n China\n\n\n\n30\n\n\n37\n\nHangzhou\n\n China\n\n\n\n28\n\n\n38\n\nNanchang\n\n China\n\n\n\n27\n\n\n39\n\nXiamen\n\n China\n\n\n\n25\n\n\n40=\n\nLos Angeles\n\n United States\n\n\n\n24\n\n\n40=\n\nChangsha\n\n China\n\n\n\n24\n\n\n42\n\nSan Francisco\n\n United States\n\n\n\n22\n\n\n43=\n\nQingdao\n\n China\n\n\n\n21\n\n\n43=\n\nLondon\n\n United Kingdom\n\n\n\n21\n\n\n43=\n\nBoston\n\n United States\n\n\n\n21\n\n\n46=\n\nDallas\n\n United States\n\n\n\n20\n\n\n46=\n\nGeorge Town\n\n Malaysia\n\n\n\n20\n\n\n46=\n\nJinan\n\n China\n\n\n\n20\n\n\n46=\n\nNanning\n\n China\n\n\n\n20\n\n\n50=\n\nSeattle\n\n United States\n\n\n\n19\n\n\n50=\n\nMexico City\n\n Mexico\n\n\n\n19\n\n\n52=\n\nMacau\n\n China\n\n\n\n18\n\n\n52=\n\nAtlanta\n\n United States\n\n\n\n18\n\n\n54=\n\nSuzhou\n\n China\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n54=\n\nWuxi\n\n China\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n54=\n\nLas Vegas\n\n United States\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n54=\n\nRiyadh\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n54=\n\nTel Aviv\n\n Israel\n\n\n\n17[15]\n\n\n59=\n\nCalgary\n\n Canada\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n59=\n\nFuzhou\n\n China\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n59=\n\nHefei\n\n China\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n59=\n\nPyongyang\n\n North Korea\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n63=\n\nTaipei\n\n Taiwan\n\n\n\n15\n\n\n63=\n\nNingbo\n\n China\n\n\n\n15\n\n\n65=\n\nFrankfurt am Main\n\n Germany\n\n\n\n14\n\n\n65=\n\nGoyang\n\n South Korea\n\n\n\n14\n\n\n65=\n\nHo Chi Minh City\n\n Vietnam\n\n\n\n14\n\n\n68=\n\nBrisbane\n\n Australia\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n68=\n\nKuwait City\n\n Kuwait\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n68=\n\nManama\n\n Bahrain\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n71=\n\nKolkata\n\n India\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n71=\n\nParis-Courbevoie\n\n France\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n71=\n\nPhiladelphia\n\n United States\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n74\n\nSão Paulo\n\n Brazil\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n75=\n\nBuenos Aires\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nDaejeon\n\n South Korea\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nJersey City\n\n United States\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nMinneapolis\n\n United States\n\n\n\n10[16]\n\n\n75=\n\nMontreal\n\n Canada\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nNagoya\n\n Japan\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nPittsburgh\n\n United States\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nTaichung\n\n Taiwan\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nWarsaw\n\n Poland\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n75=\n\nZhengzhou\n\n China\n\n\n\n10\n"
] | [
"New York City"
] |
6420346253137672632 | List of Australian national soccer team captains | List of Australian National soccer Team captains - Wikipedia List of Australian National soccer Team captains The following is a list of captains of the Australia national soccer team . The first Australia captain was Alex Gibb : he captained Australia in the first ever international match , against New Zealand on 17 June 1922 . He went on to captain Australia on six further occasion , all against New Zealand during 1922 and 1923 . Gibb also captained Australia in their first international on home soil , 9 June 1923 , and was the first international captain to win a match . Lucas Neill has the record for most captaincies of Australia , with 61 . This list contains only players who have started full international matches as captain . Bold denotes the incumbent captain . Updated 15 October 2018 ( v Kuwait ) # Name First captaincy Last captaincy Caps as captain Alex Gibb 17 June 1922 30 June 1923 6 Judy Masters 7 June 1924 26 July 1924 5 William Maunder 28 June 1924 28 June 1924 George Smith 5 June 1933 24 July 1933 5 Alec Cameron 4 July 1936 18 July 1936 6 Bill Coolahan 3 September 1938 1 October 1938 7 Jack Evans 10 September 1938 10 September 1938 8 Jimmy Osborne 24 September 1938 24 September 1938 9 Alec Heaney 10 May 1947 7 June 1947 10 Reg Date 24 May 1947 14 June 1947 11 Cec Drummond 14 August 1948 11 September 1948 12 Bob Lawrie 14 June 1950 23 July 1950 6 13 Tom Jack 14 August 1954 10 September 1955 14 Kevin O'Neill 28 August 1954 1 October 1955 15 Joe Marston 3 September 1955 16 Bob Bignall 24 September 1955 23 August 1958 17 Les Scheinflug 21 November 1965 8 December 1965 18 Pat Hughes 26 November 1965 4 June 1967 7 19 Johnny Warren 5 November 1967 1 December 1970 24 20 Stan Ackerley 31 March 1968 23 November 1969 21 Peter Wilson 11 November 1971 13 June 1979 60 22 Jimmy Rooney 24 October 1976 31 May 1980 9 23 Gary Marocchi 11 June 1978 14 June 1978 24 Murray Barnes 18 June 1978 14 August 1981 9 25 Eddie Krncevic 26 February 1980 26 February 1980 26 Tony Henderson 11 June 1980 2 December 1980 5 27 Peter Raskopoulos 30 August 1981 6 September 1981 28 John Kosmina 6 October 1982 9 March 1988 25 29 David Ratcliffe 23 October 1985 23 October 1985 30 Joe Watson 10 August 1986 10 August 1986 31 Charlie Yankos 25 August 1986 16 April 1989 30 32 Alan Davidson 12 October 1988 12 October 1988 33 Paul Wade 25 August 1990 1 November 1996 46 34 Graham Arnold 6 June 1993 23 March 1996 5 35 Alex Tobin 11 February 1995 6 November 1998 30 36 Frank Farina 18 June 1995 18 June 1995 37 Aurelio Vidmar 21 June 1995 28 February 2001 7 38 Paul Okon 9 October 1996 24 39 Milan Ivanović 15 February 1998 15 February 1998 40 Craig Foster 15 February 2000 15 February 2000 41 Željko Kalac 4 October 2000 7 October 2000 42 Kevin Muscat 9 April 2001 5 43 Tony Vidmar 9 June 2001 6 44 Steve Horvat 15 August 2001 5 45 Mehmet Durakovic 12 July 2002 12 July 2002 46 Craig Moore 18 February 2004 13 47 Mark Schwarzer 21 May 2004 10 48 Josip Skoko 6 June 2004 49 Mark Viduka 3 August 2005 17 50 Lucas Neill 7 October 2006 19 November 2013 61 51 Vince Grella 14 November 2006 14 November 2006 52 Brett Emerton 6 February 2007 9 December 2012 5 53 Harry Kewell 22 March 2008 6 54 Jason Culina 3 March 2010 3 March 2010 55 Matt McKay 7 December 2012 28 July 2013 56 Mark Milligan 20 July 2013 15 October 2018 10 57 Mile Jedinak 5 March 2014 26 June 2018 35 58 Tim Cahill 26 May 2014 10 October 2017 9 59 Trent Sainsbury 1 June 2018 9 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Australian National Men 's Football Team : Caps And Captains . Football Federation Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Australian National Men 's Football Team : Caps and Captains '' ( PDF ) . ozfootball.net. 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Australia national soccer team General Football Federation Australia History Coaches Statistics Results Records All - time record FIFA World Cup record FIFA Confederations Cup record OFC Nations Cup record AFC Asian Cup record Hat - tricks FFA Australian Football Awards Players Players Captains 50 + caps World Cups 2006 2014 2018 Continental Cups OFC : 1980 1998 2000 2002 AFC : 2007 2011 2015 2019 Confederations Cups 2005 2017 Rivalries New Zealand Japan South Korea Matches Noted matches Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa Australia Bicentenary Gold Cup Trans - Tasman Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_national_soccer_team_captains&oldid=864278910 '' Categories : Soccer in Australia lists Australia international soccer players Lists of association football captains Lists of Australian sportspeople Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Association football player non-biographical articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 07 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who captained the australian football team from 2006 to 2013 | [
"\n\n\n#\n\nName\n\nFirst captaincy\n\nLast captaincy\n\nCaps as captain\n\n\n1\n\nAlex Gibb\n\n17 June 1922\n\n30 June 1923\n\n6\n\n\n2\n\nJudy Masters\n\n7 June 1924\n\n26 July 1924\n\n5\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Maunder\n\n28 June 1924\n\n28 June 1924\n\n1\n\n\n4\n\nGeorge Smith\n\n5 June 1933\n\n24 July 1933\n\n3\n\n\n5\n\nAlec Cameron\n\n4 July 1936\n\n18 July 1936\n\n3\n\n\n6\n\nBill Coolahan\n\n3 September 1938\n\n1 October 1938\n\n3\n\n\n7\n\nJack Evans\n\n10 September 1938\n\n10 September 1938\n\n1\n\n\n8\n\nJimmy Osborne\n\n24 September 1938\n\n24 September 1938\n\n1\n\n\n9\n\nAlec Heaney\n\n10 May 1947\n\n7 June 1947\n\n2\n\n\n10\n\nReg Date\n\n24 May 1947\n\n14 June 1947\n\n3\n\n\n11\n\nCec Drummond\n\n14 August 1948\n\n11 September 1948\n\n4\n\n\n12\n\nBob Lawrie\n\n14 June 1950\n\n23 July 1950\n\n6\n\n\n13\n\nTom Jack\n\n14 August 1954\n\n10 September 1955\n\n2\n\n\n14\n\nKevin O'Neill\n\n28 August 1954\n\n1 October 1955\n\n3\n\n\n15\n\nJoe Marston\n\n3 September 1955\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n16\n\nBob Bignall\n\n24 September 1955\n\n23 August 1958\n\n4\n\n\n17\n\nLes Scheinflug\n\n21 November 1965\n\n8 December 1965\n\n3\n\n\n18\n\nPat Hughes\n\n26 November 1965\n\n4 June 1967\n\n7\n\n\n19\n\nJohnny Warren\n\n5 November 1967\n\n1 December 1970\n\n24\n\n\n20\n\nStan Ackerley\n\n31 March 1968\n\n23 November 1969\n\n3\n\n\n21\n\nPeter Wilson\n\n11 November 1971\n\n13 June 1979\n\n60[2]\n\n\n22\n\nJimmy Rooney\n\n24 October 1976\n\n31 May 1980\n\n9\n\n\n23\n\nGary Marocchi\n\n11 June 1978\n\n14 June 1978\n\n2\n\n\n24\n\nMurray Barnes\n\n18 June 1978\n\n14 August 1981\n\n9\n\n\n25\n\nEddie Krncevic\n\n26 February 1980\n\n26 February 1980\n\n1\n\n\n26\n\nTony Henderson\n\n11 June 1980\n\n2 December 1980\n\n5\n\n\n27\n\nPeter Raskopoulos\n\n30 August 1981\n\n6 September 1981\n\n2\n\n\n28\n\nJohn Kosmina\n\n6 October 1982\n\n9 March 1988\n\n25\n\n\n29\n\nDavid Ratcliffe\n\n23 October 1985\n\n23 October 1985\n\n1\n\n\n30\n\nJoe Watson\n\n10 August 1986\n\n10 August 1986\n\n1\n\n\n31\n\nCharlie Yankos\n\n25 August 1986\n\n16 April 1989\n\n30\n\n\n32\n\nAlan Davidson\n\n12 October 1988\n\n12 October 1988\n\n1\n\n\n33\n\nPaul Wade\n\n25 August 1990\n\n1 November 1996\n\n46\n\n\n34\n\nGraham Arnold\n\n6 June 1993\n\n23 March 1996\n\n5\n\n\n35\n\nAlex Tobin\n\n11 February 1995\n\n6 November 1998\n\n30\n\n\n36\n\nFrank Farina\n\n18 June 1995\n\n18 June 1995\n\n1\n\n\n37\n\nAurelio Vidmar\n\n21 June 1995\n\n28 February 2001\n\n7\n\n\n38\n\nPaul Okon\n\n9 October 1996\n\n\n\n24\n\n\n39\n\nMilan Ivanović\n\n15 February 1998\n\n15 February 1998\n\n1\n\n\n40\n\nCraig Foster\n\n15 February 2000\n\n15 February 2000\n\n1\n\n\n41\n\nŽeljko Kalac\n\n4 October 2000\n\n7 October 2000\n\n2\n\n\n42\n\nKevin Muscat\n\n9 April 2001\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n43\n\nTony Vidmar\n\n9 June 2001\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n44\n\nSteve Horvat\n\n15 August 2001\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n45\n\nMehmet Durakovic\n\n12 July 2002\n\n12 July 2002\n\n1\n\n\n46\n\nCraig Moore\n\n18 February 2004\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n47\n\nMark Schwarzer\n\n21 May 2004\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n48\n\nJosip Skoko\n\n6 June 2004\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n49\n\nMark Viduka\n\n3 August 2005\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n50\n\nLucas Neill\n\n7 October 2006\n\n19 November 2013\n\n61\n\n\n51\n\nVince Grella\n\n14 November 2006\n\n14 November 2006\n\n1\n\n\n52\n\nBrett Emerton\n\n6 February 2007\n\n9 December 2012\n\n5\n\n\n53\n\nHarry Kewell\n\n22 March 2008\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n54\n\nJason Culina\n\n3 March 2010\n\n3 March 2010\n\n1\n\n\n55\n\nMatt McKay\n\n7 December 2012\n\n28 July 2013\n\n2\n\n\n56\n\nMark Milligan\n\n20 July 2013\n\n15 October 2018\n\n10\n\n\n57\n\nMile Jedinak\n\n5 March 2014\n\n26 June 2018\n\n35\n\n\n58\n\nTim Cahill\n\n26 May 2014\n\n10 October 2017\n\n9\n\n\n59\n\nTrent Sainsbury\n\n1 June 2018\n\n9 June 2018\n\n2\n"
] | [
"Lucas Neill"
] |
7681032528433964614 | What's New, Scooby-Doo? | What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? - Wikipedia What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Jump to : navigation , search What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Genre Action / Adventure Mystery Comedy Based on Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! , by Joe Ruby and Ken Spears Developed by Sander Schwartz Starring Frank Welker Casey Kasem Mindy Cohn Grey DeLisle Theme music composer Rich Dickerson and Gigi Meroni Opening theme `` What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? '' performed by Simple Plan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 42 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joseph Barbera Sander Schwartz Producer ( s ) Chuck Sheetz James Krieg George Doty IV Ed Scharlach Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Bros. Animation Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The WB ( Kids ' WB ) Picture format 480i / 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround Original release September 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 14 ) -- July 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 21 ) Chronology Preceded by A Pup Named Scooby - Doo ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Followed by Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) External links Website What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? is an American animated mystery comedy series produced by Warner Bros. Animation for The WB television network ; it is the ninth incarnation of the Scooby - Doo franchise that began with Hanna - Barbera 's Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! and the first of such since the previous incarnation , A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , ended in 1991 . The series revives the format of Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! , in which the title character and his companions , Fred Jones ; Daphne Blake ; Velma Dinkley and Shaggy Rogers , travel to varying locations solving mysteries ; this format is modernized for What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? , in which the characters utilize technology that did not exist at the time Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! first aired . It is the first television series in the franchise in which Frank Welker , Grey DeLisle and Mindy Cohn respectively portrayed the voices of Scooby - Doo , Daphne and Velma , as well as the final one in which Casey Kasem portrayed Shaggy , having originally quit the role following a dispute regarding the portrayal of the character . The series premiered on September 14 , 2002 , and ran for three seasons before ending on July 21 , 2006 . The title song was performed by Canadian band Simple Plan . Reruns of the series have aired on both Cartoon Network and Boomerang in the United States . It also aired on Teletoon in Canada , and CITV in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Spin - off films 6 Home media releases 6.1 Season sets 6.2 UK volume sets 6.3 Volume releases 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) For this incarnation of the franchise , Frank Welker , the voice of Fred , took over as Scooby 's voice ( replacing both Don Messick , the original voice of Scooby , who died in 1997 and Scott Innes , the second voice of the character in the made - for - video films released between 1998 and 2001 ) . Casey Kasem returned as Shaggy , seven years after he had quit the role ; Grey DeLisle returned as Daphne 's voice ( having previously voiced the character in Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ) . Actress Mindy Cohn of The Facts of Life fame , took over from B.J. Ward as Velma 's voice . The series itself is a modernized version of the original Where Are You ! series . It takes place in the 21st century and is more `` realistic '' than the previous , more cartoony incarnations , and features music from contemporary genres and all - new , original sound effects to replace the classic Hanna - Barbera sound effects . Even a distinctive thunderclap sound that was used frequently on older Scooby - Doo TV series was very rarely used on the series . A laugh track was only used for the Halloween special . The classic formula was also frequently parodied throughout ( in a manner similar to A Pup Named Scooby - Doo ) , including the line `` And I would 've gotten away with it too , if it were n't for you meddling kids . '' As such , it returns to the formulaic version of humans in monster disguises , rather than the real monsters and ghosts of the prior four direct - to - video films ( or the 1980s versions that preceded them ) . The show was produced by Warner Bros. Animation , the successor to Warner Bros. Cartoons which was the studio famous for bringing the Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies to life , which had by this time absorbed Hanna - Barbera Productions on March 12 , 2001 , after being bought by Time Warner from Turner Broadcasting System since their merger on October 10 , 1996 . As is the standard for other classic Hanna - Barbera properties ( Yogi Bear , The Flintstones , Wacky Races , etc . ) , the studio is still credited as the copyright owner , and Joseph Barbera , co-founder and co-chairman of the Hanna - Barbera studios , served as an executive producer alongside Sander Schwartz . Barbera 's longtime partner William Hanna had died the year before . The band Simple Plan is strongly connected to What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? . They perform the theme song ( written by Rich Dickerson ) , and appeared as themselves in the episode `` Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman '' . Two of their songs appeared in chase scenes : `` I 'd Do Anything '' in the episode `` It 's Mean , It 's Green , It 's the Mystery Machine '' and `` You Do n't Mean Anything '' in `` Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman '' , which also had the song `` The Worst Day Ever '' serve as the song the band plays during a scene where they practice , and a scene where they are in concert . Also , they contributed to the theatrical movie Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . What 's New aired for three seasons on The WB Television Network 's `` Kids ' WB '' programming block as a half - hour program , before being put on an indefinite hiatus in 2005 , although the last episode , `` E-Scream '' , was aired on Cartoon Network . Reruns have been shown on both Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang . Each season contained thirteen normal episodes and one holiday - themed special . It also debuted on Boomerang and Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In the United Kingdom , it also aired on CBBC , but currently airs on CITV . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Fred Jones : The leader of the Mystery , Inc. gang who is the master of making traps to catch the villains . However , sometimes the traps fail to work when Shaggy and Scooby mess them up then use the parts to catch the villain in their own fashion . Voiced by Frank Welker . Daphne Blake : The fashionable , rich glamor girl of the gang who defends herself with her great fighting skills . She is also quite ditzy and accident prone . Voiced by Grey DeLisle . Velma Dinkley : The smartest of the gang , and wears glasses because she is myopic . She has to fight back the advances of semi-recurring Gibby Norton , who does devious things , thinking it will win her over . Voiced by Mindy Cohn . Shaggy Rogers : A beatnik teenager who is best friends with Scooby . He and Scooby are usually scared and hungry ; a running gag in the show . He is also known to have a high metabolism , and also is rich . At his voice actor 's request , Shaggy was made into a vegetarian for this series . Voiced by Casey Kasem . Scooby - Doo : A cowardly , clumsy Great Dane who is best friends with Shaggy Rogers . Two things that they have in common are that they love food and are always afraid of things including monsters . Voiced by Frank Welker . Recurring characters ( edit ) Characters in the series who appear more than once . Elliot Blender : A competitive , jerkish spoiled child who often loses to Velma in contests . Voiced by Kimberly Brooks . Melbourne O'Reilly : An Australian adventurer / explorer who is one of Fred 's heroes ( he is also based on Steve Irwin and Indiana Jones ) Voiced by Steven Blum . J.J. Hakimoto : A famous , over enthusiastic , Asian director . Voiced by Brian Tochi . Gibby Norton : A nerd who has a crush on Velma , who hates the sight of him . He often turns out to be the villain to impress Velma , never succeeding . Gibby is modelled after his voice actor , Eddie Deezen . Burr Batson : Cocky southern professional racer who drives a monster truck . Voiced by James Arnold Taylor . Professor Laslow Ostwald : An inventor whom the gang meets . Voiced by Dave Foley , later by James Arnold Taylor . He first appears in `` High - Tech House of Horrors '' where his `` House of the Future 's '' AI `` Shari '' goes haywire attacking tourists . Though the gang suspects him it is later revealed that `` Shari '' itself is responsible ( as she was angry at the Professor due to him getting all of the attention ) . The gang defeated `` Shari '' by ignoring her ( as attention was what she wanted ) causing her to overload . Professor Ostwald also appears in `` E-Scream '' at a `` Video Game Convention '' where his new invention the cuddly `` Osomons '' turn evil . It is later discovered that the whole mystery was actually a VR simulation Velma was trying out . The Hex Girls : Thorn , Dusk and Luna , are the members of the famous eco-goth rock band , The Hex Girls , with whom Scooby and the gang are acquainted with , due to being prominent side characters in Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost . Thorn is voiced by Jennifer Hale , Dusk by Jane Wiedlin and Luna by Kimberly Brooks . Mr. B : The owner of the Secret Six puppies . His full name is never revealed . Voiced by Jeff Bennett . He also appears to be based on actor John Turturro given his accent and appearance . Crissie : A Golden Retriever who is the Secret Six 's mother . The Secret Six puppies : Maize , Flax , Jingle , Knox , 14 - Carat and Bling - Bling . They are six very well - trained , prize - winning Golden Retriever puppies who have a knack for getting into trouble . Maize and Knox are voiced by Jennifer Hale , Jingle is voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey , Flax is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , Bling - Bling is voiced by Grey DeLisle , and 14 - Carat is voiced by Frank Welker . Nancy Chang : Reporter in episodes `` There 's No Creature Like Snow Creature '' and `` Riva Ras Regas '' . Voiced by Lauren Tom . Cast ( edit ) Frank Welker as Fred Jones , Scooby - Doo Casey Kasem as Shaggy Rogers Mindy Cohn as Velma Dinkley Grey DeLisle as Daphne Blake Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episodes Spin - off films ( edit ) Seven spin - off movies set in the same style and animation of the series with the same voice cast as before , which continued after the series ended in 2006 , up until 2009 . The films in order are : The Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) , Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) , Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) , Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2006 ) , Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) , The Goblin King ( 2008 ) and The Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) . Home media Releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 . The series was initially released in ten volumes of four or five episodes between 2003 -- 2006 , as well as in the United Kingdom from 2004 -- 2006 and later re-released , in the United States , in season sets in 2007 -- 2008 . In the UK , the volumes were released in a two disc set on May 30 , 2011 . A box set was released on October 29 , 2007 in the UK containing all ten volumes in a complete set . Season sets ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Complete 1st Season 14 February 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Complete 2nd Season 14 June 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 05 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Complete 3rd Season 14 January 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) UK volume sets ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : The Complete Collection 42 October 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : A Scary Space & A Swinging Face 8 May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : Movie Monsters & A Magic Mummy May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : Top Dog & A Hot Dog 10 May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : Ghouls , Fools and Food & A Grief on a Reef 8 May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : Spooky Case and a Mad Race May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) Volume Releases ( edit ) US DVD Name Ep # Release Date Episodes Featured What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 1 : Space Ape at the Cape August 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 19 ) `` There 's No Creature Like Snow Creature '' `` 3 - D Struction '' `` Space Ape at the Cape '' `` Big Scare in the Big Easy '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 2 : Safari So Goodi ! March 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 09 ) `` It 's Mean , It 's Green , It 's the Mystery Machine '' `` Riva Ras Regas '' `` Roller Ghoster Ride '' `` Safari , So Goodi ! '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 3 : Halloween Boos and Clues August 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) `` The Vampire Strikes Back '' `` Mummy Scares Best '' `` High - tech House of the Future '' `` She Sees a Sea Monster by the Sea Shore '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 4 : Merry Scary Holiday October 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) `` A Scooby Doo Christmas '' `` Toy Scary Boo '' `` Homeward Hound '' `` Recipe for Disaster '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 5 : Sports Spooktacular June 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 14 ) `` The Unnatural '' `` The Fast and the Wormious '' `` Wrestle Maniacs '' `` Diamonds Are Ghoul 's Best Friend '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 6 : Monster Matinee August 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 09 ) `` A Scooby - Doo Halloween '' `` San Franpsycho '' `` New Mexico , Old Monster '' `` Big Appetite in Little Tokyo '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 7 : Ghosts on the Go November 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 08 ) `` Large Dragon at Large '' `` It 's All Greek to Scooby '' `` Pompeii and Circumstance '' `` Ready to Scare '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 8 : Zoinks ! Camera ! Action ! February 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 21 ) `` Lights ! Camera ! Mayhem '' `` E-Scream '' `` Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman '' `` A Scooby - Doo Valentine '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 9 : Route Scary 6 5 June 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) `` Fright House of a Lighthouse '' `` Go West Young Scoob '' `` Farmed and Dangerous '' `` Gentlemen Start Your Monsters '' `` Camp Comeoniwannascareya '' ( Bonus episodes ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 10 : Monstrous Tails 5 December 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 05 ) `` Uncle Scooby and Antarctica ! '' `` Block - Long Hong Kong Terror '' `` Reef Grief '' `` Gold Paw '' `` A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown '' ( Bonus episodes ) UK DVD Name Ep # Release Date Episodes Featured What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 1 : Space Ape at the Cape May 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 03 ) `` There 's No Creature Like Snow Creature '' `` 3 - D Struction '' `` Space Ape at the Cape '' `` Big Scare in the Big Easy '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 2 : Safari , So Goodi ! June 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 28 ) `` It 's Mean , It 's Green , It 's the Mystery Machine '' `` Riva Ras Regas '' `` Roller Ghoster Ride '' `` Safari , So Goodi ! '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 3 : Lights ! Camera ! Mayhem ! June 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 20 ) `` She Sees Sea Monsters by the Sea Shore '' `` Toy Scary Boo '' `` Lights ! Camera ! Mayhem ! '' `` Pompeii and Circumstance '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 4 : Mummy Scares Best ! July 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 18 ) `` The Unnatural '' `` Big Appetite in Little Tokyo '' `` Mummy Scares Best '' `` The Fast and the Wormious '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 5 : Homeward Hound 5 October 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) `` High - Tech House of Horrors '' `` The Vampire Strikes Back '' `` Homeward Hound '' `` The San Franpsycho '' `` Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 6 : Recipe for Disaster 5 November 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 21 ) `` Recipe for Disaster '' `` Large Dragon at Large '' `` Uncle Scooby and Antarctica '' `` New Mexico , Old Monster '' `` It 's All Greek to Scooby '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 7 : Ready to Scare April 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 10 ) `` Wrestle Maniacs '' `` Diamonds Are a Ghoul 's Best Friend '' `` Ready to Scare '' `` A Scooby - Doo Valentine '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 8 : E-Scream May 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 29 ) `` Block - Long Hong Kong Horror '' `` Gold Paw '' `` Reef Grief ! '' `` E-Scream '' What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Volume 9 : Fright House of a Lighthouse July 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) `` Go West , Young Scoob '' `` Fright House of a Lighthouse '' `` Farmed and Dangerous '' `` Camp Comeoniwannascareya '' What 's New , Scooby Doo ? Volume 10 : Gentlemen , Start Your Monsters November 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 20 ) `` Gentleman , Start Your Monsters '' `` A Scooby - Doo Halloween '' `` A Scooby - Doo Christmas '' `` A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Casey Kasem , Iconic Radio Host , Dies at 82 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Legum , Judd ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Secret Legacy : How He Used Scooby - Doo To Advance His Values '' . Thinkprogress.org . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ US Volumes : `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 1 - Space Ape at the Cape Starring Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle ( Jun 1 , 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 2 - Safari So Good ! Starring Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle ( Mar 9 , 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 3 - Halloween Boos and Clues Starring Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle ( Aug 10 , 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 4 - Merry Scary Holiday ( Oct 5 , 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 5 - Sports Spooktacular Starring Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle ( Jun 14 , 2005 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 6 - Monster Matinee Starring Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle ( Aug 9 , 2005 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 7 - Ghosts on the Go Starring Mindy Cohn , Miranda Cosgrove , Grey DeLisle and Casey Kasem ( Nov 8 , 2005 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 8 - Zoinks ! Camera ! Action ! Starring Mindy Cohn , Miranda Cosgrove , Grey DeLisle and Casey Kasem ( Feb 21 , 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 9 - Route Scary6 Starring Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle ( Jun 6 , 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo , Vol. 10 - Monstrous Tails ( Dec 5 , 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ UK Volumes : `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 1 - Space Ape At The Cape ( 2003 ) ( DVD ) Starring Don Messick , Casey Kasem , Frank Welker and Heather North ( DVD - 2004 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol 2 - Safari So Goodi ( DVD ) Starring Don Messick , Casey Kasem , Frank Welker and Heather North ( DVD - 2004 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol 3 - Lights , Camera , Mayhem ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2005 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 4 - Mummy Scares Best ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2005 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol 5 - Homeward Hound ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2005 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol 6 - Recipe For Disaster ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2005 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 7 - Ready To Scare ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 8 - E-Scream ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 9 - Fright House Of A Lighthouse ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo ? - Volume 10 - Gentleman Start Your Monsters ( DVD ) ( DVD - 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Season set reference : `` What 's New Scooby - Doo ? : The Complete First Season : Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn , Grey DeLisle , Jeff Bennett , Colleen O'Shaughnessey , Dee Bradley Baker , James Arnold Taylor , Jennifer Hale , Steve Blum , Tom Kenny , John Di Maggio , Jeffrey Gatrall , Joe Sichta , Russell Calabrese , Swinton O. Scott III , Tim Maltby , Tom Mazzocco , Dwayne McDuffie , Ed Scharlach : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo ? : The Complete Second Season : Frank Welker , Casey Kasem , Mindy Cohn , Grey DeLisle , Jeff Bennett , Colleen O'Shaughnessey , Dee Bradley Baker , James Arnold Taylor , Jennifer Hale , Steve Blum , Tom Kenny , John Di Maggio , Heechul Kang , Jeffrey Gatrall , Joe Sichta , Russell Calabrese , Scott Jeralds , Swinton O. Scott III , Tae Ho Han , Tim Maltby : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo ? - The Complete Third Season : What 's New Scooby - Doo , Various directors : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . `` What 's New Scooby - Doo : Complete Seasons 1 - 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Set Releases : `` What 's New Scooby Doo - Volume 1 - 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo - Volume 3 - 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo - Volume 5 - 6 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo - Volume 7 - 8 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . `` What 's New Scooby Doo - Volume 9 - 10 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Limited , Linens . `` What 's New Scooby Doo : Complete 10 - Disc Box Set DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Scooby Doo : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . `` Scooby - Doo '' . Banks , Clive . Retrieved September 4 , 2005 . `` The Complete Scooby - Doo Episode Guide '' . Baxter , Joel ( 2003 ) . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved September 3 , 2005 . `` Hanna - Barbera Studio Directory ( 1958 - 2001 ) '' . The Big Cartoon DataBase . Retrieved September 3 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Official Scooby - Doo website What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? on IMDb What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? at the Big Cartoon DataBase What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? at TV.com Scooby - Doo Characters Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers Daphne Blake Fred Jones Velma Dinkley Scrappy - Doo Television shows Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! episodes ( 1969 -- 1970 ) The New Scooby - Doo Movies episodes ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Scooby - Doo Show episodes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1980 -- 82 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 84 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo episodes ( 1988 -- 1991 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episodes ( 2002 -- 06 ) Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! episodes ( 2006 -- 08 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated episodes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 18 ) Scooby - Doo and Guess Who ? ( 2019 ) Package shows and programming blocks The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics / Scooby 's All - Stars ( 1977 -- 78 ) The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show ( 1980 -- 81 ) The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour ( 1982 ) Scary Scooby Funnies ( 1984 -- 85 ) Scooby 's Mystery Funhouse ( 1985 -- 86 ) Television films and specials Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) Scooby Goes Hollywood ( 1979 ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School ( 1988 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Scooby - Doo : Behind the Scenes ( 1998 ) Night of the Living Doo ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) Direct - to - video films Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Aloha ( 2005 ) Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2006 ) Chill Out ( 2007 ) Goblin King ( 2008 ) Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Big Top ( 2012 ) Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Stage Fright ( 2013 ) WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) The Gourmet Ghost ( 2018 ) Live - action films Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) Daphne & Velma ( 2018 ) Video games Scooby - Doo ( 1986 ) Mystery ( 1995 ) Mystery of the Fun Park Phantom ( 1999 ) Mystery Adventures ( 2000 ) Classic Creep Capers ( 2000 ) The Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Night of 100 Frights ( 2002 ) Mystery Mayhem ( 2004 ) Unmasked ( 2005 ) Who 's Watching Who ? ( 2006 ) First Frights ( 2009 ) Spooky Swamp ( 2010 ) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) Ghoster Coaster ( 1998 ) Haunted Mansion ( 2001 ) Spooky Coaster ( 2002 ) Comic books Scooby Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Soundtracks Snack Tracks : The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Miscellaneous Scooby Snacks `` Scoobynatural '' List of media Category Warner Bros. Animation Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny Show The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters Taz - Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs ' n ' Daffy Space Jam ( 1996 ) Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers characters Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) Loonatics Unleashed characters The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes DC Comics Batman : The Animated Series Superman : The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Green Lantern : The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go ! Beware the Batman Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls TV series Scooby - Doo What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! `` Scoobynatural '' ( Supernatural episode ) Scooby - Doo and Guess Who ? Animaniacs Animaniacs characters Pinky and the Brain Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs ( reboot ) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show The Lego Movie The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Unikitty ! The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Yabba - Dabba Dinosaurs ! Green Eggs and Ham ThunderCats Roar Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! 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( 2007 -- 08 ) Specials Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer ( 2000 ) Pokémon : The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_New,_Scooby-Doo%3F&oldid=840739631 '' Categories : 2002 American television series debuts 2000s American animated television series 2006 American television series endings Animated children 's television sitcoms The WB shows Kids ' WB original programs Scooby - Doo television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American children 's animated mystery television series Television series by Warner Bros. 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"The series premiered on September 14, 2002, and ran for three seasons before ending on July 21, 2006. The title song was performed by Canadian band Simple Plan. Reruns of the series have aired on both Cartoon Network and Boomerang in the United States. It also aired on Teletoon in Canada, and CITV[citation needed] in the United Kingdom."
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"Canadian band Simple Plan"
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1128174533289929368 | American Horror Story: Hotel | American Horror Story : Hotel - wikipedia American Horror Story : Hotel Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story : Hotel Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Kathy Bates Sarah Paulson Evan Peters Wes Bentley Matt Bomer Chloë Sevigny Denis O'Hare Cheyenne Jackson Angela Bassett Lady Gaga Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network FX Original release October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) -- January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Freak Show Next → Roanoke List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Hotel is the fifth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It premiered on October 7 , 2015 , and concluded January 13 , 2016 . The series was renewed in October 2014 , with the subtitle Hotel being announced in February 2015 . Hotel marks the first season to not feature series mainstays Jessica Lange and Frances Conroy . Returning cast from previous seasons of the series include : Evan Peters , Sarah Paulson , Denis O'Hare , Lily Rabe , Kathy Bates , Angela Bassett , Chloë Sevigny , Finn Wittrock , Wes Bentley , Gabourey Sidibe , Mare Winningham , Matt Bomer , Christine Estabrook , Matt Ross , John Carroll Lynch , and Anthony Ruivivar , along with new cast members Lady Gaga and Cheyenne Jackson . Breaking from the anthological format , like Freak Show , the season is interconnected to the first and third seasons , and features an appearance by the Murder House , its original owner Dr. Charles Montgomery ( Ross ) , its realtor Marcy ( Estabrook ) , and the psychic Billie Dean Howard ( Paulson ) , as well as the appearance of the witch Queenie ( Sidibe ) . The plot centers around the enigmatic Hotel Cortez in Los Angeles , California , that catches the eye of an intrepid homicide detective ( Bentley ) . The Cortez is host to the strange and bizarre , spearheaded by its owner , The Countess ( Gaga ) , who is a bloodsucking fashionista . The hotel is loosely based on an actual hotel built in 1893 by H.H. Holmes in Chicago , Il . for the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . It became known as the ' Murder Castle ' as it was built for Holmes to torture , murder , and dispose of evidence just as is the Cortez . This season features two murderous threats in the form of the Ten Commandments Killer , a serial offender who selects his victims in accordance with biblical teachings , and `` the Addiction Demon '' , who roams the hotel armed with a drill bit dildo . According to creators Brad Falchuk and Ryan Murphy , thematically , Hotel is much darker than previous seasons . Inspiration came from old hotel horror films and actual hotels situated in downtown Los Angeles with a reputation for sinister events , including the Cecil . The cycle also marks a return to filming in Los Angeles , where the first two seasons were shot . Hotel features one of the most expansive sets in American Horror Story history , with production designer Mark Worthington building two stories on a soundstage , along with a working elevator and stairway . In July 2015 , FX launched a marketing campaign for the series , with most trailers and teasers touting Gaga 's involvement . Although Hotel was originally reported to consist of thirteen episodes ( à la Asylum , Coven , and Freak Show ) , that number was later revised to twelve ( à la Murder House ) . The season garnered a total of eight Emmy Award nominations , including two acting nominations for Paulson and Bates . It was the first time , however , that a season of American Horror Story was not nominated for Outstanding Limited Series . In addition , Gaga won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Mini-Series or Television Film while Hotel received a nomination for Best Mini-Series or Television Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Conception and writing 4.1. 2 Set design 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.3 Ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The fifth season of American Horror Story focuses on the Downtown Los Angeles Hotel Cortez which has been recently purchased by a New York fashion designer , Will Drake ( Cheyenne Jackson ) . The 90 year old hotel is haunted by demons and mysterious ghosts including the founder , James Patrick March ( Evan Peters ) ; heroin junkie Sally ( Sarah Paulson ) ; and the strap - on - wielding Addiction Demon . Staff and residents of the hotel include the 111 - year - old `` vampire '' , Elizabeth / The Countess ( Lady Gaga ) , and her longtime paramour , the former drug - addict Donovan ( Matt Bomer ) , as well as Donovan 's mother , the manager and front desk clerk Iris ( Kathy Bates ) ; the eccentric transgender bartender Liz Taylor ( Denis O'Hare ) ; and the Countess ' vengeance - obsessed lover , Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ) . As the season unfolds , the information and backstory of each character is revealed . Elizabeth was married to James March and had an illegal abortion at the Murder House ( of AHS Season One ) back in 1926 . Ramona was a Hollywood actress who had a romantic past with Elizabeth , before the latter killed Ramona 's new boyfriend in a jealous rage . Liz was formerly known as Nick Pryor and lived in Topeka , Kansas up until 1984 when she was given a makeover and christened as Liz Taylor by Elizabeth . Sally , after supplying Donovan heroin , was shoved out a window by an angered Iris . Finally , James tortured and murdered many visitors to his hotel , which he built with a series of secret chutes and hallways used primarily for covertly disposing the bodies of his victims . The present and past stories of the Hotel are interwoven with the present tale of Detective John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) , who is first drawn to the hotel by a series of murders committed by a serial killer the victims of whom each exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments , and his wife , Dr. Alex Lowe ( Chloe Sevigny ) . As the season unfolds , it is revealed that certain past events -- including the earlier disappearance of Lowe 's young son Holden -- are also entangled in the stories of the Countess and the Hotel Cortez . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story characters and List of American Horror Story : Hotel characters Main ( edit ) Lady Gaga , Denis O'Hare , and Wes Bentley ( left to right ) portray The Countess , Liz Taylor , and Det . John Lowe , respectively . Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , and Kathy Bates ( left to right ) portray Sally McKenna , James Patrick March , and Iris , respectively . Matt Bomer , Angela Bassett , and Chloë Sevigny ( left to right ) portray Donovan , Ramona Royale , and Dr. Alex Lowe , respectively . Kathy Bates as Iris Sarah Paulson as Sally McKenna and Billie Dean Howard Evan Peters as James Patrick March Wes Bentley as Det . John Lowe Matt Bomer as Donovan Chloë Sevigny as Dr. Alex Lowe Denis O'Hare as Liz Taylor Cheyenne Jackson as Will Drake Angela Bassett as Ramona Royale Lady Gaga as Elizabeth Johnson / The Countess Special guest stars ( edit ) Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers Finn Wittrock as Tristan Duffy and Rudolph Valentino Naomi Campbell as Claudia Bankson Lily Rabe as Aileen Wuornos Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie Recurring ( edit ) Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe Richard T. Jones as Det . Andrew Hahn Shree Crooks as Scarlett Lowe Lyric Lennon as Lachlan Drake Jessica Belkin as Wren Max Greenfield as Gabriel Helena Mattsson as Agnetha Kamilla Alnes as Vendela Anton Lee Starkman as Max Ellison Darren Criss as Justin Guest stars ( edit ) Mädchen Amick as Mrs. Ellison Christine Estabrook as Marcy Alexandra Daddario as Natacha Rambova Roxana Brusso as Dr. Kohan David Naughton as Mr. Samuels John Carroll Lynch as John Wayne Gacy Seth Gabel as Jeffrey Dahmer Anthony Ruivivar as Richard Ramirez Nico Evers - Swindell as Craig Robert Knepper as Lieutenant Jessica Lu as Babe Kristen Ariza as Mrs. Pritchard Mouzam Makkar as Nurse Leena Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery Charles Melton as Mr. Wu David Barrera as Dr. Kaplan Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Checking In '' Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 5ATS01 5.81 Two female Swedish tourists check into the Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles . They are attacked by a disfigured creature who was inside their room 's mattress . Meanwhile , Detective John Lowe is investigating the torture - murder of a couple and goes to the Cortez for clues . He sees a vision there of his missing son Holden , who was abducted five years earlier . Heroin addict Gabriel checks in and is violently raped by the Addiction Demon . The resident couple , Countess Elizabeth and Donovan have a foursome with a couple they met , murdering them after and savoring their blood . In a 1994 flashback , it is revealed that the hotel manager Iris shoved Hypodermic Sally out a window to her death after Sally drugged Donovan to death . John arrives at the hotel and checks into Room 64 . 53 `` Chutes and Ladders '' Bradley Buecker Tim Minear October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 5ATS02 4.06 Will Drake , a designer and the new owner of the Cortez , hosts a fashion show in the hotel , which model and actor Tristan Duffy , a drug addict and narcissist , stars in . Elizabeth turns Tristan into a vampire and the two engage in a relationship . Donovan becomes jealous , resulting in Elizabeth ending their relationship . Iris tells John about the hotel : The sadistic James Patrick March built the hotel in 1926 as a place for him to torture and murder people . Eventually , the police find him , so he and his loyal laundress Miss Evers commit suicide . Will 's son Lachlan shows John 's eight - year - old daughter Scarlett a room that contains coffins for Elizabeth 's vampire children . Scarlett recognizes her brother , Holden , in one of the coffins and later takes a photo with him to prove to her parents that he is alive ; however , Holden is blurry in the photo . 54 `` Mommy '' Bradley Buecker James Wong October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 5ATS03 3.20 Tristan meets March and promises to murder Will . Elizabeth stops Tristan from killing Will and reveals that she plans to marry the designer and murder him to gain his entire estate . Iris is rejected as a mother by Donovan who convinces her to kill herself . Donovan is kidnapped by Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ) , an ex-lover of Elizabeth . Ramona aims to kill Elizabeth 's children in revenge for her murdering Ramona 's male lover . She releases Donovan when he reveals he and Elizabeth broke up . Iris decides to end her life by overdosing on heroin supplied to her by Sally . Donovan bursts in and turns her by feeding her his vampire blood to save her . John 's doctor wife Alex ( Chloë Sevigny ) gives him divorce papers at the Cortez . There , she is shocked to see Holden , who greets her . 55 `` Devil 's Night '' Loni Peristere Jennifer Salt October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 5ATS04 3.04 On Devil 's Night ( Oct. 30 ) , serial killer Richard Ramirez checks in and goes on a murder spree . More serial killers check in , including Aileen Wuornos , who tries to kill John . The hotel 's transgender bartender Liz Taylor informs John of March 's annual Devil 's Night dinner , where the spirits of the most notorious American serial killers , who had checked into the hotel prior to their death , come together to celebrate their crimes . John is introduced to Ramirez , John Wayne Gacy , Jeffrey Dahmer , and the masked Zodiac Killer . During the dinner , he witnesses the guests murdering a man for `` dessert . '' Alex takes Holden home , but then Holden leads her to Elizabeth , who explains that she took Holden away to `` save him '' . Elizabeth offers Alex the opportunity to become a vampire so she can spend eternity with her son and she agrees . 56 5 `` Room Service '' Michael Goi Ned Martel November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 5ATS05 2.87 Donovan and Ramona decide to get revenge on Elizabeth by making Iris their inside man . The newly - turned vampire Alex saves her dying kid patient Max by turning him , not knowing the consequences . Max feeds on his parents and starts a strain of virus at school , infecting his classmates , who then feed on the teachers . At the Cortez , John awakes in bed with Sally . She claims he practically dragged her into his room , where they had sex but John denies doing any of it . A pair of arrogant hipsters check in and provoke Iris to the point of tears . She receives comfort from Liz Taylor , who details how she came to be at the hotel . Iris brutally murders and feeds on the hipsters in a rage , feeling better after . Alex starts working as the vampire children 's new governess under Elizabeth 's rules . 57 6 `` Room 33 '' Loni Peristere John J. Gray November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 5ATS06 2.64 In 1926 in the Murder House ( from Season One ) , Dr. Charles Montgomery meets with Elizabeth to perform an abortion . During the process , the baby attacks Charles ' nurse . He tells Elizabeth she had a boy . In present day , it is revealed that Elizabeth keeps him in Room 33 . John discovers Alex in the coffin and faints . Realizing he is losing his sanity , he checks out and returns home . Donovan , Ramona and Iris plan to murder Elizabeth 's vampire children but Donovan backs out . He meets Agnetha and Vendela , the two Swedish tourists , who are now ghosts unable to leave the hotel , and he explains to them that they must find their purpose . Tristan and Liz fall in love but worry about Elizabeth 's reaction . They ask her if they can be together , but Elizabeth kills Tristan in retaliation . 58 7 `` Flicker '' Michael Goi Crystal Liu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 5ATS07 2.64 In present day , two ghoulish figures are found in a barricaded corridor in Hotel Cortez . In 1925 Los Angeles , a young human Elizabeth gets into a relationship with actor Rudolph Valentino and his wife Natacha . He dies suddenly and Elizabeth heartbrokenly marries James March . Valentino later returns and explains he faked his death and is now a vampire . He changes Elizabeth , but a jealous March traps Valentino and his wife in the corridor , where they have been for years : they are the ghoulish figures who were found . John Lowe checks into a mental health hospital and meets a child named Wren , who was an accomplice to The Ten Commandments Killer . He and Wren escape and she reveals to him that the killer is at the Cortez . Wren then darts into traffic , not wanting to live forever anymore , and is run over . 59 8 `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' Loni Peristere Ryan Murphy December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 5ATS08 2.31 John heads to the Cortez , where Sally leads him to Room 64 and unveils a secret room that March had built . She reveals that John has been the murderer all along : he was repressing his memories of the murders , but believes he is doing them to correct the injustice he sees everywhere . Through flashbacks , it is shown that John had first visited the Cortez in 2010 . He met March , who decided John was the perfect protege to continue his work . To get him to truly fall into darkness and stop holding back , March had Elizabeth kidnap Holden . Distraught , John 's first murder is Martin Gamboa , a child molester . John almost kills himself after realizing what he has done , but March saves him . 60 9 `` She Wants Revenge '' Michael Uppendahl Brad Falchuk December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 5ATS09 2.14 Elizabeth reflects on her situation and realizes she only has space for those she can feel love for . She tracks down Valentino and Natacha and reunites with them . She plans to construct the Cortez as a shelter against the modern world for her and Valentino , but only once she murders Will and inherits his fortune . Alex tracks down the kids from the school massacre and finds the bodies of their parents . She attempts to bring them back to the Cortez but they refuse help . Donovan and Ramona enact their plan of vengeance but just as Ramona is about to stab Elizabeth , Donovan betrays her and traps her in the blocked hallway . Will marries Elizabeth in a private ceremony and immediately after , Elizabeth imprisons Will with Ramona and watches on a camera as Ramona slashes Will and drinks his blood . 61 10 `` She Gets Revenge '' Bradley Buecker James Wong December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) 5ATS10 1.85 Elizabeth kills Natacha so she and Valentino can be together while Donovan kills Rudolph out of jealousy . John and Alex rekindle their relationship now that they have Holden back , and find the rogue vampire children turned because of Alex saving Max . They take the children back to the hotel and trick them into being sealed in with Ramona . Sally does not like that John and Alex are back together , feeling used because she 'd been there for John when Alex was n't . Miss Evers helps Liz reconnect with her son , Douglas , whom she has not seen for 31 years , and they invite him to come to the hotel . Douglas admits he wants his father in his life , regardless if she is a woman , changing Liz 's decision about committing suicide with Iris . Instead , Liz and Iris team up to take over the hotel , starting with shooting up the penthouse with Donovan and Elizabeth inside . 62 11 `` Battle Royale '' Michael Uppendahl Ned Martel January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 5ATS11 1.84 Liz and Iris shoot Elizabeth and Donovan , and Elizabeth escapes while Donovan lies dying . At his request , Iris and Liz move him outside the hotel to die so his spirit will not be trapped inside forever . Sally saves Elizabeth , reviving her with blood from her vampire children , and reveals her past . Iris and Liz free Ramona to use as a weapon against Elizabeth . Ramona confronts a now - weak Elizabeth , but is seduced by her old lover . Elizabeth packs and is about to leave the hotel for good but she is gunned down by John as his final kill : `` Thou Shalt Not Commit Murder . '' Now trapped in the hotel forever , Elizabeth 's ghost arrives at March 's suite , where he tells her that he can finally forgive Elizabeth for turning him in to the police ; she reveals that she did not . Hazel admits she was the one who called the police so that she could have March to herself . March banishes Hazel from his presence , who feels oddly free now that she is not bound to him . 63 12 `` Be Our Guest '' Bradley Buecker John J. Gray January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 5ATS12 2.24 A year later , Liz reflects on the reinvention of the Hotel Cortez under her and Iris 's new management . The two lament the problems that the murderous ghosts are leaving them with . Sally and Will do n't want to stop killing the guests but March agrees that they need to stop until the Cortez becomes a historical landmark . Liz and Iris inspire Sally and Will to release their urges through other means . Liz discovers she is terminally ill and decides to die in the Hotel so she will be with the other ghosts and vampires , whom she considers her family . After becoming a ghost , Liz visited by Tristan , who stayed invisible while she was alive so that she could live her life . Psychic Billie Dean Howard begins investigating the Cortez with her TV show , making the residents worry . John takes Billie Dean to Devil 's Night , where they threaten to kill her if she mentions the Cortez again . Elizabeth proceeds to seduce a man who looks like Donovan , finding a new lover in his image , implying she loved Donovan after all . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) Incidents which happened at The Cecil , situated in downtown Los Angeles , were one of the inspirations behind season 5 , Hotel . On October 13 , 2014 , FX renewed the series for a fifth season for an October 2015 premiere . Network president John Landgraf stated that the season would necessitate a `` huge reinvention '' for the series . The season 's subtitle was confirmed as Hotel in February 2015 . The theme and Gaga 's involvement were hinted in the previous installment as an image of a top hat , an arcane clue alluding to the 1935 screwball musical comedy film Top Hat , which is set in a hotel and features a song called `` Cheek to Cheek '' , also the title of Gaga 's duet album with Tony Bennett . Co-creator Ryan Murphy explained that the casting included a number of actors and singers , but would be a much darker season compared to the previous ones . Inspiration came from old hotel horror films and actual hotels situated in downtown Los Angeles , with horrific reputations . This included The Cecil , where the death of 21 - year - old Canadian student Elisa Lam occurred . Murphy had watched a surveillance video of Lam in the hotel , in which she displayed erratic behavior just hours prior to her supposed death . It was around this time that the writing for Hotel was conceptualized , which included Murphy 's personal phobia and fears , a fear that had not been explored since the first season . The upcoming season that we 're doing is much more horror - based ; it 's much more dark . It 's about a theme and an idea that 's very close to my heart that I 've always wanted to do that 's a little bloodier and grislier , I think , than anything that we 've done before ; it 's straight horror this year . Murder House , I thought , was a very primal season because everybody 's great fear is about the bogeyman under the bed in their house , and this feels similar to me in that when you check into a hotel , there are certain things beyond your control ... Other people have the keys to your room ; they can come in there . You 're not exactly safe , it 's a very unsettling idea . Murphy and some of the cast appeared at the 2015 Comic - Con International and revealed further information about the series . `` ( Angela Bassett , Kathy Bates , Matt Bomer , Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters ) are bad boys and girls this time . '' Regarding the season having no primary character , Murphy confessed that `` the thing that 's different about the season is that before we 've always been very driven by the Jessica Lange character . She was always the lead character ... This year , it 's a true ensemble and I think we have more male parts and more male stories . The Wes Bentley part is really big , the Matt Bomer part is really big ; Evan Peters and Finn Wittrock are really big . ( But ) that 's not to say that the women are n't either . '' Co-creator Brad Falchuk explained that like the first and second season of the series , Hotel would explore the `` trapped '' horror trope , though the actions would not be limited to just within the premises . `` This season , the horror is sneaking out of the hotel , '' he added explaining that the plot would revolve around the hotel in the center , with a more noir like ambience . Named as Hotel Cortez , the titular structure was built by James March in 1930 , who was created as a rich and charming but deeply psychotic character . The season features two tormentors , The Ten Commandments Killer , who is inspired by biblical teachings , and The Addiction Demon , who wields a drill bit dildo . They are in the vein of previous seasons ' Bloody Face and Rubber Man , respectively . The Halloween episode , `` Devil 's Night '' , features a dinner with `` the biggest serial killers of all time '' , including Wuornos and John Wayne Gacy . Set design ( edit ) The Hotel 's two - story lobby set , along with a working elevator , was constructed over the course of seven weeks . While no particular hotel served as inspiration , production designer Mark Worthington was influenced by Timothy Pflueger and William Van Alen when selecting patterns and schemes , stating , `` Tonally , I thought Art Deco would make sense for the horror genre because it can be dark and spiky and odd and the composition is strange . It 's beautiful , but it is n't necessarily inviting . '' The hotel consists of labyrinthine structures housing March 's murderous fantasies with dead ends , secret rooms and includes plot - lines corresponding to it . A painting of Hernán Cortés , after whom the establishment is named , hangs in the reception area . Worthington and his team had a hand in creating even the smallest of details ; such as hotel insignias for the light fixtures , bar coasters , and a venus flytrap column carving that reflects the nature of Gaga 's character . The staircase was structured in such a way as to not pull focus from the elevator , which will serve as prime location . The exterior of the set was inspired by the James Oviatt Building in Downtown Los Angeles , while the interior decorations were modeled from the Cicada restaurant situated inside the Oviatt . Casting ( edit ) Gaga hosted a Hotel themed party at her residence for the cast and crew after the first week of filming . She hung black lace curtains , and dyed her swimming pool blood red . In February 2015 , it was announced that American singer Lady Gaga had joined the show . Murphy stated she wanted her role in the series to be `` evil '' . He also explained that Hotel would be devoid of any musical numbers . Instead Gaga 's character , Elizabeth / The Countess , is a fashion icon and owner of the Hotel Cortez . Created as a glamorous socialite character , The Countess maintains her beauty by imbibing human blood . Murphy was so pleased with Gaga 's performance that he invited her back for the yet - to - be-confirmed sixth season of the series , before Hotel had even made its debut . In March 2015 , series star Jessica Lange definitively announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season . During PaleyFest 2015 , it was announced that Matt Bomer and Cheyenne Jackson would co-star . Afterwards , more castings were confirmed , including Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Kathy Bates , and Angela Bassett . Murphy tweeted about the latter 's involvement in Hotel , including a plotline with Gaga , as a character called Ramona Royale , an actress and former lover of The Countess returning to the titular hotel for revenge . Chloë Sevigny , who was a recurring special guest in Asylum , returned to the series for Hotel , playing the wife of Wes Bentley 's character , a detective . In May 2015 , it was announced that Max Greenfield would also be joining the cast , in a role later revealed to be that of an addict . Greenfield had to dye his hair platinum blond for the role . His is intertwined to that of Sally 's ( Paulson ) and together with The Addiction Demon feature `` the most disturbing scene '' the show had ever produced , according to Murphy . In an interview with Vanity Fair , Paulson described Sally as someone who is `` selfish and greedy '' , with hygiene problems . The next month , Murphy announced that Denis O'Hare would return as a cross-dressing bar worker in the hotel . He also confirmed that Finn Wittrock would return in the new role of Tristan Duffy , a male model who is involved in a love triangle with Gaga and Bomer , and later a fated love of Liz 's . Wittrock explained that the character might have similarities to his previous Freak Show character , Dandy Mott . In July 2015 , Murphy stated that Coven alum Emma Roberts would return for a few episodes toward the finale , after completing filming on her Fox series , Scream Queens . Her character would be associated with James March ( Peters ) . While promoting Queens in September 2015 , Roberts spoke about her role with less certainty , but optimism , stating , `` ... it 's just everything you could dream of and more . Everything you could nightmare about and more . Granted , things over there are always changing , but I definitely want to go back to it . If it still stands , what Ryan told me , everyone 's in for a great shock . '' However , she later confirmed that she would be unable to return , due to her demanding feature schedule . Furthermore , she did state that Murphy and her had already discussed about a `` devilish '' role for her in the forthcoming season six . Later in July , Richard T. Jones joined the cast as Detective Hahn , a homicide detective , for an eight - episode arc . That same day , Helena Mattsson announced that she had also joined the series in an unspecified role . Series alum Lily Rabe portrayed infamous serial killer Aileen Wuornos during the Halloween installment and the finale . With her appearance in the season , Rabe is one of three cast members to appear in all five seasons ( along with Paulson and Peters ) of the show . Naomi Campbell was cast as a fashion editor who does not get along with Gaga 's character . In August 2015 , Murphy revealed that Mädchen Amick joined the season as a `` mother of a boy who becomes ill '' , and shares screen time with Alex Lowe ( Sevigny ) . Later in the month , Darren Criss was announced to guest star as a hipster that has conflicts with Iris ( Bates ) , while Mare Winningham joined as the laundress of the Cortez , who works closely with Mr. March , in the 1920s . Christine Estabrook returned to the series as Marcy ; the realtor who sold the first season 's Murder House to the Harmons . Gabourey Sidibe appeared in the eleventh episode as her Coven persona Queenie . Paulson also reprised her first season role of psychic Billie Dean Howard , appearing in the final episode of the season . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the season began on July 14 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California , marking a return to where the series shot its first two cycles ( Murder House and Asylum ) . According to the Los Angeles Times , creative reasons , not economic factors , was the deciding key for moving the series from Louisiana back to Los Angeles since Hotel 's story is connected to the city . Murphy revealed a six - story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot . A dummy set of the hotel was built at Comic - Con , showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s , inspired by the old Hollywood era . Murphy announced at the TCA Summer Press Tour in August 2015 that he would be directing the season 's Halloween episode , `` Devil 's Night '' , marking the first time in series history that he will helm more than the premiere . He stated he would direct it `` because I love the script so much , when we finished it I said , ' I ca n't give this to anybody else ' . '' However , ultimately Murphy did not direct the episode . In an interview with Entertainment Tonight , Murphy spoke about Gaga 's entrance scene , confirming it to be about six minutes long and describing it as `` like a silent movie with no dialogue , and lots of blood and nudity '' . Exterior shots were filmed at the James Oviatt Building Greenfield recalled that Murphy wanted to push the limits of the scenes between him , Paulson and The Addiction Demon , while admitting that it was scary . Paulson described it as a normal day of shooting for her since she was accustomed to the theatrics surrounding the show . She added , `` None of it 's crazy to me . I walk in and I 'm like ' Hello conical dildo demon person ' . I do n't even think twice . '' For The Countess and Donovan , who both suffer from blood lust , Murphy was insistent on chainmail gloves being used as their weapons of choice . Costume designer Lou Eyrich created the custom gloves in the mold of armor , deriving inspiration from artist Daphne Guinness ; `` We wanted it to look both rock - n - roll but old at the same time . But then the nail that pops out with diamonds on the edge to slice you , '' said Eyrich . Filming also took place at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , in front of Chris Burden 's art installation called Urban Light , where Gaga was seen in a floor length pink gown shooting scenes . Media reported that the filming involved a party scene with Gaga walking through the installation while singer Dinah Washington 's `` Coquette '' played in the background . Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack spent three days on set , where he witnessed the filming of a foursome / murder scene , involving Gaga and Bomer 's characters . Murphy recounted Gaga 's day of filming stating , `` You write a foursome for her and you expect a lot of questions . She never did that . She showed up and she was wearing diamond pasties , a Band - Aid on her hoo - ha , heels , and a black veil that Alexander McQueen made for her on the day before his death . '' Additional filming for the exterior shots of the Hotel Cortez took place outside the James Oviatt Building . Other locations include the lower level of the Los Angeles Theatre at 615 South Broadway , The Majestic Downtown at 650 South Spring Street acting as John Lowe 's office , the Loews Hollywood Hotel at 1755 Highland Avenue filming The Ten Commandments Killer murder scene , and Hollywood Forever Cemetery , where scenes with Gaga and Bomer were shot . Also used was the house from the first season located at 1120 Westchester Place . O'Hare revealed that he had filmed three episodes by September 2015 , with his scenes involving Bomer , Sevigny and Bates mostly . `` We 're kind of doing it piecemeal . You 'll do five days on this one , three days on that one . You know , they always start out rocking . There 's no warm - up . You 're in it , '' the actor explained . He later went on to compare the aesthetic to Murder House , stating , `` It feels like season 1 in many ways ... and I think it 's because we 're back in LA . You ca n't help it ! '' He also revealed that his character , Liz Taylor , would be wearing a dress that Lange was supposed to wear in Coven . The actor explained that for his part , he had to shave his body including his head , and wear eye make - up , since the character was inspired by actress Elizabeth Taylor 's films like BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) and Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . Marketing ( edit ) In February 2015 , Gaga tweeted a link to the first promotional video for the upcoming season with the caption `` Make your reservation now . # GagaAHSHotel '' announcing her presence in the season and the official title . In July 2015 , a promotional trading card was unveiled by Entertainment Weekly , available at Comic - Con , where after entering the hotel set built there , one could receive the trading card with a promotional key . The first official teaser for the season was released later that month , showing Gaga 's long - nailed hand ringing the bell at the front desk . In August 2015 , FX revealed the premiere date of the season along with a new teaser poster , showing an Art Deco peephole on a wooden door , beyond which an obscure image revealed a blond woman putting a body to bed . Later that month , Entertainment Weekly exclusively unveiled two teaser trailers of the season , entitled `` Beauty Rest '' and `` Do Not Disturb '' , set to singer Heidi Feek 's cover of Elvis Presley 's 1956 single , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' . On August 26 , Entertainment Weekly revealed exclusive cast photos , along with character descriptions . Gaga also took to her Twitter account to release another photo , showing her as The Countess with three cherubic blond boys , who are seemingly sucking on bottles of blood . The singer captioned the image : `` We are family . Meet my magical children . HOTEL # AHS . '' Murphy released three new teasers through his Twitter account , titled `` Towhead '' , `` Sleepwalk '' , and `` Jeepers Peepers '' , all set to `` Heartbreak Hotel '' . Jef Rouner from Houston Press complimented the teasers , describing them as `` things of fleeting , awful beauty . So far I 've seen six for this season and at least one of them is creepier than every episode of Coven combined ... Each one of these is usually less than 15 seconds long and they are murderously effective . I find myself wanting to watch the show again . '' On September 10 , 2015 , an extended teaser was released , featuring a psychedelic tour of the hotel , with cameos by most of the cast . Few days later , two more trailers were released , one showed the hand of an addict , with a keyhole in place of the needle point , while the other , titled `` Above & Below '' , portrays Gaga as The Countess , with several psychedelic intercuts inside a hotel , featuring Rammstein 's `` Du hast '' . American retail chain Hot Topic announced on their Instagram account that starting September 28 , 2015 , they will launch a clothing and apparel line based on Hotel , that will be sold in - store and online . On September 16 , 2015 , a featurette was released , giving more details about the season and showing some footage . An actual scene from the season , released in October 2015 , showed Bentley 's character resting in the Hotel , while Greenfield 's character hiding underneath his bed . Same day the title sequence of the season was released by Murphy , consisting of the same soundtrack like previous seasons , intercut with scenes of a dirty hotel and the Ten Commandments written across a wall . Jacob Bryant from Variety was impressed with the clip , saying that `` The opening credits for ( American Horror Story ) have always managed to be unsettling , but season five 's creepy credits might top the list . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Hotel initially received mixed reviews from critics , but , as the season progressed , the reviews became more positive . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 63 % approval rating ( average episode score of 75 % ) with an average rating of 6.38 / 10 based on 43 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Favoring garish style over effective storytelling , the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy 's Hotel . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 60 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review , writing , `` Early on , Hotel has n't hooked me with its storytelling , but it 's always fun to see what the series does with its repertory acting company and with new additions . Throw in the normal grotesquerie and visual panache and that should keep me going for a while , even if all of the humor appears to have been funneled into Scream Queens . '' Amber Dowling of TheWrap also gave a positive review , saying , `` It 's a visual , visceral romp into what is being set up to be another haphazard foray into the world of horror , as imagined by Murphy and his writing counterpart Brad Falchuk . The show has rarely made sense in terms of story , and this is no exception . '' Willa Paskin of Slate called this season a `` promising new start '' , saying , `` AHS : Hotel more obviously resembles the first two , better seasons of American Horror Story than it does the latter , lesser two . '' On the other hand , Matt Zoller Seitz of New York Magazine found the season `` confusing , tedious , annoyingly precious , and often ostentatiously brutal '' , but also praised it for being `` darkly beautiful , deeply weird , and ( sometimes ) exhilarating . '' Although Scott D. Pierce from The Salt Lake Tribune praised the production design and the cinematography , he said `` the storytelling is derivative ; the scares are non-existent ; and it 's all about style without much substance . '' Mike Hale from The New York Times complained that it `` suffers from the absence of Jessica Lange '' . IGN 's Matt Fowler gave a rating of 5.9 out of 10 , criticizing the season as `` mediocre '' and concluding `` all weight and meaning is gone '' . Gaga 's performance has received mixed reviews from critics . Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture called Gaga `` terrible here in the way that Madonna was terrible in a lot of her ' 90s films , at once too poised and too blank . '' David Weiland of San Francisco Chronicle said Gaga `` makes an enormous visual impact , but the minute she opens her mouth to deliver a line , it 's obvious that acting just is n't one of her many talents . '' Ben Travers of Indiewire wrote that he `` would n't go so far as to say Gaga 's talent adds much to the proceedings , but her presence -- and the manner in which its captured -- certainly does . '' On the other hand , Emily L. Stephens from The A.V. Club and Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly both gave a B - rating . Stephens praised Gaga 's first appearance as `` slickly exploitative and hellishly effective '' while Jensen described her as `` the show 's most potent symbol for all of its themes about our Bad Romance with fame , fortune , sex , sex , and more sex , materialism and consumerism , the denial of death and the corrupt want for cultural immortality '' . Brian Lowry of Variety praised the look of Gaga 's character as `` gloriously photographed '' and felt her addition to the show was `` extraordinarily well - timed '' . American Horror Story ( season 5 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story In its fifth season , the series has been nominated for 64 awards , 20 of which were won . Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 MTV Fandom Awards Feels Freakout of the Year Lady Gaga joins American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 2016 20th ADG Awards TV Movie or Limited Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Checking In '' ) Won Short Format -- Web Series , Music Video or Commercial Zach Mathews ( for `` Hallways '' ) Nominated 47th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Angela Bassett Nominated 42nd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Lady Gaga Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress -- TV Series Drama Nominated Best TV Series -- Genre American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 68th WGA Awards Long Form - Original Brad Falchuk , John J. Gray , Todd Kubrak , Crystal Liu , Ned Martel , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Jennifer Salt , James Wong Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Mini-Series or TV Film Lady Gaga Won Best Mini-Series or TV Film American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 6th Critics ' Choice TV Awards Best Actor in a Movie or Limited Series Wes Bentley Nominated Best Actress in a Movie or Limited Series Kathy Bates Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series Sarah Paulson Nominated 27th PGA Awards Outstanding Producer of Long - Form TV Brad Falchuk , Ryan Murphy , Brad Buecker , Tim Minear , Jennifer Salt , James Wong , Alexis Martin Woodall , Robert M. Williams Jr . Nominated 18th CDG Awards Outstanding Contemporary TV Series Lou Eyrich Won 52nd CAS Awards TV Movie or Mini-Series Brendan Beebe , CAS ( Production Mixer ) Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Vicki Lemar ( Re-recording Mixer ) ( for `` Room Service '' ) Nominated Brendan Beebe , CAS ( Production Mixer ) Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Judah Getz ( ADR Mixer ) John Guentner ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2016 Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Sarah Tanno Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C Haught , Darlene Brumfield , Frederic Asperas Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period Special Make - up Effects Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Anderson Won Commercials and Music Videos -- Best Make - up Kerry Herta , Jason Collins Won Commercials and Music Videos -- Best Hair Styling Nicole Alkire , Marissa Smith Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 2016 Best TV Actress Lady Gaga Nominated Best TV Supporting Actor Evan Peters 2nd place Denis O'Hare Write - in Best TV Supporting Actress Kathy Bates Write - in Best TV Makeup / Creature FX Eryn Krueger Mekash , David LeRoy Anderson 3rd place Best TV Series American Horror Story : Hotel Write - in 7th Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Nominated 42nd Saturn Awards Best Horror TV Series Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Kathy Bates Nominated 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark Worthington , Denise Hudson , Ellen Brill Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series or Movie Lou Eyrich , Helen Huang , Marisa Aboitiz ( for `` Chutes and Ladders '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series Or a Movie Monte C. Haught , Fredric Aspiras , Darlene Brumfield , Kelly Muldoon , Gina Bonacquisti Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie or Special Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Michael Mekash , Silvina Knight , Sarah Tanno Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Mike Mekash , Bradley A. Palmer , Bart Mixon , James MacKinnon , Kevin Kirkpatrick , David Leroy Anderson , Glen Eisner Nominated 20th OFTA Television Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series Lady Gaga Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series Kathy Bates Nominated Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Limited Series American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Limited Series Nominated Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Limited Series Nominated Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Limited Series Nominated Best Music in a Non-Series Nominated Best Editing in a Non-Series Won Best Cinematography in a Non-Series Nominated Best Production Design in a Non-Series Won Best Costume Design in a Non-Series Won Best Makeup / Hairstyling in a Non-Series Won Best Sound in a Non-Series Won Best Visual Effects in a Non-Series Won Poppy Awards 2016 Best Limited Series / Movie Won Best Lead Actress , Limited Series / Movie Lady Gaga Won Best Supporting Actor , Limited Series / Movie Denis O'Hare Won 63rd MPSE Golden Reel Awards TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Gary Megregian ( Supervising Sound Editor ) Steve Stuhr ( Supervising Dialogue Editor ) Jason Krane ( Dialogue Editor ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz ( Supervising Music Editor ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Movie / Miniseries Supporting Actor Denis O'Hare Nominated Best Movie / Miniseries Supporting Actress Sarah Paulson Nominated 38th Jupiter Awards Best International TV Series American Horror Story : Hotel Won 16th Black Reel Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress , TV Movie or Limited Series Angela Bassett Nominated 37th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actor ( 13 and Under ) Thomas Barbusca Nominated Ratings ( edit ) Hotel 's premiere episode , `` Checking In '' , was initially watched by 5.81 million viewers . After factoring in delayed viewing , the episode rose to 9.1 million , with 6.13 million in the 18 - 49 demographic , while combined linear , nonlinear and encore viewing , it drew 12.17 million viewers through October 11 . Variety stated that `` Checking In '' could become FX 's most - watched telecast , with the 60 full data tabulated . Through its first four episodes , Hotel averaged at 3.7 rating in 18 - 49 adult zone and 6.9 million viewers total , which is up by 7 % and 1 % from previous installment , Freak Show , respectively , pacing ahead of the average ratings of all prior installments on a Live + 3 basis . The season finale , `` Be Our Guest '' , initially watched by 2.24 million viewers , more than doubled its 18 - 49 rating with three days of delayed viewing , going from 1.1 million to 2.3 million , an 109 % of increase . The episode increased 94 % in total viewers , upping to 4.3 million . American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 TBD TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research See also ( edit ) List of vampire television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' premiere on top , plus MLB , ' Teen Mom ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' and MLB lead , plus ' South Park , ' ' Teen Mom II ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' down in week 3 , NLCS clincher leads the day '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a CNBC record but down from previous debates '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' and NBA lead the day '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' on top , plus ' Alaskan Bush People , ' ' South Park ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' stable , ' South Park ' down slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' dips , news channels rise with shooting coverage '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' South Park , ' ' AHS ' and ' Alaskan Bush People ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' leads , ' AHS : Hotel ' goes below 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' returns , plus ' It 's Always Sunny , ' ' Alaskan Bush People ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale rises , plus ' Duck Dynasty , ' ' Mob Wives ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' renewed for fifth season after setting ratings record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Horror Story Eyes a ' Huge Reinvention ' -- Will Jessica Lange Be a Part of It ? '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` We Finally Know What That Huge ' American Horror Story ' Top Hat Clue Means '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Might Be Inspired By This Real - Life Mystery '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` The blood - curdling viral video that inspired ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Genis , Sadie ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Drops Major American Horror Story : Hotel Bombshells '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Character Details Revealed '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sacio , Christian ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel ' Is ' Challenging To Write , ' Says Ryan Murphy '' . Design&Trend . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Here Are The First ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Character Names '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Matthew Cole ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story Hotel : Finn Wittrock on Lady Gaga , Matt Bomer Sex Scenes '' . People . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AHS : Hotel Scoop : Lady Gaga Will Romance Angela Bassett '' . TV Line . August 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Lady Gaga checks into American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Details on the AHS : Hotel Halloween episodes with Lily Rabe and Darren Criss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga Will Be ' Pretty Spectacular ' in `` American Horror Story : Hotel , '' Says Show 's Creator `` . ABC News Radio . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lily Rabe confirmed to play serial killer , Aileen Wuornos '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel Will Feature Characters From Other Seasons -- Get the Scoop '' . E !. Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy has already asked Lady Gaga to join American Horror Story season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Hateful Eight , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Walking Dead ' Score Cinema Audio Society Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mad Max , ' ' American Horror Story ' Lead Makeup and Hair Stylists Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! '' . Fangoria . May 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 Dorian Awards '' . Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV : 20th Annual Television Award Winners '' . Online Film & Television Association . September 4 , 2016 . cinemasight.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Television Short Form Nominees '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . mpse.org . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd MPSE Golden Reel Award Winners '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . mpse.org . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . goldderby.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter Award 2016 '' . jupiter-award.de . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Annual Black Reel Award Nominations '' . Black Reel Awards . December 16 , 2015 . blackreelawards.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Creed '' Knocks Out the Competition ! `` . Black Reel Awards . February 18 , 2016 . blackreelawards.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominations & Results '' . Young Artist Awards . March 13 , 2016 . youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissel , Rick ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' is FX 's No. 2 - Rated Telecast Ever in 3 - Day Viewing '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Re-Upped For Sixth Installment By FX '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 11 - 17 : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale more than doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Horror Story Season 5 Book : American Horror Story : Hotel Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website Behind Lady Gaga 's killer look in ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' at Entertainment Weekly List of American Horror Story episodes on IMDb List of American Horror Story episodes at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! 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3220397364681426100 | The Yellow Wallpaper | The Yellow Wallpaper - wikipedia The Yellow Wallpaper Jump to : navigation , search `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' 1988 edition cover Author Charlotte Perkins Gilman Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Captivity narrative , Feminist literature Publication date 1892 `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' ( original title : `` The Yellow Wall - paper . A Story '' ) is a 6,000 - word short story by American writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman , first published in January 1892 in The New England Magazine . It is regarded as an important early work of American feminist literature , illustrating attitudes in the 19th century toward women 's health , both physical and mental . Presented in the first person , the story is a collection of journal entries written by a woman whose physician husband ( John ) has rented an old mansion for the summer . Forgoing other rooms in the house , the couple moves into the upstairs nursery . As a form of treatment , the unnamed woman is forbidden from working , and is encouraged to eat well and get plenty of exercise and air , so she can recuperate from what he calls a `` temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency '' , a diagnosis common to women in that period . She hides her journal from her husband and his sister the housekeeper , fearful of being reproached for overworking herself . The room 's windows are barred to prevent children from climbing through them , and there is a gate across the top of the stairs , though she and her husband have access to the rest of the house and its adjoining estate . The story depicts the effect of understimulation on the narrator 's mental health and her descent into psychosis . With nothing to stimulate her , she becomes obsessed by the pattern and color of the wallpaper . `` It is the strangest yellow , that wall - paper ! It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw -- not beautiful ones like buttercups , but old foul , bad yellow things . But there is something else about that paper -- the smell ! ... The only thing I can think of that it is like is the color of the paper ! A yellow smell . '' In the end , she imagines there are women creeping around behind the patterns of the wallpaper and comes to believe she is one of them . She locks herself in the room , now the only place she feels safe , refusing to leave when the summer rental is up . `` For outside you have to creep on the ground , and everything is green instead of yellow . But here I can creep smoothly on the floor , and my shoulder just fits in that long smooch around the wall , so I can not lose my way . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Interpretation 2.1 Gilman 's interpretation 2.2 Feminist interpretation 2.3 Other interpretations 3 Dramatic adaptations 3.1 Audio plays 3.2 Stage plays 3.3 Film 3.4 Television 4 Popular culture references 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 6.2 Further reading 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The story details the descent of a young woman into madness . Her supportive , though misunderstanding husband , John , believes it is in her best interests to go on a rest cure after the birth of their child . The family spends the summer at a colonial mansion that has , in the narrator 's words , `` something queer about it '' . She and her husband move into an upstairs room that she assumes was once a nursery , having it serve as their bedroom due to its multitude of windows , which provide the air so needed in her recovery . In addition to the couple , John 's sister Jennie is present ; she serves as their housekeeper . Like most nurseries at the time the windows are barred , the wallpaper has been torn , and the floor is scratched . The narrator attributes all these to children , as most of the damage is isolated to their reach . Ultimately , though , the reader is left unsure as to the source of the room 's damage . The narrator devotes many journal entries to describing the wallpaper in the room -- its `` yellow '' smell , its `` breakneck '' pattern , the missing patches , and the way it leaves yellow smears on the skin and clothing of anyone who touches it . She describes how the longer one stays in the bedroom , the more the wallpaper appears to mutate , especially in the moonlight . With no stimulus other than the wallpaper , the pattern and designs become increasingly intriguing to the narrator . She soon begins to see a figure in the design , and eventually comes to believe that a woman is creeping on all fours behind the pattern . Believing she must try to free the woman in the wallpaper , the woman begins to strip the remaining paper off the wall . On the last day of summer , she locks herself in her room to strip the remains of the wallpaper . When John arrives home , she refuses to unlock the door . When he returns with the key , he finds her creeping around the room , circling the walls and touching the wallpaper . She exclaims , `` I 've got out at last , ... in spite of you and Jane '' , and her husband faints as she continues to circle the room , stepping over his inert body each time she passes . Interpretation ( edit ) Gilman 's interpretation ( edit ) Charlotte Perkins Gilman circa 1900 Gilman used her writing to explore the role of women in America at the time . She explored issues such as the lack of a life outside the home and the oppressive forces of the patriarchal society . Through her work Gilman paved the way for writers such as Alice Walker and Sylvia Plath . In The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman portrays the narrator 's insanity as a way to protest the medical and professional oppression against women at the time . While under the impression that husbands and male doctors were acting with their best interests in mind , women were depicted as mentally weak and fragile . At the time women 's rights advocates believed that the outbreak of women being diagnosed as mentally ill was the manifestation of their setbacks regarding the roles they were allowed to play in a male - dominated society . Women were even discouraged from writing , because their writing would ultimately create an identity and become a form of defiance for them . Gilman realized that writing became one of the only forms of existence for women at a time where they had very few rights . Gilman explained that the idea for the story originated in her own experience as a patient : `` the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell , and convince him of the error of his ways '' . She had suffered years of depression and consulted a well - known specialist physician who prescribed a `` rest cure '' which required her to `` live as domestic a life as possible '' . She was forbidden to touch pen , pencil , or brush , and was allowed only two hours of mental stimulation a day . After three months and almost desperate , Gilman decided to contravene her diagnosis and started to work again . After realizing how close she had come to complete mental breakdown , she wrote The Yellow Wallpaper with additions and exaggerations to illustrate her own misdiagnosis complaint . She sent a copy to Mitchell but never received a response . She added that The Yellow Wallpaper was `` not intended to drive people crazy , but to save people from being driven crazy , and it worked '' . Gilman claimed that many years later she learned that Mitchell had changed his treatment methods , but literary historian Julie Bates Dock has discredited this . Mitchell continued his methods , and as late as 1908 -- 16 years after `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' was published -- was interested in creating entire hospitals devoted to the `` rest cure '' so that his treatments would be more widely accessible . Feminist interpretation ( edit ) This story has been interpreted by feminist critics as a condemnation of the male control of the 19th - century medical profession . The narrator 's suggestions about her recuperation ( that she should work instead of rest , engage with society instead of remaining isolated , attempt to be a mother instead of being separated entirely from her child , etc . ) are dismissed out of hand using language that stereotypes her as irrational and , therefore , unqualified to offer ideas about her own condition . This interpretation draws on the concept of the `` domestic sphere '' that women were held in during this period . Feminist critics focus on the degree of triumph at the end of the story . While some claim the narrator slipped into insanity , others see the ending as a woman 's assertion of agency in a marriage in which she felt trapped . The emphasis on reading and writing as gendered practices also illustrated the importance of the wallpaper . If the narrator were allowed neither to write in her journal nor to read , she would begin to `` read '' the wallpaper until she found the escape she was looking for . Through seeing the women in the wallpaper , the narrator realizes that she could not live her life locked up behind bars . At the end of the story , as her husband lies on the floor unconscious , she crawls over him , symbolically rising over him . This is interpreted as a victory over her husband , at the expense of her sanity . Susan S. Lanser in her article `` Feminist Criticism ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' , and the Politics of Color in America '' praises contemporary feminism and its role in changing the study and the interpretation of literature . `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' was one of many stories that were lost because of an ideology that determined the works ' content to be disturbing or offensive . Critics such as the editor of the Atlantic Monthly rejected the short story because `` ( he ) could not forgive ( himself ) if ( he ) made others as miserable as ( he ) made ( himself ) . '' Lanser argues that the same argument of devastation and misery can be said about the work of Edgar Allan Poe , but his work is still printed and studied by academics . `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' provided feminists the tools on how to interpret literature in different ways . Lanser says the short story was a `` particularly congenial medium for such a re-vision ... because the narrator herself engages in a form of feminist interpretation when she tries to read the paper on her wall '' . The narrator in the story is trying to find a single meaning in the wallpaper . At first she focuses on contradictory style of the wallpaper : it is `` flamboyant '' while also `` dull '' , `` pronounced '' yet also `` lame '' and `` uncertain '' ( p. 13 ) . She takes into account the patterns and tries to geometrically organize them , but she is further confused . The wallpaper changes colors when it reflects light and emits a distinct odor which Jane can not recognize ( p. 25 ) . At night the narrator is able to see a woman behind bars within the complicated design of the wallpaper . Lanser argues that Jane was able to find `` a space of text on which she can locate whatever self - projection '' . Lanser creates a relationship between the narrator and the reader . Just like the narrator as a reader , when one comes into contact with a confusing and complicated text , one tries to find one single meaning . `` How we were taught to read '' as Lanser puts it , is why a reader can not fully comprehend the text . The patriarchal ideology has kept many scholars from being able to interpret and appreciate stories such as `` The Yellow Wallpaper . '' Thanks to feminist criticism , `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' has become a fundamental reading in the standard curriculum . Feminists have made a great contribution to the study of literature but , according to Lanser , are falling short because `` we acknowledge the participation of women writers and readers in dominant patterns of thought and social practice then perhaps our own patterns must also be deconstructed if we are to recover meanings still hidden or overlooked . Martha J. Cutter discusses how in many of Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's works she addresses this `` struggle in which a male - dominated medical establishment attempts to silence women . '' Gilman 's works challenge the social construction of women in patriarchal medical discourse by displaying women as `` silent , powerless , and passive '' who refuse treatment . At the time in which her works take place , between 1840 and 1890 , women were exceedingly defined as lesser than -- sickly and weak . In this time period it was thought that `` hysteria '' ( a disease stereotypically more common in women ) was a result of too much education . It was understood that women who spent time in college or studying were over-stimulating their brains and consequently leading themselves into states of hysteria . In fact , many of the diseases recognized in women were seen as the result of a lack of self - control or self - rule . Different physicians argued that a physician must `` assume a tone of authority '' and that the idea of a `` cured '' woman is one who is `` subdued , docile , silent , and above all subject to the will and voice of the physician '' . A hysterical woman is one who craves power and in order for her to be treated for her hysteria , she must submit to her physician whose role is to undermine her desires . Often women were prescribed bed rest as a form of treatment , which was meant to `` tame '' them and basically keep them imprisoned . Treatments such as this were a way of ridding women of rebelliousness and forcing them to conform to social roles . In her works Gilman highlights that the harm caused by these types of treatments for woman i.e. `` the rest cure '' has to do with the way in which her voice is silenced . Paula Treichler explains `` In this story diagnosis ' is powerful and public ... It is a male voice that ... imposes controls on the female narrator and dictates how she is to perceive and talk about the world . ' Diagnosis covertly functions to empower the male physician 's voice and disempower the female patient 's '' . The narrator in `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' is not allowed to participate in her own treatment or diagnosis and is completely forced to succumb to everything in which her doctor and in this particular story , her husband , says . The male voice is the one in which forces controls on the female and decides how she is allowed to perceive and speak about the world around her . Other interpretations ( edit ) `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' is sometimes referred to as an example of Gothic literature for its treatment of madness and powerlessness . Alan Ryan , for example , introduced the story by writing : `` quite apart from its origins ( it ) is one of the finest , and strongest , tales of horror ever written . It may be a ghost story . Worse yet , it may not . '' Pioneering horror author H.P. Lovecraft writes in his essay Supernatural Horror in Literature ( 1927 ) that `` ' The Yellow Wall Paper ' rises to a classic level in subtly delineating the madness which crawls over a woman dwelling in the hideously papered room where a madwoman was once confined . '' Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz , in her book Wild Unrest : Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of `` The Yellow Wall - Paper '' , concludes that `` the story was a cri de coeur against ( Gilman 's first husband , artist Charles Walter ) Stetson and the traditional marriage he had demanded . '' Gilman was attempting to deflect blame to protect Gilman 's daughter Katharine and her step - mother , Gilman 's friend Grace Channing . Anglican Archbishop Peter Carnley used the story as a reference and a metaphor for the situation of women in the church in his sermon at the ordination of the first women priests in Australia on 7 March 1992 in St George 's Cathedral , Perth . Sari Edelstein has argued that `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' is an allegory for Gilman 's hatred of the emerging yellow journalism . Having created The Forerunner in November 1909 , Gilman made it clear she wished the press to be more insightful and not rely upon exaggerated stories and flashy headlines . Gilman was often scandalised in the media and resented the sensationalism of the media . The relationship between the narrator and the wallpaper within the story parallels Gilman 's relationship to the press . The narrator describes the wallpaper as having `` sprawling flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin '' . Edelstein argues that given Gilman 's distaste for the Yellow Press , this can also be seen as a description of tabloid newspapers of the day . In Paula A. Treichler 's article `` Escaping the Sentence : Diagnosis and Discourse in ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' '' , she places her focus on the relationship portrayed in the short story between women and writing . Rather than write about the feminist themes which view the wallpaper as something along the lines of `` ... the ' pattern ' which underlies sexual inequality , the external manifestation of neurasthenia , the narrator 's unconscious , the narrator 's situation within patriarchy , '' Treichler instead explains that the wallpaper can be a symbol to represent discourse and the fact that the narrator is alienated from the world in which she previously could somewhat express herself . Treichler illustrates that through this discussion of language and writing , in the story Charlotte Perkins Gilman is defying the `` ... sentence that the structure of patriarchal language imposes . '' While Treichler accepts the legitimacy of strictly feminist claims , she writes that a closer look at the text suggests that the wallpaper could be interpreted as women 's language and discourse , and the woman found in the wallpaper could be the `` ... representation of women that becomes possible only after women obtain the right to speak . '' In making this claim , it suggests that the new struggle found within the text is between two forms of writing ; one rather old and traditional , and the other new and exciting . This is supported in the fact that John , the narrator 's husband , does not like his wife to write anything , which is the reason her journal containing the story is kept a secret and thus is known only by the narrator and reader . A look at the text shows that as the relationship between the narrator and the wallpaper grows stronger , so too does her language in her journal as she begins to increasingly write of her frustration and desperation . Dramatic adaptations ( edit ) Audio plays ( edit ) Agnes Moorehead performed a version twice , in 1948 and 1957 , on the radio program Suspense . An audio book of `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' ( 1997 ) was produced by Durkin Hayes and read by Winifred Phillips . This Radio Tales version can also be heard on Sonic Theater on XM Radio . BBC Radio modified and dramatized the story for the series Fear on Four , starring Anna Massey . Stage plays ( edit ) Heather Newman scripted and directed an adaptation of the original short story , as part of the 2003 season at Theater Schmeater , in Seattle , Washington . This adaptation won the 2003 Seattle Times `` Best of the Fringe '' award , and was also produced in 2005 at Tarrant County College by Dr. Judith Gallagher , and directed by Melinda Benton - Muller . In May 2010 , Benton - Muller and Dr. Gallagher spoke on a panel about this adaptation at the American Literature Association , with members of the ALA and the Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society . Rummage Theatre researched , wrote and directed an hour long play called Behind the Wallpaper ( first performed at The Bay Theatre in 2014 ) . The play was inspired by `` The Yellow Wallpaper , '' but focuses on exploring postnatal depression and postpartum psychosis in the present day and uses shadow work cast behind wallpaper to represent the `` Shadow Woman '' which new mother Julie sees as part of her psychosis . The play toured Dorset in 2014 / 2015 . A Company of Players presented a stage adaptation of the original short story , written and directed by Kristi Boulton , at the 2014 Hamilton Fringe Festival in Ontario , Canada . This production was well received by critics and won a `` Best of Fringe '' award . Central Works of Berkeley presented a one - woman show consisting of the text of the play recited and performed by Elena Wright and with a TBA - nominated score written and performed by violinist Cybele D'Ambrosio in 2015 . Portland , Oregon - based Coho Productions staged an adaptation written by Sue Mach in early 2016 , which integrated `` expressionistic audio , visual and movement interludes with the haunting literary text . '' The stage adaptation was co-produced and conceived by Grace Carter , who also portrays the primary character , Charlotte . The play was directed by Philip Cuomo . Film ( edit ) In 1977 , the story was adapted as a short film ( 14 min ) as The Yellow Wallpaper by director Marie Ashton and screenwriter Julie Ashton ; it starred Sigrid Wurschmidt . In 1989 , the story was adapted as The Yellow Wallpaper by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , later shown in the U.S. on Masterpiece Theatre . It was adapted by Maggie Wadey , directed by John Clive , and starred Julia Watson and Stephen Dillane . In 2009 , the story was adapted by director John McCarty as a short ( 30 min ) film called Confinement starring Colleen Lovett . ( McCarty had originally written a treatment of the story in the late 1960s on spec for a television anthology . The idea was shelved , but the treatment was eventually revised for Confinement . ) In 2012 , the story was loosely adapted into a feature - length film called The Yellow Wallpaper by Logan Thomas starring Aric Cushing . ( DVD release , 2015 ) In 2014 , Amandla Stenberg directed a short film based on the story . In 2016 , Kourosh Ahari directed a feature film based on the original story . The adapted screenplay was written by Amy Liz Roberts . British artist Julia Dogra - Brazell 's short experimental film , The Rules of the Game ( 2015 ) , also found inspiration in this text . Television ( edit ) An episode of The Twilight Zone -- `` Something in the Walls '' ( 1989 ) -- is a variation on Gilman 's story , in which a woman commits herself to a mental institution and insists on plain white walls and no patterns within her hospital room , after having seen faces in the patterns of her bedroom 's yellow wallpaper and hearing ominous voices from those faces . Paper Walls ( 1992 ) , a TV short , directed by Glenn Holsten and Lynn Tomlinson , is a version of `` The Yellow Wallpaper . '' ( It is mixed live action and multi-media animation ; 6 mins . ) Popular culture references ( edit ) The TV series Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 ) uses the original book cover as a wallpaper design in Aria Montgomery 's bedroom . The TV series American Horror Story season 1 ( 2011 ) references The Yellow Wallpaper in the eighth episode . In the sixth episode of the 2017 TV series Riverdale , Jughead Jones ( played by Cole Sprouse ) asks Betty Cooper ( played by Lili Reinhart ) if she 's gone all `` Yellow Wallpaper '' on him yet . See also ( edit ) `` Maria : or , The Wrongs of Woman '' - An unfinished novel about a woman imprisoned in an asylum Changeling - A film about a woman imprisoned in a mental hospital References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stetson , Charlotte Perkins ( January 1892 ) . `` The Yellow Wall - paper . A Story '' . The New England Magazine . 11 ( 5 , ) . Jump up ^ Gilman 1892 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Treichler 1984 , pp. 61 -- 77 Jump up ^ Gilman 1892 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gilman 1892 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Quawas , Rula ( 2006 ) . `` A New Woman 's Journey Into Insanity : Descent and Return in The Yellow Wallpaper '' . Journal of the Australasian Universities Modern Language Association . ProQuest Research Library ( online , Oct. 2012 ) : 35 + . Jump up ^ Thrailkill 2002 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Charlotte Perkins ( October 1913 ) . `` Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper '' . The Forerunner . Jump up ^ Ford 1985 , pp. 309 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1997 . Jump up ^ Hochman , p. 2002 , pp. 89 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Lanser , Susan ( 1989 ) . `` Feminist Criticism ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' , and the Politics of Color in America '' . Feminist Studies . 15 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 441 . JSTOR 3177938 . doi : 10.2307 / 3177938 . ^ Jump up to : Cutter , Martha J. `` The Writer as Doctor : New Models of Medical Discourses in Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's Later Fiction , '' Literature and Medicine 2001 Fall ; 20 ( 2 ) : 151 - 182 . ^ Jump up to : Treichler , Paula A. `` Escaping the Sentence : Diagnosis and Discourse in ' The Yellow Wallpaper , ' '' Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature Vol. 3 , No. 1 / 2 , Feminist Issues in Literary Scholarship ( Spring - Autumn , 1984 ) , pp. 61 - 77 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Johnson 1989 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1988 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovecraft , H.P. ( 1927 ) . `` Supernatural Horror in Literature '' . The Recluse . The Recluse Press . Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly . October 4 , 2010 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Carnley , Peter ( 2001 ) pp. 85 -- 92 Jump up ^ Edelstein , Sari . `` Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper '' Legacy 24 , no . 1 ( May 2007 ) : 72 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Tales - Horror '' . Radio Tales . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Fear on Four , The Yellow Wallpaper '' . BBC . 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2015. > Jump up ^ `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' . Rain City Projects . Jump up ^ `` Plays : History : 2003 '' . Theater Schmeater . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Fringe '' award `` . Seattle Times . Jump up ^ `` The Yellow Room ( panel discussion ) '' . Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society . May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellow Room ( panel discussion ) '' . American Literature Association . May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Wallpaper '' . Rummage Theatre . Dorset , England . Jump up ^ `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' . A Company of Players . Jump up ^ `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' . 2014 Hamilton Fringe Festival . Jump up ^ Hurwitt , Robert ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' at Berkeley City Club '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage Premiere of THE YELLOW WALLPAPER Up Next at Central Works , 5 / 16 - 6 / 21 '' . 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Edevane , Gillian ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` The Writhing on the Wall '' . East Bay Express . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coho Productions presents The Yellow Wallpaper '' . Jump up ^ `` LJ Media Reviews : October 1 , 2015 '' . Library Journal Reviews . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stenberg , Amandla ( Director ) ( 2014 ) . The Yellow Wallpaper . Jump up ^ Ahari , Kourosh ( Director ) ( 2016 ) . The Yellow Wallpaper . Jump up ^ `` 1.5 ( The Rules of the Game 2015 ) '' . Julia Dogra - Brazell . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barth , Melissa E. The Yellow Wallpaper . Masterplots II : Short Stories Series . Frank N. Magill . California : Salem Press Inc. , 1996 . 4331 -- 4333 . 10 vols . Carnley , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Yellow Wallpaper and other sermons HarperCollins , Sydney ISBN 1 - 86371 - 799 - 4 Ford , Karen ( Autumn 1985 ) . `` '' The Yellow Wallpaper '' and Women 's Discourse '' ( PDF ) . Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature . University of Tulsa. 4 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 314 . JSTOR 463709 . Gilman , Charlotte Perkins & Phillips , Robert ( Editor_ ( 1989 ) . `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' . The Omnibus of 20th Century Ghost Stories . New York : Carrol and Graf Publishers Inc . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Gilman , Charlotte Perkins ( 1892 ) . The Yellow Wallpaper ( 1997 ed . ) . Dover Publications . Hochman , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Reading Habit and `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' . Duke University Press . Johnson , Greg ( Fall 1989 ) . `` Gilman 's Gothic Allegory : Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper '' . Studies in Short Fiction. 26 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 30 . Ryan , Alan ( 1988 ) . Haunting Women . New York : Avon Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 89881 - 7 . Thomas , Deborah . `` The Changing Role of Womanhood : From True Woman to New Woman in Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' `` . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Thrailkill , Jane F. ( Summer 2002 ) . `` Doctoring `` The Yellow Wallpaper '' `` . ELH. 69 ( 2 ) : 525 -- 566 . JSTOR 30032030 . doi : 10.1353 / elh. 2002.0019 . Treichler , Paula A. ( 1984 ) . `` Escaping the Sentence : Diagnosis and Discourse in ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' '' . Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature . pp. 61 -- 75 . Weinstein , Lee . `` '' The Yellow Wallpaper : A Supernatural Interpretation . '' Studies in Weird Fiction 4 ( Fall 1988 ) , 23 -- 25 . Further Reading ( edit ) EDSITEment 's lesson plan Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's Yellow Wall - Paper The Yellow Wallpaper at Project Gutenberg . Full Text of The Yellow Wallpaper , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . The full text of The Yellow Wallpaper at the CUNY Library Books That Grow leveled book Gilman , Charlotte Perkins . `` Why I wrote The Yellow Wallpaper '' , The Forerunner , October 1913 , accessed November 15 , 2009 . The Yellow Wallpaper , audio , CBS radio , 1948 . The Yellow Wallpaper on IMDb The Yellow Wallpaper A 2006 film inspired by the short story that relies on the gothic / horror interpretation . Bak , John S. ( 1994 ) . `` Escaping the Jaundiced Eye : Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' , '' Studies in Short Fiction 31.1 ( Winter 1994 ) , pp. 39 -- 46 . Crewe , Jonathan ( 1995 ) . `` Queering ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' ? Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Politics of Form , '' Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature 14 ( Fall 1995 ) , pp. 273 -- 293 . Cutter , Martha J. `` The Writer as Doctor : New Models of Medical Discourse in Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's Later Fictions . '' Literature and Medicine 20 . 2 ( Fall 2001 ) : pp. 151 -- 182 . Gilbert , Sandra and Gubar , Susan ( 1980 ) . The Madwoman in the Attic . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02596 - 3 Golden , Catherine ( 1989 ) . `` The Writing of ' The Yellow Wallpaper ' A Double Palimpsest , '' Studies in American Fiction , 17 ( Autumn 1989 ) , pp. 193 -- 201 . Haney - Peritz , Janice . `` Monumental Feminism and Literature 's Ancestral House : Another Look at ' The Yellow Wallpaper , '' Women 's Studies 12 ( 1986 ) : 113 -- 128 . Hume , Beverly A. `` Gilman 's ' Interminable Grotesque ' : The Narrator of ' The Yellow Wallpaper , '' Studies in Short Fiction 28 ( Fall 1991 ) : 477 -- 484 . Johnson , Greg . `` Gilman 's Gothic Allegory : Rage and Redemption in ' The Yellow Wallpaper . ' '' Studies in Short Fiction 26 ( Fall 1989 ) : 521 -- 530 . King , Jeannette , and Pam Morris . `` On Not Reading Between the Lines : Models of Reading in ' The Yellow Wallpaper . ' '' Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 ( Winter 1989 ) : 23 -- 32 . Klotz , Michael . `` Two Dickens Rooms in ' The Yellow Wall - Paper ' '' Notes and Queries ( December 2005 ) : 490 -- 1 . Knight , Denise D . `` The Reincarnation of Jane : ' Through This ' -- Gilman 's Companion to ' The Yellow Wall - paper . ' '' Women 's Studies 20 ( 1992 ) : 287 -- 302 . Lanser , Susan S. `` Feminist Criticism , ' The Yellow Wallpaper , ' and the Politics of Color in America . '' Feminist Studies 15 ( Fall 1989 ) : 415 -- 437 . External links ( edit ) The full text of The Yellow Wall Paper at Wikisource Media related to `` The Yellow Wall Paper '' at Wikimedia Commons The Yellow Wallpaper public domain audiobook at LibriVox Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Yellow_Wallpaper&oldid=802489475 '' Categories : 1892 short stories American short stories Works originally published in The New England Magazine Feminist fiction Gothic short stories Fictional diaries Fiction with unreliable narrators Mental illness in fiction Books about the domestic sphere Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Français עברית Magyar नेपाली 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the wallpaper smell like in the yellow wallpaper | [
"The story depicts the effect of understimulation on the narrator's mental health and her descent into psychosis. With nothing to stimulate her, she becomes obsessed by the pattern and color of the wallpaper. \"It is the strangest yellow, that wall-paper! It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw – not beautiful ones like buttercups, but old foul, bad yellow things. But there is something else about that paper – the smell! ... The only thing I can think of that it is like is the color of the paper! A yellow smell.\"[4]"
] | [
"A yellow smell"
] |
8803796084392117153 | I'm Lovin' It (song) | I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) - wikipedia I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album Live From London B - side `` Last Night '' Released November 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 20 ) Format Digital download maxi single Recorded 2003 Length 3 : 42 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Pusha T Pharrell Williams Tom Batoy Andreas Forberger Franco Tortora Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake . The song was produced by The Neptunes and is credited as being written by Pharrell Williams , Tom Batoy , Andreas Forberger and Franco Tortora . The song was written as a jingle for McDonald 's commercials , based on a pre-existing German campaign originally developed as `` Ich Liebe Es . '' Timberlake was paid $6 million to sing the jingle . Soon thereafter , the Neptunes produced a song based on the jingle and released it ( along with an instrumental version ) as part of a three - track EP in November 2003 . A digital download EP with the same name was also released through the iTunes Store on December 16 , 2003 . The extended play included the title - track and a remix for all of the singles from Timberlake 's first solo studio album , Justified . The song was also included on the bonus audio CD of Timberlake 's first live DVD , Live From London . A music video to promote the single was released in late 2003 and was directed by Paul Hunter . Rapper Pusha T revealed his involvement with the song in June 2016 and claimed that he had created the `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' jingle . However , co-writers Batoy and Tortora , as well as several others involved with the jingle 's creation , have disputed his claim . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Release history 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Maxi single `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 42 `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 42 `` Last Night '' -- 4 : 47 Digital download EP `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 48 `` Rock Your Body '' ( Sander Kleinenberg Just in The Club Mix ) -- 9 : 42 `` Cry Me a River '' ( Dirty Vegas Vocal Mix ) -- 8 : 21 `` Like I Love You '' ( Basement Jaxx Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Señorita '' ( Num Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Spain November 20 , 2003 Digital download Sony Music Entertainment Singapore Germany December 1 , 2003 Digital download Maxi single Luxembourg Digital download France December 9 , 2003 United States December 16 , 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc . `` The Contentious Tale of the McDonald 's `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Jingle Pitchfork `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , Alec . `` Five Things You Never Knew About ' I 'm Lovin ' It ' '' . Chicago magazine ( 14 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Lovin ' It -- EP by Justin Timberlake '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Maxi single liner notes ) . Justin Timberlake . New York City : Jive Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment . 2003 . 82876 58172 2 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Timberlake '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls ( soundtrack ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Man of the Woods `` Filthy '' `` Man of the Woods '' `` Supplies '' `` Say Something '' Other songs `` SoulMate '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Lovin%27_It_(song)&oldid=829710208 '' Categories : 2003 singles Justin Timberlake songs McDonald 's advertising Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Pharrell Williams 2003 songs Jive Records singles Songs used as jingles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 09 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'm lovin it mcdonald's | [
"\"I'm Lovin' It\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. The song was produced by The Neptunes and is credited as being written by Pharrell Williams, Tom Batoy, Andreas Forberger and Franco Tortora[1].\n",
"\"I'm Lovin' It\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. The song was produced by The Neptunes and is credited as being written by Pharrell Williams, Tom Batoy, Andreas Forberger and Franco Tortora[1].\n",
"\"I'm Lovin' It\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. The song was produced by The Neptunes and is credited as being written by Pharrell Williams, Tom Batoy, Andreas Forberger and Franco Tortora[1].\n",
"\"I'm Lovin' It\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. The song was produced by The Neptunes and is credited as being written by Pharrell Williams, Tom Batoy, Andreas Forberger and Franco Tortora[1].\n"
] | [
"Pharrell Williams",
"Tom Batoy",
"Andreas Forberger",
"Franco Tortora"
] |
-8480487982704561767 | Cellular respiration | Cellular respiration - wikipedia Cellular respiration This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Typical eukaryotic cell Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions . Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Aerobic respiration summed up 1.2 Glycolysis 1.3 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.4 Citric acid cycle 1.5 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Aerobic respiration summed up 1 . Glycolysis : -- - 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs 2 . Formation of Acetyl CoA : -- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen 3 . Krebs Cycle : -- - 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs 4 . Electron Transport System : -- - 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs Overall Reaction : -- - Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library hide Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=846417750 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many atp molecules are produced during the electron transport chain | [
"The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the \"terminal electron acceptor\". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]"
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"around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose"
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2552286869001443579 | Pebble Beach, California | Pebble Beach , California - wikipedia Pebble Beach , California Jump to : navigation , search `` Pebble Beach '' redirects here . For the golf course , see Pebble Beach Golf Links . For other uses , see Pebble Beach ( disambiguation ) . Unincorporated place in California , United States Pebble Beach Unincorporated place The Lone Cypress , a natural icon of the community , as seen by residents and more often tourists from 17 - Mile Drive Pebble Beach Location in California Coordinates : 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 48 '' W / 36.56639 ° N 121.94667 ° W / 36.56639 ; - 121.94667 Coordinates : 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 48 '' W / 36.56639 ° N 121.94667 ° W / 36.56639 ; - 121.94667 Country United States State California County Monterey County Rancho El Pescadero Established late 18th Century Elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP code 93953 Area code 831 GNIS feature ID 230455 Pebble Beach is an unincorporated community on the Monterey Peninsula in Monterey County , California . It lies at sea level . In addition to being a small coastal residential community of mostly single - family homes , Pebble Beach is a resort destination and home to the famous golf courses of Cypress Point Club , Monterey Peninsula Country Club , and Pebble Beach Golf Links . The Pebble Beach Golf Links , The Inn at Spanish Bay , The Lodge at Pebble Beach and four of the eight golf courses inside the Pebble Beach community are among the local assets owned by the Pebble Beach Company . Residents pay road fees for maintenance as well as Monterey County property taxes . Application of the property tax revenues is the realm of the Pebble Beach Community Services District , a public agency that is independent of local private facilities , e.g. , golf courses , with an elected Board of Directors that manages essential functions including fire protection and emergency medical services , supplemental law enforcement , wastewater collection and treatment , recycled water distribution , and garbage collection , disposal and recycling . The community 's post office is named Pebble Beach , as is its identity ; whereas , the U.S. Census Bureau aggregates census returns from Pebble Beach as part of the larger census - designated place of Del Monte Forest . However , residents and visitors associate and identify with the name Pebble Beach ; boundaries of the Del Monte Forest extend outside of the Pebble Beach community boundaries encompassing a larger forest area that comprises the wooded parts of Monterey Peninsula . Area open space is partly administered by the Del Monte Forest Conservancy , a non-profit organization designated by Monterey County and the California Coastal Commission to acquire and manage certain properties by conservation easement and , as well , by fee title . The Conservancy is governed by a self - elected volunteer board of up to 12 members working with a small part - time group of contractors and volunteers to preserve the open space within the Del Monte Forest and non-forested sites of Pebble Beach . All board members must be property owners and residents of Pebble Beach . The ZIP Code is 93953 , and the community is inside area code 831 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demographics 3 Golf 4 Concours d'Elegance 5 Government 6 Geography 7 Geology 8 Environmental issues 9 Schools 10 Other features 11 In popular culture 12 Notable people 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) The name Pebble Beach was originally given to a rocky cove and beach strand , a prominent coastal segment of the Rancho Pescadero Mexican land grant that had been awarded to Fabián Barreto in 1836 . Barreto died and the land went through several owners . In the 1850s , Chinese immigrants formed a series of fishing settlements along Carmel Bay including one at Stillwater Cove , next to Pebble Beach . They collected abalone and various fish . In 1860 , David Jack bought the Mexican land grant , then sold it in 1880 to the Pacific Improvement Company ( PIC ) , a consortium of The Big Four `` railroad barons . '' By 1892 , the PIC laid out a scenic road that they called the 17 - Mile Drive , meandering along the beaches and among the forested areas between Monterey and Carmel . The drive was offered as a pleasure excursion to guests of the PIC - owned Hotel Del Monte , and it was intended to attract wealthy buyers of large and scenic residential plots on PIC land . Sightseers riding horses or carriages along the 17 - Mile Drive sometimes stopped at Pebble Beach to pick up agate and other stones polished smooth by the waves , and they commented on a few unusual tree formations known as the Witch Tree and the Ostrich Tree -- the latter formed by two trees leaning on each other . At that time , the Chinese fishing community continued in existence despite mounting anti-Chinese sentiment among Monterey residents of European heritage . At roadside stands , Chinese - American girls sold shells and polished pebbles to tourists . In the 1900s , the automobile began replacing horses on 17 - Mile Drive , and by 1907 there were only automobiles . Adverse sentiments by local non-Chinese towards the Chinese fisherman and villagers of Pebble Beach was ironic in view of the vital contribution Chinese laborers made to the development of the Central Pacific Railroad , the fundamental fount of capital for the `` Big Four , '' founders of PIC . The original Pebble Beach Lodge , burned in 1917 In 1908 , architect Lewis P. Hobart was hired by PIC manager A.D. Shepard to design the Pebble Beach Lodge , a rustic log - cabin - style one - story inn completed by 1909 . The rambling lodge , featuring private patio nooks and a wide pergola made of local logs , was positioned halfway along 17 - Mile Drive , overlooking Pebble Beach . The great hall or assembly room was 35 by 70 feet ( 11 by 21 m ) wide and was flanked by massive fireplaces at each end . A tavern and kitchen supplied food and drink , and later , cottages could be rented for overnight guests . Operated under the same management as the Hotel Del Monte , food service was available at all hours , including fresh local abalone chowder . The lodge was built as the community center for the wealthy residents of the Del Monte Forest , and was popular as a rest stop for 17 - Mile Drive motorists . Samuel Finley Brown Morse , a distant cousin to Samuel F.B. Morse known as the inventor of Morse Code , was hired in the 1910s to manage the PIC . In 1916 , Morse convinced the PIC to create a golf course at the edge of Pebble Beach and Stillwater Cove . The lodge burned down on December 17 , 1917 , while the course was under construction , and a completely different structure replaced it : the Del Monte Lodge . Hobart worked with Clarence Tantau to create a luxurious multi-story hotel , and Hobart designed a signature `` Roman Plunge '' pool to the east of the hotel . The golf course and the new lodge held a grand opening on February 22 , 1919 . Morse formed the Del Monte Properties Company on February 27 , 1919 , and acquired the extensive holdings of the PIC , which included the Del Monte Forest , the Del Monte Lodge and the Hotel Del Monte . Morse brought his son on board as president in 1948 . The lodge was expanded with offices and a shopping arcade . In 1954 , Morse 's son - in - law was named president of the Del Monte Properties Company . Samuel Finley Brown Morse died in 1969 . Alfred Gawthrop Jr served as Chairman of Del Monte Properties through the 1970s . On March 30 , 1977 , the Del Monte Properties Company was reincorporated as the Pebble Beach Corporation . The Del Monte Lodge was renamed the Lodge at Pebble Beach . In May 1979 , 20th Century Fox , later bought by Marvin Davis , purchased the Pebble Beach Corporation . When the film company was sold to Rupert Murdoch in 1985 , Davis kept several company assets not directly related to the film and TV industry , including the Pebble Beach Company and the Aspen Skiing Company . In 1990 Davis sold the Pebble Beach Company to the Japanese businessman Minoru Isutani , who made it a subsidiary of the Japanese resort company Taiheiyo Club Inc. under a holding company called the Lone Cypress Company . Isutani was investigated by the FBI in the early 1990s for money laundering . Isutani 's $341 M loss taken on the sale of Pebble Beach was cited as an example . Famous `` Witch Tree '' landmark at Pescadero Point , Pebble Beach , September 1962 . The tree was blown down by a storm on January 14 , 1964 . In 1999 the Pebble Beach Company was acquired from Lone Cypress by an investor group led by Clint Eastwood , Arnold Palmer , and Peter Ueberroth . In 2000 , the company initiated Measure A , a controversial development proposal . Eastwood appeared in a US $ 1 million legal and advertising campaign urging voters to pass Measure A . In 2006 , the plan went before the California Coastal Commission for approval . On June 14 , 2007 , the plan was submitted again . Commissioner Sara Wan called it `` wholesale destruction of the environment , '' and Measure A was denied in an 8 to 4 vote . The famous landmark , known as the `` Witch Tree , '' stood for decades at Pescadero Point until it fell during a storm on January 14 , 1964 . It was sometimes used as scenic background in movies and television . It was displayed as part of the coast of Italy , in the 1951 movie Mr. Imperium , with Lana Turner , Ezio Pinza , Majorie Main and Barry Sullivan . That tree was also part of the background in an early scene from the 1956 movie Julie , featuring Doris Day , while she was fleeing from her psychopathic husband , played by Louis Jourdan . The Pescadero `` Ghost Tree '' gave its name to an extreme surfing location known to have storm waves as large as 60 feet ( 18 m ) high . Effective 2009 , the surf break of Ghost Tree became effectively off limits , the result of a decision by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that personal watercraft , which were a virtual necessity for the tow - in only surf spot , were no longer permitted in specified waters of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary . Demographics ( edit ) The community has 4,531 residents and is relatively affluent , home to many retirees and well - educated workers in the social service ( education and health care ) , management and finance sectors . While Monterey County has a very large Hispanic population , Pebble Beach is more ethnically homogenous , with 91.4 % of the population being White , 5.3 % Asian , 2.3 % Hispanic or Latino and 0.4 % African American . The median household income is $99,788 , with 54 % with incomes between $50,000 and $150,000 and a little more than a quarter of households , 26.2 % , with incomes exceeding $150,000 . Household income figures , however , may not accurately reflect the area 's wealth as 50.8 % of households received social security income and 30.8 % were retired . Less than half of the population 16 or over , 46.4 % , are employed . Of those who work , the plurality ( 25 % ) are employed in the social service , education and health care sector , followed by the management ( 15 % ) and finance sectors ( 15 % ) . 2.3 % of the population live below the poverty level . The area 's adult population is fairly well - educated , with 61 % having at least a Bachelor 's degree , and 98 % having a high school diploma , compared to 25 % and 80 % at the national average , respectively . Golf ( edit ) 6th hole at Pebble Beach Pebble Beach has eight public and private 18 - hole golf courses . Pebble Beach Golf Links , The Links at Spanish Bay , Spyglass Hill and Peter Hay Golf Course are owned by Pebble Beach Company and are all public courses . Poppy Hills is also a public course . Private courses located at Pebble Beach are Cypress Point Club and the private Monterey Peninsula Country Club 's two courses , the Dunes Course and the Shore Course . Pebble Beach Company also owns Del Monte Golf Course a few miles away in Monterey , which is the oldest continuously operating course in the Western United States . Several of these courses are widely celebrated , especially Pebble Beach Golf Links . Designed by Jack Neville and Douglas Grant , it is the most famous course in the Western United States , and the only course which has ever beaten Pine Valley Golf Club to top spot in Golf Digest 's biennial list of America 's 100 greatest courses . Pebble Beach Golf Links was the site of the US Open in 1972 , 1982 , 1992 , 2000 , and 2010 . The course is set to host the tournament again in 2019 . The AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( formerly known as the Crosby Clambake ) is held on three of the courses here annually in February . The tournament began in 1937 at Rancho Santa Fe near San Diego , where it was last played in 1942 . After World War II , it moved to Pebble Beach in 1947 , and has continued annually since . The Pebble Beach golf resort partnered with IBM in 2017 to use the artificial intelligence Watson as a live concierge embedded in a mobile app . Watson was used to guide visitors around the resort . Concours d'Elegance ( edit ) The annual Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance auto show has been held in Pebble Beach since 1950 . The event focuses on classic cars , and each year features a particular marque as its focus . In addition to the car competition , there is an auction , a classic car tour , and an automotive art exhibit . Government ( edit ) At the county level , Pebble Beach is currently represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors by Supervisor Dave Potter . In the State Assembly , Pebble Beach is in the 29th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Mark Stone . In the State Senate , it is in the 17th Senate District , represented by Democrat Bill Monning . In the United States House of Representatives , Pebble Beach is in California 's 20th congressional district , represented by Democrat Jimmy Panetta . Geography ( edit ) Pebble Beach is in Monterey County on the Monterey Peninsula at 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 48 '' W / 36.56639 ° N 121.94667 ° W / 36.56639 ; - 121.94667 . It is bordered by Carmel - by - the - Sea to the south , Pacific Grove to the north , the City of Monterey to the east , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Big Sur is about a 40 - mile ( 64 km ) drive south on scenic State Route 1 . Cypress Point in Pebble Beach is the westernmost landfall in Southern California ; the dividing line between the north and south portions of the state coastline is situated at the center of the Monterey Bay shoreline near Moss Landing . Santa Cruz and San Francisco are about 45 and 120 miles ( 190 km ) to the north , respectively . Geology ( edit ) Pebble Beach owes much of its picturesque qualities to the granitic rock outcroppings , stacks and small islets visible along the coast , these comprising the local portion of the federal California Coastal National Monument , which is administered by the Department of Interior 's Bureau of Land Management . These are characteristic of the Salinian Block , a geologic province which runs from the Baja California Peninsula and up through California west of the San Andreas Fault . The historically inactive Fanshell Beach Fault , which exits land near Fanshell Beach in Pebble Beach , creates a divide between nearby Cypress Point and northerly Spyglass Hill that is visually appreciable . Native Monterey Cypress forest grows on the south - westerly side of Fanshell Beach Fault : a direct relationship between the underlying rock base and soils and the cypress cover type has not been confirmed . Environmental issues ( edit ) The California coastline at Bird Rock , Pebble Beach There are several habitat types within Pebble Beach . These include intertidal zones , littoral and supralittoral and closed - cone coniferous forest , that encompasses , e.g. , Monterey Pine Forest and Monterey Cypress Forest . The Monterey Pine forest is habitat to numerous rare and endangered species including Hickman 's potentilla and Yadon 's piperia , both of which are federally protected species . Hickman 's potentilla was first discovered within the Del Monte Forest in present - day Pebble Beach by the botanist , Alice Eastwood in the year 1900 . After a survey in 1992 by Earth Metrics Inc. this plant was listed as a protected species by the U.S. Government . Schools ( edit ) The public schools serving Pebble Beach are Carmel High School , Carmel Middle School , and River School , all located in Carmel , and Forest Grove School , Pacific Grove Middle School , and Pacific Grove High School , all located in Pacific Grove . Pebble Beach is also home to Stevenson School , a co-ed half - boarding , half - day private high - school . The high school runs alternative radio station KSPB , which broadcasts BBC World Service when students are not operating the station . Other features ( edit ) Pebble Beach has few businesses -- such as at - home cottage industries -- apart from those owned by the Pebble Beach Company ( except the golf courses , a private school , and a deli ) and no sidewalks . Most of the very expensive houses are obscured from view behind old - growth trees . It is quiet , secluded , and often experiences foggy weather , which occurs frequently on the Monterey Peninsula in general , but especially there because of the area adjoining the open ocean . Pebble Beach is a gated community , but differs from most gated communities . There is an entrance fee for which The Pebble Beach Company charges $10.25 ( per vehicle ) from tourists driving along the 17 - Mile Drive . Pebble Beach residents are issued small license plate badges that are attached near their cars ' license plates or in their windshields to avoid paying the tourist fee . In 2014 ( airing 2017 ) , Pebble Beach was the location for the HBO show Big Little Lies , a drama which showcases relationships between high income status individuals based on the book of the same name . In popular culture ( edit ) On the Star Trek : Voyager episode `` Inside Man '' , the doctor ( Robert Picardo ) lists Pebble Beach as an option to play golf on the holodeck . On The Golden Girls , Sophia Petrillo claims that she had the chance to marry Bing Crosby , and if she had , she would be a wealthy widow with her own place in Pebble Beach . Notable people ( edit ) Al Bernardin , inventor of the Quarter Pounder Jane Bryan , film actress King Merrill Chase , GM Executive , founder of Chase Chevrolet built original house on 12th tee of Pebble Beach Golf Course circa 1954 ; `` Holly Hill '' gate sign owned by Chase was replaced by new owner as `` Lucky Strike '' , as can be seen on 17 - Mile Drive , just outside the Carmel Gate entrance James Doolittle , combat pilot , Medal of Honor winner Clint Eastwood , actor - director Pete Incaviglia , baseball player Hank Ketcham , cartoonist Dennis the Menace Gary Kildall , computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur Greg London , singer - actor - impressionist George Lopez , comedian Ingemar Henry Lundquist , inventor and mechanical engineer lived and worked at 17 - Mile Drive and The Dunes , overlooking the fourth hole of the Spyglass Hill golf course Condoleezza Rice , 66th US Secretary of State Tibor Rudas , musical impresario and originator of The Three Tenors Charles R. Schwab , stock broker Alan Shepard , astronaut Raymond Spruance , Commander , 5th Fleet , U.S. Navy in World War II , Commander of Pacific Fleet , 1945 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pebble Beach '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Jonathan ( 2010 ) . `` Chinese Start Monterey Fishing Industry '' . Monterey County Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Norman , 2008 , Haunted Homeland : A Definitive Collection of North American Ghost Stories , p. 40 , Tor Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7653 - 2159 - 6 Jump up ^ Jack , Kenneth C. ( 2001 ) . `` Land King : The Story of David Jack '' . Monterey County Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To San Francisco '' . American Machinist. 15 : 65 . June 2 , 1892 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cain , Julie ( 2005 ) . Monterey 's Hotel Del Monte . Images of America . Arcadia . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3032 - 8 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Charles Frances ( 1913 ) . Under The Sky in The California . p. 231 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James , George Wharton ( 1911 ) . The 1910 trip of the H.M.M.B.A. to California and the Pacific coast . Bolte & Braden . p. 266 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pebble Beach Company History '' . Pebblebeach.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ; Yang , Catherine ; Neff , Robert ( May 23 , 1993 ) . `` A Japanese Laundry Worth $1 Billion ? '' . Businessweek . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schoenberger , Karl ( July 5 , 1993 ) . `` Tujunga Golf Project Finds Tycoon Deep in the Rough : Business : Japanese entrepreneur lost $340 million in Pebble Beach deal . He faces FBI money - laundering probe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mary Forgione . `` Travel News : Your Guide to Everything for Travel - Los Angeles Times '' . latimes.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Tree history '' . Filmmonterey.org . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ bkoganbing ( October 17 , 1956 ) . `` Julie ( 1956 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig B. ( 2006 ) . Extreme Waves ( 2 ed . ) . Dockside Consultants . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yount , Maggie ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` PWCs Officially Extinguished At Ghost '' . Surfer Magazine . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2000 ) . Del Monte Forest CDP , California : Census 2000 Demographic Highlights . Retrieved from the U.S. Census Bureau . '' Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach Golf Links '' . MontereyPeninsulaGolf.com . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Golf Course : Extraordinary Views at Pebble Beach '' . TruGolf . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SeeMonterey : AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am Archived May 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` IBM Watson to help Pebble Beach create a virtual concierge for guests '' . VentureBeat. 2017 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance : History '' . Pebblebeachconcours.net . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . http://www.pebblebeachconcours.net/pages/3009.html Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance : Events '' . Pebblebeachconcours.net . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . http://www.pebblebeachconcours.net/pages/3022.html Jump up ^ `` Monterey County Supervisorial District 5 Map ( North District 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . County of Monterey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/cob/supervisor.htm Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 20th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan and Michael P. Frankis. 2009 . Monterey Cypress : Hesperocyparis macrocarpa macrocarpa , GlobalTwitcher.com ed . N. Stromberg , as amended Jump up ^ Schmalz , David . `` New HBO series filming in Monterey at the end of January '' . Monterey County Weekly . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach Resident Remembered for Quarter Pounder '' . KION - TV . January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nix , Kelly ( September 9 , 2011 ) , `` Condi buys condo at Spanish Bay '' ( PDF ) , The Carmel Pine Cone , 97 ( 36 ) , p. 2A , retrieved January 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Alan B. Shepard , Jr '' . Astronaut Scholarship Foundation . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . External Links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutPebble Beach , Californiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pebble Beach Golf Links Course information with photos and interactive map . The Del Monte Forest Conservancy Monterey County planning info about Del Monte Forest http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/docs/Plans/Del_Monte_Forest_LUP_and_CIP_Amendment_Adopted_052212/DMF_LUP_Amended_052212_Complete_Version.pdf California portal Pebble Beach Golf courses Cypress Point Club Monterey Peninsula Country Club Pebble Beach Golf Links Poppy Hills Golf Course Spyglass Hill Golf Course Points of interest 17 - Mile Drive Lone Cypress Events AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance Municipalities and communities of Monterey County , California , United States County seat : Salinas Cities Carmel - by - the - Sea Del Rey Oaks Gonzales Greenfield King City Marina Monterey Pacific Grove Salinas Sand City Seaside Soledad CDPs Aromas ‡ Boronda Bradley Carmel Valley Village Castroville Chualar Del Monte Forest Elkhorn Las Lomas Lockwood Moss Landing Pajaro Pine Canyon Prunedale San Ardo San Lucas Spreckels Unincorporated communities Ambler Park Blanco Bolsa Knolls Bryson Camphora Carmel Highlands Coburn Springtown Cooper Corral de Tierra Dean East Garrison Elsa Fort Romie Gabilan Acres Gorda Harlem Jamesburg Jolon Lonoak Lucia Martinus Corner Metz Millers Ranch Molus Moss Nacimiento Nashua Natividad Neponset Notleys Landing Oak Hills Old Hilltown Pacific Grove Acres Palo Colorado Canyon Parkfield Pebble Beach Penvir Plaskett Pleyto Posts Robles Del Rio Royal Oaks San Benancio Slates Hot Springs Spence Spreckels Junction Sycamore Flat Tassajara Hot Springs Valleton Watsonville Junction Welby Wunpost Ghost towns Achasta Animpayamo Carmelito Docas Dunbarton Eagle Eslanagan Fort Ord Village Gabilan Gem Griswold Guayusta Imusdale Kakonkaruk Kalindaruk Kulul Lukaiasta Manchester Paisin Quina Sans Sapaywis Seama Soccorondo Steloglamo Subazama Tecolom Teshaya Tetachoya Tiubta Tukutnut Upland Vega Veratina Wachanaruka Zassalete Zumblito Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county NARA : 10040582 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pebble_Beach,_California&oldid=827014221 '' Categories : Pebble Beach , California Gated communities in California Unincorporated communities in California Unincorporated communities in Monterey County , California Populated coastal places in California Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2015 Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português ไทย Volapük 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 07 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owns pebble beach golf course in california | [
"Pebble Beach has eight public and private 18-hole golf courses. Pebble Beach Golf Links, The Links at Spanish Bay, Spyglass Hill and Peter Hay Golf Course are owned by Pebble Beach Company and are all public courses. Poppy Hills is also a public course.[18] Private courses located at Pebble Beach are Cypress Point Club and the private Monterey Peninsula Country Club's two courses, the Dunes Course and the Shore Course. Pebble Beach Company also owns Del Monte Golf Course a few miles away in Monterey, which is the oldest continuously operating course in the Western United States."
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"Pebble Beach Company"
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-6491220761715462114 | Surgeon General of the United States | Surgeon General of the United States - wikipedia Surgeon General of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Surgeon General of the United States Seal of the United States Public Health Service , 1798 Flag of the United States Surgeon General Incumbent Jerome Adams since September 5 , 2017 Public Health Service Public Health Service , Commissioned Corps Reports to Assistant Secretary for Health Seat Hubert H. Humphrey Building , United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with United States Senate advice and consent Term length 4 years Formation March 29 , 1871 First holder John M. Woodworth ( as Supervising Surgeon ) Website www.SurgeonGeneral.gov The Surgeon General of the United States is the operational head of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( PHSCC ) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government of the United States . The Surgeon General 's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General ( OSG ) . The U.S. Surgeon General is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . The Surgeon General must be appointed from individuals who ( 1 ) are members of the Regular Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service , and ( 2 ) have specialized training or significant experience in public health programs . The Surgeon General serves a four - year term of office and , depending on whether the current Assistant Secretary for Health is a Public Health Service commissioned officer , is either the senior or next most senior uniformed officer of the commissioned corps , holding the rank of a vice admiral . The current Surgeon General is Jerome Adams , having taken office on September 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Responsibilities 2 History 3 Service rank 4 Surgeons General of the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Responsibilities ( edit ) Seal of the U.S. Public Health Service , 1798 The Surgeon General reports to the Assistant Secretary for Health ( ASH ) , who may be a four - star admiral in the commissioned corps , and who serves as the principal adviser to the Secretary of Health and Human Services on public health and scientific issues . The Surgeon General is the overall head of the Commissioned Corps , a 6,500 - member cadre of uniformed health professionals who are on call 24 hours a day , and can be dispatched by the Secretary of HHS or the Assistant Secretary for Health in the event of a public health emergency . The Surgeon General is also the ultimate award authority for several public health awards and decorations , the highest of which that can be directly awarded is the Surgeon General 's Medallion ( the highest award bestowed by board action is the Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal ) . The Surgeon General also has many informal duties , such as educating the American public about health issues and advocating healthy lifestyle choices . The office also periodically issues health warnings . Perhaps the best known example of this is the Surgeon General 's warning label that has been present on all packages of American tobacco cigarettes since 1966 . A similar health warning has appeared on alcoholic beverages labels since 1988 . History ( edit ) US Public Health Service Collar Device US Public Health Service Cap Device In 1798 , Congress established the Marine Hospital Fund , a network of hospitals that cared for sick and disabled seamen . The Marine Hospital Fund was reorganized along military lines in 1870 and became the Marine Hospital Service -- predecessor to today 's United States Public Health Service . The service became a separate bureau of the Treasury Department with its own staff , administration , headquarters in Washington , D.C , and the position of Supervising Surgeon ( later Surgeon General ) . After 141 years under the Treasury Department , the Service came under the Federal Security Agency in 1939 , then the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ( HEW ) in 1953 , and finally the United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) . Some Surgeons General are notable for being outspoken and / or advocating controversial proposals on how to reform the U.S. health system . The office is not a particularly powerful one , and has little direct statutory impact on policy - making , but Surgeons General are often vocal advocates of precedent - setting , far - sighted , unconventional , or even unpopular health policies . On January 11 , 1964 , Rear Admiral Luther Terry , M.D. , published a landmark report saying that smoking may be hazardous to health , sparking nationwide anti-smoking efforts . Terry and his committee defined cigarette smoking of nicotine as not an addiction . The committee itself consisted largely of physicians who themselves smoked . This report went uncorrected for 24 years . In 1986 , Vice Admiral Dr. C. Everett Koop 's report on AIDS called for some form of AIDS education in the early grades of elementary school , and gave full support for using condoms for disease prevention . He also resisted pressure from the Reagan administration to report that abortion was psychologically harmful to women , stating he believed it was a moral issue rather than one concerning the public health . In 1994 , Vice Admiral Dr. Joycelyn Elders had spoken at a United Nations conference on AIDS . She was asked whether it would be appropriate to promote masturbation as a means of preventing young people from engaging in riskier forms of sexual activity , and she replied , `` I think that it is part of human sexuality , and perhaps it should be taught . '' Elders had also spoken in favor of studying drug legalization . In a reference to the national abortion issue , she said `` We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children . '' She was fired by President Bill Clinton in December 1994 The U.S. Army , Navy , and Air Force also have officers overseeing medical matters in their respective services who hold the title Surgeon General . The insignia of the Surgeon General , and the USPHS , use the caduceus as opposed to the Rod of Asclepius . Service rank ( edit ) The stars , shoulder boards , and sleeve stripes of the Surgeon General The Surgeon General is a commissioned officer in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , one of the seven uniformed services of the United States , and by law holds the rank of vice admiral . Officers of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are classified as non-combatants , but can be subjected to the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) and the Geneva Conventions when designated by the Commander - in - Chief as a military force or if they are detailed or assigned to work with the armed forces . Officer members of these services wear uniforms that are similar to those worn by the United States Navy , except that the commissioning devices , buttons , and insignia are unique . Officers in the U.S. Public Health Service wear unique devices that are similar to U.S. Navy , Staff Corps Officers ( e.g. , Navy Medical Service Corps , Supply Corps , etc . ) . The only Surgeon General to actually hold the rank of a four - star admiral was David Satcher ( born 1941 , served 1998 -- 2002 ) . This was because he served simultaneously in the positions of Surgeon General ( three - star ) and Assistant Secretary for Health ( which is a four - star office ) . John Maynard Woodworth ( 1837 -- 1879 , served 1871 -- 1879 ) , the first holder of the office as `` Supervising Surgeon '' , is the only Surgeon General to not hold a rank . Surgeons General of the United States ( edit ) # Name ( Birth -- Death ) Photo Term of office Appointed by ( Term ) Start of term End of term John M. Woodworth ( 1837 -- 1879 ) March 29 , 1871 March 14 , 1879 Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) RADM John B. Hamilton ( 1847 -- 1898 ) April 3 , 1879 June 1 , 1891 Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) RADM Walter Wyman ( 1848 -- 1911 ) June 1 , 1891 November 21 , 1911 Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) RADM Rupert Blue ( 1868 -- 1948 ) January 13 , 1912 March 3 , 1920 William Howard Taft ( 1907 -- 1913 ) 5 RADM Hugh S. Cumming ( 1869 -- 1948 ) March 3 , 1920 January 31 , 1936 Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 6 RADM Thomas Parran , Jr . ( 1892 -- 1968 ) April 6 , 1936 April 6 , 1948 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 7 RADM Leonard A. Scheele ( 1907 -- 1993 ) April 6 , 1948 August 8 , 1956 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 8 RADM Leroy Edgar Burney ( 1906 -- 1998 ) August 8 , 1956 January 29 , 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) 9 RADM Luther Terry ( 1911 -- 1985 ) March 2 , 1961 October 1 , 1965 John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) 10 VADM William H. Stewart ( 1921 -- 2008 ) October 1 , 1965 August 1 , 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) N / A RADM Richard A. Prindle ( c. 1926 -- 2001 ) Acting Surgeon General August 1 , 1969 December 18 , 1969 Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 11 RADM Jesse Leonard Steinfeld ( 1927 -- 2014 ) December 18 , 1969 January 30 , 1973 N / A RADM S. Paul Ehrlich , Jr . ( 1932 -- 2005 ) Acting Surgeon General January 31 , 1973 July 13 , 1977 12 VADM Julius B. Richmond ( 1916 -- 2008 ) July 13 , 1977 January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) N / A RADM John C. Greene ( 1936 -- 2016 ) Acting Surgeon General January 21 , 1981 May 14 , 1981 Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) N / A Edward Brandt , Jr . ( 1933 -- 2007 ) Acting Surgeon General May 14 , 1981 January 21 , 1982 13 VADM C. Everett Koop ( 1916 -- 2013 ) January 21 , 1982 October 1 , 1989 N / A ADM James O. Mason ( 1930 -- ) Acting Surgeon General October 1 , 1989 March 9 , 1990 George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 14 VADM Antonia C. Novello ( 1944 -- ) March 9 , 1990 June 30 , 1993 N / A RADM Robert A. Whitney ( 1935 -- ) Acting Surgeon General July 1 , 1993 September 8 , 1993 Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) 15 VADM Joycelyn Elders ( 1933 -- ) September 8 , 1993 December 31 , 1994 N / A RADM Audrey F. Manley ( 1934 -- ) Acting Surgeon General January 1 , 1995 July 1 , 1997 16 ADM / VADM David Satcher ( 1941 -- ) February 13 , 1998 February 12 , 2002 N / A RADM Kenneth P. Moritsugu ( 1945 -- ) Acting Surgeon General February 13 , 2002 August 4 , 2002 George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) 17 VADM Richard Carmona ( 1949 -- ) August 5 , 2002 July 31 , 2006 N / A RADM Kenneth P. Moritsugu ( 1945 -- ) Acting Surgeon General August 1 , 2006 September 30 , 2007 RADM Steven K. Galson ( 1956 -- ) Acting Surgeon General October 1 , 2007 October 1 , 2009 RADM Donald L. Weaver Acting Surgeon General October 1 , 2009 November 3 , 2009 Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 18 VADM Regina Benjamin ( 1956 -- ) November 3 , 2009 July 16 , 2013 N / A RADM Boris D. Lushniak Acting Surgeon General July 17 , 2013 December 18 , 2014 19 VADM Vivek Murthy ( 1977 -- ) December 18 , 2014 April 21 , 2017 N / A RADM Sylvia Trent - Adams Acting Surgeon General April 21 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 Donald Trump ( 2017 -- ) 20 VADM Jerome Adams ( 1974 -- ) September 5 , 2017 Incumbent See also ( edit ) Biography portal Government of the United States portal Health portal Chief Medical Officer ( Ireland ) Chief Medical Officer ( United Kingdom ) Chief Public Health Officer of Canada Medical Officer of Health Surgeon General Surgeon General of the United States Air Force Surgeon General of the United States Army Surgeon General of the United States Navy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 42 USC 205 . Appointment and tenure of office of Surgeon General ; reversion in rank . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) 42 USC 207 . Grades , ranks , and titles of commissioned corps . Jump up ^ `` Public Health , Commissioned Corps Uniforms and Ranks '' . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jerome Adams sworn in as U.S. Surgeon General '' . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health Information R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company '' . R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Legislation '' . depts.washington.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( OSG ) , Office of the Surgeon General . `` About the Office of the Surgeon General '' . www.surgeongeneral.gov . Jump up ^ Julie M. Fenster `` Hazardous to Your Health '' American Heritage , Oct. 2006 . Jump up ^ Joel Spitzer . The Surgeon General says ... WhyQuit.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Winn , Mari ( October 9 , 1988 ) . `` The Legacy of Dr. Koop '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leon Dash , `` Joycelyn Elders : From Sharecropper 's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America '' , Washington Monthly , January -- February 1997 Jump up ^ Dreifus ; , Claudia ( 9 March 1994 ) . `` Joycelyn Elders '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` David Satcher ( 1998 -- 2002 ) '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Panel Bids U.S. Study Marijuana 's Use and Effects '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 7 , 1969 . p. 62 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Zielinski , Graeme ( September 15 , 2001 ) . `` Public Health Researcher Richard Prindle Dies '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington : For the Record -- December 18 , 1969 '' . New York Times . December 19 , 1969 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Leonard Steinfeld ( 1969 -- 1973 ) '' . SurgeonGeneral.gov. 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Office , U.S. Government Accountability ( 27 August 1974 ) . `` : Need for More Effective Management of Community Mental Health Centers Program '' ( B - 164031 ( 5 ) ) . Jump up ^ `` HHS Secretaries -- National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) '' . Nih.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Obama picks Regina Benjamin as surgeon general '' . Reuters . July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stobbe , Mike ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` Surgeon general : More minority doctors needed '' . WTOP . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the U.S. Surgeon General Previous Surgeons General Reports of the Surgeon General from the National Library of Medicine 's `` Profiles in Science '' ( hide ) United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States&oldid=834289716 '' Categories : Surgeons General of the United States United States Public Health Service United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps United States Department of Health and Human Services officials Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Italiano Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 22 : 23 . About Wikipedia | who is the surgeon general of the united states now | [
"The U.S. Surgeon General is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. The Surgeon General must be appointed from individuals who (1) are members of the Regular Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, and (2) have specialized training or significant experience in public health programs.[1] The Surgeon General serves a four-year term of office and, depending on whether the current Assistant Secretary for Health is a Public Health Service commissioned officer, is either the senior or next most senior uniformed officer of the commissioned corps, holding the rank of a vice admiral.[2][3] The current Surgeon General is Jerome Adams, having taken office on September 5, 2017.[4]"
] | [
"Jerome Adams"
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9028467972899883173 | Stargate Atlantis | Stargate Atlantis - wikipedia Stargate Atlantis Stargate Atlantis Genre Action - Adventure Science fiction Created by Brad Wright Robert C. Cooper Based on Stargate by Roland Emmerich Dean Devlin Starring Joe Flanigan Torri Higginson Rachel Luttrell Rainbow Sun Francks David Hewlett Jason Momoa Paul McGillion Amanda Tapping Jewel Staite Robert Picardo Theme music composer Joel Goldsmith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brad Wright Robert C. Cooper Joseph Mallozzi Paul Mullie Martin Gero Carl Binder Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Acme Shark MGM Television Sony Pictures Television ( 2005 - 2006 ) Distributor MGM Domestic Television Distribution MGM Worldwide Television Distribution Release Original network Sci Fi Channel Original release July 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 16 ) -- January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) Chronology Preceded by Stargate SG - 1 Followed by Stargate Universe Related shows Stargate ( film ) Stargate Origins External links MGM Stargate Command Stargate Atlantis ( often abbreviated SGA ) is a Canadian - American adventure and military science fiction television series and part of MGM 's Stargate franchise . The show was created by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper as a spin - off series of Stargate SG - 1 , which was created by Wright and Jonathan Glassner and was itself based on the feature film Stargate ( 1994 ) . All five seasons of Stargate Atlantis were broadcast by the Sci - Fi Channel in the United States and The Movie Network in Canada . The show premiered on July 16 , 2004 ; its final episode aired on January 9 , 2009 . The series was filmed in and around Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The story of Stargate Atlantis follows the events of Stargate SG - 1 's seventh season finale episode `` Lost City '' and eighth season premiere episode `` New Order '' , in which the cast of that series discovered an Antarctic outpost created by the alien race known as the Ancients . In the pilot episode `` Rising '' , Stargate Command sends an international team to investigate the outpost , where Dr. Daniel Jackson discovers the location of Atlantis , the legendary city created by the Ancients , and Colonel Jack O'Neill visits the outpost after having been put in stasis and retrieved from it . The series was a ratings success for the Sci Fi Channel , and was particularly popular in Europe and Australia . Although it received little critical response , Stargate Atlantis was honored with numerous awards and award nominations in its five - season run . After Stargate Atlantis was cancelled , the show 's co-creators began working on the already - conceptualized Stargate Universe which the network had approved to have a bigger budget , be less mythology - dependent , and have more focus on character development ; Stargate Universe premiered on October 2 , 2009 , and was cancelled after two seasons . Merchandise for Stargate Atlantis includes games and toys , print media , and an original audio series . With the cancellation of Stargate Universe , the intended direct - to - DVD Stargate Atlantis movie , entitled Stargate : Extinction , was also cancelled . Contents 1 Series overview 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 1.2 Seasons 4 -- 5 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting and cast changes 3.3 Filming and visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Broadcast and release 4.1 International syndication 4.2 Cancellation and future 4.3 Home video release 5 Impact 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Merchandise 6 References 7 External links Series Overview ( edit ) Main articles : List of Stargate Atlantis episodes , Mythology of Stargate , Atlantis ( Stargate ) , and Stargate Program Stargate Atlantis follows the present - day adventures of Major John Sheppard and his military team from Earth that , along with two dozen other teams , explore distant planets in the Pegasus Galaxy . They use an alien device known as a Stargate that was built millions of years ago by an advanced race of humans known as the Ancients . The expedition is based in the Lost City of Atlantis on the planet `` Lantea '' . The city was built millions of years ago and abandoned 10,000 years ago by the Ancients . Five to ten million years ago , due to a plague in the Milky Way Galaxy , they were forced to flee to the Pegasus Galaxy , and there they seeded life on hundreds of worlds as they had done to Earth in the Milky Way . After encountering a powerful enemy known as the Wraith and going to war with them for one hundred years , the Ancients ultimately lost and were forced to submerge their city beneath Lantea 's ocean , which , in the Stargate universe , is the source of the Greek myth of the Lost City of Atlantis . Stargate : Atlantis episodes feature a self - contained story that also contributes to the larger storyline of the war against the Wraith and the Atlantis residents ' search for the means to destroy their enemy . Each season has also featured a two - part episode , and some episodes that , while not technically two - parters , feature direct continuity with the story of the previous episode ( for example , season 3 `` Progeny '' and `` The Real World '' ) . Each episode begins with a cold open , sometimes preceded by a recap of events relevant to the upcoming narrative . The opening credits feature an original theme by Joel Goldsmith . Though they were drastically cut at the start of season 2 , the full credits were recovered after the mid-season two - parter . They were again cut short in the 5th season . Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) Main articles : Stargate Atlantis ( season 1 ) , Stargate Atlantis ( season 2 ) , and Stargate Atlantis ( season 3 ) Season one began airing in the United States on July 16 , 2004 . The Atlantis expedition , led by Dr. Elizabeth Weir , arrives at Atlantis , the city of the Ancients . The expedition quickly finds itself in a dire situation that forces them to seek new friends , the Athosians , but they also acquire a powerful new enemy : the Wraith . Due to the power requirements for reaching Lantea , they are unable to contact Earth . The expedition must survive in a new galaxy , while deciphering the Ancients ' technology in order to find a way to destroy the Wraith and to acquire important new knowledge . Major Sheppard puts together a team consisting of himself , Dr. Rodney McKay , Lt. Ford and the Athosian leader Teyla Emmagan , who serve as Atlantis ' first contact team . In one of their first missions , they make another enemy , the Genii , a human militaristic civilization with a 1950s level of technology . After several more revelations about the Wraith are made , the expedition prepares to evacuate . Just before they do , a military contingent from Earth arrives to help defend the city against the impending Wraith attack long enough for Earth 's latest battleship to arrive . The season ends with a cliffhanger , while the city is still under siege by the Wraith . Season two began airing in the United States on July 15 , 2005 , and it picked up where Season 1 ended . The Atlantis expedition successfully avoids being culled by the Wraith by making them believe Atlantis had been destroyed , and they recover semi-regular contact with Earth , thanks to the Daedalus and the new Zero Point Module ( ZPM ) recovered by SG - 1 . Sheppard is promoted to Lt. Colonel and former Runner Ronon Dex replaces Lt. Ford , who went missing in action ( MIA ) at the end of the battle with the Wraith . The central plot of the second season is the development of Dr. Beckett 's retrovirus , which can , theoretically , turn a Wraith into a human . While an incomplete version makes a young Wraith girl lose all her humanity and almost turns Sheppard into an Iratus bug , a more developed version is tested on a living Wraith , `` Michael '' , with mixed results . Michael 's Wraith faction proposes an alliance with Atlantis , but they betray the team . The season closes again with a cliffhanger -- the Wraith are heading for the rich feeding grounds of Earth . Season three premiered in the United States on July 14 , 2006 , picking up where season 2 ended . Having stopped the Wraith from reaching Earth and having failed to develop a working Wraith retrovirus , the expedition faces its third year in the Pegasus galaxy with the Wraith still a threat and a new , powerful enemy bent on destroying the expedition and Atlantis : the Asurans , self - replicating nanobots , also known as Replicators . The situation becomes complicated when an experiment gone awry drains their only ZPM , leaving them without a power source for the city 's shields . Soon thereafter , they find a lost Ancient vessel and unwillingly turn over the city of Atlantis to its crew . The SGC sends General O'Neill and Richard Woolsey to try to negotiate an agreement between Earth and the Ancients to allow the expedition to return to Atlantis . The Ancients are then subsequently killed by an invading Asuran force while O'Neill and Woolsey send off a distress call to earth and go into hiding . The main members of the Atlantis expedition on Earth disobey their orders and go back to the city , rescue O'Neill and Woolsey , and repel the Asuran invasion . The season finale starts off with Earth launching a first strike against the Asurans , who are building an armada to attack Earth . The Asurans counterattack by attacking Atlantis with a powerful beam weapon fired through a satellite housing a Stargate . As a last resort , the Atlantis team fires up the city 's stardrive and escapes into space . The finale ends when the hyperdrive malfunctions , leaving the city flying through uncharted space with a day 's worth of energy left in their sole ZPM and Dr. Weir critically injured . Seasons 4 -- 5 ( edit ) Main articles : Stargate Atlantis ( season 4 ) and Stargate Atlantis ( season 5 ) Season 4 cast from left to right : Dr. Rodney McKay , Col. Samantha Carter , Lt. Col. John Sheppard , Teyla Emmagan , and Ronon Dex . Season four premiered in the USA on September 28 , 2007 , and in the UK on October 9 , 2007 . The writers stated that season 4 would take the series in a new direction . As the 4th season begins where season 3 ended , the future seems bleak : Weir is incapacitated and the senior members of the expedition have suffered multiple injuries . With the city damaged , running out of power and drifting in space , cut off from Earth , the Atlantis expedition raids Asuras to obtain a ZPM and is able to travel to a nearby planet . Weir is captured by the Asurans and Colonel Samantha Carter joins as a regular and acts as the expedition leader . She appears in the episode `` Lifeline '' after helping to find and land Atlantis on its new home planet ; she is then ordered back to the SGC . In episode 3 , under the IOA 's orders , Carter returns to Atlantis as the new leader of the expedition after Atlantis lands . The season focuses on the main antagonists : the Asurans and the Wraith , as well as the pregnancy of Teyla Emmagan . The Asuran base code is reprogrammed by McKay , leading the nanobots to fulfill the purpose for which the Ancients created them : to wipe out the Wraith . Midway through the season , they are seemingly destroyed , and the remaining episodes concentrate mainly on Michael 's efforts against both humans and the other Wraith . In the fifth season , Richard Woolsey replaces Carter as the leader of the expedition . Teyla , who was held captive by Michael , gives birth to Torren John and escapes with her team , before they are able to cripple Michael . Eventually , he invades Atlantis with a commandeered Puddle Jumper to take Torren and destroy Atlantis but , thanks to the efforts of Sheppard , Teyla , and McKay , Michael is finally killed . The season also introduces a group of rogue Asgard , who unlike their Ida counterparts , actually experiment on humans to prolong their lives , and steal a device known as `` The Attero device '' to destroy the Wraith , though the side effect is that any Stargate activated after the device has been turned on will explode . The device is eventually destroyed . With the Attero device , Michael and the Hoffan drug , the Wraith have become weakened , and are no longer the power of the galaxy they once were ; this gives the humans of the Pegasus galaxy freedom enough to establish a coalition . McKay falls in love with Keller , who eventually reciprocates his feelings , and they become romantically involved . In the season finale ( also the series finale ) , `` Enemy at the Gate '' , Todd the Wraith alerts Atlantis to the fact that an underling wraith possesses a Hive Ship powered by a ZPM . In the process of trying to retrieve the ZPM and disable the Hive , the Atlantis team is present when the Hive receives a communication sent from an alternate reality giving away Earth 's location . The Hive disables both the Daedalus and the Apollo , then heads straight to Earth . With a full set of ZPMs turned over by Todd , the expedition takes the city itself to defend Earth . The Hive ship is then destroyed in the subsequent battle and Atlantis lands in the Pacific Ocean near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Stargate Atlantis characters Character Portrayed by Seasons 5 John Sheppard Joe Flanigan Main Elizabeth Weir Torri Higginson Main Recurring Guest Teyla Emmagan Rachel Luttrell Main Aiden Ford Rainbow Sun Francks Main Recurring Guest Rodney McKay David Hewlett Main Ronon Dex Jason Momoa Main Carson Beckett Paul McGillion Recurring Main Guest Recurring Samantha Carter Amanda Tapping Guest Main Guest Jennifer Keller Jewel Staite Guest Recurring Main Richard Woolsey Robert Picardo Recurring Guest Main Note Jump up ^ Played by Michelle Morgan , in `` Ghost in the Machine '' . Jump up ^ Credited as a regular in the first 3 episodes . Jump up ^ Appears as a guest in `` Runner '' of Season 2 , before being promoted to a regular immediately after . Jump up ^ Credited as a guest in the first 3 episodes of Season 2 , before being promoted to a regular thereafter . Joe Flanigan as John Sheppard ( seasons 1 -- 5 main ) : a United States Air Force Major recruited to the Atlantis Expedition due to his intuitive mastery over Ancient technology . He becomes the de facto commander of Atlantis ' military contingent after the original mission commander , Colonel Marshall Sumner , is killed . His position is made official in season 2 after Atlantis re-establishes contact with Earth , and he is promoted to lieutenant colonel . Torri Higginson as Elizabeth Weir ( seasons 1 -- 3 main , season 4 recurring ) : a diplomat and expert in international politics , who leads the initial Atlantis Expedition after briefly serving as the head of Stargate Command in Stargate SG - 1 . She is a main character in seasons 1 - 3 ; in the season 3 finale she is critically wounded by a Replicator attack . She is a recurring character in season 4 , having been captured by the Replicators . Rachel Luttrell as Teyla Emmagan ( seasons 1 -- 5 main ) : the leader of the Athosians , a race of humans native to the Pegasus galaxy . She befriends Sheppard when he visits her homeworld and joins his team in order to fight the Wraith . She has the ability to sense the presence of the Wraith . Rainbow Sun Francks as Aiden Ford ( season 1 main , seasons 2 recurring , 5 guest ) : a young first lieutenant in the US Marine Corps , who is a member of Sheppard 's team in season 1 . In season 2 , he becomes mentally unstable due to an overdose of Wraith feeding enzyme and abandons Atlantis . David Hewlett as Rodney McKay ( seasons 1 -- 5 main ) : a brilliant scientist who is a member of Sheppard 's team and the head of the Science and Research Departments on Atlantis . One of the foremost experts on Ancient technology , he was first introduced as a professional rival of Samantha Carter in the fifth season of Stargate SG - 1 . Jason Momoa as Ronon Dex ( seasons 2 - 5 main ) : A military specialist from the Planet Sateda . After his home was culled by the Wraith , he spent the next seven years running from the Wraith , who implanted a tracker on his spine and hunted him for sport . In the beginning of Season 2 , he meets up with Sheppard and the team , who help him remove the tracker that the Wraith installed , and he becomes the fourth member and replacement for Lt. Ford on Sheppard 's team . Paul McGillion as Carson Beckett ( seasons 2 -- 3 main , seasons 1 , 4 -- 5 recurring ) : the Chief of Medicine of Atlantis in seasons 1 - 3 . In the season 3 episode `` Sunday '' , he is killed in an explosion caused by Ancient technology . A clone of him created by the rogue Wraith `` Michael '' appears as a recurring character in seasons 4 and 5 . Amanda Tapping as Samantha `` Sam '' Carter ( season 4 main , seasons 1 -- 3 guest , 5 recurring ) : an astrophysicist and United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel , who was a main character for the entire run of Stargate SG - 1 . In season 4 , she is promoted to Colonel and given command of the Atlantis Expedition . Jewel Staite as Jennifer Keller ( season 3 guest , season 4 recurring , season 5 main ) : the Chief of Medicine on Atlantis , who replaces Dr. Beckett in the third - season finale . She is listed as a main character after Carson Beckett 's death . Robert Picardo as Richard Woolsey ( season 5 main , seasons 3 -- 4 recurring ) : a representative of the International Oversight Advisory , who first appeared as an agent of the NID in season 7 of Stargate SG - 1 . In season 5 , he replaces Samantha Carter as commander of Atlantis . Guest starring : Richard Dean Anderson , Michael Shanks , Christopher Judge , Beau Bridges , Robert Davi , Kari Wuhrer , Danny Trejo , Mark Dacascos , Mitch Pileggi , Colm Meaney , Connor Trinneer and others . Production ( edit ) See also : List of Stargate Atlantis episodes Development ( edit ) Cooper , writer and executive producer for the show with Wright When producers Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper thought the original Stargate SG - 1 series was going to be cancelled after season five , due to Showtime 's announcement that they were canceling the show , they came up with the idea of making a new feature film . However , as the ratings on its new home at the Sci Fi Channel were quite good , the idea was pushed to season six and then to season seven . Wright had initially intended to set the new show in Antarctica under the ice . It would have replaced Stargate Command ( SGC ) as Earth 's conduit to other worlds . Late in season seven of SG - 1 , talks began of a spin - off series and the producers were left with a serious dilemma , since the seventh season of Stargate SG - 1 had been planned to lead up to the great discovery of the lost city of the Ancients , Atlantis . The Stargate SG - 1 seventh season ended in a two - part episode , `` Lost City '' , which was supposed to be a bridge between Stargate SG - 1 and the new spin - off , either a show or a movie , and was not planned to run at the same time as Stargate SG - 1 . Wright and Cooper rewrote the script as the two - part season seven finale and moved the setting of the story . The city of Atlantis , originally planned to be on Earth under Antarctica in place of the SGC , was moved to the Pegasus Galaxy . This change not only addressed the problem of fans wondering why the SGC would not be coming to the aid of the Atlantis Expedition with each episode , but it also gave the producers a chance to start afresh with new ideas instead of having an identical copy of the original show . The series received the green light on November 17 , 2003 , started shooting in February 2004 , and premiered on July 16 , 2004 . From the start , Wright and Cooper ruled out casting `` star names '' , on the basis of the financial pressures they were already experiencing with `` star names '' on Stargate SG - 1 . The casting was made more complicated because Atlantis got the go - ahead in November and had to compete with other networks during pilot season . Disaster geophysicist Mika McKinnon acted as a science consultant for the series starting in 2008 , and served as a consultant through Stargate Atlantis . Casting and cast changes ( edit ) Joe Flanigan , one of many main characters , at Comic Con 2007 The character most difficult to cast was the then - called Dr. Ingram , an unexcitable scientist expert on the Stargate . As the first day of shooting drew nearer and they were unable to find the right actor , they came to realize they had brought in the wrong character . Longtime Stargate director Martin Wood and Brad Wright thought it should be Dr. Rodney McKay , who had already appeared in a guest role in three episodes of Stargate SG - 1 . Actor David Hewlett was contacted and arrived at the set the day after filming had started . Dr. Ingram had already been written into the pilot episode of the show and so the same script was used and the character 's name simply changed to McKay . Later scripts were written with Dr. McKay in mind . The creators found themselves with a problem with the character of Lt. Aiden Ford ( Rainbow Sun Francks ) in season two , a first season regular that the producers , and the actor himself , felt had not worked as intended and was highly underused as a result . Unwilling to write him out , the writers came up with an idea to make the character more important , but that downgraded him to recurring . To replace him , they created Ronon Dex as a sidekick for Lt. Col. John Sheppard , but finding an actor with the physical presence and the acting ability necessary was not easy until they saw Jason Momoa 's tape . X-files veteran Mitch Pileggi and Kavan Smith were added to the cast in the recurring roles of Col. Steven Caldwell and Maj . Evan Lorne . Paul McGillion 's character , Dr. Carson Beckett , became a regular in season two . Seasons three and four changed the cast lineup again . Paul McGillion 's Dr. Carson Beckett was killed in the season three episode `` Sunday '' , then brought back at the end of season four as a recurring character . The new medical chief was Jennifer Keller , played by Jewel Staite , who was introduced in the Season 3 finale , was a recurring character in Season 4 , and became a regular in Season 5 . Jewel Staite had already played a guest role in Season 2 as Ellia , a female Wraith , and the producers agreed they wanted her for a more important role . Amanda Tapping 's Samantha Carter crossed from Stargate SG - 1 for 14 episodes in Season four , as the new leader of the expedition , while Torri Higginson 's Elizabeth Weir became a recurring character in season four instead of a regular . Robert Picardo became a regular in season five as Richard Woolsey replaced Samantha Carter as the commander of the Atlantis Expedition . Higginson declined to appear as a guest star ; instead , her character Weir was portrayed by Michelle Morgan . Filming and Visual effects ( edit ) Atlantis was filmed at The Bridge Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Stargate Atlantis was shot at Bridge studios in Vancouver and on location in several places in British Columbia . The Pemberton Glacier doubled for Antarctica during the opening flying sequence in series premiere `` Rising '' . Lynn Valley Canyon was , for example , where the episode `` Instinct '' was filmed . At the end of the season , filming had become more expensive because of the financial crisis , which again led to the decline of the American dollar and rise of the Canadian dollar . When tasked with moving the Stargate sets from Vancouver to Los Angeles , Robert C. Cooper said he could n't since all the `` infrastructure '' was in Vancouver , which would have made the move nearly impossible . Rachel Luttrell ( portraying Teyla Emmagan in the series ) used her time during the Stargate Atlantis season one hiatus to be trained in the martial arts by science fiction veteran Ray Park . Stargate Atlantis inherited Blade : Trinity 's effects stage . The Blade : Trinity production gave the set to Stargate Atlantis to save the high cost of dismantling the massive construct . The set has appeared several times . For example , the walkway Sheppard walks in `` The Storm '' is the topmost part of the Blade : Trinity set . The majority of episodes used James Bamford as a stunt coordinator . Music ( edit ) Stargate Atlantis features a symphonic orchestra soundtrack composed by Joel Goldsmith . Goldsmith 's first task for the series was to compose the main title song , which was nominated in the category Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 . When composing the music , Goldsmith went for a more pastoral , European and Americana approach , while keeping the adventurous , symphonic approach the producers wanted . Goldsmith 's score for season 2 episode `` Grace Under Pressure '' was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition For A Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) in 2006 . Broadcast and release ( edit ) International syndication ( edit ) Stargate Atlantis started as a spin off from the fellow American military science fiction series , Stargate SG - 1 . The pilot episode of Atlantis first aired on July 16 on American television broadcasting networks . The pilot episode , entitled `` Rising '' reached a Nielsen rating of 3.2 , a height never surpassed by any other Atlantis episodes . `` Rising '' is also the strongest rated episode and most watched episode ever broadcast by Sci Fi Channel , gathering over 4 million viewers in the United States according to Variety ( 2004 ) . In the United Kingdom , it was viewed by 1.28 million people , placing it first in the most viewed shows in Sky One for the week . `` Rising '' was nominated for several awards . The follow - up episode to `` Rising '' , earned a Nielsen Rating of 2.5 , a drastic decline from the debut episode . The average viewership of Atlantis first ten episode in the United States were around 3 million according to ABC TV Group analysis , there after the viewship declined until the second half of the last season , at this time the average viewer rating was around 2.1 million . Each season of Stargate Atlantis featured 20 episodes , and in the United States they are broadcast in two series of 10 episodes . The first 10 episodes air from mid-July to September in the United States , ending in the cliffhanger of a two - parter episode . The second half airs first in Canada , from November to January , ending also with a cliffhanger . In the United States , the second half aired from January to March during seasons 1 and 2 , but season 3 aired from April to June 2007 . Because of the offset , the show has often been bootlegged by American viewers . Season four chalked up a viewer average of 1.8 million in the United States , beating the average Sci Fi Channel show . The final episode , `` Enemy at the Gate '' got a Nielsen Rating of 1.5 , which was also the highest rating in season 5 . `` Enemy at the Gate '' was viewed by 2.02 million people in the US , including 973,000 in the 18 to 49 demographic , and 1.12 million age 25 to 54 . In the UK , the finale was viewed by 633,000 , placing Stargate Atlantis third in the top ten for Sky 1 in that week , behind The Simpsons and season seven premiere of 24 . Cancellation and future ( edit ) After the announcement on August 20 , 2008 , that Season 5 of Atlantis would be its last , it was announced the following day ( August 21 , 2008 ) that the series would be continued with at least one 2 - hour direct - to - DVD movie . More movies were expected to follow in the Atlantis series if the first movie was to be successful . Executive producer Joseph Mallozzi has said that the rise of the Canadian dollar and the decline of the American dollar has made life harder for Canadian television since it has become more expensive . He further stated `` Both MGM and Sci Fi have been great supporters of the show and , if you go by SG - 1 's example , fans can be assured that the end of the series will not be the end of Atlantis . '' Mallozzi called the Atlantis film Project Twilight , until the title of the first Atlantis film was revealed as Stargate : Extinction in late May 2009 . Paul Mullie and Joseph Mallozzi completed the scripting of the movie in May 2009 . Andy Mikita was going to direct the first Atlantis film . The tentative shoot - date of the movie was bound for late 2009 . As of May 2009 , the confirmed actors were to be Amanda Tapping as Samantha Carter , David Hewlett as Rodney McKay , Joe Flanigan as John Sheppard , Paul McGillion as Carson Beckett , Rachel Luttrell as Teyla Emmagan , Jason Momoa as Ronon Dex , Robert Picardo as Richard Woolsey and Christopher Heyerdahl as Todd the Wraith . The script for Stargate : Extinction had been written and was ready to go into production , according to Joseph Mallozzi , `` it involved a return mission to Pegasus , the tragic end of one relationship , the beginning of another , and a surprising progression in the alliance between one man and one wraith . '' The project was on hold due to financial troubles at MGM and in the wider economy . In the meantime , an episode of Stargate Universe featuring Atlantis characters Rodney McKay and Richard Woolsey was filmed . At the Creation Stargate Convention in Vancouver on April 17 , 2011 , Stargate writer and executive producer Brad Wright confirmed to the audience that the proposed Stargate Atlantis movie has been indefinitely shelved . Speaking at a convention in Edmonton on 28 September 2013 , Joe Flanigan stated that he had negotiated with the then boss of MGM about leasing the series in order to produce season 6 of Stargate Atlantis , and potentially more . Flanigan took it upon himself to secure the necessary financing from various investors as MGM would be unable to back the series due to them going through financial difficulties . Securing the needed backing to produce a full 20 episode season , Flanigan and his team began planning out the production itself , with a planned move from MGM studios in Vancouver to a studio in Europe in order to save money . Flanigan 's team , their investors and MGM came up with `` all the numbers '' as well as working out television networks for broadcasting , studios and plans for a 10 - year lease of the Stargate franchise . MGM then filed for bankruptcy in November 2010 . The company then reemerged later , however Spyglass Entertainment now held the rights for Stargate , meaning Flanigan had to begin negotiations all over again . Flanigan stated that he believed Spyglass were more interested in working with Roland Emmerich on another feature film , outside of the main continuity of the series ' . Home video release ( edit ) Main article : DVD & Blu - ray releases The first and only DVD release of the series from MGM Home Entertainment , was the pilot episode of Stargate Atlantis , `` Rising '' , as a standalone episode . It was released , in North America , on June 7 , 2005 . The full first season was released , in North America , on November 15 , 2005 , in new slim line cases . Soon after the release of the first season set Sony received complaints that some Canadian customers bought sets that had the same content on both disk 1 and 5 . Sony quickly offered a replacement disc . In early 2006 , Sony announced that Stargate Atlantis would become the first TV series released on the next generation Blu - ray platform . In mid-2006 MGM , the producers of both Stargate series , switched DVD distribution companies from Sony to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . The distributor switch led to a delay in the release of the Season 2 box set , which was released on March 6 , 2007 , in North America . Most DVDs contain behind - the - scenes features , audio commentaries for nearly all episodes beginning with season 1 , and production galleries . The box sets of the five seasons were released with slim packaging in all regions , beginning in the United States . A complete series box set for Stargate Atlantis was released on October 6 , 2009 in North America , and August 10 , 2009 in the UK . Stargate Atlantis : The Complete Series Blu - ray was released in North America in mid-2011 . Impact ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Stargate Atlantis garnered mediocre media attention with mixed reviews . Michael Abernethy from PopMatters said `` the series has much to offer '' , and further stated that the program had many unanswered questions , but gave it mostly positive reviews . Jonathan Wright from the British newspaper , The Guardian called the series `` fun '' . The Pittsburgh Tribune - Review reviewer Laura Urbani said that the television series `` cleverly '' mixed `` humor with action '' with `` political intrigue '' . Virginia Heffernan from The New York Times called the pilot episode `` dull '' and further commented that it was a `` relic of our own unenlightened time , '' but said that the show could win fans with its `` lavish special effects '' . David Nusair from Reel Film Reviews reviewing `` Rising '' said `` as a pilot episode , there 's no denying that `` Rising '' gets the job done , '' commenting to the one episode release of the pilot on DVD format . Critical Myth rated `` Adrift '' 8 out of 10 , praising the direction the writers took with the episode , Sheppard being rather forced to be in command of the city with the incapacitation of Weir , as well as comparing the characters ' `` chance to prove their mettle through extreme adversity '' to `` The Siege , Part 2 '' . Marx Pyle of SyFy Portal ( since renamed Airlock Alpha ) described the episode `` The Daedalus Variations '' as Atlantis ' version of Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Q Who ? '' . It was praised for being a `` fun filler '' episode , and Pyle enjoyed the scene where the two Sheppards converse , and the space battle , believing only Battlestar Galactica could beat them . Pyle criticised the episode for the absence of Woolsey , and McKay 's apparent quick understanding of new technologies including the alternate reality drive , as well as feeling that Sci - Fi gave away too much information from the previews of the episode . When reviewing `` Enemy at the Gate '' , IGN reviewer Tory Ireland Mell has given the episode a `` mediocre '' score of 5.8 out of 10 , where the reviewer felt that everything on the episode was `` forced '' , and felt the final scene was `` uninspiring '' , though the episode was praised for the conversation between Sheppard and Carter . Season one of Stargate Atlantis garnered mixed reviews . John Sinnott from DVDTalk called season one a `` very good spinoff , '' certifying it `` highly recommended . '' Dan Heaton from Digitally Obsessed was positive to the first season , and said the pilot started `` in fashion . '' Reviewer Dan Phelps from DVDFanatic gave the series `` thumbs up '' and gave the series an A - . Oladotun Ogunsulire from Science Fiction Buzz said the series should be `` treasured . '' June L. from Monsters and Critics ( M&C ) gave season two of Stargate Atlantis 4 out of 5 , and said that it was a `` pleasure to watch the stories '' , compared to other new science fiction shows which depend on `` blood and violence . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Stargate Atlantis The show has been nominated 62 times and won 19 awards , less than the sister show , Stargate SG - 1 , which was nominated over 120 times and won over twenty of these awards . Atlantis season one was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 2005 in the following categories , Outstanding Main Title Theme Music and Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series . Atlantis would receive two other Emmy nominations in 2006 and 2008 respectively . Television director , David Winning was awarded a Chicago International Film Festival award in 2005 in the category Outstanding Achievement in a Television Drama Direction for `` Childhood 's End '' . The New York Film Festival also awarded Winning for his work in `` Childhood 's End . '' Atlantis was nominated twenty - seven times for a Leo Award and won only once in the category Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series in `` The Eye '' in 2005 . The series won nine Leo Awards in 2009 . Merchandise ( edit ) Main articles : Stargate literature , List of Stargate comics , and List of Stargate audiobooks Cover of the novel Stargate Atlantis : Reliquary by Martha Wells In total , there have been released 12 books and novels about Stargate Atlantis entitled Rising , Reliquary , The Chosen , Halcyon , Exogenesis , Entanglement , Casualties of War , Blood Ties , Mirror Mirror , Nightfall , Angelus and Brimstone . There have been released six short fiction works as a part of the official Stargate franchise . Sharon Gosling has released a book for the first four seasons of the series entitled Stargate Atlantis : The Official Companion Season # , the fifth was never released . Action figures of the Stargate Atlantis cast have been released by Diamond Selected Toys , and included John Sheppard and Rodney McKay figures among others . This is a list of The Stargate Atlantis audiobooks by Big Finish Productions , are each narrated by one of the main Stargate franchise characters and feature a second , guest - star voice along with music and sound effects . Kavan Smith ( as Evan Lorne ) , David Nykl ( as Radek Zelenka ) , Paul McGillion ( as Carson Beckett ) and Torri Higginson ( as Elizabeth Weir ) have lent their voices for one Stargate Atlantis audiobook each . In late 2005 , Fandemonium Press , which also publishes many books for the Stargate SG - 1 series , launched a new series of books based on Stargate Atlantis . These books are available in English - speaking countries and through online bookstores . Additionally , the ' Legacy ' series of books have also been added and they begin where the TV series concluded . There are now eight available . They are : 1 ) Homecoming ; Jo Graham & Melissa Scott . 2 ) The Lost ; Jo Graham & Amy Griswold. 3 ) Allegiance ; Melissa Scott and Amy Griswold. 4 ) The Furies ; Jo Graham . 5 ) Secrets ; Jo Graham & Melissa Scott . 6 ) Inheritors ; Jo Graham , Melissa Scott & Amy Griswold. 7 ) Unascended ; Jo Graham & Amy Griswold. 8 ) Third Path ; Melissa Scott & Jo Graham . These novels begin by looking at the events that led to Atlantis returning to the Pegasus Galaxy , including a new war against the powerful Wraith Queen Death , McKay being briefly brainwashed and converted into a Wraith scientist , a confrontation with Queen Death that ends with a new treaty between Atlantis and the Wraith , and the return of Elizabeth Weir and Aiden Ford after their apparent ' deaths ' . The official Stargate Magazine , produced by Titan Publishing , began publishing short stories written by Fandemonium authors in their 8th issue . The stories alternate between both SG - 1 and Atlantis . In 2006 , Avatar Press launched a series of comics based on Stargate Atlantis . Set in season 1 , Wraithfall features story by Stewart Moore and art by Mauricio Melo . In this story , the Atlantis team meets the Karrans , a race that has made a bizarre deal with the Wraith . While Stargate Worlds ( SGW ) was mainly about the story arc to Stargate SG - 1 , the first expansion pack was planned to be about Stargate Atlantis . Atlantis and the Pegasus Galaxy would have presented much additional content , with all five seasons ' worth aired by the time of the game 's release . It was ideal for an expansion , and this was what the developers intended for this facet of the Stargate franchise at that stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brenner , Paul . `` Stargate : Overview '' . Allmovie . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coll , Kevin ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Stargate Universe Cancellation Kills Stargate Atlantis Movie Possibility '' . Fused Film . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( December 25 , 2010 ) . `` Christmas ! Marty G. ! And the return of the mailbag ! '' . josephmallozzi.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Season Four to premiere this fall '' . GateWorld . February 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Gates to Atlantis '' . Chevron26.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( January 2 , 2009 ) . `` January 2 , 2009 : Brad Wright Answers Your Questions '' . josephmallozzi.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Gosling , Sharon ( July 2005 ) . `` Watergate '' . Stargate Atlantis : The Official Companion Season 1 . London : Titan Books . pp. 10 -- 19 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 116 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` This Physicist Makes Sure ' Stargate ' Is Scientifically Accurate '' . Inverse . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Taylor Brown . `` Rising , part 1 '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lynley Oram & Feli . `` Ford Tough '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Gosling , Sharon ( July 2006 ) . `` Into season 2 '' . Stargate Atlantis : The Official Companion Season 2 . London : Titan Books . pp. 10 -- 17 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 163 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` McGillion made Atlantis regular '' . GateWorld . December 8 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Tapping joins ' Stargate Atlantis ' '' . Chicago Tribune . February 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Picardo Joins ' Stargate Atlantis ' '' . The Hartford Courant . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Darren Sumner ( February 9 , 2008 ) . `` Higginson Out for Season 5 '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Sharon ( July 2005 ) . `` Rising ( I ) '' . Stargate Atlantis : The Official Companion Season 1 . London : Titan Books . p. 26 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 116 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stargate Official Magazine issue 6 Jump up ^ Brett , Love ( August 21 , 2008 ) . `` Stargate Atlantis canceled , kind of '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Livi Dolgin ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` Canadian dollar 's rise curbs its advantage '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ David Read ( December 5 , 2004 ) . `` Luttrell to train with Ray Park '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Sharon ( July 2005 ) . `` Production Design : Bridget McGuire '' . Stargate Atlantis : The Official Companion Season 1 . London : Titan Books . pp. 134 -- 139 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 116 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate Atlantis : Atlantis Rising '' . SFX magazine # 129 . Future Publishing . March 16 , 2003 . pp. 62 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Darren Sumner ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` James Bamford joins GateWorld Blogs ! '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Sharon ( July 2005 ) . `` Music : Joel Goldsmith '' . Stargate Atlantis : The Official Companion Season 1 . London : Titan Books . pp. 152 -- 153 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 116 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sumner , Darren ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Stargate Atlantis receives Emmy nomination '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Darren Sumner . `` Atlantis finale week is ALL Atlantis '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Denise Martine ( July 19 , 2004 ) . `` ' Stargate ' a blast for Sci Fi '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BARB 's multichannel top 10 programmes ( Go on w / e 17 Oct 2004 , and scroll down to Sky 1 ) '' . barb.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Darren Sumner . `` Atlantis rises to Gemini Award victory '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Stargate series earn three Emmy noms '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( May 30 , 2005 ) . `` Stargate takes home three Leo Awards '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season One Ratings '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons , Kent . `` ' Stargate Atlantis ' Run Ends On Season 5 '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , john ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Sci Fi renews ' Stargate Atlantis ' '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Season Five Ratings '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Atlantis finale scores 1.5 rating '' . GateWorld . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BARB 's multichannel top 10 programmes ( Go on w / e 18 / 01 / 09 , and scroll down to Sky 1 ) '' . barb.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` SCI FI Channel greenlights 2 - hour film from MGM based on popular ' Stargate Atlantis ' series '' ( PDF ) . Sci Fi Channel . August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( August 21 , 2008 ) . `` August 21 , 2008 : All Good Things ... '' . Mallozzi 's Weblog . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rundle , James . `` Exclusive : Stargate Extinction to shoot in November ? '' . Sci Fi Now . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` May 11 , 2009 : Just Between Us , It 's Really Better to Receive Than to Give '' . Mallozzi 's Weblog . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( May 16 , 2009 ) . `` Producer reveals Atlantis movie title maybe '' . GateWorld . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Read , David ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Mikita to direct Atlantis movie '' . GateWorld . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kelly West ( March 2009 ) . `` Amanda Tapping teases Sanctuary season two -- and a bit of Stargate ! '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` March 11 , 2009 ; An Unintentional Oversight , Updates , Another Guest Blogger , and The Mailbag '' . Mallozzi 's Weblog . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` February 11 , 2011 : A first draft ! Storage awaits ! The meal to end all meals ! Mailbag ! '' . WordPress . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Universe ' Will Cross Over With ' Atlantis ' Airlock Alpha Jump up ^ Colvin , Chad ( April 17 , 2011 ) . `` SGU continuation , other movies dead -- for now '' . GateWorld . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Flanigan , Joe ( 28 September 2013 ) . Pannel with Joe Flanigan ( Speech ) . Edmonton Expo . Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MGM in bankruptcy protection move '' . BBC . 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Atlantis - Pilot Episode DVD Announced : Cover Art Details ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren . `` Atlantis Season One DVD set announced '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren . `` Sony switching to slim - line SG - 1 DVD sets '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord . `` Stargate : Atlantis - Production problems plague Canada again ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren . `` Atlantis among Sony 's first Blu - ray offerings '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord . `` Stargate SG - 1 - Where 's Season 9 , and what about the slim packaging ? '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord . `` Stargate : Atlantis - Season 2 Date , Specs and Extras ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate Atlantis : The Complete Series Collection '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Stargate : Atlantis '' . Evening Chronicle . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate Atlantis : The Complete Series Collection ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com. April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stargate Atlantis : The Complete Series ' Announced for Blu - ray '' . High - Def Digest . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michael Abernethy . `` Stargate Atlantis '' . Pop Matters . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wright ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Why go out ? '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Urbani , Laura ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` ' Stargate Atlantis ' : Great spinoff of successful series '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` Television Review ; Atlantis Mystery Is Solved ; Now , About the Wormhole '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ David Nusair . `` Stargate : Atlantis `` Rising '' `` . Reel Film Reviews . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate Review Blog '' Blog Archive '' Episode 4.1 : `` Adrift '' `` . Critical Myth . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pyle , Marx ( 2008 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Review : ' Stargate Atlantis ' - The Daedalus Variations '' . SyFy Portal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mell , Tory Ireland ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Stargate Atlantis : `` Enemy at the Gate '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sinnott , John ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Stargate Atlantis - The Complete First Season '' . DVDTalk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Dan ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Stargate Atlantis : The Complete First Season '' . Digitally Obsessed . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Phelps , Dan ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Review : `` Stargate Atlantis - The Complete First Season '' `` . DVDFanatic . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Oladotun , Ogunsulire ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Review Of Stargate Atlantis - Season One '' . Science Fiction Buzz . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ L. , June ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` DVD Review : Stargate Atlantis - The Complete Second Season '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Stargate series earn three Emmy noms '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Atlantis gets visual effects Emmy nomination '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Groundstar Entertainment Presents David Winning - Filmmaker - Director '' . Groundstar . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2009 Nominees '' . Leo Awards . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Darren ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` Atlantis action figures in the works '' . GateWorld . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate SG - 1 and Atlantis '' . Big Finish Production . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate Magazine '' . Titan Magazines . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Stargate '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` GDC Preview : Stargate Worlds '' . MMORPG . March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ophelea ( October 18 , 2006 ) . `` Interview -- Preview - Stargate Worlds '' . GamersInfo . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Russ ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Joe Ybarra on Stargate Worlds : Part One '' . The Escapist Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stargate Atlantis . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stargate Atlantis Official Stargate site at MGM Stargate Command Stargate Atlantis on IMDb Stargate Atlantis episode guide at GateWorld Stargate Franchise Stargate SG - 1 Atlantis Universe Origins Infinity Games Pinball SNES / Genesis Resistance Worlds Literature Books Comics Audiobooks Fandom SG - 1 Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Ark of Truth Continuum Characters Samantha Carter George Hammond Daniel Jackson Hank Landry Vala Mal Doran Cameron Mitchell Jack O'Neill Jonas Quinn Teal'c Recurring Earth characters Atlantis Awards Episodes Season 1 5 Characters Carson Beckett Samantha Carter Ronon Dex Teyla Emmagan Aiden Ford Jennifer Keller Rodney McKay John Sheppard Elizabeth Weir Richard Woolsey Radek Zelenka Universe Awards Episodes Season 1 Characters Chloe Armstrong Ronald Greer Tamara Johansen Nicholas Rush Matthew Scott Eli Wallace Camille Wray Everett Young Mythology Stargate Program Ancients characters Asgard Asurans Genii Goa'uld characters Kull Warriors Ori Replicators Tok'ra Wraith Technology Stargate Atlantis Goa'uld Starships Earth Syfy original programming Current Channel Zero ( since 2016 ) Con Man ( since 2017 ) Face Off ( since 2011 ) Face Off : Game Face ( since 2017 ) Happy ! ( since 2017 ) Killjoys ( since 2015 ) Krypton ( since 2018 ) The Magicians ( since 2015 ) Van Helsing ( since 2016 ) Wynonna Earp ( since 2016 ) Z Nation ( since 2014 ) Former 1990s debuts The Animation Station ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Cartoon Quest ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Farscape ( 1999 -- 2003 ) First Wave ( 1998 -- 2001 ) FTL Newsfeed ( 1992 -- 96 ) Good vs. Evil ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mission Genesis ( 1997 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Poltergeist : The Legacy ( 1999 ) Sightings ( 1996 -- 98 ) Sliders ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Welcome to Paradox ( 1998 ) 2000s debuts Andromeda ( 2003 -- 05 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 -- 09 ) Black Scorpion ( 2001 ) Cha $ e ( 2008 ) The Chronicle ( 2001 -- 02 ) Destination Truth ( 2007 -- 12 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Dresden Files ( 2007 ) ECW ( 2006 -- 10 ) Estate of Panic ( 2008 ) Eureka ( 2006 -- 12 ) Exposure ( 2000 -- 02 ) Flash Gordon ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ghost Hunters ( 2004 - 2016 ) Ghost Hunters Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ghost Hunters International ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 -- 02 ) In Search of ... ( 2002 ) Mad Mad House ( 2004 ) The Outer Limits ( 2001 -- 02 ) Painkiller Jane ( 2007 ) Proof Positive ( 2004 ) Sanctuary ( 2008 -- 11 ) Scare Tactics ( 2003 -- 13 ) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne ( 2000 ) Stargate SG - 1 ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Stargate Atlantis ( 2004 -- 09 ) Stargate Universe ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tremors ( 2003 ) Tripping the Rift ( 2004 -- 05 ) Warehouse 13 ( 2009 -- 14 ) WCG Ultimate Gamer ( 2009 -- 10 ) Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2010s debuts 12 Monkeys ( 2015 -- 18 ) Aftermath ( 2016 ) Alphas ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Almighty Johnsons ( 2014 ) Bazillion Dollar Club ( 2015 ) Beast Legends ( 2010 ) Being Human ( 2011 -- 14 ) Bitten ( 2014 -- 16 ) Blood Drive ( 2017 ) Caprica ( 2010 -- 11 ) Continuum ( 2013 -- 15 ) Cosplay Melee ( 2017 ) Dark Matter ( 2015 - 17 ) Deep South Paranormal ( 2013 ) Defiance ( 2013 -- 15 ) Dominion ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dream Machines ( 2012 ) Exit ( 2013 ) Fact or Faked : Paranormal Files ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fangasm ( 2013 ) Ghost Mine ( 2013 ) Ghost Wars ( 2017 -- 18 ) Haunted Collector ( 2011 -- 13 ) Haunted Highway ( 2012 -- 13 ) Haunting : Australia ( 2015 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 15 ) Helix ( 2014 -- 15 ) Heroes of Cosplay ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hollywood Treasure ( 2010 -- 12 ) Hot Set ( 2012 ) Hunters ( 2016 ) Incorporated ( 2016 ) Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Challenge ( 2014 ) Joe Rogan Questions Everything ( 2013 ) Killer Contact ( 2013 ) Legend Quest ( 2011 ) Lost Girl ( 2012 -- 16 ) Marcel 's Quantum Kitchen ( 2011 ) Métal Hurlant Chronicles ( 2014 ) Monster Man ( 2012 ) Naked Vegas ( 2013 ) Olympus ( 2015 ) Opposite Worlds ( 2014 ) Paranormal Witness ( 2011 - 2016 ) Primeval : New World ( 2013 ) School Spirits ( 2012 ) Sinbad ( 2013 ) Stranded ( 2013 ) Superstition ( 2017 - 2018 ) The Expanse ( 2015 - 2018 ) The Internet Ruined My Life ( 2016 ) Total Blackout ( 2012 -- 13 ) Troy : Street Magic ( 2015 ) Weird or What ? ( 2013 ) The Wil Wheaton Project ( 2014 ) WWE NXT ( 2010 ) WWE SmackDown ( 2010 -- 15 ) Miniseries Five Days to Midnight ( 2004 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Ascension ( 2014 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Childhood 's End ( 2015 ) Dark Kingdom : The Dragon King ( 2004 ) Earthsea ( 2004 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Firestarter : Rekindled ( 2002 ) Frank Herbert 's Dune ( 2000 ) Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune ( 2003 ) Neverland ( 2011 ) Riverworld ( 2010 ) Taken ( 2002 ) The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Lost Room ( 2006 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) The Phantom ( 2009 ) Treasure Island ( 2012 ) Upcoming The Purge ( 2018 ) Deadly Class ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( 2018 ) LCCN : no2008040777 VIAF : 186173447 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stargate_Atlantis&oldid=855211884 '' Categories : 2004 Canadian television series debuts 2004 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings 2009 Canadian television series endings American adventure television series American fantasy television series 2000s American science fiction television series American television spin - offs Atlantis in fiction Canadian adventure television series Canadian fantasy television series 2000s Canadian science fiction television series Canadian television spin - offs English - language television programs Intergalactic travel in fiction Syfy original programs Stargate television series Television programs based on films Television series by MGM Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series produced in Vancouver Wormholes in fiction Space adventure television series Military science fiction television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 18 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many series of stargate atlantis are there | [
"Stargate Atlantis (often abbreviated SGA) is a Canadian-American adventure and military science fiction television series and part of MGM's Stargate franchise. The show was created by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper as a spin-off series of Stargate SG-1, which was created by Wright and Jonathan Glassner and was itself based on the feature film Stargate (1994). All five seasons of Stargate Atlantis were broadcast by the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States and The Movie Network in Canada. The show premiered on July 16, 2004; its final episode aired on January 9, 2009. The series was filmed in and around Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.\n"
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6520209701293506659 | Goldendoodle | Goldendoodle - wikipedia Goldendoodle Jump to : navigation , search Goldendoodle Common nicknames Doodle Origin Canada / U.S.A Breed status Not recognized as a standardized breed by any major kennel club . ( hide ) Traits Weight Male 45 - 100 lbs Female 45 - 100 lbs Height Male 24 - 26 inches Female 22 - 23 inches Coat Wavy , straight , curly Color Cream , Gold , Red , Black , Brown , White Litter size 3 - 8 puppies Life span 10 - 15 years Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Goldendoodle is a cross-breed dog , which is obtained by breeding a Golden Retriever with a Poodle . The name , which alters `` poodle '' to `` doodle '' by analogy to `` Labradoodle '' , was coined in 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Appearance 2.1 Shedding 2.2 Coat 3 Breed status 4 Health 5 Usage 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography History ( edit ) The Goldendoodle was first bred by Monica Dickens in 1969 . Popularity for the goldendoodle grew in the 1990s when breeders in North America and Australia began crossing Golden Retrievers with Standard Poodles . The original purpose of the cross was to develop guide dogs suitable for visually impaired individuals with allergies . Poodles are considered to be hypoallergenic . Their coats do not shed , which reduces dander . Dander is a protein that sheds from the skin and causes allergies in humans . The goldendoodle is referred to as a designer dog . The Encyclopædia Britannica traces the term `` designer dog '' to the late 20th century when breeders began to cross purebred Poodles with other purebred breeds in order to obtain a dog with the poodle 's non-shedding coat , along with various desirable characteristics from other breeds . In regards to goldendoodles , golden retrievers are considered a great family dog , which is why they have been used to cross breed with poodles . Appearance ( edit ) Goldendoodle puppy at 6 weeks old -- the coat starts out quite flat and becomes more curly as the puppy grows older Shedding ( edit ) Although not all goldendoodles exhibit the hypoallergenic coat type of the Standard Poodle , most goldendoodles do have a low to non-shedding coat . While the degree of shedding varies from dog to dog , overall , the goldendoodle exhibits less shedding than other dogs . Grooming requirements include regular brushing , occasional bathing and some fur trimming . Due to minimal shedding , Goldendoodles tend to have less dander , reducing allergic responses . 1 Year - old Goldendoodle with medium length hair Coat ( edit ) There are three main coat types . There is the straight coat , which is flat and resembles more of a golden retriever coat . The wavy coat type is a mixture of a poodle 's curls , and a golden retriever 's straighter coat . The last coat type is curly , which tends to look more like the poodle coat . A goldendoodle 's size is generally somewhere between that of its poodle parent and golden retriever parent . The ranges of size include standard , medium , and miniature ( if the poodle parent was miniature ) . Upon reaching adulthood , a standard goldendoodle will often weigh 60 to 100 pounds . A medium goldendoodle will weigh between 30 and 45 pounds and a miniature goldendoodle will weigh approximately 15 to 30 pounds . The standard in height at the shoulder for a male goldendoodle is about 24 - 26 inches . For females , it is 22 - 23 inches . Often , taller goldendoodles inherit more from the golden retriever and will weigh substantially more . It is very common for the goldendoodle to inherit the `` golden retriever bump '' on top of his / her head . Common coat colors include white , cream , apricot , gold , red , and sometimes gray and black ( also called phantom ) . Goldendoodles may also be black or a light sandy brown . They are classified into types according to the breed of its parents . An F1 goldendoodle is the offspring of a poodle mated with a golden retriever . An F1B goldendoodle is the offspring of a poodle with an F1 goldendoodle . An F2 goldendoodle is the offspring of an F1 and another F1 goldendoodle , and an F2B goldendoodle is the offspring of an F1 and an F1B goldendoodles . Breed status ( edit ) See also : Selective breeding Golden retriever and her litter of goldendoodle puppies , after having mated with a poodle . Twelve - week - old Goldendoodle puppy Some breeders prefer to restrict breeding to the first generation ( F1 ) and first generation cross-back ( F1B ) . This is done in an attempt to maximize genetic diversity and avoid the inherited health problems that have plagued many dog breeds . Established breed associations such as the AKC , the UKC , and the CKC , do not recognize this hybrid , nor any other designer cross , as a breed . However , some major kennel clubs do accept registration of crossbreed and mixed - breed dogs for performance events such as agility and obedience such as the Continental Kennel Club . The Continental Kennel Club will accept and grant a pedigree on a goldendoodle as long as the parents have registration . Health ( edit ) With knowledgeable breeding , the goldendoodle tends to be a rather healthy dog , but Poodles and Golden Retrievers are both susceptible to hip dysplasia . Therefore , an OFA or PennHIP exam is highly recommended to check for this problem before dogs are bred . Both breeds can also suffer from a number of inheritable eye disorders , so it is important that annual CERF ( Canine Eye Registration Foundation ) exams are performed before breeding . The goldendoodle inherits the ears of Golden Retrievers ; because their ears hang and do not allow water to drain , they are prone to ear infections and yeast infections in the ears from swimming . Von Willebrands disease ( vWD ) , a bleeding disorder , can also be found in the Poodle and should be screened through DNA tests before breeding . Usage ( edit ) Since 2005 , Goldendoodles have been used as pets , agility dogs , guide dogs , therapy dogs , diabetic dogs , search dogs and rescue dogs , as they have inherited the poodle 's intelligence and the golden retriever 's ease of training . Goldendoodles have also become increasingly used as domestic pets due to their affection towards families , as well as their friendliness and patience with children and strangers . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goldendoodle . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vonnegut 2012 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Wheeler 2008 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ : Goldendoodles '' . The Goldendoodle and Labradoodle website . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Club , American Kennel . `` Hypoallergenic Dogs - Dogs Good For Allergy Suffers '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( online ) , designer dog Jump up ^ Club , American Kennel . `` Best Family Dogs '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doods & Generations '' . The Goldendoodle and Labradoodle Website . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Edie ( 2009 ) . Goldendoodles : Complete Pet Owner 's Manual . Barron 's Educational Series , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 4290 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Dood Coat Colours '' . The Goldendoodle & Labradoodle Website . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : John Armstrong ( 2001 ) . `` The Poodle and the Chocolate Cake '' . The Canine Diversity Project . Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Service dogs '' . Goldendoodle Association of North America . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goldendoodle Dog Breed Information , Pictures , Characteristics & Facts -- Dogtime '' . Dogtime . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wheeler , Jill ( 2008 ) , Goldendoodles , Checkerboard Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 963 - 2 Vonnegut , Kurt ( 2012 ) , Kurt Vonnegut : Letters , Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 53539 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldendoodle&oldid=835511610 '' Categories : Companion dogs Poodle crossbreeds Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 03 : 28 . About Wikipedia | what kind of dog is a golden doodle | [
"The Goldendoodle is a cross-breed dog, which is obtained by breeding a Golden Retriever with a Poodle. The name, which alters \"poodle\" to \"doodle\" by analogy to \"Labradoodle\", was coined in 1992."
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"a cross-breed dog, which is obtained by breeding a Golden Retriever with a Poodle"
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6449571022987441031 | Drug Controller General of India | Drug Controller General of India - Wikipedia Drug Controller General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Drug Controller General of India under the gamut of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization is responsible for approval of licenses of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products , IV fluids , vaccines and sera in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Present DCGI 2 Past DCGI 3 Function 4 Zonal Offices Of CDSCO ( Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation ) 5 References Present DCGI ( edit ) The current DCGI is Dr. G.N. Singh . Past DCGI ( edit ) Former DCGIs include Dr. Surinder Singh . Function ( edit ) DCGI lay down the standard and quality of manufacturing , selling , import and distribution of drugs in India . Acting as appellate authority in case of any dispute regarding the quality of drugs . Preparation and maintenance of national reference standard . To bring about the uniformity in the enforcement of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act . Training of Drug Analysts deputed by State Drug Control Laboratories and other Institutions Analysis of Cosmetics received as survey samples from CDSCO ( central drug standard control organisation ) Zonal offices of CDSCO ( central drugs standard control organisation ) ( edit ) the central government have established 4 zonal offices of CDSCO at Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , and Ghaziabad , which works in close collaboration with the state control administration and assist them in securing uniform enforcement of the Drug Act . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CENTRAL DRUGS STANDARD CONTROL ORGANIZATION ( accessed on 18 Oct 2014 ) Jump up ^ 4 SEP , 2012 , ET BUREAU , Economic Times Pharmaceutical companies told to submit safety reports on new drugs every 6 months ( accessed on 4 Sept 2012 ) This article about an organisation in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drug_Controller_General_of_India&oldid=798889640 '' Categories : Drug safety Medical and health organisations based in India National agencies for drug regulation Pharmaceutical industry of India Indian organisation stubs Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from February 2014 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 11 : 43 . About Wikipedia | drug controller general of india under which ministry | [
"Drug Controller General of India under the gamut of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization is responsible for approval of licenses of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products, IV fluids, vaccines and sera in India.[1]"
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"Central Drugs Standard Control Organization"
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-1970505664005495754 | 2024 Summer Olympics | 2024 Summer Olympics - wikipedia 2024 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Paris 2024 '' redirects here . For the Summer Paralympics , see 2024 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXXIII Olympiad Host city Paris , France Motto Made for sharing ( French : Venez partager ) Opening ceremony 26 July ( 76 months from now ) Closing ceremony 11 August Stadium Stade de France Summer < Tokyo 2020 Los Angeles 2028 > Winter < Beijing 2022 TBD 2026 > Part of a series on 2024 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC CNOSF POCOG The 2024 Summer Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad , and commonly known as Paris 2024 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024 in Paris , France . Having previously hosted both the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics , Paris will become only the second city to host the Olympic Games three times , after London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 ) . The 2024 Games also mark the centennial of the 1924 Games , which were the last Summer Olympics to be held in Paris . They will be the sixth overall Olympic Games held in France ( including summer and winter Games ) . Bidding to host these Games began in 2015 with five candidate cities in contention , but Hamburg , Rome and Budapest withdrew , leaving Paris and Los Angeles as the only two candidates remaining . A proposal to elect the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics , making Paris the host of the 2024 Summer Olympics . The formal announcement of the hosts for both Olympiads took place at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru , on 13 September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Sports 3 Venues 3.1 Grand Paris zone 3.2 Paris Centre zone 3.3 Versailles zone 3.4 Stand - alone venues 3.5 Non-competitive venues 3.6 Provisional football venues 4 Marketing 4.1 Emblem 4.2 Mascot 5 Broadcasting rights 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics Paris , Hamburg , Budapest , Rome , and Los Angeles were the five candidate cities . However , the process was hit by withdrawals , with political uncertainty and cost cited as deterring bidding cities . Hamburg withdrew its bid on 29 November 2015 after holding a referendum . Rome withdrew its bid on 21 September 2016 citing fiscal difficulties . On 22 February 2017 , Budapest withdrew its bid after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum . Following these withdrawals , the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne , Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on 9 June 2017 . The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017 , a proposal which was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . The IOC set up a process whereby the LA 2024 and Paris 2024 bid committees would meet with the IOC to discuss who would host the 2024 Games , who would host the 2028 Games , and whether it were actually possible to select the host city for both at the same time . Following the decision to award the 2024 and 2028 Games simultaneously , Paris was understood to be the preferred host for the 2024 Games . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 Games , opening Paris up to be confirmed as hosts for the 2024 Games . Both decisions were ratified at the 131st IOC Session on 13 September 2017 . Host city election ( edit ) Paris was elected as the host city on September 13 , 2017 at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru . The two French IOC members , Guy Drut and Tony Estanguet were ineligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter . 2024 Summer Olympics bidding results City NOC name Votes Paris France Unanimous Sports ( edit ) In 2007 , the IOC established the concept of Olympics including 28 sports : 25 permanent ' core ' sports with 3 additional sports selected for each individual Games . On 8 September 2013 , IOC added wrestling to the Olympic programme for the 2020 and 2024 Games , representing one of these additional sports . FILA ( now known as United World Wrestling ) changed freestyle and Greco - Roman wrestling weight classes for men and decreased to 6 categories in order to add more weights for women . However , in August 2016 , the IOC added five sports to the 2020 Olympics , with plans to separately evaluate the existing 28 sports . No indication was given how this would affect the number of sports in 2024 . The Paris organizers are also in discussions with the IOC and various professional eSport organizations to introduce eSports as a medal - winning sport during the Olympics . Tony Estanguet of the Paris committee said that introducing eSports would help to make the Olympics more relevant to the younger generations : `` The youth , yes they are interested in esport and this kind of thing . Let 's look at it . Let 's meet them . Let 's try if we can find some bridges . '' The final decision as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020 . During the Lima Session , the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024 . New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Milan , Italy . The 2024 Summer Olympic programme is scheduled to feature 28 sports encompassing 306 events , though this is likely to change depending on success of the five additional sports added to the Tokyo Olympics . This means there could be up to 33 sports , and any new sports which are added to the Olympic programme . The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 34 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 4 ) Athletics ( 47 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 10 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 10 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 14 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Table tennis ( 4 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 2 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 15 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) Venues ( edit ) Grand Paris zone ( edit ) Stade de France with uncovered athletics track during the 2003 World Championships U Arena Venue Events Capacity Status Stade de France Opening and Closing Ceremonies 75,000 Existing Athletics Saint - Denis Aquatics ( swimming , diving and synchronised swimming ) 17,000 Additional Water polo 5,000 Existing Le Bourget Badminton 7,000 Temporary Volleyball 18,000 Temporary Shooting 3,000 Temporary Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir Field hockey 15,000 Existing U Arena Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic and trampoline ) 17,000 Existing Le Zénith Weightlifting 6,000 Existing Paris Centre zone ( edit ) Champs de Mars Grand Palais Les Invalides Stade Roland Garros Venue Events Capacity Status Champ de Mars Beach Volleyball 12,000 Temporary Seine Marathon 13,000 ( 3,000 sitting ) Temporary Racewalking Marathon Swimming Triathlon Champs - Élysées Road Cycling 10,000 Temporary Grand Palais Fencing 8,000 Existing Taekwondo Les Invalides Archery 6,000 Temporary Paris expo Porte de Versailles Table tennis 6,000 Temporary Handball 12,000 Stade Jean - Bouin Rugby 20,000 Existing Stade Roland Garros Tennis 24,000 Existing Boxing 10,000 Temporary Parc des Princes Football 61,000 Existing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Women 's Basketball ( preliminaries ) 4,000 Existing Karate Paris Arena Judo 15,000 Existing Men 's Basketball , Men 's and Women 's Basketball ( play - offs ) Men 's Basketball ( preliminaries ) 7,000 Wrestling Versailles zone ( edit ) Le Golf National Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Château de Versailles Venue Events Capacity Status Le Golf National Golf 35,000 Existing Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Track cycling 10,000 ( 2 x 5,000 ) Existing BMX ( racing and freestyle ) Modern Pentathlon ( fencing ) Château de Versailles Equestrian ( jumping , dressage , eventing country races at own park circuit ) 80,000 ( 22,000 + 58,000 ) Temporary Modern Pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Élancourt Hill Mountain Bike 25,000 Existing Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Marseille Venue Events Capacity Status Vaires - sur - Marne Rowing 22,000 Existing Kayak Canoe slalom Marseille Sailing 5 , 000 Existing Biarritz Surfing 5 , 000 Temporary Non-competitive venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status L'Île - Saint - Denis Olympic Village 17,000 Additional Le Bourget Media Village -- Temporary International Broadcast Centre Main Press Centre Provisional football venues ( edit ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais Parc des Princes , 61,338 , Paris ( 4 preliminaries , M / W quarterfinals , finals ) Stade Vélodrome , 67,394 , Marseille , ( 3 preliminaries , M / W quarterfinal , M semi-final ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais , 59,186 , Lyon , ( 3 preliminaries , M quarterfinal , W semi-final , M 3rd place ) Stade Pierre - Mauroy , 50,157 , Lille , ( 3 preliminaries , W quarterfinal , M semi-final , W 3rd place ) Stade Matmut Atlantique , 42,115 , Bordeaux , ( 3 preliminaries , M / W quarterfinal , W semi-final ) Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , 42,000 , Saint - Étienne , ( 8 preliminaries ) YellowPark , 40,000 , Nantes , ( 8 preliminaries ) Allianz Riviera , 35,624 , Nice , ( 8 preliminaries ) Stadium Municipal , 33,150 , Toulouse , ( 8 preliminaries ) Marketing ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) The emblem of the 2024 Games will be unveiled in December 2018 . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot ( s ) for the 2024 Games will be announced in 2022 . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK Latin America -- América Móvil MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Pacific Islands : -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- BBC ^ 1 -- Included nations & territories are Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Palau , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` Paris 2024 to start week earlier than planned after IOC approve date change '' . insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Executive Board approve joint awarding plans for 2024 and 2028 Olympics '' . Inside the Games . 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Los Angeles makes deal to host 2028 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games : Paris & LA to host 2024 & 2028 respectively '' . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick . `` Exclusive : IOC vow to `` further adjust '' candidature process after Budapest 2024 withdrawal `` . Inside the Games . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five world - class cities in strong competition for Olympic Games 2024 -- IOC to contribute USD 1.7 billion to the local organising committee '' ( Press release ) . Lausanne , Switzerland : International Olympic Committee . 16 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rome 2024 Olympic bid collapses in acrimony Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . at BBC News . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2024 Olympics : Budapest to drop bid to host Games '' . BBC . 22 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Budapest Withdraws Bid to Host 2024 Summer Olympics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budapest to withdraw bid for 2024 Olympics , leaving L.A. and Paris as only contenders '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting of the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne -- Information for the media '' . Olympic.org. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bach Says Paris and LA Mayors Are ' Optimistic ' About Agreement After Initial Discussions - GamesBids.com '' . gamesbids.com . Jump up ^ `` Paris set to host 2024 Olympics , Los Angeles to be awarded 2028 Games by IOC '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . Olympic.org. 8 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympic Games : Shortlisted International Federations Report '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . August 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 3 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Olympic bid committee is open to esports on 2024 Olympic program '' . Associated Press . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris . `` Video Games May Be a Part of the 2024 Olympics '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ `` No Changes in Core Olympic Sports for Paris 2024 '' . Around the Rings. 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JO 2024 : les nouveaux sports seront connus en 2019 '' ( in French ) . L'Equipe. 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Matthew ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` IOC Award América Móvil 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Paris 2024 Paris 2024 ( IOC ) Preceded by Tokyo Summer Olympic Games Paris XXXIII Olympiad ( 2024 ) Succeeded by Los Angeles Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games 131st Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Lima , Peru ) Elected cities Paris ( 2024 ) Los Angeles ( 2028 ) Cancelled bids Budapest Hamburg Rome Non-selected bids Berlin Boston Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the olympics being held in 2024 | [
"The 2024 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024), officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, and commonly known as Paris 2024, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024 in Paris, France.[1]"
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"Paris, France"
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-18197982026075471 | Peter Ostrum | Peter Ostrum - wikipedia Peter Ostrum Jump to : navigation , search Peter Ostrum D.V.M. Peter Ostrum in 2011 Peter Gardner Ostrum November 1957 ( age 60 ) Dallas , Texas , U.S. Residence Lowville , New York , U.S. Education Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine Alma mater Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine ( 1984 ) Occupation Actor ( 1971 ) Veterinarian ( 1984 -- present ) Employer Countryside Veterinary Clinic Lowville , New York , U.S. Known for Acting in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Home town Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Spouse ( s ) Loretta Lepkowski Children Peter Gardner Ostrum ( / ˈoʊstrəm / ; born November 1957 ) is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . A native of Cleveland , Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka . Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film , he opted not to sign a three - film contract when it was over . After eschewing a career in film and theatre , Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role . In 1990 , he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film , and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters . Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka , and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them . Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984 , as of 2005 Ostrum practiced and lived in Lowville , New York with his wife Loretta ( née Lepkowski ) , and two children : his son , Leif , and daughter , Helenka . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting career 1.1 Lasting effect 2 Veterinary career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Acting career ( edit ) Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children 's theatre , when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel , then returned to New York . Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming . In 2000 , Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was `` sort of like being an exchange student for five months '' . Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark , Munich , for the 1972 Summer Olympics , and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson . Ostrum was tutored on - set for three hours a day , though sometimes only for 30 -- 60 minutes at a time . Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed , it was Ostrum 's own singing voice that made it to the screen -- albeit significantly cut . In a 2011 interview , Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film , and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so ; it is Ostrum 's only souvenir from the set . After he finished shooting Willy Wonka , the then 13 - year - old Ostrum declined the offer of a three - film contract , later recalling that `` ( e ) verybody thinks that acting is such a glamorous profession , but it 's a difficult profession . '' In January 2018 , Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting -- though not its hurry - up - and - wait nature -- but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child - to adult - actor . As of January 2018 , Ostrum still received US $8 -- 9 in royalty payments about every three months . Lasting effect ( edit ) In his senior year , Ostrum was involved in film class and , at the interest of one of his instructors , looked back into theatre and acting . After auditioning for , but not landing , several roles ( including Equus on Broadway ) , Ostrum decided not to pursue it further . After putting his short film career behind him , Ostrum declined reporters and interviews , preferring not to speak on the subject ; `` I wanted people to judge me on who I was , not what I 'd done '' . For some time , Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother , and not he , had starred in the film . It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one - time stardom ; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother . Ostrum in November 2017 Since 1990 , Ostrum has since spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year -- on the last day of school , as a special treat -- about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine . The students chiefly ask about the film 's special effects , and Ostrum describes to them `` what happened to Veruca , how did Violet blow up like a blueberry , how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe , all those types of questions . '' Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown , New York , answering audience questions after a screening of the film ; `` it 's in my backyard -- it 's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events . '' Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film , and that people ask him `` great questions . '' Ostrum has been called `` the most famous man in Lowville '' , where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In the run - up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005 , Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1 's list of `` 100 Greatest Kid Stars '' ( placing 78th ) . On the new film , Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole , saying that `` It 's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it 's been redecorated . '' Ultimately , the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone , and requested `` please , no more interviews . '' In January 2009 , Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin ' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) at South Station in Boston , Massachusetts ; Ostrum 's participation connected the MBTA 's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka . The promotion also gave out one `` golden ticket '' , worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin ' Donuts coffee for 2009 . In October 2000 , Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD . In a 2010 interview , Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregarde ) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen ( Wonka 's Mike Teevee ) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film 's release in 2011 . Veterinary career ( edit ) I can remember the veterinarian coming out and taking care of the horses , and it made a huge impression on me , ( ... ) This person really enjoyed what he did for a living . My father was a lawyer , and I really did n't have a clue what he did all day . But I knew exactly what the veterinarian did . Someone making a living from something he enjoyed so much really sparked my interest . 2000 interview with Peter Ostrum Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka , his family acquired a horse ; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse , it was the animal 's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him . Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college , Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania . Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood , and even visited California for a week to `` test the waters '' there . He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead , feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did n't . In 1984 , Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine . As of February 2018 , Ostrum worked out of the Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Lowville , New York , where he works mainly with horses and cows . He has taken part in the video series Veterinarians on Call , funded by Pfizer , highlighting the work of large animal veterinarians . Personal life ( edit ) Ostrum married Loretta M. Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988 . The couple has two children , Helenka and Leif , with the latter following his father onto stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Original Charlie Bucket keeps low profile '' . Lowville , New York , U.S. : msnbc.com . Associated Press . 2005 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Peter Ostrum turned down three - picture deal after original ' Wonka ' Jump up ^ Cavazos , Norma ( 2006 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Television Q&A '' . The Dallas Morning News . Dallas , Texas , U.S. : A.H. Belo . Jump up ^ `` South Lewis Central School class leaders '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown New York , U.S. 2010 - 04 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Julie Dawn ; Michael Esslinger ( 2011 ) . `` Munich '' . I Want It Now ! ( First ed . ) . Duncan , Oklahoma , U.S. : BearManor Media . pp. 52 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 074 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Jesse ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Original Charlie Revisits ' The Chocolate Factory ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Archived from the original ( streaming audio ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Ostrum and the chocolate factory '' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . Schaumburg , Illinois , U.S. : American Veterinary Medical Association . 2000 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Avallone , Elaine M. ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Dr. Ostrum relates to being Charlie Bucket following showing of film '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown , New York . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; Cole , Julie Dawn ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Peter Ostrum and Julie Dawn Cole interview Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Chuck the Movieguy 's Celebrity Interviews ( Interview ) . Interview with Chuck Thomas . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter . `` ' Never Wanted to Be an Actor ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grant , Bridgit . `` Whatever Happened to Willy Wonka 's Children ? '' . Daily Express . London , UK : Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; McCall Gosselin ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . Wonka 's Charlie Bucket says to Boston commuters , `` You Kin ' Do It ! '' . Canton , Massachusetts , U.S. : Dunkin ' Donuts . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Phil ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Willy Wonka ' child actress feeling better - than - blue about future film reunion '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Munster , Indiana , U.S. : Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Fellenstein ( 1 Jan 2012 ) . `` Vets take the stage in new reality series '' . veterinarynews.dvm360.com . DVM360 Magazine . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Doctors '' . Lowville , New York : Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Peter Ostrum on IMDb Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP MusicBrainz : 9f0e84d6 - 6394 - 4e87 - 90cf - 2696b7a5445c VIAF : 48910887 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ostrum&oldid=841325635 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people American veterinarians American male child actors Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni Male actors from Cleveland People from Lowville , New York People from Dallas American male film actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 04 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the original charlie and the chocolate factory | [
"Peter Gardner[4] Ostrum (/ˈoʊstrəm/;[5] born November 1957)[4] is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory."
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"Peter Gardner[4] Ostrum"
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6287736830734328374 | List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party | List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party - Wikipedia List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party Jump to : navigation , search States with a chief minister from the BJP States which had a chief minister from the BJP States which have never had a chief minister from the BJP Central - administrated Union territories The Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India , the other being the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . As of 2015 , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament . Established in 1980 , the BJP 's platform is generally considered as the right - wing of the political spectrum . As of March 2017 , 40 BJP leaders have held the position of a chief minister , out of which thirteen are incumbent . A chief minister is the head of government of each of the twenty - nine states and two union territories ( UTs ) ( Delhi and Puducherry ) . According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he / she has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms he / she can serve . Of the 40 BJP chief ministers , thirteen are incumbent -- Pema Khandu in Arunachal Pradesh , Sarbananda Sonowal in Assam , Raman Singh in Chhattisgarh , Manohar Parrikar in Goa , Vijay Rupani in Gujarat , Manohar Lal Khattar in Haryana , Raghubar Das in Jharkhand , Shivraj Singh Chouhan in Madhya Pradesh , Devendra Fadnavis in Maharashtra , N. Biren Singh in Manipur , Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan , Trivendra Singh Rawat in Uttarakhand , and Yogi Adityanath in Uttar Pradesh . Four of BJP chief ministers are / have been women -- Sushma Swaraj in Delhi , Uma Bharti in Madhya Pradesh , Anandiben Patel in Gujarat and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan . Holding the post since December 2003 ( for 7003503100000000000 ♠ 13 years , 282 days ) , Raman Singh is the longest - serving chief minister from the BJP . Karnataka 's B.S. Yeddyurappa 's first tenure as the chief minister lasted for only nine days , which is the least tenure among chief ministers from BJP ; however , taking the total of all the tenures into consideration , Swaraj served as a chief minister for the shortest period of 52 days . Bhairon Singh Shekhawat of Rajasthan was the first chief minister from the BJP ; however some BJP leaders had already been elected before as the chief minister while being a member of the Janata Party ( JP ) , an amalgam of political parties which included BJP 's predecessor Bharatiya Jana Sangh . There have been five chief ministers from the BJP in Gujarat and Uttarakhand each , four chief ministers in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh each , and three in Delhi , Jharkhand , and Karnataka each . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chief Ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Chief Ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party ( edit ) Key * -- Incumbent chief minister State Name Portrait Term ( s ) Total tenure length ( days ) Tenure ( s ) description Arunachal Pradesh Apang , Gegong Gegong Apang -- 364 000000002003 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2003 -- 000000002004 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2004 ( 364 ) Khandu , Pema Pema Khandu * 258 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2016 -- present ( 258 ) Assam Sonowal , Sarbananda Sarbananda Sonowal * 479 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2016 -- present ( 479 ) Chhattisgarh Singh , Raman Raman Singh * 5031 000000002003 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2003 -- present ( 5031 ) Delhi Khurana , Madan Lal Madan Lal Khurana 816 000000001993 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1993 -- 000000001996 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1996 ( 816 ) Verma , Sahib Singh Sahib Singh Verma -- 929 000000001996 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1996 -- 000000001998 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 1998 ( 929 ) Swaraj , Sushma Sushma Swaraj 52 000000001998 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 1998 -- 000000001998 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1998 ( 52 ) Goa Parrikar , Manohar Manohar Parrikar * 2733 000000002000 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2000 -- 000000002005 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2005 ( 1574 ) 000000002012 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2012 -- 000000002014 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2014 ( 974 ) 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2017 -- present ( 185 ) Parsekar , Laxmikant Laxmikant Parsekar 857 000000002014 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2014 - 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2017 ( 857 ) Gujarat Patel , Keshubhai Keshubhai Patel 1407 000000001995 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 1995 -- 000000001995 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 1995 ( 155 ) 000000001998 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 1998 -- 000000002001 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2001 ( 1252 ) Mehta , Suresh Suresh Mehta -- 272 000000001995 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 1995 -- 000000001996 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 1996 ( 272 ) Modi , Narendra Narendra Modi 4610 000000002001 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2001 -- 000000002014 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2014 ( 4610 ) Patel , Anandiben Anandiben Patel 808 000000002014 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2014 -- 000000002016 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 August 2016 ( 808 ) Rupani , Vijay Vijay Rupani * 404 000000002016 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 August 2016 -- present ( 404 ) Haryana Khattar , Manohar Lal Manohar Lal Khattar * 1055 000000002014 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2014 -- present ( 1055 ) Himachal Pradesh Kumar , Shanta Shanta Kumar -- 1369 000000001990 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1990 -- 000000001993 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1993 ( 1369 ) Dhumal , Prem Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal 3783 000000001998 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 1998 -- 000000002003 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 2003 ( 1747 ) 000000002007 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2007 -- 000000002012 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 2012 ( 2036 ) Jharkhand Marandi , Babulal Babulal Marandi -- 853 000000002000 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 2000 -- 000000002003 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2003 ( 853 ) Munda , Arjun Arjun Munda 2276 000000002003 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2003 -- 000000002005 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2005 ( 715 ) 000000002005 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2005 -- 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2006 ( 555 ) 000000002010 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2010 -- 000000002013 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2013 ( 1006 ) Das , Raghubar Raghubar Das * 992 000000002014 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2014 -- present ( 992 ) Karnataka Yeddyurappa , B.S. B.S. Yeddyurappa 1170 000000002007 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2007 -- 000000002007 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2007 ( 9 ) 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2008 -- 000000002011 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 2011 ( 1161 ) Gowda , D.V. Sadananda D.V. Sadananda Gowda - 313 000000002011 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 2011 -- 000000002012 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2012 ( 313 ) Shettar , Jagadish Jagadish Shettar 335 000000002012 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2012 -- 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2013 ( 335 ) Madhya Pradesh Patwa , Sunder Lal Sunder Lal Patwa -- 1016 000000001990 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1990 -- 000000001992 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1992 ( 1016 ) Bharti , Uma Uma Bharti 259 000000002003 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2003 -- 000000002004 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2004 ( 259 ) Gaur , Babulal Babulal Gaur 463 000000002004 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2004 -- 000000002005 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2005 ( 463 ) Chouhan , Shivraj Singh Shivraj Singh Chouhan * 4308 000000002005 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2005 -- present ( 4308 ) Maharashtra Fadnavis , Devendra Devendra Fadnavis * 1050 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2014 -- present ( 1050 ) Manipur Singh , N. Biren N. Biren Singh * 184 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2017 -- present ( 184 ) Rajasthan Shekhawat , Bhairon Singh Bhairon Singh Shekhawat 2840 000000001990 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1990 -- 000000001992 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1992 ( 1017 ) 000000001993 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1993 -- 000000001998 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1998 ( 1823 ) Raje , Vasundhara Vasundhara Raje * 3209 000000002003 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2003 -- 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 ( 1837 ) 000000002013 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2013 -- present ( 1372 ) Uttarakhand Swami , Nityanand Nityanand Swami -- 355 000000002000 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2000 -- 000000002001 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2001 ( 355 ) Koshyari , Bhagat Singh Bhagat Singh Koshyari 123 000000002001 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2001 -- 000000002002 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2002 ( 123 ) Khanduri , B.C. B.C. Khanduri -- 1027 000000002007 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2007 -- 000000002009 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2009 ( 843 ) 000000002011 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2011 -- 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2012 ( 184 ) Pokhriyal , Ramesh Ramesh Pokhriyal 805 000000002009 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2009 -- 000000002011 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2011 ( 805 ) Rawat , Trivendra Singh Trivendra Singh Rawat * 181 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2017 -- present ( 181 ) Uttar Pradesh Singh , Kalyan Kalyan Singh 1311 000000001991 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1991 -- 000000001992 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1992 ( 531 ) 000000001997 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1997 -- 000000001998 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1998 ( 153 ) 000000001998 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1998 -- 000000001999 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1999 ( 627 ) Gupta , Ram Prakash Ram Prakash Gupta -- 351 000000001999 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1999 -- 000000002000 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2000 ( 351 ) Singh , Rajnath Rajnath Singh 496 000000002000 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2000 -- 000000002002 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2002 ( 496 ) Adityanath , Yogi Yogi Adityanath * 180 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2017 -- present ( 180 ) See also ( edit ) Conservatism portal India portal Politics portal List of current Indian chief ministers List of chief ministers from Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Apang was a member of the INC while becoming the chief minister for the first time . However , he left the INC and formed the Arunachal Congress in 1996 , and remained the chief minister till 1999 . He was reelected as the chief minister in August 2003 , and his party merged with the BJP in the same month . However , he again joined the INC in August 2004 , and remained seated on the post of chief minister till 2007 . On 20 February 2014 , he once again joined the BJP . Jump up ^ Khandu became the chief minister in July 2016 while being a member of the INC . He joined the People 's Party of Arunachal in September 2016 , and later defected to the BJP in December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shanta Kumar became the chief minister for the first time ( 1977 -- 1980 ) while being a member of the JP . Jump up ^ Kailash Chandra Joshi is a BJP leader who became Madhya Pradesh chief minister in 1977 as a member of JP . Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha , who became Madhya Pradesh chief minister in 1978 as a JP member , was also a BJP leader . Jump up ^ Patwa became the chief minister for the first time ( January 1980 -- February 1980 ) while being a member of the JP . Jump up ^ Shekhawat became the chief minister for the first time ( 1977 -- 1980 ) while being a member of the JP . References ( edit ) General `` States of India since 1947 '' . worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ Edward A. Gargan ( 29 November 1993 ) . `` India 's Two Major Political Parties Stumble in Regional Elections '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In Numbers : The Rise of BJP and decline of Congress '' . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha '' . Lok Sabha . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sagarika Dutt ( 12 November 2006 ) . India in a Globalised World . Manchester University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 9781847792143 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . BJP is a right wing party and gives priority to the unity of the country . Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu ( 1960 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 20th ed . ) . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . pp. 241 , 245 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Janata Party merged with the Bhartiya Janata Party ( BJP ) '' . jagranjosh.com. 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` States of India since 1947 '' . worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apang back in Cong fold '' . The Economic Times . 29 August 2004 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BJP bags its first NE state '' . The Economic Times . 31 August 2003 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Congress stalwart Gegong Apang joins BJP '' . Times Of India . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BJP joins Pema Khandu 's government in Arunachal Pradesh '' . Rediff.com. 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BJP forms government in Arunachal Pradesh with 33 PPA MLAs joining it '' . The Economic Times . 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the BJP Media related to chief ministers from the BJP at Wikimedia Commons Bharatiya Janata Party Party Presidents Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1980 -- 86 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 1986 -- 91 ) Murli Manohar Joshi ( 1991 -- 93 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 1993 -- 98 ) Kushabhau Thakre ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Bangaru Laxman ( 2000 -- 01 ) Jana Krishnamurthi ( 2001 -- 02 ) Venkaiah Naidu ( 2002 -- 04 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 2004 -- 06 ) Rajnath Singh ( 2006 -- 09 ) Nitin Gadkari ( 2009 -- 13 ) Rajnath Singh ( 2013 -- 14 ) Amit Shah ( 2014 -- present ) Current vice presidents Satya Pal Malik Parsottambhai Rupala Prabhat Jha Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Renu Devi Dinesh Sharma Om Prakash Mathur Shyam Jaju Avinash Rai Khanna Other prominent leaders Sushma Swaraj Arun Jaitley Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Sunderlal Patwa Ravi Shankar Prasad Pramod Mahajan Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Sushil Kumar Modi Himanta Biswa Sarma Ram Naik Prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee Narendra Modi Current chief ministers Vijay Rupani Vasundhara Raje Shivraj Singh Chouhan Raman Singh Manohar Parrikar Manohar Lal Khattar Devendra Fadnavis Raghubar Das Sarbananda Sonowal Pema Khandu N. Biren Singh Trivendra Singh Rawat Yogi Adityanath Spokespersons Syed Shahnawaz Hussain M.J. Akbar Meenakshi Lekhi Sudhanshu Trivedi Bizay Sonkar Shastri Siddharth Nath Singh Nalin Kohli Gaurav Bhatia Shaina NC Sambit Patra Nupur Sharma G.V.L. Narsimha Rao General secretaries P. Muralidhar Rao Kailash Vijayvargiya Ram Madhav Saroj Pandey Bhupender Yadav Anil Jain Ram Lal Arun Singh Political wings Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP SC Morcha BJP ST Morcha BJP OBC Morcha BJP Minority Morcha BJP Kisan Morcha Related organisations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Jana Sangh Janata Party Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Others Hindutva Integral humanism Chief Ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party Arunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang Pema Khandu ( incumbent ) Assam Sarbananda Sonowal ( incumbent ) Chhattisgarh Raman Singh ( incumbent ) Delhi Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Goa Manohar Parrikar ( incumbent ) Laxmikant Parsekar Gujarat Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani ( incumbent ) Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar ( incumbent ) Himachal Pradesh Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Raghubar Das ( incumbent ) Karnataka B.S. Yeddyurappa D.V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Madhya Pradesh Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Shivraj Singh Chouhan ( incumbent ) Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis ( incumbent ) Manipur N. Biren Singh ( incumbent ) Rajasthan Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vasundhara Raje ( incumbent ) Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B.C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat ( incumbent ) Uttar Pradesh Kalyan Singh Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Yogi Adityanath ( incumbent ) Bharatiya Janata Party Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party&oldid=800741263 '' Categories : Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Hidden categories : Featured lists Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many bjp ruled states in india 2017 | [
"The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India, the other being the Indian National Congress (INC).[1][2] As of 2015[update], it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament.[3] Established in 1980, the BJP's platform is generally considered as the right-wing of the political spectrum.[4] As of March 2017[update], 40 BJP leaders have held the position of a chief minister, out of which thirteen are incumbent. A chief minister is the head of government of each of the twenty-nine states and two union territories (UTs) (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he/she has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.[5]"
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1433399248881718867 | South China Sea | South China Sea - wikipedia South China Sea Jump to : navigation , search `` West Philippine Sea '' redirects here . For the western part of the Philippine Sea ( lying east of the Philippines ) , see Philippine Sea . South China Sea The northeastern portion of the South China Sea Chinese name Simplified Chinese 南海 Traditional Chinese 南海 Hanyu Pinyin Nán Hǎi Literal meaning South Sea ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nán Hǎi Bopomofo ㄋ ㄢ ˊ ㄏ ㄞ ˇ Wade -- Giles Nan Hai IPA ( nǎn xài ) Wu Romanization noe he Hakka Romanization nam hoi Yue : Cantonese Jyutping naam hoi Southern Min Hokkien POJ lâm - hái Hainanese Romanization nâm - hái Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 南 中国 海 Traditional Chinese 南 中國 海 Hanyu Pinyin Nán Zhōngguó Hǎi Literal meaning South China Sea ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nán Zhōngguó Hǎi Bopomofo ㄋ ㄢ ˊ ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄍ ㄨ ㄛ ˊ ㄏ ㄞ ˇ Wade -- Giles Nan Chung - kuo Hai IPA ( nǎn ʈʂʊ́ŋkwǒ xài ) Wu Romanization noe tson koh he Hakka Romanization nam dung gued hoi Yue : Cantonese Jyutping naam zung gwok hoi Southern Min Hokkien POJ lâm tiong - kok hái Hainanese Romanization nâm tieng - kuōk hái Vietnamese name Vietnamese Biển Đông Chữ Nôm 匾 東 Literal meaning East Sea Thai name Thai ทะเลจีนใต้ ( thā. lēː t͡ɕīːn tâ ( ː ) j ) ( South China Sea ) RTGS Thale Chin Tai Japanese name Kanji 南 支那 海 or 南シナ海 ( literally `` South Shina Sea '' ) Hiragana みなみ シナ かい ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization Minami Shina Kai Malay name Malay Laut Cina Selatan ( South China Sea ) Indonesian name Indonesian Laut Cina Selatan / Laut Tiongkok Selatan ( South China Sea ) Laut Natuna Utara ( North Natuna Sea ) Filipino name Tagalog Dagat Timog Tsina ( South China Sea ) Dagat Luzon ( Luzon Sea ) Dagat Kanlurang Pilipinas ( West Philippine Sea ) Portuguese name Portuguese Mar da China Meridional ( South China Sea ) This article contains Chinese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean , encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres ( 1,400,000 sq mi ) . The sea carries tremendous strategic importance ; one - third of the world 's shipping passes through it carrying over $3 trillion in trade each year , it contains lucrative fisheries that are crucial for the food security of millions in Southeast Asia , and huge oil and gas reserves are believed to lie beneath its seabed . According to International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition ( 1953 ) , it is located south of China ; east of Vietnam ; west of the Philippines ; east of the Malay peninsula and Sumatra , up to the Strait of Singapore in the western , and north of the Bangka Belitung Islands and Borneo However , in its unapproved draft 4th edition ( 1986 ) , IHO proposed the Natuna Sea , thus the South China Sea southern boundary was shifted northward , from north of Bangka Belitung Islands to north and northeast of Natuna Islands . The minute South China Sea Islands , collectively an archipelago , number in the hundreds . The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries . These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Geography 3 Extent 4 Geology 5 Islands and seamounts 6 Resources 7 Territorial claims 7.1 2016 ruling 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Names South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea , and the name in most European languages is equivalent . This name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China . In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea ( Mare da China ) ; later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea . The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as `` South China Sea ( Nan Hai ) '' . The Yizhoushu , which was a chronicle of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BCE ) gives the first Chinese name for the South China Sea as Nanfang Hai ( Chinese : 南方 海 ; pinyin : Nánfāng Hǎi ; literally : `` Southern Sea '' ) , claiming that barbarians from that sea gave tributes of hawksbill sea turtles to the Zhou rulers . The Classic of Poetry , Zuo Zhuan , and Guoyu classics of the Spring and Autumn period ( 771 -- 476 BCE ) also referred to the sea , but by the name Nan Hai ( Chinese : 南海 ; pinyin : Nán Hǎi ; literally : `` South Sea '' ) in reference to the State of Chu 's expeditions there . Nan Hai , the South Sea , was one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature . There are three other seas , one for each of the four cardinal directions . During the Eastern Han dynasty ( 23 -- 220 CE ) , China 's rulers called the Sea Zhang Hai ( Chinese : 漲 海 ; pinyin : Zhǎng Hǎi ; literally : `` distended sea '' ) . Fei Hai ( Chinese : 沸 海 ; pinyin : Fèi Hǎi ; literally : `` boil sea '' ) became popular during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period . Usage of the current Chinese name , Nan Hai ( South Sea ) , became gradually widespread during the Qing Dynasty . In Southeast Asia it was once called the Champa Sea or Sea of Cham , after the maritime kingdom of Champa that flourished there before the sixteenth century . The majority of the sea came under Japanese naval control during World War II following the military acquisition of many surrounding South East Asian territories in 1941 . Japan calls the sea Minami Shina Kai `` South China Sea '' . This was written 南 支那 海 until 2004 , when the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched the spelling to 南シナ海 , which has become the standard usage in Japan . In China , it is called the `` South Sea '' , 南海 Nánhǎi , and in Vietnam the `` East Sea '' , Biển Đông . In Malaysia , Indonesia and the Philippines , it was long called the `` South China Sea '' ( Dagat Timog Tsina in Tagalog , Laut China Selatan in Malay ) , with the part within Philippine territorial waters often called the `` Luzon Sea '' , Dagat Luzon , by the Philippines . However , following an escalation of the Spratly Islands dispute in 2011 , various Philippine government agencies started using the name `` West Philippine Sea '' . A PAGASA spokesperson said that the sea to the east of the Philippines will continue to be called the Philippine Sea . In September 2012 , Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed Administrative Order No. 29 , mandating that all government agencies use the name `` West Philippine Sea '' to refer to the parts of the South China Sea within the Philippines ' exclusive economic zone , and tasked the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority ( NAMRIA ) to use the name in official maps . In July 2017 , to assert its sovereignty , Indonesia renamed the northern reaches of its exclusive economic zone in the South China Sea as the `` North Natuna Sea '' , which is located north of the Indonesian Natuna Islands , bordering the southern Vietnam exclusive economic zone , corresponding to the southern end of the South China Sea . The `` Natuna Sea '' is located south of Natuna Island within Indonesian territorial waters . Therefore , Indonesia has named two seas that are portions of the South China Sea ; the Natuna Sea located between Natuna Islands and the Lingga and Tambelan Archipelagos , and the North Natuna Sea located between the Natuna Islands and Cape Cà Mau on the southern tip of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam . Geography States and territories with borders on the sea ( clockwise from north ) include : the People 's Republic of China ( including Macau and Hong Kong ) , the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , the Philippines , Malaysia , Brunei , Indonesia , Singapore , and Vietnam . Major rivers that flow into the South China Sea include the Pearl , Min , Jiulong , Red , Mekong , Rajang , Pahang , Pampanga , and Pasig Rivers . Extent The International Hydrographic Organization in its Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition ( 1953 ) , defines the limits of the South China Sea as follows : On the South . The Eastern and Southern limits of Singapore and Malacca Straits ( A line joining Tanjong Datok , the Southeast point of Johore ( 1 ° 22 ′ N 104 ° 17 ′ E / 1.367 ° N 104.283 ° E / 1.367 ; 104.283 ) through Horsburgh Reef to Pulo Koko , the Northeastern extreme of Bintan Island ( 1 ° 13.5 ′ N 104 ° 35 ′ E / 1.2250 ° N 104.583 ° E / 1.2250 ; 104.583 ) . The Northeastern coast of Sumatra ) as far West as Tanjong Kedabu ( 1 ° 06 ′ N 102 ° 58 ′ E / 1.100 ° N 102.967 ° E / 1.100 ; 102.967 ) down the East coast of Sumatra to Lucipara Point ( 3 ° 14 ′ S 106 ° 05 ′ E / 3.233 ° S 106.083 ° E / - 3.233 ; 106.083 ) thence to Tanjong Nanka , the Southwest extremity of Banka Island , through this island to Tanjong Berikat the Eastern point ( 2 ° 34 ′ S 106 ° 51 ′ E / 2.567 ° S 106.850 ° E / - 2.567 ; 106.850 ) , on to Tanjong Djemang ( 2 ° 36 ′ S 107 ° 37 ′ E / 2.600 ° S 107.617 ° E / - 2.600 ; 107.617 ) in Billiton , along the North coast of this island to Tanjong Boeroeng Mandi ( 2 ° 46 ′ S 108 ° 16 ′ E / 2.767 ° S 108.267 ° E / - 2.767 ; 108.267 ) and thence a line to Tanjong Sambar ( 3 ° 00 ′ S 110 ° 19 ′ E / 3.000 ° S 110.317 ° E / - 3.000 ; 110.317 ) the Southwest extreme of Borneo . On the East . From Tanjong Sambar through the West coast of Borneo to Tanjong Sampanmangio , the North point , thence a line to West points of Balabac and Secam Reefs , on to the West point of Bancalan Island and to Cape Buliluyan , the Southwest point of Palawan , through this island to Cabuli Point , the Northern point thereof , thence to the Northwest point of Busuanga and to Cape Calavite in the island of Mindoro , to the Northwest point of Lubang Island and to Point Fuego ( 14 ° 08'N ) in Luzon Island , through this island to Cape Engano , the Northeast point of Luzon , along a line joining this cape with the East point of Balintang Island ( 20 ° N ) and to the East point of Y'Ami Island ( 21 ° 05'N ) thence to Garan Bi , the Southern point of Taiwan ( Formosa ) , through this island to Santyo ( 25 ° N ) its North Eastern Point . On the North . From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao ( Turnabout Island ) on to the South point of Haitan Tao ( 25 ° 25'N ) and thence Westward on the parallel of 25 ° 24 ' North to the coast of Fukien . On the West . The Mainland , the Southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand and the East coast of the Malay Peninsula . However , in a revised edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , 4th edition ( 1986 ) , the International Hydrographic Organization officially recognized the Natuna Sea . Thus the southern limit of South China Sea is revised from the Bangka Belitung Islands to the Natuna Islands . Geology See also : Tectonics of the South China Sea Sunset on the South China Sea off Mũi Né village on the south - east coast of Vietnam The sea lies above a drowned continental shelf ; during recent ice ages global sea level was hundreds of metres lower , and Borneo was part of the Asian mainland . The South China Sea opened around 45 million years ago when the `` Dangerous Ground '' rifted away from southern China . Extension culminated in seafloor spreading around 30 million years ago , a process that propagated to the SW resulting in the V - shaped basin we see today . Extension ceased around 17 million years ago . Arguments have continued about the role of tectonic extrusion in forming the basin . Paul Tapponnier and colleagues have argued that as India collides with Asia it pushes Indochina to the SE . The relative shear between Indochina and China caused the South China Sea to open . This view is disputed by geologists who do not consider Indochina to have moved far relative to mainland Asia . Marine geophysical studies in the Gulf of Tonkin by Peter Clift has shown that the Red River Fault was active and causing basin formation at least by 37 million years ago in the NW South China Sea , consistent with extrusion playing a part in the formation of the sea . Since opening the South China Sea has been the repository of large sediment volumes delivered by the Mekong River , Red River and Pearl River . Several of these deltas are rich in oil and gas deposits . Islands and seamounts See also : South China Sea Islands The South China Sea contains over 250 small islands , atolls , cays , shoals , reefs , and sandbars , most of which have no indigenous people , many of which are naturally under water at high tide , and some of which are permanently submerged . The features are grouped into three archipelagos ( listed by area size ) , Macclesfield Bank and Scarborough Shoal : South China Sea The Spratly Islands The Paracel Islands The Pratas Islands The Macclesfield Bank The Scarborough Shoal The Spratly Islands spread over an 810 by 900 km area covering some 175 identified insular features , the largest being Taiping Island ( Itu Aba ) at just over 1.3 km long and with its highest elevation at 3.8 metres . The largest singular feature in the area of the Spratly Islands is a 100 km wide seamount called Reed Tablemount , also known as Reed Bank , in the northeast of the group , separated from Palawan Island of the Philippines by the Palawan Trench . Now completely submerged , with a depth of 20 m , it was an island until it sank about 7,000 years ago due to the increasing sea level after the last ice age . With an area of 8,866 km2 , it is one of the largest submerged atoll structures in the world . Resources The South China Sea is an extremely significant body of water in a geopolitical sense . It is the second most used sea lane in the world , while in terms of world annual merchant fleet tonnage , over 50 % passes through the Strait of Malacca , the Sunda Strait , and the Lombok Strait . Over 1.6 million m3 ( 10 million barrels ) of crude oil a day are shipped through the Strait of Malacca , where there are regular reports of piracy , but much less frequently than before the mid-20th century . The region has proven oil reserves of around 1.2 km3 ( 7.7 billion barrels ) , with an estimate of 4.5 km3 ( 28 billion barrels ) in total . Natural gas reserves are estimated to total around 7,500 km3 ( 266 trillion cubic feet ) . A 2013 report by the U.S. Energy Information Administration raised the total estimated oil reserves to 11 billion barrels . In 2014 China began to drill for oil in waters disputed with Vietnam . According to studies made by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources , Philippines , this body of water holds one third of the entire world 's marine biodiversity , thereby making it a very important area for the ecosystem . However the fish stocks in the area are depleted , and countries are using fishing bans as a means of asserting their sovereignty claims . Indonesia 's maritime waters have been breached by fishing fleets from Vietnam and the Philippines leading to said ships being seized and sunk by Indonesian authorities . China announced in May 2017 a breakthrough for mining methane clathrates , when they extracted methane from hydrates in the South China Sea . Territorial claims Main articles : Territorial disputes in the South China Sea and Spratly Islands dispute Territorial claims in the South China Sea Map of various countries occupying the Spratly Islands Several countries have made competing territorial claims over the South China Sea . Such disputes have been regarded as Asia 's most potentially dangerous point of conflict . Both People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( ROC , commonly known as Taiwan ) claim almost the entire body as their own , demarcating their claims within what is known as the nine - dotted line , which claims overlap with virtually every other country in the region . Competing claims include : Indonesia , China , and Taiwan over waters NE of the Natuna Islands The Philippines , China , and Taiwan over Scarborough Shoal . Vietnam , China , and Taiwan over waters west of the Spratly Islands . Some or all of the islands themselves are also disputed between Vietnam , China , Taiwan , Brunei , Malaysia , and the Philippines . The Paracel Islands are disputed between the PRC , ROC and Vietnam . Malaysia , Cambodia , Thailand and Vietnam over areas in the Gulf of Thailand . Singapore and Malaysia along the Strait of Johore and the Strait of Singapore . China and Vietnam have both been vigorous in prosecuting their claims . China ( various governments ) and South Vietnam each controlled part of the Paracel Islands before 1974 . A brief conflict in 1974 resulted in 18 Chinese and 53 Vietnamese deaths , and China has controlled the whole of Paracel since then . The Spratly Islands have been the site of a naval clash , in which over seventy Vietnamese sailors were killed just south of Chigua Reef in March 1988 . Disputing claimants regularly report clashes between naval vessels . ASEAN in general , and Malaysia in particular , have been keen to ensure that the territorial disputes within the South China Sea do not escalate into armed conflict . As such , Joint Development Authorities have been set up in areas of overlapping claims to jointly develop the area and divide the profits equally without settling the issue of sovereignty over the area . This is true particularly in the Gulf of Thailand . Generally , China has preferred to resolve competing claims bilaterally , while some ASEAN countries prefer multilateral talks , believing that they are disadvantaged in bilateral negotiations with the much larger China and that because many countries claim the same territory only multilateral talks could effectively resolve the competing claims . The overlapping claims over Pedra Branca or Pulau Batu Putih including the neighboring Middle Rocks by both Singapore and Malaysia were settled in 2008 by the International Court of Justice , awarding Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh to Singapore and the Middle Rocks to Malaysia . In July 2010 , US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the People 's Republic of China to resolve the territorial dispute . China responded by demanding the US keep out of the issue . This came at a time when both countries had been engaging in naval exercises in a show of force to the opposing side , which increased tensions in the region . The US Department of Defense released a statement on August 18 where it opposed the use of force to resolve the dispute , and accused China of assertive behaviour . On July 22 , 2011 , one of India 's amphibious assault vessels , the INS Airavat which was on a friendly visit to Vietnam , was reportedly contacted at a distance of 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea on an open radio channel by a vessel identifying itself as the Chinese Navy and stating that the ship was entering Chinese waters . The spokesperson for the Indian Navy clarified that as no ship or aircraft was visible from INS Airavat it proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled . The Indian Navy further clarified that `` ( t ) here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat . India supports freedom of navigation in international waters , including in the South China Sea , and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law . These principles should be respected by all . '' In September 2011 , shortly after China and Vietnam had signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea , India 's state - run explorer , Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) said that its overseas investment arm ONGC Videsh Limited had signed a three - year deal with PetroVietnam for developing long - term cooperation in the oil sector and that it had accepted Vietnam 's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea . In response , Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu issued a protest . The spokesman of the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India responded by saying that `` The Chinese had concerns but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and have conveyed this to the Chinese . '' The Indo - Vietnamese deal was also denounced by the Chinese state - run newspaper Global Times . Subi Reef being built by China and transformed into an artificial island , 2015 In 1999 , Taiwan claimed the entirety of the South China Sea islands under the Lee Teng - hui administration . The entire subsoil , seabed and waters of the Paracels and Spratlys are claimed by Taiwan . In 2012 and 2013 , Vietnam and Taiwan butted heads against each other over anti-Vietnamese military exercises by Taiwan . In May 2014 , China established an oil rig near the Paracel Islands , leading to multiple incidents between Vietnamese and Chinese ships . In 2017 , analysts expect the US , under Donald Trump 's administration , to take a more aggressive stance against China in the South China Sea . 2016 ruling Main article : Philippines v. China In January 2013 , the Philippines formally initiated arbitration proceedings against China 's claim on the territories within the `` Nine - Dash Line '' that includes the Spratly Islands , which it said is unlawful under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) . On July 12 , 2016 , the arbitral tribunal backed the Philippines , saying that there was no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources , hence there was `` no legal basis for China to claim historic rights '' over the nine - dash line . The tribunal also criticized China 's land reclamation projects and its construction of artificial islands in the Spratly Islands , saying that it had caused `` severe harm to the coral reef environment '' . It also characterized Taiping Island and other features of the Spratly Islands as `` rocks '' under UNCLOS , and therefore are not entitled to a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone . China however rejected the ruling , calling it `` ill - founded '' . Taiwan , which currently administers Taiping Island , the largest of the Spratly Islands , also rejected the ruling . See also East China Sea References Jump up ^ Pacpaco , Ryan Ponce ( 2012 ) . `` Rename South China Sea -- solon National '' . journal.com.ph . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ChinaPower , August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A look at the top issues at Asian security meeting Associated Press , Robin McDowell , July 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . § 49 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IHO PUBLICATION S - 23 , Limits of Oceans and Seas , Draft 4th Edition , 1986 '' . IHO . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Ocean and Seas '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Tønnesson , Stein ( 2005 ) . `` Locating the South China Sea '' . In Kratoska , Paul H. ; Raben , Remco ; Nordholt , Henk Schulte . Locating Southeast Asia : Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space . Singapore University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 9971 - 69 - 288 - 0 . The European name ' South China Sea ' ... is a relic of the time when European seafarers and mapmakers saw this sea mainly as an access route to China ... European ships came , in the early 16th century , from Hindustan ( India ) ... The Portuguese captains saw the sea as the approach to this land of China and called it Mare da China . Then , presumably , when they later needed to distinguish between several China seas , they differentiated between the ' South China Sea ' , ... ^ Jump up to : Shen , Jianming ( 2002 ) . `` China 's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands : A Historical Perspective '' . Chinese Journal of International Law . 1 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . University of Michigan Press . pp. 263 -- 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . Jump up ^ 華 林 甫 ( Hua Linfu ) , 2006 . 插圖 本 中國 地名 史話 ( An illustrated history of Chinese place names ) . 齊 鲁 書社 ( Qilu Publishing ) , page 197 . ISBN 7533315464 Jump up ^ Bray , Adam ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Cham : Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines - The ancestors of Vietnam 's Cham people built one of the great empires of Southeast Asia '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` VN and China pledge to maintain peace and stability in East Sea '' . Socialist Republic of Vietnam Government Web Portal . Jump up ^ `` FM Spokesperson on FIR control over East Sea '' . Embassy of Vietnam in USA . March 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Map of Vietnam '' . Socialist Republic of Vietnam Government Web Portal . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ John Zumerchik ; Steven Laurence Danver ( 2010 ) . Seas and Waterways of the World : An Encyclopedia of History , Uses , and Issues . ABC - CLIO . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 711 - 1 . Jump up ^ Quismundo , Tarra ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) . `` South China Sea renamed in the Philippines '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ West Philippine Sea Limited To Exclusive Economic Zone , September 14 , 2012 , International Business Times Jump up ^ Prashanth Parameswaran ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Why Did Indonesia Just Rename Its Part of the South China Sea ? '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ Tom Allard ; Bernadette Christina Munthe ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Asserting sovereignty , Indonesia renames part of South China Sea '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Trần Tất Thắng , Tống Duy Thanh , Vũ Khúc , Trịnh Dánh , Đào Đình Thục , Trần Văn Trị and Lê Duy Bách ( 2000 ) . Lexicon of Geological Units of Viet Nam . Department of Geology and Mineral of Việt Nam . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jon Erickson ; Ernest Hathaway Muller ( 2009 ) . Rock Formations and Unusual Geologic Structures : Exploring the Earth 's Surface . Infobase Publishing . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0970 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea . '' ( archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 133 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Keith ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` How Do You Say ' Drill , Baby , Drill ' in Chinese ? '' . www.foreignpolicy.com . AFP - Getty . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Schearf , Daniel . `` S. China Sea Dispute Blamed Partly on Depleted Fish Stocks . '' VOA , May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DFA confirms arrest of 200 Filipino fishermen , December 1 , 2014 Vietnam ' Deeply Concerned ' by Indonesia 's War on Illegal Fishing , August 21 , 2015 , The Diplomat . Jakarta sinks three Vietnamese fishing boats caught in its territorial waters , December 5 , 2014 Indonesia sinks Vietnam fishing boats , 5 Dec 2014 . Indonesia sinks 34 of its neighbors ' boats to celebrate Independence Day , and Vietnam is n't happy , August 21 , 2015 . Indonesia sinks Vietnamese boats to stop illegal fishing , December 5 , 2014 Indonesia sinks 3 Vietnamese boats , December 15 , 2014 . Indonesia sinks 106 foreign boats , October 30 , 2015 , The Jakarta Post Indonesia sinks 27 foreign boats to stop illegal fishing , 22 February 2016 Indonesia Could Sink 57 More Vessels in War on Illegal Fishing , January 08 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` China claims breakthrough in ' flammable ice ' '' . 19 May 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` China Taps Lode of ' Fire Ice ' in South China Sea '' . Jump up ^ `` Direct bilateral dialogue ' best way to solve disputes ' '' . Jump up ^ Resolving S. China Sea disputes pivotal to stability : Clinton archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Vietnam Enlists Allies to Stave Off China 's Reach '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` India - China face - off in South China Sea : Report '' . dna. 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Asia Analysis Group '' . Jump up ^ GatewayHouse ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` How India is Impacted by China 's Assertiveness in the S. China Sea '' . Gateway House . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Reuters Editorial ( 16 October 2011 ) . `` China paper warns India off Vietnam oil deal '' . Reuters India . ^ Jump up to : South Asia Analysis Group ( ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Ananth Krishnan . `` China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Taiwan sticks to its guns , to U.S. chagrin , July 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan reiterates Paracel Islands sovereignty claim '' . Taipei Times . 11 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Photo : Taiwan military exercises with Vietnam as an imaginary enemy generals admit Taiping Island , September 5 , 2012 . Vietnam 's angry at Taiwan as it stages live - fire drill in the Spratlys , 12 August 2012 . Vietnam Demands Taiwan Cancel Spratly Island Live Fire , March 1 , 2013 . Taiwan unmoved by Vietnam 's protest against Taiping drill , September 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Q&A : South China Sea dispute '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` Vietnam Says China Still Ramming Boats , Airs Sinking Video '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Merez , Arianne ( 10 Mar 2017 ) . `` US expected to be ' more aggressive ' in South China Sea : analyst '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved 11 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : South China Sea dispute '' . Financial Times . 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Beech , Hannah ( 11 July 2016 ) . `` China 's Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision '' . TIME . Jump up ^ `` A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China 's claims in the South China Sea '' . The Economist. 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Perlez , Jane ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Beijing 's South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Tom Phillips , Oliver Holmes , Owen Bowcott ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Beijing rejects tribunal 's ruling in South China Sea case '' . The Guardian . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Chow , Jermyn ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Taiwan rejects South China Sea ruling , says will deploy another navy vessel to Taiping '' . The Straits Times . Singapore Press Holdings Ltd . Co . Jump up ^ `` South China Sea : Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines '' . BBC . 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Jun Mai , Shi Jiangtao ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Taiwan - controlled Taiping Island is a rock , says international court in South China Sea ruling '' . South China Morning Post . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading Beckman , Robert et al. ( eds . ) ( 2013 ) . Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea : Legal Frameworks for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources . Edward Elgar . ISBN 978 1 78195 593 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Francois - Xavier Bonnet , Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal , Irasec Discussion Paper 14 , November 2012 C. Michael Hogan ( 2011 ) South China Sea Topic ed . P. Saundry . Ed. - in - chief C.J. Cleveland . Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC Clive Schofield et al. , From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity : Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia ( July 2011 ) UNEP ( 2007 ) . Review of the Legal Aspects of Environmental Management in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand . UNEP / GEF / SCS Technical Publication No. 9 . Wang , Gungwu ( 2003 ) . The Nanhai Trade : Early Chinese Trade in the South China Sea . Marshall Cavendish International . ISBN 9789812102416 . Keyan Zou ( 2005 ) . Law of the sea in East Asia : issues and prospects . London / New York : Rutledge Curzon . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35074 - 3 United States . Congress . ( 2014 ) . Maritime Sovereignty in the East and South China Seas : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces of the Committee on Armed Services Meeting Jointly with the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Serial No. 113 - 137 ) , House of Representatives , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session , Hearing held January 14 , 2014 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to South China Sea . Wikinews has news related to : South China Sea ASEAN and the South China Sea : Deepening Divisions Q&A with Ian J. Storey ( July 2012 ) Rising Tensions in the South China Sea , June 2011 Q&A with Ian J. Storey News collections on The South China Sea on China Digital Times The South China Sea on Google Earth - featured on Google Earth 's Official Blog South China Sea Virtual Library - online resource for students , scholars and policy - makers interested in South China Sea regional development , environment , and security issues . Energy Information Administration - The South China Sea Tropical Research and Conservation Centre - The South China Sea Weekly Piracy Report Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand UNEP / GEF South China Sea Knowledge Documents Audio Radio communication between United States Navy Boeing P - 8A Poseidon aircraft operating under international law and the Chinese Navy warnings . South China Sea Pratas Islands Pratas Island Paracel Islands Amphitrite Group Rocky Island Tree Island West Sand Woody Island Qilian Yu Crescent Group Money Island Robert Island Yagong Island Other features Bombay Reef Triton Island NorthEast SCS Zhongsha Islands Macclesfield Bank Walker Shoal Scarborough Shoal Spratly Islands List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Great wall of sand Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases Vietnamese DK1 rigs List of airports in the Spratly Islands Dangerous Ground NW North Danger Reef Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Thitu Reefs Thitu Island Subi Reef Loaita Banks Lankiam Cay Loaita Island Tizard Banks Ban Than Reef Gaven Reefs Itu Aba Namyit Island Sand Cay NNW Irving Reef West York Island WNW Western Reef NE Flat Island Nanshan Island Reed Bank Third Thomas Shoal SE Commodore Reef First Thomas Shoal Mischief Reef Sabina Shoal Second Thomas Shoal SW Union Banks Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Ardasier Reef Cornwallis South Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef West London Reefs Central London Reef Cuarteron Reef East London Reef West London Reef Bombay Castle Fiery Cross Reef Ladd Reef Spratly Island East Royal Captain Shoal Half Moon Shoal South Amboyna Cay Louisa Reef Swallow Reef Southern SCS James Shoal Luconia Shoals Tudjuh Archipelago Natuna Islands Anambas Islands Badas Islands Tambelan Archipelago History Territorial disputes History of the Spratly Islands Nine - dotted line Spratly Islands dispute Philippines and the Spratly Islands Battle of the Paracel Islands ( 1974 ) Southwest Cay incident ( 1975 ) Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) Scarborough Shoal standoff ( 2012 ) Haiyang Shiyou 981 standoff ( 2014 ) Transport Ships Coconut Princess Airports Pratas Is Paracel Islands Airports Woody Is Spratly Islands Airports Itu Aba Spratly Is Swallow Reef Thitu Is Seas of the Philippines Ocean Pacific Ocean Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Philippine Sea Samar Sea Sibuyan Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Sea South China Sea Strait Babuyan Channel Balintang Channel Balabac Strait Basilan Strait Burias Pass Canigao Channel Cebu Strait Guimaras Strait Iloilo Strait Jintotolo Channel Linapacan Strait Luzon Strait Mindoro Strait Polillo Strait San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Surigao Strait Tablas Strait Tañon Strait Tapiantana Channel Ticao Pass Verde Island Passage Gulf Albay Gulf Asid Gulf Davao Gulf Lagonoy Gulf Leyte Gulf Lingayen Gulf Moro Gulf Panay Gulf Ragay Gulf See also : Bodies of water of the Philippines Seas of China Yellow Sea East China Sea South China Sea Bohai Sea Sea of Japan Indonesian seas Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Sea Andaman Sea Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Flores Sea Halmahera Sea Java Sea Molucca Sea Natuna Sea Philippine Sea Savu Sea South China Sea Timor Sea Strait Alas Strait Alor Strait Badung Strait Bali Strait Bangka Strait Berhala Strait Dampier Strait Gaspar Strait Karimata Strait Laut Strait Lombok Strait Madura Strait Makassar Strait Malacca Strait Mentawai Strait Ombai Strait Pitt Strait Riau Strait Rupat Strait Sape Strait Selayar Strait Singapore Strait Sumba Strait Sunda Strait Torres Strait Wetar Strait Gulf Balikpapan Bay Bintuni Bay Boni Gulf Cenderawasih Bay Jakarta Bay Lampung Gulf Pelabuhanratu Gulf Saleh Bay Semangka Gulf Tolo Bay Tomini Gulf Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Coordinates : 12 ° N 113 ° E / 12 ° N 113 ° E / 12 ; 113 VIAF : 238357174 LCCN : sh85125572 GND : 4058412 - 4 NDL : 00965289 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_China_Sea&oldid=808186980 '' Categories : South China Sea Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean Maritime Southeast Asia Seas of Indonesia Seas of Malaysia Seas of the Philippines Bodies of water of Brunei Seas of China Bodies of water of Hong Kong Bodies of water of Macau Bodies of water of Singapore Seas of Taiwan Bodies of water of Vietnam Disputed territories in Southeast Asia Territorial disputes of China Territorial disputes of Malaysia Territorial disputes of Vietnam Territorial disputes of the Philippines Territorial disputes of the Republic of China Indonesia -- Vietnam border Malaysia -- Vietnam border Seas of Asia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing simplified Chinese - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the south china sea located on a world map | [
"The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The sea carries tremendous strategic importance; one-third of the world's shipping passes through it carrying over $3 trillion in trade each year,[3] it contains lucrative fisheries that are crucial for the food security of millions in Southeast Asia, and huge oil and gas reserves are believed to lie beneath its seabed.[4]"
] | [
"from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan"
] |
5074010165467653682 | Sons of Anarchy (season 7) | Sons of Anarchy ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Sons of Anarchy ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Sons of Anarchy ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network FX Original release September 9 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) -- December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Sons of Anarchy episodes The seventh and final season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close - knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show centers on protagonist Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( Charlie Hunnam ) , the President of the club , who begins questioning the club and himself . Season 7 premiered on September 9 , 2014 , and concluded on December 9 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest cast 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest stars 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sons of Anarchy characters Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller - Morrow family of Charming , California , as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , Redwood Original ( SAMCRO ) , their families , various Charming townspeople , allied and rival gangs , associates , and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO 's legal and illegal enterprises . Main cast ( edit ) Charlie Hunnam as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller ( 13 episodes ) Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow ( 13 episodes ) Mark Boone Junior as Robert `` Bobby Elvis '' Munson ( 9 episodes ) Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser ( 12 episodes ) Kim Coates as Alex `` Tig '' Trager ( 13 episodes ) Drea de Matteo as Wendy Case ( 13 episodes ) Tommy Flanagan as Filip `` Chibs '' Telford ( 13 episodes ) David LaBrava as Happy Lowman ( 12 episodes ) Niko Nicotera as George `` Rat Boy '' Skogstorm ( 12 episodes ) Theo Rossi as Juan - Carlos `` Juice '' Ortiz ( 12 episodes ) Jimmy Smits as Nero Padilla ( 13 episodes ) Special guest cast ( edit ) Annabeth Gish as Althea Jarry ( 10 episodes ) Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin ( 4 episodes ) Courtney Love as Ms. Harrison ( 4 episodes ) Peter Weller as Charles Barosky ( 4 episodes ) Walton Goggins as Venus Van Dam ( 3 episodes ) CCH Pounder as Tyne Patterson ( 2 episodes ) Michael Chiklis as Milo ( 2 episodes ) Robert Patrick as Les Packer ( `` Red Rose '' ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Rusty Coones as Rane Quinn ( 13 episodes ) Hayley McFarland as Brooke Putner ( 9 episodes ) Mo McRae as Tyler Yost ( 9 episodes ) Michael Ornstein as Chuck Marstein ( 9 episodes ) Jacob Vargas as Allesandro Montez ( 9 episodes ) Marilyn Manson as Ron Tully ( 6 episodes ) Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston ( 6 episodes ) Ivo Nandi as Oscar `` El Oso '' Ramos ( 6 episodes ) Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez ( 6 episodes ) April Grace as Loutreesha Haddem ( 5 episodes ) Arjay Smith as Grant McQueen ( 5 episodes ) Michael Beach as T.O. Cross ( 5 episodes ) Marya Delver as Officer Candy Eglee ( 4 episodes + 2 as co-star ) Mathew St. Patrick as Moses Cartwright ( 4 episodes ) Brad Carter as Leland Gruen ( 4 episodes ) Ron Yuan as Ryu Tom ( 4 episodes ) Billy Brown as August Marks ( 4 episodes ) Michael Shamus Wiles as Jury White ( 3 episodes ) Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Sticky ( 3 episodes ) Tony Curran as Gaines ( 3 episodes ) Douglas Bennet as Orlin West ( 2 episodes ) Kim Dickens as Colette Jane ( 2 episodes ) Reynaldo Gallegos as Fiasco ( 2 episodes ) Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke ( 2 episodes ) Guest stars ( edit ) Inbar Lavi as Winsome ( 2 episodes ) Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman ( 2 episodes ) Jenna Jameson as Porn Director ( `` Playing With Monsters '' ) Lea Michele as Gertie ( `` Smoke ' em if You Got ' em '' ) Alicia Coppola as Mildred Treal ( `` Faith and Despondency '' ) Hal Holbrook as Nate Madock ( `` Red Rose '' ) Charisma Carpenter as Carol ( `` Red Rose '' ) Production ( edit ) Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California 's Central Valley , it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood . Main sets located there include the clubhouse , St. Thomas Hospital and Jax 's house . The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station . External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga . Sons of Anarchy was renewed for a seventh and final season that began airing in September 2014 . Ron Perlman and Maggie Siff will not return . Drea de Matteo , David LaBrava and Niko Nicotera have all been promoted to the regular cast . Robert Patrick , Emilio Rivera , and Billy Brown will be returning in their recurring guest roles , as will CCH Pounder , Peter Weller and Kim Dickens but only for limited appearances . Marilyn Manson will guest star as a drug addict who is a high - ranking member of a neo-Nazi prison sect . Malcolm - Jamal Warner will be joining the cast for a recurring role . Glee actress Lea Michele will also have a guest role as a truck stop waitress and single mother in the sixth episode of the season . Former Buffy the Vampire Slayer / Angel actress Charisma Carpenter also has a guest role as an administrative director at a medical facility . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Black Widower '' Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 7WAB01 6.20 In the wake of Tara 's death , Jax makes vengeance a club priority . Meanwhile , Juice begins to hide from the club due to his actions . 81 `` Toil and Till '' Billy Gierhart Charles Murray & Kurt Sutter September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 7WAB02 4.83 SAMCRO solicits help from another charter to get a messy job done . Also , Unser decides to investigate Tara 's murder . 82 `` Playing with Monsters '' Craig Yahata Peter Elkoff & Kurt Sutter September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 7WAB03 4.13 SAMCRO exploits an opportunity to secure an important alliance . Juice reaches out to Chibs , only to learn his actions are beyond redemption . 83 `` Poor Little Lambs '' Guy Ferland Kem Nunn & Kurt Sutter September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 7WAB04 4.04 A past effort to help one ally lead to trouble with another . Also , retaliation from another club leads to deadly results . 84 5 `` Some Strange Eruption '' Peter Weller Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 7WAB05 4.32 Looking for the source of a betrayal leads to violence at the Stockton Ports . Meanwhile , Gemma decides to take matters into her own hands . 85 6 `` Smoke ' em if You Got ' em '' Guy Ferland Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 7WAB06 4.42 Jax takes advantage of shifting alliances to protect the MC and settle a score . Also , Juice seeks help from an old rival MC with an agenda of their own . 86 7 `` Greensleeves '' Paris Barclay Gladys Rodriguez & Josh Botana & Kurt Sutter October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 7WAB07 4.29 In order to undermine a powerful club enemy , SAMCRO makes an uneasy alliance . Things take a turn for the worse when a core member of SAMCRO becomes the target of a new threat . 87 8 `` The Separation of Crows '' Charles Murray Peter Elkoff & John Barcheski & Kurt Sutter October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 7WAB08 3.94 The club focuses on flushing out a rat with the search of a missing member at a standstill . Meanwhile , Jax has been hit with unexpected news regarding his father 's death . 88 9 `` What a Piece of Work Is Man '' Peter Weller Mike Daniels & Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 7WAB09 3.88 The club deals with heartache internally and conflict with the organization at large . Meanwhile , Unser and Jarry get closer to the truth about Tara 's murder . 89 10 `` Faith and Despondency '' Paris Barclay Kem Nunn & Gladys Rodriguez & Kurt Sutter November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 7WAB10 4.38 Love is in the air for SAMCRO members , but death wins the day . Abel causes circumstances that do n't sit well with Jax and Gemma . 90 11 `` Suits of Woe '' Peter Weller Peter Elkoff & Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 7WAB11 4.62 The SOA organization bears down on SAMCRO as Jax finally comes face to face with an ugly truth . 91 12 `` Red Rose '' Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter & Charles Murray December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 7WAB12 5.05 With tensions mounting and truths finally revealed , Jax must make his ultimate decision . Meanwhile , Gemma pays a visit to an old family member , and Juice decides his own fate . 92 13 `` Papa 's Goods '' Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 7WAB13 6.40 Ghosts loom large as Jax makes the final moves to fulfill his father 's legacy . Also , Jax makes it his mission to eliminate loose ends , as SAMCRO finally abolish their `` unwritten bylaw '' . Reception ( edit ) Season 7 has received generally favorable reviews . At Metacritic , the season received a critic score of 68 % ( based on 6 critic reviews ) and user score of 7.2 out of 10 ( based on 52 viewer reviews ) . At Rotten Tomatoes , it received an 83 % critic score ( based on 12 reviews : 10 Fresh , 2 Rotten ) and an 86 % audience score ( based on 39 user ratings ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Season Premiere : Cast News , Spoilers , New Start '' . Latin Post . April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' : Malcolm - Jamal Warner Joins Final Season - Hollywood Reporter '' . Jump up ^ `` Lea Michele Trades ' Glee ' For ' Sons Of Anarchy ' '' . MTV . July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Fowler ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` BUFFY AND ANGEL 'S CHARISMA CARPENTER TO SONS OF ANARCHY '' . IGN . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Little Peoplemnjnjnn , Big World ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , MLB Wildcard , ' 19 Cows and Contagious ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Dance Off ' , ' Hot Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , MLB Baseball , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Awkward ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , Election Coverage & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 30 for 30 ' , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + College Basketball , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Sons of Anarchy ' Series Finale Delivers Series - High 6.4 Million Viewers & 4.2 Million Adults 18 - 49 Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy : Season 7 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Sons of Anarchy on IMDb Sons of Anarchy at TV.com ( hide ) Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Charming , CA Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Songs of Anarchy Volume 3 Songs of Anarchy Volume 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Anarchy_(season_7)&oldid=779762579 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2017 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 7 of sons of anarchy are there | [
"\n\nSons of Anarchy (season 7)\n\n\n\nRegion 1 DVD cover\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nFX\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 9 (2014-09-09) – December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 6\n\n\n\nList of Sons of Anarchy episodes\n\n"
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-129372818672651276 | Lunar eclipse | Lunar eclipse - wikipedia Lunar eclipse For other uses , see Lunar eclipse ( disambiguation ) . Totality during the lunar eclipse of 27 July 2018 . Direct sunlight is being blocked by the Earth , and the only light reaching it is sunlight refracted by Earth 's atmosphere , producing a reddish color . A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind Earth and into its shadow . This can occur only when the Sun , Earth , and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned ( in syzygy ) , with Earth between the other two . A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon . The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon 's proximity to either node of its orbit . During a total lunar eclipse , Earth completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon . The only light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth 's atmosphere . This light appears reddish for the same reason that a sunset or sunrise does : the Rayleigh scattering of bluer light . Due to this reddish color , a totally eclipsed Moon is sometimes called a blood moon . Unlike a solar eclipse , which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world , a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth . A total lunar eclipse lasts a few hours , whereas a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes as viewed from any given place , due to the smaller size of the Moon 's shadow . Also unlike solar eclipses , lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions , as they are dimmer than the full Moon . For the date of the next eclipse , see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses . Contents 1 Types of lunar eclipse 1.1 Selenelion 2 Timing 3 Danjon scale 4 Lunar versus solar eclipse 4.1 Lunar eclipse appearance 5 Lunar eclipse in culture 5.1 Incans 5.2 Mesopotamians 5.3 Chinese 6 Blood moon 7 Occurrence 7.1 Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Types of lunar eclipse A schematic diagram of the shadow cast by Earth . Within the umbra , the central region , the planet totally shields direct sunlight . In contrast , within the penumbra , the outer portion , the sunlight is only partially blocked . ( Neither the Sun , Moon , and Earth sizes nor the distances between the bodies are to scale . ) A total penumbral lunar eclipse dims the Moon in direct proportion to the area of the Sun 's disk covered by Earth . This comparison of the Moon ( within the southern part of Earth 's shadow ) during the penumbral lunar eclipse of January 1999 ( left ) and the Moon outside the shadow ( right ) shows this slight darkening . Earth 's shadow can be divided into two distinctive parts : the umbra and penumbra . Earth totally occludes direct solar radiation within the umbra , the central region of the shadow . However , since the Sun 's diameter appears about one - quarter of Earth 's in the lunar sky , the planet only partially blocks direct sunlight within the penumbra , the outer portion of the shadow . A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth 's penumbra . The penumbra causes a subtle dimming of the lunar surface . A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral lunar eclipse , during which the Moon lies exclusively within Earth 's penumbra . Total penumbral eclipses are rare , and when these occur , the portion of the Moon closest to the umbra may appear slightly darker than the rest of the lunar disk . A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the Moon enters Earth 's umbra , while a total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon enters the planet 's umbra . The Moon 's average orbital speed is about 2,300 mph ( 1.03 km / s ) , or a little more than its diameter per hour , so totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes . Nevertheless , the total time between the first and the last contacts of the Moon 's limb with Earth 's shadow is much longer and could last up to four hours . The relative distance of the Moon from Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse 's duration . In particular , when the Moon is near apogee , the farthest point from Earth in its orbit , its orbital speed is the slowest . The diameter of Earth 's umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the Moon 's orbital distance . Thus , the concurrence of a totally eclipsed Moon near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality . A central lunar eclipse is a total lunar eclipse during which the Moon passes through the centre of Earth 's shadow , contacting the antisolar point . This type of lunar eclipse is relatively rare . Selenelion A view of the October 2014 lunar eclipse from Minneapolis , with the setting and partially eclipsed Moon appearing squashed just above the horizon just after sunrise ( seen as sunlight shining on the tree in the right image ) A selenelion or selenehelion occurs when both the Sun and an eclipsed Moon can be observed at the same time . This can occur only just before sunset or just after sunrise , when both bodies will appear just above the horizon at nearly opposite points in the sky . This arrangement has led to the phenomenon being also called a horizontal eclipse . Typically , a number of high ridges undergoing sunrise or sunset can view it . Although the Moon is in Earth 's umbra , both the Sun and an eclipsed Moon can be simultaneously seen because atmospheric refraction causes each body to appear higher in the sky than their true geometric positions . Timing As viewed from Earth , the Earth 's shadow can be imagined as two concentric circles . As the diagram illustrates , the type of lunar eclipse is defined by the path taken by the Moon as it passes through Earth 's shadow . If the moon passes through the outer circle but does not reach the inner circle , it is a penumbral eclipse ; if only a portion of the moon passes through the inner circle , it is a partial eclipse ; and if entire Moon passes through the inner circle at some point , it is a total eclipse . Contact points relative to the Earth 's umbral and penumbral shadows , here with the Moon near is descending node The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts : P1 ( First contact ) : Beginning of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U1 ( Second contact ) : Beginning of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U2 ( Third contact ) : Beginning of the total eclipse . The Moon 's surface is entirely within Earth 's umbra . Greatest eclipse : The peak stage of the total eclipse . The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth 's umbra . U3 ( Fourth contact ) : End of the total eclipse . The Moon 's outer limb exits Earth 's umbra . U4 ( Fifth contact ) : End of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra leaves the Moon 's surface . P4 ( Sixth contact ) : End of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon . Danjon scale The following scale ( the Danjon scale ) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses : L = 0 : Very dark eclipse . Moon almost invisible , especially at mid-totality . L = 1 : Dark eclipse , gray or brownish in coloration . Details distinguishable only with difficulty . L = 2 : Deep red or rust - colored eclipse . Very dark central shadow , while outer edge of umbra is relatively bright . L = 3 : Brick - red eclipse . Umbral shadow usually has a bright or yellow rim . L = 4 : Very bright copper - red or orange eclipse . Umbral shadow is bluish and has a very bright rim . Lunar versus solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs in the daytime at new moon , when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun , while a lunar eclipse occurs at night at full moon , when Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon . The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because Earth 's atmosphere refracts sunlight into the shadow cone . There is often confusion between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse . While both involve interactions between the Sun , Earth , and the Moon , they are very different in their interactions . Lunar eclipse appearance In a lunar eclipse , the Moon often passes through two regions of Earth 's shadow : an outer penumbra , where direct sunlight is dimmed , and an inner umbra , where indirect and much dimmer sunlight refracted by Earth 's atmosphere shines on the Moon , leaving a reddish color . This can be seen in different exposures of a partial lunar eclipse , for example here with exposures of 1 / 80 , 2 / 5 , and 2 seconds . The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by Earth 's atmosphere into the shadow cone ; if Earth had no atmosphere , the Moon would be completely dark during the eclipse . The reddish coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of Earth 's atmosphere , where it is scattered . Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered by the air molecules and small particles ; thus , the longer wavelengths predominate by the time the light rays have penetrated the atmosphere . Human vision perceives this resulting light as red . This is the same effect that causes sunsets and sunrises to turn the sky a reddish color . An alternative way of conceiving this scenario is to realize that , as viewed from the Moon , the Sun would appear to be setting ( or rising ) behind Earth . From the Moon , a lunar eclipse would show a ring of reddish - orange light surrounding a silhouetted Earth in the lunar sky . The amount of refracted light depends on the amount of dust or clouds in the atmosphere ; this also controls how much light is scattered . In general , the dustier the atmosphere , the more that other wavelengths of light will be removed ( compared to red light ) , leaving the resulting light a deeper red color . This causes the resulting coppery - red hue of the Moon to vary from one eclipse to the next . Volcanoes are notable for expelling large quantities of dust into the atmosphere , and a large eruption shortly before an eclipse can have a large effect on the resulting color . Christopher Columbus predicted a lunar eclipse . Lunar eclipse in culture Several cultures have myths related to lunar eclipses or allude to the lunar eclipse as being a good or bad omen . The Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the moon for a short time ; other cultures view the eclipse as the moon being swallowed by other animals , such as a jaguar in Mayan tradition , or a three legged toad in China . Some societies thought it was a demon swallowing the moon , and that they could chase it away by throwing stones and curses at it . The Greeks were ahead of their time when they said the Earth was round and used the shadow from the lunar eclipse as evidence . Some Hindus believe in the importance of bathing in the Ganges River following an eclipse because it will help to achieve salvation . Incans Similarly to the Mayans , the Incans believed that lunar eclipses occurred when a jaguar would eat the moon , which is why a blood moon looks red . The Incans also believed that once the jaguar finished eating the moon , it could come down and devour all the animals on Earth , so they would take spears and shout at the moon to keep it away . Mesopotamians The ancient Mesopotamians believed that a lunar eclipse was when the moon was being attacked by seven demons . This attack was more than just one on the moon , however , for the Mesopotamians linked what happened in the sky with what happened on the land , and because the king of Mesopotamia represented the land , the seven demons were thought to be also attacking the king . In order to prevent this attack on the king , the Mesopotamians made someone pretend to be the king so they would be attacked instead of the true king . After the lunar eclipse was over , the substitute king was made to disappear ( possibly by poisoning ) . Chinese In some Chinese cultures , people would ring bells to prevent a dragon or other wild animals from biting the moon . In the nineteenth century , during a lunar eclipse , the Chinese navy fired its artillery because of this belief . During the Zhou Dynasty in the Book of Songs , the sight of a red moon engulfed in darkness was believed to foreshadow famine or disease . Blood Moon See also : Blood Moon Prophecy Certain lunar eclipses have been referred to as `` blood moons '' in popular articles but this is not a scientifically - recognized term . This term has been given two separate , but overlapping , meanings . The first , and simpler , meaning relates to the reddish color a totally eclipsed Moon takes on to observers on Earth . As sunlight penetrates the atmosphere of Earth , the gaseous layer filters and refracts the rays in such a way that the green to violet wavelengths on the visible spectrum scatter more strongly than the red , thus giving the Moon a reddish cast . The second meaning of `` blood moon '' has been derived from this apparent coloration by two fundamentalist Christian pastors , Mark Blitz and John Hagee . They claimed that the 2014 -- 15 `` lunar tetrad '' of four lunar eclipses coinciding with the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles matched the `` moon turning to blood '' described in the Book of Joel of the Hebrew Bible . This tetrad was claimed to herald the Second Coming of Christ and the Rapture as described in the Book of Revelations on the date of the first of the eclipses in this sequence on April 15 , 2014 . Occurrence This multi-exposure sequence shows the August 2017 lunar eclipse visible from the ESO headquarters . This collage shows the transitional stages of a lunar eclipse . See also : Saros ( astronomy ) and Eclipse cycle At least two lunar eclipses and as many as five occur every year , although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common . If the date and time of an eclipse is known , the occurrences of upcoming eclipses are predictable using an eclipse cycle , like the saros . Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses Main article : List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Further information : Lists of lunar eclipses Eclipses occur only during an eclipse season , when the Sun appears to pass near either node of the Moon 's orbit . show Lunar eclipse series sets from 1998 -- 2002 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Viewing Type Chart Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 1998 Aug 08 Penumbral 114 1999 Jan 31 Penumbral 119 1999 Jul 28 Partial 124 2000 Jan 21 Total 129 2000 Jul 16 Total 134 2001 Jan 09 Total 139 2001 Jul 05 Partial 144 2001 Dec 30 Penumbral 149 2002 Jun 24 Penumbral Last set 1998 Sep 06 Last set 1998 Mar 13 Next set 2002 May 26 Next set 2002 Nov 20 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2002 -- 2005 Descending node Ascending node Saros Photo Date View Type Chart Saros Photo Date View Type Chart 111 2002 May 26 penumbral 116 2002 Nov 20 penumbral 121 2003 May 16 total 126 2003 Nov 09 total 131 2004 May 04 total 136 2004 Oct 28 total 141 2005 Apr 24 penumbral 146 2005 Oct 17 partial Last set 2002 Jun 24 Last set 2001 Dec 30 Next set 2006 Mar 14 Next set 2006 Sep 7 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2006 -- 2009 Descending node Ascending node Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart 113 2006 Mar 14 penumbral 118 2006 Sep 7 partial 123 2007 Mar 03 total 128 2007 Aug 28 total 133 2008 Feb 21 total 138 2008 Aug 16 partial 143 2009 Feb 09 penumbral 148 2009 Aug 06 penumbral Last set 2005 Apr 24 Last set 2005 Oct 17 Next set 2009 Dec 31 Next set 2009 Jul 07 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2009 -- 2013 Ascending node Descending node Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart 110 2009 July 07 penumbral 115 2009 Dec 31 partial 120 2010 June 26 partial 125 2010 Dec 21 total 130 2011 June 15 total 135 2011 Dec 10 total 140 2012 June 04 partial 145 2012 Nov 28 penumbral 150 2013 May 25 penumbral Last set 2009 Aug 06 Last set 2009 Feb 9 Next set 2013 Apr 25 Next set 2013 Oct 18 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013 -- 2016 Ascending node Descending node Saros Viewing date Type Saros Viewing date Type 112 2013 Apr 25 Partial 117 2013 Oct 18 Penumbral 122 2014 Apr 15 Total 127 2014 Oct 08 Total 132 2015 Apr 04 Total 137 2015 Sep 28 Total 142 2016 Mar 23 Penumbral 147 2016 Sep 16 Penumbral Last set 2013 May 25 Last set 2012 Nov 28 Next set 2017 Feb 11 Next set 2016 Aug 18 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016 -- 2020 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Type Viewing Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 2016 Aug 18 Penumbral 114 2017 Feb 11 Penumbral 119 2017 Aug 07 Partial 124 2018 Jan 31 Total 129 2018 Jul 27 Total 134 2019 Jan 21 Total 139 2019 Jul 16 Partial 144 2020 Jan 10 Penumbral 149 2020 Jul 05 Penumbral Last set 2016 Sep 16 Last set 2016 Mar 23 Next set 2020 Jun 05 Next set 2020 Nov 30 See also Moon portal Book : Lunar Eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses and List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Moon illusion Orbit of the Moon References Jump up ^ McClure , Bruce ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Century 's Longest Lunar Eclipse July 27 '' . EarthSky . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karttunen , Hannu ( 2007 ) . Fundamental Astronomy . Springer . p. 139 . ISBN 9783540341444 . Jump up ^ `` Observing Blog - In Search of Selenelion '' . Sky & Telescope . 2010 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kevin . `` On the nature of eclipses '' . Inconstant Moon . Cyclopedia Selenica . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Deans and Alan M. MacRobert ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` Observing and Photographing Lunar Eclipses '' . Sky & Telescope . F + W. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus . `` Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses '' . NASA . The troposphere and stratosphere act together as a ring - shaped lens that refracts heavily reddened sunlight into Earth 's umbral shadow . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Littmann , Mark ; Espenak , Fred ; Willcox , Ken ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eclipses in Mythology '' . Totality Eclipses of the Sun ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953209 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Rebecca . `` Ancient Myths Revised with Lunar Eclipse '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ani . `` Hindus take a dip in the Ganges during Lunar Eclipse '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` Lunar Eclipse Myths From Around the World '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Quilas , Ma Evelyn . `` Interesting Facts and Myths about Lunar Eclipse '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MYTHOLOGY OF THE LUNAR ECLIPSE '' . Jump up ^ Kaul , Gayatri . `` What Lunar Eclipse Means in Different Parts of the World '' . India.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sappenfield , Mark ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Moon to arrive Monday night . What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nigro , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Knack Night Sky : Decoding the Solar System , from Constellations to Black Holes . Globe Pequot . pp. 214 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6604 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the ' blood moon ' '' . theguardian. 28 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Earth & Sky . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Sarah Pulliam ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` ' Blood moon ' sets off apocalyptic debate among some Christians '' . Washington Post . Religion News Service . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Eclipse @ ESO '' . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Further reading Bao - Lin Liu , Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C. - A.D. 3000 , 1992 Jean Meeus and Hermann Mucke Canon of Lunar Eclipses . Astronomisches Büro , Vienna , 1983 Espenak , F. , Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses : 1986 -- 2035 . NASA Reference Publication 1216 , 1989 External links Find more aboutLunar eclipseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks `` Lunar Eclipse Essentials '' : video from NASA Animated explanation of the mechanics of a lunar eclipse , University of South Wales U.S. Navy Lunar Eclipse Computer NASA Lunar Eclipse Page Search among the 12,064 lunar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps Lunar Eclipses for Beginners Tips on photographing the lunar eclipse from New York Institute of Photography Lunar Eclipse 08 October 2014 on YouTube The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Lunar distance Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling and navigation Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Lunar distance Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Lunar eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses All Central total eclipses Total penumbral eclipses Historically significant Lunar eclipses by century 20th BCE 19th BCE 18th BCE 17th BCE 16th BCE 15th BCE 14th BCE 13th BCE 12th BCE 11th BCE 10th BCE 9th BCE 8th BCE 7th BCE 6th BCE 5th BCE 4th BCE 3rd BCE 2nd BCE 1st BCE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Lunar eclipses by Saros series 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Partial eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1952 Feb 1952 Aug 1954 Jul 1955 Nov 1956 May 1958 May 1959 Mar 1961 Mar 1961 Aug 1963 Jul 1965 Jun 1970 Feb 1970 Aug 1972 Jul 1973 Dec 1974 Jun 1976 May 1977 Apr 1979 Mar 1981 Jul 1983 Jun 1988 Aug 1990 Aug 1991 Dec 1992 Jun 1994 May 1995 Apr 1997 Mar 1999 Jul 2001 Jul 2005 Oct 2006 Sep 2008 Aug 2009 Dec 2010 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Apr 2017 Aug → 2019 Jul 2021 Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Sep 2026 Aug 2028 Jan 2028 Jul 2030 Jun 2034 Sep 2035 Aug 2037 Jul 2039 Jun 2039 Nov 2041 May 2041 Nov 2046 Jan 2046 Jul 2048 Jun Total eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1950 Apr 1950 Sep 1953 Jan 1953 Jul 1954 Jan 1956 Nov 1957 May 1957 Nov 1960 Mar 1960 Sep 1963 Dec 1964 Jun 1964 Dec 1967 Apr 1967 Oct 1968 Apr 1968 Oct 1971 Feb 1971 Aug 1972 Jan 1974 Nov 1975 May 1975 Nov 1978 Mar 1978 Sep 1979 Sep 1982 Jan 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1985 May 1985 Oct 1986 Apr 1986 Oct 1989 Feb 1989 Aug 1990 Feb 1992 Dec 1993 Jun 1993 Nov 1996 Apr 1996 Sep 1997 Sep 2000 Jan 2000 Jul 2001 Jan 2003 May 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 Oct 2007 Mar 2007 Aug 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2014 Apr 2014 Oct 2015 Apr 2015 Sep 2018 Jan 2018 Jul → 2019 Jan 2021 May 2022 May 2022 Nov 2025 Mar 2025 Sep 2026 Mar 2028 Dec 2029 Jun 2029 Dec 2032 Apr 2032 Oct 2033 Apr 2033 Oct 2036 Feb 2036 Aug 2037 Jan 2040 May 2040 Nov 2043 Mar 2043 Sep 2044 Mar 2044 Sep 2047 Jan 2047 Jul 2048 Jan Penumbral eclipses Partial Previous penumbral : 2017 Feb 11 Next penumbral : → 2020 Jan 10 Total 1963 Jan 09 1981 Jan 20 1988 Mar 03 1999 Jan 31 2006 Mar 14 → 2042 May 05 2053 Aug 29 See also Danjon scale Gamma Book Category → symbol denotes next eclipse in series BNE : XX544897 BNF : cb11978629m ( data ) GND : 4170432 - 0 LCCN : sh85040737 SUDOC : 027828565 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_eclipse&oldid=852988572 '' Categories : Astronomical events Eclipses Lunar eclipses Lunar observation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 ГӀалгӀай 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 17 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | from what portion of the earth can a lunar eclipse be seen | [
"Unlike a solar eclipse, which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse lasts a few hours, whereas a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes as viewed from any given place, due to the smaller size of the Moon's shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are dimmer than the full Moon.\n"
] | [
"anywhere on the night side of Earth"
] |
7536513875786114324 | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) 2.2 Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2.3 Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) 2.4 `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2.5 Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA 6 Nueva TBA ( 1 -- TBA ) December 14 , 2018 -- TBA TBA ) Episode list ( edit ) God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up , and heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and Future Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and Future Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again -- Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition The Storied `` Project 0 Mortals '' of Terror '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Goku is enraged and fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` I Will Defend the World ! Trunks ' Furious Burst of Super Power ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using the Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Do n't You Disgrace Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Fierce Battle Commences ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Before Goku Black and Future Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Future Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Future Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Future Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven arrive from the past to stop Future Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline . During the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta fights Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Future Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of all Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Worship Me ! Give Praise Unto Me ! The Explosive Birth of a Merged Zamasu ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potara earrings to fuse into an immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God ! '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` One Last Great Comeback ! Here Comes Vegito ! `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potara Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potara fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` With New Hope ! In Our Hearts - So Long , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' / `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' / `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' / `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' / `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' / `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' / `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' / `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' / `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' / `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' / `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' / `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' / `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' / `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' / `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' / `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' / `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' / `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' / `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' / `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' / `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' / `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' / `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' / `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' / `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' / `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' / `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' / `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' / `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' / `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' / `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku 's powers enabled him to break through his limits and trigered an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' / `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' / `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' / `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' / `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' / `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' / `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' / `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' / `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' / `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' / `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' / `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' / `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' / `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' / `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' / `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' / `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' / `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' / `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' / `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . ) Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) 132 TBA `` TBA '' / `` TBA '' ( TBA ) December 14 , 2018 TBA TBA Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=843631685 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 04 . 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"\n\nOverall No.\nSaga No.\nEnglish translation[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal airdate[27]\nAmerican airdate\n\n\n77\n1\n\"Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!\" /\n\"Yarou ze Zenō-sama! Uchū ichi Budō-kai!!\" (やろうぜ全王様! 宇宙一武道会!!) \nFebruary 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Grand Zenō's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Grand Zenō's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Grand Minister arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the \"Tournament of Power\" (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). \n\n\n78\n2\n\"The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power\" /\n\"Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu \"Chikara no taikai\"\" (全宇宙の神様もドン引き!? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」) \nFebruary 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister explains the details of the \"Tournament of Power\" and states that it will be held on \"the World of Void\". It is a place of \"infinite nothingness\", where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Grand Zenō's and Future Grand Zenō's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil (バジル, Bajiru), a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. \n\n\n79\n3\n\"Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!\" /\n\"Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū!!\" (第9宇宙蹴りのバジルVS第7宇宙魔人ブウ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBasil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh (ロウ, Rō), the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender (ラベンダ, Rabenda) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. \n\n\n80\n4\n\"Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!\" /\n\"Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!\" (眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ! 孫悟飯の闘い!!) \nFebruary 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo (ベルガモ, Berugamo), Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. \n\n\n81\n5\n\"Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!\" /\n\"Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?\" (潰しのベルガモVS孫悟空! 青天井の強さはどっちだ!?) \nMarch 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBefore their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo (トッポ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. \n\n\n82\n6\n\"Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!\" /\n\"Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū!!!\" (孫悟空許すまじ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入!!) \nMarch 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAfter obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren (ジレン). The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. \n\n\n83\n7\n\"Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!\" /\n\"Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?\" (第7宇宙代表チームを結成せよ! 最強の10人は誰だ!?) \nMarch 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. \n\n\n84\n8\n\"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\" /\n\"Sukautoman Son Gokū – Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau\" (スカウトマン孫悟空 クリリンと18号を誘う) \nApril 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. \n\n\n85\n9\n\"The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives\" /\n\"Ugokidasu uchū – sorezore no omowaku\" (動き出す宇宙 – それぞれの思惑) \nApril 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai (カイ), the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's, who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral (カーセラル, Kāseraru) and Dyspo (ディスポ, Disupo). Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. \n\n\n86\n10\n\"Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!\" /\n\"Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana-gō VS Son Gokū!!\" (初めて交わる拳! 人造人間17号VS孫悟空!!) \nApril 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nOn their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. \n\n\n87\n11\n\"Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!\" /\n\"Mitsuryō-dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana-gō no kyōtō!!\" (密漁団を狩れ! 悟空と１７号の共闘!!) \nApril 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. \n\n\n88\n12\n\"Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!\" /\n\"Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō!\" (悟飯とピッコロ 師弟激突の限界修業！) \nApril 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso (レンソウ). Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla (カリフラ, Karifura), instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. \n\n\n89\n13\n\"An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!\" /\n\"Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?\" (現れた謎の美女! 天津流道場の怪!?) \nMay 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin (ユーリン, Yūrin) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. \n\n\n90\n14\n\"See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan\" /\n\"Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan\" (超えるべき壁を見据えて! 悟空VS悟飯) \nMay 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi (ラムーシ, Ramūshi) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim (ムリチム, Murichimu) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. \n\n\n91\n15\n\"Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!\" /\n\"Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!\" (勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ!? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち!!) \nMay 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGrand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau (ブリアン・デ・シャトー, Burian de Shatō) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne (リブリアン, Riburian) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. \n\n\n92\n16\n\"Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!\" /\n\"Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā!!\" (緊急事態発生! そろわない10人のメンバー!!) \nMay 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée, Kale (ケール, Kēru), observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi (ニグリシ, Nigrisshi) and Narirama (ナリラマ, Narirāma) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco (モスコ, Mosuko), Supreme Kai Ea (エア), and Angel Campari (カンパーリ, Kanpāri). Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. \n\n\n93\n17\n\"You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!\" /\n\"Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!\" (10人目の戦士はおめえだ! 悟空 フリーザのもとへ!!) \nJune 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos (ガノス, Ganosu) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela (キテラ, Kitera) and Supreme Kai Kuru (クル). Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. \n\n\n94\n18\n\"The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!\" /\n\"Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?\" (悪の帝王復活! 出迎える謎の刺客たち!?) \nJune 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nQuitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra (シドラ, Shidora) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. \n\n\n95\n19\n\"The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!\" /\n\"Saikyō! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare!!\" (最凶! 最悪! フリーザ大暴れ!!) \nJune 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. \n\n\n96\n20\n\"The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!\" /\n\"Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!\" (時はきた! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ!!) \nJune 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nIn the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne (イワン, Iwan), Arack (アラク, Araku), and Liquiir (リキュール, Rikīru) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Grand Minister introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō, the 80 warriors prepare for battle. \n\n\n97\n21\n\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\" /\n\"Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!\" (生き残れ! ついに開幕「力の大会」!!) \nJuly 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu (リリベウ, Ririberu) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink (ニンク, Ninku) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n98\n22\n\"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\" /\n\"Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū!!\" (あぁ無常! 絶望する宇宙!!) \nJuly 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRoh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop (ソレル, Hoppu) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel (ソレル, Soreru) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito (モヒイト, Mohi'ito) and horrifies everyone else. \n\n\n99\n23\n\"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\" /\n\"Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!\" (見せつけろ! クリリンの底力!!) \nJuly 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium (ジウム, Jiumu) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa (ショイサ, Shōsa) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora (マジョラ), who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n100\n24\n\"Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!\" /\n\"Daibōsō! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi!!\" (大暴走! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士!!) \nJuly 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam (ムリサーム) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop (メチオープ). They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze (ジーミズ, Jimizu) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon (ブーオン, Būon) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. \n\n\n101\n25\n\"The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!\" /\n\"Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu!!\" (迫りくる正義の戦士！プライド・トルーパス！！) \nJuly 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper (タッパー, Tappā), Zoiray (ゾイレー, Zoirē), Cocotte (ココット, Kokotto), and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho (ザ・プリーチョ). They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. \n\n\n102\n26\n\"The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!\" /\n\"Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!\" (愛の力が大爆発！？ 第２宇宙の魔女っ子戦士！！) \nAugust 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBrianne and her companions Sanka Ku (サンカ・クー, Sanka Kū) and Su Roas (スー・ロース, Sū Rōsu) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa (カクンサ, Kakunsa), and Rozie (ロージィ, Rōjī) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen (ジラセン). Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal (ビカル, Bikaru) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. \n\n\n103\n27\n\"Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!\" /\n\"Gohan yo hijōnare! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!\" (悟飯よ非情なれ！第10宇宙との決戦!!) \nAugust 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni (オブニ) and Rubalt (ルバルト, Rubaruto) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol (ジルコル Jirukoru). With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus (クス, Kusu), mourn Universe 10's erasure. \n\n\n104\n28\n\"The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!\" /\n\"Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!\" (超絶光速バトル勃発! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線!!) \nAugust 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi (クンシー, Kunshī) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. \n\n\n105\n29\n\"A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!\" /\n\"Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!\" (奮戦！ 武天老師命を燃やす！！) \nAugust 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nMaster Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway (キャウェイ, Kyauei), who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori (ダーコリ, Dākori), who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. \n\n\n106\n30\n\"Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!\" /\n\"Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō!!\" (見極めろ！ 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘!!) \nSeptember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota (Dr.ロタ, Dokutā Rota), but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum (プラン, Puran), can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila (ハーミラ, Hāmira). Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. \n\n\n107\n31\n\"Revenge \"F\" The Cunning Trap?!\" /\n\"Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?\" (復讐の「F」！ しかけられた狡猾な罠！？) \nSeptember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. \n\n\n108\n32\n\"Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!\" /\n\"Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?\" (フリーザとフロスト！交わる悪意！？) \nSeptember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Grand Zenō erases him, explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. \n\n\n109\n33\n\"The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!\" /\n\"Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!\" (悟空に迫る最強の敵！今こそ放て！必殺の元気玉！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. \n\n\n110\n34\n\"Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!\" /\n\"Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!\" (孫悟空覚醒！目覚めし者の新たなる極意！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nGoku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Grand Minister rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku's powers enabled him to break through his limits and trigered an ability called Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意”兆”, Migatte no Gokui). Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails, and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him. \n\n\n111\n35\n\"The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!\" /\n\"I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!\" (異次元の極致バトル! ヒットVSジレン!!) \nOctober 15, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nInstead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel (サオネル, Saoneru) and Pirina (ピリナ, Pirina), Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Viara (ビアラ, Biara) and Katopesla (カトペスラ, Katopesura) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. \n\n\n112\n36\n\"A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!\" /\n\"Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!\" (サイヤ人の誓い！ ベジータの覚悟！！) \nOctober 22, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDespite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai (コイツカイ, Koitukai), Panchia (パンチア, Panchia), and Bollarator (ボラレータ, Borarēta) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna (モンナ, Monna), a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. \n\n\n113\n37\n\"With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!\" /\n\"Kiki to Shite! Sentō-kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!\" (嬉々として! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び!!) \nOctober 29, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nCaulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. \n\n\n114\n38\n\"Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!\" /\n\"Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!\" (鬼気せまる! 新たな超戦士の爆誕!!) \nNovember 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla (ケフラ, Kefura). \n\n\n115\n39\n\"Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!\" /\n\"Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya-jin Burū Yabureru!?\" (悟空VSケフラ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる!?) \nNovember 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings. The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell (ペル, Peru), the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra (ラバンラ, Rabanra) and Zarbuto (ザーブト, Zābuto), but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks. \n\n\n116\n40\n\"The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!\" /\n\"Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!\" (逆転の兆し！ 身勝手の極意が大爆発！！) \nNovember 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n\nTo counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged-up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.\n\nNOTE: This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru, who passed away on November 16, 2017. \n\n\n117\n41\n\"Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!\" /\n\"Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū!!\" (愛の大決戦！人造人間VS第２宇宙！！) \nNovember 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla. He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2. Gohan and Piccolo try to help him, but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina. Elsewhere, Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him. However, he is unsuccessful, and resorts to his normal fighting style. Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla. Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku, but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it. The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne. No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie, while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered-up transformation. This causes her to revert into Brianne. Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap, while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her. This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form. No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne's trap. With No. 17's help, No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her. Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18's strong love for Krillin, while Goku faces off against Zirloin (ザーロイン, Zāroin), Zarbuto, and Rabanra of Universe 2. \n\n\n118\n42\n\"Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...\" /\n\"Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū...\" (加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙...) \nDecember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku battles against Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra from Universe 2, while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina. Saonel and Pirina's power suddenly increases, and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament, which greatly increased their own powers. No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors. It is revealed that Universe 2's angel, Sour (サワア, Sawaa), has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe. Universe 2's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne, Rozie, and Kakunsa's transformed states. Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 battle Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina. The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique, the Pretty Black Hole, which traps and threatens to sink Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 through the fighting stage. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well. With all of their fighters eliminated, both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased. Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure, while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck. Champa taunts Beerus before being erased. Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother's erasure. Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood. \n\n\n119\n43\n\"Unavoidable?! The Fierce Stealth Attack!!\" /\n\"Kaihi funō!? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi!!\" (回避不能!? ステルス攻撃の猛威!!) \nDecember 10, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring. Katopesla is able to catch himself, but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force. Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force, but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge, while Piccolo catches Gohan. No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter, who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters, Gamisaras (ガミサラス, Gamisarasu). Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras, which allows Piccolo to see him. Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras. Undaunted, Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game. Shantza (シャンツァ, Shantsa) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes. However, Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring, which eliminates him and destroys the illusions. Universe 4's last fighter, Damon (ダモン, Damon), is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him. Piccolo is able to sense Damon's attacks, but he proves unable to hit Damon, who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him. No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug-like creature rather than an invisible person, which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him. To solve this problem, Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air, which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts. No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him. With all of their fighters eliminated, Universe 4 is promptly erased. \n\n\n120\n44\n\"The Perfect Survival Tactic! Universe 3's Menacing Assassin!!\" /\n\"Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku!!\" (完璧なる生存戦略! 第３宇宙脅威の刺客!!) \nDecember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFollowing the elimination of Universe 4, the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7. While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18's combined efforts, Paparoni (パパロニ, Paparoni) sends Panchia, Koitsukai, and Bollarator to attack Goku, Gohan, and Vegeta. To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11, Gohan decides to face the three robots alone. He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator (コイチアレータ, Koichiarēta). Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in. The two distract the enemy, while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it. With his robots defeated, Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7. \n\n\n121\n45\n\"All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!\" /\n\"Sōryokusen! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki!!\" (総力戦！究極の4体合体VS第7宇宙総攻撃！！) \nDecember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nPaparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza (アニラーザ, Anirāza), the most powerful warrior from Universe 3. Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans, which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them. The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off-guard, but he deflects them all. It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents' movements. Anilaza begins teleporting his punches, and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage. Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat, Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18, who is rescued by Goku. Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him. He knocks him off the fighting stage, but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage. She is eliminated from the tournament. With no other options, the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza. They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza's attack and damage his energy reactor. This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza. With all of their warriors eliminated, Universe 3 is erased. As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate, the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them. \n\n\n122\n46\n\"For One's Own Pride! Vegeta's Challenge to Be The Strongest!!\" /\n\"Onore no Hokori wo Kakete! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen!!\" (己の誇りをかけて！ベジータ最強への挑戦！！) \nJanuary 7, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith only two universes remaining, the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together. The final warriors begin their battle: Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo, Frieza fights Dyspo, and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren. Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches, but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren's attack patterns and dodges his attacks. He lands a solid blow to Jiren's midsection, but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out. Meanwhile, Frieza blocks one of Dyspo's attacks with his tail, but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him. Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self-righteousness, but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength. He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head-on. However, the attack fails to damage Jiren, who acknowledges the power of Vegeta's attack before incapacitating him. \n\n\n123\n47\n\"Body and Soul, Full Power Release! Goku and Vegeta!!\" /\n\"Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō! Gokū to Bejīta!!\" (全身全霊全力解放！悟空とベジータ！！) \nJanuary 14, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Vegeta down, Goku faces off against Jiren. Meanwhile, the other battles continue. Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously, while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo. Outmatched in power, Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren, but it has no effect. Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc. This causes Jiren to fall, but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage. Angered by his near-elimination, Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches. Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue. Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations, while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body, and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form, the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form. Fully powered up, Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team, and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks. \n\n\n124\n48\n\"The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault! Gohan's Last Stand!!\" /\n\"Shippū-Dotō no Mōshū! Gohan Haisui no Jin!!\" (疾風怒涛の猛襲！悟飯背水の陣!!) \nJanuary 21, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies. The two seem evenly matched, until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls. Dyspo refuses the offer, so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight. Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique, the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode, which increases his power and speed even further, and overwhelms Frieza. Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage, so No. 17 distracts Toppo, while Gohan goes to Frieza's aid. Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team, but they have little success. Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo, which prevents him from using his high-speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand. Unfortunately, Frieza runs out of energy, and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow. However, Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place, while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament. \n\n\n125\n49\n\"With Imposing Presence! God of Destruction Toppo Descends!!\" /\n\"Ifu-Dōdō! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin!\" (威風堂々! 破壊神トッポ降臨！！) \nJanuary 28, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, while No. 17 and Toppo fight. No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash, which Toppo is winning. Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind, which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo's blast. In the wake of the explosion, Toppo appears to have been defeated. However, he gets back up and powers up, using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction. Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11's next God of Destruction, which is why he can wield the same kind of power. Toppo unleashes his new power, which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it. No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly, but his power is now far superior to theirs. Toppo easily defeats them both. Fortunately, they are able to stay on the fighting stage, but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17. \n\n\n126\n50\n\"Surpass Even a God! Vegeta's Desperate Blow!!\" /\n\"Kami wo mo Koero! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki!!\" (神をも超えろ！ベジータ捨て身の一撃！！) \nFebruary 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nToppo easily overpowers No. 17's blast. No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage, but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17's attacks. Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast. Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo's attack. Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo, which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks, but none of them have any effect. Toppo is about to eliminate them both, when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta, who are still fighting Jiren. Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren's attacks, which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead. Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament. However, Vegeta is inspired by his family, his promise to Cabba, and his Saiyan pride. He refuses to cast anything aside. Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo. Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks: Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction, while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu. Vegeta's attack overwhelms Toppo's attack, blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage, and eliminates him from the tournament. This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage. Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique, he survives the blast, but his energy is almost completely drained. No. 17 also reappears, but he has been injured by Jiren's attack. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all face off against Jiren, who begins to unleash his full power. \n\n\n127\n51\n\"The Approaching Wall! The Final Barrier of Hope!!\" /\n\"Semari-kuru Shōheki! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria!!\" (迫りくる障壁！希望を託した最後のバリア！！) \nFebruary 11, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nJiren powers up to his maximum. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously, but he easily overpowers them. However, No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren. Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta, while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form. However, Frieza is easily defeated as well. No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be, and Belmod explains that Jiren's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents, most of his comrades, and mentor were killed by a powerful villain. However, his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship, and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength. No. 17 admires Jiren's human qualities, but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe's team for his own ends. Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17, Goku, and Vegeta. No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them, before self-destructing to destroy Jiren's blast. Despite his exhausted state, Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him. \n\n\n128\n52\n\"Noble Pride to the End! Vegeta Falls!!\" /\n\"Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made! Bejīta Chiru!!\" (気高い誇り最後まで！ベジータ散る！！) \nFebruary 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren. Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan, he still decides to take on Jiren. Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta. Jiren injures Vegeta's left eye in the process. Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination, and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most. He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren, who is impressed by Vegeta's pride. Vegeta nearly rings out again. His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble, which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage. Vegeta hears Bulma's voice urging him to fight on, and he returns to fight Jiren once again. Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him. Vegeta fires off a Final Flash, but Jiren is unfazed. Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament. Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end, he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power. Even with Vegeta's energy, Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren. He is knocked back into his base form. When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat, Vegeta shouts at Goku. Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him. As Jiren delivers the final blow, Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack. With his new power, Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him. Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle. \n\n\n129\n53\n\"Limits Super Surpassed! Ultra Instinct Mastered!!\" /\n\"Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru!!\" (限界超絶突破！身勝手の極意極まる！！) \nMarch 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWhis points out that, since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct, this will be his last chance to end the battle. Goku and Jiren resume their battle, but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla, and is unable to attack at his full potential. Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren, but Jiren is able to punch through the blast. Belmod is confident that Goku's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win, but Vegeta points out that, throughout the tournament, all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power. Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out, but Goku begins blocking Jiren's attacks with his own punches. Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku, but Goku suddenly powers up immensely. He easily blocks Jiren's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage. Jiren attacks again, but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches. Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension. Goku's hair and eyes have turned silver, and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct. \n\n\n130\n54\n\"The Greatest Showdown of All Time! The Ultimate Survival Battle!!\" /\n\"Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru!!\" (空前絶後の超決戦！究極のサバイバルバトル！！) \nMarch 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nHaving mastered Ultra Instinct, Goku overpowers and corners Jiren, which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further. The two exchange attacks continuously. Despite almost being defeated twice, Goku stands up and recovers. When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender, his friends claim that the source of Goku's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions. Refusing to accept it, an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku, who finally defeats him. However, just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out, his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long. Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage, but Goku is saved by Frieza. No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren's blast. As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren, Goku writhes in pain. \n\n\n131\n55\n\"The Miraculous Conclusion! Farewell, Goku! Until We Meet Again!\" /\n\"Kiseki no ketchaku! Saraba Goku! Mataauhimade!!\" (奇跡の決着! さらば悟空! また会う日まで!!) \nMarch 25, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Goku down, Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren. No. 17 manages to injure Jiren, who collapses from exhaustion. Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren, who accepts his impending defeat, but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries. Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17. They form a barrier to shield themselves, but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form. Before Jiren can overpower them, Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others. Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren's blast. Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together, while No. 17 provides cover fire. Working together, Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring. All three of them are eliminated from the tournament. With all of their fighters gone, Universe 11 is erased. As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage, No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power, and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls. After some consideration, No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased, which brings all their inhabitants back to life. As the erased universes are restored, the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls. He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons, as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing. As a reward for doing well in the tournament, Whis restores Frieza to life. In Universe 11, Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday. The group from Universe 7 return home. Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire. Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again. Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought. Goku reveals that he cannot use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament. Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength. They race towards each other to fight. \n\n"
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1757612782538236589 | 2017 World Series | 2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , and the first team from Texas to do so . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers ' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage alternated between the AL and NL , and from 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . With 104 regular season wins , the Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros , who had 101 regular season wins . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 5.2. 1 National 5.2. 2 Local 6 Sponsorship 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship ( the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988 , and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation ) , this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series , following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years . Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . This was also the third consecutive World Series to extend into November , although the 2015 World Series did not go up to Game 7 . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . However , a late season slump , in which the team lost 20 of 25 games ( highlighted by 11 straight losses ) , led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason . Despite the slump , the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games , securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk - off hit in the World Series ever . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark , as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time . This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , series , baseball season , and their 56 - year drought . The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road ( after the 2014 Giants , 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs ) . They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year , following the 1985 Kansas City Royals . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . With the Astros winning this is the third consecutive year that the team with the longer World Series drought won the series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) National ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Local ( edit ) Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who pitched the first game of the world series 2017 | [
"Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel's first pitch of the game. It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history (following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS).[52] Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning. In the sixth inning, Justin Turner hit a go-ahead two-run home run for the Dodgers. Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in (RBIs) in Dodgers postseason history with 26.[53] Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 2⁄3 innings. Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save.[54] The two-hour, 28-minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992.[55]"
] | [
"Keuchel"
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5377473223520698141 | Kit Kat | Kit Kat - wikipedia Kit Kat Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Kit Kat ( disambiguation ) . Kit Kat International Kit Kat logo United States Kit Kat logo 4 - fingered Kit Kat split in half Product type Confectionery Owner Nestlé ( Worldwide ) The Hershey Company ( US ) Country United Kingdom Introduced 29 August 1935 ; 82 years ago ( 1935 - 08 - 29 ) Markets World Previous owners Rowntree ( 1935 - 1988 ) Tagline `` Have a break ... Have a Kit Kat ! '' ( Worldwide ) `` Gimme a break , Gimme a break , Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat Bar ! '' , `` Break time , anytime '' ( US only ) Website kitkat.com Kit Kat is a chocolate - covered wafer bar confection created by Rowntree 's of York , United Kingdom , and is now produced globally by Nestlé , which acquired Rowntree in 1988 , with the exception of the United States where it is made under license by H.B. Reese Candy Company , a division of The Hershey Company . The standard bars consist of two or four fingers composed of three layers of wafer , separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate . Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately . There are many different flavours of Kit Kat , including milk , white , and dark chocolate . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Global confection 3 Design 4 Marketing and promotion 4.1 Association with Android 4.2 Fairtrade 4.3 Golden ticket draw 5 Varieties 5.1 Flavours 5.2 Forms 6 Chocolatory Melbourne 7 Criticism and controversy 8 Ingredients 8.1 Europe 8.2 United States 8.3 Canada 8.3. 1 Dark form 8.4 Asia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Use of the name Kit Kat or Kit Cat for a type of food goes back to the 18th century , when mutton pies known as a Kit - Kat were served at meetings of the political Kit - Cat Club in London owned by pastry chef Christopher Catling . The origins of what is now known as the Kit Kat brand go back to 1911 , when Rowntree 's , a confectionery company based in York in the United Kingdom , trademarked the terms Kit Cat and Kit Kat . The names were not used immediately and Kit Kat first appeared in the 1920s , when Rowntree 's launched a brand of boxed chocolates entitled Kit Cat . This continued into the 1930s , when Rowntree 's shifted focus and production onto its Black Magic and Dairy Box brands . With the promotion of alternative products the Kit Cat brand decreased and was eventually discontinued . The original four - finger bar was developed after a worker at Rowntree 's York Factory put a suggestion in a recommendation box for a snack that `` a man could take to work in his pack '' . The bar launched on 29 August 1935 , under the title of Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp ( priced at 2d ) , and was sold in London and throughout Southern England . The product 's official title of Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp was renamed Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp in 1937 , the same year that Kit Kat began to incorporate `` Break '' into its recognisable advertising strategy . The colour scheme and first flavour variation to the brand came in 1942 , owing to World War II , when food shortages prompted an alteration in the recipe . The flavour of Kit Kat was changed to dark chocolate ; the packaging abandoned its Chocolate Crisp title , and was adorned in blue . After the war the title was altered to Kit Kat and resumed its original milk recipe and red packaging . 4 - finger US Kit Kat Following on from its success in the United Kingdom , in the 1940s Kit Kat was exported to Canada , South Africa , Ireland , Australia , and New Zealand . In 1958 , Donald Gilles , the executive at JWT Orland , created the iconic advertising line `` Have a Break , Have a Kit Kat '' . The brand further expanded in the 1970s when Rowntree created a new distribution factory in Germany to meet European demand , and established agreements to distribute the brand in the USA and Japan through the Hershey and Fujiya companies , respectively . In June 1988 , Swiss company Nestlé acquired Kit Kat through the purchase of Rowntree 's . This gave Nestlé global control over the brand , except in the US , and production and distribution increased with new facilities in Japan and additional manufacturing operations set up in Malaysia , India and China . The Hershey Company has a licence to produce Kit Kat bars in the United States which dates from 1970 , when Hershey executed a licensing agreement with Rowntree . Nestlé , which has a substantial presence in the US , had to honour the licensing agreement when it bought Rowntree in 1988 which allowed Hershey to retain the Kit Kat licence so long as Hershey was not sold . As Kit Kat is one of Hershey 's top five brands in the US market , the Kit Kat licence was a key factor in Hershey 's failed attempt to attract a serious buyer in 2002 . Variants in the traditional chocolate bar first appeared in 1996 when Kit Kat Orange , the first flavour variant , was introduced in the United Kingdom . Its success was followed by several varieties including mint and caramel , and in 1999 Kit Kat Chunky was launched and received favourably by international consumers . Variations on the traditional Kit Kat have continued to develop throughout the 2000s . In 2000 , Nestlé acquired Fujiya 's share of the brand in Japan , and also expanded its marketplace in Japan , Russia , Turkey , and Venezuela , in addition to markets in Eastern and Central Europe . Throughout the decade Kit Kat has introduced dozens of flavours and line extensions within specific consumer markets , and celebrated its 75th anniversary on 10 October 2009 . The traditional bar has four fingers which each measure approximately 1 centimetre ( 0.4 in ) by 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) . A two - finger bar was launched in the 1930s , and has remained the company 's best - selling biscuit brand ever since . The 1999 Kit Kat Chunky ( known as Big Kat and Kit Kat Extra Crispy in the US ) has one large finger approximately 2.5 centimetres ( 1 in ) wide . Kit Kat bars contain varying numbers of fingers depending on the market , ranging from the half - finger sized Kit Kat Petit in Japan , to the three - fingered variants in Arabia , to the twelve - finger family - size bars in Australia and France . Kit Kat bars are sold individually and in bags , boxes and multi-packs . In Ireland , France , the UK and America Nestlé also produces a Kit Kat ice cream , and in Australia and Malaysia , Kit Kat Drumsticks . In 2010 , a new £ 5 million manufacturing line was opened by Nestlé in York . This will produce more than a billion Kit Kat bars each year . Global confection ( edit ) Countries where Kit Kat is marketed . Kit Kat bars are produced in 16 countries by Nestlé : Brazil , Mexico , UK , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Germany , Russia , Japan , China , Malaysia , Thailand , India , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Bulgaria and Algeria . Kit Kat bars in the United States are produced under licence by The Hershey Company , a Nestlé competitor , due to a prior licensing agreement with Rowntree . The year 2003 was a turning point for the Kit Kat bar as well as the confectionery industry in general . The popularity of low carb diets and the push to healthier eating stifled sales growth in many parts of the world . In addition , fierce competition from Cadbury 's newly formed Dairy Milk superbrand also contributed to sales of the Kit Kat decreasing considerably in its home market of the UK , and threatened to depose it from its No. 1 position . The solution adopted by Nestlé and others was to increase dramatically the number of new and unique variations of their confections and market them as limited or special editions , whereby they would usually only be available for a few months at a time so as not to impact the sales of their permanent edition counterparts . The strategy initially reversed the decline of the Kit Kat and has been adopted worldwide by Nestlé , Hershey , Mars and others with similar success . This has resulted in many new flavours and varieties of the Kit Kat and other confections appearing globally since then . While some flavours have been hits , many have flopped , alienating some consumers in the process , causing Nestlé to scale back on new releases . In September 2006 , Nestlé announced that they would be cutting 645 jobs in their York factory and moving Smarties production to their Hamburg factory in which two thirds of production was already taking place . They stated that this move would allow for a £ 20 million investment to modernise the antiquated York factory and improve Kit Kat production . As dark chocolate has seen increased demand and favour worldwide because of its purported health benefits , September 2006 saw the launch of the four - finger Kit Kat Fine Dark in the UK as a permanent edition , as well as new packaging for the entire brand . Hershey had sold the four - finger Kit Kat Dark in the US several years previously as a limited edition , and has begun doing so again . Nestlé now manufactures two finger Kit Kats with natural flavourings , and for the first time , Kit Kats in this format are suitable for vegans . It is not known at this date whether or not other varieties will follow suit . In 2014 , Kit Kat was ranked the third best selling chocolate bar in the UK , after Dairy Milk and Galaxy . Design ( edit ) The US packaging When first introduced , the original Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp bar had a red wrapper , which briefly became blue between 1945 -- 1947 . As a result of milk shortages after the end of World War II , the milk chocolate coating was suspended and a dark chocolate was used instead during that period . Since its introduction in the 1970s , the Hershey 's Kit Kat packaging and advertising in the United States differed from the branding used in every other country where it was sold . In 2002 , Hershey Kit Kats adopted the slanted ellipse logo used worldwide by Nestlé , though the ellipse was red and the text white . The US version of `` Kit Kat Chunky '' is known as `` Big Kat '' . In the United Kingdom , the product has traditionally been wrapped in silver foil and an outer paper band . In 2001 , flow wrap plastic was substituted as the confectionery 's packaging . In Norway , a similar product is manufactured by Mondelēz International and sold as Kvikk Lunsj ; Kvikk Lunsj XXL is similar to a Kit Kat Chunky . Marketing and promotion ( edit ) After launching in the 1930s , Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp was originally advertised as `` the biggest little meal '' and `` the best companion to a cup of tea '' . During World War II , Kit Kat was depicted as a valuable wartime foodstuff , with the slogan `` what active people need '' . ' Kitty the Kat ' arrived in the late 1940s to emphasise the `` rich full cream milk '' qualities of the bar and , thanks to contemporary improvements in production methods , also highlighted the new and improved ' snap ' by responding to a biscuit being broken off screen . The first Kit Kat poster appeared in 1951 , and the first colour TV advertisement appeared in 1969 . Since 1958 , the slogan for the Kit Kat in the UK and elsewhere has been `` Have a break ... have a Kit Kat '' . However , in 1995 , Nestlé sought to trademark the `` Have a break '' portion . After a ten - year legal battle , which was contested by rival Mars , the European Court of Justice ruled on 7 July 2005 to send the case back to the British courts . In 2004 , Nestlé UK used the slogan `` Make the most of your break '' , but later returned to the original slogan . The United States also used the short - lived slogan , `` Tastes So Good , You 'll Roar '' , in the early 1980s . The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat bars in a grocery store , and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently , knocking items from the shelves . Another short - lived US slogan was `` That 's What You Want '' , whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses , before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat . The `` classic '' American version of the `` Gimme a Break '' Kit Kat jingle ( in use in the US since 1986 ) was written by Ken Shuldman ( copy ) and Michael A. Levine ( music ) for the DDB Advertising Agency . Versions of the original have been covered by Carrie Underwood , Shawn Colvin , and many studio singers , as well as people who have appeared on - camera in the commercials . The jingle was cited in a study by University of Cincinnati researcher James J. Kellaris as one of the top ten `` earworms '' -- bits of melody that become stuck in your head . Another version of the advertising jingle ' Gimme a break ' created for Kit Kat `` Factory '' commercial in the US was an original recording by Andrew W.K. W.K. was hired to write a new musical version for their `` Gimme a break '' slogan . Variations on the Andrew W.K. advertisement included executive dance routines in corporate offices and a network newsroom . However , the `` classic '' song has also been used again since the newer version first aired in 2004 . A 1989 United Kingdom advertisement for Kit Kat , in which a zoo photographer `` takes a break '' from waiting for pandas to appear in an enclosure and misses them performing a dance routine , came in 30th in Channel 4 's `` 100 Greatest Adverts '' poll in 2000 . The Maltese tour boat MV Lady Davinia had a distinctive red and white Kit Kat paint scheme before she sank in 2008 . In late 2004 through to the end of 2006 , Nestlé Rowntree sponsored the English football club York City F.C. . As a result , the club 's home - ground , Bootham Crescent , was renamed to KitKat Crescent . In an 2012 advertising campaign in the UK and Ireland , several new flavours of Chunky Kit Kat were marketed , with consumers being asked to vote for their favourite . Selecting from white chocolate , double chocolate , peanut butter , and orange , Peanut butter was the winner by having 47 % of votes . A similar campaign occurred in 2013 with mint , coconut , hazelnut and chocolate fudge . Association with Android ( edit ) In September 2013 , it was announced that version 4.4 of Google 's Android mobile operating system would be named `` KitKat '' . Google licensed the name from Nestlé , with no money changing hands . A promotion ran in numerous countries with specially branded Android Kit Kat bars to win Nexus 7 devices and Google Play Store credit . A Kitkat bar statue in Googleplex Headquarters Fairtrade ( edit ) In December 2009 , it was announced that the four finger variety of Kit Kat would use Fairtrade chocolate ( at least in Britain and Ireland ) from January 2010 . It has also been announced that the Fairtrade Kit Kat promotion will be extended to the finger edition as of January 2010 . Golden ticket draw ( edit ) During the first three weeks of Big Brother Series 7 , Channel 4 conducted a promotion in conjunction with Nestlé to distribute 100 `` golden tickets '' randomly throughout Kit Kats , in a style reminiscent of the story Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Members of the public finding these tickets were permitted to use them to give themselves a chance to become a Big Brother housemate and bypass the standard auditions process . Golden ticket holders were invited to a television show where one of them , Susie Verrico , was chosen to enter the House by Aisleyne Horgan - Wallace , picking a ball out of a machine at random . This contest caused some controversy , with the Advertising Standards Authority saying that the terms and conditions of the draw should have been made clearer in related advertisements , and that an independent adjudicator should have been present before and during the draw . Varieties ( edit ) Flavours ( edit ) Many varieties of Kit Kat have existed , either permanently or as limited editions , such as those sold to commemorate festivals such as St. Valentine 's Day . In Japan , Nestlé has introduced over 200 different flavours since 2000 , including ginger ale , soy sauce , creme brulee , green tea , sake , and banana . The flavours are designed to appeal to younger buyers , and are often bought as good - luck gifts as the brand name echoes the Japanese phrase `` Kitto Katsu '' , roughly translating as `` surely win . '' The Kit Kat Orange was the first flavour variant to be introduced in the United Kingdom , in 1996 and 1998 in Ireland . It was followed in 1997 by the Kit Kat Dark and Kit Kat Mint . All three were available as permanent editions of the two - finger multipack in the United Kingdom , along with the Kit Kat Original , the Kit Kat White , and from 2012 the Kit Kat Cookies & Cream . A wide variety of promotional items exist , ranging from traditional merchandise ( such as mugs , pens , oven gloves and tea - towels ) to less common items such as coats for small dogs . Recently in Japan , Kit Kats have come packaged with CD singles , and a special limited edition double pack of Kit Kat Crispy Monogatari came bundled with a mini book featuring six short stories , one of which was written by Koji Suzuki , author of the Ring cycle series . In Japan , Kit Kats are also available in jars that are dispensed from vending machines . Forms ( edit ) Kit Kat varieties : Pop Choc , regular and Chunky ( or Big Kat ) The ' standard ' Kit Kat finger bars can come in a variety of presentations and nutritional values . The bars can come in a miniature form of two finger mini bars , or a larger standard four , or in some cases , three , fingered bars . The standard size has been upgraded in several cases up to a ' monster Size ' bar , which can include up to five or eight fingers . Large single - fingered `` Chunky Kit Kats '' were launched in the United Kingdom in 1998 and have been sold in a variety of flavours . Other forms and shapes include `` Choc'n'Go '' individually wrapped fingers from France , a twelve - finger `` Family Block which is available in New Zealand , '' in Australia , round bite - sized `` Pop Choc '' pieces , square `` Kubes '' , praline - filled `` Senses '' , a yoghurt with Kit Kat pieces , and a Kit Kat ice cream cone . In the 1980s , a Kit Kat with five shorter fingers was sold in vending machines in the UK . The Japanese Bake ' N Tasty Mini Kit Kats Custard Pudding Flavour was launched in 2014 . The bar must be baked in an oven before consumption , and the surface sugar caramelises in the process . In 2015 , a new luxury and giftable variant of Kit Kat called Kit Kat Rubies was launched in Malaysia . Comes with the box of 20 small bars , the Kit Kat Rubies bar made with the premium chocolate truffle cream and imported roasted hazelnut pieces . As of 2017 , U.S. variants include the standard and king - size four - finger bars , standard bars covered with white or dark chocolate , snack - size orange - covered bars for Halloween , bagged wrapped one - finger miniatures ( original and assorted ) , unwrapped minis , a redesigned Big Kat , and a king - size Big Kat ( two of the new Big Kat bars ) . Chocolatory Melbourne ( edit ) Kit Kat has opened a Chocolatory in the Melbourne Central Shopping Centre in Melbourne , Australia . The dedicated shop allows customers to use touch screens to craft their own Kit Kat from a selection of chocolates and ingredients which are then created for them on site while they wait . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) In March 2010 , Kit Kat was targeted for a boycott by Greenpeace for using palm oil , which the environmental organisation claimed resulted in destruction of forest habitats for orangutans in Indonesia . A YouTube video by Greenpeace went viral and Nestlé announced a partnership with The Forest Trust to establish `` responsible sourcing guidelines '' and ensure that its products did not have a deforestation footprint . They aimed to achieve a fully sustainable method of palm oil harvesting by 2015 . Kit Kat Milk Chocolate is made for the North American market with the ingredient PGPR ( polyglycerol polyricinoleate , E476 , AKA Palsgaard PGPR 4150 ) , which is used to reduce the amount of cocoa butter needed and as an emulsifier . The FDA has determined it to be safe for humans in amounts up to 7.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight . `` Liver and kidney enlargement was noticed at much higher doses . '' Ingredients ( edit ) Original Kit Kat ingredients unless otherwise stated , listed by decreasing weight : milk chocolate ( sugar , milk ingredients , cocoa butter , cocoa mass , whey powder , lactose , soya lecithin , polyglycerol polyricinoleate , natural flavour ) , wheat flour , sugar , modified palm oil , cocoa , sodium bicarbonate , soya lecithin , yeast , and natural flavour . Europe ( edit ) Milk chocolate ( 66 % ) ( sugar , cocoa butter , cocoa mass , dried whole milk , cocoa mass , lactose and proteins from whey , whey powder , emulsifier ( sunflower lecithin ) , butterfat , flavouring ) , wheat flour , sugar , vegetable fat , cocoa mass , yeast , raising agent ( sodium bicarbonate ) , salt , emulsifier ( soya lecithin ) , flavourings . In 2006 , the UK four - finger Kit Kat contained 233 dietary calories ( kcal ) ( 975 kilojoules ) . In 2009 , the two - finger Kit Kat contained 107 calories . In 2013 , the UK Kit Kat Chunky contained 247 calories which reduced to 207 calories in 2015 . This correlated to a reduction in weight by 19 % from 48 g to 40 g . United States ( edit ) Hershey 's Kit Kat Crisp Wafers in Chocolate ( 1 oz ) Sugar , wheat flour , cocoa butter , nonfat milk , chocolate , refined palm kernel oil , lactose ( milk ) , milk fat , contains 2 % or less of : soy lecithin , PGPR ( emulsifier ) , yeast , artificial flavor , salt , and sodium bicarbonate . Canada ( edit ) Milk chocolate ( sugar , modified milk ingredients , cocoa butter , cocoa mass , whey powder , lactose , soya lecithin , polyglycerol polyricinoleate , natural flavour ) , wheat flour , sugar , modified palm oil , cocoa , sodium bicarbonate , soya lecithin , yeast , Natural Flavour . Dark form ( edit ) Dark chocolate ( sugar , unsweetened chocolate , cocoa butter , milk ingredients , soya lecithin , salt , artificial flavour ) , wheat flour , sugar , modified palm oil , unsweetened chocolate or cocoa powder , sodium bicarbonate , soya lecithin , artificial flavour . May contain salt and / or yeast . Asia ( edit ) Nestlé has factories in various locations in China , to supply to China and Hong Kong . During the 2008 Chinese milk scandal , where melamine was found to have tainted some milk suppliers in China , importers in Hong Kong chose to import bars manufactured in the United Kingdom . See also ( edit ) Kit Kats in Japan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nestlé UK Website - History of Rowntree '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . 1988 -- Nestlé SA buys Rowntree plc . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the name Kit Kat '' . Nestlé . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . OUP USA . ISBN 9780199734962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy 75th birthday Kit Kat ) Nestlé '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KitKat 's 75th anniversary heralded '' . The Press . Christchurch , New Zealand : Fairfax Media . 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Kit Kat '' . Nestlé . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Turns 75 '' . Stevenage , England : Popsop. 11 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Celebrates Its 75th Anniversary '' . Net News Publisher. 12 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nestlé quiet on Hershey sale '' . Confectionery News . William Reed Business Media . 5 August 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( 27 August 2002 ) . `` Possible buyers , seller far apart on Hershey sale / Price and politics are obstacles '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : Hearst Communications . New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nestlé 's new UK wafer line to boost Kit Kat production '' . Nestlé. 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fat profits : Choc tactics '' . BBC News . 24 March 2004 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Consumers ' snub unhealthy brands ' '' . BBC News . London : British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 December 2003 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Uhlig , Robert ( 19 February 2004 ) . `` Cheesecake Kit Kat ? Give us a break '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Group . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lemon Yoghurt Boosts Kit Kat '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ `` Limited Editions Are Latest Candy Craze '' . ABC News . 18 July 2005 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( 2 May 2005 ) . `` Limited - edition candies sweeten the marketplace '' . The Boston Globe . Boston : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 645 jobs lost as Nestlé ships Smarties abroad '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hersheys Product Locator '' . The Hershey Company . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 selling chocolate bars in the UK '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 28 December 2014 Jump up ^ Suzy Bashford `` BRAND HEALTH CHECK : Kit kat '' , Marketing , 14 June 2001 Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat slogan dispute sent back to U.K. courts '' . International Herald Tribune . La Défense , France : The New York Times Company . 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marinovich , Slaven ( 6 June 2005 ) . `` Kit Kat barred '' . Brand Channel . Interbrand . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City stadium takes sponsor 's name '' . BBC News . London : British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Android KitKat '' . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Android KitKat unveiled in Google surprise move '' . BBC News Online . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . ' This is not a money - changing - hands kind of deal , ' John Lagerling , director of Android global partnerships , told the BBC . Jump up ^ `` Google : Next Android mobile software version dubbed ' KitKat ' '' . Press Trust of India . San Francisco : The Hindu . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Nestlé 's Kit Kat goes Fairtrade '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Group . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Andrew ( 12 December 2009 ) . `` Not so fair trade '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News & Media . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contest slammed again '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ivine , Dean ( 2 February 2013 ) . `` How did Kit Kat become king of candy in Japan ? '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Kit Kat Kaleidoscope : Far - Out Flavours From Japan '' . npr.com . Washington , D.C. : NPR . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryall , Julian ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` Exam fever gives Japan a craving for Kit Kat '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Group . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Viveur : Tuck Off '' . Ben Viveur. 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lam , Charles . `` Kit Kats You Can Bake Coming to ... Japan '' . ocweekly.com . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tey , Kelly ( 3 January 2015 ) . `` Rolling out delicious ' rubies ' '' . thestar.com.my . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Products '' . Hershey.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.kitkat.com.au/ Jump up ^ Poynton , Scott ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Dancing With Devils '' . The Huffington Post . New York : AOL . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Paul ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Greenpeace , Nestlé in battle over Kit Kat viral '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nestlé committed to traceable sustainable palm oil to ensure no - deforestation '' . Nestlé. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KIT KAT Milk Chocolate '' . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers overlook cocoa butter savings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` GRAS Notice 000466 : polyricinoleic acid '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` KIT KAT Collection '' . Nestlé . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A low calorie treat from KitKat '' . Easier. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kit Kat . 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Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Nestlé Tower Toll House cookies International Code of Marketing of Breast - milk Substitutes Nescafé Basement Currently manufactured by General Mills in the United States and Canada . Produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand elsewhere . Brand owned by General Mills ; US and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license . US production rights owned by The Hershey Company . Canadian production rights owned by The Hershey Company . US rights and production owned by Smarties Candy Company , with a different product . US rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé ; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods . Produced by Cereal Partners , branded as Nestlé . Produced by Cereal Partners , and Branded Nestlé in The United Kingdom , and Ireland . Produced by Post Foods , elsewhere . Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation . Used only in Indonesia , Thailand , and Cambodia . Used only in the Philippines . Used only in Brazil . Commons The Hershey Company Milton S. Hershey Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Entertainment Group Hersheypark ZooAmerica North American Wildlife Park Giant Center Hersheypark Stadium Hershey Bears Hersheypark Arena Hershey Theatre Hershey Nursery Hershey Laundry & Dry Cleaning Resorts Group The Hotel Hershey Hershey Lodge The Spa At The Hotel Hershey MeltSpa by Hershey Hershey Country Club Hersheypark Camping Resort The Hershey Company Chocolate - based products 5th Avenue Air Delight Almond Joy Bar None Bliss Brookside Cadbury Creme Egg 3 Cadbury Dairy Milk 3 Cherry Blossom Cookies ' n ' Creme Cookies ' n ' Mint Dagoba Glosette Heath bar Hershey bar Hershey - ets Hershey 's Drops Hershey 's Gold Hershey 's Kisses Hershey 's Kissables Hershey 's Miniatures Hershey 's S'mores Hershey 's Special Dark Kit Kat2 Krackel Milk Duds Mini Eggs 3 Mounds Mr. Goodbar NutRageous Oh Henry ! 1 Rally Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Sticks Reese 's Whipps Rolo 2 Scharffen Berger Skor Snack Barz Swoops Symphony Take 5 ( Max 5 ) United States military chocolate Whatchamacallit Whoppers York Peppermint Pattie Other products Bubble Yum Good & Plenty Good & Fruity Ice Breakers Jolly Rancher Koolerz Lancaster Soft Crèmes PayDay Twizzlers Zagnut ZERO Italics indicates discontinued products Hershey Trust Company Milton Hershey School Trust Hershey Cemetery Trust The M.S. 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Hershey Medical Center Hershey , PA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Kat&oldid=815636432 '' Categories : Brand name biscuits ( British style ) Brand name confectionery British confectionery Nestlé brands The Hershey Company brands Products introduced in 1935 Rowntree 's brands Yorkshire cuisine Fair trade brands Kosher food Candy bars Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from October 2015 EngvarB from October 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is a kitkat a chocolate bar or a biscuit | [
"Kit Kat is a chocolate-covered wafer bar confection created by Rowntree's of York, United Kingdom, and is now produced globally by Nestlé, which acquired Rowntree in 1988,[1] with the exception of the United States where it is made under license by H.B. Reese Candy Company, a division of The Hershey Company. The standard bars consist of two or four fingers composed of three layers of wafer, separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. There are many different flavours of Kit Kat, including milk, white, and dark chocolate."
] | [
"bar"
] |
8060862638306403001 | List of countries by minimum driving age | List of countries by minimum Driving age - wikipedia List of countries by minimum Driving age The minimum driving age is the minimum age at which a person may obtain a driver 's licence to lawfully drive a motor vehicle on public roads . That age is determined by and for each jurisdiction and is most commonly set at 18 years of age , but learner drivers may be permitted on the road at an earlier age under supervision . Before reaching the minimum age for a driver 's licence or anytime afterwards , the person wanting the licence would normally be tested for driving ability and knowledge of road rules before being issued with a licence , provided he or she is above the minimum driving age . Countries with the lowest driving ages ( 17 and below ) are Canada , El Salvador , Iceland , Israel , India , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , the United Kingdom ( Mainland ) , United States and Zimbabwe . In several jurisdictions in the United States and Canada , drivers can be as young as 14 . Most jurisdictions recognise driver 's licences issued by another jurisdiction , which may result in a young person who obtains a licence in a jurisdiction with a low minimum driving age being permitted to drive in a jurisdiction which normally has a higher driving age . The minimum age may vary depending on vehicle type . This list refers to the minimum driving age for a motor vehicle with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3,500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver ( not including a trailer ) . Contents 1 Africa 2 Americas 2.1 North America 2.2 Central America 2.3 South America 2.4 Caribbean 3 Asia 3.1 Middle East 3.2 South Asia 3.3 East Asia 3.4 Southeast Asia 4 Europe 4.1 European driving licence area 4.2 Rest of Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References Africa ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Algeria 18 Cameroon 16 Ethiopia 18 Egypt 18 Ghana 18 Kenya 18 Lesotho 18 Libya 18 Mali 18 Mauritania 18 Mauritius 15 ( autocycles ) , 17 ( motorcycles ) , 18 ( cars ) Mayotte 18 Morocco 18 Mozambique 18 Namibia 18 Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Réunion ( France ) 18 Senegal 18 South Africa 17 The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg . 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license , to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year . Yet to obtain an actual drivers license , the age is 18 years old . Swaziland 18 Tanzania 18 Tunisia 18 Zambia 16 Zimbabwe 16 Americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Canada 16 in most provinces 14 in Alberta See also : Driving licence in Canada Mexico 15 ( with parental supervision ) , 16 ( with parental agreement ) , 18 United States 14 -- 16 ( for permit ) 14 , 3 months -- 17 ( for restricted license ) varies between states See also : Driver 's license in the United States Central America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Costa Rica 18 El Salvador 15 Guatemala 16 ( with parental approval ) , 18 Honduras 18 Nicaragua 18 Panama 16 ( with approval ) , 18 South america ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Argentina 17 21 is the minimum age to drive a truck , bus or emergency vehicle . 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped ( without passengers ) Bolivia 18 Brazil 18 Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat . ' B ' for at least one year before applying for a professional license . ' C ' category are usually for load trucks , ' D ' for buses and trucks and ' E ' for articulated vehicles . Chile 17 ( with parental approval ) , 18 , 20 ( professional license ) Colombia 16 Ecuador 18 French Guiana 18 Guyana 17 Paraguay 18 Peru 18 Suriname 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18 Caribbean ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Anguilla 18 Bahamas 17 Cuba 18 Dominican Republic 16 Guadeloupe 18 Jamaica 18 Martinique 18 Netherlands Antilles 18 Puerto Rico 16 ( with learner 's permit ) Saint Barthélemy 18 Saint Martin 18 Trinidad and Tobago 17 St. Kitts and Nevis 17 ( for permit ) , 18 ( for license ) US Virgin Islands 16 ( with learner 's permit ) , 18 Asia ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Bahrain 18 Iran 18 Iraq 16 for motorcycles 18 for cars Israel 16y for motorcycles 16y9months for cars Jordan 18 Kuwait 18 Lebanon 18 Oman 18 Palestine 18 Qatar 18 Saudi Arabia 18 for cars 16 for motorcycles 17 for temporary permit for cars Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017 . Syria 18 United Arab Emirates 18 Yemen 18 South Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Afghanistan 18 Bangladesh 18 India 16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc 18 for geared bikes , cars and commercial vehicles 20 for heavy vehicles Nepal 18 Pakistan 18 Sri Lanka 18 East Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes China 18 Hong Kong 18 Special Administrative Region of China Japan 16 ( motorcycles under 400cc ) 18 ( Ordinary / Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc ) See also : Driving licence in Japan Macau 18 Special Administrative Region of China South Korea 18 for motorbikes over 125cc 16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc 19 for commercial license See also : Driving license in South Korea Taiwan 18 Southeast Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Brunei 18 Burma 18 Cambodia 18 Indonesia 17 Laos 18 Malaysia 16 ( Motorcycles / B2 , B ) , 17 ( Light Vehicles / D ) , 21 ( Commercial Vehicles / E ) Philippines 16 ( Student Permit ) ; 18 ( non-professional & professional driver 's license ) Singapore 18 Thailand 15 ( Motorcycles ) , 18 ( Cars ) Vietnam 18 Europe ( edit ) Minimum driving age in Europe : Minimum driving age is 18 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 17 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 17 Minimum driving age is 17 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 16 ( only Isle of Man ) European Driving licence area ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Austria 18 for cars 15 for mopeds ( 17 with special training ) Belgium 18 See also : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 17 See also : Driving licence in Cyprus Czech Republic 18 Denmark 17 for cars 15 for mopeds The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18 . Estonia 16 ( 14 for mopeds ) Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Finland 18 for cars , but 16 after 1.7. 2018 15 for mopeds and micro cars See also : Driving licence in Finland France 15 Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 Germany 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Gibraltar 17 Greece 18 Hungary 17 Iceland 16 Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 17 . Ireland 17 16 for work vehicles , tractors etc. and mopeds < 45 km / h Italy 17 17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1 / B1 licence . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Latvia 18 for cars 14 for mopeds Liechtenstein 18 Lithuania 18 Luxembourg 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Malta 18 Netherlands 17 for cars 16 for mopeds and tractors See also : Driving licence in the Netherlands Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Driving lessons available at 161⁄2 . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Norway 18 for cars 16 for mopeds and light motorcycles See also : Driving licence in Norway Poland 18 See also : Driving licence in Poland Portugal 18 for cars 16 for motorcycles Romania 18 Slovakia 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Slovenia 16 for cars and motorcycles Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Spain 15 for mopeds and quads 16 for motorcycles up to 125cc 18 for general license Sweden 18 for cars 15 / 16 for mopeds and tractors See also : Driving licence in Sweden Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Switzerland 18 United Kingdom 17 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and tractors ) See also : Driving licence in the United Kingdom Rest of Europe ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia 18 Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 16 - mopeds ( AM ) , < 125cc / 11 kW motorcycles ( A1 ) ; 17 - < 80 kW wheeled tractors and self - propelled machines ( A ) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors , SPMs and bulldozers ( C ) ; 18 - all kinds of motorcycles ( A ) , cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses ( B ) , trucks with light trailers ( C ) , all kinds of wheeled tractors ( B ) , SPMs ( D ) , special vehicles ( E ) and < 1m excavators ( F ) ; 21 - buses for more than 8 passengers ( D ) , cars , trucks and buses with heavy trailers ( BE , CE , DE ) , trams ( F ) and trolleybuses ( I ) . Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 Georgia 17 Guernsey 17 Isle of Man 16 Jersey 17 Kosovo 17 Macedonia 18 ( 16 with parental supervision ) Moldova 18 Monaco 18 Montenegro 18 Northern Cyprus 18 See also : Driving licence in Northern Cyprus Russia 18 ( 16 for motorcycles ) San Marino 18 Serbia 18 ( 17 with adult supervision ) Turkey 18 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and light - motorcycles ) Ukraine 18 Oceania ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes American Samoa 16 Australia 15y9months ( ACT ) 16 ( All other states and territories ) See also : Driving licence in Australia Learner drivers may drive , under qualified supervision from the minimum age set in each state or territory . Fiji 17 Guam 16 Marshall Islands 18 New Zealand 16 See also : Driving licence in New Zealand The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16 . The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence , without any supervision or conditions , is 171⁄2 years if a driver completes an advanced driving course . Without an advanced driving course , the minimum age is 18 , the same as a heavy vehicle licence . Northern Mariana Islands 15y6months Papua New Guinea 18 Tonga 18 See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Voting age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Driving in Ethiopia '' . Adcidl.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Egypt - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ghana - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` KRA - Driving Licenses '' . www.kra.go.ke . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland - James Bainbridge - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Mauritius Police Force - Application for Driving Licence '' . Mauritius Police Force . 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Jump up ^ `` Italy and San Marino : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Driving Guide '' ( in Turkish ) . Economy Car Hire . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ukraine - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in American Samoa '' . Adcidl.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport Authority - `` Steering Fiji Safely '' `` . Ltafiji.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Transportation in Fiji - Jasons Fiji '' . Jasons.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Highway Safety Laws '' . Ghsa.org . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Islands Travel Tips '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your car licence '' . Nzta.govt.nz . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Class 2 licence '' . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Mariana Islands Highway Safety Laws '' . Ghsa.org . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tonga -- Travel Tips '' . iExplore . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . 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-7203810564329757741 | Rock art | Rock art - wikipedia Rock art Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Art rock . Petroglyph attributed to Classic Vernal Style , Fremont archaeological culture , eastern Utah , USA . Reclining Buddha at Gal Vihara , Sri Lanka . The remains of the image house that originally enclosed it can be seen . In archaeology , rock art is human - made markings placed on natural stone ; it is largely synonymous with parietal art . A global phenomenon , rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world . It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history , although the majority of rock art that has been ethnographically recorded has been produced as a part of ritual . Such artworks are often divided into three forms : petroglyphs , which are carved into the rock surface , pictographs , which are painted onto the surface , and earth figures , formed on the ground . The oldest known rock art dates from the Upper Palaeolithic period , having been found in Europe , Australia , Asia and Africa . Archaeologists studying these artworks believe that they likely had magico - religious significance . The archaeological sub-discipline of rock art studies first developed in the late - 19th century among Francophone scholars studying the Upper Palaeolithic rock art found in the cave systems of Western Europe . Rock art continues to be of importance to indigenous peoples in various parts of the world , who view them as both sacred items and significant components of their cultural patrimony . Such archaeological sites are also significant sources of cultural tourism , and have been utilised in popular culture for their aesthetic qualities . Normally found in literate cultures , a rock relief or rock - cut relief is a relief sculpture carved on solid or `` living rock '' such as a cliff , rather than a detached piece of stone . They are a category of rock art , and sometimes found in conjunction with rock - cut architecture . However , they tend to be omitted in most works on rock art , which concentrate on engravings and paintings by prehistoric peoples . A few such works exploit the natural contours of the rock and use them to define an image , but they do not amount to man - made reliefs . Rock reliefs have been made in many cultures , and were especially important in the art of the Ancient Near East . Rock reliefs are generally fairly large , as they need to be to make an impact in the open air . Most have figures that are over life - size , and in many the figures are multiples of life - size . Stylistically they normally relate to other types of sculpture from the culture and period concerned , and except for Hittite and Persian examples they are generally discussed as part of that wider subject . The vertical relief is most common , but reliefs on essentially horizontal surfaces are also found . The term typically excludes relief carvings inside caves , whether natural or themselves man - made , which are especially found in India . Natural rock formations made into statues or other sculpture in the round , most famously at the Great Sphinx of Giza , are also usually excluded . Reliefs on large boulders left in their natural location , like the Hittite İmamkullu relief , are likely to be included , but smaller boulders may be called stelae or carved orthostats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Background 3 Types 3.1 Pictographs 3.2 Petroglyphs 3.3 Earth Figures 4 Motifs and panels 5 Interpretation and Use 5.1 Religious interpretations 6 Regional variations 6.1 Europe 6.2 Africa 6.3 The Americas 6.4 Asia 6.5 Australia 7 Rock Art Studies 7.1 History 7.2 International Databases and Archives 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology ( edit ) Buddhist stone carvings at Ili River , Kazakhstan . The term rock art appears in the published literature as early as the 1940s . It has also been described as `` rock carvings '' , `` rock drawings '' , `` rock engravings '' , `` rock inscriptions '' , `` rock paintings '' , `` rock pictures '' , `` rock records '' `` rock sculptures. , Background ( edit ) The defining characteristic of rock art is that it is placed on natural rock surfaces ; in this way it is distinct from artworks placed on constructed walls or free - standing sculpture . As such , rock art is a form of landscape art , and includes designs that have been placed on boulder and cliff faces , cave walls and ceilings , and on the ground surface . Rock art is a global phenomenon , being found in many different regions of the world . There are various forms of rock art . These include pictographs , which were painted or drawn onto the panel ( rock surface ) , petroglyphs , which were carved or engraved onto the panel , and earth figures such as earthforms , intaglios and geoglyphs . Some archaeologists also consider pits and grooves in the rock , known as cups , rings or cupules , as a form of rock art . Although there are exceptions , the majority of rock art whose creation was ethnographically recorded had been produced during rituals . As such , the study of rock art is a component of the archaeology of religion . Rock art serves multiple purposes in the contemporary world . In several regions , it remains spiritually important to indigenous peoples , who view it as a significant component of their cultural patrimony . It also serves as an important source of cultural tourism , and hence as economic revenue in certain parts of the world . As such , images taken from cave art have appeared on memorabilia and other artefacts sold as a part of the tourist industry . Types ( edit ) Pictographs ( edit ) Pictographs are paintings or drawings that have been placed onto the rock face . Such artworks have typically been made with mineral earths and other natural compounds found across much of the world . The predominantly used colours are red , black and white . Red paint is usually attained through the use of ground ochre , while black paint is typically composed of charcoal , or sometimes from minerals such as manganese . White paint is usually created from natural chalk , kaolinite clay or diatomaceous earth . Once the pigments had been obtained , they would be ground and mixed with a liquid , such as water , blood , urine , or egg yolk , and then applied to the stone as paint using a brush , fingers , or a stamp . Alternately , the pigment could have been applied on dry , such as with a stick of charcoal . In some societies , the paint itself has symbolic and religious meaning ; for instance , among hunter - gatherer groups in California , paint was only allowed to be traded by the group shamans , while in other parts of North America , the word for `` paint '' was the same as the word for `` supernatural spirit '' . One unusual form of pictograph , found in many , although not all rock - art producing cultures , is the hand print . There are three forms of this ; the first involves covering the hand in wet paint and then applying it to the rock . The second involves a design being painted onto the hand , which is then in turn added to the surface . The third involves the hand first being placed against the panel , with dry paint then being blown onto it through a tube , in a process that is akin to air - brush or spray - painting . The resulting image is a negative print of the hand , and is sometimes described as a `` stencil '' in Australian archaeology . Petroglyphs ( edit ) Main article : Petroglyph Petroglyphs are engravings or carvings into the rock panel . They are created with the use of a hard hammerstone , which is battered against the stone surface . In certain societies , the choice of hammerstone itself has religious significance . In other instances , the rock art is pecked out through indirect percussion , as a second rock is used like a chisel between the hammerstone and the panel . A third , rarer form of engraving rock art was through incision , or scratching , into the surface of the stone with a lithic flake or metal blade . The motifs produced using this technique are fine - lined and often difficult to see . Earth figures ( edit ) Earth figures are large designs and motifs that are created on the stone ground surface . They can be classified through their method of manufacture . Intaglios are created by scraping away the desert pavements ( pebbles covering the ground ) to reveal a negative image on the bedrock below . The best known example of such intaglio rock art is the Nazca Lines of Peru . In contrast , geoglyphs are positive images , which are created by piling up rocks on the ground surface to resulting in a visible motif or design . Motifs and panels ( edit ) Traditionally , individual markings are called motifs and groups of motifs are known as panels . Sequences of panels are treated as archaeological sites . This method of classifying rock art however has become less popular as the structure imposed is unlikely to have had any relevance to the art 's creators . Even the word ' art ' carries with it many modern prejudices about the purpose of the features . Rock art can be found across a wide geographical and temporal spread of cultures perhaps to mark territory , to record historical events or stories or to help enact rituals . Some art seems to depict real events whilst many other examples are apparently entirely abstract . Prehistoric rock depictions were not purely descriptive . Each motif and design had a `` deep significance '' that is not always understandable to modern scholars . Interpretation and use ( edit ) Religious interpretations ( edit ) In many instances , the creation of rock art was itself a ritual act . Some rock art has been interpreted to represent presumed cultural behaviors . Common features in rock art that are related to portraying shamans were bones and other skeletal remains on their coats . One reason for the bones would be that they were used as a type of armor for protecting the shaman on his journeys through different worlds . Devlet , the author of `` Rock Art and the Material Culture of Siberian and Central Asian Shamanism '' highlights , `` Another interpretation of these skeletal costume elements explains them as representations of a shaman brought back to life after the dismemberment that occurs during the initiation process : the depicted bones thus refer to the wearer 's own skeleton '' ( 43 ) . The concept of death and revival is often associated with shamans and the way they are portrayed . The bones were usually on the back of the shaman 's jacket or used on the breast - piece . In Central Asia , spiritual practitioners were depicted wearing fringed fabric . There are differences in the lengths of the fringe and where on the shaman the fringe is located . In the rock art , the fringe was usually long single strands attached to different parts of the shaman 's body . The symbolism of the fringe can be interpreted in several ways . One example is , `` The fringe on a shaman 's coat is an important element , which marks his or her ornithomorphic nature ( i.e. the ability to transform into a bird or to gain its abilities such as the capacity for flight ) '' ( Devlet 44 ) . The concept of fringe being correlated with flying was mainly used in rock art in the Altai , Tuva , and Mongolian regions . A more mainstream characteristic is the detection of the shaman 's ritualistic drum . Even though there are different types , shapes , and images painted on the shaman 's drum , it is clearly depicted in the rock art . The range of decoration used on the drums varied from simplistic to innately elaborate . The resemblance is remarkably illustrated , `` In the Altai region , images depicted on historical shamanic drums demonstrate a striking similarity with what is shown on the rock engravings '' ( Devlet 47 ) . Regional variations ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) Main article : Rock art in Europe In the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe , rock art was produced inside cave systems by the hunter - gatherer peoples who inhabited the continent . The oldest known example is the Chauvet Cave in France , although others have been located , including Lascaux in France , Alta Mira in Spain and Creswell Crags in Britain and Grotta del Genovese in Sicily . The late prehistoric rock art of Europe has been divided into three regions by archaeologists . In Atlantic Europe , the coastal seaboard on the west of the continent , which stretches from Iberia up through France and encompasses the British Isles , a variety of different rock arts were produced from the Neolithic through to the Late Bronze Age . A second area of the continent to contain a significant rock art tradition was that of Alpine Europe , with the majority of artworks being clustered in the southern slopes of the mountainous region , in what is now south - eastern France and northern Italy . Finnish Rock Art Knowth Loughcrew Newgrange Rock Drawings in Valcamonica ( World Heritage Site ) Grotta del Genovese ( Sicily ) List of rock carvings in Norway Rock carvings at Alta ( World Heritage Site ) Côa Valley Paleolithic Art ( World Heritage Site ) Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain ( World Heritage Site ) Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin ( World Heritage Site ) Tanum ( World Heritage Site ) Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Rock Art Research Centre and World Heritage Archive , situated in Tanum , Sweden . Africa ( edit ) Female figure at the Tassili n'Ajjer mountain range . Long - horned cattle and other rock art in the Laas Geel complex . Rock paintings from the Western Cape Chongoni Rock Art Area , Malawi Sites in Africa featuring rock art include : Saharan rock art : Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria -- national park and World Heritage Site , known for its 10,000 - year - old paintings . Cave of Swimmers is a cave in southwest Egypt , near the border with Libya , along the western edge of the Gilf Kebir plateau in the central Libyan Desert ( Eastern Sahara ) . It was discovered in October 1933 by the Hungarian explorer László Almásy . The site contains rock paintings of human figures who appear to be swimming , which have been estimated to have been created at least 6,000 to 7000 years ago . Cave of Beasts 10 km westwards discovered in 2002 . Jebel Uweinat , a large granite and sandstone mountain , as well as the adjacent smaller massifs of Jebel Arkenu and Jebel Kissu at the converging triple borders of Libya , Egypt and Sudan , harbors one of the richest concentrations of prehistoric rock art in the entire Sahara . The rock art here mainly consists of the Neolithic cattle pastoralist cultures , but also a number of older paintings from hunter - gatherer societies . Tadrart Acacus in Libya -- World Heritage Site South Oran in Algeria In the Horn of Africa : Dorra and Balho in Djibouti -- Rock art sites with figures of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe . Kundudo in Ethiopia -- Flat top mountain complex with rock art in a cave . Laas Geel in Somalia -- A number of cave paintings and petroglyphs can be found at various sites across the country . Among the most prominent examples of this is the rock art in Laas Geel , Dhambalin , Gaanlibah and Karinhegane . In Southern Africa : Cave paintings are found in all parts of Southern Africa that have rock overhangs with smooth surfaces . Among these sites are the cave sandstone of Natal , Orange Free State and North - Eastern Cape , the granite and Waterberg sandstone of the Northern Transvaal , and the Table Mountain sandstone of the Southern and Western Cape . UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park in South Africa -- The site has paintings dated to around 3,000 years old and which are thought to have been drawn by the San people , who settled in the area some 8,000 years ago . The rock art depicts animals and humans and is thought to represent religious beliefs . Tsodilo Hills in Botswana -- A World Heritage Site with rock art Brandberg Mountain ( Daureb ) in Namibia -- It is one of the most important rock art localities on the African continent . Most visitors only see `` The White Lady '' shelter ( which is neither white , nor a lady , the famous scene probably depicts a young boy in an initiation ceremony ) , however the upper reaches of the mountain is full of sites with prehistoric paintings , some of which rank among the finest artistic achievements of prehistory . Mwela and Adjacent Areas Rock Art Site , Zambia In the African Great Lakes : Nyero Rockpaintings , Uganda The Americas ( edit ) Nanabozho pictograph , Mazinaw Rock , Bon Echo Provincial Park , Ontario , Canada . Native American rock painting close to Douglas , Wyoming , USA . One possible interpretation of this painting is : On the left side a group of United States Army soldiers with different insignia and on the right side Native Americans are shown The oldest reliably dated rock art in the Americas is known as the `` Horny Little Man . '' It is petroglyph depicting a stick figure with an oversized phallus and carved in Lapa do Santo , a cave in central - eastern Brazil . The most important site is Serra da Capivara National Park at Piauí state . It is a UNESCO world heritage site with the largest collection in the american continent and one of the most studied . Rock paintings or pictographs are located in many areas across Canada . There are over 400 sites attributed to the Ojibway from northern Saskatchewan to the Ottawa River . Pomier Caves , Dominican Republic The Naj Tunich site in Guatemala is rich in rock art . The Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco is the name given to prehistoric rock art found in the Sierra de San Francisco region of Baja California , Mexico , created by a people referred to as Cochimi or Guachimis . There are about 250 sites which are located in the municipality of Mulegé within the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve in the state of Baja California Sur in Northern Mexico . Motifs include human figures , weapons , and animal species such as rabbit , puma , lynx , deer , wild goat / sheep , whale , turtle , tuna , sardine , octopus , eagle , and pelican ; there are also abstract elements of various forms . The paintings vary in age from 1100 BC to AD 1300 . The paintings are noted for their high quality , extent , the variety and originality of human and animal representations , remarkable colors , and excellent state of preservation . The rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco were nominated in 1989 and became a World Heritage Site in 1993 . See also Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings Pictograph Cave ( Billings , Montana ) Cañon Pintado , northwestern Colorado Chaco Culture National Historical Park Chumash rock art , Southern California Coso Rock Art District , Eastern California Nine Mile Canyon , Utah Quail rock art panel , Utah Painted Rocks , Arizona Petroglyph National Monument , New Mexico Serra da Capivara National Park , near São Raimundo Nonato , Brazil . Vale do Catimbau National Park , Pernambuco , Brazil . Localidad Rupestre de Chamangá , near Trinidad , Uruguay . Writing - on - Stone Provincial Park / Áísínai'pi National Historic Site of Canada , near Milk River , Alberta close to the Montana border ( A candidate to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) Asia ( edit ) Bhimbetka rock painting of India , World Heritage Site . ' Great King ' neolithic paintings above Malipo in Wenshan Prefecture , Yunnan Province , China . Thought to be over 4000 years old . Petroglyphs in Gobustan , Azerbaijan , dating back to 10,000 BC . Rock art in Balichakra near Yadgir town in Karnataka , India Angono Petroglyphs , the Philippines Bangudae Petroglyphs , in South Korea Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions Bhimbetka rock shelters ( World Heritage Site ) , Madhya Pradesh , India with rock art ranging from the Mesolithic to historical times Edakkal Caves , Kerala India Gavali , Udupi Gobustan National Park in Azerbaijan Hire Benakal , Karnataka Balichakra , Yadgir town in Karnataka , India Kaimur district , Bihar , India ( several sites ) Petroglyphs of Arpa - Uzen , Kazakhstan Pettakere cave , South Sulawesi , Indonesia -- hand print paintings Pha Taem in Thailand Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain in China Siypantosh Rock Paintings in Uzbekistan Sonda , Karnataka Zarautsoy Rock Paintings in Uzbekistan Rock drawings were found in December 2016 near Khomeyn , Iran , which may be the oldest drawings discovered , with one cluster possibly 40,000 years old . Accurate estimations were unavailable due to US sanctions. . See rock art in Iran . Australia ( edit ) Australian Indigenous art is the oldest unbroken tradition of art in the world . The oldest firmly dated rock art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a rock fragment found during the excavation of the Nawarla Gabarnmang rock shelter in south western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory . Dated at 28,000 years , it is one of the oldest known pieces of rock art on Earth with a confirmed date . Nawarla Gabarnmang is considered to have one of the most extensive collections of rock art in the world and predates both Lascaux and Chauvet cave art , the earliest known art in Europe by at least 10,000 years . In 2008 , rock art depicting what is thought to be a Thylacoleo was discovered on the north - western coast of the Kimberley . As the Thylacoleo is believed to have become extinct 45000 -- 46000 years ago ( Roberts et al. 2001 ) ( Gillespie 2004 ) , this suggests a similar age for the associated Bradshaw rock paintings . Archaeologist Kim Akerman however believes that the megafauna may have persisted later in refugia ( wetter areas of the continent ) as suggested by Wells ( 1985 : 228 ) and has suggested a much younger age for the paintings . Pigments from the `` Bradshaw paintings '' of the Kimberley are so old they have become part of the rock itself , making carbon dating impossible . Some experts suggest that these paintings are in the vicinity of 50,000 years old and may even predate Aboriginal settlement . Bradshaw rock paintings in the Kimberley region of Western Australia Aboriginal rock painting of Mimi spirits in the Anbangbang gallery at Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu National Park . Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory has a large collection of ochre paintings . Ochre is a not an organic material , so carbon dating of these pictures is impossible . Sometimes the approximate date , or at least an epoch , can be guessed from the content . Important rock engravings can be found in the Sydney region . Mount Grenfell Historic Site near Cobar , western New South Wales has important ancient rock drawings . The Murujuga ( Burrup Peninsula ) area of Western Australia near Karratha is estimated to be home to between 500,000 and 1 million individual engravings . Kimberley region of Western Australia . Amateur archaeologist Grahame Walsh , who researched Bradshaw rock paintings in the region from 1977 until his death in 2007 , produced a photographic database of 1.5 million Bradshaw rock paintings . Many of the Bradshaw rock paintings maintain vivid colours because they have been colonised by bacteria and fungi , such as the black fungus , Chaetothyriales . The pigments originally applied may have initiated an ongoing , symbiotic relationship between black fungi and red bacteria . Rock art studies ( edit ) The archaeological sub-discipline devoted to the investigation of rock art is known as `` rock art studies . '' Rock art specialist David S. Whitley noted that research in this area required an `` integrated effort '' that brings together archaeological theory , method , fieldwork , analytical techniques and interpretation . History ( edit ) Although French archaeologists had undertaken much research into rock art , Anglophone archaeology had largely neglected the subject for decades . The discipline of rock art studies witnessed what Whitley called a `` revolution '' during the 1980s and 1990s , as increasing numbers of archaeologists in the Anglophone world and Latin America turned their attention to the subject . In doing so , they recognised that rock art could be used to understand symbolic and religious systems , gender relations , cultural boundaries , cultural change and the origins of art and belief . One of the most significant figures in this movement was the South African archaeologist David Lewis - Williams , who published his studies of San rock art from southern Africa , in which he combined ethnographic data to reveal the original purpose of the artworks . Lewis - Williams would come to be praised for elevating rock art studies to a `` theoretically sophisticated research domain '' by Whitley . However , the study of rock art worldwide is marked by considerable differences of opinion with respect to the appropriateness of various methods and the most relevant and defensible theoretical framework . International databases and Archives ( edit ) The UNESCO World Rock Art Archive Working Group met in 2011 to discuss the base model for a World Rock Art Archive . While no official output has been generated to date various projects around the world , such as for example The Global Rock Art Database , are looking at making rock art heritage information more accessible and more visible to assist with rock art awareness , conservation and preservation issues . See also ( edit ) List of Stone Age art Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitley 2005 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley 2005 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Harmanşah ( 2014 ) , 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Harmanşah ( 2014 ) , 5 -- 6 ; Canepa , 53 Jump up ^ for example by Rawson and Sickman & Soper Jump up ^ E. Goodall , Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association 41 : 57 - 62 , 1946 : `` Domestic Animals in rock art '' Jump up ^ E. Goodall , Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association 42 : 69 - 74 , 1949 : `` Notes on certain human representations in Rhodesian rock art '' Jump up ^ H.M. Chadwick , Origin Eng . Nation xii. 306 , 1907 : `` The rock - carvings at Tegneby '' Jump up ^ H.A. Winkler , Rock - Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt I. 26 , 1938 : `` The discovery of rock - drawings showing boats of a type foreign to Egypt . '' Jump up ^ H.G. Wells , Outl . Hist . I. xvii. 126 / 1 , 1920 : From rock engravings we may deduce the theory that the desert was crossed from oasis to oasis . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Rem. 177 , 1874 : `` The long rock - inscription of Hamamât . '' Jump up ^ Encycl . Relig . & Ethics I. 822 / 2 , 1908 : `` The rock - paintings are either stenciled or painted in outline . '' Jump up ^ Man No. 119 . 178 / 2 , 1939 : `` On one of the stalactite pillars was found a big round stone with traces of red paint on its surface , as used in the rock - pictures '' Jump up ^ G. Moore , The Lost Tribes and the Saxons of the East , 1861 , Title page : `` with translations of Rock - Records in India . '' Jump up ^ Tylor , Early Hist . Man . v. 88 , 1865 , `` and bush art or bushmen art . '' Jump up ^ Trust For African Rock Art , East Africa , common terminology , `` Rock - sculptures may often be symbolic boundary marks . '' ^ Jump up to : Whitley 2005 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . pp. 7 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley 2005 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley 2005 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley 2005 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Arca 2004 . p. 319 . Jump up ^ Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Choi , Charles . `` Call this ancient rock carving ' little horny man ' . '' Science on MSNBC. 22 Feb 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grace Rajnovich. ( 1994 ) Reading rock art : interpreting the Indian rock paintings of the Canadian Shield . Toronto : Natural Heritage / Natural History Inc . Jump up ^ UNESCO world heritage list http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/714 retrieved 12 June 2015 Jump up ^ Wilson , D. Ray ( 1990 ) Colorado Historical Tour Guide . Carpentersville , Illinois : Crossroads Communications . pp. 285 - 287 . ISBN 0 - 916445 - 26 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka '' . World Heritage Site . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/world-oldest-rock-drawings-archaeologist-iran-khomeyn-mohammed-naserifard-a7470321.html Jump up ^ Barker , Bryce ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Australia 's oldest rock art discovered by USQ researcher '' . University of Southern Queensland . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clarisa ( June 2012 ) . `` Ancient artists of rock and soul '' . Monash University . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Akerman , Kim ; Willing , Tim ( March 2009 ) . `` An ancient rock painting of a marsupial lion , Thylacoleo carnifex , from the Kimberley , Western Australia '' . Antiquity . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Times Literary Supplement -- TLS '' . timesonline.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bradshaw Foundation . `` The Bradshaw Paintings -- Australian Rock Art Archive '' . Bradshaw Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Rock Heart -- Australian Story '' . abc.net.au. 15 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient rock art 's colours come from microbes '' . BBC News . 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . p. xi . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . pp. viii , 1 . Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . p.x. Jump up ^ Whitley 2005 . p. viii . Jump up ^ * UNESCO World Heritage Centre ( 2011 ) . `` World Rock Art Archives to meet in Tanum '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haubt , R.A. ; Tacon , P.S.C. ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` A collaborative , ontological and information visualization model approach in a centralized rock art heritage platform '' . Journal of Archaeological Science : Reports . doi : 10.1016 / j. jasrep. 2016.10. 013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Arca , Andrea ( 2004 ) . `` The topographical engravings of Alpine rock - art : fields , settlements and agricultural landscapes '' . The Figured Landscapes of Rock - Art . Cambridge University Press . pp. 318 -- 349 . Devlet , Ekaterina ( 2001 ) . `` Rock Art and the Material Culture of Siberian and Central Asian Shamanism '' ( PDF ) . The Archaeology of Shamanism . pp. 43 -- 54 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Harmanşah , Ömür ( ed ) ( 2014 ) , Of Rocks and Water : An Archaeology of Place , 2014 , Oxbow Books , ISBN 1782976744 , 9781782976745 Rawson , Jessica ( ed ) . The British Museum Book of Chinese Art , 2007 ( 2nd edn ) , British Museum Press , ISBN 9780714124469 Schaafsma , Polly , 1980 , Indian Rock Art of the Southwest , School of American Research , Santa Fe , University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque NM , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0913 - 5 . Scholarly text with 349 references , 32 color plates , 283 black and white `` figures '' , 11 maps , and 2 tables . Sickman , Laurence , in : Sickman L. & Soper A. , The Art and Architecture of China , Pelican History of Art , 3rd ed 1971 , Penguin ( now Yale History of Art ) , LOC 70 - 125675 Whitley , David S. ( 2005 ) . Introduction to Rock Art Research . Walnut Creek , California : Left Coast Press . ISBN 1598740008 . UNESCO World Heritage Centre ( 2011 ) . `` World Rock Art Archives to meet in Tanum '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Haubt , R.A. ; Tacon , P.S.C. ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` A collaborative , ontological and information visualization model approach in a centralized rock art heritage platform '' . Journal of Archaeological Science : Reports . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Further Reading ( edit ) Malotki , Ekkehart and Weaver , Donald E. Jr. , 2002 , Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush : Colorado Plateau Rock Art , Kiva Publishing Inc. , Walnut , California , ISBN 1 - 885772 - 27 - 0 ( cloth ) . For the `` general public '' ; this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken ; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times . B.B. Lal ( 1968 ) . Indian Rock Paintings : Their Chronology , Technique and Preservation . Rohn , Arthur H. and Ferguson , William M , 2006 , Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest , University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque NM , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3970 - 0 ( pbk , : alk . paper ) . Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins , contains color prints of rock art at the sites , plus interpretations . Zboray , András , 2005 , Rock Art of the Libyan Desert , Fliegel Jezerniczky , Newbury , United Kingdom ( 1st Edition 2005 , 2nd expanded edition 2009 ) . An illustrated catalogue and bibliography of all known prehistoric rock art sites in the central Libyan Desert ( Arkenu , Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir plateau ) . The second edition contains more that 20000 photographs documenting the sites . Published on DVD - ROM . External links ( edit ) Bradshaw Foundation Extensive archive on rock art from all around the world . Altarockart.no A digital archive of the Rock Art of Alta , Norway Global Rock Art Database ( RADB ) rockartdatabase , Global Rock Art Database ( RADB ) search tool for international rock art archives Maira Valley , Piedmont , Italy Rock Art in Maira Valley , Piedmont , Italy Chauvet Cave Database of European Prehistoric Art England 's Rock Art on the Web Access to the ERA database containing over 1500 records of rock art panels with images and 3D models . Tassili N'Ajjer , Rock Art of the central Tassili N'Ajjer ( Tamrit , Sefar , Tin Tazarift , Jabbaren ) Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir , Rock Art of Jebel Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir plateau ( `` Cave of Swimmers '' ) Upper Brandberg , The rock paintings of the Upper Brandberg , Namibia Libyan Desert , Rock Art of the Libyan Desert , and illustrated catalogue and bibliography of the prehistoric rock art of the central Libyan Desert Rupestreweb.info , Latin American rock art . Articles , Zones , News , Rock art researchers directory Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Rock Art Research Centre and World Heritage Archive , situated in Tanum , Sweden . Rock Art Studies ( RAS ) -- A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 18,000 citations to the world 's rock art literature . Rock Art Examples and Image Capture -- Examples from the Côa Valley in Portugal and Magdalenian Rock Art . The Rock Art Foundation -- Native American Rock Art in the Lower Pecos region of Southwest Texas Trust for African Rock Art Beckensall Archive Rock carvings made by Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people in Northumberland in the north east of England , between 6000 and 3500 years ago . British Rock Art Collection Over 16.000 photos of more than 1200 rock art sites in the UK with relevant information and links . Broken Rock Gallery and Petroglyph Designs . ARARA American Rock Art Research Association . Rupestre.net A rock art site , mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art . EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art . Rock Art of the Murujuga ( Burrup Peninsula ) Western Australia Rock Art in South Africa UNESCO World Heritage : Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Bundelkhand Rock Paintings , India SpiralZoom.com , an educational website about the science of pattern formation , spirals in nature , spirals in the mythic imagination & spiral rock art Worldwide Rock Art Selection Rock Art in Israel Prehistoric Rock Art in Iran Petroglyphs in Iran ( In Persian ) Sydney Rock Art Rock Art in Oregon ( hide ) Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&oldid=804487234 '' Categories : Rock art Prehistoric art Art media Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Македонски Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the art of drawing or painting on stone called | [
"In archaeology, rock art is human-made markings placed on natural stone; it is largely synonymous with parietal art. A global phenomenon, rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world. It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history, although the majority of rock art that has been ethnographically recorded has been produced as a part of ritual. Such artworks are often divided into three forms: petroglyphs, which are carved into the rock surface, pictographs, which are painted onto the surface, and earth figures, formed on the ground. The oldest known rock art dates from the Upper Palaeolithic period, having been found in Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. Archaeologists studying these artworks believe that they likely had magico-religious significance."
] | [
"pictographs"
] |
37787598008238750 | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special) | Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Jump to : navigation , search Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Promotional advertisement for the original NBC airing . Based on `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' by Johnny Marks Written by Romeo Muller Directed by Larry Roemer Kizo Nagashima ( associate director ) Narrated by Burl Ives Country of origin United States Canada Japan Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Arthur Rankin , Jr . Jules Bass ( co-producer ) Cinematography Tadahito Mochinaga Running time 55 minutes Production company ( s ) Videocraft International Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC ( 1964 -- 1971 ) CBS ( 1972 -- present ) Original release December 6 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 06 ) Chronology Followed by Rudolph 's Shiny New Year External links Website www.rankinbass.com Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop - motion animated television special produced by Videocraft International , Ltd. ( later known as Rankin / Bass Productions ) and currently distributed by Universal Television . It first aired Sunday , December 6 , 1964 , on the NBC television network in the United States , and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour . The special was based on the Johnny Marks song `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks ' brother - in - law , Robert L. May . Since 1972 , the special has aired on CBS , with the network unveiling a high - definition , digitally remastered version of the program in 2005 . As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas , Rudolph no longer airs just once annually , but several times during the Christmas and holiday season on CBS . Unlike other holiday specials that also air on several cable channels ( including Freeform ) , Rudolph only airs on CBS . It has been telecast every year since 1964 , making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in history . 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the television special and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Aftermath 3.2 Production credits 4 Different versions 4.1 Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit 4.2 1965 -- 1997 telecasts 4.3 1998 -- CBS telecasts 5 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 Merchandise 8 Sequels 9 In popular culture 9.1 Films by Corky Quakenbush 9.2 Uses in advertising 9.3 Other References 10 Copyright issues 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Sam the Snowman welcomes the viewers to Christmastown at the North Pole and introduces Santa and Mrs. Claus who live in a castle located north of the Christmas Tree Forest . Mrs. Claus fusses over Santa as she wants him to fatten up by Christmas Eve . Sam then recalls the year Christmas was almost cancelled due to a snowstorm and tells the story of how a very special reindeer saved the day . Donner , Santa 's lead reindeer , and his wife have given birth to their new baby fawn , Rudolph . Upon admiring him , they are surprised to see that Rudolph has been born with a glowing red nose . When Santa arrives , he warns Donner that Rudolph will not make the sleigh team because of his nose . Donner then decides to hide the nose by covering it with mud to allow Rudolph to fit in with all the other reindeer . Over Rudolph 's first year of life , Donner trains him in the basics of being a reindeer , including hiding from the Abominable Snow Monster of the North . Rudolph enters the reindeer games , competing against his fellow fawns . During flight practice , Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice who tells him he is cute , and kisses him , which causes an elated Rudolph to fly higher and faster than everyone else . However , while celebrating with the other bucks , Rudolph 's nose cover pops off , and the others react with fear , then scorn and finally rejection as Rudolph is kicked out of the Reindeer Games . Walking away , Rudolph walks with Clarice , who supports him , until her father firmly tells her to never have any more contacts with a red - nosed reindeer . Then , Rudolph meets up with Hermey , an elf who ran away from Santa 's workshop because he wanted to be a dentist instead of making toys , and they decide to run away together . The pair then meet a prospector named Yukon Cornelius , who has fruitlessly searched his whole life for silver and gold . After escaping the snow monster on an ice floe , the trio crash land on the Island of Misfit Toys where unloved or unwanted toys live with their ruler , a winged lion named King Moonracer . The king allows the group to stay one night on the island in exchange for returning to Christmastown to ask Santa to find homes for the unwanted toys . However , Rudolph leaves the island in the middle of the night on his own , fearing that his nose , which attracts the snow monster , will endanger his friends . Time goes by and Rudolph grows into adulthood ; he tries and fails to find a place to settle where he will be accepted despite his nose . Returning home , he finds that his parents and Clarice have been looking for him for months . He sets out once again to find them , only to discover that the snow monster has captured them . Rudolph tries to save Clarice from being eaten , but the monster hits him in the head with a stalactite , dazing him . Hermey and Yukon return to Christmastown and go to save Rudolph . Hermey , posing as a pig , lures the monster out of his cave and Yukon drops rocks on his head to knock him out . Hermey then pulls out all the monster 's teeth . Realizing Yukon drives the toothless ( and now terrified ) monster back , only to follow it over the cliff with all his pack dogs . Mourning Yukon 's presumed death , Rudolph , Hermey , Clarice , and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them . After hearing their story , Santa welcomes the group back to Christmastown , promises that he will find homes for the Misfit Toys , Hermey opens his own dentist 's office , and Clarice 's father apologizes for being so hard on Rudolph . Yukon then returns with a reformed snow monster ( Yukon notes that they bounce ) and demonstrates the beast 's ability to trim a Christmas tree . While everybody 's celebrating , Santa interrupts , grimly informing everyone that because of the storm , he is forced to cancel the Christmas trip . Santa is soon distracted by Rudolph 's red nose and realizes that its light could cut through the storm . He asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh and Rudolph agrees . The team then flies off to the island and pick up the toys . The special ends with Santa wishing the viewers a merry Christmas as he and Rudolph fly off into the night . Cast ( edit ) Hermey and Rudolph Billie Mae Richards voices Rudolph , a reindeer with strong mental ( he learns to speak shortly after birth ) and physical strength who is shunned for his nonconforming red nose , but later saves Christmas . Stan Francis voices : Santa Claus , portrayed in the special as a moody , nervous and `` skinny Santa '' whose fears are only allayed when he conjures the idea of using Rudolph 's nose to lead the sleigh . King Moonracer , a winged lion who rules the entire Island of Misfit Toys . King Moonracer 's voice uses a reverb effect to distinguish it from Santa Claus . Paul Kligman voices : Donner , Rudolph 's father and Santa 's most prized reindeer . While he loves and accepts Rudolph , he shows great concern that society will reject him for his nose and tries to protect him by creating a nose cover . Comet , head coach of the Reindeer Games . Clarice 's unnamed father , who forbids Clarice from shaming the family by associating with a red - nosed reindeer . Burl Ives voices Sam the Snowman , the narrator . Paul Soles voices Hermey , an elf who dreams of pursuing a career in dentistry and `` feels different '' from the other elves . He eventually is forced out and runs off with Rudolph . Janis Orenstein voices Clarice , a female reindeer who is the only one of Rudolph 's age to not reject him . She later joins Rudolph 's parents in the search party . Larry D. Mann voices Yukon Cornelius , the `` greatest prospector of the North '' who joins Rudolph and Hermey on their journey but never finds the silver and gold he seeks . Peg Dixon voices : Mrs. Claus , a pushy wife who mocks her husband 's lack of appetite . Mrs. Donner , a loving and mostly submissive wife . Carl Banas voices : The Head Elf . For the Head Elf 's voice , Banas uses a meek Bill Thompson - like voice when speaking in front of Santa Claus , but turns into a ruthless boss with a voice similar to Mel Blanc 's Yosemite Sam or Cosmo Spacely when Santa is not around . Various Misfit Toys , including a Spotted Elephant , King Moonracer 's footman ; a bird that swims , a cowboy who rides an ostrich , a train with square wheels on his caboose , two teddy bears ( one on a bicycle and one with wings ) , a boat that does n't float , a set of clown nesting dolls with a wind - up mouse as the last one , a water pistol that shoots jelly , a plane that ca n't fly , a toy car that only drives in reverse , and a scooter with two wheels in front and one in back . Alfie Scopp voices : Fireball , who introduces Rudolph to the opposite sex , but later snubs Rudolph when his red nose is revealed . Charlie - In - The - Box , the island 's sentry . Corinne Conley voices Dolly , a seemingly normal girl rag doll on the Island of Misfit Toys . Her misfit problem is never explained on the special ; many decades later , on NPR 's Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! news quiz show ( broadcast December 8 , 2007 ) , Rudolph 's producer , Arthur Rankin Jr. , noted that Dolly 's problem was psychological , caused by being abandoned by her owner ( named as Sue in the special ) and suffering depression from feeling uncared - for . Production ( edit ) The TV special , with the teleplay by Romeo Muller , introduced several new characters inspired by the song 's lyrics . Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May 's original book , but could not find a copy . Other than Burl Ives , all characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA studios in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan . After the script , concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin , Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin / Bass in New York City . The company 's trademark stop motion animation process , known as `` Animagic '' , was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima . Besides Rudolph , Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin / Bass on their other Animagic productions almost throughout the 1960s , from The New Adventures of Pinocchio , to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine , to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party ? . Aftermath ( edit ) Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop - motion puppet figures used in the production , many were not preserved . Rankin claimed in 2007 to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure . Nine other puppets -- including Santa and young Rudolph -- were given to a secretary , who gave them to family members . Eventually seven were discarded . In 2005 , the remaining two puppets of Rudolph and Santa were appraised on Antiques Roadshow ; the episode aired in 2006 on PBS . At that time , their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000 . The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic . Toy aficionado Kevin Kriess bought Santa and Rudolph in 2005 ; in 2007 , he had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties , a Los Angeles - based collective of film directors specializing in stop motion animation with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project . The figures have been shown at conventions since then . Production credits ( edit ) Directed by Larry Roemer Produced by Arthur Rankin , Jr . Co-Producer : Jules Bass Written by Romeo Muller Adapted from the Story by Robert L. May Adapted from the Song by Johnny Marks Music and Lyrics by Johnny Marks Music Conducted and Arranged by Maury Laws Associate Director : Kizo Nagashima Recording Engineers : Bill Giles , Alan Mirchin , Ralph Friedman Sound Effects : Walter Gustafson Recording Supervisor : Bernard Cowan `` Animagic '' Supervisor : Tadahito Mochinaga ( aka Tad Mochinaga ) Continuity Design : Anthony Peters Different versions ( edit ) Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit ( edit ) This version has the NBC `` living color '' peacock at the introduction . It includes the original end credits , where an elf drops presents that list all the technical credits . It also includes commercials that were exclusively for GE small appliances with some of the same animated elves from the main program introducing each of the products , and closing NBC network bumpers , including promos for the following week 's episodes of GE College Bowl and Meet the Press , which were presumably pre-empted that Sunday for the inaugural 5 : 30 PM ( EST ) telecast . The College Bowl quiz show was also sponsored by GE . The original does not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys , but does include a scene near the end of the special in which Yukon Cornelius discovers a peppermint mine near Santa 's workshop . He can be seen throughout the special tossing his pickax into the air , sniffing , then licking the end that contacts the snow or ice . Deletion of the peppermint segment in 1965 , to make room for Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys , leaves audience to assume that Cornelius was attempting to find either silver or gold by taste alone . 1965 -- 1997 telecasts ( edit ) The 1965 broadcast also included a new duet between Rudolph and Hermey called `` Fame and Fortune '' , which replaced a scene in which the same characters sang `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' . Viewers of the 1964 special complained that Santa was not shown fulfilling his promise to the Misfit Toys ( to include them in his annual toy delivery ) . In reaction , a new scene for subsequent rebroadcasts was produced with Santa making his first stop at the Island to pick up the toys . This is the ending that has been shown on all telecasts and video releases ever since . Until sometime in the 1970s the special aired without additional cuts , but eventually more commercial time was required by the network . In 1978 , several sequences were deleted to make room for more advertising : the instrumental bridge from `` We Are Santa 's Elves '' featuring the elf orchestra , additional dialogue by Burl Ives , and the `` Peppermint Mine '' scene resolving the fate of Yukon Cornelius . The special 's 1993 restoration saw `` Misfits '' returned to its original film context , and the 2004 DVD release showcases `` Fame and Fortune '' as a separate musical number . 1998 -- CBS telecasts ( edit ) Most of the 1965 deletions were restored in 1998 , and `` Fame and Fortune '' was replaced with the original `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' reprise . A short slide reading `` Rankin / Bass Presents '' was inserted at the beginning of the special to reflect the company 's name change . The `` Peppermint Mine '' scene was not restored ; it has not aired on CBS since the mid 70s . Starting in 2005 , CBS aired the video of the `` Fame and Fortune '' scene with the soundtrack replaced by an edited version of `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' . The special has been edited to make more time for commercial advertising by shortening some musical numbers . Home Media ( edit ) When Rudolph was first issued on VHS , Betamax , and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1997 under the Christmas Classics Series label , the 1965 rebroadcast print described above was used . All current video prints of Rudolph by Classic Media are a compendium of the two previous telecast versions of the special . All the footage in the current versions follow the original NBC airing ( without the original GE commercials ) up until the `` Peppermint Mine '' scene , followed by the final act of the 1965 edit ( with the Island of Misfit Toys finale and the 1965 alternate credits in place of the original end credit sequence ) . In 1998 , the special was released by Sony Wonder on VHS . In 2000 , it was released on DVD , and on Blu - ray Disc in 2010 ( although the Blu - ray does not contain the bonus features from the previous DVD release . ) This edit has been made available in original color form by former rights holders Classic Media , ( which in 2012 became the DreamWorks Classics division of DreamWorks Animation , and finally in 2016 , part of Universal Pictures ) As previously mentioned , this is also the version currently airing on CBS , albeit in edited form to accommodate more commercial time . In November 2014 , Classic Media released a 50th anniversary edition of the special on Blu - ray . Walmart released an exclusive 50th anniversary Blu - ray edition with a storybook . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( soundtrack ) The songs and incidental music were all written by Johnny Marks , with Maury Laws supervising . In addition to the songs previously mentioned , the score also includes the film 's love theme `` There 's Always Tomorrow '' , sung by Clarice after Rudolph is kicked out of the reindeer games . Marks ' holiday standard `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' appears as instrumental background music when Rudolph first arrives at the Reindeer Games . Also included in the soundtrack is an instrumental version of Marks ' setting of the Christmas hymn `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day . '' In 1964 , an LP record of the soundtrack was released on Decca Records . It contained all the original songs performed as they are in the special , with the exception of Burl Ives ' material , which has been re-recorded . MCA Special Products released the soundtrack on CD in June 1995 . It is an exact duplication of the original LP released in 1964 . Tracks 1 - 9 are the original soundtrack selections while tracks 10 - 19 are the same songs performed by the Decca Concert Orchestra . The song `` Fame and Fortune '' is not contained on either release . On November 30 , 2004 the soundtrack was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 copies . Ives re-recorded `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' and `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' , with different arrangements , for his own album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas in 1965 . Merchandise ( edit ) Books and other items related to the show have in some cases misspelled `` Hermey '' as `` Herbie '' . Rich Goldschmidt , who wrote Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Making of the Rankin / Bass Holiday Classic , says the scripts by Romeo Muller show the spelling to be `` Hermey '' . A Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9 , 2010 . The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS , and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively . The Wii version was received poorly , and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5 / 10 . Sequels ( edit ) The Rankin / Bass special , which currently airs on CBS , inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio : Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 ) , a special that first aired on ABC and is still aired annually on both ABC and Freeform . Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 ) , a feature - length special that paired Rudolph with the song - inspired character Frosty the Snowman . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) , a direct - to - video computer - animated film that is considered an unofficial sequel to the 1964 film . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer - 4D Attraction '' ( 2016 ) , A faithful , 10 - minute stop motion story adaptation in the form of a 4D film for SimEx - Iwerks ; produced by Bent Image Lab and directed by Chel White . In popular culture ( edit ) The television special 's familiarity to American audiences through its annual rebroadcasts , along with its primitive stop - motion animation that is easy to recreate with modern technology and the special 's ambiguous copyright status , has lent itself to numerous parodies and homages over the years . Films by Corky Quakenbush ( edit ) Animator Corky Quakenbush has produced parodies of Rudolph for several American television shows : In its December 16 , 1995 episode , the Fox Network 's comedy series MADtv aired `` Raging Rudolph '' , which also parodied Martin Scorsese 's films . In it , Sam The Snowman narrates in a Joe Pesci - like voice how Rudolph and Hermey got violent Mafia - style revenge on their tormentors . This was followed by two sequels : `` The Reinfather '' , spoofing The Godfather trilogy and `` A Pack of Gifts Now '' , spoofing Apocalypse Now . A 2001 episode of That ' 70s Show , titled `` An Eric Forman Christmas '' , featured a subplot where Kelso was taunted by his friends for still watching `` kiddie shows '' like Rudolph even though he was in high school . A dream sequence produced and directed by Quakenbush , Kelso himself appears in stop - motion form with Rudolph and Santa who encourage him to continue watching their show . In December 2005 , the George Lopez Show featured an animated segment in which Lopez sees a stop - motion version of himself on television in a Rudolph - style special mirroring the theme of the holiday episode . In the stop - motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , Jack looks through a book version of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer to find a logical answer to explain Christmas to the other citizens of Halloween Town . Later , Zero , the ghost dog , has a magnificently glowing pumpkin nose , which is bright enough to break through the fog that Sally has conjured up . Jack lets Zero go to the head of his skeleton reindeer team and light the way for him . Chel White , of Bent Image Lab , directed two parodies that played on Saturday Night Live ' , on Robert Smigel 's TV Funhouse : In a 2001 TV Funhouse episode , Sam the Snowman refuses to narrate the story because of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . He then takes two children to Ground Zero at New York City , but Santa Claus convinces him to narrate the story , because people need comforting stories like Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Sam decided to narrate the tale , but was immediately interrupted by a special news report . In 2004 , TV Funhouse referenced the Red state - blue state divide . In the segment , Santa hangs out with liberal celebrities Natalie Merchant , Margaret Cho , Al Franken , and Moby while skipping over the Red states ( `` screw the red states , voting for that dumbass president just because of that moral values crap . I do n't want any part of them ! '' ) . Rudolph 's red nose turns blue . In 2004 , for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer 's 40th anniversary , CBS produced stop motion promos for their programming line - up , done in the style of Rankin / Bass animation . Appearing as elves in the CBS promos were puppet versions of CBS stars Jeff Probst from Survivor , Ray Romano and Doris Roberts from Everybody Loves Raymond , William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger from CSI , Charlie Sheen from Two and a Half Men , Phil Simms and Greg Gumbel from The NFL on CBS , and late - night talk show host David Letterman . A new stop - motion animation featuring Rudolph and Santa meeting even more CBS network stars was also aired in 2005 . Mystery Science Theater 3000 made numerous references to the special in their movie hecklings , such as Rudolph 's line `` I 'm cute ! ! I 'm cuute ! ! She said I 'm cuuuuuutte ! ! ! ! '' . In episode 321 , which screened Santa Claus Conquers the Martians , the MST3K cast had their own ideas for potential residents on the Island of Misfit Toys including Toaster Dolls , Patrick Swayze 's Roadhouse board game , the EZ Bake Foundry , and Mr. Mashed Potato Head . In 2010 , the comedy website CollegeHumor made a short parody video called `` Rudolph The Regular Reindeer '' , depicting what the special would 've been like if Rudolph had a normal nose . Uses in advertising ( edit ) In 1964 , Rankin & Bass produced several commercials for the General Electric - sponsored broadcast . In November 2007 , the Aflac insurance company released a commercial that featured Rudolph , who has a cold but does not want to miss work . All his friends say he will be unable to pay for his expenses . Santa then tells them about Aflac . Charlie wonders what will happen if Rudolph is not better by Christmas , but Rudolph thinks the Aflac duck can do the work . Rudolph gets better in a week , but Blitzen is sick , so the Aflac duck fills in for him . In 2009 , Verizon began showing a commercial of the Misfit Toys with an AT&T phone . The characters wonder why it is there with all of its features but soon discover why , when the phone shows a map of where it has 3G coverage . ( Verizon 's ad campaign touts its much wider 3G coverage compared to AT&T 's . ) The toy airplane replies : `` You 're gon na fit right in here ! '' and falls on the ground laughing . Starting in 2011 , there have been several Bing.com commercials , filmed to look like the same stop - motion style as the special , which feature several characters including Rudolph , Yukon Cornelius , Hermey , the Bumble , and the Misfit Toys . A 2012 commercial for Windows phone features Bumble the Abominable Snowman ( with his full set of teeth ) , speed - dating and getting advice from friends through Live Tiles . A follow - up features Bumble at Santa 's North Pole pool party , and Santa using Live Tiles on his new Windows Phone to help him give his elves the holiday - season toy production directives . A 2013 commercial for Nissan shows a woman in a dealership briefly entering a fantasy , wherein Santa 's Elves , including Boss Elf and Hermey , have expanded their manufacturing line to include Nissan cars . Furthermore , the Bumble makes an appearance test driving one to his obvious approval . CBS celebrated the special 's 50th anniversary in 2014 with Rudolph and Sam the Snowman celebrating with cast members from The Big Bang Theory and NCIS while passing by their studio lots . In 2014 , the United States Postal Service used four characters ( Rudolph , Hermey , Yukon Cornelius , and Bumble ) for the year 's `` Contemporary Christmas '' stamp issue . In 2015 , the Rudolph characters began appearing in commercials for AT&T with a stop - motion version of spokes - character Lily Adams . Other references ( edit ) In the sci - fi / comedy series The Orville , in the episode `` About a Girl '' , characters watch Rudolph to make the character Bortus consider his plans to arrange gender reassignment surgery for his newborn daughter ( Bortus 's species , the Moclans , are a single - gender species who statistically produce only one female every seventy - five years , with females thus having no clear place in their society ) by demonstrating how unconventional people can accomplish great things , although Bortus humorously misinterprets the film to suggest that Rudolph 's father might have considered euthanizing his child as an anomaly . Copyright issues ( edit ) The copyright of the Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer special lies in a loophole of American federal copyright law . When the recording was originally published , the date of copyright ( published in Roman numerals ) was accidentally listed as 1164 ( MCLXIV ) , omitting an M that should have been present ( 1964 in Roman numerals is MCMLXIV ) ; this mistake was not corrected with subsequent edits and remains on televised prints to this day . The songs were validly and separately copyrighted , and the original character on which the special was based also remains under copyright and trademark protection , extending some indirect copyright protection to the special as a derivative work . ( A number of films , such as It 's a Wonderful Life and His Girl Friday , fall under similar circumstances : a public domain film loosely based on a copyrighted work . ) Assuming the error in the copyright is considered substantial enough to invalidate it ( U.S. copyright law before 1988 required works to have a valid date on a copyright notice , while providing some leeway in regard to non-substantial errors ) , the error puts large portions of the special not directly tied to the songs or original story into the public domain . ( Some of the characters , particularly Santa Claus and the adult reindeer , relied on material that was already public domain anyway ; all of the characters except Rudolph , most of the images , and large portions of the spoken soundtrack would thus be public domain in this interpretation . ) Because of the indirect copyright protections and uncertainty over their extent , permission is still required to show the program as a whole . The extensive derivative works seen in popular culture are likely a byproduct of this uncertain copyright status . See also ( edit ) List of animated feature films List of Christmas television specials List of stop - motion films Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CBS News . December 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rudolph all red - nosed over stamp of approval '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the nation 's longest - running and highest - rated Christmas television special ' went down in history ' to receive its stamp of approval today . The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph , Hermey , Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Billie Mae Richards , voice of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , dies at 88 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford , Don ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rudolph ' remembered '' . My View . Halton , Ontario : InsideHalton.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Not My Job '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . NPR. 2007 - 12 - 08 . Arthur Rankin , Jr . ^ Jump up to : 7 Facts About Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( YouTube ) . ChannelFrederator . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braithwaite , Dennis , `` Canadian voices '' , The Globe and Mail , December 8 , 1964 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Togneri , Chris ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` '' Zelienople man saves Santa , Rudolph `` '' . triblive.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph & Santa Characters from ' Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer ' '' . Antiques Roadshow . PBS . May 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Brenda ( 2006 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Rudolph and Santa , as Good as New '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ' figurines ' new life '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Original Rankin / Bass Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer GE Commercials ( 1964 ) ( YouTube ) . MiserBrosPress. 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer : Behind The Scenes '' . Tvparty.com . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Agrees To Pay $155 M For Classic Media '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : 50th Anniversary Collector 's Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Torreano , Bradley . `` Have a Holly Jolly Christmas - Burl Ives '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ask SAM : ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' pre-empted by ' Sound of Music Live ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Steimer , Kristine ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer 4D Attraction '' . IMDb.com. 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SimEx - Iwerks - Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer coming in 4 - D '' . Simex-iwerks.com . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Raging Rudolph ( YouTube ) . 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Reinfather . May 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A Pack of Gifts Now ( YouTube ) . 24 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Aflac - Rudolph ( YouTube ) . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Art director Greg Breeding designed the stamps . The Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer stamps are being issued as Forever ® stamps . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Mailbag : ' Rudolph ' numerals wrong in opening credits '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer on IMDb Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at The Big Cartoon DataBase Character Arts ' official licensee site for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer licensing Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! 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May Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(TV_special)&oldid=818327066 '' Categories : 1964 films 1964 animated films 1964 in American television 1964 television specials 1960s American television specials American children 's animated fantasy films American musical fantasy films Animated television specials CBS television specials Christmas television specials Elves in popular culture Films scored by Johnny Marks General Electric sponsorships NBC television specials Rankin / Bass Productions television specials Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Santa Claus in film Santa Claus in television Sentient toys in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Magyar Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was rudolf the rednosed reindeer movie made | [
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop-motion animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. (later known as Rankin/Bass Productions) and currently distributed by Universal Television. It first aired Sunday, December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States, and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the Johnny Marks song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS, with the network unveiling a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph no longer airs just once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season on CBS. Unlike other holiday specials that also air on several cable channels (including Freeform), Rudolph only airs on CBS. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in history. 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the television special[1] and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.[2]"
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-5307193266346787034 | History of the Great Wall of China | History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia History of the Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search Course of the Wall throughout history The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) 8 Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) 8.1 Liao dynasty frontier 8.2 The two walls of Jin dynasty 8.3 The Tangut Great Wall 8.4 The onset of the Mongols 9 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 9.1 The early walls 9.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 9.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 10 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 10.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 11 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 12 Historiography 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜 峰 口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成 周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . However the Chu border fortifications consisted of many individual mountain fortresses ; they do not constitute to a lengthy , single wall . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕 昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林 胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓 煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高 闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞 下 曲 ( 望 臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲 馬渡 秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水 寒風 似 刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平 沙 日 未 沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯 黯 見 臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日 長城 戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸 言 意氣 高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃 塵 足 今 古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨 亂 蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降 城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷 戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城 口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹 瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定 川 寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . Liao dynasty frontier ( edit ) In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . The two walls of Jin dynasty ( edit ) When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完 顏 襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . The Tangut Great Wall ( edit ) In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Tanguts were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Western Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華 雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子 俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅 鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王 越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫 城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花 馬 池 鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水 營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大 邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二 邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海 冶 口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣 府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong ( abbreviated as `` Xuan -- Da '' ) left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁 萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏 頭 關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內 邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河 邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸 壁 長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊 州 鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平 鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji -- Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不 到 长城 非 好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱 我 中华 , 修 我 长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成 大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . 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Jump up ^ Chang 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Guo 2002 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 208 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Graff 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 154 -- 55 ( translation ) . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 108 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 112 , note 33 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 116 . It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Mote 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Standen 2009 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Bush 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 130 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Spindler 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 800 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 265 ; Mote 1999 , p. 809 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国 长城 遗迹 调查 报告 集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . ( hide ) Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=833481066 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Chinese architectural history Military history of China Hidden categories : Good articles Use Canadian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | great wall of china was built in what dynasty | [
"The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476 BC)[1] and Warring States periods (475–221 BC) were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. The walls were built of rammed earth, constructed using forced labour, and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria."
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"Qin dynasty"
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-4101299696008747016 | Three Sisters (play) | Three sisters ( play ) - wikipedia Three sisters ( play ) Jump to : navigation , search For the musical written by Oscar Hammerstein II and Jerome Kern , see Three Sisters ( musical ) . For the opera written by Péter Eötvös , see Three Sisters ( opera ) . `` Tri sestry '' redirects here . For Czech punk rock band , see Tři sestry . Three Sisters Cover of first edition , published 1901 by Adolf Marks Written by Anton Chekhov Characters Prozorov family : Olga Sergeyevna Prozorova Maria Sergeyevna Kulygina Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova Andrei Sergeyevich Prozorov Date premiered 1901 ( 1901 ) , Moscow Original language Russian Genre Drama Setting A provincial Russian garrison town Chekhov in a 1905 illustration . Three Sisters ( Russian : Три сeстры́ , translit . Tri sestry ) is a play by the Russian author and playwright Anton Chekhov . It was written in 1900 and first performed in 1901 at the Moscow Art Theatre . The play is sometimes included on the short list of Chekhov 's outstanding plays , along with The Cherry Orchard , The Seagull and Uncle Vanya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 The Prozorovs 1.2 The soldiers 1.3 Others 1.4 Unseen characters 2 Synopsis 3 Premiere 4 Notable productions 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Characters ( edit ) The prozorovs ( edit ) Olga Sergeyevna Prozorova ( Olga ) -- The eldest of the three sisters , she is the matriarchal figure of the Prozorov family though at the beginning of the play she is only 28 years old . Olga is a teacher at the high school , where she frequently fills in for the headmistress whenever the latter is absent . Olga is a spinster and at one point tells Irina that she would have married `` any man , even an old man if he had asked '' her . Olga is very motherly even to the elderly servants , keeping on the elderly nurse / retainer Anfisa , long after she has ceased to be useful . When Olga reluctantly takes the role of headmistress permanently , she takes Anfisa with her to escape the clutches of the heartless Natasha . Maria Sergeyevna Kulygina ( Masha ) -- The middle sister , she is 23 at the beginning of the play . She married her husband , Kulygin , when she was 18 and just out of school . When the play opens she has been disappointed in the marriage and falls completely in love with the idealistic Lieutenant - Colonel Vershinin . They begin a clandestine affair . When he is transferred away , she is crushed , but returns to life with her husband , who accepts her back despite knowing what she has done . She has a short temper , which is seen frequently throughout the play , and is the sister who disapproves the most of Natasha . Onstage , her directness often serves as a tonic to the melodrama , and her wit comes across as heroic . Her vitality provides most of the play 's surprisingly plentiful humour . She was trained as a concert pianist . Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova -- The youngest sister , she is 20 at the beginning of the play . It is her `` name day '' at the beginning of the play and though she insists she is grown - up she is still enchanted by things such as a spinning top brought to her by Fedotik . Her only desire is to go back to Moscow , which they left eleven years before the play begins . She believes she will find her true love in Moscow , but when it becomes clear that they are not going to Moscow , she agrees to marry the Baron Tuzenbach , whom she admires but does not love . She gets her teaching degree and plans to leave with the Baron , but he is shot by Solyony in a pointless duel . She decides to leave anyway and dedicate her life to work and service . Andrei Sergeyevich Prozorov ( Andrey ) -- The brother of the three sisters . In Act I , he is a young man on the fast track to being a Professor in Moscow . In Act II , Andrei still longs for his old days as a bachelor dreaming of life in Moscow , but is now , due to his ill - conceived wedding to Natasha , stuck in a provincial town with a baby and a job as secretary to the County Council . In Act III , his debts have grown to 35,000 rubles and he is forced to mortgage the house , but does not tell his sisters or give them any shares in the family home . Act IV finds Andrei a pathetic shell of his former self , now the father of two . He acknowledges he is a failure and laughed at in town for being a member of the village council whose president , Protopopov , is cuckolding him . Natalia Ivanovna ( Natasha ) -- Andrei 's love interest at the start of the play , later his wife . She begins the play as an awkward young woman who dresses poorly and hides her true nature . Much fun is made of her ill - becoming green sash by the sisters , and she bursts into tears . She apparently has no family of her own and the reader never learns her maiden name . Act II finds a very different Natasha . She has grown bossy and uses her relationship with Andrei as a way of manipulating the sisters into doing what she wants . She has begun an affair with Protopopov , the head of the local council ( who is never seen ) , and cuckolds Andrei almost flagrantly . In Act III , she has become even more controlling , confronting Olga head on about keeping on Anfisa , the elderly , loyal retainer , whom she orders to stand in her presence , and throwing temper tantrums when she does n't get her way . Act IV finds that she has inherited control of the house from her weak , vacillating husband , leaving the sisters dependent on her , and , as the châtelaine , planning to radically change the grounds to her liking . It is arguable that the vicious , manipulative , self - absorbed Natasha , who cares for no one besides her own children , Bobik and Sofia , upon whom she dotes fatuously , is the complete victor by the end of the play . Fyodor Ilyich Kulygin -- Masha 's older husband and the Latin teacher at the high school . Kulygin is a jovial , kindly man , who truly loves his wife , and her sisters , although he is very much aware of her infidelity . In the first act he seems almost foolish , giving Irina a gift he has already given her , and joking around with the doctor to make fun of Natasha , but begins to grow more and more sympathetic as Masha 's affair progresses . During the fire in Act 3 , he confesses to Olga that he might have married her -- the fact that the two would probably be very happy together is hinted at many times throughout the show . Throughout the show , often at the most serious moments , he often tries to make the other characters laugh in order to relieve tension , and while that does n't always work , he is able to give his wife comfort through humor in her darkest hour at the show 's climax . At the end of the play , although knowing what Masha had been doing , he takes her back and accepts her failings . The soldiers ( edit ) Konstantin Stanislavski as Vershinin Aleksandr Ignatyevich Vershinin -- Lieutenant colonel commanding the artillery battery , Vershinin is a true philosopher . He knew the girls ' father in Moscow and they talk about how when they were little they called him the `` Lovesick Major '' . In the course of the play , despite being married , he enters into an affair with Masha but must end it when the battery is transferred . He frequently mentions how his wife regularly attempts suicide ( and he has two daughters ) , but he seems to have become inured to his domestic suffering . His first act speech about the hope he has for civilization speaks directly to Masha 's melancholic heart , and , upon hearing it , she declares `` I 'm staying for lunch . '' Baron Nikolaj Lvovich Tuzenbach -- A lieutenant in the army and not deemed handsome , Tuzenbach often tries to impress Irina , whom he has loved for five years . He quits the Army to go to work in an attempt to impress her . He is repeatedly taunted by Solyony and between Acts III and IV , he retaliates and prompts Solyony to declare a duel . He is killed in the duel , thus his and Irina 's union is forlorn . Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony -- A captain in the army , Solyony is a social misfit and a rather modern type of antihero . He is in love with Irina and tries to put down the Baron to make himself look better , but Irina finds him crude and unappealing . He spends much of his time mocking the Baron , who is the closest thing he has to a friend , and ends up killing him in a pointless duel . He is said to have a remarkable resemblance to the poet Lermontov in both face and personality , often quoting him . He always carries a small perfume bottle which he frequently ( almost pathologically ) sprinkles his hands and body with ; it is later revealed that he does it to mask the smell of corpses on him . Ivan Romanovich Chebutykin -- Sixty years old and an army doctor , Chebutykin starts off as a fun , eccentric old man who exults in his place as family friend and lavishes upon Irina the expensive gift of a samovar . Later on in Act III , while drunk , he suffers an existential crisis and reveals to all about Natasha 's and Protopopov 's affair . In Act IV however , he seems to have come to terms with his crisis or perhaps been broken by it . He loved the mother of the sisters ( whose name is never mentioned ) but she was married . Aleksej Petrovich Fedotik -- A sub-lieutenant , Fedotik hangs around the house and tries to express his love to Irina by buying her many gifts . He also is an amateur photographer , and takes photos of the group and Irina . In Act III , he loses all his belongings in the fire , but retains his cheerful nature . Vladimir Karlovich Rode -- Another sub-lieutenant , Rode is a drill coach at the high school . Others ( edit ) Ferapont -- Door - keeper at the local council offices , Ferapont is an old man with a partial hearing loss . He repeatedly blurts out random facts , usually relating to Moscow . Anfisa -- An elderly family retainer and former nurse , Anfisa is 81 years old and has worked forever for the Prozorov family . Natasha begins to despise her for her feebleness and threatens to throw her out but Olga rescues her , taking her to live at Olga 's teacher 's flat . Unseen characters ( edit ) The play has several important characters who are talked about frequently , but never seen onstage . These include Protopopov , head of the local Council and Natasha 's lover ; Vershinin 's suicidal wife and two daughters ; and Andrey and Natasha 's children Bobik and Sofia . JL Styan contends in his The Elements of Drama that in the last act Chekhov revised the text to show that Protopopov is the real father of Sofia : `` The children are to be tended by their respective fathers '' -- Andrey pushes Bobik in his pram , and Protopopov sits with Sofia . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one begins with Olga ( the eldest sister ) working as a teacher in a school , but at the end of the play she is made Headmistress , a promotion in which she had little interest . Masha , the middle sister and the artist of the family ( she was trained as a concert pianist ) , is married to Feodor Ilyich Kulygin , a schoolteacher . At the time of their marriage , Masha , younger than he , was enchanted by what she took to be wisdom , but seven years later , she sees through his pedantry and his clownish attempts to compensate for the emptiness between them . Irina , the youngest sister , is still full of expectation . She speaks of her dream of going to Moscow and meeting her true love . It was in Moscow that the sisters grew up , and they all long to return to the sophistication and happiness of that time . Andrei is the only boy in the family and the sisters idolize him . He is in love with Natalia Ivanovna ( Natasha ) , who is somewhat common in relation to the sisters and suffers under their glance . The play begins on the first anniversary of their father 's death , but it is also Irina 's name - day , and everyone , including the soldiers ( led by the gallant Vershinin ) bringing with them a sense of noble idealism , comes together to celebrate it . At the very close of the act , Andrei exultantly confesses his feelings to Natasha in private and fatefully asks her to marry him . Act two begins almost a year later with Andrei and Natasha married with their first child ( offstage ) , a baby boy named Bobik . Natasha is having an affair with Protopopov , Andrei 's superior , a character who is mentioned but never seen onstage . Masha comes home flushed from a night out , and it is clear that she and her companion , Lieutenant - Colonel Vershinin , are giddy with the secret of their mutual love for one another . Little seems to happen but that Natasha manipulatively quashes the plans for a party in the home , but the resultant quiet suggests that all gaiety is being quashed as well . Tuzenbach and Solyony both declare their love for Irina . Act three takes place about a year later in Olga and Irina 's room ( a clear sign that Natasha is taking over the household as she asked them to share rooms so that her child could have a different room ) . There has been a fire in the town , and , in the crisis , people are passing in and out of the room , carrying blankets and clothes to give aid . Olga , Masha and Irina are angry with their brother , Andrei , for mortgaging their home , keeping the money to pay off his gambling debts and conceding all his power to his wife . However , when faced with Natasha 's cruelty to their aged family retainer , Anfisa , Olga 's own best efforts to stand up to Natasha come to naught . Masha , alone with her sisters , confides in them her romance with Vershinin ( `` I love , love , love that man '' ) . At one point , Kulygin ( her husband ) blunders into the room , doting ever more foolishly on her , and she stalks out . Irina despairs at the common turn her life has taken , the life of a municipal worker , even as she rails at the folly of her aspirations and her education ( `` I ca n't remember the Italian for ' window ' '' ) . Out of her resignation , supported in this by Olga 's realistic outlook , Irina decides to accept Tuzenbach 's offer of marriage even though she does not love him . Chebutykin drunkenly stumbles and smashes a clock which had belonged to the Prozorov siblings ' late mother , whom he loved . Andrei then vents his self - hatred , acknowledges his own awareness of life 's folly and his disappointment in Natasha , and begs his sisters ' forgiveness for everything . In the fourth and final act , outdoors behind the home , the soldiers , who by now are friends of the family , are preparing to leave the area . A flash - photograph is taken . There is an undercurrent of tension because Solyony has challenged the Baron ( Tuzenbach ) to a duel , but Tuzenbach is intent on hiding it from Irina . He and Irina share a heartbreaking delicate scene in which she confesses that she can not love him , likening her heart to a piano whose key has been lost . Just as the soldiers are leaving , a shot is heard , and Tuzenbach 's death in the duel is announced shortly before the end of the play . Masha has to be pulled , sobbing , from Vershinin 's arms , but her husband willingly , compassionately and all too generously accepts her back , no questions asked . Olga has reluctantly accepted the position of permanent headmistress of the school where she teaches and is moving out . She is taking Anfisa with her , thus rescuing the elderly woman from Natasha . Irina 's fate is uncertain but , even in her grief at Tuzenbach 's death , she wants to persevere in her work as a teacher . Natasha remains as the chatelaine , in charge and in control of everything . Andrei is stuck in his marriage with two children , the only people that Natasha cares about , besides herself . As the play closes , the three sisters stand in a desperate embrace , gazing off as the soldiers depart to the sound of a band 's gay march . As Chebutykin sings Ta - ra - ra - boom - di - ay to himself , Olga 's final lines call out for an end to the confusion all three feel at life 's sufferings and joy : `` If we only knew ... If we only knew '' . Premiere ( edit ) The play was written for the Moscow Art Theatre and it opened on 31 January 1901 , under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich - Danchenko . Stanislavski played Vershinin and the sisters were Olga Knipper ( for whom Chekhov wrote the part of Masha ) , Margarita Savitskaya as Olga and Maria Andreyeva as Irina . Maria Lilina ( Stanislavski 's wife ) was Natasha , Vsevolod Meyerhold appeared as Tusenbach , Leonid Leonidov was Solyony and Alexander was Artem Chebutykin . Reception was mixed . Chekhov felt that Stanislavski 's `` exuberant '' direction had masked the subtleties of the work and that only Knipper had shown her character developing in the manner the playwright had intended . In the directors ' view , the point was to show the hopes , aspirations and dreams of the characters , but audiences were affected by the pathos of the sisters ' loneliness and desperation and by their eventual , uncomplaining acceptance of their situation . Nonetheless the piece proved popular and soon it became established in the company 's repertoire . Notable productions ( edit ) Dates Production Director Notes 24 May 1965 BBC Home Service John Tydeman English translation by Elisaveta Fen ; adapted for radio by Peter Watts ; cast included Paul Scofield , Lynn Redgrave , Ian McKellen , Jill Bennett , among others 29 September 1979 The Other Place , Stratford - upon - Avon Trevor Nunn Version by Richard Cottrell 30 August -- 13 October 2007 Soulpepper Theatre , Toronto László Marton Version by Nicolas Billon with László Marton 29 July -- 3 August 2008 Playhouse , QPAC , Brisbane Declan Donnellan Chekhov International Theatre Festival ( Moscow ) , part of Brisbane Festival 2008 5 May 2009 -- 14 June 2009 Artists Repertory Theatre , Portland Jon Kretzu Adapted by Tracy Letts 12 January -- 6 March 2011 Classic Stage Company , NYC Austin Pendleton Real - life husband and wife actors Maggie Gyllenhaal and Peter Sarsgaard starred . John Gielgud 's 1936 -- 37 landmark season at the Queen 's Theatre included a well - received production with Peggy Ashcroft as Irina and Michael Redgrave as Tusenbach . In 1942 , Judith Anderson portrayed Olga , Katharine Cornell portrayed Masha , Gertrude Musgrove portrayed Irina , and Ruth Gordon portrayed Natasha on Broadway . The production was significant enough to land the cast on the cover of Time on 21 December 1942 , which proclaimed it `` a dream production by anybody 's reckoning -- the most glittering cast the theatre has seen , commercially , in this generation '' . The 1963 inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater included a production with Jessica Tandy as Olga . There is a filmed record of a mid-1960s production by The Actors Studio with Kim Stanley and Geraldine Page as Masha and Olga , respectively , supported by Sandy Dennis 's Irina and Shelley Winters as Natasha . American Film Theatre in 1970 filmed a version with a witty Masha from Joan Plowright opposite Alan Bates as Vershinin , with Ronald Pickup as Tusenbach and Laurence Olivier , who co-directed , playing Chebutykin . The film was based on a theatre production that Olivier directed at the Royal National Theatre in 1967 . Rosemary Harris , Ellen Burstyn and Tovah Feldshuh played , respectively , Olga , Masha and Irina at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in the 1970s with René Auberjonois as Solyony . A 1982 production at Manhattan Theatre Club , had Dianne Wiest as Masha , Lisa Banes as Olga , Mia Dillon as Irina , Christine Ebersole as Natasha , Sam Waterston as Vershinin , Jeff Daniels as Andrei , Bob Balaban as Tusenbach , and Jack Gilford as Chebutykin . Chicago 's Steppenwolf Theatre Company put one together under the direction of Austin Pendleton , with Molly Regan as Olga , Joan Allen as Masha , Rondi Reed as Natasha , and Kevin Anderson as Solyony . The Roundabout Theatre in New York had Jerry Stiller as Chebutykin , Billy Crudup as Solyony , Eric Stoltz as Tuzenbach , Lili Taylor as Irina , Paul Giamatti as Andrei , Amy Irving as Olga , Jeanne Tripplehorn as Masha , Calista Flockhart as Natasha , and David Strathairn as Vershinin . In 1990 , the play opened at the Gate Theatre in Dublin with locally - born sisters Sinéad , Sorcha and Niamh Cusack in the title rôles and their father Cyril Cusack as Dr. Chebutykin . In 1991 , sisters Vanessa Redgrave ( Olga ) and Lynn Redgrave ( Masha ) made their first and only appearance together onstage in this , with niece Jemma Redgrave as Irina at the Queen 's Theatre , London . The play was produced in 2010 at the Lyric Hammersmith by Filter with a cast including Poppy Miller , Romola Garai and Clare Dunne . In 2010 , the play was adapted by for Theatre Na Fidlovačce , Prague as Tři sestry . The sisters played Andrea Černá , Zuzana Vejvodová and Martina Randová and other actors were Otakar Brousek ml . as Vershinin , Tomáš Töpfer as Doctor Chebutykin In 2011 , the play was adapted by Blake Morrison for Northern Broadsides as We Are Three Sisters , drawing out parallels with the lives of the Brontë sisters . In 2012 , the play was staged at the Young Vic , directed by Benedict Andrews in his own new version . The cast included Vanessa Kirby , Mariah Gale and Sam Troughton . In 2014 , the play was staged at the Southwark Playhouse , directed by Russell Bolam . The cast included Olivia Hallinan , Holliday Grainger and Paul McGann . In 2017 , the play was staged at the Studio Theatre directed by Jackson Gay in conjunction with a modern adaption called No Sisters directed by Aaron Posner . In 2017 , the play was staged by Sydney Theatre Company at the Drama Theatre , Sydney Opera House from 6 November -- 16 December . The new adaptation was by Andrew Upton and the cast included Alison Bell as Olga , Miranda Daughtry as Irina and Harry Greenwood as Tusenbach . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contemporary audiences would have recognised this song , from 1892 , as Chebutykin 's ironic reference to the doomed affair between Masha and Vershinin -- Rayfield , Donald ( 2005 ) . Gottlieb , Vera , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov . London : Routledge . p. 210 . ISBN 9780521589178 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harold Bloom , Genius . Jump up ^ Styan , John L. ( 1960 ) . The Elements of Drama . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09201 - 9 . Jump up ^ Three Sisters Act 4 , Julius West 's translation : `` NATASHA : Mihail Ivanitch Protopopov will sit with little Sophie , and Andrei Sergeyevitch can take little Bobby out ... ( Stage direction ) ANDREY wheels out the perambulator in which BOBBY is sitting . '' Jump up ^ Efros , Nikolai ( 2005 ) . Gottlieb , Vera , ed . Anton Chekhov at the Moscow Art Theatre . London : Routledge . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4153 - 4440 - 1 . Jump up ^ Allen , David ( 2000 ) . Performing Chekhov . London , UK : Routledge . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4151 - 8934 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hingley , Ronald ( 1998 ) . Five Plays . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. xix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 83412 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul Scofield : Radio and Spoken Word 1960s -- 1970s from scofieldsperformances.com Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Vera . `` Select stage productions '' . The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58117 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov , adapted by Tracy Letts '' . Artists Repertory Theatre . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . This adaptation of the Russian masterpiece was commissioned by Artists Rep as part three of its four - part Chekhov project . Letts gives us a fresh , new look at the decay of the privileged class and the search for meaning in the modern world , through the eyes of three dissatisfied sisters who desperately long for their treasured past . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` ' Three Sisters ' , Classic Stage Company -- Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ 1942 play review , time.com ; accessed 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( 27 May 1990 ) . `` Theater : Novel Casting for ' Three Sisters ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Three Sisters , Lyric , Hammersmith , London '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Brennan , Clare ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` We Are Three Sisters -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Stoltenberg , John ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Review : ' No Sisters ' at The Studio Theatre '' . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/whats-on/productions/2017/three-sisters External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Sisters Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Three Sisters . Three Sisters at the Internet Broadway Database Oxquarry Books , an English translation of Three Sisters Project Gutenberg , English translations of several Chekhov plays , including Three Sisters Full text of Three Sisters ( in Russian ) The Three Sisters public domain audiobook at LibriVox Three Sisters from Czech theatre ' Divadlo na Fidlovačce ' , Prague Works by Anton Chekhov Plays Platonov ( 1881 ) On the Harmful Effects of Tobacco ( 1886 , 1902 ) Swansong ( 1887 ) Ivanov ( 1887 ) The Bear ( 1888 ) A Tragedian in Spite of Himself ( 1889 ) The Wedding ( 1889 ) Tatiana Repina ( 1889 ) The Wood Demon ( 1889 ) A Marriage Proposal ( 1890 ) The Festivities ( 1891 ) The Seagull ( 1896 ) Uncle Vanya ( 1897 ) Three Sisters ( 1901 ) The Cherry Orchard ( 1904 ) Novel The Shooting Party ( 1884 ) Novellas The Steppe ( 1888 ) A Dreary Story ( 1889 ) The Duel ( 1891 ) The Story of an Unknown Man ( 1893 ) Three Years ( 1895 ) My Life ( 1896 ) Peasants ( 1897 ) Short stories `` An Enigmatic Nature '' ( 1883 ) `` The Death of a Government Clerk '' ( 1883 ) `` Fat and Thin '' ( 1883 ) `` The Complaints Book '' ( 1884 ) `` Surgery '' ( 1884 ) `` The Chameleon ( 1884 ) `` Oysters '' ( 1884 ) `` A Living Chronology '' ( 1885 ) `` Small Fry '' ( 1885 ) `` The Fish '' ( 1885 ) `` A Horsey Name '' ( 1885 ) `` The Huntsman '' ( 1885 ) `` A Malefactor '' ( 1885 ) `` Sergeant Prishibeyev '' ( 1885 ) `` Children '' ( 1886 ) `` A Gentleman Friend '' ( 1886 ) `` Agafya '' ( 1886 ) `` Anyuta '' ( 1886 ) `` Easter Eve '' ( 1886 ) `` Grisha '' ( 1886 ) `` Misery '' ( 1886 ) `` The Chorus Girl '' ( 1886 ) `` Ivan Matveyich '' ( 1886 ) `` The Witch '' ( 1886 ) `` The Requiem '' ( 1886 ) `` Mire '' ( 1886 ) `` Vanka '' ( 1886 ) `` At Home ( 1887 ) `` The Siren '' ( 1887 ) `` Boys '' ( 1887 ) `` Kashtanka '' ( 1887 ) `` A Story Without a Title '' ( 1888 ) `` Sleepy '' ( 1888 ) `` The Bet '' ( 1889 ) `` Gusev '' ( 1890 ) `` Peasant Wives '' ( 1891 ) `` The Grasshopper '' ( 1892 ) `` In Exile '' ( 1892 ) `` Ward No. 6 '' ( 1892 ) `` The Black Monk '' ( 1894 ) `` Rothschild 's Violin '' ( 1894 ) `` The Student '' ( 1894 ) `` The Teacher of Literature '' ( 1894 ) `` Anna on the Neck '' ( 1895 ) `` Whitebrow '' ( 1895 ) `` Ariadne '' ( 1895 ) `` The House with the Mezzanine '' ( 1895 ) `` The Petcheneg '' ( 1897 ) `` In the Cart '' ( 1897 ) `` The Man in the Case '' ( 1898 ) `` Gooseberries '' ( 1898 ) `` About Love '' ( 1898 ) `` Ionych '' ( 1898 ) `` A Doctor 's Visit '' ( 1898 ) `` On Official Duty '' ( 1899 ) `` The Darling '' ( 1899 ) `` The Lady with the Dog '' ( 1899 ) `` In The Ravine '' ( 1899 ) `` The Bishop '' ( 1902 ) `` Betrothed '' ( 1903 ) Related articles Chekhov 's gun Osip Dymov Fragments Wild Honey Anton Chekhov 's Three Sisters Films The Three Sisters ( 1966 ) The Three Sisters ( 1970 ) Three Sisters ( 1970 ) Three Sisters ( 1994 ) The Sisters ( 2005 ) VIAF : 296978809 LCCN : no2010109542 GND : 4065408 - 4 SUDOC : 061508985 BNF : cb13325887t ( data ) NLA : 35212772 BNE : XX2047796 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Sisters_(play)&oldid=819905765 '' Categories : 1901 plays Plays by Anton Chekhov Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who dies at the end of three sisters | [
"In the fourth and final act, outdoors behind the home, the soldiers, who by now are friends of the family, are preparing to leave the area. A flash-photograph is taken. There is an undercurrent of tension because Solyony has challenged the Baron (Tuzenbach) to a duel, but Tuzenbach is intent on hiding it from Irina. He and Irina share a heartbreaking delicate scene in which she confesses that she cannot love him, likening her heart to a piano whose key has been lost. Just as the soldiers are leaving, a shot is heard, and Tuzenbach's death in the duel is announced shortly before the end of the play. Masha has to be pulled, sobbing, from Vershinin's arms, but her husband willingly, compassionately and all too generously accepts her back, no questions asked. Olga has reluctantly accepted the position of permanent headmistress of the school where she teaches and is moving out. She is taking Anfisa with her, thus rescuing the elderly woman from Natasha."
] | [
"Tuzenbach"
] |
8385125044527487035 | Carnitine | Carnitine - Wikipedia Carnitine Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with carnosine or creatine . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Medicine , Chemistry or Molecular and Cellular Biology . The specific problem is : first , to address lack of authoritative coverage of the clinical uses of the agent ( e.g. , in SPCD ) , second , to address the article 's lack of information about the chemical entity ( where it lacks nearly all detail on preparation , forms and properties , non-biologic uses , etc . ) and , about the biosynthetic intermediate and nutrient L - carnitine ( as further images and text on its bacterial , plant , and mammalian biochemistry are needed ) . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Medicine , WikiProject Chemistry or WikiProject Molecular and Cellular Biology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( June 2017 ) This scientific article needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sources such as review articles , monographs , or textbooks . Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any primary research articles cited . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carnitine Clinical data AHFS / Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information Pregnancy category US : B ( No risk in non-human studies ) Routes of administration Oral , intravenous ATC code A16AA01 ( WHO ) ( L form ) Legal status Legal status US : OTC Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability < 10 % Protein binding None Metabolism slightly Excretion Urine ( > 95 % ) Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) 3 - Hydroxy - 4 - ( trimethylazaniumyl ) butanoate CAS Number 541 - 15 - 1 PubChem CID 288 DrugBank DB00583 ChemSpider 282 UNII 0G389FZZ9M KEGG C00318 ChEBI CHEBI : 17126 ChEMBL CHEMBL172513 Chemical and physical data Formula C H NO Molar mass 161.199 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image SMILES ( show ) C ( N+ ) ( C ) ( C ) CC ( CC ( = O ) ( O - ) ) O InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C7H15NO3 / c1 - 8 ( 2 , 3 ) 5 - 6 ( 9 ) 4 - 7 ( 10 ) 11 / h6 , 9H , 4 - 5H2 , 1 - 3H3 Key : PHIQHXFUZVPYII - UHFFFAOYSA - N ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Carnitine ( β - hydroxy - γ - N - trimethylaminobutyric acid , 3 - hydroxy - 4 - N , N , N - trimethylaminobutyrate ) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals , plants and some bacteria . Carnitine may exist in two isomers , labeled D - carnitine and L - carnitine , as they are optically active . At room temperature , pure carnitine is a white powder , and a water - soluble zwitterion with low toxicity . Carnitine only exists in animals as the L - enantiomer , and D - carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of L - carnitine . Carnitine was discovered in 1905 as a result of its high concentration in muscle tissue . It was originally labeled vitamin B ; however , because carnitine is synthesized in the human body , it is no longer considered a vitamin . Carnitine can be synthesized by most humans ; about 1 in 350 males is unable to synthesize it due to genetic causes on the X chromosome . Carnitine is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids , and involved in systemic primary carnitine deficiency . It has been studied for preventing and treating other conditions , and is used as a purported performance enhancing drug . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biosynthesis and metabolism 2 Physiological effects 2.1 Deficiency 2.2 Supplementation 2.3 Atherosclerosis 3 Sources 3.1 Food 3.2 Sources of carnitine 3.3 Health Canada 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biosynthesis and metabolism ( edit ) Main article : carnitine biosynthesis Many eukaryotes have the ability to synthesize carnitine , including humans . Humans synthesize carnitine from the substrate TML ( 6 - N - trimethyllysine ) , which is in turn derived from the methylation of the amino acid lysine . TML is then hydroxylated into hydroxytrimethyllysine ( HTML ) by trimethyllysine dioxygenase , requiring the presence of ascorbic acid . HTML is then cleaved by HTML aldose , yielding 4 - trimethylaminobutyraldehyde ( TMABA ) and glycine . TMABA is then dehydrogenated into gamma - butyrobetaine , in an NAD - dependent reaction , catalyzed by TMABA dehydrogenase . Gamma - butyrobetaine is then hydroxylated by gamma butyrobetaine hydroxylase into L - carnitine , requiring iron in the form of Fe . Carnitine is involved in transporting fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane , by forming a long chain acetylcarnitine ester and being transported by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II . Carnitine also plays a role in stabilizing Acetyl - CoA and coenzyme A levels through the ability to receive or give an acetyl group . Physiological effects ( edit ) Deficiency ( edit ) Further information : Systemic primary carnitine deficiency Carnitine deficiency caused by a genetic defect in carnitine transport occurs in roughly 1 in 50,000 in the US . Systemic primary carnitine deficiency ( SPDC ) is characterized by various cardiological , metabolic and musculoskeletal symptoms that vary widely in age of onset and presentation . Prognosis is generally good with carnitine supplementation . Secondary carnitine deficiency may occur due to conditions such as malnutrition , poor absorption or access to only vegetables . Supplementation ( edit ) Some research has been carried out on carnitine supplementation in athletes , given its role in fatty acid metabolism ; however , individual responses varied significantly in the 300 people involved in one study . Carnitine has been studied in various cardiometabolic conditions , with a bit of evidence pointing towards efficacy as an adjunct in heart disease and diabetes . However , there are insufficient trials to determine its efficacy . Carnitine has no effect on preventing mortality associated with cardiovascular conditions . Carnitine has no effect on serum lipids , except a possible lowering of LDL Carnitine has no effect on most parameters in end stage kidney disease , however it possibly has an effect on c - reactive protein . The effects on mortality and disease outcome are unknown . Male infertility The carnitine content of seminal fluid is directly related to sperm count and motility , suggesting that the compound might be of value in treating male infertility . Several studies indicate that carnitine supplementation ( 2 -- 3 grams / day for 3 -- 4 months ) may improve sperm quality , and one randomized , double - blind crossover trial found that 2 grams / day of carnitine taken for 2 months by 100 infertile men increased the concentration and both total and forward motility of their sperm . The reported benefits may relate to increased mitochondrial fatty - acid oxidation ( providing more energy for sperm ) and reduced cell death in the testes . Atherosclerosis ( edit ) An important interaction between diet and the intestinal microbiome brings into play additional metabolic factors that aggravate atherosclerosis beyond dietary cholesterol . This may help to explain some benefits of the Mediterranean diet . Hazen 's group from the Cleveland Clinic reported that carnitine from animal flesh ( four times as much in red meat as in fish or chicken ) , as well as phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk , are converted by intestinal bacteria to trimethylamine ( the compound that causes uremic breath to smell fishy ) . Trimethylamine is oxidized in the liver to trimethylamine N - oxide ( TMAO ) , which causes atherosclerosis in animal models . Patients in the top quartile of TMAO had a 2.5-fold increase in the 3 - year risk of stroke , death , or myocardial infarction . A key issue is that vegans who consumed L - carnitine did not produce TMAO because they did not have the intestinal bacteria that produce TMA from carnitine . Sources ( edit ) Food ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Lists are both redundant ( presenting same items in list and table ) and largely unsourced , and so violating WP : VERIFY Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sources of carnitine ( edit ) Animal products like meat , fish , poultry , and milk are the best sources . In general , the redder the meat , the higher its carnitine content . Dairy products contain carnitine primarily in the whey fraction , in small amounts relative to red meat . The carnitine content of several foods is listed in Table 1 . Table 1 : Selected food sources of carnitine ( 1 ) Food Milligrams ( mg ) Beef steak , cooked , 4 ounces 56 -- 162 Ground beef , cooked , 4 ounces 87 -- 99 Milk , whole , 1 cup 8 Codfish , cooked , 4 ounces 4 -- 7 Chicken breast , cooked , 4 ounces 3 -- 5 Ice cream , 1⁄2 cup Cheese , cheddar , 2 ounces Whole -- wheat bread , 2 slices 0.2 Asparagus , cooked , 1⁄2 cup 0.1 Carnitine occurs in two forms , known as D and L , that are mirror images ( isomers ) of each other . Only L - carnitine is active in the body and is the form found in food ( 1 , 6 ) . However , even strict vegetarians ( vegans ) show no signs of carnitine deficiency , despite the fact that most dietary carnitine is derived from animal sources . No advantage appears to exist in giving an oral dose greater than 2 g at one time , since absorption studies indicate saturation at this dose . Health Canada ( edit ) Other sources may be found in over-the - counter vitamins , energy drinks and various other products . Products containing L - carnitine can now be marketed as `` natural health products '' in Canada . As of 2012 , Parliament has allowed carnitine products and supplements to be imported into Canada ( Health Canada ) . The Canadian government did issue an amendment in December 2011 allowing the sale of L - carnitine without a prescription . History ( edit ) Levocarnitine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a new molecular entity under the brand name Carnitor on December 27 , 1985 . See also ( edit ) Acetylcarnitine Gamma - butyrobetaine dioxygenase Glycine Propionyl - L - Carnitine ( GPLC ) Meldonium Systemic primary carnitine deficiency References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Karlic , Heidrun ; Lohninger , Alfred ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Supplementation of l - carnitine in athletes : does it make sense ? '' . Nutrition. 20 ( 7 - 8 ) : 709 -- 715 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nut. 2004.04. 003 . ISSN 0899 - 9007 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer , J. ( 1 October 1983 ) . `` Carnitine -- metabolism and functions '' . Physiological Reviews . 63 ( 4 ) : 1420 -- 1480 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 6361812 . Jump up ^ Harmeyer , J. `` The Phystiological Role of L - Carntine '' ( PDF ) . Lohmann Information . Jump up ^ Patrícia B.S. Celestino - Soper et al. , A common X-linked inborn error of carnitine biosynthesis may be a risk factor for nondysmorphic autism , PNAS 109 ( 21 ) , 2012 , pp. 7974 -- 7981 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1120210109 , http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/7974.full Jump up ^ Researchers investigate possible link between carnitine deficiency and autism , https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-07-link-carnitine-deficiency-autism.html Jump up ^ Strijbis , Karin ; Vaz , Frédéric M. ; Distel , Ben ( 1 May 2010 ) . `` Enzymology of the carnitine biosynthesis pathway '' . IUBMB Life . 62 ( 5 ) : 357 -- 362 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 323 . ISSN 1521 - 6551 . ^ Jump up to : Flanagan , Judith L ; Simmons , Peter A ; Vehige , Joseph ; Willcox , Mark DP ; Garrett , Qian ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Role of carnitine in disease '' . Nutrition & Metabolism. 7 : 30 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 7075 - 7 - 30 . ISSN 1743 - 7075 . PMC 2861661 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference sport was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Magoulas , Pilar L. ; El - Hattab , Ayman W. ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Systemic primary carnitine deficiency : an overview of clinical manifestations , diagnosis , and management '' . Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases . 7 : 68 . doi : 10.1186 / 1750 - 1172 - 7 - 68 . ISSN 1750 - 1172 . Jump up ^ Mingorance , Carmen ; Rodríguez - Rodríguez , Rosalía ; Justo , María Luisa ; Álvarez de Sotomayor , María ; Herrera , María Dolores ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` Critical update for the clinical use of L - carnitine analogs in cardiometabolic disorders '' . Vascular Health and Risk Management . 7 : 169 -- 176 . doi : 10.2147 / VHRM. S14356 . ISSN 1176 - 6344 . PMC 3072740 . Jump up ^ Shang , Ruiping ; Sun , Zhiqi ; Li , Hui ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Effective dosing of L - carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 14 : 88 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2261 - 14 - 88 . ISSN 1471 - 2261 . PMID 25044037 . Jump up ^ Huang , Haohai ; Song , Lijun ; Zhang , Hua ; Zhang , Hanbin ; Zhang , Jiping ; Zhao , Wenchang ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Influence of L - carnitine supplementation on serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Kidney & Blood Pressure Research . 38 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 41 . doi : 10.1159 / 000355751 . ISSN 1423 - 0143 . PMID 24525835 . Jump up ^ Chen , Yizhi ; Abbate , Manuela ; Tang , Li ; Cai , Guangyan ; Gong , Zhixiang ; Wei , Ribao ; Zhou , Jianhui ; Chen , Xiangmei ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` L - Carnitine supplementation for adults with end - stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 99 ( 2 ) : 408 -- 422 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.062802 . ISSN 1938 - 3207 . PMID 24368434 . Jump up ^ Koeth , RA ; Wang , Z ; Levison , BS ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L - carnitine , a nutrient in red meat , promotes atherosclerosis '' . Nat Med. 19 ( 5 ) : 576 -- 85 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Spence , J. David ( Last updated : 28 JUL 2016 ) . `` REVIEW , Recent advances in pathogenesis , assessment , and treatment of atherosclerosis ( version 1 ; referees : 3 approved ) '' ( PDF ) . F1000Research 2016 . 5 ( F1000 Faculty Rev ) : 1880 . ISSN 1938 - 3207 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rebouche CJ . Carnitine . In : Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease , 9th Edition ( edited by Shils ME , Olson JA , Shike M , Ross , AC ) . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins , New York , 1999 , pp. 505 - 12 . Jump up ^ Carnitine : lessons from one hundred years of research . Ann NY Acad Sci 2004 ; 1033 : ix - xi . Jump up ^ National Research Council . Food and Nutrition Board . Recommended Dietary Allowances , 10th Edition . National Academy Press , Washington , DC , 1989 . Jump up ^ Institute of Medicine . Food and Nutrition Board . Dietary Reference Intakes. 2005 . http://www.iom.edu/project.asp?id=4574 Jump up ^ Stanley CA . Carnitine deficiency disorders in children . Ann NY Acad Sci 2004 ; 1033 : 42 - 51 . Jump up ^ Rebouche CJ . Kinetics , pharmacokinetics , and regulation of L - carnitine and acetyl - L - carnitine metabolism . Ann NY Acad Sci 2004 ; 1033 : 30 - 41 . Jump up ^ `` L - Carnitine -- Linus Pauling Institute -- Oregon State University '' . Jump up ^ Lombard , K.A. ; Olson , A.L. ; Nelson , S.E. ; Rebouche , C.J. ( 1989 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Carnitine status of lactoovovegetarians and strict vegetarian adults and children '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 50 ( 2 ) : 301 -- 306 . ISSN 0002 - 9165 . PMID 2756917 . Jump up ^ Bain , Marcus A. ; Milne , Robert W. ; Evans , Allan M. ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Disposition and metabolite kinetics of oral L - carnitine in humans '' . Journal of Clinical Pharmacology . 46 ( 10 ) : 1163 -- 1170 . doi : 10.1177 / 0091270006292851 . ISSN 0091 - 2700 . PMID 16988205 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations '' . Jump up ^ FDA approval letter Further reading ( edit ) The following are good secondary sources on the subject of this article . Bremer , J ( 1983 ) . `` Carnitine -- Metabolism and Functions '' . Physiol. Rev. 63 ( 4 ) : 1420 -- 1480 . PMID 6361812 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Stanley , Charles A. ; Bennett , Michael J. ; Longo , Nicolo ( 2000 ) . `` Plasma Membrane Carnitine Transport Defect '' . In Scriver , C.W. ; Beaudet , A.L. ; Sly , W.S. ; Valle , D. Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease ( 8th ed . ) . New York , NY , USA : McGraw Hill . doi : 10.1036 / ommbid. 297 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 913035 - 6 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Steiber A. ; J. Kerner ; C. Hoppel ( 2004 ) . `` Carnitine : a Nutritional , Biosynthetic , and Functional perspective '' . Mol . Aspects Med. 25 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 455 -- 73 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mam. 2004.06. 006 . PMID 15363636 . Marcovina , S.M. ; Sirtori , C. ; Peracino , A. ; Gheorghiade , M. ; Borum , P. ; Remuzzi , G. ; Ardehali , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Translating the Basic Knowledge of Mitochondrial Functions to Metabolic Therapy : Role of L - Carnitine '' . Translational Research . 161 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / j. trsl. 2012.10. 006 . PMC 3590819 . PMID 23138103 . Johri , A.M. ; D.K. Heyland ; M.F. Hétu ; B. Crawford & J.D. Spence ( 2014 ) . `` Carnitine Therapy for the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease : Evidence and Controversies '' ( print , online review ) . Nutr . Metab . Cardiovasc . Dis. 24 ( 8 , Aug . ) : 808 -- 814 . doi : 10.1016 / j. numecd. 2014.03. 007 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Dambrova , M. ; E. Liepinsh ( 2015 ) . `` Risks and Benefits of Carnitine Supplementation in Diabetes '' ( print , online review ) . Exp . Clin. Endocrinol . Diabetes. 123 ( 2 , Feb . ) : 95 -- 100 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0034 - 1390481 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Brown , J. Mark ; Stanley L. Hazen ( 2015 ) . `` The Gut Microbial Endocrine Organ : Bacterially Derived Signals Driving Cardiometabolic Diseases '' . Annu. Rev. Med. 66 : 343 -- 359 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - med - 060513 - 093205 . PMC 4456003 . PMID 25587655 . External links ( edit ) National Institutes of Health fact sheet on carnitine Molecule of the Month at University of Bristol Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements ( `` minerals '' ) Retinol ( Vitamin A ) B vitamins : Thiamine ( B ) Riboflavin ( B ) Niacin ( B ) Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pyridoxine ( B ) Biotin ( B ) Folic acid ( B ) Cyanocobalamin ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin C ) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D ) Tocopherol ( Vitamin E ) Naphthoquinone ( Vitamin K ) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β - hydroxy β - methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine / Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John 's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Antioxidants Food antioxidants 6 - Hydroxymelatonin Acetyl - L - carnitine ( ALCAR ) Alpha - lipoic acid ( ALA ) Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) Carotenoids ( vitamin A ) Curcumin Edaravone Polyphenols Glutathione Hydroxytyrosol L - carnitine Ladostigil Melatonin Mofegiline N - Acetylcysteine ( NAC ) N - Acetylserotonin ( NAS ) Oleocanthal Oleuropein Rasagiline Resveratrol Selegiline Selenium Tocopherols ( vitamin E ) Tocotrienols ( vitamin E ) Tyrosol Ubiquinone ( coenzyme Q ) Uric acid Fuel antioxidants Butylated hydroxytoluene 2 , 6 - Di - tert - butylphenol 1 , 2 - Diaminopropane 2 , 4 - Dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Ethylenediamine Measurements Folin method ORAC TEAC FRAP Other alimentary tract and metabolism products ( A16 ) Amino acids and derivatives Ademetionine Betaine Carglumic acid Cysteamine Levocarnitine Levoglutamide Metreleptin Enzymes Carbohydrate metabolism : sucrase ( Sacrosidase ) alpha - glucosidase ( Alglucosidase alfa ) Glycolipid / sphingolipid : glucocerebrosidase ( Alglucerase Imiglucerase Taliglucerase alfa Velaglucerase alfa ) alpha - galactosidase ( Agalsidase alfa Agalsidase beta ) Glycosaminoglycan : iduronidase ( Laronidase ) arylsulfatase B ( Galsulfase ) iduronate - 2 - sulfatase ( Idursulfase ) Lipid : lysosomal lipase ( Sebelipase alfa ) Phosphate : Asfotase alfa Other Anethole trithione Eliglustat Glycerol phenylbutyrate Miglustat Nitisinone Sapropterin Sodium benzoate Sodium phenylbutyrate Teduglutide Trientine Tioctic acid Uridine triacetate Zinc acetate NDL : 00565066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnitine&oldid=805768126 '' Categories : Beta hydroxy acids Quaternary ammonium compounds Dietary supplements Amino acids Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | l carnitine what is it made out of | [
"Many eukaryotes have the ability to synthesize carnitine, including humans. Humans synthesize carnitine from the substrate TML (6-N-trimethyllysine), which is in turn derived from the methylation of the amino acid lysine. TML is then hydroxylated into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML) by trimethyllysine dioxygenase, requiring the presence of ascorbic acid. HTML is then cleaved by HTML aldose, yielding 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde (TMABA) and glycine. TMABA is then dehydrogenated into gamma-butyrobetaine, in an NAD+-dependent reaction, catalyzed by TMABA dehydrogenase. Gamma-butyrobetaine is then hydroxylated by gamma butyrobetaine hydroxylase into L-carnitine, requiring iron in the form of Fe2+.[6]"
] | [
"Gamma-butyrobetaine is then hydroxylated by gamma butyrobetaine hydroxylase into L-carnitine"
] |
1502049136586545746 | List of Premier League managers | List of Premier League Managers - wikipedia List of Premier League Managers Jump to : navigation , search Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson is the only manager who remained in his job throughout the first twenty - one seasons of the Premier League . The Premier League is a professional football league in England which is at the top of the English football league system . The league was formed in 1992 as a replacement for the original First Division . At the time he retired in May 2013 , Manchester United 's chief Sir Alex Ferguson was the last remaining manager who had been in post continuously since the formation of the Premier League in 1992 , a total of 21 seasons . Arsène Wenger has been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 , while David Moyes was Everton 's manager for eleven seasons from 2002 to 2013 , before taking over Manchester United after Ferguson 's retirement . Sam Allardyce has managed the most teams in the Premier League , having taken charge of six different clubs . Allardyce has managed Bolton Wanderers , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Sunderland and Crystal Palace . Harry Redknapp , Mark Hughes and Roy Hodgson have managed five different clubs in the Premier League . Redknapp has managed West Ham United , Portsmouth , Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur and Queens Park Rangers . Hughes has managed Blackburn Rovers , Manchester City , Fulham , Queens Park Rangers and Stoke City . Hodgson has managed Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Liverpool , West Bromwich Albion and Crystal Palace . Four managers have managed four different clubs in the Premier League . Ron Atkinson managed Aston Villa , Coventry City , Sheffield Wednesday and , briefly , Nottingham Forest . Graeme Souness managed Liverpool , Southampton , Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United . Steve Bruce has managed Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Sunderland and Hull City . Alan Pardew has managed West Ham United , Charlton Athletic , Newcastle United and Crystal Palace . Some of the people have served spells as caretaker ( temporary ) managers in the period between a managerial departure and appointment . Several caretaker managers such as Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post . Contents ( hide ) 1 Managers 1.1 By club 1.2 By nationality 2 Most games managed in Premier League 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Managers ( edit ) Sam Allardyce has been in charge of Crystal Palace , Sunderland , West Ham United , Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League . Roberto Mancini took over as manager of Manchester City in 2009 , his first role in English football . Aidy Boothroyd was only 34 years old when managing Watford in the 2006 -- 07 Premier League season . The list of managers includes everyone who has managed clubs while they were in the Premier League , whether in a permanent or temporary role . Caretaker managers are listed only when they managed the team for at least one match in that period . The dates of appointment and departure may fall outside the club 's period in the Premier League , for example , Ron Atkinson was appointed as Aston Villa manager in 1991 ( before the Premier League was formed in 1992 ) and remained in his position through the Premier League 's establishment . Similarly , Wolverhampton Wanderers ' first spell in the Premier League lasted for only one season ( 2003 -- 04 ) but manager Dave Jones remained in his position until November 2004 . Chris Coleman is the youngest manager in Premier League history , while Bob Bradley is the first American to manage a Premier League club . Key Incumbent manager Caretaker manager § Incumbent but no longer in Premier League * Present up to date as of 12 September 2017 Managers Name Nat . Club From Until Duration ( days ) Years in Premier League Ref . Graham , George George Graham Arsenal 000000001986 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1986 000000001995 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1995 3205 1992 -- 1995 Houston , Stewart Stewart Houston Arsenal 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1995 000000001995 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1995 106 1995 Rioch , Bruce Bruce Rioch Arsenal 000000001995 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1995 000000001996 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1996 431 1995 -- 1996 Houston , Stewart Stewart Houston Arsenal 000000001996 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1996 000000001996 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1996 32 Rice , Pat Pat Rice Arsenal 000000001996 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1996 000000001996 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1996 17 Wenger , Arsene Arsène Wenger Arsenal 000000001996 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1996 Present * 7651 1996 -- Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Aston Villa 000000001991 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1991 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 1252 1992 -- 1994 Little , Brian Brian Little Aston Villa 000000001994 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1994 000000001998 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 1998 1187 1994 -- 1998 Gregory , John John Gregory Aston Villa 000000001998 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 1998 000000002002 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2002 1429 1998 -- 2002 Deehan , John John Deehan Aston Villa 000000002002 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2002 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 12 2002 Gray , Stuart Stuart Gray Aston Villa 000000002002 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2002 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 12 2002 Taylor , Graham Graham Taylor Aston Villa 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 000000002003 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2003 463 2002 -- 2003 O'Leary , David David O'Leary Aston Villa 000000002003 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2003 000000002006 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2006 1156 2003 -- 2006 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill Aston Villa 000000002006 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 August 2006 000000002010 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 2010 1465 2006 -- 2010 MacDonald , Kevin Kevin MacDonald Aston Villa 000000002010 - 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10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2015 8 2015 Garde , Rémi Rémi Garde Aston Villa 000000002015 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2015 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2016 148 2015 -- 2016 Black , Eric Eric Black Aston Villa 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2016 000000002016 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2016 65 2016 Wilson , Danny Danny Wilson Barnsley 000000001994 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 1994 000000001998 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 July 1998 1496 1997 -- 1998 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce Birmingham City 000000002001 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 2001 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2007 2172 2002 -- 2006 2007 Black , Eric Eric Black Birmingham City 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 2007 2007 McLeish , Alex Alex McLeish Birmingham City 000000002007 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2007 000000002011 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2011 1496 2007 -- 2008 2009 -- 2011 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 000000001991 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 1991 000000001995 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 1995 1348 1992 -- 1995 Harford , Ray Ray Harford Blackburn Rovers 000000001995 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1995 000000001996 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1996 488 1995 -- 1996 Parkes , Tony Tony Parkes Blackburn Rovers 000000001996 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1996 000000001997 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1997 219 1996 -- 1997 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Blackburn Rovers 000000001997 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1997 000000001998 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1998 538 1997 Kidd , Brian Brian Kidd Blackburn Rovers 000000001998 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1998 000000001999 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1999 334 1998 -- 1999 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Blackburn Rovers 000000002000 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2000 000000002004 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2004 1637 2001 -- 2004 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Blackburn Rovers 000000002004 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2004 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2008 1357 2004 -- 2008 Ince , Paul Paul Ince Blackburn Rovers 000000002008 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2008 177 2008 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Blackburn Rovers 000000002008 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2008 000000002010 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2010 726 2008 -- 2010 Kean , Steve Steve Kean Blackburn Rovers 000000002010 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2010 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2012 655 2010 -- 2012 Holloway , Ian Ian Holloway Blackpool 000000002009 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2009 000000002012 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2012 1262 2010 -- 2011 McFarland , Roy Roy McFarland Bolton Wanderers 000000001995 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 1995 000000001996 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1996 227 1995 -- 1996 Todd , Colin Colin Todd Bolton Wanderers 000000001996 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1996 000000001999 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1999 1328 1997 -- 1998 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Bolton Wanderers 000000001999 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 1999 000000002007 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2007 2749 2001 -- 2007 Lee , Sammy Sammy Lee Bolton Wanderers 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2007 160 2007 Knox , Archie Archie Knox Bolton Wanderers 000000002007 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 8 2007 Megson , Gary Gary Megson Bolton Wanderers 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 000000002009 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2009 797 2007 -- 2009 Coyle , Owen Owen Coyle Bolton Wanderers 000000002010 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2010 000000002012 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2012 1005 2010 -- 2012 Howe , Eddie Eddie Howe Bournemouth 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2012 Present * 1796 2015 -- Jewell , Paul Paul Jewell Bradford City 000000001998 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 1998 000000002000 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2000 894 1999 -- 2000 Hutchings , Chris Chris Hutchings Bradford City 000000002000 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2000 000000002000 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2000 141 2000 McCall , Stuart Stuart McCall Bradford City 000000002000 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2000 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2000 14 2000 Jefferies , Jim Jim Jefferies Bradford City 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2000 000000002001 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2001 399 2000 -- 2001 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 000000002014 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2014 Present * 986 2017 -- Coyle , Owen Owen Coyle Burnley 000000002007 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 2007 000000002010 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2010 770 2009 -- 2010 Laws , Brian Brian Laws Burnley 000000002010 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2010 350 Dyche , Sean Sean Dyche Burnley 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2012 Present * 1778 2014 -- 2015 2016 -- Mackay , Malky Malky Mackay Cardiff City 000000002011 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2011 000000002013 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2013 924 2013 Kerslake , David David Kerslake Cardiff City 000000002013 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2013 000000002014 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2014 6 2013 -- 2014 Solskjær , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Cardiff City 000000002014 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2014 259 2014 Curbishley , Alan Alan Curbishley Charlton Athletic 000000001991 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 1991 000000002006 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2006 5402 1998 -- 1999 2000 -- 2006 Dowie , Iain Iain Dowie Charlton Athletic 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2006 167 2006 Reed , Les Les Reed Charlton Athletic 000000002006 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2006 40 2006 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew Charlton Athletic 000000002006 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2006 000000002008 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2008 699 2006 -- 2007 Porterfield , Ian Ian Porterfield Chelsea 000000001991 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1991 000000001993 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1993 615 1992 -- 1993 Webb , David David Webb Chelsea 000000001993 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1993 000000001993 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1993 85 1993 Hoddle , Glenn Glenn Hoddle Chelsea 000000001993 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1993 000000001996 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1996 1071 1993 -- 1996 Gullit , Ruud Ruud Gullit Chelsea 000000001996 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1996 000000001998 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1998 643 1996 -- 1998 Vialli , Gianluca Gianluca Vialli Chelsea 000000001998 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1998 000000002000 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2000 943 1998 -- 2000 Rix , Graham Graham Rix Chelsea 000000002000 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2000 000000002000 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2000 2000 Wilkins , Ray Ray Wilkins Chelsea 000000002000 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2000 000000002000 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2000 2000 Ranieri , Claudio Claudio Ranieri Chelsea 000000002000 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2000 000000002004 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2004 1351 2000 -- 2004 Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho Chelsea 000000002004 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2004 000000002007 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2007 1205 2004 -- 2007 Grant , Avram Avram Grant Chelsea 000000002007 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2008 238 2007 -- 2008 Scolari , Luiz Felipe Luiz Felipe Scolari Chelsea 000000002008 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 223 2008 -- 2009 Wilkins , Ray Ray Wilkins Chelsea 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2009 7 2009 Hiddink , Guus Guus Hiddink Chelsea 000000002009 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2009 104 2009 Ancelotti , Carlo Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 000000002009 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2009 000000002011 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2011 720 2009 -- 2011 Villas - Boas , André André Villas - Boas Chelsea 000000002011 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2011 000000002012 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2012 256 2011 -- 2012 Di Matteo , Roberto Roberto Di Matteo Chelsea 000000002012 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2012 262 2012 Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Chelsea 000000002012 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2012 000000002013 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2013 187 2012 -- 2013 Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho Chelsea 000000002013 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2013 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2015 927 2013 -- 2015 Hiddink , Guus Guus Hiddink Chelsea 000000002015 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2015 000000002016 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2016 148 2015 -- 2016 Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Chelsea 000000002016 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 2016 Present * 436 2016 -- Gould , Bobby Bobby Gould Coventry City 000000001992 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1992 000000001993 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1993 486 1992 -- 1993 Neal , Phil Phil Neal Coventry City 000000001993 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1993 000000001995 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1995 479 1993 -- 1995 Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Coventry City 000000001995 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1995 000000001996 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1996 629 1995 -- 1996 Strachan , Gordon Gordon Strachan Coventry City 000000001996 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1996 000000002001 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2001 1770 1996 -- 2001 Coppell , Steve Steve Coppell Crystal Palace 000000001984 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1984 000000001993 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1993 3270 1992 -- 1993 Smith , Alan Alan Smith Crystal Palace 000000001993 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1993 000000001995 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 1995 711 1994 -- 1995 Coppell , Steve Steve Coppell Crystal Palace 000000001997 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 February 1997 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1998 379 1997 -- 1998 Lombardo , Attilio Attilio Lombardo Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1998 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 47 1998 Brolin , Tomas Tomas Brolin Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1998 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 47 1998 Noades , Ron Ron Noades Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 000000001998 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1998 11 1998 Lewington , Ray Ray Lewington Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 000000001998 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1998 11 1998 Dowie , Iain Iain Dowie Crystal Palace 000000002003 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2003 000000002006 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2006 882 2004 -- 2005 Holloway , Ian Ian Holloway Crystal Palace 000000002012 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2012 000000002013 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2013 354 2013 Millen , Keith Keith Millen Crystal Palace 000000002013 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2013 31 2013 Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis Crystal Palace 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2013 000000002014 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2014 264 2013 -- 2014 Millen , Keith Keith Millen Crystal Palace 000000002014 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2014 13 2014 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Crystal Palace 000000002014 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2014 000000002014 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2014 122 2014 Millen , Keith Keith Millen Crystal Palace 000000002014 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2014 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2015 5 2014 -- 2015 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew Crystal Palace 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2015 000000002016 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2016 720 2015 -- 2016 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Crystal Palace 000000002016 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 2016 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2017 151 2016 -- 2017 de Boer , Frank Frank de Boer Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2017 77 2017 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2017 Present * 0 2017 -- Smith , Jim Jim Smith Derby County 000000001995 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 1995 000000002001 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2001 2306 1996 -- 2001 Todd , Colin Colin Todd Derby County 000000002001 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2001 000000002002 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2002 98 2001 -- 2002 McEwan , Billy Billy McEwan Derby County 000000002002 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2002 000000002002 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2002 16 2002 Gregory , John John Gregory Derby County 000000002002 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2002 000000002003 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2003 415 2002 Davies , Billy Billy Davies Derby County 000000002006 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2006 000000002007 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2007 542 2007 Jewell , Paul Paul Jewell Derby County 000000002007 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2007 000000002008 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2008 397 2007 -- 2008 Kendall , Howard Howard Kendall Everton 000000001990 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1990 000000001993 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1993 1125 1992 -- 1993 Gabriel , Jimmy Jimmy Gabriel Everton 000000001993 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1993 000000001994 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1994 35 1993 -- 1994 Walker , Mike Mike Walker Everton 000000001994 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1994 000000001994 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 1994 305 1994 Royle , Joe Joe Royle Everton 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 000000001997 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 1997 868 1994 -- 1997 Watson , Dave Dave Watson Everton 000000001997 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 1997 000000001997 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 1997 60 1997 Kendall , Howard Howard Kendall Everton 000000001997 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 1997 000000001998 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1998 363 1997 -- 1998 Smith , Walter Walter Smith Everton 000000001998 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1998 000000002002 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2002 1351 1998 -- 2002 Moyes , David David Moyes Everton 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2002 000000002013 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2013 4096 2002 -- 2013 Martinez , Roberto Roberto Martínez Everton 000000002013 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 2013 000000002016 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2016 1072 2013 -- 2016 Unsworth , David David Unsworth Everton 000000002016 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2016 000000002016 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2016 33 2016 Koeman , Ronald Ronald Koeman Everton 000000002016 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2016 Present * 455 2016 -- Tigana , Jean Jean Tigana Fulham 000000002000 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2000 000000002003 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2003 1020 2001 -- 2003 Coleman , Chris Chris Coleman Fulham 000000002003 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2003 000000002007 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2007 1455 2003 -- 2007 Sanchez , Lawrie Lawrie Sanchez Fulham 000000002007 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2007 254 2007 Lewington , Ray Ray Lewington Fulham 000000002007 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2007 9 2007 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Fulham 000000002007 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2007 000000002010 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2010 913 2007 -- 2010 Lewington , Ray Ray Lewington Fulham 000000002010 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 2010 28 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Fulham 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 2010 000000002011 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2011 307 2010 -- 2011 Jol , Martin Martin Jol Fulham 000000002011 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2011 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 908 2011 -- 2013 Meulensteen , René René Meulensteen Fulham 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2014 75 2013 -- 2014 Magath , Felix Felix Magath Fulham 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2014 216 2014 Wagner , David David Wagner Huddersfield Town 000000002015 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2015 Present * 673 2017 -- Brown , Phil Phil Brown Hull City 000000002006 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2006 000000002010 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2010 1197 2008 -- 2009 Dowie , Iain Iain Dowie Hull City 000000002010 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2010 53 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce Hull City 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 000000002016 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2016 1505 2013 -- 2015 Phelan , Mike Mike Phelan Hull City 000000002016 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2016 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 2016 83 2016 Phelan , Mike Mike Phelan Hull City 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 2016 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2017 82 2016 -- 2017 Silva , Marco Marco Silva Hull City 000000002017 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2017 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2017 140 2017 Lyall , John John Lyall Ipswich Town 000000001990 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1990 000000001994 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 1994 1669 1992 -- 1994 Goddard , Paul Paul Goddard Ipswich Town 000000001994 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1994 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1994 21 1994 Wark , John John Wark Ipswich Town 000000001994 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1994 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1994 21 1994 Burley , George George Burley Ipswich Town 000000001994 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1994 000000002002 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 2002 2844 1994 -- 1995 2000 -- 2002 Wilkinson , Howard Howard Wilkinson Leeds United 000000001988 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1988 000000001996 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1996 2892 1992 -- 1996 Graham , George George Graham Leeds United 000000001996 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1996 000000001998 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1998 751 1996 -- 1998 O'Leary , David David O'Leary Leeds United 000000001998 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1998 000000002002 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 2002 1365 1998 -- 2002 Venables , Terry Terry Venables Leeds United 000000002002 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2002 000000002003 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2003 256 2002 -- 2003 Reid , Peter Peter Reid Leeds United 000000002003 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2003 000000002003 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2003 234 2003 Gray , Eddie Eddie Gray Leeds United 000000002003 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2003 000000002004 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2004 193 2003 -- 2004 Little , Brian Brian Little Leicester City 000000001991 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 1991 000000001994 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1994 1272 1994 -- 1995 MacDonald , Kevin Kevin MacDonald Leicester City 000000001994 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1994 000000001994 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1994 22 1994 McGhee , Mark Mark McGhee Leicester City 000000001994 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1994 000000001995 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1995 358 1994 -- 1995 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill Leicester City 000000001995 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1995 000000002000 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2000 1624 1996 -- 2000 Taylor , Peter Peter Taylor Leicester City 000000002000 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2000 000000002001 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2001 475 2000 -- 2001 Bassett , Dave Dave Bassett Leicester City 000000002001 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2001 000000002002 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2002 178 2001 -- 2002 Adams , Micky Micky Adams Leicester City 000000002002 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2002 000000002004 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 2004 918 2002 2003 -- 2004 Pearson , Nigel Nigel Pearson Leicester City 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 2011 000000002015 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2015 1323 2014 -- 2015 Ranieri , Claudio Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 000000002015 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 2015 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2017 591 2015 -- 2017 Shakespeare , Craig Craig Shakespeare Leicester City 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2017 000000002017 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2017 17 2017 Shakespeare , Craig Craig Shakespeare Leicester City 000000002017 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2017 Present * 184 2017 -- Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Liverpool 000000001991 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1991 000000001994 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1994 1018 1992 -- 1994 Evans , Roy Roy Evans Liverpool 000000001994 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1994 000000001998 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1998 1749 1994 -- 1998 Houllier , Gérard Gérard Houllier Liverpool 000000001998 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1998 000000002001 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2001 1201 1998 -- 2001 Thompson , Phil Phil Thompson Liverpool 000000002001 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2001 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2002 153 2001 -- 2002 Houllier , Gérard Gérard Houllier Liverpool 000000002002 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 2002 000000002004 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2004 799 2002 -- 2004 Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Liverpool 000000002004 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2004 000000002010 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2010 2178 2004 -- 2010 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Liverpool 000000002010 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2010 000000002011 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2011 191 2010 -- 2011 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 000000002011 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2011 000000002012 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2012 494 2011 -- 2012 Rodgers , Brendan Brendan Rodgers Liverpool 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2012 000000002015 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2015 1220 2012 -- 2015 Klopp , Jürgen Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 000000002015 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2015 Present * 705 2015 -- Reid , Peter Peter Reid Manchester City 000000001990 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1990 000000001993 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1993 1019 1992 -- 1993 Book , Tony Tony Book Manchester City 000000001993 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1993 000000001993 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1993 1993 Horton , Brian Brian Horton Manchester City 000000001993 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1993 000000001995 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1995 626 1993 -- 1995 Ball , Alan Alan Ball Manchester City 000000001995 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1995 000000001996 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1996 423 1995 -- 1996 Royle , Joe Joe Royle Manchester City 000000001998 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1998 000000002001 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2001 1188 2000 -- 2001 Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Manchester City 000000002001 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2001 000000002005 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2005 1387 2002 -- 2005 Pearce , Stuart Stuart Pearce Manchester City 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2005 000000002007 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2007 784 2005 -- 2007 Eriksson , Sven - Göran Sven - Göran Eriksson Manchester City 000000002007 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2007 000000002008 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2008 332 2007 -- 2008 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Manchester City 000000002008 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 2008 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 563 2008 -- 2009 Mancini , Roberto Roberto Mancini Manchester City 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2013 1241 2009 -- 2013 Kidd , Brian Brian Kidd Manchester City 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 32 2013 Pellegrini , Manuel Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2016 1112 2013 -- 2016 Guardiola , Pep Pep Guardiola Manchester City 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 Present * 438 2016 -- Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson Manchester United 000000001986 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1986 000000002013 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2013 9704 1992 -- 2013 Moyes , David David Moyes Manchester United 000000002013 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2013 000000002014 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2014 325 2013 -- 2014 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 000000002014 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2014 19 2014 Gaal , Louis van Louis van Gaal Manchester United 000000002014 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2014 000000002016 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2016 679 2014 -- 2016 Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho Manchester United 000000002016 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2016 Present * 473 2016 -- Lawrence , Lennie Lennie Lawrence Middlesbrough 000000001991 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 1991 000000001994 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 1994 1044 1992 -- 1993 Robson , Bryan Bryan Robson Middlesbrough 000000001994 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 1994 000000002000 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2000 2381 1994 -- 1997 1998 -- 2000 Venables , Terry Terry Venables Middlesbrough 000000002000 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2000 000000002001 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2001 188 2000 -- 2001 McClaren , Steve Steve McClaren Middlesbrough 000000002001 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2001 000000002006 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2006 1794 2001 -- 2006 Southgate , Gareth Gareth Southgate Middlesbrough 000000002006 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2006 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2009 1231 2006 -- 2009 Karanka , Aitor Aitor Karanka Middlesbrough 000000002013 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2013 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2017 1219 2016 -- 2017 Agnew , Steve Steve Agnew Middlesbrough 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2017 000000002017 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2017 85 2017 Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Newcastle United 000000001992 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1992 000000001997 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1997 1799 1993 -- 1997 McDermott , Terry Terry McDermott Newcastle United 000000001997 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1997 000000001997 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 1997 6 1997 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Newcastle United 000000001997 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 1997 000000001998 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1998 590 1997 -- 1998 Gullit , Ruud Ruud Gullit Newcastle United 000000001998 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1998 000000001999 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1999 365 1998 -- 1999 Clarke , Steve Steve Clarke Newcastle United 000000001999 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1999 000000001999 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 1999 5 1999 Robson , Bobby Bobby Robson Newcastle United 000000001999 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 1999 000000002004 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2004 1824 1999 -- 2004 Carver , John John Carver Newcastle United 000000002004 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2004 000000002004 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2004 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Newcastle United 000000002004 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2004 000000002006 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2006 507 2004 -- 2006 Roeder , Glenn Glenn Roeder Newcastle United 000000002006 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2006 000000002007 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2007 458 2006 -- 2007 Pearson , Nigel Nigel Pearson Newcastle United 000000002007 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2007 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2007 9 2007 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Newcastle United 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2007 000000002008 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2008 239 2007 -- 2008 Pearson , Nigel Nigel Pearson Newcastle United 000000002008 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2008 000000002008 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 2008 7 2008 Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Newcastle United 000000002008 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 2008 232 2008 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Newcastle United 000000002008 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2008 20 2008 Kinnear , Joe Joe Kinnear Newcastle United 000000002008 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2009 184 2008 -- 2009 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2009 53 2009 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Newcastle United 000000002009 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2009 000000002010 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2010 553 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew Newcastle United 000000002010 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2010 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2015 1484 2010 -- 2015 Carver , John John Carver Newcastle United 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2015 000000002015 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 2015 24 2015 Carver , John John Carver Newcastle United 000000002015 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 2015 000000002015 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2015 135 2015 McClaren , Steve Steve McClaren Newcastle United 000000002015 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2015 000000002016 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2016 275 2015 -- 2016 Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 000000002016 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2016 Present * 550 2016 2017 -- Walker , Mike Mike Walker Norwich City 000000001992 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1992 000000001994 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 1994 584 1992 -- 1994 Deehan , John John Deehan Norwich City 000000001994 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 1994 000000001995 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1995 565 1994 -- 1995 Worthington , Nigel Nigel Worthington Norwich City 000000002000 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2000 000000002006 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2006 2128 2004 -- 2005 Lambert , Paul Paul Lambert Norwich City 000000002009 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 2009 000000002012 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2012 1019 2011 -- 2012 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Norwich City 000000002012 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2012 000000002014 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2014 668 2012 -- 2014 Adams , Neil Neil Adams Norwich City 000000002014 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2014 000000002015 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2015 213 2014 Neil , Alex Alex Neil Norwich City 000000002015 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2015 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2017 791 2015 -- 2016 Clough , Brian Brian Clough Nottingham Forest 000000001975 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 1975 000000001993 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1993 6697 1992 -- 1993 Clark , Frank Frank Clark Nottingham Forest 000000001993 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 1993 000000001996 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1996 1317 1994 -- 1996 Pearce , Stuart Stuart Pearce Nottingham Forest 000000001996 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 1996 000000001997 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1997 139 1996 -- 1997 Bassett , Dave Dave Bassett Nottingham Forest 000000001997 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1997 000000001999 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1999 607 1997 1998 -- 1999 Adams , Micky Micky Adams Nottingham Forest 000000001999 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1999 000000001999 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1999 6 1999 Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Nottingham Forest 000000001999 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1999 000000001999 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1999 125 1999 Royle , Joe Joe Royle Oldham Athletic 000000001982 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 1982 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 4502 1992 -- 1994 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Portsmouth 000000002002 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 2002 000000002004 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2004 975 2003 -- 2004 Zajec , Velimir Velimir Zajec Portsmouth 000000002004 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2004 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2005 104 2004 -- 2005 Perrin , Alain Alain Perrin Portsmouth 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2005 000000002005 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2005 231 2005 Jordan , Joe Joe Jordan Portsmouth 000000002005 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2005 13 2005 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Portsmouth 000000002005 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2005 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 1053 2005 -- 2008 Jordan , Joe Joe Jordan Portsmouth 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2008 2008 Adams , Tony Tony Adams Portsmouth 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 107 2008 -- 2009 Hart , Paul Paul Hart Portsmouth 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2009 288 2009 Grant , Avram Avram Grant Portsmouth 000000002009 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2009 000000002010 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2010 176 2009 -- 2010 Francis , Gerry Gerry Francis Queens Park Rangers 000000001991 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1991 000000001994 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1994 1259 1992 -- 1994 Wilkins , Ray Ray Wilkins Queens Park Rangers 000000001994 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1994 000000001996 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 1996 659 1994 -- 1996 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Queens Park Rangers 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2010 000000002012 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2012 678 2011 -- 2012 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Queens Park Rangers 000000002012 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2012 318 2012 Bowen , Mark Mark Bowen Queens Park Rangers 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2012 2012 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Queens Park Rangers 000000002012 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2012 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2015 802 2012 -- 2013 2014 -- 2015 Bond , Kevin Kevin Bond Queens Park Rangers 000000002015 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2015 000000002015 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2015 9 2015 Ramsey , Chris Chris Ramsey Queens Park Rangers 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2015 000000002015 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2015 9 2015 Ramsey , Chris Chris Ramsey Queens Park Rangers 000000002015 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2015 265 2015 Coppell , Steve Steve Coppell Reading 000000002003 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2003 000000002009 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2009 2042 2006 -- 2008 McDermott , Brian Brian McDermott Reading 000000002009 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2009 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2013 1180 2009 -- 2013 Adkins , Nigel Nigel Adkins Reading 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2013 000000002014 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2014 629 2013 Bassett , Dave Dave Bassett Sheffield United 000000001988 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1988 000000001995 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1995 2901 1992 -- 1994 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Sheffield United 000000001999 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1999 000000002007 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2007 2722 2006 -- 2007 Francis , Trevor Trevor Francis Sheffield Wednesday 000000001991 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1991 000000001995 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 1995 1443 1992 -- 1995 Pleat , David David Pleat Sheffield Wednesday 000000001995 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 1995 000000001997 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1997 873 1995 -- 1997 Shreeves , Peter Peter Shreeves Sheffield Wednesday 000000001997 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1997 000000001997 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1997 11 1997 Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Sheffield Wednesday 000000001997 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1997 000000001998 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1998 184 1997 -- 1998 Wilson , Danny Danny Wilson Sheffield Wednesday 000000001998 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 1998 000000002000 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2000 624 1998 -- 2000 Shreeves , Peter Peter Shreeves Sheffield Wednesday 000000002000 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2000 000000002000 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2000 92 2000 Branfoot , Ian Ian Branfoot Southampton 000000001991 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1991 000000001994 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 1994 944 1992 -- 1994 Ball , Alan Alan Ball Southampton 000000001994 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 1994 000000001995 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 1995 528 1994 -- 1995 Merrington , Dave Dave Merrington Southampton 000000001995 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 1995 000000001996 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 1996 336 1995 -- 1996 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Southampton 000000001996 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 1996 000000001997 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1997 333 1996 -- 1997 Jones , Dave Dave Jones Southampton 000000001997 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1997 000000002000 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2000 948 1997 -- 2000 Hoddle , Glenn Glenn Hoddle Southampton 000000002000 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 2000 000000002001 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2001 425 2000 -- 2001 Gray , Stuart Stuart Gray Southampton 000000002001 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 2001 000000002001 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 2001 205 2001 Strachan , Gordon Gordon Strachan Southampton 000000002001 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2001 000000002004 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2004 844 2001 -- 2004 Wigley , Steve Steve Wigley Southampton 000000002004 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2004 000000002004 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2004 20 Sturrock , Paul Paul Sturrock Southampton 000000002004 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2004 000000002004 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2004 172 Wigley , Steve Steve Wigley Southampton 000000002004 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2004 000000002004 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2004 109 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Southampton 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2004 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 2005 359 2004 -- 2005 Adkins , Nigel Nigel Adkins Southampton 000000002010 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2010 000000002013 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2013 859 2012 -- 2013 Pochettino , Mauricio Mauricio Pochettino Southampton 000000002013 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2013 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2014 494 2013 -- 2014 Koeman , Ronald Ronald Koeman Southampton 000000002014 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2014 000000002016 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2016 729 2014 -- 2016 Puel , Claude Claude Puel Southampton 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2016 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2017 349 2016 -- 2017 Pellegrino , Mauricio Mauricio Pellegrino Southampton 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 2017 Present * 81 2017 -- Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis Stoke City 000000002006 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2006 000000002013 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2013 2532 2008 -- 2013 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Stoke City 000000002013 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2013 Present * 1566 2013 -- Reid , Peter Peter Reid Sunderland 000000001995 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 1995 000000002002 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2002 2749 1996 -- 1997 1999 -- 2002 Wilkinson , Howard Howard Wilkinson Sunderland 000000002002 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2002 000000002003 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2003 151 2002 -- 2003 McCarthy , Mick Mick McCarthy Sunderland 000000002003 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2003 000000002006 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 2006 1090 2003 2005 -- 2006 Ball , Kevin Kevin Ball Sunderland 000000002006 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2006 000000002006 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2006 85 2006 Keane , Roy Roy Keane Sunderland 000000002006 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2006 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2008 827 2007 -- 2008 Sbragia , Ricky Ricky Sbragia Sunderland 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2008 000000002009 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2009 171 2008 -- 2009 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce Sunderland 000000002009 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2009 000000002011 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2011 910 2009 -- 2011 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill Sunderland 000000002011 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2011 000000002013 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 2013 483 2011 -- 2013 Di Canio , Paolo Paolo Di Canio Sunderland 000000002013 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2013 175 2013 Ball , Kevin Kevin Ball Sunderland 000000002013 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2013 16 2013 Poyet , Gus Gus Poyet Sunderland 000000002013 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2013 000000002015 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2015 524 2013 -- 2015 Advocaat , Dick Dick Advocaat Sunderland 000000002015 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2015 201 2015 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Sunderland 000000002015 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2015 000000002016 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2016 287 2015 -- 2016 Moyes , David David Moyes Sunderland 000000002016 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 July 2016 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2017 303 2016 -- 2017 Rodgers , Brendan Brendan Rodgers Swansea City 000000002010 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2010 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2012 686 2011 -- 2012 Laudrup , Michael Michael Laudrup Swansea City 000000002012 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2012 000000002014 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2014 599 2012 -- 2014 Monk , Garry Garry Monk Swansea City 000000002014 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2014 000000002015 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2015 673 2014 -- 2015 Curtis , Alan Alan Curtis Swansea City 000000002015 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2015 000000002016 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2016 40 2015 -- 2016 Guidolin , Francesco Francesco Guidolin Swansea City 000000002016 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2016 000000002016 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2016 259 2016 Bradley , Bob Bob Bradley Swansea City 000000002016 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2016 000000002016 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2016 85 2016 Curtis , Alan Alan Curtis Swansea City 000000002016 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2016 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2017 7 2016 -- 2017 Clement , Paul Paul Clement Swansea City 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2017 Present * 252 2017 -- Gorman , John John Gorman Swindon Town 000000001993 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1993 000000001994 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1994 535 1993 -- 1994 Livermore , Doug Doug Livermore Tottenham Hotspur 000000001992 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1992 000000001993 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1993 388 1992 -- 1993 Ardiles , Ossie Ossie Ardiles Tottenham Hotspur 000000001993 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1993 000000001994 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1994 500 1993 -- 1994 Perryman , Steve Steve Perryman Tottenham Hotspur 000000001994 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1994 000000001994 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1994 14 1994 Francis , Gerry Gerry Francis Tottenham Hotspur 000000001994 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1994 000000001997 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1997 1100 1994 -- 1997 Gross , Christian Christian Gross Tottenham Hotspur 000000001997 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1997 000000001998 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 1998 284 1997 -- 1998 Pleat , David David Pleat Tottenham Hotspur 000000001998 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1998 000000001998 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 1998 24 1998 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Tottenham Hotspur 000000001998 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 September 1998 000000001998 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1998 34 1998 Graham , George George Graham Tottenham Hotspur 000000001998 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 1998 000000002001 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2001 893 1998 -- 2001 Pleat , David David Pleat Tottenham Hotspur 000000002001 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2001 000000002001 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2001 17 2001 Hoddle , Glenn Glenn Hoddle Tottenham Hotspur 000000002001 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2001 000000002003 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 2003 902 2001 -- 2003 Pleat , David David Pleat Tottenham Hotspur 000000002003 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 2003 000000002004 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2004 256 2003 -- 2004 Santini , Jacques Jacques Santini Tottenham Hotspur 000000002004 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2004 000000002004 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2004 155 Jol , Martin Martin Jol Tottenham Hotspur 000000002004 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2004 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 1084 2004 -- 2007 Allen , Clive Clive Allen Tottenham Hotspur 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2007 2007 Inglethorpe , Alex Alex Inglethorpe Tottenham Hotspur 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2007 2007 Ramos , Juande Juande Ramos Tottenham Hotspur 000000002007 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 2007 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 364 2007 -- 2008 Allen , Clive Clive Allen Tottenham Hotspur 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2008 2008 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Tottenham Hotspur 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2008 000000002012 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2012 1326 2008 -- 2012 Villas - Boas , André André Villas - Boas Tottenham Hotspur 000000002012 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2012 000000002013 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2013 528 2012 -- 2013 Sherwood , Tim Tim Sherwood Tottenham Hotspur 000000002013 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2013 000000002014 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2014 148 2013 -- 2014 Pochettino , Mauricio Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2014 Present * 1204 2014 -- Taylor , Graham Graham Taylor Watford 000000001996 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1996 000000002001 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2001 1927 1999 -- 2000 Boothroyd , Aidy Aidy Boothroyd Watford 000000002005 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2005 000000002008 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2008 1315 2006 -- 2007 Sánchez Flores , Quique Quique Sánchez Flores Watford 000000002015 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 2015 000000002016 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2016 345 2015 -- 2016 Mazzarri , Walter Walter Mazzarri Watford 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2017 324 2016 -- 2017 Silva , Marco Marco Silva Watford 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2017 Present * 108 2017 -- Megson , Gary Gary Megson West Bromwich Albion 000000002000 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2000 000000002004 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2004 1692 2002 -- 2003 Burrows , Frank Frank Burrows West Bromwich Albion 000000002004 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 2004 000000002004 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2004 12 Robson , Bryan Bryan Robson West Bromwich Albion 000000002004 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2004 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2006 678 2004 -- 2006 Mowbray , Tony Tony Mowbray West Bromwich Albion 000000002006 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2006 000000002009 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2009 972 2008 -- 2009 Di Matteo , Roberto Roberto Di Matteo West Bromwich Albion 000000002009 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2009 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 February 2011 586 2010 -- 2011 Appleton , Michael Michael Appleton West Bromwich Albion 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 February 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2011 8 2011 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson West Bromwich Albion 000000002011 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2011 000000002012 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2012 454 2011 -- 2012 Clarke , Steve Steve Clarke West Bromwich Albion 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 000000002013 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 2013 554 2012 -- 2013 Downing , Keith Keith Downing West Bromwich Albion 000000002013 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 2013 000000002014 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2014 26 2013 -- 2014 Mel , Pepe Pepe Mel West Bromwich Albion 000000002014 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2014 123 2014 Irvine , Alan Alan Irvine West Bromwich Albion 000000002014 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2014 000000002014 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2014 199 2014 Kelly , Rob Rob Kelly West Bromwich Albion 000000002014 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2014 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 2014 Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis West Bromwich Albion 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Present * 985 2015 -- Bonds , Billy Billy Bonds West Ham United 000000001990 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1990 000000001994 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 August 1994 1629 1993 -- 1994 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp West Ham United 000000001994 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 August 1994 000000002001 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2001 2464 1994 -- 2001 Roeder , Glenn Glenn Roeder West Ham United 000000002001 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2001 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2003 715 2001 -- 2003 Brooking , Trevor Trevor Brooking West Ham United 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2003 000000002003 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2003 18 2003 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew West Ham United 000000002003 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2003 000000002006 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 2006 1148 2005 -- 2006 Curbishley , Alan Alan Curbishley West Ham United 000000002006 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2006 000000002008 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2008 630 2006 -- 2008 Keen , Kevin Kevin Keen West Ham United 000000002008 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2008 12 2008 Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola West Ham United 000000002008 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2008 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2010 603 2008 -- 2010 Grant , Avram Avram Grant West Ham United 000000002010 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2010 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2011 346 2010 -- 2011 Keen , Kevin Kevin Keen West Ham United 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2011 17 2011 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce West Ham United 000000002011 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2011 000000002015 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2015 1453 2012 -- 2015 Bilić , Slaven Slaven Bilić West Ham United 000000002015 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2015 Present * 826 2015 -- Jewell , Paul Paul Jewell Wigan Athletic 000000002001 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2001 000000002007 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2007 2162 2005 -- 2007 Hutchings , Chris Chris Hutchings Wigan Athletic 000000002007 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2007 175 2007 Barlow , Frank Frank Barlow Wigan Athletic 000000002007 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2007 21 2007 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce Wigan Athletic 000000002007 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2007 000000002009 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2009 555 2007 -- 2009 Martinez , Roberto Roberto Martínez Wigan Athletic 000000002009 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2009 000000002013 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2013 1443 2009 -- 2013 Kinnear , Joe Joe Kinnear Wimbledon 000000001992 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1992 000000001999 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1999 2698 1992 -- 1999 Olsen , Egil Egil Olsen Wimbledon 000000001999 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1999 000000002000 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2000 327 1999 -- 2000 Burton , Terry Terry Burton Wimbledon 000000002000 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2000 000000002002 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 2002 724 2000 Jones , Dave Dave Jones Wolverhampton Wanderers 000000002001 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2001 000000002004 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2004 1408 2003 -- 2004 McCarthy , Mick Mick McCarthy Wolverhampton Wanderers 000000002006 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 August 2006 000000002012 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2012 2019 2009 -- 2012 Connor , Terry Terry Connor Wolverhampton Wanderers 000000002012 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2012 127 2012 Notes : Brian Horton and Steve Ashton took charge of Hull for two days , however no fixtures were played in this time . By club ( edit ) Club Total Arsenal 6 Aston Villa 18 Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers 10 Blackpool Bolton Wanderers 7 Bournemouth Bradford City Burnley Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Chelsea 20 Coventry City Crystal Palace 15 Derby County 6 Everton 11 Fulham 10 Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United 6 Leicester City 9 Liverpool 10 Manchester City 13 Manchester United 5 Middlesbrough 6 Newcastle United 22 Norwich City 7 Nottingham Forest 6 Oldham Athletic Portsmouth 9 Queens Park Rangers 9 Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday 6 Southampton 16 Stoke City Sunderland 14 Swansea City 6 Swindon Town Tottenham Hotspur 21 Watford West Bromwich Albion 13 West Ham United 12 Wigan Athletic 5 Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers By nationality ( edit ) Country Total Appointments Total Individuals England 7002189000000000000 ♠ 189 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Scotland 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Wales 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ireland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Northern Ireland 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Italy 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Netherlands 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 France 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Spain 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Portugal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Argentina 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Israel 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Norway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Sweden 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Croatia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Brazil 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Chile 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Denmark 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Switzerland 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United States 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Uruguay 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Most Games managed in Premier League ( edit ) List of managers who have taken charge of over 300 Premier League matches . Rank Manager Games Club ( s ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson 810 Manchester United ( 810 ) Wenger , Arsene Arsène Wenger 790 Arsenal ( 790 ) Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp 639 West Ham United ( 269 ) , Portsmouth ( 157 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 144 ) , Queens Park Rangers ( 71 ) , Southampton ( 22 ) Moyes , David David Moyes 499 Everton ( 427 ) , Sunderland ( 38 ) , Manchester United ( 34 ) 5 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce 430 Bolton Wanderers ( 226 ) , West Ham United ( 114 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 41 ) , Sunderland ( 30 ) , Crystal Palace ( 21 ) , Newcastle United ( 19 ) 6 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes 421 Stoke City ( 152 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 147 ) , Manchester City ( 54 ) , Fulham ( 38 ) , Queens Park Rangers ( 30 ) 7 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce 393 Birmingham City ( 165 ) , Sunderland ( 89 ) , Hull City ( 76 ) , Wigan Athletic ( 63 ) 8 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill 359 Aston Villa ( 152 ) , Leicester City ( 152 ) , Sunderland ( 55 ) 9 Curbishley , Alan Alan Curbishley 328 Charlton Athletic ( 266 ) , West Ham United ( 62 ) 10 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness 319 Blackburn Rovers ( 118 ) , Newcastle United ( 95 ) , Liverpool ( 68 ) , Southampton ( 38 ) 11 Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis 310 Stoke City ( 190 ) , West Bromwich Albion ( 94 ) , Crystal Palace ( 26 ) 12 Kinnear , Joe Joe Kinnear 302 Wimbledon ( 284 ) , Newcastle United ( 18 ) ( Bold denotes manager currently managing a Premier League club ) Statistics correct at end of the 2016 -- 17 season . See also ( edit ) List of current Premier League and English Football League managers References ( edit ) General `` Premier League managers '' . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` The Managers '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stewart Houston '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Rice '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsène Wenger '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Atkinson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Little '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Gregory '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Deehan '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart Grey '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Taylor '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David O'Leary '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin O'Neill '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin MacDonald defends decision to pick James Milner '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gerard Houllier '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa manager Gerard Houllier in hospital '' . BBC . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex McLeish '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Culley , Jon ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Paul Lambert sacked : Rising price of relegation pushes Villa into decision '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Sherwood appointed as Aston Villa manager '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Wilson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City managers '' . Birmingham City FC . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 0 - 2 Portsmouth '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackburn Rovers managers '' . rovers.co.uk . Blackburn Rovers Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Holloway '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy McFarland '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Todd '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Lee '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Wanderers sack manager Gary Megson '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 30 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Coyle appointed Bolton manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Jewell '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hutchings '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart McCall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 November 2000 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Jefferies '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Davis steps in as caretaker manager at Burnley '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley appoint Brian Laws as new manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff appoint Watford 's Malky Mackay as new manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 17 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League 's newest members will be fighting for survival '' . Sports Illustrated . 31 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff Sunderland 28 December 2013 Match Report '' . BBC Sport. 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Managerial history '' . Charlton Athletic FC. 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Porterfield '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Webb '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hoddle '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruud Gullit '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gianluca Vialli '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Claudio Ranieri '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avram Grant '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz Felipe Scolari '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guus Hiddink '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carlo Ancelotti '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Villas - Boas - Manager '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho returns as Chelsea manager on four - year deal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Managers '' . Crystal Palace FC . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Holloway appointed as Crystal Palace manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian Holloway : Crystal Palace boss departs Premier League strugglers '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Palace : Neil Warnock named as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jewell named as new Derby manager '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewell resigns as Derby manager '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard Kendall '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Gabriel '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Walker '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Royle '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Watson '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Smith '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC Sport . `` Roberto Martinez : Everton appoint former Wigan Manager '' . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Tigana '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Coleman '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrie Sanchez '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Jol -- Manager '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` René Meulensteen 2013 - 2014 '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Magath : Struggling Fulham sack manager after poor start '' . BBC Sport. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hull City relieve Phil Brown of his duties '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Dowie confirmed as new Hull City manager '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bruce appointed Hull City manager on three - year deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Souness -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Evans -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerard Houllier -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Benitez -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Dalglish -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Mancini , Manchester City manager '' . Manchester City Football Club . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel Pellegrini : Manchester City appoint Chilean as manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamie Jackson ( 22 April 2014 ) . `` David Moyes sacked by Man Utd and replaced by Ryan Giggs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Keegan ( 1992 - 97 ) and ( 2008 - 2008 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Dalglish ( 1997 - 98 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruud Gullit ( 1998 - 99 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bobby Robson ( 1999 - 2004 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Souness ( 2004 - 06 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Roeder ( 2006 - 07 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Hughton - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manager Ins and Outs January 2015 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nottingham Forest 's Managers '' . nottinghamforest.co.uk . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Managers '' . nottinghamforest.co.uk . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Redknapp '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zajec named as Pompey boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pompey unveil Perrin as new boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth dismiss manager Perrin '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Struggling Portsmouth part company with Hart '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth appoint Avram Grant as new manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes sacked as Queens Park Rangers manager '' . BBC . BBC . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QPR : Harry Redknapp takes over as manager '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Derby County 0&emdash ; 1 Queens Park Rangers '' . BBC . 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manager Ins and Outs December 2014 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Bradfoot '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball Jr . '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Merrington '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Souness '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Jones '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hoddle '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Gray '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Strachan '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Wigley '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Sturrock '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southampton : Nigel Adkins sacked , Mauricio Pochettino in '' . BBC Sport. 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes : Stoke City appoint former QPR manager '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paulo Di Canio : Sunderland Sack Head Coach After 13 Games '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland interim boss Kevin Ball wants to be Di Canio successor '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland : David Moyes replaces Sam Allardyce as manager '' . BBC . BBC . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brendan Rodgers agrees deal to become new Liverpool manager '' . BBC . BBC . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea sack Michael Laudrup and place Garry Monk in charge '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Livermore - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ossie Ardiles - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame - Steve Perryman '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Tottenham Hotspur Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Francis - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Gross - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Pleat - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Graham - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Pleat - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hoddle - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Pleat - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jacques Santini - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Jol - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Juande Ramos - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` http://wayback.archive.org/web/20131024173435/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/coaching-staff/andre-villas-boas/ '' . Tottenham Hotspur Football Club . External link in title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Andre Villas - Boas axed by ruthless Tottenham with Tim Sherwood set to step in for West Ham clash '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor takes a bow after 29 years '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 29 March 2001 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watford appoint Boothroyd as boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Megson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Brom hold fire on new boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Robson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Mowbray '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Di Matteo '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Appleton '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Clarke sacked as West Brom head coach . '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downing should oversee Hull clash '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Bonds '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Roeder '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hammers appoint Brooking '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 April 2003 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Pardew '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Curbishley '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curbishley quits as West Ham boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gianfranco Zola '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avram Grant '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defiant Keen wants to be West Ham manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wigan Athletic managers '' . wiganlatics.co.uk . Wigan Athletic Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Martinez , manager '' . wiganlatics.co.uk ( Wigan Athletic Football Club ) . 20 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ news.bbc.co.uk . `` Roberto Martinez to leave Wigan and head for Everton '' . BBC Sport . ^ Jump up to : `` Olsen down and out at Plough Lane '' . Guardian Online . Guardian News and Media . 1 May 2000 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mick McCarthy sacked as Wolves manager after West Brom defeat '' . bbc.co.uk . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Connor named Wolves manager until end of season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_managers&oldid=800320886 '' Categories : Premier League managers Lists of Premier League managers Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has had the most managers in the premier league | [
"\nManagers\n\nName\nNat.\nClub\nFrom\nUntil\nDuration (days)\nYears in\nPremier League\nRef.\n\n\nGraham, GeorgeGeorge Graham\n\nArsenal\n000000001986-05-14-000014 May 1986\n000000001995-02-21-000021 February 1995\n3205\n1992–1995\n[1]\n\n\nHouston, StewartStewart Houston \n\nArsenal\n000000001995-02-22-000022 February 1995\n000000001995-06-08-00008 June 1995\n106\n1995\n[2]\n\n\nRioch, BruceBruce Rioch\n\nArsenal\n000000001995-06-08-00008 June 1995\n000000001996-08-12-000012 August 1996\n431\n1995–1996\n[1]\n\n\nHouston, StewartStewart Houston \n\nArsenal\n000000001996-08-12-000012 August 1996\n000000001996-09-13-000013 September 1996\n32\n1996\n[2]\n\n\nRice, PatPat Rice \n\nArsenal\n000000001996-09-13-000013 September 1996\n000000001996-09-30-000030 September 1996\n17\n1996\n[3]\n\n\nWenger, ArseneArsène Wenger \n\nArsenal\n000000001996-10-01-00001 October 1996\nPresent*\n7651\n1996–\n[4]\n\n\nAtkinson, RonRon Atkinson\n\nAston Villa\n000000001991-06-07-00007 June 1991\n000000001994-11-10-000010 November 1994\n1252\n1992–1994\n[5]\n\n\nLittle, BrianBrian Little\n\nAston Villa\n000000001994-11-25-000025 November 1994\n000000001998-02-24-000024 February 1998\n1187\n1994–1998\n[6]\n\n\nGregory, JohnJohn Gregory\n\nAston Villa\n000000001998-02-25-000025 February 1998\n000000002002-01-24-000024 January 2002\n1429\n1998–2002\n[7]\n\n\nDeehan, JohnJohn Deehan \n\nAston Villa\n000000002002-01-24-000024 January 2002\n000000002002-02-05-00005 February 2002\n12\n2002\n[8]\n\n\nGray, StuartStuart Gray \n\nAston Villa\n000000002002-01-24-000024 January 2002\n000000002002-02-05-00005 February 2002\n12\n2002\n[9]\n\n\nTaylor, GrahamGraham Taylor\n\nAston Villa\n000000002002-02-05-00005 February 2002\n000000002003-05-14-000014 May 2003\n463\n2002–2003\n[10]\n\n\nO'Leary, DavidDavid O'Leary\n\nAston Villa\n000000002003-05-20-000020 May 2003\n000000002006-07-19-000019 July 2006\n1156\n2003–2006\n[11]\n\n\nO'Neill, MartinMartin O'Neill\n\nAston Villa\n000000002006-08-05-00005 August 2006\n000000002010-08-09-00009 August 2010\n1465\n2006–2010\n[12]\n\n\nMacDonald, KevinKevin MacDonald \n\nAston Villa\n000000002010-08-09-00009 August 2010\n000000002010-09-08-00008 September 2010\n30\n2010\n[13]\n\n\nHoullier, GérardGérard Houllier\n\nAston Villa\n000000002010-09-08-00008 September 2010\n000000002011-06-01-00001 June 2011\n266\n2010–2011\n[14]\n\n\nMcAllister, GaryGary McAllister \n\nAston Villa\n000000002011-04-23-000023 April 2011\n000000002011-05-22-000022 May 2011\n29\n2011\n[15]\n\n\nMcLeish, AlexAlex McLeish\n\nAston Villa\n000000002011-06-17-000017 June 2011\n000000002012-05-14-000014 May 2012\n332\n2011–2012\n[16]\n\n\nLambert, PaulPaul Lambert\n\nAston Villa\n000000002012-06-02-00002 June 2012\n000000002015-02-11-000011 February 2015\n985\n2012–2015\n[17]\n\n\nMarshall, ScottScott Marshall \n\nAston Villa\n000000002015-02-11-000011 February 2015\n000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015\n3\n2015\n[17]\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n\nAston Villa\n000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015\n000000002015-10-25-000025 October 2015\n253\n2015\n[18]\n\n\nMacDonald, KevinKevin MacDonald \n\nAston Villa\n000000002015-10-25-000025 October 2015\n000000002015-11-02-00002 November 2015\n8\n2015\n\n\n\nGarde, RémiRémi Garde\n\nAston Villa\n000000002015-11-02-00002 November 2015\n000000002016-03-29-000029 March 2016\n148\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nBlack, EricEric Black \n\nAston Villa\n000000002016-03-29-000029 March 2016\n000000002016-06-02-00002 June 2016\n65\n2016\n\n\n\nWilson, DannyDanny Wilson\n\nBarnsley\n000000001994-06-02-00002 June 1994\n000000001998-07-07-00007 July 1998\n1496\n1997–1998\n[19]\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n\nBirmingham City\n000000002001-12-12-000012 December 2001\n000000002007-11-23-000023 November 2007\n2172\n2002–2006\n2007\n[20]\n\n\nBlack, EricEric Black \n\nBirmingham City\n000000002007-11-23-000023 November 2007\n000000002007-11-27-000027 November 2007\n4\n2007\n[21]\n\n\nMcLeish, AlexAlex McLeish\n\nBirmingham City\n000000002007-11-28-000028 November 2007\n000000002011-06-12-000012 June 2011\n1496\n2007–2008\n2009–2011\n[20]\n\n\nDalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000001991-10-12-000012 October 1991\n000000001995-06-21-000021 June 1995\n1348\n1992–1995\n[22]\n\n\nHarford, RayRay Harford\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000001995-06-25-000025 June 1995\n000000001996-10-25-000025 October 1996\n488\n1995–1996\n[22]\n\n\nParkes, TonyTony Parkes\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000001996-10-25-000025 October 1996\n000000001997-06-01-00001 June 1997\n219\n1996–1997\n[22]\n\n\nHodgson, RoyRoy Hodgson\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000001997-06-01-00001 June 1997\n000000001998-11-21-000021 November 1998\n538\n1997\n[22]\n\n\nKidd, BrianBrian Kidd\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000001998-12-04-00004 December 1998\n000000001999-11-03-00003 November 1999\n334\n1998–1999\n[22]\n\n\nSouness, GraemeGraeme Souness\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000002000-03-14-000014 March 2000\n000000002004-09-06-00006 September 2004\n1637\n2001–2004\n[22]\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000002004-09-15-000015 September 2004\n000000002008-06-03-00003 June 2008\n1357\n2004–2008\n[22]\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000002008-06-22-000022 June 2008\n000000002008-12-16-000016 December 2008\n177\n2008\n[22]\n\n\nAllardyce, SamSam Allardyce\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000002008-12-17-000017 December 2008\n000000002010-12-13-000013 December 2010\n726\n2008–2010\n[22]\n\n\nKean, SteveSteve Kean\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n000000002010-12-13-000013 December 2010\n000000002012-09-28-000028 September 2012\n655\n2010–2012\n[22]\n\n\nHolloway, IanIan Holloway\n\nBlackpool\n000000002009-05-21-000021 May 2009\n000000002012-11-03-00003 November 2012\n1262\n2010–2011\n[23]\n\n\nMcFarland, RoyRoy McFarland\n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000001995-06-20-000020 June 1995\n000000001996-02-02-00002 February 1996\n227\n1995–1996\n[24]\n\n\nTodd, ColinColin Todd\n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000001996-02-02-00002 February 1996\n000000001999-09-22-000022 September 1999\n1328\n1996\n1997–1998\n[25]\n\n\nAllardyce, SamSam Allardyce\n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000001999-10-19-000019 October 1999\n000000002007-04-29-000029 April 2007\n2749\n2001–2007\n[26]\n\n\nLee, SammySammy Lee\n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000002007-04-30-000030 April 2007\n000000002007-10-07-00007 October 2007\n160\n2007\n[27]\n\n\nKnox, ArchieArchie Knox \n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000002007-10-17-000017 October 2007\n000000002007-10-25-000025 October 2007\n8\n2007\n\n\n\nMegson, GaryGary Megson\n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000002007-10-25-000025 October 2007\n000000002009-12-30-000030 December 2009\n797\n2007–2009\n[28]\n\n\nCoyle, OwenOwen Coyle\n\nBolton Wanderers\n000000002010-01-08-00008 January 2010\n000000002012-10-09-00009 October 2012\n1005\n2010–2012\n[29]\n\n\nHowe, EddieEddie Howe \n\nBournemouth\n000000002012-10-12-000012 October 2012\nPresent*\n1796\n2015–\n\n\n\nJewell, PaulPaul Jewell\n\nBradford City\n000000001998-01-06-00006 January 1998\n000000002000-06-18-000018 June 2000\n894\n1999–2000\n[30]\n\n\nHutchings, ChrisChris Hutchings\n\nBradford City\n000000002000-06-18-000018 June 2000\n000000002000-11-06-00006 November 2000\n141\n2000\n[31]\n\n\nMcCall, StuartStuart McCall \n\nBradford City\n000000002000-11-06-00006 November 2000\n000000002000-11-20-000020 November 2000\n14\n2000\n[32]\n\n\nJefferies, JimJim Jefferies\n\nBradford City\n000000002000-11-20-000020 November 2000\n000000002001-12-24-000024 December 2001\n399\n2000–2001\n[33]\n\n\nHughton, ChrisChris Hughton \n\nBrighton & Hove Albion\n000000002014-12-31-000031 December 2014\nPresent*\n986\n2017–\n\n\n\nCoyle, OwenOwen Coyle\n\nBurnley\n000000002007-11-27-000027 November 2007\n000000002010-01-05-00005 January 2010\n770\n2009–2010\n[34]\n\n\nLaws, BrianBrian Laws\n\nBurnley\n000000002010-01-13-000013 January 2010\n000000002010-12-29-000029 December 2010\n350\n2010\n[35]\n\n\nDyche, SeanSean Dyche \n\nBurnley\n000000002012-10-30-000030 October 2012\nPresent*\n1778\n2014–2015\n2016–\n\n\n\nMackay, MalkyMalky Mackay\n\nCardiff City\n000000002011-06-17-000017 June 2011\n000000002013-12-27-000027 December 2013\n924\n2013\n[36][37]\n\n\nKerslake, DavidDavid Kerslake \n\nCardiff City\n000000002013-12-27-000027 December 2013\n000000002014-01-02-00002 January 2014\n6\n2013–2014\n[38]\n\n\nSolskjær, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n\nCardiff City\n000000002014-01-02-00002 January 2014\n000000002014-09-18-000018 September 2014\n259\n2014\n\n\n\nCurbishley, AlanAlan Curbishley\n\nCharlton Athletic\n000000001991-07-24-000024 July 1991\n000000002006-05-08-00008 May 2006\n5402\n1998–1999\n2000–2006\n[39]\n\n\nDowie, IainIain Dowie\n\nCharlton Athletic\n000000002006-05-30-000030 May 2006\n000000002006-11-13-000013 November 2006\n167\n2006\n[39]\n\n\nReed, LesLes Reed\n\nCharlton Athletic\n000000002006-11-14-000014 November 2006\n000000002006-12-24-000024 December 2006\n40\n2006\n[39]\n\n\nPardew, AlanAlan Pardew\n\nCharlton Athletic\n000000002006-12-24-000024 December 2006\n000000002008-11-22-000022 November 2008\n699\n2006–2007\n[39]\n\n\nPorterfield, IanIan Porterfield\n\nChelsea\n000000001991-06-11-000011 June 1991\n000000001993-02-15-000015 February 1993\n615\n1992–1993\n[40]\n\n\nWebb, DavidDavid Webb \n\nChelsea\n000000001993-02-15-000015 February 1993\n000000001993-05-11-000011 May 1993\n85\n1993\n[41]\n\n\nHoddle, GlennGlenn Hoddle\n\nChelsea\n000000001993-06-04-00004 June 1993\n000000001996-05-10-000010 May 1996\n1071\n1993–1996\n[42]\n\n\nGullit, RuudRuud Gullit\n\nChelsea\n000000001996-05-10-000010 May 1996\n000000001998-02-12-000012 February 1998\n643\n1996–1998\n[43]\n\n\nVialli, GianlucaGianluca Vialli\n\nChelsea\n000000001998-02-12-000012 February 1998\n000000002000-09-12-000012 September 2000\n943\n1998–2000\n[44]\n\n\nRix, GrahamGraham Rix \n\nChelsea\n000000002000-09-13-000013 September 2000\n000000002000-09-17-000017 September 2000\n4\n2000\n\n\n\nWilkins, RayRay Wilkins \n\nChelsea\n000000002000-09-13-000013 September 2000\n000000002000-09-17-000017 September 2000\n4\n2000\n\n\n\nRanieri, ClaudioClaudio Ranieri\n\nChelsea\n000000002000-09-18-000018 September 2000\n000000002004-05-31-000031 May 2004\n1351\n2000–2004\n[45]\n\n\nMourinho, JoseJosé Mourinho\n\nChelsea\n000000002004-06-02-00002 June 2004\n000000002007-09-20-000020 September 2007\n1205\n2004–2007\n[46]\n\n\nGrant, AvramAvram Grant\n\nChelsea\n000000002007-09-29-000029 September 2007\n000000002008-05-24-000024 May 2008\n238\n2007–2008\n[47]\n\n\nScolari, Luiz FelipeLuiz Felipe Scolari\n\nChelsea\n000000002008-07-01-00001 July 2008\n000000002009-02-09-00009 February 2009\n223\n2008–2009\n[48]\n\n\nWilkins, RayRay Wilkins \n\nChelsea\n000000002009-02-09-00009 February 2009\n000000002009-02-16-000016 February 2009\n7\n2009\n\n\n\nHiddink, GuusGuus Hiddink \n\nChelsea\n000000002009-02-16-000016 February 2009\n000000002009-05-31-000031 May 2009\n104\n2009\n[49]\n\n\nAncelotti, CarloCarlo Ancelotti\n\nChelsea\n000000002009-06-01-00001 June 2009\n000000002011-05-22-000022 May 2011\n720\n2009–2011\n[50]\n\n\nVillas-Boas, AndréAndré Villas-Boas\n\nChelsea\n000000002011-06-22-000022 June 2011\n000000002012-03-04-00004 March 2012\n256\n2011–2012\n[51]\n\n\nDi Matteo, RobertoRoberto Di Matteo\n\nChelsea\n000000002012-03-04-00004 March 2012\n000000002012-11-21-000021 November 2012\n262\n2012\n\n\n\nBenítez, RafaelRafael Benítez \n\nChelsea\n000000002012-11-21-000021 November 2012\n000000002013-05-27-000027 May 2013\n187\n2012–2013\n\n\n\nMourinho, JoseJosé Mourinho\n\nChelsea\n000000002013-06-03-00003 June 2013\n000000002015-12-17-000017 December 2015\n927\n2013–2015\n[52]\n\n\nHiddink, GuusGuus Hiddink \n\nChelsea\n000000002015-12-19-000019 December 2015\n000000002016-05-15-000015 May 2016\n148\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nConte, AntonioAntonio Conte \n\nChelsea\n000000002016-07-03-00003 July 2016\nPresent*\n436\n2016–\n\n\n\nGould, BobbyBobby Gould\n\nCoventry City\n000000001992-06-24-000024 June 1992\n000000001993-10-23-000023 October 1993\n486\n1992–1993\n\n\n\nNeal, PhilPhil Neal\n\nCoventry City\n000000001993-10-23-000023 October 1993\n000000001995-02-14-000014 February 1995\n479\n1993–1995\n\n\n\nAtkinson, RonRon Atkinson\n\nCoventry City\n000000001995-02-15-000015 February 1995\n000000001996-11-05-00005 November 1996\n629\n1995–1996\n\n\n\nStrachan, GordonGordon Strachan\n\nCoventry City\n000000001996-11-05-00005 November 1996\n000000002001-09-10-000010 September 2001\n1770\n1996–2001\n\n\n\nCoppell, SteveSteve Coppell\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001984-06-03-00003 June 1984\n000000001993-05-17-000017 May 1993\n3270\n1992–1993\n[53]\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001993-06-03-00003 June 1993\n000000001995-05-15-000015 May 1995\n711\n1994–1995\n[53]\n\n\nCoppell, SteveSteve Coppell\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001997-02-27-000027 February 1997\n000000001998-03-13-000013 March 1998\n379\n1997–1998\n[53]\n\n\nLombardo, AttilioAttilio Lombardo \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001998-03-13-000013 March 1998\n000000001998-04-29-000029 April 1998\n47\n1998\n[53]\n\n\nBrolin, TomasTomas Brolin \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001998-03-13-000013 March 1998\n000000001998-04-29-000029 April 1998\n47\n1998\n[53]\n\n\nNoades, RonRon Noades \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001998-04-29-000029 April 1998\n000000001998-05-10-000010 May 1998\n11\n1998\n[53]\n\n\nLewington, RayRay Lewington \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000001998-04-29-000029 April 1998\n000000001998-05-10-000010 May 1998\n11\n1998\n[53]\n\n\nDowie, IainIain Dowie\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002003-12-22-000022 December 2003\n000000002006-05-22-000022 May 2006\n882\n2004–2005\n[53]\n\n\nHolloway, IanIan Holloway\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002012-11-03-00003 November 2012\n000000002013-10-23-000023 October 2013\n354\n2013\n[37][54][55]\n\n\nMillen, KeithKeith Millen \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002013-10-23-000023 October 2013\n000000002013-11-23-000023 November 2013\n31\n2013\n[55]\n\n\nPulis, TonyTony Pulis\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002013-11-23-000023 November 2013\n000000002014-08-14-000014 August 2014\n264\n2013–2014\n[56]\n\n\nMillen, KeithKeith Millen \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002014-08-14-000014 August 2014\n000000002014-08-27-000027 August 2014\n13\n2014\n[56]\n\n\nWarnock, NeilNeil Warnock\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002014-08-27-000027 August 2014\n000000002014-12-27-000027 December 2014\n122\n2014\n[56]\n\n\nMillen, KeithKeith Millen \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002014-12-27-000027 December 2014\n000000002015-01-02-00002 January 2015\n5\n2014–2015\n\n\n\nPardew, AlanAlan Pardew\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002015-01-02-00002 January 2015\n000000002016-12-22-000022 December 2016\n720\n2015–2016\n[53]\n\n\nAllardyce, SamSam Allardyce\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002016-12-23-000023 December 2016\n000000002017-05-23-000023 May 2017\n151\n2016–2017\n\n\n\nde Boer, FrankFrank de Boer\n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002017-06-26-000026 June 2017\n000000002017-09-11-000011 September 2017\n77\n2017\n\n\n\nHodgson, RoyRoy Hodgson \n\nCrystal Palace\n000000002017-09-12-000012 September 2017\nPresent*\n0\n2017–\n\n\n\nSmith, JimJim Smith\n\nDerby County\n000000001995-06-15-000015 June 1995\n000000002001-10-07-00007 October 2001\n2306\n1996–2001\n\n\n\nTodd, ColinColin Todd\n\nDerby County\n000000002001-10-08-00008 October 2001\n000000002002-01-14-000014 January 2002\n98\n2001–2002\n\n\n\nMcEwan, BillyBilly McEwan \n\nDerby County\n000000002002-01-14-000014 January 2002\n000000002002-01-30-000030 January 2002\n16\n2002\n\n\n\nGregory, JohnJohn Gregory\n\nDerby County\n000000002002-01-30-000030 January 2002\n000000002003-03-21-000021 March 2003\n415\n2002\n\n\n\nDavies, BillyBilly Davies\n\nDerby County\n000000002006-06-02-00002 June 2006\n000000002007-11-26-000026 November 2007\n542\n2007\n\n\n\nJewell, PaulPaul Jewell\n\nDerby County\n000000002007-11-28-000028 November 2007\n000000002008-12-29-000029 December 2008\n397\n2007–2008\n[57][58]\n\n\nKendall, HowardHoward Kendall\n\nEverton\n000000001990-11-05-00005 November 1990\n000000001993-12-04-00004 December 1993\n1125\n1992–1993\n[59]\n\n\nGabriel, JimmyJimmy Gabriel\n\nEverton\n000000001993-12-04-00004 December 1993\n000000001994-01-07-00007 January 1994\n35\n1993–1994\n[60]\n\n\nWalker, MikeMike Walker\n\nEverton\n000000001994-01-07-00007 January 1994\n000000001994-11-08-00008 November 1994\n305\n1994\n[61]\n\n\nRoyle, JoeJoe Royle\n\nEverton\n000000001994-11-10-000010 November 1994\n000000001997-03-27-000027 March 1997\n868\n1994–1997\n[62]\n\n\nWatson, DaveDave Watson \n\nEverton\n000000001997-04-01-00001 April 1997\n000000001997-05-31-000031 May 1997\n60\n1997\n[63]\n\n\nKendall, HowardHoward Kendall\n\nEverton\n000000001997-06-27-000027 June 1997\n000000001998-06-25-000025 June 1998\n363\n1997–1998\n[59]\n\n\nSmith, WalterWalter Smith\n\nEverton\n000000001998-07-01-00001 July 1998\n000000002002-03-13-000013 March 2002\n1351\n1998–2002\n[64]\n\n\nMoyes, DavidDavid Moyes\n\nEverton\n000000002002-03-15-000015 March 2002\n000000002013-06-01-00001 June 2013\n4096\n2002–2013\n[65]\n\n\nMartinez, RobertoRoberto Martínez\n\nEverton\n000000002013-06-05-00005 June 2013\n000000002016-05-12-000012 May 2016\n1072\n2013–2016\n[66]\n\n\nUnsworth, DavidDavid Unsworth \n\nEverton\n000000002016-05-12-000012 May 2016\n000000002016-06-14-000014 June 2016\n33\n2016\n\n\n\nKoeman, RonaldRonald Koeman \n\nEverton\n000000002016-06-14-000014 June 2016\nPresent*\n455\n2016–\n\n\n\nTigana, JeanJean Tigana\n\nFulham\n000000002000-07-01-00001 July 2000\n000000002003-04-17-000017 April 2003\n1020\n2001–2003\n[67]\n\n\nColeman, ChrisChris Coleman\n\nFulham\n000000002003-04-17-000017 April 2003\n000000002007-04-11-000011 April 2007\n1455\n2003–2007\n[68]\n\n\nSanchez, LawrieLawrie Sanchez\n\nFulham\n000000002007-04-11-000011 April 2007\n000000002007-12-21-000021 December 2007\n254\n2007\n[69]\n\n\nLewington, RayRay Lewington \n\nFulham\n000000002007-12-21-000021 December 2007\n000000002007-12-30-000030 December 2007\n9\n2007\n\n\n\nHodgson, RoyRoy Hodgson\n\nFulham\n000000002007-12-30-000030 December 2007\n000000002010-06-30-000030 June 2010\n913\n2007–2010\n[70]\n\n\nLewington, RayRay Lewington \n\nFulham\n000000002010-07-01-00001 July 2010\n000000002010-07-29-000029 July 2010\n28\n2010\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n\nFulham\n000000002010-07-29-000029 July 2010\n000000002011-06-01-00001 June 2011\n307\n2010–2011\n[71]\n\n\nJol, MartinMartin Jol\n\nFulham\n000000002011-06-07-00007 June 2011\n000000002013-12-01-00001 December 2013\n908\n2011–2013\n[72]\n\n\nMeulensteen, RenéRené Meulensteen\n\nFulham\n000000002013-12-01-00001 December 2013\n000000002014-02-14-000014 February 2014\n75\n2013–2014\n[73]\n\n\nMagath, FelixFelix Magath\n\nFulham\n000000002014-02-14-000014 February 2014\n000000002014-09-18-000018 September 2014\n216\n2014\n[74]\n\n\nWagner, DavidDavid Wagner \n\nHuddersfield Town\n000000002015-11-09-00009 November 2015\nPresent*\n673\n2017–\n\n\n\nBrown, PhilPhil Brown\n\nHull City\n000000002006-12-04-00004 December 2006\n000000002010-03-15-000015 March 2010\n1197\n2008–2009\n[75]\n\n\nDowie, IainIain Dowie\n\nHull City\n000000002010-03-17-000017 March 2010[A]\n000000002010-05-09-00009 May 2010\n53\n2010\n[76]\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n\nHull City\n000000002012-06-08-00008 June 2012\n000000002016-07-22-000022 July 2016\n1505\n2013–2015\n[37][77]\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan \n\nHull City\n000000002016-07-22-000022 July 2016\n000000002016-10-13-000013 October 2016\n83\n2016\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n\nHull City\n000000002016-10-13-000013 October 2016\n000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017\n82\n2016–2017\n\n\n\nSilva, MarcoMarco Silva\n\nHull City\n000000002017-01-05-00005 January 2017\n000000002017-05-25-000025 May 2017\n140\n2017\n\n\n\nLyall, JohnJohn Lyall\n\nIpswich Town\n000000001990-05-11-000011 May 1990\n000000001994-12-05-00005 December 1994\n1669\n1992–1994\n\n\n\nGoddard, PaulPaul Goddard \n\nIpswich Town\n000000001994-12-06-00006 December 1994\n000000001994-12-27-000027 December 1994\n21\n1994\n\n\n\nWark, JohnJohn Wark \n\nIpswich Town\n000000001994-12-06-00006 December 1994\n000000001994-12-27-000027 December 1994\n21\n1994\n\n\n\nBurley, GeorgeGeorge Burley\n\nIpswich Town\n000000001994-12-28-000028 December 1994\n000000002002-10-11-000011 October 2002\n2844\n1994–1995\n2000–2002\n\n\n\nWilkinson, HowardHoward Wilkinson\n\nLeeds United\n000000001988-10-10-000010 October 1988\n000000001996-09-10-000010 September 1996\n2892\n1992–1996\n\n\n\nGraham, GeorgeGeorge Graham\n\nLeeds United\n000000001996-09-10-000010 September 1996\n000000001998-10-01-00001 October 1998\n751\n1996–1998\n\n\n\nO'Leary, DavidDavid O'Leary\n\nLeeds United\n000000001998-10-01-00001 October 1998\n000000002002-06-27-000027 June 2002\n1365\n1998–2002\n\n\n\nVenables, TerryTerry Venables\n\nLeeds United\n000000002002-07-08-00008 July 2002\n000000002003-03-21-000021 March 2003\n256\n2002–2003\n\n\n\nReid, PeterPeter Reid\n\nLeeds United\n000000002003-03-21-000021 March 2003\n000000002003-11-10-000010 November 2003\n234\n2003\n\n\n\nGray, EddieEddie Gray \n\nLeeds United\n000000002003-11-10-000010 November 2003\n000000002004-05-21-000021 May 2004\n193\n2003–2004\n\n\n\nLittle, BrianBrian Little\n\nLeicester City\n000000001991-05-30-000030 May 1991\n000000001994-11-22-000022 November 1994\n1272\n1994–1995\n\n\n\nMacDonald, KevinKevin MacDonald \n\nLeicester City\n000000001994-11-22-000022 November 1994\n000000001994-12-14-000014 December 1994\n22\n1994\n\n\n\nMcGhee, MarkMark McGhee\n\nLeicester City\n000000001994-12-14-000014 December 1994\n000000001995-12-07-00007 December 1995\n358\n1994–1995\n\n\n\nO'Neill, MartinMartin O'Neill\n\nLeicester City\n000000001995-12-21-000021 December 1995\n000000002000-06-01-00001 June 2000\n1624\n1996–2000\n\n\n\nTaylor, PeterPeter Taylor\n\nLeicester City\n000000002000-06-12-000012 June 2000\n000000002001-09-30-000030 September 2001\n475\n2000–2001\n\n\n\nBassett, DaveDave Bassett\n\nLeicester City\n000000002001-10-10-000010 October 2001\n000000002002-04-06-00006 April 2002\n178\n2001–2002\n\n\n\nAdams, MickyMicky Adams\n\nLeicester City\n000000002002-04-07-00007 April 2002\n000000002004-10-11-000011 October 2004\n918\n2002\n2003–2004\n\n\n\nPearson, NigelNigel Pearson\n\nLeicester City\n000000002011-11-15-000015 November 2011\n000000002015-06-30-000030 June 2015\n1323\n2014–2015\n\n\n\nRanieri, ClaudioClaudio Ranieri\n\nLeicester City\n000000002015-07-13-000013 July 2015\n000000002017-02-23-000023 February 2017\n591\n2015–2017\n\n\n\nShakespeare, CraigCraig Shakespeare \n\nLeicester City\n000000002017-02-23-000023 February 2017\n000000002017-03-12-000012 March 2017\n17\n2017\n\n\n\nShakespeare, CraigCraig Shakespeare \n\nLeicester City\n000000002017-03-12-000012 March 2017\nPresent*\n184\n2017–\n\n\n\nSouness, GraemeGraeme Souness\n\nLiverpool\n000000001991-04-16-000016 April 1991\n000000001994-01-28-000028 January 1994\n1018\n1992–1994\n[78]\n\n\nEvans, RoyRoy Evans\n\nLiverpool\n000000001994-01-28-000028 January 1994\n000000001998-11-12-000012 November 1998\n1749\n1994–1998\n[79]\n\n\nHoullier, GérardGérard Houllier\n\nLiverpool\n000000001998-07-01-00001 July 1998\n000000002001-10-14-000014 October 2001 [A]\n1201\n1998–2001\n[80]\n\n\nThompson, PhilPhil Thompson \n\nLiverpool\n000000002001-10-14-000014 October 2001\n000000002002-03-16-000016 March 2002\n153\n2001–2002\n\n\n\nHoullier, GérardGérard Houllier\n\nLiverpool\n000000002002-03-17-000017 March 2002\n000000002004-05-24-000024 May 2004\n799\n2002–2004\n[80]\n\n\nBenítez, RafaelRafael Benítez\n\nLiverpool\n000000002004-06-16-000016 June 2004\n000000002010-06-03-00003 June 2010\n2178\n2004–2010\n[81]\n\n\nHodgson, RoyRoy Hodgson\n\nLiverpool\n000000002010-07-01-00001 July 2010\n000000002011-01-08-00008 January 2011\n191\n2010–2011\n[82]\n\n\nDalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish\n\nLiverpool\n000000002011-01-08-00008 January 2011\n000000002012-05-16-000016 May 2012\n494\n2011–2012\n[83]\n\n\nRodgers, BrendanBrendan Rodgers\n\nLiverpool\n000000002012-06-01-00001 June 2012\n000000002015-10-04-00004 October 2015\n1220\n2012–2015\n\n\n\nKlopp, JürgenJürgen Klopp \n\nLiverpool\n000000002015-10-08-00008 October 2015\nPresent*\n705\n2015–\n\n\n\nReid, PeterPeter Reid\n\nManchester City\n000000001990-11-11-000011 November 1990\n000000001993-08-26-000026 August 1993\n1019\n1992–1993\n\n\n\nBook, TonyTony Book \n\nManchester City\n000000001993-08-26-000026 August 1993\n000000001993-08-28-000028 August 1993\n2\n1993\n\n\n\nHorton, BrianBrian Horton\n\nManchester City\n000000001993-08-28-000028 August 1993\n000000001995-05-16-000016 May 1995\n626\n1993–1995\n\n\n\nBall, AlanAlan Ball\n\nManchester City\n000000001995-06-30-000030 June 1995\n000000001996-08-26-000026 August 1996\n423\n1995–1996\n\n\n\nRoyle, JoeJoe Royle\n\nManchester City\n000000001998-02-18-000018 February 1998\n000000002001-05-21-000021 May 2001\n1188\n2000–2001\n\n\n\nKeegan, KevinKevin Keegan\n\nManchester City\n000000002001-05-24-000024 May 2001\n000000002005-03-11-000011 March 2005\n1387\n2002–2005\n\n\n\nPearce, StuartStuart Pearce\n\nManchester City\n000000002005-03-21-000021 March 2005\n000000002007-05-14-000014 May 2007\n784\n2005–2007\n\n\n\nEriksson, Sven-GöranSven-Göran Eriksson\n\nManchester City\n000000002007-07-06-00006 July 2007\n000000002008-06-02-00002 June 2008\n332\n2007–2008\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n\nManchester City\n000000002008-06-04-00004 June 2008\n000000002009-12-19-000019 December 2009\n563\n2008–2009\n\n\n\nMancini, RobertoRoberto Mancini\n\nManchester City\n000000002009-12-19-000019 December 2009\n000000002013-05-13-000013 May 2013\n1241\n2009–2013\n[84]\n\n\nKidd, BrianBrian Kidd \n\nManchester City\n000000002013-05-13-000013 May 2013\n000000002013-06-14-000014 June 2013\n32\n2013\n\n\n\nPellegrini, ManuelManuel Pellegrini\n\nManchester City\n000000002013-06-14-000014 June 2013\n000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016\n1112\n2013–2016\n[85]\n\n\nGuardiola, PepPep Guardiola \n\nManchester City\n000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016\nPresent*\n438\n2016–\n\n\n\nFerguson, AlexAlex Ferguson\n\nManchester United\n000000001986-11-06-00006 November 1986\n000000002013-06-01-00001 June 2013\n9704\n1992–2013\n[86]\n\n\nMoyes, DavidDavid Moyes\n\nManchester United\n000000002013-06-01-00001 June 2013\n000000002014-04-22-000022 April 2014\n325\n2013–2014\n\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs \n\nManchester United\n000000002014-04-22-000022 April 2014\n000000002014-05-11-000011 May 2014\n19\n2014\n[87]\n\n\nGaal, Louis vanLouis van Gaal\n\nManchester United\n000000002014-07-14-000014 July 2014\n000000002016-05-23-000023 May 2016\n679\n2014–2016\n\n\n\nMourinho, JoseJosé Mourinho \n\nManchester United\n000000002016-05-27-000027 May 2016\nPresent*\n473\n2016–\n\n\n\nLawrence, LennieLennie Lawrence\n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000001991-07-10-000010 July 1991\n000000001994-05-19-000019 May 1994\n1044\n1992–1993\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000001994-05-31-000031 May 1994\n000000002000-12-06-00006 December 2000\n2381\n1994–1997\n1998–2000\n\n\n\nVenables, TerryTerry Venables\n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000002000-12-06-00006 December 2000\n000000002001-06-12-000012 June 2001\n188\n2000–2001\n\n\n\nMcClaren, SteveSteve McClaren\n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000002001-06-12-000012 June 2001\n000000002006-05-11-000011 May 2006\n1794\n2001–2006\n\n\n\nSouthgate, GarethGareth Southgate\n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000002006-06-07-00007 June 2006\n000000002009-10-20-000020 October 2009\n1231\n2006–2009\n\n\n\nKaranka, AitorAitor Karanka\n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000002013-11-13-000013 November 2013\n000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017\n1219\n2016–2017\n\n\n\nAgnew, SteveSteve Agnew \n\nMiddlesbrough\n000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017\n000000002017-06-09-00009 June 2017\n85\n2017\n\n\n\nKeegan, KevinKevin Keegan\n\nNewcastle United\n000000001992-02-05-00005 February 1992\n000000001997-01-08-00008 January 1997\n1799\n1993–1997\n[88]\n\n\nMcDermott, TerryTerry McDermott \n\nNewcastle United\n000000001997-01-08-00008 January 1997\n000000001997-01-14-000014 January 1997\n6\n1997\n\n\n\nDalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish\n\nNewcastle United\n000000001997-01-14-000014 January 1997\n000000001998-08-27-000027 August 1998\n590\n1997–1998\n[89]\n\n\nGullit, RuudRuud Gullit\n\nNewcastle United\n000000001998-08-28-000028 August 1998\n000000001999-08-28-000028 August 1999\n365\n1998–1999\n[90]\n\n\nClarke, SteveSteve Clarke \n\nNewcastle United\n000000001999-08-28-000028 August 1999\n000000001999-09-02-00002 September 1999\n5\n1999\n\n\n\nRobson, BobbyBobby Robson\n\nNewcastle United\n000000001999-09-02-00002 September 1999\n000000002004-08-30-000030 August 2004\n1824\n1999–2004\n[91]\n\n\nCarver, JohnJohn Carver \n\nNewcastle United\n000000002004-09-11-000011 September 2004\n000000002004-09-13-000013 September 2004\n2\n2004\n\n\n\nSouness, GraemeGraeme Souness\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002004-09-13-000013 September 2004\n000000002006-02-02-00002 February 2006\n507\n2004–2006\n[92]\n\n\nRoeder, GlennGlenn Roeder\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002006-02-02-00002 February 2006\n000000002007-05-06-00006 May 2007\n458\n2006–2007\n[93]\n\n\nPearson, NigelNigel Pearson \n\nNewcastle United\n000000002007-05-06-00006 May 2007\n000000002007-05-15-000015 May 2007\n9\n2007\n\n\n\nAllardyce, SamSam Allardyce\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002007-05-15-000015 May 2007\n000000002008-01-09-00009 January 2008\n239\n2007–2008\n\n\n\nPearson, NigelNigel Pearson \n\nNewcastle United\n000000002008-01-09-00009 January 2008\n000000002008-01-16-000016 January 2008\n7\n2008\n\n\n\nKeegan, KevinKevin Keegan\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002008-01-16-000016 January 2008\n000000002008-09-04-00004 September 2008\n232\n2008\n\n\n\nHughton, ChrisChris Hughton \n\nNewcastle United\n000000002008-09-08-00008 September 2008\n000000002008-09-28-000028 September 2008\n20\n2008\n\n\n\nKinnear, JoeJoe Kinnear\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002008-09-29-000029 September 2008\n000000002009-04-01-00001 April 2009\n184\n2008–2009\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002009-04-01-00001 April 2009\n000000002009-05-24-000024 May 2009\n53\n2009\n\n\n\nHughton, ChrisChris Hughton\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002009-06-01-00001 June 2009\n000000002010-12-06-00006 December 2010\n553\n2010\n\n\n\nPardew, AlanAlan Pardew\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002010-12-09-00009 December 2010\n000000002015-01-02-00002 January 2015\n1484\n2010–2015\n\n\n\nCarver, JohnJohn Carver \n\nNewcastle United\n000000002015-01-02-00002 January 2015\n000000002015-01-26-000026 January 2015\n24\n2015\n\n\n\nCarver, JohnJohn Carver\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002015-01-26-000026 January 2015\n000000002015-06-10-000010 June 2015\n135\n2015\n\n\n\nMcClaren, SteveSteve McClaren\n\nNewcastle United\n000000002015-06-10-000010 June 2015\n000000002016-03-11-000011 March 2016\n275\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nBenítez, RafaelRafael Benítez \n\nNewcastle United\n000000002016-03-11-000011 March 2016\nPresent*\n550\n2016\n2017–\n\n\n\nWalker, MikeMike Walker\n\nNorwich City\n000000001992-06-01-00001 June 1992\n000000001994-01-06-00006 January 1994\n584\n1992–1994\n\n\n\nDeehan, JohnJohn Deehan\n\nNorwich City\n000000001994-01-12-000012 January 1994\n000000001995-07-31-000031 July 1995\n565\n1994–1995\n\n\n\nWorthington, NigelNigel Worthington\n\nNorwich City\n000000002000-12-04-00004 December 2000\n000000002006-10-02-00002 October 2006\n2128\n2004–2005\n\n\n\nLambert, PaulPaul Lambert\n\nNorwich City\n000000002009-08-18-000018 August 2009\n000000002012-06-02-00002 June 2012\n1019\n2011–2012\n\n\n\nHughton, ChrisChris Hughton\n\nNorwich City\n000000002012-06-07-00007 June 2012\n000000002014-04-06-00006 April 2014\n668\n2012–2014\n[94]\n\n\nAdams, NeilNeil Adams\n\nNorwich City\n000000002014-04-06-00006 April 2014\n000000002015-01-05-00005 January 2015\n213\n2014\n[95]\n\n\nNeil, AlexAlex Neil\n\nNorwich City\n000000002015-01-09-00009 January 2015\n000000002017-03-10-000010 March 2017\n791\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nClough, BrianBrian Clough\n\nNottingham Forest\n000000001975-01-06-00006 January 1975\n000000001993-05-08-00008 May 1993\n6697\n1992–1993\n[96][97]\n\n\nClark, FrankFrank Clark\n\nNottingham Forest\n000000001993-05-12-000012 May 1993\n000000001996-12-19-000019 December 1996\n1317\n1994–1996\n[96][97]\n\n\nPearce, StuartStuart Pearce \n\nNottingham Forest\n000000001996-12-20-000020 December 1996\n000000001997-05-08-00008 May 1997\n139\n1996–1997\n[96][97]\n\n\nBassett, DaveDave Bassett\n\nNottingham Forest\n000000001997-05-08-00008 May 1997\n000000001999-01-05-00005 January 1999\n607\n1997\n1998–1999\n[96][97]\n\n\nAdams, MickyMicky Adams \n\nNottingham Forest\n000000001999-01-05-00005 January 1999\n000000001999-01-11-000011 January 1999\n6\n1999\n\n\n\nAtkinson, RonRon Atkinson\n\nNottingham Forest\n000000001999-01-11-000011 January 1999\n000000001999-05-16-000016 May 1999\n125\n1999\n[96][97]\n\n\nRoyle, JoeJoe Royle\n\nOldham Athletic\n000000001982-07-14-000014 July 1982\n000000001994-11-10-000010 November 1994\n4502\n1992–1994\n\n\n\nRedknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002002-03-25-000025 March 2002\n000000002004-11-24-000024 November 2004\n975\n2003–2004\n[98]\n\n\nZajec, VelimirVelimir Zajec\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002004-12-24-000024 December 2004\n000000002005-04-07-00007 April 2005\n104\n2004–2005\n[99]\n\n\nPerrin, AlainAlain Perrin\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002005-04-07-00007 April 2005\n000000002005-11-24-000024 November 2005\n231\n2005\n[100][101]\n\n\nJordan, JoeJoe Jordan \n\nPortsmouth\n000000002005-11-24-000024 November 2005\n000000002005-12-07-00007 December 2005\n13\n2005\n\n\n\nRedknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002005-12-07-00007 December 2005\n000000002008-10-25-000025 October 2008\n1053\n2005–2008\n[98]\n\n\nJordan, JoeJoe Jordan\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002008-10-25-000025 October 2008\n000000002008-10-28-000028 October 2008\n3\n2008\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002008-10-25-000025 October 2008\n000000002009-02-09-00009 February 2009\n107\n2008–2009\n\n\n\nHart, PaulPaul Hart\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002009-02-09-00009 February 2009\n000000002009-11-24-000024 November 2009\n288\n2009\n[102]\n\n\nGrant, AvramAvram Grant\n\nPortsmouth\n000000002009-11-26-000026 November 2009\n000000002010-05-21-000021 May 2010\n176\n2009–2010\n[103]\n\n\nFrancis, GerryGerry Francis\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000001991-06-01-00001 June 1991\n000000001994-11-11-000011 November 1994\n1259\n1992–1994\n\n\n\nWilkins, RayRay Wilkins\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000001994-11-15-000015 November 1994\n000000001996-09-04-00004 September 1996\n659\n1994–1996\n\n\n\nWarnock, NeilNeil Warnock\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002010-03-01-00001 March 2010\n000000002012-01-08-00008 January 2012\n678\n2011–2012\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002012-01-10-000010 January 2012\n000000002012-11-23-000023 November 2012\n318\n2012\n[104]\n\n\nBowen, MarkMark Bowen \n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002012-11-23-000023 November 2012\n000000002012-11-24-000024 November 2012\n1\n2012\n\n\n\nRedknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002012-11-24-000024 November 2012\n000000002015-02-03-00003 February 2015\n802\n2012–2013\n2014–2015\n[105][106]\n\n\nBond, KevinKevin Bond \n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002015-02-04-00004 February 2015\n000000002015-02-12-000012 February 2015\n9\n2015\n\n\n\nRamsey, ChrisChris Ramsey \n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002015-02-03-00003 February 2015\n000000002015-02-12-000012 February 2015\n9\n2015\n\n\n\nRamsey, ChrisChris Ramsey\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n000000002015-02-12-000012 February 2015\n000000002015-11-04-00004 November 2015\n265\n2015\n\n\n\nCoppell, SteveSteve Coppell\n\nReading\n000000002003-10-09-00009 October 2003\n000000002009-05-12-000012 May 2009\n2042\n2006–2008\n\n\n\nMcDermott, BrianBrian McDermott\n\nReading\n000000002009-12-17-000017 December 2009\n000000002013-03-11-000011 March 2013\n1180\n2009–2013\n\n\n\nAdkins, NigelNigel Adkins\n\nReading\n000000002013-03-26-000026 March 2013\n000000002014-12-15-000015 December 2014\n629\n2013\n[107]\n\n\nBassett, DaveDave Bassett\n\nSheffield United\n000000001988-01-02-00002 January 1988\n000000001995-12-12-000012 December 1995\n2901\n1992–1994\n\n\n\nWarnock, NeilNeil Warnock\n\nSheffield United\n000000001999-12-02-00002 December 1999\n000000002007-05-16-000016 May 2007\n2722\n2006–2007\n\n\n\nFrancis, TrevorTrevor Francis\n\nSheffield Wednesday\n000000001991-06-07-00007 June 1991\n000000001995-05-20-000020 May 1995\n1443\n1992–1995\n\n\n\nPleat, DavidDavid Pleat\n\nSheffield Wednesday\n000000001995-06-14-000014 June 1995\n000000001997-11-03-00003 November 1997\n873\n1995–1997\n\n\n\nShreeves, PeterPeter Shreeves \n\nSheffield Wednesday\n000000001997-11-03-00003 November 1997\n000000001997-11-14-000014 November 1997\n11\n1997\n\n\n\nAtkinson, RonRon Atkinson\n\nSheffield Wednesday\n000000001997-11-14-000014 November 1997\n000000001998-05-17-000017 May 1998\n184\n1997–1998\n\n\n\nWilson, DannyDanny Wilson\n\nSheffield Wednesday\n000000001998-07-06-00006 July 1998\n000000002000-03-21-000021 March 2000\n624\n1998–2000\n\n\n\nShreeves, PeterPeter Shreeves \n\nSheffield Wednesday\n000000002000-03-21-000021 March 2000\n000000002000-06-21-000021 June 2000\n92\n2000\n\n\n\nBranfoot, IanIan Branfoot\n\nSouthampton\n000000001991-06-11-000011 June 1991\n000000001994-01-10-000010 January 1994\n944\n1992–1994\n[108]\n\n\nBall, AlanAlan Ball\n\nSouthampton\n000000001994-01-20-000020 January 1994\n000000001995-07-02-00002 July 1995\n528\n1994–1995\n[109]\n\n\nMerrington, DaveDave Merrington\n\nSouthampton\n000000001995-07-14-000014 July 1995\n000000001996-06-14-000014 June 1996\n336\n1995–1996\n[110]\n\n\nSouness, GraemeGraeme Souness\n\nSouthampton\n000000001996-07-03-00003 July 1996\n000000001997-06-01-00001 June 1997\n333\n1996–1997\n[111]\n\n\nJones, DaveDave Jones\n\nSouthampton\n000000001997-06-23-000023 June 1997\n000000002000-01-27-000027 January 2000\n948\n1997–2000\n[112]\n\n\nHoddle, GlennGlenn Hoddle\n\nSouthampton\n000000002000-01-28-000028 January 2000\n000000002001-03-28-000028 March 2001\n425\n2000–2001\n[113]\n\n\nGray, StuartStuart Gray\n\nSouthampton\n000000002001-03-30-000030 March 2001\n000000002001-10-21-000021 October 2001\n205\n2001\n[114]\n\n\nStrachan, GordonGordon Strachan\n\nSouthampton\n000000002001-10-22-000022 October 2001\n000000002004-02-13-000013 February 2004\n844\n2001–2004\n[115]\n\n\nWigley, SteveSteve Wigley \n\nSouthampton\n000000002004-02-13-000013 February 2004\n000000002004-03-04-00004 March 2004\n20\n2004\n[116]\n\n\nSturrock, PaulPaul Sturrock\n\nSouthampton\n000000002004-03-04-00004 March 2004\n000000002004-08-23-000023 August 2004\n172\n2004\n[117]\n\n\nWigley, SteveSteve Wigley\n\nSouthampton\n000000002004-08-23-000023 August 2004\n000000002004-12-10-000010 December 2004\n109\n2004\n[116]\n\n\nRedknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp\n\nSouthampton\n000000002004-12-08-00008 December 2004\n000000002005-12-02-00002 December 2005\n359\n2004–2005\n\n\n\nAdkins, NigelNigel Adkins\n\nSouthampton\n000000002010-09-12-000012 September 2010\n000000002013-01-18-000018 January 2013\n859\n2012–2013\n[118]\n\n\nPochettino, MauricioMauricio Pochettino\n\nSouthampton\n000000002013-01-18-000018 January 2013\n000000002014-05-27-000027 May 2014\n494\n2013–2014\n[118]\n\n\nKoeman, RonaldRonald Koeman\n\nSouthampton\n000000002014-06-16-000016 June 2014\n000000002016-06-14-000014 June 2016\n729\n2014–2016\n\n\n\nPuel, ClaudeClaude Puel\n\nSouthampton\n000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016\n000000002017-06-14-000014 June 2017\n349\n2016–2017\n\n\n\nPellegrino, MauricioMauricio Pellegrino \n\nSouthampton\n000000002017-06-23-000023 June 2017\nPresent*\n81\n2017–\n\n\n\nPulis, TonyTony Pulis\n\nStoke City\n000000002006-06-15-000015 June 2006\n000000002013-05-21-000021 May 2013\n2532\n2008–2013\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes \n\nStoke City\n000000002013-05-30-000030 May 2013\nPresent*\n1566\n2013–\n[119]\n\n\nReid, PeterPeter Reid\n\nSunderland\n000000001995-03-29-000029 March 1995\n000000002002-10-07-00007 October 2002\n2749\n1996–1997\n1999–2002\n\n\n\nWilkinson, HowardHoward Wilkinson\n\nSunderland\n000000002002-10-10-000010 October 2002\n000000002003-03-10-000010 March 2003\n151\n2002–2003\n\n\n\nMcCarthy, MickMick McCarthy\n\nSunderland\n000000002003-03-12-000012 March 2003\n000000002006-03-06-00006 March 2006\n1090\n2003\n2005–2006\n\n\n\nBall, KevinKevin Ball \n\nSunderland\n000000002006-03-07-00007 March 2006\n000000002006-05-31-000031 May 2006\n85\n2006\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n\nSunderland\n000000002006-08-30-000030 August 2006\n000000002008-12-04-00004 December 2008\n827\n2007–2008\n\n\n\nSbragia, RickyRicky Sbragia\n\nSunderland\n000000002008-12-04-00004 December 2008\n000000002009-05-24-000024 May 2009\n171\n2008–2009\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n\nSunderland\n000000002009-06-03-00003 June 2009\n000000002011-11-30-000030 November 2011\n910\n2009–2011\n\n\n\nO'Neill, MartinMartin O'Neill\n\nSunderland\n000000002011-12-03-00003 December 2011\n000000002013-03-30-000030 March 2013\n483\n2011–2013\n\n\n\nDi Canio, PaoloPaolo Di Canio\n\nSunderland\n000000002013-03-31-000031 March 2013\n000000002013-09-22-000022 September 2013\n175\n2013\n[120]\n\n\nBall, KevinKevin Ball \n\nSunderland\n000000002013-09-22-000022 September 2013\n000000002013-10-08-00008 October 2013\n16\n2013\n[121]\n\n\nPoyet, GusGus Poyet\n\nSunderland\n000000002013-10-08-00008 October 2013\n000000002015-03-16-000016 March 2015\n524\n2013–2015\n\n\n\nAdvocaat, DickDick Advocaat\n\nSunderland\n000000002015-03-17-000017 March 2015\n000000002015-10-04-00004 October 2015\n201\n2015\n\n\n\nAllardyce, SamSam Allardyce\n\nSunderland\n000000002015-10-09-00009 October 2015\n000000002016-07-22-000022 July 2016\n287\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nMoyes, DavidDavid Moyes\n\nSunderland\n000000002016-07-23-000023 July 2016\n000000002017-05-22-000022 May 2017\n303\n2016–2017\n[122]\n\n\nRodgers, BrendanBrendan Rodgers\n\nSwansea City\n000000002010-07-16-000016 July 2010\n000000002012-06-01-00001 June 2012\n686\n2011–2012\n[123]\n\n\nLaudrup, MichaelMichael Laudrup\n\nSwansea City\n000000002012-06-15-000015 June 2012\n000000002014-02-04-00004 February 2014\n599\n2012–2014\n[124]\n\n\nMonk, GarryGarry Monk\n\nSwansea City\n000000002014-02-04-00004 February 2014\n000000002015-12-09-00009 December 2015\n673\n2014–2015\n\n\n\nCurtis, AlanAlan Curtis \n\nSwansea City\n000000002015-12-09-00009 December 2015\n000000002016-01-18-000018 January 2016\n40\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nGuidolin, FrancescoFrancesco Guidolin\n\nSwansea City\n000000002016-01-18-000018 January 2016\n000000002016-10-03-00003 October 2016\n259\n2016\n\n\n\nBradley, BobBob Bradley\n\nSwansea City\n000000002016-10-03-00003 October 2016\n000000002016-12-27-000027 December 2016\n85\n2016\n\n\n\nCurtis, AlanAlan Curtis \n\nSwansea City\n000000002016-12-27-000027 December 2016\n000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017\n7\n2016–2017\n\n\n\nClement, PaulPaul Clement \n\nSwansea City\n000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017\nPresent*\n252\n2017–\n\n\n\nGorman, JohnJohn Gorman\n\nSwindon Town\n000000001993-06-04-00004 June 1993\n000000001994-11-21-000021 November 1994\n535\n1993–1994\n\n\n\nLivermore, DougDoug Livermore\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001992-05-27-000027 May 1992\n000000001993-06-19-000019 June 1993\n388\n1992–1993\n[125]\n\n\nArdiles, OssieOssie Ardiles\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001993-06-19-000019 June 1993\n000000001994-11-01-00001 November 1994\n500\n1993–1994\n[126]\n\n\nPerryman, SteveSteve Perryman \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001994-11-01-00001 November 1994\n000000001994-11-15-000015 November 1994\n14\n1994\n[127]\n\n\nFrancis, GerryGerry Francis\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001994-11-15-000015 November 1994\n000000001997-11-19-000019 November 1997\n1100\n1994–1997\n[128]\n\n\nGross, ChristianChristian Gross\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001997-11-25-000025 November 1997\n000000001998-09-05-00005 September 1998\n284\n1997–1998\n[129]\n\n\nPleat, DavidDavid Pleat \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001998-08-30-000030 August 1998\n000000001998-10-03-00003 October 1998\n24\n1998\n[130]\n\n\nHughton, ChrisChris Hughton \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001998-09-07-00007 September 1998\n000000001998-10-01-00001 October 1998\n34\n1998\n[94]\n\n\nGraham, GeorgeGeorge Graham\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000001998-10-05-00005 October 1998\n000000002001-03-16-000016 March 2001\n893\n1998–2001\n[131]\n\n\nPleat, DavidDavid Pleat \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002001-03-16-000016 March 2001\n000000002001-04-02-00002 April 2001\n17\n2001\n[132]\n\n\nHoddle, GlennGlenn Hoddle\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002001-04-02-00002 April 2001\n000000002003-09-21-000021 September 2003\n902\n2001–2003\n[133]\n\n\nPleat, DavidDavid Pleat \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002003-09-21-000021 September 2003\n000000002004-06-03-00003 June 2004\n256\n2003–2004\n[134]\n\n\nSantini, JacquesJacques Santini\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002004-06-03-00003 June 2004\n000000002004-11-05-00005 November 2004\n155\n2004\n[135]\n\n\nJol, MartinMartin Jol\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002004-11-05-00005 November 2004\n000000002007-10-25-000025 October 2007\n1084\n2004–2007\n[136]\n\n\nAllen, CliveClive Allen \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002007-10-25-000025 October 2007\n000000002007-10-29-000029 October 2007\n4\n2007\n\n\n\nInglethorpe, AlexAlex Inglethorpe \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002007-10-25-000025 October 2007\n000000002007-10-29-000029 October 2007\n4\n2007\n\n\n\nRamos, JuandeJuande Ramos\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002007-10-27-000027 October 2007\n000000002008-10-25-000025 October 2008\n364\n2007–2008\n[137]\n\n\nAllen, CliveClive Allen \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002008-10-25-000025 October 2008\n000000002008-10-26-000026 October 2008\n1\n2008\n\n\n\nRedknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002008-10-26-000026 October 2008\n000000002012-06-13-000013 June 2012\n1326\n2008–2012\n[138]\n\n\nVillas-Boas, AndréAndré Villas-Boas\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002012-07-06-00006 July 2012\n000000002013-12-16-000016 December 2013\n528\n2012–2013\n[139]\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002013-12-16-000016 December 2013\n000000002014-05-13-000013 May 2014\n148\n2013–2014\n[140]\n\n\nPochettino, MauricioMauricio Pochettino \n\nTottenham Hotspur\n000000002014-05-27-000027 May 2014\nPresent*\n1204\n2014–\n\n\n\nTaylor, GrahamGraham Taylor\n\nWatford\n000000001996-02-21-000021 February 1996\n000000002001-06-01-00001 June 2001\n1927\n1999–2000\n[141]\n\n\nBoothroyd, AidyAidy Boothroyd\n\nWatford\n000000002005-03-29-000029 March 2005\n000000002008-11-03-00003 November 2008\n1315\n2006–2007\n[142]\n\n\nSánchez Flores, QuiqueQuique Sánchez Flores\n\nWatford\n000000002015-06-05-00005 June 2015\n000000002016-05-15-000015 May 2016\n345\n2015–2016\n\n\n\nMazzarri, WalterWalter Mazzarri\n\nWatford\n000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016\n000000002017-05-21-000021 May 2017\n324\n2016–2017\n\n\n\nSilva, MarcoMarco Silva \n\nWatford\n000000002017-05-27-000027 May 2017\nPresent*\n108\n2017–\n\n\n\nMegson, GaryGary Megson\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002000-03-09-00009 March 2000\n000000002004-10-26-000026 October 2004\n1692\n2002–2003\n2004\n[143]\n\n\nBurrows, FrankFrank Burrows \n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002004-10-27-000027 October 2004\n000000002004-11-08-00008 November 2004\n12\n2004\n[144]\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002004-11-09-00009 November 2004\n000000002006-09-18-000018 September 2006\n678\n2004–2006\n[145]\n\n\nMowbray, TonyTony Mowbray\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002006-10-18-000018 October 2006\n000000002009-06-16-000016 June 2009\n972\n2008–2009\n[146]\n\n\nDi Matteo, RobertoRoberto Di Matteo\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002009-06-30-000030 June 2009\n000000002011-02-06-00006 February 2011\n586\n2010–2011\n[147]\n\n\nAppleton, MichaelMichael Appleton \n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002011-02-06-00006 February 2011\n000000002011-02-14-000014 February 2011\n8\n2011\n[148]\n\n\nHodgson, RoyRoy Hodgson\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002011-02-14-000014 February 2011\n000000002012-05-13-000013 May 2012\n454\n2011–2012\n[149]\n\n\nClarke, SteveSteve Clarke\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002012-06-08-00008 June 2012\n000000002013-12-14-000014 December 2013\n554\n2012–2013\n[150]\n\n\nDowning, KeithKeith Downing \n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002013-12-14-000014 December 2013\n000000002014-01-09-00009 January 2014\n26\n2013–2014\n[151]\n\n\nMel, PepePepe Mel\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002014-01-09-00009 January 2014\n000000002014-05-12-000012 May 2014\n123\n2014\n\n\n\nIrvine, AlanAlan Irvine\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002014-06-14-000014 June 2014\n000000002014-12-29-000029 December 2014\n199\n2014\n\n\n\nKelly, RobRob Kelly \n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002014-12-29-000029 December 2014\n000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015\n3\n2014\n\n\n\nPulis, TonyTony Pulis \n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015\nPresent*\n985\n2015–\n\n\n\nBonds, BillyBilly Bonds\n\nWest Ham United\n000000001990-02-23-000023 February 1990\n000000001994-08-10-000010 August 1994\n1629\n1993–1994\n[152]\n\n\nRedknapp, HarryHarry Redknapp\n\nWest Ham United\n000000001994-08-10-000010 August 1994\n000000002001-05-09-00009 May 2001\n2464\n1994–2001\n[153]\n\n\nRoeder, GlennGlenn Roeder\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002001-05-09-00009 May 2001\n000000002003-04-24-000024 April 2003\n715\n2001–2003\n[154]\n\n\nBrooking, TrevorTrevor Brooking [C]\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002003-04-24-000024 April 2003\n000000002003-05-12-000012 May 2003\n18\n2003\n[155]\n\n\nPardew, AlanAlan Pardew\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002003-10-20-000020 October 2003\n000000002006-12-11-000011 December 2006\n1148\n2005–2006\n[156]\n\n\nCurbishley, AlanAlan Curbishley\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002006-12-13-000013 December 2006\n000000002008-09-03-00003 September 2008\n630\n2006–2008\n[157]\n\n\nKeen, KevinKevin Keen \n\nWest Ham United\n000000002008-09-03-00003 September 2008\n000000002008-09-15-000015 September 2008\n12\n2008\n[158]\n\n\nZola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002008-09-15-000015 September 2008\n000000002010-05-11-000011 May 2010\n603\n2008–2010\n[159]\n\n\nGrant, AvramAvram Grant\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002010-06-03-00003 June 2010\n000000002011-05-15-000015 May 2011\n346\n2010–2011\n[160]\n\n\nKeen, KevinKevin Keen \n\nWest Ham United\n000000002011-05-15-000015 May 2011\n000000002011-06-01-00001 June 2011\n17\n2011\n[161]\n\n\nAllardyce, SamSam Allardyce\n\nWest Ham United\n000000002011-06-01-00001 June 2011\n000000002015-05-24-000024 May 2015\n1453\n2012–2015\n\n\n\nBilić, SlavenSlaven Bilić \n\nWest Ham United\n000000002015-06-09-00009 June 2015\nPresent*\n826\n2015–\n\n\n\nJewell, PaulPaul Jewell\n\nWigan Athletic\n000000002001-06-12-000012 June 2001\n000000002007-05-14-000014 May 2007\n2162\n2005–2007\n[162]\n\n\nHutchings, ChrisChris Hutchings\n\nWigan Athletic\n000000002007-05-14-000014 May 2007\n000000002007-11-05-00005 November 2007\n175\n2007\n[162]\n\n\nBarlow, FrankFrank Barlow \n\nWigan Athletic\n000000002007-11-05-00005 November 2007\n000000002007-11-26-000026 November 2007\n21\n2007\n[162]\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n\nWigan Athletic\n000000002007-11-26-000026 November 2007\n000000002009-06-03-00003 June 2009\n555\n2007–2009\n[162]\n\n\nMartinez, RobertoRoberto Martínez\n\nWigan Athletic\n000000002009-06-15-000015 June 2009\n000000002013-05-28-000028 May 2013\n1443\n2009–2013\n[163][164]\n\n\nKinnear, JoeJoe Kinnear\n\nWimbledon\n000000001992-01-19-000019 January 1992\n000000001999-06-09-00009 June 1999\n2698\n1992–1999\n\n\n\nOlsen, EgilEgil Olsen\n\nWimbledon\n000000001999-06-09-00009 June 1999\n000000002000-05-01-00001 May 2000\n327\n1999–2000\n[165]\n\n\nBurton, TerryTerry Burton \n\nWimbledon\n000000002000-05-01-00001 May 2000\n000000002002-04-25-000025 April 2002\n724\n2000\n[165]\n\n\nJones, DaveDave Jones\n\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n000000002001-01-03-00003 January 2001\n000000002004-11-11-000011 November 2004\n1408\n2003–2004\n[112]\n\n\nMcCarthy, MickMick McCarthy\n\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n000000002006-08-05-00005 August 2006\n000000002012-02-14-000014 February 2012\n2019\n2009–2012\n[166]\n\n\nConnor, TerryTerry Connor\n\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n000000002012-02-24-000024 February 2012\n000000002012-06-30-000030 June 2012\n127\n2012\n[167]\n\n"
] | [
"Chelsea"
] |
3690821839992316413 | List of most-viewed YouTube videos | List of most - viewed YouTube videos - wikipedia List of most - viewed YouTube videos Jump to : navigation , search `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi ( left ) featuring Daddy Yankee ( right ) is the most viewed video on YouTube , with over 5 billion views as of April 2018 . YouTube is an American video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . Since its establishment in 2005 , the website has featured a `` most viewed '' section , which lists the most viewed videos on the site . Although the most viewed videos were initially viral videos , such as Evolution of Dance and Charlie Bit My Finger , the most viewed videos were increasingly related to music videos . In fact , since Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' , every video that has reached the top of the `` most viewed YouTube videos '' list has been a music video . Although the most viewed videos are no longer listed on the site , reaching the top of the list is still considered a tremendous feat . By June 21 , 2015 , only two videos , `` Gangnam Style '' and `` Baby '' , had exceeded one billion views . However , three and a half months later , on October 7 , ten videos had done so . As of April 2018 , all the videos on the list of the 100 most - viewed have exceeded one billion views , with 21 of them exceeding two billion views ; five of which exceed three billion views and one of which exceeds four billion views . `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach three billion views on August 4 , 2017 , followed by `` See You Again '' on August 6 , 2017 , and then on November 25 , 2017 , `` Gangnam Style '' became the third video to hit three billion views , followed by `` Shape of You '' on January 7 , 2018 , doing so in 343 days ; on March 31 , 2018 , `` Uptown Funk '' became the fifth video to reach three billion views . `` Despacito '' also became the first video to reach four billion views on October 11 , 2017 , and then on April 5 , 2018 , became the first video to hit five billion views . As of April 2018 , the five fastest videos to reach the one billion view mark are `` Hello '' ( 87 days ) , `` Despacito '' ( 96 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 97 days ) , `` Mi Gente '' ( 103 days ) and `` Échame la Culpa '' ( 111 days ) . The five fastest videos to reach two billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 154 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 187 days ) , `` Chantaje '' ( 379 days ) , `` Sorry '' ( 394 days ) and `` See You Again '' ( 515 days ) . As of April 2018 , Justin Bieber is the only artist to have five videos exceeding one billion views , while Katy Perry has four . Taylor Swift , Calvin Harris , Shakira , Ariana Grande , Bruno Mars , Nicky Jam , Adele and The Chainsmokers each have three , and Fifth Harmony , Psy , Ellie Goulding , The Weeknd , Ed Sheeran , Eminem , Maluma , J Balvin , Ricky Martin , channel Get Movies , Sia and Luis Fonsi each have two . Swift , Perry and Sheeran are the only artists to have two videos exceeding two billion views . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top videos 2 By year of release 3 Historical most viewed videos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top videos The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube , with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views , as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube . -- This indicates the upload is not a music video Rank Video name Uploader / artist Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 1 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee 5.00 January 12 , 2017 2 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 3.49 April 6 , 2015 3 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.42 January 30 , 2017 4 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.13 July 15 , 2012 5 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 3.00 November 19 , 2014 6 . `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' Get Movies 2.94 January 31 , 2012 7 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 2.91 October 22 , 2015 8 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.54 January 14 , 2015 9 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.53 August 18 , 2014 10 . `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona 2.49 April 11 , 2014 11 . `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.46 September 5 , 2013 12 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ 2.29 March 22 , 2015 13 . `` Hello '' Adele 2.28 October 22 , 2015 14 . `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2.28 February 20 , 2014 15 . `` Blank Space '' Taylor Swift 2.28 November 10 , 2014 16 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 2.22 October 7 , 2014 17 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 2.18 June 11 , 2014 18 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.18 May 31 , 2013 19 . `` Chantaje '' Shakira featuring Maluma 2.14 November 18 , 2016 20 . `` Wheels on the Bus '' LittleBabyBum 2.10 August 9 , 2014 21 . `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 2.06 July 29 , 2016 22 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna 1.96 June 16 , 2016 23 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber 1.89 August 30 , 2015 24 . `` Baby '' Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris 1.86 February 19 , 2010 25 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.83 July 25 , 2012 26 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1.82 May 6 , 2014 27 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 1.81 February 26 , 2016 28 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie 1.80 October 21 , 2016 29 . `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira featuring Freshlyground 1.78 June 4 , 2010 30 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez 1.74 August 2 , 2016 31 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William 1.72 June 29 , 2017 32 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding 1.71 January 22 , 2015 33 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker 1.63 December 3 , 2015 34 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes 1.55 July 12 , 2016 35 . `` Worth It '' Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink 1.55 March 28 , 2015 36 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem featuring Rihanna 1.52 August 5 , 2010 37 . `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Silentó 1.49 June 25 , 2015 38 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.48 December 5 , 2013 39 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc 1.47 July 29 , 2013 40 . `` Ay Vamos '' J Balvin 1.47 August 29 , 2014 41 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 1.44 March 8 , 2011 42 . `` Let It Go '' Idina Menzel 1.43 January 30 , 2014 43 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' ChuChu TV 1.43 November 14 , 2014 44 . `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Ricky Martin featuring Maluma 1.38 September 22 , 2016 45 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake 1.37 October 26 , 2015 46 . `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.35 April 15 , 2011 47 . `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.34 September 9 , 2013 48 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk 1.33 September 28 , 2016 49 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber 1.33 November 14 , 2015 50 . `` Felices los 4 '' Maluma 1.31 April 21 , 2017 51 . `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.31 November 30 , 2010 52 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots 1.30 April 27 , 2015 53 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 1.30 October 2 , 2013 54 . `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Nicky Jam 1.29 January 14 , 2016 55 . `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.29 October 9 , 2007 56 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj 1.29 August 29 , 2016 57 . `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' CNCO 1.27 October 7 , 2016 58 . `` Criminal '' Natti Natasha featuring Ozuna 1.25 August 18 , 2017 59 . `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' Ryan ToysReview 1.22 April 13 , 2016 60 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 1.22 July 7 , 2013 61 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.22 March 2 , 2017 62 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Disciples 1.20 August 6 , 2015 63 . `` Hey Mama '' David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack 1.20 May 19 , 2015 64 . `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 1.20 April 6 , 2014 65 . `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 1.20 March 3 , 2011 66 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd 1.20 May 27 , 2015 67 . `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 1.19 May 17 , 2015 68 . `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee 1.18 April 20 , 2016 69 . `` Picky '' Joey Montana 1.18 June 29 , 2015 70 . `` Shaky Shaky '' Daddy Yankee 1.18 July 14 , 2016 71 . `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 1.17 August 29 , 2012 72 . `` Baby Shark Dance '' Pinkfong ! Kids ' Songs & Stories 1.16 June 17 , 2016 73 . `` Gentleman '' Psy 1.16 April 13 , 2013 74 . `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.16 November 8 , 2012 75 . `` Échame la Culpa '' Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato 1.15 November 16 , 2017 76 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 1.14 June 17 , 2013 77 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 1.14 August 25 , 2014 78 . `` New Rules '' Dua Lipa 1.13 July 7 , 2017 79 . `` El Perdón '' Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias 1.12 March 23 , 2015 80 . `` La Bicicleta '' Carlos Vives and Shakira 1.12 July 8 , 2016 81 . `` El Pollito Pio '' pulcinopiotv 1.12 November 29 , 2012 82 . `` Axel F '' Crazy Frog 1.11 June 16 , 2009 83 . `` El Perdedor '' Maluma 1.11 April 22 , 2016 84 . `` Mayores '' Becky G and Bad Bunny 1.11 July 13 , 2017 85 . `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.10 September 8 , 2010 86 . `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea 1.09 May 30 , 2014 87 . `` Firework '' Katy Perry 1.09 October 28 , 2010 88 . `` Me Rehúso '' Danny Ocean 1.09 September 18 , 2016 89 . `` El Amante '' Nicky Jam 1.08 January 15 , 2017 90 . `` Ahora Dice '' Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin , Ozuna and Arcángel 1.08 March 19 , 2017 91 . `` Not Afraid '' Eminem 1.08 June 5 , 2010 92 . `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' Get Movies 1.07 September 21 , 2012 93 . `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' Katy Perry 1.06 June 12 , 2011 94 . `` Swalla '' Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign 1.06 March 17 , 2017 95 . `` Someone like You '' Adele 1.06 September 29 , 2011 96 . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Gotye featuring Kimbra 1.05 July 5 , 2011 97 . `` Something Just like This ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers and Coldplay 1.05 February 22 , 2017 98 . `` La Mordidita '' Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel 1.04 June 12 , 2015 99 . `` Call Me Maybe '' Carly Rae Jepsen 1.04 March 1 , 2012 100 . `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' Sia featuring Sean Paul 1.04 February 11 , 2016 As of April 5 , 2018 By year of release The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year , with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views , as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube . As of April 2018 , Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with four , while Taylor Swift , Adele and Bruno Mars have three . Only Linkin Park ( 2007 ) , Gummibär / icanrockyourworld ( 2007 ) and Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year , with both the English and French versions of Gummibär 's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007 . Only three videos on the list are not music videos . -- This indicates the upload is not a music video Year Video name Uploader Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 2005 `` Life Goes On '' fhearnoiz 0.10 September 22 , 2005 `` guitar '' guitar90 0.09 December 20 , 2005 `` Hurt '' beachbuggy 0.08 December 12 , 2005 `` Tarzan Boy '' nailofgilead 0.07 November 2 , 2005 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Frozentoast 0.06 September 18 , 2005 Combined views ( 2005 ) 0.40 2006 `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.49 December 28 , 2006 `` Ella y Yo '' JosephIngma 0.33 April 27 , 2006 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 0.30 April 6 , 2006 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Fueled By Ramen 0.23 July 18 , 2006 `` If you are happy '' Alicia Kids ! 0.18 September 5 , 2006 Combined views ( 2006 ) 1.53 2007 `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.27 October 9 , 2007 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 0.86 May 22 , 2007 `` Numb '' Linkin Park 0.81 March 4 , 2007 `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' icanrockyourworld 0.35 October 15 , 2007 `` What I 've Done '' Linkin Park 0.35 April 3 , 2007 Combined views ( 2007 ) 3.64 2008 `` Hot n Cold '' KatyPerryVEVO 0.78 October 13 , 2008 `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.53 September 15 , 2008 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen Official 0.52 August 1 , 2008 `` Viva la Vida '' Coldplay Official 0.48 August 4 , 2008 `` Colgando en tus manos '' Carlos Baute 0.38 October 29 , 2008 Combined views ( 2008 ) 2.69 2009 `` Axel F '' CrazyFrogVEVO 1.10 June 16 , 2009 `` November Rain '' GunsNRosesVEVO 0.97 December 24 , 2009 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 0.91 November 23 , 2009 `` You Belong with Me '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 0.82 June 16 , 2009 `` Zombie '' TheCranberriesVEVO 0.70 June 16 , 2009 Combined views ( 2009 ) 4.50 `` Baby '' Justin Bieber 1.85 February 19 , 2010 `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' shakiraVEVO 1.77 June 4 , 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' EminemVEVO 1.51 August 5 , 2010 `` Rolling in the Deep '' AdeleVEVO 1.30 November 30 , 2010 `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.09 September 8 , 2010 Combined views ( 2010 ) 7.52 2011 `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAOVEVO 1.44 March 8 , 2011 `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.34 April 15 , 2011 `` On the Floor '' JenniferLopezVEVO 1.19 March 3 , 2011 `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' KatyPerryVEVO 1.06 June 12 , 2011 `` Someone like You '' AdeleVEVO 1.05 September 29 , 2011 Combined views ( 2011 ) 6.08 2012 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 3.13 July 15 , 2012 `` Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша '' Get Movies 2.93 January 31 , 2012 `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.82 July 25 , 2012 `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore LCC 1.17 August 29 , 2012 `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.15 November 8 , 2012 Combined views ( 2012 ) 10.20 2013 `` Roar '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.46 September 5 , 2013 `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublicVEVO 2.18 May 31 , 2013 `` Rude '' ournameismagicVEVO 1.47 December 5 , 2013 `` Wake Me Up '' AviciiOfficialVEVO 1.46 July 29 , 2013 `` Propuesta Indecente '' RomeoSantosVEVO 1.34 September 9 , 2013 Combined views ( 2013 ) 8.91 2014 `` Uptown Funk '' MarkRonsonVEVO 3.00 November 19 , 2014 `` Shake It Off '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.53 August 18 , 2014 `` Bailando '' EnriqueIglesiasVEVO 2.49 April 11 , 2014 `` Blank Space '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.27 November 10 , 2014 `` Dark Horse '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.27 February 20 , 2014 Combined views ( 2014 ) 12.56 2015 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 3.49 April 6 , 2015 `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 2.91 October 22 , 2015 `` Sugar '' Maroon5VEVO 2.54 January 14 , 2015 `` Lean On '' majorlazer 2.29 March 22 , 2015 `` Hello '' AdeleVEVO 2.27 October 22 , 2015 Combined views ( 2015 ) 13.50 2016 `` Chantaje '' shakiraVEVO 2.14 November 18 , 2016 `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers 2.06 July 29 , 2016 `` This Is What You Came For '' CalvinHarrisVEVO 1.96 June 16 , 2016 `` Work from Home '' FifthHarmonyVEVO 1.81 February 26 , 2016 `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit 1.80 October 21 , 2016 Combined views ( 2016 ) 9.77 2017 `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 5.00 January 12 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.42 January 30 , 2017 `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin 1.72 June 29 , 2017 `` Felices los 4 '' MalumaVEVO 1.31 April 21 , 2017 `` Criminal '' Pina Records 1.25 August 18 , 2017 Combined views ( 2017 ) 12.70 2018 `` Dura '' Daddy Yankee 0.57 January 18 , 2018 `` El Farsante ( Remix ) '' Ozuna 0.52 January 30 , 2018 `` X ( Equis ) '' NickyJamTV 0.41 March 1 , 2018 `` Amorfoda '' Bad Bunny 0.40 February 14 , 2018 `` Finesse '' Bruno Mars 0.36 January 3 , 2018 Combined views ( 2018 ) 2.26 As of March 27 , 2018 Historical most viewed videos The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube 's most viewed video , from October 2005 to the present . Current record Former record Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube Video name Uploader Views * Upload date Date achieved Days held Ref ( s ) Notes `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 2,993,700,000 Jan 12 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 245 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 2,894,000,000 Apr 6 , 2015 Jul 10 , 2017 25 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 803,700,000 Jul 15 , 2012 Nov 24 , 2012 1,689 `` Baby '' Justin Bieber 245,400,000 Feb 19 , 2010 Jul 16 , 2010 862 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 178,400,000 Nov 23 , 2009 Apr 14 , 2010 93 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 128,900,000 May 22 , 2007 Oct 25 , 2009 171 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 118,900,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 2 , 2009 176 `` Girlfriend '' RCARecords 92,600,000 Feb 27 , 2007 Jul 17 , 2008 289 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 78,400,000 Apr 6 , 2006 Mar 15 , 2008 124 `` Music Is My Hot Hot Sex '' CLARUSBARTEL72 76,600,000 Apr 9 , 2007 Feb 29 , 2008 15 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 10,600,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 19 , 2006 651 `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' Smosh 4,300,000 Nov 28 , 2005 Mar 12 , 2006 68 `` Myspace - The Movie '' eggtea 2,700,000 Jan 31 , 2006 Feb 18 , 2006 22 `` Phony Photo Booth '' mugenized 3,400,000 Dec 1 , 2005 Jan 21 , 2006 28 `` The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' youtubedude 2,300,000 Dec 18 , 2005 Jan 9 , 2006 12 `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' Nikesoccer 255,000 Oct 21 , 2005 Oct 31 , 2005 70 `` I / O Brush '' larfus 247,000 Oct 5 , 2005 Oct 29 , 2005 As of April 6 , 2018 * The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube 's most viewed video . Charts Timeline of Most Viewed Videos ( Oct 2005 - Apr 2018 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2005 - Jun 2006 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Apr 2006 - Jan 2010 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2009 - Jan 2013 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Jan 2012 - Apr 2018 ) See also List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours List of viral music videos Notes Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the fifty - fourth video to reach 1 billion views on April 20 , 2017 , doing so in 96 days ; twelfth video to reach 2 billion views on June 16 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 154 days ; first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 204 days ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 ; first and only video to reach 5 billion views on April 5 , 2018 ; currently Vevo 's most viewed video with over 5 billion views and YouTube 's most liked video with over 26.9 million likes as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as the most viewed video on July 10 , 2017 ; tenth video to reach 1 billion views on October 7 , 2015 ; second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 , doing so in 515 days ; second video to reach 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 , doing so in 853 days ; currently YouTube 's second most liked video with over 19.5 million likes as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shape of You '' is the fourth video to reach 3 billion views on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed `` Baby '' as the most viewed video on November 24 , 2012 ; first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 ; third video to reach 3 billion views on November 25 , 2017 ; currently holds the record for the longest reign as YouTube 's most viewed video with 1,689 days . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Funk '' is the fifth video to reach 3 billion views on March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Disaster '' is the most viewed non-music video of all time , as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ As of April 2018 , `` Hello '' is the fastest video to reach one billion views , doing so in 87 days . Jump up ^ `` Closer '' is the most viewed lyric video of all time , as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' surpassed `` Bad Romance '' as the most viewed video on July 16 , 2010 ; second video to reach 1 billion views on March 4 , 2014 ; currently YouTube 's most disliked video with over 8.8 million dislikes as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ This is a sing - along version of the song Let It Go , entitled `` Let It Go Sing Along '' , posted by `` Disney UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny , Yes Papa '' is a nursery rhyme originating in Kenya . Jump up ^ `` The Gummy Bear Song '' is the oldest YouTube video to exceed one billion views , as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ 2006 A video titled `` The Sneezing Baby Panda '' was published on November 6 , 2006 and gained over 221 million views . It was deleted in March 2017 and is the sixth most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . A video titled `` Hahaha '' was published on November 1 , 2006 , and gained over 208 million views . It peaked at number 12 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in May 2011 and was deleted in November 2011 . It is the seventh most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fifth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video on three separate occasions : May 19 , 2006 -- February 29 , 2008 , March 15 , 2008 -- July 17 , 2008 , and May 2 , 2009 -- October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 A video titled `` Parto in un letto '' was published on May 9 , 2007 , and gained over 325 million views . It peaked at number 8 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in November 2011 and was deleted in January 2012 for violating YouTube Community Guidelines . It is currently the most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2007 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from October 24 , 2009 to April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from April 14 , 2010 to July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 16 , 2010 to November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from November 24 , 2012 to July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 10 , 2017 to August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' currently holds the title of YouTube 's most viewed video . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11 , 2008 . The uploader then deleted the video four days later . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5 , 2006 ; first video to reach 50 million views on June 7 , 2007 . It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one separate occasion . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Phony Photo Booth '' became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube on February 18 , 2006 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3 , 2005 ; first video to reach 1 million views on November 11 , 2005 ; first video to reach 2 million views on December 12 , 2005 . References Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Billion View Club : YouTube 's 10 Most Watched Videos '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` A Billion Views on YouTube ? Once Exclusive Club Is Getting Crowded '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become The First Video To Reach 5 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1 billion '' . Kworb . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 2 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flores , Griselda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi 's ' Despacito ' With Daddy Yankee Reaches 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 20 : 45 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 23 : 27 : 11 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brandon ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is Now The Most Viewed Video In Youtube History '' . UPROXX . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa - See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gangnam Style ' is no longer YouTube 's most - watched video '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' See You Again ' takes YouTube top spot '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' hits 1 billion views on YouTube '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 3 , 2016 , 19 : 07 : 21 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 4 , 2016 , 18 : 08 : 34 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSY - GANGNAM STYLE ( 강남 스타일 ) M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Video Hits 1 Billion Views , Unprecedented Milestone '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk ft . Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Маша плюс каша ( 17 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Sorry ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 - Sugar '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Shake It Off '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enrique Iglesias - Bailando ( Español ) ft . Descemer Bueno , Gente De Zona '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Roar ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake - Lean On ( feat . MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Hello '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Crunching the Numbers Behind ' Despacito 's Rise to the No. 1 All - Time Spot on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Dark Horse ( Official ) ft . Juicy J '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Blank Space '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic - Counting Stars '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Chantaje ( Official video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels On The Bus Plus Lots More Nursery Rhymes 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers - Closer ( Lyric ) ft . Halsey '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris - This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity -- For Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Christopher ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Baby just hit a billion views on VEVO '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Let Her Go ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Harmony - Work From Home ft . Ty Dolla $ ign '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Bandit - Rockabye ft . Sean Paul & Anne - Marie ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup TM Song ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth - We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. Balvin , Willy William - Mi Gente ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker - Faded '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony - Worth It ft . Kid Ink '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem - Love the Way You Lie ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAGIC ! - Rude ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii - Wake Me Up ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - Ay Vamos '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem ft . Lauren Bennett , GoonRock '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FROZEN - Let It Go Sing - along Official Disney HD '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Sing - Along , Royal Albert Hall review - ' pure , sparkly joy ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny Yes Papa and Many More Videos Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection by ChuChu TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Francelia ( January 1 , 1989 ) . Skipping around the World : The Ritual Nature of Folk Rhymes . University of Michigan : Library Professional Publications . pp. 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780208021946 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - Vente Pa ' Ca ( Official Video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - Hotline Bling '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo Santos - Propuesta Indecente '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - Starboy ft . Daft Punk '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maluma - Felices los 4 ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Rolling in the Deep '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Stressed Out ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Legend - All of Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hasta el Amanecer - Nicky Jam Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gummy Bear Song - Long English Version '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Side To Side ft . Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNCO - Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natti Natasha ❌ Ozuna - Criminal ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Burn '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - That 's What I Like ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris & Disciples - How Deep Is Your Love '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta - Hey Mama ( Official Video ) ft Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha & Afrojack '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris - Summer '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez - On The Floor ft . Pitbull '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - The Hills '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - Bad Blood ft . Kendrick Lamar '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chino y Nacho - Andas En Mi Cabeza ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Montana - Picky '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee - Shaky Shaky Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis - Thrift Shop feat . Wanz ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Shark Dance Sing and Dance ! Animal Songs PINKFONG Songs for Children '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PSY - GENTLEMAN M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna - Diamonds '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi , Demi Lovato - Échame La Culpa '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Garrix - Animals ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J , Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj - Bang Bang ft . Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa - New Rules ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . El Perdón - Nicky Jam y Enrique Iglesias ( Official Music Video YTMAs ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Vives , Shakira - La Bicicleta ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PULCINO PIO - El Pollito Pio ( Official video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazy Frog - Axel F '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Perdedor - Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Becky G , Bad Bunny - Mayores ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Problem ft . Iggy Azalea '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry - Firework ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Ocean - Me Rehúso ( Official Audio ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 05 . El Amante - Nicky Jam ( Video Oficial ) ( Álbum Fénix ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jeday - Ahora Dice ( Official Video ) ft . J. Balvin , Ozuna , Arcángel '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Not Afraid '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Приятного аппетита ( 24 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo - Swalla ( feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla $ ign ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Someone Like You '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know ( feat . Kimbra ) - official video '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Coldplay - Something Just Like This ( Lyric ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - La Mordidita ( Official Video ) ft . Yotuel '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Cheap Thrills ( Lyric Video ) ft . Sean Paul '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life Goes On - Tupac '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` guitar '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Hurt '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimora - Tarzan Boy '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 4 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos . `` Most Viewed Videos of 2005 and 2006 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Y Yo - Don Omar Ft . Romeo '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Dance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you are happy '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Top 500 Most Viewed Videos of All Time '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie bit my finger - again ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Numb ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What I 've Done ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry - Hot N Cold '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galinha Pintadinha '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - Viva La Vida '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Baute - Colgando en tus manos ( con Marta Sanchez ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses - November Rain '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Gaga - Bad Romance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries - Zombie '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dura - Daddy Yankee ( Video Oficial ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozuna x Romeo Santos - El Farsante Remix '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Jam x J. Balvin - X ( EQUIS ) Video Oficial Prod . Afro Bros & Jeon '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Bunny - Amorfoda Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - Finesse ( Remix ) ( Feat . Cardi B ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Forbes Media . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Just Became The First Video To Reach Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Marshall ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Bieber 's ' Baby ' Will Hit 500m Views Today ; It 's Also The Most Hated Video on YouTube ( For Now ) '' . readwrite . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Baby ' Viewed 500 Million Times On YouTube '' . Pop Crush . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Megan ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Bad Romance Is Officially The Most Viewed Video On YouTube Ever '' . SocialTimes . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wei , Will ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's ' Bad Romance ' Will Be YouTube 's First Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Pulse 2.0 . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : Hutcheon , Stephen ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Once bitten , now watched by millions on YouTube '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on July 8 , 2009 , 22 : 33 : 57 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . July 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : Gannes , Liz ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Ascends , But YouTube Withholds Her Crown '' . Gigaom . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Van Buskirk , Eliot ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Expects $2 Million From YouTube Despite Gamed Play Count '' . Wired . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CANSEI DE SER SEXY Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Dover , Danny ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube 's New # 1 Video : The Unprecedented Rise and the Mobocracy that Led to its Fall '' . Moz . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube yobs chase top video off the charts '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` Judson Laipply ( featured in the # 1 most viewed video on youtube ) '' . The Speakers Group . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on March 14 , 2006 , 12 : 07 : 24 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Heffernan , Virginia ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Comic shorts , home on the Web '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube takes down popular Smosh Pokemon video '' . The Utube Blog . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Myspace - THE MOVIE ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` myspace : the movie '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 18 , 2006 , 21 : 43 : 25 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . February 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . `` Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 2 , 2006 , 10 : 43 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNL - The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . `` SNL - The Chronic of Narnia Rap on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on January 9 , 2006 , 01 : 30 : 48 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . December 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on November 2 , 2005 , 10 : 21 : 32 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Martín ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` What was the first video to hit one million YouTube views ? How long did it take for it to reach one million views ? '' . Quora . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating ten years since Ronaldinho broke the Internet with the first YouTube video to reach 1 million views '' . Nike Soccer Twitter . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I / O Brush '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` I / O Brush on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on October 29 , 2005 , 5 : 03 : 49 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ( hide ) YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) YouTube TV Culture and videos Elsagate Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube headquarters shooting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos&oldid=834499756 '' Categories : YouTube videos 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages with graphs Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 38 . 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"\n\nRank\nVideo name\nUploader / artist\nViews (billions)\nUpload date\nNotes\n\n\n1.\n\"Despacito\"[9]\nLuis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee\n5.00\nJanuary 12, 2017\n[B]\n\n\n2.\n\"See You Again\"[14]\nWiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth\n3.49\nApril 6, 2015\n[C]\n\n\n3.\n\"Shape of You\"[21]\nEd Sheeran\n3.42\nJanuary 30, 2017\n[D]\n\n\n4.\n\"Gangnam Style\"[22]\nPsy\n3.13\nJuly 15, 2012\n[E]\n\n\n5.\n\"Uptown Funk\"[27]\nMark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars\n3.00\nNovember 19, 2014\n[F]\n\n\n6.\n\"Masha and the Bear: Recipe for Disaster\"[28]\nGet Movies\n2.94\nJanuary 31, 2012\n[G]\n\n\n7.\n\"Sorry\"[29]\nJustin Bieber\n2.91\nOctober 22, 2015\n\n\n\n8.\n\"Sugar\"[30]\nMaroon 5\n2.54\nJanuary 14, 2015\n\n\n\n9.\n\"Shake It Off\"[31]\nTaylor Swift\n2.53\nAugust 18, 2014\n\n\n\n10.\n\"Bailando\"[32]\nEnrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona\n2.49\nApril 11, 2014\n\n\n\n11.\n\"Roar\"[33]\nKaty Perry\n2.46\nSeptember 5, 2013\n\n\n\n12.\n\"Lean On\"[34]\nMajor Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ\n2.29\nMarch 22, 2015\n\n\n\n13.\n\"Hello\"[35]\nAdele\n2.28\nOctober 22, 2015\n[H]\n\n\n14.\n\"Dark Horse\"[37]\nKaty Perry featuring Juicy J\n2.28\nFebruary 20, 2014\n\n\n\n15.\n\"Blank Space\"[38]\nTaylor Swift\n2.28\nNovember 10, 2014\n\n\n\n16.\n\"Thinking Out Loud\"[39]\nEd Sheeran\n2.22\nOctober 7, 2014\n\n\n\n17.\n\"All About That Bass\"[40]\nMeghan Trainor\n2.18\nJune 11, 2014\n\n\n\n18.\n\"Counting Stars\"[41]\nOneRepublic\n2.18\nMay 31, 2013\n\n\n\n19.\n\"Chantaje\"[42]\nShakira featuring Maluma\n2.14\nNovember 18, 2016\n\n\n\n20.\n\"Wheels on the Bus\"[43]\nLittleBabyBum\n2.10\nAugust 9, 2014\n\n\n\n21.\n\"Closer (Lyric video)\"[44]\nThe Chainsmokers featuring Halsey\n2.06\nJuly 29, 2016\n[I]\n\n\n22.\n\"This Is What You Came For\"[45]\nCalvin Harris featuring Rihanna\n1.96\nJune 16, 2016\n\n\n\n23.\n\"What Do You Mean?\"[46]\nJustin Bieber\n1.89\nAugust 30, 2015\n\n\n\n24.\n\"Baby\"[47]\nJustin Bieber featuring Ludacris\n1.86\nFebruary 19, 2010\n[J]\n\n\n25.\n\"Let Her Go\"[50]\nPassenger\n1.83\nJuly 25, 2012\n\n\n\n26.\n\"Chandelier\"[51]\nSia\n1.82\nMay 6, 2014\n\n\n\n27.\n\"Work from Home\"[52]\nFifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign\n1.81\nFebruary 26, 2016\n\n\n\n28.\n\"Rockabye\"[53]\nClean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie\n1.80\nOctober 21, 2016\n\n\n\n29.\n\"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\"[54]\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\n1.78\nJune 4, 2010\n\n\n\n30.\n\"We Don't Talk Anymore\"[55]\nCharlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez\n1.74\nAugust 2, 2016\n\n\n\n31.\n\"Mi Gente\"[56]\nJ Balvin and Willy William\n1.72\nJune 29, 2017\n\n\n\n32.\n\"Love Me Like You Do\"[57]\nEllie Goulding\n1.71\nJanuary 22, 2015\n\n\n\n33.\n\"Faded\"[58]\nAlan Walker\n1.63\nDecember 3, 2015\n\n\n\n34.\n\"Treat You Better\"[59]\nShawn Mendes\n1.55\nJuly 12, 2016\n\n\n\n35.\n\"Worth It\"[60]\nFifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink\n1.55\nMarch 28, 2015\n\n\n\n36.\n\"Love the Way You Lie\"[61]\nEminem featuring Rihanna\n1.52\nAugust 5, 2010\n\n\n\n37.\n\"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)\"[62]\nSilentó\n1.49\nJune 25, 2015\n\n\n\n38.\n\"Rude\"[63]\nMagic!\n1.48\nDecember 5, 2013\n\n\n\n39.\n\"Wake Me Up\"[64]\nAvicii featuring Aloe Blacc\n1.47\nJuly 29, 2013\n\n\n\n40.\n\"Ay Vamos\"[65]\nJ Balvin\n1.47\nAugust 29, 2014\n\n\n\n41.\n\"Party Rock Anthem\"[66]\nLMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock\n1.44\nMarch 8, 2011\n\n\n\n42.\n\"Let It Go\"[67]\nIdina Menzel\n1.43\nJanuary 30, 2014\n[K]\n\n\n43.\n\"Johny Johny Yes Papa\"[69]\nChuChu TV\n1.43\nNovember 14, 2014\n[L]\n\n\n44.\n\"Vente Pa' Ca\"[71]\nRicky Martin featuring Maluma\n1.38\nSeptember 22, 2016\n\n\n\n45.\n\"Hotline Bling\"[72]\nDrake\n1.37\nOctober 26, 2015\n\n\n\n46.\n\"The Lazy Song\"[73]\nBruno Mars\n1.35\nApril 15, 2011\n\n\n\n47.\n\"Propuesta Indecente\"[74]\nRomeo Santos\n1.34\nSeptember 9, 2013\n\n\n\n48.\n\"Starboy\"[75]\nThe Weeknd featuring Daft Punk\n1.33\nSeptember 28, 2016\n\n\n\n49.\n\"Love Yourself\"[76]\nJustin Bieber\n1.33\nNovember 14, 2015\n\n\n\n50.\n\"Felices los 4\"[77]\nMaluma\n1.31\nApril 21, 2017\n\n\n\n51.\n\"Rolling in the Deep\"[78]\nAdele\n1.31\nNovember 30, 2010\n\n\n\n52.\n\"Stressed Out\"[79]\nTwenty One Pilots\n1.30\nApril 27, 2015\n\n\n\n53.\n\"All of Me\"[80]\nJohn Legend\n1.30\nOctober 2, 2013\n\n\n\n54.\n\"Hasta el Amanecer\"[81]\nNicky Jam\n1.29\nJanuary 14, 2016\n\n\n\n55.\n\"The Gummy Bear Song\"[82]\nicanrockyourworld\n1.29\nOctober 9, 2007\n[M]\n\n\n56.\n\"Side to Side\"[83]\nAriana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj\n1.29\nAugust 29, 2016\n\n\n\n57.\n\"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)\"[84]\nCNCO\n1.27\nOctober 7, 2016\n\n\n\n58.\n\"Criminal\"[85]\nNatti Natasha featuring Ozuna\n1.25\nAugust 18, 2017\n\n\n\n59.\n\"Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge\"[86]\nRyan ToysReview\n1.22\nApril 13, 2016\n\n\n\n60.\n\"Burn\"[87]\nEllie Goulding\n1.22\nJuly 7, 2013\n\n\n\n61.\n\"That's What I Like\"[88]\nBruno Mars\n1.22\nMarch 2, 2017\n\n\n\n62.\n\"How Deep Is Your Love\"[89]\nCalvin Harris featuring Disciples\n1.20\nAugust 6, 2015\n\n\n\n63.\n\"Hey Mama\"[90]\nDavid Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj, Bebe Rexha and Afrojack\n1.20\nMay 19, 2015\n\n\n\n64.\n\"Summer\"[91]\nCalvin Harris\n1.20\nApril 6, 2014\n\n\n\n65.\n\"On the Floor\"[92]\nJennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull\n1.20\nMarch 3, 2011\n\n\n\n66.\n\"The Hills\"[93]\nThe Weeknd\n1.20\nMay 27, 2015\n\n\n\n67.\n\"Bad Blood\"[94]\nTaylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar\n1.19\nMay 17, 2015\n\n\n\n68.\n\"Andas en Mi Cabeza\"[95]\nChino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee\n1.18\nApril 20, 2016\n\n\n\n69.\n\"Picky\"[96]\nJoey Montana\n1.18\nJune 29, 2015\n\n\n\n70.\n\"Shaky Shaky\"[97]\nDaddy Yankee\n1.18\nJuly 14, 2016\n\n\n\n71.\n\"Thrift Shop\"[98]\nMacklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz\n1.17\nAugust 29, 2012\n\n\n\n72.\n\"Baby Shark Dance\"[99]\nPinkfong! Kids' Songs & Stories\n1.16\nJune 17, 2016\n\n\n\n73.\n\"Gentleman\"[100]\nPsy\n1.16\nApril 13, 2013\n\n\n\n74.\n\"Diamonds\"[101]\nRihanna\n1.16\nNovember 8, 2012\n\n\n\n75.\n\"Échame la Culpa\"[102]\nLuis Fonsi and Demi Lovato\n1.15\nNovember 16, 2017\n\n\n\n76.\n\"Animals\"[103]\nMartin Garrix\n1.14\nJune 17, 2013\n\n\n\n77.\n\"Bang Bang\"[104]\nJessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj\n1.14\nAugust 25, 2014\n\n\n\n78.\n\"New Rules\"[105]\nDua Lipa\n1.13\nJuly 7, 2017\n\n\n\n79.\n\"El Perdón\"[106]\nNicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias\n1.12\nMarch 23, 2015\n\n\n\n80.\n\"La Bicicleta\"[107]\nCarlos Vives and Shakira\n1.12\nJuly 8, 2016\n\n\n\n81.\n\"El Pollito Pio\"[108]\npulcinopiotv\n1.12\nNovember 29, 2012\n\n\n\n82.\n\"Axel F\"[109]\nCrazy Frog\n1.11\nJune 16, 2009\n\n\n\n83.\n\"El Perdedor\"[110]\nMaluma\n1.11\nApril 22, 2016\n\n\n\n84.\n\"Mayores\"[111]\nBecky G and Bad Bunny\n1.11\nJuly 13, 2017\n\n\n\n85.\n\"Just the Way You Are\"[112]\nBruno Mars\n1.10\nSeptember 8, 2010\n\n\n\n86.\n\"Problem\"[113]\nAriana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea\n1.09\nMay 30, 2014\n\n\n\n87.\n\"Firework\"[114]\nKaty Perry\n1.09\nOctober 28, 2010\n\n\n\n88.\n\"Me Rehúso\"[115]\nDanny Ocean\n1.09\nSeptember 18, 2016\n\n\n\n89.\n\"El Amante\"[116]\nNicky Jam\n1.08\nJanuary 15, 2017\n\n\n\n90.\n\"Ahora Dice\"[117]\nChris Jeday featuring J Balvin, Ozuna and Arcángel\n1.08\nMarch 19, 2017\n\n\n\n91.\n\"Not Afraid\"[118]\nEminem\n1.08\nJune 5, 2010\n\n\n\n92.\n\"Masha and the Bear: Bon appétit!\"[119]\nGet Movies\n1.07\nSeptember 21, 2012\n\n\n\n93.\n\"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\"[120]\nKaty Perry\n1.06\nJune 12, 2011\n\n\n\n94.\n\"Swalla\"[121]\nJason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign\n1.06\nMarch 17, 2017\n\n\n\n95.\n\"Someone like You\"[122]\nAdele\n1.06\nSeptember 29, 2011\n\n\n\n96.\n\"Somebody That I Used to Know\"[123]\nGotye featuring Kimbra\n1.05\nJuly 5, 2011\n\n\n\n97.\n\"Something Just like This (Lyric video)\"[124]\nThe Chainsmokers and Coldplay\n1.05\nFebruary 22, 2017\n\n\n\n98.\n\"La Mordidita\"[125]\nRicky Martin featuring Yotuel\n1.04\nJune 12, 2015\n\n\n\n99.\n\"Call Me Maybe\"[126]\nCarly Rae Jepsen\n1.04\nMarch 1, 2012\n\n\n\n100.\n\"Cheap Thrills (Lyric video)\"[127]\nSia featuring Sean Paul\n1.04\nFebruary 11, 2016\n\n\n\n\nAs of April 5, 2018\n"
] | [
"\"Masha and the Bear: Recipe for Disaster\""
] |
-5828212529677083763 | Jury | Jury - wikipedia Jury Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the body of people . For the term referring to `` coroner 's jury '' , see Inquest . For other uses , see Jury ( disambiguation ) . `` Jury box '' redirects here . For the 1930s parlor game , see Jury Box ( game ) . `` Juror '' redirects here . For the 1996 film , see The Juror . An empty jury box at an American courtroom in Pershing County , Nevada A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict ( a finding of fact on a question ) officially submitted to them by a court , or to set a penalty or judgment . Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt , or lack thereof , in a crime . In Anglophone jurisdictions , the verdict may be guilty or not guilty ( not proven ; a verdict of acquittal , based on the state 's failure to prove guilt rather than any proof of innocence , is also available in Scotland ) . The old institution of grand juries still exists in some places , particularly the United States , to investigate whether enough evidence of a crime exists to bring someone to trial . The modern criminal court jury arrangement has evolved out of the medieval juries in England . Members were supposed to inform themselves of crimes and then of the details of the crimes . Their function was therefore closer to that of a grand jury than that of a jury in a trial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types of jury 2.1 Petit jury 2.2 Grand jury 2.3 Coroner 's jury 3 Composition 4 Historical roots 4.1 18th century England 5 Trial jury size 6 Integrity 7 Role 8 Jury nullification 8.1 Jury equity 9 Non-trial juries 10 Trial procedures 10.1 Australia 10.1. 1 States 10.1. 2 Commonwealth ( Federal ) 10.2 Belgium 10.3 Brazil 10.4 Canada 10.5 England and Wales 10.6 France 10.6. 1 In the Cour d'assises 10.7 Germany 10.8 Hong Kong 10.9 India 10.10 Ireland 10.11 Italy 10.12 New Zealand 10.13 Northern Ireland 10.14 Norway 10.15 Scotland 10.16 Spain 10.17 Sweden 10.18 United States 11 Jury selection 12 Jury behavior 13 Jury effectiveness 13.1 The role of a juror 13.2 Judge - jury agreement 13.3 Buffering effects 14 See also 15 Notes Etymology ( edit ) The word jury derives from Anglo - Norman juré ( `` sworn '' ) . Juries are most common in common law adversarial - system jurisdictions . In the modern system , juries act as triers of fact , while judges act as triers of law ( but see nullification ) . A trial without a jury ( in which both questions of fact and questions of law are decided by a judge ) is known as a bench trial . Types of jury ( edit ) Petit jury ( edit ) Main article : Petit jury The `` petit jury '' ( or `` trial jury '' , sometimes `` petty jury '' ) hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff ( petitioner ) and the defendant ( respondent ) . After hearing the evidence and often jury instructions from the judge , the group retires for deliberation , to consider a verdict . The majority required for a verdict varies . In some cases it must be unanimous , while in other jurisdictions it may be a majority or supermajority . A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a hung jury . The size of the jury varies ; in criminal cases involving serious felonies there are usually 12 jurors . In civil cases many trials require fewer than twelve jurors . Grand jury ( edit ) Main article : Grand jury A grand jury , a type of jury now confined almost exclusively to federal courts and some state jurisdictions in the United States , determines whether there is enough evidence for a criminal trial to go forward . Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence presented to them by a prosecutor and issuing indictments , or by investigating alleged crimes and issuing presentments . A grand jury is traditionally larger than and distinguishable from the petit jury used during a trial , usually with 12 jurors . It is not required that a suspect be notified of grand jury proceedings . Grand juries can also be used for filing charges in the form of a sealed indictment against unaware suspects who are arrested later by a surprise police visit . In addition to their primary role in screening criminal prosecutions and assisting in the investigation of crimes , grand juries in California , Florida , and some other U.S. states are sometimes utilized to perform an investigative and policy audit function similar to that filled by the Government Accountability Office in the United States federal government and legislative state auditors in many U.S. states . Coroner 's jury ( edit ) Main article : Coroner 's jury A third kind of jury , known as a coroner 's jury can be convened in some common law jurisdiction in connection with an inquest by a coroner . A coroner is a public official ( often an elected local government official in the United States ) , who is charged with determining the circumstances leading to a death in ambiguous or suspicious cases . A coroner 's jury is generally a body that a coroner can convene on an optional basis in order to increase public confidence in the coroner 's finding where there might otherwise be a controversy . In practice , coroner 's juries are most often convened in order to avoid the appearance of impropriety by one governmental official in the criminal justice system toward another if no charges are filed against the person causing the death , when a governmental party such as a law enforcement officer is involved in the death . Composition ( edit ) Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service . A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict . Procedures and requirements may include a fluent understanding of the language , and / or the opportunity to test jurors ' neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side . Juries are initially chosen randomly , usually from the eligible population of adult citizens residing in the court 's jurisdictional area . Jury selection in the United States usually includes organized questioning of the prospective jurors ( jury pool ) by the lawyers for the plaintiff and the defendant and by the judge -- voir dire -- as well as rejecting some jurors because of bias or inability to properly serve ( `` challenge for cause '' ) , and the discretionary right of each side to reject a specified number of jurors without having to prove a proper cause for the rejection ( `` peremptory challenge '' ) , before the jury is impaneled . A head juror is called the `` foreperson '' , `` foreman '' or `` presiding juror '' . The foreperson may be chosen before the trial begins , or at the beginning of the jury 's deliberations . The foreperson may be selected by the judge or by vote of the jurors , depending on the jurisdiction . The foreperson 's role may include asking questions ( usually to the judge ) on behalf of the jury , facilitating jury discussions , and announcing the verdict of the jury . Since there is always the possibility of jurors not completing a trial for health or other reasons , often one or more alternate jurors are selected . Alternates are present for the entire trial but do not take part in deliberating the case and deciding the verdict unless one or more of the impaneled jurors are removed from the jury . In Connecticut , alternate jurors are dismissed before the panel of sworn jurors begin deliberation . Connecticut General Statutes 51 - 243 ( e ) and 54 - 82h do not allow alternate jurors to be segregated from the regular sworn jurors . In civil cases in Connecticut , C.G.S. 51 - 243 ( e ) provides that alternate jurors `` shall be dismissed . '' This differs from the power given to the court in criminal trials under C.G.S. 54 - 82h , permitting the court not to dismiss the alternate jurors , and to have the regular jury panel begin deliberations . When an insufficient number of summoned jurors appear in court to handle a matter , the law in many jurisdictions empowers the jury commissioner or other official convening the jury to involuntarily impress bystanders in the vicinity of the place where the jury is to be convened to serve on the jury . Historical roots ( edit ) The Jury , an 1861 painting of a British jury The modern jury evolved out of the ancient custom of many ancient Germanic tribes whereby a group of men of good character was used to investigate crimes and / or judge the accused . The same custom evolved into the vehmic court system in medieval Germany . In Anglo - Saxon England , juries investigated crimes . After the Norman Conquest , some parts of the country preserved juries as the means of investigating crimes . The use of ordinary members of the community to consider crimes was unusual in ancient cultures , but was nonetheless also found in ancient Greece . The modern jury trial evolved out of this custom in the mid-12th century during the reign of Henry II . Juries , usually 6 or 12 men , were an `` ancient institution '' even then in some parts of England , at the same time as Members consisted of representatives of the basic units of local government -- hundreds ( an administrative sub-division of the shire , embracing several vills ) and villages . Called juries of presentment , these men testified under oath to crimes committed in their neighbourhood . The Assize of Clarendon in 1166 caused these juries to be adopted systematically throughout the country . The jury in this period was `` self - informing , '' meaning it heard very little evidence or testimony in court . Instead , jurors were recruited from the locality of the dispute and were expected to know the facts before coming to court . The source of juror knowledge could include first - hand knowledge , investigation , and less reliable sources such as rumour and hearsay . John A. Makdisi argues that many concepts of English common law , including juries at least partly , derive from Islamic law . In the same period as William the Conqueror conquered England , Norman adventurers led by Robert Guiscard had taken Sicily , previously under the Arab Fatimid Caliphate . Thus , Makdisi claims , English law became influenced by the Islamic law used in Sicily under the Fatimids , including the use of the twelve man jury . Makdisi suggests that Henry II 's laws would have been influenced through people such as Thomas Brown , a member of Henry 's government who had previously served in the Sicilian government . Between 1166 and 1179 new procedures including a division of functions between the sheriff , the jury of local men , and the royal justices ushered in the era of the English Common Law . Sheriffs prepared cases for trial and found jurors with relevant knowledge and testimony . Jurors ' found ' a verdict by witnessing as to fact , even assessing and applying information from their own and community memory -- little was written at this time and what was , such as deeds and writs , were subject to fraud . Royal justices supervised trials , answered questions as to law , and announced the court 's decision which was then subject to appeal . Sheriffs executed the decision of the court . These procedures enabled Henry II to delegate authority without endowing his subordinates with too much power . ( `` Henry II '' 293 ) In 1215 the Catholic Church removed its sanction from all forms of ordeal -- procedures by which suspects up to that time were ' tested ' as to guilt ( e.g. , in the ordeal of hot metal , molten metal was sometimes poured into a suspected thief 's hand . If the wound healed rapidly and well , it was believed God found the suspect innocent , and if not then the suspect was found guilty ) . With trial by ordeal banned , establishing guilt would have been problematic had England not had forty years of judicial experience . Justices were by then accustomed to asking jurors of presentment about points of fact in assessing indictments ; it was a short step to ask jurors if they concluded the accused was guilty as charged . ( `` Henry II '' 358 ) An early reference to a jury type group in England is in a decree issued by Aethelred at Wantage ( 997 ) , which provided that in every Hundred `` the twelve leading thegns together with the reeve shall go out and swear on the relics which are given into their hands , that they will not accuse any innocent man nor shield a guilty one . '' The resulting Wantage Code formally recognized legal customs that were part of the Danelaw . The testimonial concept can also be traced to Normandy before 1066 , when a jury of nobles was established to decide land disputes . In this manner , the Duke , being the largest land owner , could not act as a judge in his own case . One of the earliest antecedents of modern jury systems is the jury in ancient Greece , including the city - state of Athens , where records of jury courts date back to 500 BCE . These juries voted by secret ballot and were eventually granted the power to annul unconstitutional laws , thus introducing the practice of judicial review . In modern justice systems , law is considered `` self - contained '' and `` distinct from other coercive forces , and perceived as separate from the political life of the community , '' but `` all these barriers are absent in the context of classical Athens . In practice and in conception the law and its administration are in some important respects indistinguishable from the life of the community in general . '' In juries of the Justices in Eyre , the bailiff of the hundred would choose 4 electors who in turn chose 12 others from their hundred , and from these were selected 12 jurors . 18th century England ( edit ) In 1730 , the British Parliament passed the Bill for Better Regulation of Juries . The Act stipulated that the list of all those liable for jury service was to be posted in each parish and that jury panels would be selected by lot , also known as sortition , from these lists . Its aim was to prevent middle - class citizens from evading their responsibilities by financially putting into question the neutrality of the under - sheriff , the official entrusted with impanelling juries . Prior to the Act , the main means of ensuring impartiality was by allowing legal challenges to the sheriff 's choices . The new provisions did not specifically aim at establishing impartiality , but had the effect of reinforcing the authority of the jury by guaranteeing impartiality at the point of selection . The example of early 18th century England legal reform shows how civic lotteries can be used to organize the duties and responsibilities of the citizen body in relation to the state . It established the impartiality and neutrality of juries as well as reiterating the dual nature of the citizen - state relationship . The need for a leader / organizer in a jury is very important , in order to get a proper and agreed verdict . Trial jury size ( edit ) About 50 prospective jurors awaiting jury selection The size of the jury is to provide a `` cross-section '' of the public . In Williams v. Florida , 399 U.S. 78 ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that a Florida state jury of six was sufficient , that `` the 12 - man panel is not a necessary ingredient of `` trial by jury , '' and that respondent 's refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law `` did not violate petitioner 's Sixth Amendment rights as applied to the States through the Fourteenth . '' In Ballew v. Georgia , 435 U.S. 223 ( 1978 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six . In Brownlee v The Queen ( 2001 ) 207 CLR 278 , the High Court of Australia unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of `` trial by jury '' in section 80 of the Australian Constitution . In Scotland , a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors , which is thought to be the largest in the world . In 2009 a review by the Scottish Government regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors , with the Secretary for Justice stating that after extensive consultation , he had decided that Scotland had got it `` uniquely right '' . Trials in the Republic of Ireland which are scheduled to last over 2 months can , but do not have to , have 15 jurors . A study by the University of Glasgow suggested that a civil jury of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion , and that seven was a better number because more people feel comfortable speaking , and they have an easier time reaching a unanimous decision . Integrity ( edit ) For juries to fulfill their role of analyzing the facts of the case , there are strict rules about their use of information during the trial . Juries are often instructed to avoid learning about the case from any source other than the trial ( for example from media or the internet ) and not to conduct their own investigations ( such as independently visiting a crime scene ) . Parties to the case , lawyers , and witnesses are not allowed to speak with a member of the jury . Doing these things may constitute reversible error . Rarely , such as in very high - profile cases , the court may order a jury sequestered for the deliberation phase or for the entire trial . Jurors are generally required to keep their deliberations in strict confidence during the trial and deliberations , and in some jurisdictions even after a verdict is rendered . In English law , the jury 's deliberations must never be disclosed outside the jury , even years after the case ; to repeat parts of the trial or verdict is considered to be contempt of court , a criminal offense . In the United States , confidentiality is usually only required until a verdict has been reached , and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached . In Australia , academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney - General . Because of the importance of preventing undue influence on a jury , jury tampering ( like witness tampering ) is a serious crime , whether attempted through bribery , threat of violence , or other means . Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality . Role ( edit ) The role of the jury is described as that of a finder of fact , while the judge is seen as having the sole responsibility of interpreting the appropriate law and instructing the jury accordingly . The jury determines the truth or falsity of factual allegations and renders a verdict on whether a criminal defendant is guilty , or a civil defendant is civilly liable . Sometimes a jury makes specific findings of fact in what is called a `` special verdict . '' A verdict without specific findings of fact that includes only findings of guilt , or civil liability and an overall amount of civil damages , if awarded , is called a `` general verdict . '' Juries are often justified because they leaven the law with community norms . A jury trial verdict in a case is binding only in that case , and is not a legally binding precedent in other cases . For example , it would be possible for one jury to find that particular conduct is negligent , and another jury to find that the conduct is not negligent , without either verdict being legally invalid , on precisely the same factual evidence . Of course , no two witnesses are exactly the same , and even the same witness will not express testimony in exactly the same way twice , so this would be difficult to prove . It is the role of the judge , not the jury , to determine what law applies to a particular set of facts . However , occasionally jurors find the law to be invalid or unfair , and on that basis acquit the defendant , regardless of the evidence presented that the defendant violated the law . This is commonly referred to as `` jury nullification of law '' or simply jury nullification . When there is no jury ( `` bench trial '' ) , the judge makes rulings on both questions of law and of fact . In most continental European jurisdictions , judges have more power in a trial and the role and powers of a jury are often restricted . Actual jury law and trial procedures differ significantly between countries . The collective knowledge and deliberate nature of juries are also given as reasons in their favor : Detailed interviews with jurors after they rendered verdicts in trials involving complex expert testimony have demonstrated careful and critical analysis . The interviewed jurors clearly recognized that the experts were selected within an adversary process . They employed sensible techniques to evaluate the experts ' testimony , such as assessing the completeness and consistency of the testimony , comparing it with other evidence at the trial , and evaluating it against their own knowledge and life experience . Moreover , the research shows that in deliberations jurors combine their individual perspectives on the evidence and debate its relative merits before arriving at a verdict . In the United States , juries are sometimes called on , when asked to do so by a judge in the jury instructions , to make factual findings on particular issues . This may include , for example , aggravating circumstances which will be used to elevate the defendant 's sentence if the defendant is convicted . This practice was required in all death penalty cases in Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) , where the Supreme Court ruled that allowing judges to make such findings unilaterally violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial . A similar Sixth Amendment argument in Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 ( 2000 ) resulted in the Supreme Court 's expansion of the requirement to all criminal cases , holding that `` any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt '' . Many U.S. jurisdictions permit the seating of an advisory jury in a civil case in which there is no right to trial by jury to provide non-binding advice to the trial judge , although this procedural tool is rarely used . For example , a judge might seat an advisory jury to guide the judge in awarding non-economic damages ( such as `` pain and suffering '' damages ) in a case where there is no right to a jury trial , such as ( depending on state law ) a case involving `` equitable '' rather than `` legal '' claims . In Canada , juries are also allowed to make suggestions for sentencing periods at the time of sentencing . The suggestions of the jury are presented before the judge by the Crown prosecutor ( s ) before the sentence is handed down . In a small number of U.S. jurisdictions , including the states of Tennessee and Texas , juries are charged both with the task of finding guilt or innocence as well assessing and fixing sentences . However , this is not the practice in most other legal systems based on the English tradition , in which judges retain sole responsibility for deciding sentences according to law . The exception is the award of damages in English law libel cases , although a judge is now obliged to make a recommendation to the jury as to the appropriate amount . In legal systems based on English tradition , findings of fact by a jury , and jury conclusions that could be supported by jury findings of fact even if the specific factual basis for the verdict is not known , are entitled to great deference on appeal . In other legal systems , it is generally possible for an appellate court to reconsider both findings of fact and conclusions of law made in the trial court , and in those systems evidence may be presented to appellate courts in what amounts to a trial de novo ( new trial ) of appealed findings of fact . The finality of trial court findings of fact in legal systems based on the English tradition has major impact on court procedure in these systems . This makes it imperative that lawyers be highly prepared for trial because errors and misjudgments related to the presentation of evidence at trial to a jury can not generally be corrected later on appeal , particularly in court systems based on the English tradition . The higher the stakes , the more this is true . Surprises at trial are much more consequential in court systems based on the English tradition than they are in other legal systems . Jury nullification ( edit ) Main article : Jury nullification Jury nullification means deciding not to apply the law to the facts in a particular case by jury decision . In other words , it is `` the process whereby a jury in a criminal case effectively nullifies a law by acquitting a defendant regardless of the weight of evidence against him or her . '' In the 17th and 18th centuries there was a series of such cases , starting in 1670 with the trial of the Quaker William Penn which asserted the ( de facto ) right , or at least power , of a jury to render a verdict contrary to the facts or law . A good example is the case of one Carnegie of Finhaven who in 1728 accidentally killed the Scottish Earl of Strathmore . As the defendant had undoubtedly killed the Earl , the law ( as it stood ) required the jury to render the verdict that the case had been `` proven '' and cause Carnegie of Finhaven to die for an accidental killing . Instead the jury asserted what it believed to be their `` ancient right '' to judge the whole case and not just the facts and brought in the verdict of `` not guilty '' . This led to the development of the not proven verdict in Scots law . Today in the United States , juries are instructed by the judge to follow the judge 's instructions concerning what is the law , and to render a verdict solely on the evidence presented in court . Important past exercises of nullification include cases involving slavery ( see Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ) , freedom of the press ( see John Peter Zenger ) , and freedom of religion ( see William Penn ) . In United States v. Moylan , 417 F. 2d 1002 ( 4th . Cir. 1969 ) , Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal unanimously ruled : `` If the jury feels that the law under which the defendant is accused is unjust , or exigent circumstances justified the actions of the accused , or for any reason which appeals to their logic or passion , the jury has the right to acquit , and the courts must abide that decision . '' The Fully Informed Jury Association is a non-profit educational organization dedicated to informing jurors of their rights and seeking the passage of laws to require judges to inform jurors that they can and should judge the law . In Sparf v. United States , 156 U.S. 51 ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court , in a 5 - 4 decision , held that a trial judge has no responsibility to inform the jury of the right to nullify laws . Modern American jurisprudence is generally intolerant of the practice , and a juror can be removed from a case if the judge believes that the juror is aware of the power of nullification . Jury equity ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , a similar power exists , often called `` jury equity '' . This enables a jury to reach a decision in direct contradiction with the law if they feel the law is unjust . This can create a persuasive precedent for future cases , or render prosecutors reluctant to bring a charge -- thus a jury has the power to influence the law . The standard justification of jury equity is taken from the final few pages of Lord Devlin 's book `` Trial by Jury '' . Devlin explained jury equity through two now - famous metaphors : that the jury is `` the lamp that shows that freedom lives '' and that it is a `` little parliament '' . The second metaphor emphasises that , just as members of parliament are generally dominated by government but can occasionally assert their independence , juries are usually dominated by judges but can , in extraordinary circumstances , throw off this control . Devlin thereby sought to emphasise that neither jury equity nor judicial control are set in stone . Perhaps the best example of modern - day jury equity in England and Wales was the acquittal of Clive Ponting , on a charge of revealing secret information , under section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 in 1985 . Mr Ponting 's defence was that the revelation was in the public interest . The trial judge directed the jury that `` the public interest is what the government of the day says it is '' -- effectively a direction to the jury to convict . Nevertheless , the jury returned a verdict of not guilty . Another example is the acquittal in 1989 of Michael Randle and Pat Pottle , who confessed in open court to charges of springing the Soviet spy George Blake from Wormwood Scrubs Prison and smuggling him to East Germany in 1966 . Pottle successfully appealed to the jury to disregard the judge 's instruction that they consider only whether the defendants were guilty in law , and assert a jury 's ancient right to throw out a politically motivated prosecution , in this case compounded by its cynical untimeliness . In Scotland ( with a separate legal system from that of England and Wales ) although technically the `` not guilty '' verdict was originally a form of jury nullification , over time the interpretation has changed so that now the `` not guilty '' verdict has become the normal one when a jury is not persuaded of guilt and the `` not proven '' verdict is only used when the jury is not certain of innocence or guilt . It is absolutely central to Scottish and English law that there is a presumption of innocence . It is not a trivial distinction since any shift in the burden of proof is a significant change which undermines the safeguard for the citizen . Non-trial juries ( edit ) A wine jury Besides petit juries for jury trials and grand juries for issuing indictments , juries are sometimes used in non-legal or quasi-legal contexts . Blue ribbon juries attend to civic matters as an ad - hoc body in the executive branch of a government . Outside government , a jury or panel of judges may make determinations in competition , such as at a wine tasting , art exhibition , talent contest , or reality game show . These types of contests are juried competitions . Blue ribbon juries are juries selected from prominent , well - educated citizens , sometimes to investigate a particular problem such as civic corruption . Blue ribbon juries can not be used in real trials , which require constitutional safeguards to produce a jury of one 's peers . The blue - ribbon jury is intended to overcome the problems of ordinary juries in interpreting complex technical or commercial questions . In the United States blue - ribbon juries were provided for by statutes , the terms varying by jurisdiction . Trial procedures ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) States ( edit ) Each state may determine the extent to which the use of a jury is used . The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state . The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public . Some States provide exceptions such as majority ( 11 - to - 1 or 10 - to - 2 ) verdicts where a jury can not otherwise reach a verdict . Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge - only trial rather than the default jury provision . Commonwealth ( federal ) ( edit ) The Constitution of Australia provides in section 80 that ' the trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury ' . The Commonwealth can determine which offences are ' on indictment ' . It would be entirely consistent with the Constitution that a homicide offence could be tried not ' on indictment , ' or conversely that a simple Assault could be tried ' on indictment . ' This interpretation has been criticised a ' mockery ' of the section , rendering it useless . Where a trial ' on indictment ' has been prescribed , it is an essential element that it be found by a unanimous verdict of guilty by 12 lay members of the public . This requirement stems from the ( historical ) meaning of ' jury ' at the time that the Constitution was written and is ( in principle ) thus an integral element of trial by jury . Unlike States , an accused person can not elect a Judge - only trial . Belgium ( edit ) The Belgian Constitution provides that all cases involving the most serious crimes be judged by juries . As a safeguard against libel cases , press crimes can also only be tried by jury . Racism is excluded from this safeguard . Twelve jurors decide by a qualified majority of two - thirds whether the defendant is guilty or not . A tied vote results in ' not guilty ' ; a ' 7 guilty - 5 not guilty ' vote is transferred to the 3 professional judges who can , by unanimity , reverse the majority to ' not guilty ' . The sentence is delivered by a majority of the 12 jurors and the 3 professional judges . As a result of the Taxquet ruling the juries give nowadays the most important motives that lead them to their verdict . The procedural codification has been altered to meet the demands formulated by the European Court of Human Rights . Brazil ( edit ) The Constitution of Brazil provides that only willful crimes against life , namely full or attempted murder , abortion , infanticide and suicide instigation , be judged by juries . Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not , and decisions are taken by majority . Manslaughter and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent , however , are judged by a professional judge instead . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , juries are used for some criminal trials but not others . For summary conviction offences or offences found under section 553 of the Criminal Code ( theft and fraud up to the value of $5,000 and certain nuisance offences ) , the trial is before a judge alone . For most indictable offences , the accused person can elect to be tried by either a judge alone or a judge and jury . In the most serious offences , found in section 469 of the Criminal Code ( such as murder or treason ) , a judge and a jury are always used , unless both the accused and the prosecutor agree that the trial should not be in front of a jury . The jury 's verdict on the ultimate disposition of guilt or innocence must be unanimous , but can disagree on the evidentiary route that leads to that disposition . Juries do not make a recommendation as to the length of sentence , except for parole ineligibility for second - degree murder ( but the judge is not bound by the jury 's recommendation , and the jury is not required to make a recommendation ) . Jury selection is in accordance with specific criteria . Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions , selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters . Any other questions must be approved by the judge . A jury in a criminal trial is initially composed of 12 jurors . The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed . If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial , the trial will continue with an alternate juror , unless the number of jurors goes below 10 . The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees that anyone tried for an offence that has a maximum sentence of five or more years has the right to be tried by a jury ( except for an offence under military law ) . The names of jurors are protected by a publication ban . There is a specific criminal offence for disclosing anything that takes place during jury deliberations . Juries are infrequently used in civil trials in Canada . There are no civil juries in the courts of the Province of Quebec , nor in the Federal Court . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Juries in England and Wales In England and Wales jury trials are used for criminal cases , requiring 12 jurors ( between the ages of 18 and 75 ) , although the trial may continue with as few as 9 . The right to a jury trial has been enshrined in English law since Magna Carta in 1215 , and is most common in serious cases , although the defendant can insist on a jury trial for most criminal cases . Jury trials in complex fraud cases have been described by some members and appointees of the Labour Party as expensive and time - consuming . In contrast , the Bar Council , Liberty and other political parties have supported the idea that trial by jury is at the heart of the judicial system and placed the blame for a few complicated jury trials failing on inadequate preparation by the prosecution . On 18 June 2009 the Lord Chief Justice , Lord Judge , sitting in the Court of Appeal , made English legal history by ruling that a criminal trial in the Crown Court could take place without a jury , under the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Jury trials are also available for some few areas of civil law ( for example defamation cases and those involving police conduct ) ; these also require 12 jurors ( 9 in the County Court ) . However less than 1 % of civil trials involve juries . At the new Manchester Civil Justice Centre , constructed in 2008 , fewer than 10 of the 48 courtrooms had jury facilities . France ( edit ) In the cour d'assises ( edit ) Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings . Before 2012 , there were nine or twelve jurors , but this was reduced to cut spending . A two - thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant . During these procedures , judges and jurors have equal positions on questions of fact , while judges decide on questions of procedure . Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing . Germany ( edit ) Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848 . However , it remained controversial ; and , early in the 20th century , there were moves to abolish it . The Emminger Reform of January 4 , 1924 , during an Article 48 state of emergency , abolished the jury system and replaced it with a mixed system including bench trials and lay judges . In 1925 , the Social Democrats called for the reinstitution of the jury ; a special meeting of the German Bar demanded revocation of the decrees , but `` on the whole the abolition of the jury caused little commotion '' . Their verdicts were widely perceived as unjust and inconsistent . Today , most misdemeanors are tried by a Strafrichter , meaning a single judge at an Amtsgericht ; felonies and more severe misdemeanors are tried by a Schöffengericht , also located at the Amtsgericht , composed of 1 judge and 2 lay judges ; some felonies are heard by Erweitertes Schöffengericht , or extended Schöffengericht , composed of 2 judges and 2 lay judges ; severe felonies and other `` special '' crimes are tried by the große Strafkammer , composed of 3 judges and 2 lay judges at the Landgericht , with specially assigned courts for some crimes called Sonderstrafkammer ; felonies resulting in the death of a human being are tried by the Schwurgericht , composed of 3 judges and 2 lay judges , located at the Landgericht ; and serious crimes against the state are tried by the Strafsenat , composed of 5 judges , at an Oberlandesgericht . In some civil cases , such as commercial law or patent law , there are also lay judges , who have to meet certain criteria ( e.g. , being a merchant ) . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Jury system in Hong Kong Article 86 of the Hong Kong Basic Law assures the practice of jury trials . Criminal cases in the High Court and some civil cases are tried by jury in Hong Kong . There is no jury in the District Court . In addition , from time to time , the Coroner 's Court may summon a jury to decide the cause of death in an inquest . Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7 - person jury and sometimes , at the discretion of the court , a 9 - person jury . Nevertheless , the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors . Although article 86 of the basic law states that ' the principle of trial by jury previously practised in Hong Kong shall be maintained ' , it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by jury . In the case Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice ( 2010 ) , the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ' there is no right to trial by jury in Hong Kong . ' India ( edit ) Juries were formerly used in India up until the famous KM Nanavati v State of Maharashtra ( 1959 ) , which led to the abolition of jury trials . In the Nanavati case , Kawas Manekshaw Nanavati was tried for the murder of his wife Sylvia 's paramour , Prem Ahuja . Nanavati surrendered himself to the police after killing Ahuja . The incident shocked the nation , got unprecedented media coverage , and inspired several books and movies . The case was the last jury trial held in India . The central question of the case was whether the gun went off accidentally or whether it was a premeditated murder . In the former scenario , Nanavati would be charged under the Indian penal code 302 , for culpable homicide , with a maximum punishment of 10 years . In the latter , he would be charged with murder , with the sentence being death or life imprisonment . Nanavati pleaded not guilty . His defence team argued it was a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder , while the prosecution argued it was premeditated murder . The jury in the Greater Bombay sessions court pronounced Nanavati not guilty under 302 with an 8 -- 1 verdict . The sessions judge considered the acquittal as perverse and referred the case to the high court . The prosecution argued that the jury had been misled by the presiding judge on four crucial points . One , the onus of proving that it was an accident and not premeditated murder was on Nanavati . Two , was Sylvia 's confession of the grave provocation for Nanavati , or any specific incident in Ahuja 's bedroom or both . Three , the judge wrongly told the jury that the provocation can also come from a third person . And four , the jury was not instructed that Nanavati 's defence had to be proved , to the extent that there is no reasonable doubt in the mind of a reasonable person . The court accepted the arguments , dismissed the jury 's verdict and the case was freshly heard in the high court . Since the jury was alleged to have been influenced by media and public support for Nanavati , the Indian government abolished jury trials after the case even though no comparative study was done on media influence on judges and on Jury . Nanavati was finally pardoned by Vijayalakshmi Pandit , newly appointed Governor of Bombay and sister of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Nanavati was said to be very close to Nehru . Ireland ( edit ) The law of the Republic of Ireland is historically based on English common law and had a similar jury system . Article 38 of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland mandates trial by jury for criminal offences , with exceptions for minor offences , military tribunals , and where `` the ordinary courts are inadequate to secure the effective administration of justice , and the preservation of public peace and order '' . DPP v McNally sets out that a jury has the right to reach a not guilty verdict even in direct contradiction of the evidence . The principal statute regulating the selection , obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 2008 . There is a fine of € 500 for failing to report for jury service , though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the Courts Service in 2016 . Criminal jury trials are held in the Circuit Court or the Central Criminal Court . Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception , dealing with terrorism or organised crime , are held in the Special Criminal Court , on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) . Juries are also used in some civil law trials , such as for defamation ; they are sometimes used at coroner 's inquests . Normally consisting of twelve persons , juries are selected from a jury panel which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register . Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing . It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict . In civil cases , a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members . In a criminal case , a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a `` reasonable time '' . Juries are not paid , nor do they receive travel expenses ; however they do receive lunch for the days that they are serving . The Law Reform Commission examined jury service , producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013 . One of its recommendations , to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused , was enacted in 2013 . In November 2013 , the DPP requested a 15 - member jury at the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives . Where more than twelve jurors are present , twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , a Civil law jurisdiction , untrained judges are present only in the Corte d'Assise , where two career magistrates are supported by six so - called Lay Judges , who are raffled from the registrar of voters . Any Italian citizen , with no distinction of sex or religion , between 30 and 65 years of age , can be appointed as a lay judge ; in order to be eligible as a lay judge for the Corte d'Assise , however , there is a minimum educational requirement , as the lay judge must have completed his / her education at the Scuola Media ( junior high school ) level , while said level is raised for the Corte d'Assise d'Appello ( appeal level of the Corte d'Assise ) to the Scuola Superiore ( senior high school ) degree . In the Corte d'Assise , decisions concerning both fact and law matters are taken by the stipendiary judges and `` Lay Judges '' together at a special meeting behind closed doors , named Camera di Consiglio ( `` Counsel Chamber '' ) , and the Court is subsequently required to publish written explanations of its decisions within 90 days from the verdict . Errors of law or inconsistencies in the explanation of a decision can and usually will lead to the annulment of the decision . A Court d'Assise and a Court d ' Assise d'Appello decides on a majority of votes , and therefore predominantly on the votes of the lay judges , who are a majority of six to two , but in fact lay judges , who are not trained to write such explanation and must rely on one or the other stipendiary judge to do it , are effectively prevented from overruling both of them . The Corte d'Assise has jurisdiction to try crimes carrying a maximum penalty of 24 years in prison or life imprisonment , and other serious crimes ; felonies that fall under its jurisdiction include terrorism , murder , manslaughter , severe attempts against State personalities , as well as some matters of law requiring ethical and professional evaluations ( ex. assisted suicide ) , while it generally has no jurisdiction over cases whose evaluation requires knowledge of Law which the `` Lay Judges '' generally do n't have . Penalties imposed by the court can include life sentences . New zealand ( edit ) Juries are used in trials for all trials involving Category 4 offences such as treason , murder and manslaughter , although in exceptional circumstances a judge - alone trial may be ordered . At the option of the defendant , juries may be used in trials involving Category 3 offences , that is offences where the maximum penalty available is two years imprisonment or greater . In civil cases juries are usually only used in cases of defamation . Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict , but if one can not be reached in a reasonable timeframe , the judge may accept a majority verdict of all - but - one ( i.e. 11 -- 1 or 10 -- 1 ) in criminal cases and three - quarters ( i.e. 9 -- 3 or 9 -- 2 ) in civil cases . Northern Ireland ( edit ) During the Troubles in Northern Ireland , jury trials were suspended and trials took place before Diplock Courts . These were essentially trials before judges only . This was to combat the intimidation of juries . Norway ( edit ) Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800 , and perhaps even earlier . They brought the jury system to England and Scotland . Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century , when Norway _́ s central government was in Copenhagen , Denmark . Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal union ( 1387 - 1536 ) , and later under the governmental union ( 1536 - 1814 ) , there was attempt to harmonize the legal systems of the two countries . Even if juries were abolished , the layman continued to play an important role in the legal system throughout in Norway . The jury was reintroduced in 1887 , and is solely used in criminal cases on the second tier of the three - tier Norwegian court system ( `` Lagmannsretten '' ) . The jury consists of 10 people , and has to reach a majority verdict consisting of seven or more of the jurors . The jury never gives a reason for its verdict , rather it simply gives a `` guilty '' or `` non-guilty '' verdict . In a sense , the concept of being judged by one 's peers exists on both the first and second tier of the Norwegian court system : In Tingretten , one judge and two lay judges preside , and in Lagmannsretten three judges and four lay judges preside ( if a jury is not used ) . The lay judges do not hold any legal qualification , and represent the peers of the person on trial , as members of the general public . As a guarantee against any abuse of power by the educated elite , the number of lay judges always exceeds the number of appointed judges . In the Supreme Court , only trained lawyers are seated . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Trial by jury in Scotland Scottish trials are based on an adversarial approach . First the prosecution leads evidence from witnesses and after each witness the defence has an opportunity to cross examine . Following the Prosecution case , the defence may move a motion of no case to answer if the worst the prosecution has been able to lead in evidence would be insufficient to convict of any crime . If there remains a case to answer , the defence leads evidence from witnesses in an attempt to refute previous evidence led by the prosecution , with cross examination being permitted after each witness . Once both prosecution and defence have concluded leading evidence , the case goes to summing up where firstly the prosecution and then the defence get to sum up their case based on the evidence that has been heard . The jury is given guidance on points of law and then sent out to consider its verdict . Juries are composed of fifteen residents . Spain ( edit ) Spain had no established tradition of using juries in trials , but the Constitution of 1978 , legislates the right to a trial by jury , called `` popular jury '' as opposed to a `` magistrates jury '' . The provision is arguably somewhat vague : `` Section 125 - Citizens may engage in popular action and take part in the administration of justice through the institution of the jury , in the manner and with respect to those criminal trials as may be determined by law , as well as in customary and traditional courts . '' Jury trials have been very slowly introduced in Spain and have often produced less than desirable results . One of the first cases was that of Mikel Otegi who was tried in 1997 for the murder of two police officers . After a confused trial , five jury members of a total of nine voted to acquit and the judge ordered the accused set free . This verdict shocked the nation . Another alleged miscarriage of justice by jury trial was the Wanninkhof murder case . Sweden ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Judiciary of Sweden § Juries In press libel cases and other cases concerning offenses against freedom of the press , the question of whether or not the printed material falls outside permissible limits is submitted to a jury of 9 members which provides a pre-screening before the case is ruled on by normal courts . In these cases 6 out of 9 jurors must find against the defendant , and may not be overruled in cases of acquittal . Sweden has no tradition of using juries in most types of criminal or civil trial . The sole exception , since 1815 , is in cases involving freedom of the press , prosecuted under Chapter 7 of the Freedom of the Press Act , part of Sweden 's constitution . The most frequently prosecuted offence under this act is defamation , although in total eighteen offences , including high treason and espionage , are covered . These cases are tried in district courts ( first tier courts ) by a jury of nine laymen . The jury in press freedom cases rules only on the facts of the case and the question of guilt or innocence . The trial judge may overrule a jury 's guilty verdict , but may not overrule an acquittal . A conviction requires a majority verdict of 6 - 3 . Sentencing is the sole prerogative of judges . Jury members must be Swedish citizens and resident in the county in which the case is being heard . They must be of sound judgement and known for their independence and integrity . Combined , they should represent a range of social groups and opinions , as well as all parts of the county . It is the county council that have the responsibility to appoints juries for a tenure of four years under which they may serve in multiple cases . The appointed jurymen are divided into two groups , in most counties the first with sixteen members and the second with eight . From this pool of available jurymen the court hears and excludes those with conflicts of interest in the case , after which the defendants and plaintiffs have the right to exclude a number of members , varying by county and group . The final jury is then randomly selected by drawing of lots . Juries are not used in other criminal and civil cases . For most other cases in the first and second tier courts lay judges sit alongside professional judges . Lay judges participate in deciding both the facts of the case and sentencing . Lay judges are appointed by local authorities , or in practice by the political parties represented on the authorities . Lay judges are therefore usually selected from among nominees of ruling political parties . United States ( edit ) Main article : Juries in the United States In criminal law in federal courts and a minority of state court systems of the United States , a grand jury is convened to hear only testimony and evidence to determine whether there is a sufficient basis for deciding to indict the defendant and proceed toward trial . In each court district where a grand jury is required , a group of 16 -- 23 citizens holds an inquiry on criminal complaints brought by the prosecutor to decide whether a trial is warranted ( based on the standard that probable cause exists that a crime was committed ) , in which case an indictment is issued . In jurisdictions where the size of a jury varies , in general the size of juries tends to be larger if the crime alleged is more serious . If a grand jury rejects a proposed indictment the grand jury 's action is known as a `` no bill . '' If they accept a proposed indictment , the grand jury 's action is known as a `` true bill . '' Grand jury proceedings are ex parte : only the prosecutor and witnesses who the prosecutor calls may present evidence to the grand jury and defendants are not allowed to present mitigating evidence or even to know the testimony that was presented to the grand jury , and hearsay evidence is permitted . This is so because a grand jury can not convict a defendant . It can only decide to indict the defendant and proceed forward toward trial . Grand juries vote to indict in the overwhelming majority of cases , and prosecutors are not prohibited from presenting the same case to a new grand jury if a `` no bill '' was returned by a previous grand jury . A typical grand jury considers a new criminal case every fifteen minutes . In some jurisdictions , in addition to indicting persons for crimes , a grand jury may also issue reports on matters that they investigate apart from the criminal indictments , particularly when the grand jury investigation involves a public scandal . Historically , grand juries were sometimes used in American law to serve a purpose similar to an investigatory commission . Both Article III of the U.S. Constitution and the Sixth Amendment require that criminal cases be tried by a jury . Originally this applied only to federal courts . However , the Fourteenth Amendment extended this mandate to the states . Although the Constitution originally did not require a jury for civil cases , this led to an uproar which was followed by adoption of the Seventh Amendment , which requires a civil jury in cases where the value in dispute is greater than twenty dollars . However , the Seventh Amendment right to a civil jury trial does not apply in state courts , where the right to a jury is strictly a matter of state law . However , in practice , all states except Louisiana preserve the right to a jury trial in almost all civil cases where the sole remedy sought is money damages to the same extent as jury trials are permitted by the Seventh Amendment . Under the law of many states , jury trials are not allowed in small claims cases . The civil jury in the United States is a defining element of the process by which personal injury trials are handled . In practice , even though the defendant in a criminal action is entitled to a trial by jury , most criminal actions in the U.S. are resolved by plea bargain . Only about 2 % of civil cases go to trial , with only about half of those trials being conducted before juries . In 1898 the Supreme Court held that the jury must be composed of at least twelve persons , although this was not necessarily extended to state civil jury trials . In 1970 , however , the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a `` historical accident '' , and upheld six - person juries if provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases . There is controversy over smaller juries , with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts . In a later case , however , the court rejected the use of five - person juries in criminal cases . Juries go through a selection process called voir dire in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make `` challenges for cause '' and `` peremptory challenges '' to remove jurors . Traditionally the removal of jurors based on a peremptory challenge required no justification or explanation , but the tradition has been changed by the Supreme Court where the reason for the peremptory challenge was the race of the potential juror . Since the 1970s `` scientific jury selection '' has become popular . Unanimous jury verdicts have been standard in US American law . This requirement was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1897 , but the standard was relaxed in 1972 in two criminal cases . As of 1999 over thirty states had laws allowing less than unanimity in civil cases , but Oregon and Louisiana are the only states which have laws allowing less than unanimous jury verdicts for criminal cases . When the required number of jurors can not agree on a verdict ( a situation sometimes referred to as a hung jury ) , a mistrial is declared , and the case may be retried with a newly constituted jury . The practice generally was that the jury rules only on questions of fact and guilt ; setting the penalty was reserved for the judge . This practice was confirmed by rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court such as in Ring v. Arizona , which found Arizona 's practice of having the judge decide whether aggravating factors exist to make a defendant eligible for the death penalty , to be unconstitutional , and reserving the determination of whether the aggravating factors exist to be decided by the jury . However , in some states ( such as Alabama and Florida ) , the ultimate decision on the punishment is made by the judge , and the jury gives only a non-binding recommendation . The judge can impose the death penalty even if the jury recommends life without parole . There is no set format for jury deliberations , and the jury takes a period of time to settle into discussing the evidence and deciding on guilt and any other facts the judge instructs them to determine . Deliberation is done by the jury only , with none of the lawyers , the judge , or the defendant present . The first step will typically be to find out the initial feeling or reaction of the jurors to the case , which may be by a show of hands , or via secret ballot . The jury will then attempt to arrive at a consensus verdict . The discussion usually helps to identify jurors ' views to see whether a consensus will emerge as well as areas that bear further discussion . Points often arise that were not specifically discussed during the trial . The result of these discussions is that in most cases the jury comes to a unanimous decision and a verdict is thus achieved . In some states and under circumstances , the decision need not be unanimous . In a few states and in death penalty cases , depending upon the law , the trial jury , or sometimes a separate jury , may determine whether the death penalty is appropriate in `` capital '' murder cases . Usually , sentencing is handled by the judge at a separate hearing . The judge may but does not always follow the recommendations of the jury when deciding on a sentence . When used alone the term jury usually refers to a petit jury , rather than a grand jury . Jury selection ( edit ) Main article : Jury selection Jurors are selected from a jury pool formed for a specified period of time -- usually from one day to two weeks -- from lists of citizens living in the jurisdiction of the court . The lists may be electoral rolls ( i.e. , a list of registered voters in the locale ) , people who have driver 's licenses or other relevant data bases . When selected , being a member of a jury pool is , in principle , compulsory . Prospective jurors are sent a summons and are obligated to appear in a specified jury pool room on a specified date . However , jurors can be released from the pool for several reasons including illness , prior commitments that ca n't be abandoned without hardship , change of address to outside the court 's jurisdiction , travel or employment outside the jurisdiction at the time of duty , and others . Often jurisdictions pay token amounts for jury duty and many issue stipends to cover transportation expenses for jurors . Work places can not penalize employees who serve jury duty . Payments to jurors varies by jurisdiction . In the United States jurors for grand juries are selected from jury pools . Selection of jurors from a jury pool occurs when a trial is announced and juror names are randomly selected and called out by the jury pool clerk . Depending on the type of trial -- whether a 6 - person or 12 person jury is needed , in the United States -- anywhere from 15 to 30 prospective jurors are sent to the courtroom to participate in voir dire , pronounced ( vwaʁ diʁ ) in French , and defined as the oath to speak the truth in the examination testing competence of a juror , or in another application , a witness . Once the list of prospective jurors has assembled in the courtroom the court clerk assigns them seats in the order their names were originally drawn . At this point the judge often will ask each prospective juror to answer a list of general questions such as name , occupation , education , family relationships , time conflicts for the anticipated length of the trial . The list is usually written up and clearly visible to assist nervous prospective jurors and may include several questions uniquely pertinent to the particular trial . These questions are to familiarize the judge and attorneys with the jurors and glean biases , experiences , or relationships that could jeopardize the proper course of the trial . After each prospective juror has answered the general slate of questions the attorneys may ask follow - up questions of some or all prospective jurors . Each side in the trial is allotted a certain number of challenges to remove prospective jurors from consideration . Some challenges are issued during voir dire while others are presented to the judge at the end of voir dire . The judge calls out the names of the anonymously challenged prospective jurors and those return to the pool for consideration in other trials . A jury is formed , then , of the remaining prospective jurors in the order that their names were originally chosen . Any prospective jurors not thus impaneled return to the jury pool room . Jury behavior ( edit ) Scholarly research on jury behavior in American non-capital criminal felony trials reveals that juror outcomes appear to track the opinions of the median juror , rather than the opinions of the extreme juror on the panel , although juries were required to render unanimous verdicts in the jurisdictions studied . Thus , although juries must render unanimous verdicts , in run - of - the - mill criminal trials they behave in practice as if they were operating using a majority rules voting system . Jury effectiveness ( edit ) As much of the research on social conformity suggests , individuals tend to lose their sense of individuality when faced with powerful group forces ( i.e. , normative influence ; informational influence ; interpersonal influence ) . This seemingly stark realization raises the question : Is the effectiveness of jury decision - making compromised by individuals ' tendencies to conform to the normative transmissions of a group ? Since a clear archetype for determining guilt does not exist , the criminal justice system must rely on rulings handed down by juries . Even after a decision has been made , it is virtually impossible to know whether a jury has been correct or incorrect in freeing or accusing a defendant of a crime . Although establishing the effectiveness of juries is an arduous task , contemporary research has provided partial support for the proficiency of juries as decision makers . The role of a juror ( edit ) Evidence has shown that jurors typically take their roles very seriously . According to Simon ( 1980 ) , jurors approach their responsibilities as decision makers much in the same way as a court judge -- with great seriousness , a lawful mind , and a concern for consistency that is evidence - based . By actively processing evidence , making inferences , using common sense and personal experiences to inform their decision - making , research has indicated that jurors are effective decision makers that seek thorough understanding , rather than passive , apathetic participants unfit to serve on a jury . Judge - jury agreement ( edit ) Evidence supporting jury effectiveness has also been illustrated in studies that investigate the parallels between judge and jury decision - making . According to Kalven and Zeisel ( 1966 ) , it is not uncommon to find that the verdicts passed down by juries following a trial match the verdicts held by the appointed judges . Upon surveying judges and jurors of approximately 8000 criminal and civil trials , it was discovered that the verdicts handed down by both parties were in agreement 80 % of the time . Buffering effects ( edit ) Jurors , like most individuals , are not free from holding social and cognitive biases . Oftentimes people negatively judge individuals who do not adhere to established social norms ( e.g. , individuals who dress `` freakishly '' ) or do not meet societal standards of success . Although these biases tend to influence jurors ' individual decisions during a trial , while working as part of a group ( i.e. , jury ) , these biases are typically controlled . Groups tend to exert buffering effects that allow jurors to disregard their initial personal biases when forming a credible group decision . See also ( edit ) Jury of matrons Blank pad rule Fourth branch of government Fifth power Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS - Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney '' . Miamisao.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Section 1245.1 of Pennsylvania 's codified laws regarding coroners . http://www.pacoroners.org/Laws.php Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Inquest Schedule , Jury Findings and Vedicts ( 2013 ) of British Columbia . http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/coroners/schedule/index.htm ( retrieved March 8 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Sections 13 - 71 - 112 and 30 - 10 - 607 , Colorado Revised Statutes Jump up ^ W.L. Warren , `` Henry II '' University of California Press , ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Klerman , `` Was the Jury Every Self - Informing '' Southern California Law Review 77 : ( 2003 ) , 123 . Jump up ^ `` The Islamic Origins of the Common Law - John A. Makdisi '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oxford History of England , 2nd ed 1955 , vol III Domesday Book to Magna Carta , A l Poole , pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Garnish , Lis ( 1995 ) . `` Wantage Church History '' ( PDF ) . Local History Series . Vale and Downland Museum . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ See , for example , discussions of the Brunner theory of testimonial , rather than judicial participation as jury origin , explored in MacNair , Vicinage and the Antecedents of the Jury - I. Theories , in Law and History Review , Vol. 17 No 3 , 1999 , pp. 6 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Carey , Christopher . `` Legal Space in Classical Athens . '' Greece & Rome 41 ( 2 ) : October 1994 , pp. 172 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Holdsworth , William Searle ( 1922 ) . A History of English Law . 1 ( 3 ed . ) . Little , Brown . pp. 268 -- 269 . OCLC 48555551 . Jump up ^ Dowlen , Oliver . Sorted : Civic Lotteries and the Future of Public Participation . ( MASS LBP : Toronto , 2008 ) pp 38 Jump up ^ Williams , at 86 Jump up ^ Review could reduce jury numbers BBC News , 26 April 2008 Jump up ^ Scotland 's unique 15 - strong juries will not be abolished The Scotsman , 11 May 2009 Jump up ^ Is `` The More the Merrier ? '' , Mental Floss , November -- December 2011 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Sanders , Joseph ( 16 January 2008 ) . `` A Norms Approach to Jury `` Nullification : '' Interests , Values , and Scripts `` . Law & Policy . Law & Policy . 30 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9930.2008. 00268. x . Jump up ^ Jury Trials : In Favor Archived 2010 - 11 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . eJournal USA , Anatomy of a Jury Trial , 1 July 2009 Jump up ^ Apprendi , at 490 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 ( 2011 ) ; Colorado Rule of Civil Procedure 52 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Tenn . Code Ann . § § 40 - 20 - 104 , 40 - 20 - 107 Jump up ^ Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 37.07 Sec. 1 ( b ) Jump up ^ jury nullification definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nullifying the Jury : `` The Judicial Oligarchy '' Declares War on Jury Nullification Washburn Law Journal May 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Patrick Devlin , ' Trial by Jury ' ( Stevens & Sons 1956 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Crosby , ' Controlling Devlin 's Jury : what the jury thinks , and what the jury sees online ' ( 2012 ) Criminal Law Review 15 Jump up ^ New Statesman , 2000 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Luckhurst , Tim ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` The case for keeping ' not proven ' verdict '' . The Sunday Times , TimesOnline . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Broadbridge , Sally ( 15 May 2009 ) . `` The `` not proven '' verdict in Scotland '' ( PDF ) . Standard Note SN / HA / 2710 . U.K. Parliament , House of Commons , Home Affairs Section . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Smith v The Queen ( 2015 ) HCA 27 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cheng v The Queen ( 2000 ) 203 CLR 248 ( McHugh and Callinan JJ , Kirby J dissenting ) Jump up ^ R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy ; Ex parte Lowenstein ( 1939 ) 59 CLR 556 ( Dixon and Evatt JJ dissenting ) Jump up ^ Cheatle v The Queen ( 1993 ) 177 CLR 541 ( per curiam ) Jump up ^ Taxquet v Belgium , 13 - 01 - 2009 Archived 2012 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 c C - 46 , s 785 , `` summary conviction court '' Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 536 Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , ss 471 - 473 . ^ Jump up to : Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , Part XX : Jury Trials Jump up ^ R. v. Thatcher , ( 1987 ) 1 S.C.R. 652 Jump up ^ R. v. Robinson ( 2004 ) , 189 C.C.C. ( 3d ) 152 ( Ont . C.A. ) Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 631 ( 2.1 ) . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c c - 46 , s 644 . Jump up ^ Lloyd - Bostock S , Thomas C. ( 1999 ) . DECLINE OF THE `` LITTLE PARLIAMENT '' : JURIES AND JURY REFORM IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Law and Contemporary Problems . Jump up ^ Freeman , Simon ( 21 June 21 , 2005 ) . `` Jury trials ' intolerable ' in major fraud cases '' . The Sunday Times . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` First trial without jury approved '' . BBC News . 18 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendon MA , Carozza PG , Picker CB. ( 2008 ) Comparative Legal Traditions , p. 251 . Thomson - West . Jump up ^ Casper , Gerhard ; Zeisel , Hans ( January 1972 ) . `` Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 191 ( 139 ) . JSTOR 724014 . doi : 10.1086 / 467481 . Jump up ^ Casper , Gerhard ; Zeisel , Hans ( January 1972 ) . `` Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 191 ( 140 ) . JSTOR 724014 . doi : 10.1086 / 467481 . Jump up ^ Casper , Gerhard ; Zeisel , Hans ( January 1972 ) . `` Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 191 ( 142 ) . JSTOR 724014 . doi : 10.1086 / 467481 . Jump up ^ `` Love / Death and Scandal in Bombay '' . 2016 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Reality of Nanavati case and why Jury was abolished '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Before You Watch Akshay Kumar 's Rustom , Here 's Everything You Need To Know About The Real Case '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 288 . Some Facts about K.M. Nanavati case of 1959 and Jury system '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND : TRIAL OF OFFENCES '' . Irish Statute Book . August 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jury service '' . Citizens Information Board . 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Juries Act , 1976 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 2008 ; PART 6 : Juries '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Courts Service to notify gardaí of jury non-reporting '' . Irish Legal News . 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal trials '' . Citizens Information Bureau . 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Criminal Court '' . Citizens Information Board . 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Role of the jury '' . Citizens Information Board . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inquests '' . Citizens Information Bureau . 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Consultation Paper on Jury Service '' . Irish Law Reform Commission . 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JURY SERVICE '' ( PDF ) ( 107 - 2013 ) . Law Reform Commission . April 2013 . ISSN 1393 - 3132 . Jump up ^ Shatter , Alan ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Courts and Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Bill 2013 : Second Stage ( Continued ) '' . Dáil Éireann debates . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Part 5 of the Bill amends the Juries Act 1976 to provide for the appointment of up to three additional jurors to deal with lengthy trials . The provision follows a recommendation to this effect in the Law Reform Commission 's recently published report on jury service ^ Jump up to : `` Courts and Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 2013 , Section 23 '' . Irish Statute Book . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Dearbhail ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Anglo criminal trial : Larger 15 strong jury panel appointed '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZ 's first majority guilty verdict '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker ( Straffeprosessloven ) '' . Lovdata . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Why Was I Picked For Jury Service ? '' . Courtroom Advice . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ ESPAÑA Juicio a Mikel Otegi por asesinar a dos ertzainas . Un jurado popular adsuelve al joven de Jarrai Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tryckfrihetsförordning ( 1949 : 105 - SFS 2010 : 1409 ) Riksdagen ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ The Freedom of the Press Act / Sweden The International Constitutional Law Project Jump up ^ `` The advantages and disadvantages of lay judges from a Swedish perspective '' . Cairn.info . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.blinamndeman.se/Bli-namndeman/Sa-blir-du-vald/ Jump up ^ King NJ ( 1999 ) . `` The American Criminal Jury '' . Law and Contemporary Problems . 62 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 67 . JSTOR 1192252 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192252 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Landsman S. ( 1999 ) . `` The Civil Jury in America '' . Law and Contemporary Problems . 62 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 304 . JSTOR 1192260 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192260 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Amar , A.R. ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . New Haven , CT : Yale University . pp. 81 -- 118 . Jump up ^ `` Plea Bargains and the Role of Judges '' . 2008 National Convention Breakout Session . The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy ( ACS ) . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ring v. Arizona , 536 U.S. 284 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Unanimous Jury Votes for Life Sentence , but Alabama Judge Imposes Death Death Penalty Information Center Jump up ^ This power is often used in drug cases `` to impose an enhanced sentence ... based on the sentencing judge 's determination of a fact that was not found by the jury or admitted by the defendant '' . In April 2008 , the U.S. District Court , in a 236 page opinion Archived 2008 - 05 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . to address this ruled that juries should be told before they deliberate if a defendant is facing a mandatory minimum sentence and also called it `` inappropriate '' to ignore the juries power to refuse to convict ( jury nullification ) . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived April 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Bayer , Randi Hjalmarsson , Shamena Anwar , `` Jury Discrimination in Criminal Trials '' ( September 2010 ) Economic Research Initiatives at Duke ( ERID ) Working Papers Series No. 55 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1673994 ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , D.R. 2010 . Group Dynamics , 5th Edition . Belmont , CA : Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 534 - 36822 - 0 Jump up ^ Simon , R.J. ( 1980 ) . The jury : Its role in American society . Lexington , MA : Heath Jump up ^ `` Human Genome Project Information Site Has Been Updated '' . Ornl.gov. 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Kalven , H. & Zeisel , H. ( 1966 ) . The American Jury . Boston : Little , Brown . Jump up ^ Wrightsman , L. , Nietzel , M.T. , & Fortune , W.H. ( 1998 ) . Psychology and the legal system ( 4th edition ) . Monterey , California : Brooks / Cole . Jump up ^ Kerr , N.L. , & Huang , J.Y. ( 1986 ) . How much difference does one juror make in jury deliberation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 12 , 325 - 343 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juries . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jury ( hide ) Jury - related articles Primary articles Jury trial Grand jury ( Indictment ) Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Jury research Jury stress Jury selection Change of venue Death - qualified jury All - white jury Peremptory challenge Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Japan Scotland United States ( U.S. military ) Groups Fully Informed Jury Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jury&oldid=799771005 '' Categories : Legal procedure Juries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 CS1 errors : dates Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many jurors in a criminal case australia | [
"Each state may determine the extent to which the use of a jury is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state.[citation needed] The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict.[31] Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge-only trial rather than the default jury provision."
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5853695579828959499 | Sinking of the RMS Titanic | Sinking of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Sinking of the RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search For the musical work by Gavin Bryars , see The Sinking of the Titanic . Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 55 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 45 '' W / 41.73194 ° N 49.94583 ° W / 41.73194 ; - 49.94583 Sinking of the RMS Titanic Untergang der Titanic ( `` Sinking of the Titanic '' ) by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Date 14 -- 15 April 1912 Time 23 : 40 -- 02 : 20 Location North Atlantic Ocean Cause Collision with an iceberg on 14 April 1912 Participants Key persons ( show ) Edward Smith ( captain ) Jack Phillips ( radio operator ) Frederick Fleet ( lookout reporting iceberg ) William McMaster Murdoch ( officer on bridge at collision ) Charles Lightoller ( in charge of port - side lifeboats ) J. Bruce Ismay ( chairman of the White Star Line ) Outcome Between 1,490 and 1,635 deaths Improvements to navigational safety Cultural impact The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean , four days into the ship 's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . The largest passenger liner in service at the time , Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23 : 40 ( ship 's time ) on Sunday , 14 April 1912 . Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02 : 20 ( 05 : 18 GMT ) on Monday , 15 April resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people , which made it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history . Titanic received six warnings of sea ice on 14 April but was travelling near her maximum speed when her lookouts sighted the iceberg . Unable to turn quickly enough , the ship suffered a glancing blow that buckled her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen compartments to the sea . Titanic had been designed to stay afloat with four of her forward compartments flooded but no more , and the crew soon realised that the ship would sink . They used distress flares and radio ( wireless ) messages to attract help as the passengers were put into lifeboats . In accordance with existing practice , Titanic 's lifeboat system was designed to ferry passengers to nearby rescue vessels , not to hold everyone on board simultaneously ; therefore with the ship sinking rapidly and help still hours away , there was no safe refuge for many of the passengers and crew . Compounding this , poor management of the evacuation meant many boats were launched before they were completely full . Thus , when Titanic sank , over a thousand passengers and crew were still on board . Almost all those who jumped or fell into the water either drowned or died within minutes due to the effects of hypothermia . RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene about an hour and a half after the sinking and rescued the last of the survivors by 09 : 15 on 15 April , some nine and a half hours after the collision . The disaster caused widespread outrage over the lack of lifeboats , lax regulations , and the unequal treatment of the three passenger classes during the evacuation . Subsequent inquiries recommended sweeping changes to maritime regulations , leading to the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 14 April 1912 2.1 Iceberg warnings ( 09 : 00 -- 23 : 39 ) 2.2 `` Iceberg right ahead ! '' ( 23 : 39 ) 2.2. 1 Titanic enters Iceberg Alley 2.2. 2 Collision 2.2. 3 Effects of the collision 3 15 April 1912 3.1 Preparing to abandon ship ( 00 : 05 -- 00 : 45 ) 3.2 Departure of the lifeboats ( 00 : 45 -- 02 : 05 ) 3.2. 1 Launching of the last lifeboats ( 01 : 30 -- 02 : 05 ) 3.3 Last minutes of sinking ( 02 : 15 -- 02 : 20 ) 3.3. 1 Titanic 's final moments ( 02 : 20 ) 3.4 Passengers and crew in the water ( 02 : 20 -- 04 : 10 ) 3.5 Rescue and departure ( 04 : 10 -- 09 : 15 ) 4 Aftermath 4.1 Grief and outrage 4.2 Public inquiries and legislation 4.3 Cultural impact and wreckage 5 Casualties and survivors 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) Titanic on her sea trials , 2 April 1912 At the time of her entry into service on 2 April 1912 , Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) Titanic was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liner sister ships , and was the largest ship in the world . She and her sister , RMS Olympic , were almost one and half times the gross register tonnage of Cunard 's RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania , the previous record holders , and were nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) longer . Titanic could carry 3,547 people in speed and comfort , and was built on a hitherto unprecedented scale . Her reciprocating engines were the largest that had ever been built , standing 40 feet ( 12 m ) high and with cylinders 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) in diameter requiring the burning of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of coal per day . Her passenger accommodations , especially those of the ship 's First Class section , were said to be `` of unrivalled extent and magnificence '' , indicated by the fares that First Class accommodation commanded . The Parlour Suites ( the most - expensive and most - luxurious suites on the ship ) with private promenade cost over US $4,350 ( equivalent to $107,955 in 2016 ) for a one - way transatlantic passage . Even Third Class , though considerably less luxurious than Second and First Classes , was unusually comfortable by contemporary standards and was supplied with plentiful quantities of good food , providing its passengers with better conditions than many of them had experienced at home . Titanic 's maiden voyage began shortly after noon on 10 April 1912 when she left Southampton on the first leg of her journey to New York . A few hours later she called at Cherbourg in northern France , a journey of 80 nautical miles ( 148 km ; 92 mi ) , where she took on passengers . Her next port of call was Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland , which she reached around midday on 11 April . She left in the afternoon after taking on more passengers and stores . By the time she departed westwards across the Atlantic she was carrying 892 crew members and 1,320 passengers . This was only about half of her full passenger capacity of 2,435 , as it was the low season and shipping from the UK had been disrupted by a coal miners ' strike . Her passengers were a cross-section of Edwardian society , from millionaires such as John Jacob Astor and Benjamin Guggenheim , to poor emigrants from countries as disparate as Armenia , Ireland , Italy , Sweden , Syria and Russia seeking a new life in America . Route of Titanic 's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City , the point where she sank marked in yellow The ship was commanded by 62 - year - old Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains . He had four decades of seafaring experience and had served as captain of RMS Olympic , from which he was transferred to command Titanic . The vast majority of the crew who served under him were not trained sailors , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines ; or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . The 6 watch officers and 39 able - bodied seamen constituted only around 5 percent of the crew , and most of these had been taken on at Southampton so had not had time to familiarise themselves with the ship . The ice conditions were attributed to a mild winter that caused large numbers of icebergs to shift off the west coast of Greenland . A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but it was over on 14 April . The weather improved significantly during the course of the day , from brisk winds and moderate seas in the morning to a crystal - clear calm by evening , as the ship 's path took it beneath an arctic high pressure system . The waning crescent Moon had set a few seconds after 15 : 00 on 14 April and would not rise again until 04 : 37 ( ship 's time ) on 15 April , shortly after the arrival of the Carpathia . 14 April 1912 ( edit ) Iceberg warnings ( 09 : 00 -- 23 : 39 ) ( edit ) The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed by the chief steward of the liner Prinz Adalbert on the morning of 15 April 1912 . The iceberg was reported to have a streak of red paint from a ship 's hull along its waterline on one side . During 14 April 1912 , Titanic 's radio operators received six messages from other ships warning of drifting ice , which passengers on Titanic had begun to notice during the afternoon . The ice conditions in the North Atlantic were the worst for any April in the previous 50 years ( which was the reason why the lookouts were unaware that they were about to steam into a line of drifting ice several miles wide and many miles long ) . Not all of these messages were relayed by the radio operators . At the time , all wireless operators on ocean liners were employees of the Marconi 's Wireless Telegraph Company and not members of their ship 's crew ; their primary responsibility was to send messages for the passengers , with weather reports as a secondary concern . The first warning came at 09 : 00 from RMS Caronia reporting `` bergs , growlers and field ice '' . Captain Smith acknowledged receipt of the message . At 13 : 42 , RMS Baltic relayed a report from the Greek ship Athenia that she had been `` passing icebergs and large quantities of field ice '' . This too was acknowledged by Smith , who showed the report to J. Bruce Ismay , the chairman of the White Star Line , aboard Titanic for her maiden voyage . Smith ordered a new course to be set , to take the ship farther south . At 13 : 45 , the German ship SS Amerika , which was a short distance to the south , reported she had `` passed two large icebergs '' . This message never reached Captain Smith or the other officers on Titanic 's bridge . The reason is unclear , but it may have been forgotten because the radio operators had to fix faulty equipment . SS Californian reported `` three large bergs '' at 19 : 30 , and at 21 : 40 , the steamer Mesaba reported : `` Saw much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs . Also field ice . '' This message , too , never left the Titanic 's radio room . The radio operator , Jack Phillips , may have failed to grasp its significance because he was preoccupied with transmitting messages for passengers via the relay station at Cape Race , Newfoundland ; the radio set had broken down the day before , resulting in a backlog of messages that the two operators were trying to clear . A final warning was received at 22 : 30 from operator Cyril Evans of Californian , which had halted for the night in an ice field some miles away , but Phillips cut it off and signalled back : `` Shut up ! Shut up ! I 'm working Cape Race . '' Although the crew was aware of ice in the vicinity , the ship 's speed was not reduced , and she continued to steam at 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) , only 2 knots ( 3.7 km / h ; 2.3 mph ) short of her maximum speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . Titanic 's high speed in waters where ice had been reported was later criticised as reckless , but it reflected standard maritime practice at the time . According to Fifth Officer Harold Lowe , the custom was `` to go ahead and depend upon the lookouts in the crow 's nest and the watch on the bridge to pick up the ice in time to avoid hitting it . '' The North Atlantic liners prioritised time - keeping above all other considerations , sticking rigidly to a schedule that would guarantee their arrival at an advertised time . They were frequently driven at close to their full speed , treating hazard warnings as advisories rather than calls to action . It was widely believed that ice posed little risk ; close calls were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow , but was still able to complete her voyage . That same year , Titanic 's future captain , Edward Smith , declared in an interview that he could not `` imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' `` Iceberg right ahead ! '' ( 23 : 39 ) ( edit ) Titanic enters iceberg Alley ( edit ) For more details on the missing binoculars , see David Blair ( mariner ) . As Titanic approached her fatal collision , most passengers had gone to bed and command of the bridge had passed from Second Officer Charles Lightoller to First Officer William Murdoch . Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were occupying the crow 's nest , 29 metres ( 95 ft ) above the deck . The air temperature had fallen to near freezing , and the ocean was completely calm . Colonel Archibald Gracie , one of the survivors of the disaster , later wrote that `` the sea was like glass , so smooth that the stars were clearly reflected . '' It is now known that such exceptionally calm water is a sign of nearby pack ice . Although the air was clear , there was no moon , and with the sea so calm , there was nothing to give away the position of the nearby icebergs ; had the sea been rougher , waves breaking against the icebergs would have made them more visible . Because of a mix - up at Southampton the lookouts had no binoculars ; but reportedly binoculars would not have been effective in darkness which was total except for starlight and the ship 's own lights . The lookouts were nonetheless well aware of the ice hazard , as Lightoller had ordered them and other crew members to `` keep a sharp look - out for ice , particularly small ice and growlers '' . At 23 : 30 , Fleet and Lee noticed a slight haze on the horizon ahead of them , but did not make anything of it . Some experts now believe that this haze was actually a mirage caused by cold waters meeting warm air ( similar to a water mirage in the desert ) when Titanic entered Iceberg Alley . This would have resulted in a raised horizon , blinding the lookouts from spotting anything far away . Collision ( edit ) Nine minutes later , at 23 : 39 , Fleet spotted an iceberg in Titanic 's path . He rang the lookout bell three times and telephoned the bridge to inform Sixth Officer James Moody . Fleet asked `` Is there anyone there ? '' Moody replied , `` Yes , what do you see ? '' Fleet replied : `` Iceberg , right ahead ! '' After thanking Fleet , Moody relayed the message to Murdoch , who ordered Quartermaster Robert Hichens to change the ship 's course . Murdoch is generally believed to have given the order `` Hard astarboard '' which would result in the ship 's tiller being moved all the way to starboard ( the right side of the ship ) in an attempt to turn the ship to port ( left ) . He also rang `` Full Astern '' on the ship 's telegraphs . According to Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall , Murdoch told Captain Smith that he was attempting to `` hard - a-port around ( the iceberg ) '' , suggesting that he was attempting a `` port around '' manoeuvre -- to first swing the bow around the obstacle , then swing the stern so that both ends of the ship would avoid a collision . There was a delay before either order went into effect ; the steam - powered steering mechanism took up to 30 seconds to turn the ship 's tiller , and the complex task of setting the engines into reverse would also have taken some time to accomplish . Because the centre turbine could not be reversed , both it and the centre propeller , positioned directly in front of the ship 's rudder , were simply stopped . This reduced the rudder 's effectiveness , therefore impairing the turning ability of the ship . Had Murdoch simply turned the ship while maintaining her forward speed , Titanic might have missed the iceberg with feet to spare . In 2010 , Louise Patten asserted that her grandfather Charles Lightoller claimed that the helmsman Robert Hitchens initially panicked and turned the rudder the wrong way and that subsequently Bruce Ismay ordered the boat to continue `` Slow Ahead '' in the belief that Titanic was unsinkable . This , allegedly , had never been revealed because of the insurance implications . Diagram of Titanic 's course at the time of the collision with the iceberg . ( Blue : path of bow . Red : path of stern . ) In the event , Titanic 's heading changed just in time to avoid a head - on collision , but the change in direction caused the ship to strike the iceberg with a glancing blow . An underwater spur of ice scraped along the starboard side of the ship for about seven seconds ; chunks of ice dislodged from upper parts of the berg fell onto her forward decks . A few minutes later , all of Titanic 's engines were stopped , leaving the ship facing north and drifting in the Labrador Current . Effects of the collision ( edit ) The iceberg buckled the plates , popping rivets and damaging a sequence of compartments . Contrary to widespread assumption , the iceberg did not slice the hull . The impact with the iceberg was long thought to have produced a huge opening in Titanic 's hull , `` not less than 300 feet ( 91 m ) in length , 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the level of the keel '' , as one writer later put it . At the British inquiry following the accident , Edward Wilding ( chief naval architect for Harland and Wolff ) , calculating on the basis of the observed flooding of forward compartments forty minutes after the collision , testified that the area of the hull opened to the sea was `` somewhere about 12 square feet '' . He also stated that `` I believe it must have been in places , not a continuous rip '' , but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet , to account for the flooding in several compartments . The findings of the inquiry state that the damage extended about 300 feet , and hence many subsequent writers followed this statement . Modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck have found that the damage consisted of six narrow openings in an area of the hull covering only about 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) in total . According to Paul K. Matthias , who made the measurements , the damage consisted of a `` series of deformations in the starboard side that start and stop along the hull ... about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the bottom of the ship . '' The gaps , the longest of which measures about 39 feet ( 12 m ) long , appear to have followed the line of the hull plates . This suggests that the iron rivets along the plate seams snapped off or popped open to create narrow gaps through which water flooded . An engineer from Titanic 's builders , Harland and Wolff , suggested this scenario at the British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry following the disaster but his view was discounted . Titanic 's discoverer Robert Ballard has commented that the assumption that the ship had suffered a major breach was `` a by - product of the mystique of the Titanic . No one could believe that the great ship was sunk by a little sliver . '' Faults in the ship 's hull may have been a contributing factor . Recovered pieces of Titanic 's hull plates appear to have shattered on impact with the iceberg , without bending . The plates in the central 60 % of the hull were held together with triple rows of mild steel rivets , but the plates in the bow and stern were held together with double rows of wrought iron rivets which were -- according to materials scientists Tim Foecke and Jennifer McCarty -- near their stress limits even before the collision . These `` Best '' or No. 3 iron rivets had a high level of slag inclusions , making them more brittle than the more usual `` Best - Best '' No. 4 iron rivets , and more prone to snapping when put under stress , particularly in extreme cold . But Tom McCluskie , a retired archivist of Harland & Wolff , pointed out that Olympic , Titanic 's sister ship , was riveted with the same iron and served without incident for nearly 25 years , surviving several major collisions , including being rammed by a British cruiser . When Olympic rammed and sank the U-boat U-103 with her bow , the stem was twisted and hull plates on the starboard side were buckled without impairing the hull 's integrity . Above the waterline , there was little evidence of the collision . The stewards in the first class dining room noticed a shudder , which they thought might have been caused by the ship shedding a propeller blade . Many of the passengers felt a bump or shudder -- `` just as though we went over about a thousand marbles '' , as one survivor put it -- but did not know what had happened . Those on the lowest decks , nearest the site of the collision , felt it much more directly . Engine Oiler Walter Hurst recalled being `` awakened by a grinding crash along the starboard side . No one was very much alarmed but knew we had struck something '' . Fireman George Kemish heard a `` heavy thud and grinding tearing sound '' from the starboard hull . The ship began to flood immediately , with water pouring in at an estimated rate of 7 long tons ( 7.1 t ) per second , fifteen times faster than it could be pumped out . Second Engineer J.H. Hesketh and Leading Stoker Frederick Barrett were both struck by a jet of icy water in No. 6 boiler room and escaped just before the room 's watertight door closed . This was an extremely dangerous situation for the engineering staff ; the boilers were still full of hot high - pressure steam and there was a substantial risk that they would explode if they came into contact with the cold seawater flooding the boiler rooms . The stokers and firemen were ordered to reduce the fires and vent the boilers , sending great quantities of steam up the funnel venting pipes . They were waist - deep in freezing water by the time they finished their work . Annotated diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads . The areas of damage are shown in green . The compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . Titanic 's lower decks were divided into sixteen compartments . Each compartment was separated from its neighbour by a bulkhead running the width of the ship ; there were fifteen bulkheads in all . Each bulkhead extended at least to the underside of E Deck , nominally one deck , or about 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) , above the waterline . The two nearest the bow and the six nearest the stern went one deck further up . Each bulkhead could be sealed by watertight doors . The engine rooms and boiler rooms on the tank top deck had vertically closing doors that could be controlled remotely from the bridge , lowered automatically by a float if water was present , or closed manually by the crew . These took about 30 seconds to close ; warning bells and alternate escape routes were provided so that the crew would not be trapped by the doors . Above the tank top level , on the Orlop Deck , F Deck and E Deck , the doors closed horizontally and were manually operated . They could be closed at the door itself or from the deck above . Although the watertight bulkheads extended well above the water line , they were not sealed at the top . If too many compartments were flooded , the ship 's bow would settle deeper in the water , and water would spill from one compartment to the next in sequence , rather like water spilling across the top of an ice cube tray . This was what happened to Titanic , which had suffered damage to the forepeak tank , the three forward holds and No. 6 boiler room , a total of five compartments . Titanic was only designed to float with any two compartments flooded , but it could remain afloat with certain combinations of three or even four compartments ( the first four ) open to the ocean . With five compartments , the tops of the bulkheads would be submerged and the ship would continue to flood . Animation showing the sequence of Titanic 's sinking Captain Smith felt the collision in his cabin and immediately came to the bridge . Informed of the situation , he summoned Thomas Andrews , Titanic 's builder , who was among a party of engineers from Harland and Wolff observing the ship 's first passenger voyage . The ship was listing five degrees to starboard and was two degrees down by the head within a few minutes of the collision . Smith and Andrews went below and found that the forward cargo holds , the mail room and the squash court were flooded , while No. 6 boiler room was already filled to a depth of 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) . Water was spilling over into No. 5 boiler room , and crewmen there were battling to pump it out . Within 45 minutes of the collision , at least 13,500 long tons ( 13,700 t ) of water had entered the ship . This was far too much for Titanic 's ballast and bilge pumps to handle ; the total pumping capacity of all the pumps combined was only 1,700 long tons ( 1,700 t ) per hour . Andrews informed the captain that the first five compartments were flooded , and therefore Titanic was doomed . By his estimate , she could remain afloat for no longer than about two hours . From the time of the collision to the moment of her sinking , at least 35,000 long tons ( 36,000 t ) of water flooded into Titanic , causing her displacement to nearly double from 48,300 long tons ( 49,100 t ) to over 83,000 long tons ( 84,000 t ) . The flooding did not proceed at a constant pace , nor was it distributed evenly throughout the ship , due to the configuration of the flooded compartments . Her initial list to starboard was caused by asymmetrical flooding of the starboard side as water poured down a passageway at the bottom of the ship . When the passageway was fully flooded , the list corrected itself but the ship later began to list to port by up to ten degrees as that side also flooded asymmetrically . Titanic 's down angle altered fairly rapidly from zero degrees to about four and a half degrees during the first hour after the collision , but the rate at which the ship went down slowed greatly for the second hour , worsening only to about five degrees . This gave many of those aboard a false sense of hope that the ship might stay afloat long enough for them to be rescued . By 1 : 30 , the sinking rate of the front section increased until Titanic reached a down angle of about ten degrees . 15 April 1912 ( edit ) Preparing to abandon ship ( 00 : 05 -- 00 : 45 ) ( edit ) Edward J. Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 At 00 : 05 on 15 April , Captain Smith ordered the ship 's lifeboats uncovered and the passengers mustered . He also ordered the radio operators to begin sending distress calls , which wrongly placed the ship on the west side of the ice belt and directed rescuers to a position that turned out to be inaccurate by about 13.5 nautical miles ( 15.5 mi / 25 km ) . Below decks , water was pouring into the lowest levels of the ship . As the mail room flooded , the mail sorters made an ultimately futile attempt to save the 400,000 items of mail being carried aboard Titanic . Elsewhere , air could be heard being forced out by inrushing water . Above them , stewards went door to door , rousing sleeping passengers and crew -- Titanic did not have a public address system -- and told them to go to the Boat Deck . The thoroughness of the muster was heavily dependent on the class of the passengers ; the first - class stewards were in charge of only a few cabins , while those responsible for the second - and third - class passengers had to manage large numbers of people . The first - class stewards provided hands - on assistance , helping their charges to get dressed and bringing them out onto the deck . With far more people to deal with , the second - and third - class stewards mostly confined their efforts to throwing open doors and telling passengers to put on lifebelts and come up top . In third class , passengers were largely left to their own devices after being informed of the need to come on deck . Many passengers and crew were reluctant to comply , either refusing to believe that there was a problem or preferring the warmth of the ship 's interior to the bitterly cold night air . The passengers were not told that the ship was sinking , though a few noticed that she was listing . Around 00 : 15 , the stewards began ordering the passengers to put on their lifebelts , though again , many passengers took the order as a joke . Some set about playing an impromptu game of association football with the ice chunks that were now strewn across the foredeck . On the boat deck , as the crew began preparing the lifeboats , it was difficult to hear anything over the noise of high - pressure steam being vented from the boilers and escaping via the valves on the funnels above . Lawrence Beesley described the sound as `` a harsh , deafening boom that made conversation difficult ; if one imagines 20 locomotives blowing off steam in a low key it would give some idea of the unpleasant sound that met us as we climbed out on the top deck . '' The noise was so loud that the crew had to use hand signals to communicate . Titanic had a total of 20 lifeboats , comprising 16 wooden boats on davits , 8 on either side of the ship , and 4 collapsible boats with wooden bottoms and canvas sides . The collapsibles were stored upside down with the sides folded in , and would have to be erected and moved to the davits for launching . Two were stored under the wooden boats and the other two were lashed atop the officers ' quarters . The position of the latter would make them extremely difficult to launch , as they weighed several tons each and had to be manhandled down to the boat deck . On average , the lifeboats could take up to 68 people each , and collectively they could accommodate 1,178 -- barely half the number of people on board and a third of the number the ship was licensed to carry . The shortage of lifeboats was not because of a lack of space nor because of cost . Titanic had been designed to accommodate up to 68 lifeboats -- enough for everyone on board -- and the price of an extra 32 lifeboats would only have been some US $16,000 ( equivalent to $397,076 in 2016 ) , a tiny fraction of the $7.5 million that the company had spent on Titanic . In an emergency , lifeboats at the time were intended to be used to transfer passengers off the distressed ship and onto a nearby vessel . It was therefore commonplace for liners to have far fewer lifeboats than needed to accommodate all their passengers and crew , and of the 39 British liners of the time of over 10,000 long tons ( 10,000 t ) , 33 had too few lifeboat places to accommodate everyone on board . The White Star Line desired the ship to have a wide promenade deck with uninterrupted views of the sea , which would have been obstructed by a continuous row of lifeboats . Captain Smith was an experienced seaman who had served for 40 years at sea , including 27 years in command . This was the first real crisis of his career , and he most certainly would have known that even if all the boats were fully occupied , more than a thousand people would remain on the ship as she went down with little or no chance of survival . As Smith began to grasp the enormity of what was about to happen , he appeared to have become paralysed by indecision . He had ordered passengers and crew to muster , but from that point onward , he failed to order his officers to put the passengers into the lifeboats ; he did not adequately organise the crew ; he failed to convey crucial information to his officers and crew ; he sometimes gave ambiguous or impractical orders and he never gave the command to abandon ship . Even some of his bridge officers were unaware for some time after the collision that the ship was sinking ; Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall did not find out until 01 : 15 , barely an hour before the ship went down , while Quartermaster George Rowe was so unaware of the emergency that after the evacuation had started , he phoned the bridge from his watch station to ask why he had just seen a lifeboat go past . Smith did not inform his officers that the ship did not have enough lifeboats to save everyone . He did not supervise the loading of the lifeboats and seemingly made no effort to find out if his orders were being followed . The crew was likewise unprepared for the emergency , as lifeboat training had been minimal . Only one lifeboat drill had been conducted while the ship was docked at Southampton . It was a cursory effort , consisting of two boats being lowered , each manned by one officer and four men who merely rowed around the dock for a few minutes before returning to the ship . The boats were supposed to be stocked with emergency supplies , but Titanic 's passengers later found that they had only been partially provisioned despite the efforts of the ship 's chief baker , Charles Joughin , and his staff to do so . No lifeboat or fire drills had been conducted since Titanic left Southampton . A lifeboat drill had been scheduled for the Sunday morning before the ship sank , but was cancelled for unknown reasons by Captain Smith . Lists had been posted on the ship assigning crew members to specific lifeboat stations , but few appeared to have read them or to have known what they were supposed to do . Most of the crew were not seamen , and even some of those had no prior experience of rowing a boat . They were now faced with the complex task of coordinating the lowering of 20 boats carrying a possible total of 1,100 people 70 feet ( 21 m ) down the sides of the ship . Thomas E. Bonsall , a historian of the disaster , has commented that the evacuation was so badly organised that `` even if they had the number ( of ) lifeboats they needed , it is impossible to see how they could have launched them '' given the lack of time and poor leadership . By about 00 : 20 , 40 minutes after the collision , the loading of the lifeboats was under way . Second Officer Lightoller recalled afterwards that he noticed Smith standing near the bridge looking out at the ocean in a trance - like daze . According to Lightoller , `` I yelled at the top of my voice , ' Had n't we better get the women and children into the boats , sir ? ' He heard me and nodded reply . '' Smith then ordered Lightoller and Murdoch to `` put the women and children in and lower away '' . Lightoller took charge of the boats on the port side and Murdoch took charge of those on the starboard side . The two officers interpreted the `` women and children '' evacuation order differently ; Murdoch took it to mean women and children first , while Lightoller took it to mean women and children only . Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board , while Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked . Neither officer knew how many people could safely be carried in the boats as they were lowered and they both erred on the side of caution by not filling them . They could have been lowered quite safely with their full complement of 68 people , especially with the highly favourable weather and sea conditions . Had this been done , an extra 500 people could have been saved ; instead , hundreds of people , predominantly men , were left on board as lifeboats were launched with many seats vacant . Few passengers at first were willing to board the lifeboats and the officers in charge of the evacuation found it difficult to persuade them . The millionaire John Jacob Astor declared : `` We are safer here than in that little boat . '' Some passengers refused flatly to embark . J. Bruce Ismay , realising the urgency of the situation , roamed the starboard boat deck urging passengers and crew to board the boats . A trickle of women , couples and single men were persuaded to board starboard lifeboat No. 7 , which became the first lifeboat to be lowered . Departure of the lifeboats ( 00 : 45 -- 02 : 05 ) ( edit ) Further information : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic `` The Sad Parting '' , illustration of 1912 At 00 : 45 , lifeboat No. 7 was rowed away from Titanic with 28 passengers on board ( despite a capacity of 65 ) . Lifeboat No. 6 , on the port side , was the next to be lowered at 00 : 55 . It also had 28 people on board , among them the `` unsinkable '' Margaret `` Molly '' Brown . Lightoller realised there was only one seaman on board ( Quartermaster Robert Hichens ) and called for volunteers . Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club stepped forward and climbed down a rope into the lifeboat ; he was the only male passenger whom Lightoller allowed to board during the port side evacuation . Peuchen 's role highlighted a key problem during the evacuation : there were hardly any seamen to man the boats . Some had been sent below to open gangway doors to allow more passengers to be evacuated , but they never returned . They were presumably trapped and drowned by the rising water below decks . Meanwhile , other crewmen fought to maintain vital services as water continued to pour into the ship below decks . The engineers and firemen worked to vent steam from the boilers to prevent them from exploding on contact with the cold water . They re-opened watertight doors in order to set up extra portable pumps in the forward compartments in a futile bid to reduce the torrent , and kept the electrical generators running to maintain lights and power throughout the ship . Steward F. Dent Ray narrowly avoided being swept away when a wooden wall between his quarters and the third - class accommodation on E deck collapsed , leaving him waist - deep in water . Two engineers , Herbert Harvey and Jonathan Shepherd ( who had just broken his left leg after falling into a manhole minutes earlier ) , died in boiler room No. 5 when , at around 00 : 45 , the bunker door separating it from the flooded No. 6 boiler room collapsed and they were swept away by `` a wave of green foam '' according to leading fireman Frederick Barrett who barely escaped from the boiler room . In boiler room No. 4 , at around 01 : 20 , water began flooding in from below , possibly indicating that the bottom of the ship had also been holed by the iceberg . The flow of water soon overwhelmed the pumps and forced the firemen and trimmers to evacuate the forward boiler rooms . Further aft , Chief Engineer William Bell , his engineering colleagues , and a handful of volunteer firemen and greasers stayed behind in the unflooded No. 1 , 2 and 3 boiler rooms and in the turbine and reciprocating engine rooms . They continued working on the boilers and the electrical generators in order to keep the ship 's lights and pumps operable and to power the radio so that distress signals could be sent . They remained at their posts until the very end , thus ensuring that Titanic 's electrics functioned until the final minutes of the sinking . None of the ship 's 35 engineers and electricians survived . Neither did any of the Titanic 's five postal clerks , who were last seen struggling to save the mail bags they had rescued from the flooded mail room . They were caught by the rising water somewhere on D deck . Many of the third - class passengers were also confronted with the sight of water pouring into their quarters on E , F and G decks . Carl Jansson , one of the relatively small number of third - class survivors , later recalled : Then I run down to my cabin to bring my other clothes , watch and bag but only had time to take the watch and coat when water with enormous force came into the cabin and I had to rush up to the deck again where I found my friends standing with lifebelts on and with terror painted on their faces . What should I do now , with no lifebelt and no shoes and no cap ? The lifeboats were lowered every few minutes on each side , but most of the boats were greatly under - filled . No. 5 left with 41 aboard , No. 3 had 32 aboard , No. 8 left with 39 and No. 1 left with just 12 out of a capacity of 40 . The evacuation did not go smoothly and passengers suffered accidents and injuries as it progressed . One woman fell between lifeboat No. 10 and the side of the ship but someone caught her by the ankle and hauled her back onto the promenade deck , where she made a second successful attempt at boarding . First - class passenger Annie Stengel broke several ribs when an overweight German - American doctor and his brother jumped into No. 5 , squashing her and knocking her unconscious . The lifeboats ' descent was likewise risky . No. 6 was nearly flooded during the descent by water discharging out of the ship 's side , but successfully made it away from the ship . No. 3 came close to disaster when , for a time , one of the davits jammed , threatening to pitch the passengers out of the lifeboat and into the sea . Distress signal Simulated RMS Titanic distress signal , in Morse code Problems playing this file ? See media help . By 01 : 20 , the seriousness of the situation was now apparent to the passengers above decks , who began saying their goodbyes , with husbands escorting their wives and children to the lifeboats . Distress flares were fired every few minutes to attract the attention of any ships nearby and the radio operators repeatedly sent the distress signal CQD . Radio operator Harold Bride suggested to his colleague Jack Phillips that he should use the new SOS signal , as it `` may be your last chance to send it '' . The two radio operators contacted other ships to ask for assistance . Several responded , of which RMS Carpathia was the closest , at 58 miles ( 93 km ) away . She was a much slower vessel than Titanic and , even driven at her maximum speed of 17 kn ( 20 mph ; 31 km / h ) , would have taken four hours to reach the sinking ship . Another to respond was SS Mount Temple , which set a course and headed for Titanic 's position but was stopped en - route by pack ice . Much nearer was SS Californian , which had warned Titanic of ice a few hours earlier . Apprehensive at his ship being caught in a large field of drift ice , Californian 's captain , Stanley Lord , had decided at about 22 : 00 to halt for the night and wait for daylight to find a way through the ice field . At 23 : 30 , 10 minutes before Titanic hit the iceberg , Californian 's sole radio operator , Cyril Evans , shut his set down for the night and went to bed . On the bridge her Third Officer , Charles Groves , saw a large vessel to starboard around 10 to 12 mi ( 16 to 19 km ) away . It made a sudden turn to port and stopped . If the radio operator of Californian had stayed at his post fifteen minutes longer , hundreds of lives might have been saved . A little over an hour later , Second Officer Herbert Stone saw five white rockets exploding above the stopped ship . Unsure what the rockets meant , he called Captain Lord , who was resting in the chartroom , and reported the sighting . Lord did not act on the report , but Stone was perturbed : `` A ship is not going to fire rockets at sea for nothing , '' he told a colleague . Distress signal sent at about 01 : 40 by Titanic 's radio operator , Jack Phillips , to the Russian ship SS Birma . This was one of Titanic 's last intelligible radio messages . By this time , it was clear to those on Titanic that the ship was indeed sinking and there would not be enough lifeboat places for everyone . Some still clung to the hope that the worst would not happen : Lucien Smith told his wife Eloise , `` It is only a matter of form to have women and children first . The ship is thoroughly equipped and everyone on her will be saved . '' Charlotte Colyer 's husband Harvey called to his wife as she was put in a lifeboat , `` Go , Lottie ! For God 's sake , be brave and go ! I 'll get a seat in another boat ! '' Other couples refused to be separated . Ida Straus , the wife of Macy 's department store co-owner and former member of the United States House of Representatives Isidor Straus , told her husband : `` We have been living together for many years . Where you go , I go . '' They sat down in a pair of deck chairs and waited for the end . The industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim changed out of his life vest and sweater into top hat and evening dress and declared his wish to go down with the ship like a gentleman . At this point , the vast majority of passengers who had boarded lifeboats were from first - and second - class . Few third - class ( steerage ) passengers had made it up onto the deck , and most were still lost in the maze of corridors or trapped behind barriers and partitions that segregated the accommodation for the steerage passengers from the first - and second - class areas . This segregation was not simply for social reasons , but was a requirement of United States immigration laws , which mandated that third - class passengers be segregated to control immigration and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases . First - and second - class passengers on transatlantic liners disembarked at the main piers on Manhattan Island , but steerage passengers had to go through health checks and processing at Ellis Island . In at least some places , Titanic 's crew appear to have actively hindered the steerage passengers ' escape . Some of the barriers were locked and guarded by crew members , apparently to prevent the steerage passengers from rushing the lifeboats . Irish survivor Margaret Murphy wrote in May 1912 : Before all the steerage passengers had even a chance of their lives , the Titanic 's sailors fastened the doors and companionways leading up from the third - class section ... A crowd of men was trying to get up to a higher deck and were fighting the sailors ; all striking and scuffling and swearing . Women and some children were there praying and crying . Then the sailors fastened down the hatchways leading to the third - class section . They said they wanted to keep the air down there so the vessel could stay up longer . It meant all hope was gone for those still down there . A long and winding route had to be taken to reach topside ; the steerage - class accommodation , located on C through G decks , was at the extreme ends of the decks , and so was the farthest away from the lifeboats . By contrast , the first - class accommodation was located on the upper decks and so was nearest . Proximity to the lifeboats thus became a key factor in determining who got into them . To add to the difficulty , many of the steerage passengers did not understand or speak English . It was perhaps no coincidence that English - speaking Irish immigrants were disproportionately represented among the steerage passengers who survived . Many of those who did survive owed their lives to third - class steward John Edward Hart , who organised three trips into the ship 's interior to escort groups of third - class passengers up to the boat deck . Others made their way through open barriers or climbed emergency ladders . Some , perhaps overwhelmed by it all , made no attempt to escape and stayed in their cabins or congregated in prayer in the third - class dining room . Leading Fireman Charles Hendrickson saw crowds of third - class passengers below decks with their trunks and possessions , as if waiting for someone to direct them . Psychologist Wynn Craig Wade attributes this to `` stoic passivity '' produced by generations of being told what to do by social superiors . August Wennerström , one of the male steerage passengers to survive , commented later that many of his companions had made no effort to save themselves . He wrote : Hundreds were in a circle ( in the third - class dining saloon ) with a preacher in the middle , praying , crying , asking God and Mary to help them . They lay there and yelled , never lifting a hand to help themselves . They had lost their own will power and expected God to do all the work for them . Launching of the last lifeboats ( 01 : 30 -- 02 : 05 ) ( edit ) Lifeboat No. 15 was nearly lowered onto lifeboat No. 13 ( depicted by Charles Dixon ) . By 01 : 30 , Titanic 's downward angle in the water was increasing and the ship was now listing slightly more to port , but not more than 5 degrees . The deteriorating situation was reflected in the tone of the messages sent from the ship : `` We are putting the women off in the boats '' at 01 : 25 , `` Engine room getting flooded '' at 01 : 35 , and at 01 : 45 , `` Engine room full up to boilers . '' This was Titanic 's last intelligible signal , sent as the ship 's electrical system began to fail ; subsequent messages were jumbled and broken . The two radio operators nonetheless continued sending out distress messages almost to the very end . The remaining boats were filled much closer to capacity and in an increasing rush . No. 11 was filled with five people more than its rated capacity . As it was lowered , it was nearly flooded by water being pumped out of the ship . No. 13 narrowly avoided the same problem but those aboard were unable to release the ropes from which the boat had been lowered . It drifted astern , directly under No. 15 as it was being lowered . The ropes were cut in time and both boats made it away safely . The first signs of panic were seen when a group of passengers attempted to rush port - side lifeboat No. 14 as it was being lowered with 40 people aboard . Fifth Officer Lowe in charge of the boat fired three warning shots in the air to control the crowd , without causing injuries . No. 16 was lowered five minutes later . Among those aboard was stewardess Violet Jessop , who would repeat the experience four years later when she survived the sinking of one of Titanic 's sister ships , Britannic , in the First World War . Collapsible boat C was launched at 01 : 40 from a now largely deserted area of the deck , as most of those on deck had moved to the stern of the ship . It was aboard this boat that White Star chairman and managing director J. Bruce Ismay , Titanic 's most controversial survivor , made his escape from the ship , an act later condemned as cowardice . At 01 : 45 , lifeboat No. 2 was lowered . While it was still at deck level , Lightoller had found the boat occupied by a number of men who , he wrote later , `` were n't British , nor of the English - speaking race ... ( but of ) the broad category known to sailors as ' dagoes ' . '' After he evicted them by threatening them with his revolver , he was unable to find enough women and children to fill the boat and lowered it with only 25 people on board out of a possible capacity of 40 . John Jacob Astor saw his wife off to safety in No. 4 boat at 01 : 55 but was refused entry by Lightoller , even though 20 of the 60 seats aboard were unoccupied . The last boat to be launched was collapsible D , which left at 02 : 05 with 25 people aboard ; two more men jumped on the boat as it was being lowered . The sea had reached the boat deck and the forecastle was deep underwater . First - class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the boat , and ultimately died in the disaster . She was one of only four women in first class to perish in the sinking . Captain Smith carried out a final tour of the deck , telling the radio operators and other crew members : `` Now it 's every man for himself . '' As passengers and crew headed to the stern , where Father Thomas Byles was hearing confessions and giving absolutions , Titanic 's band played outside the gymnasium . Titanic had two separate bands of musicians . One was a quintet led by Wallace Hartley that played after dinner and at religious services while the other was a trio who played in the reception area and outside the café and restaurant . The two bands had separate music libraries and arrangements and had not played together before the sinking . Around 30 minutes after colliding with the iceberg , the two bands were called by Captain Smith who ordered them to play in the first class lounge . Passengers present remember them playing lively tunes such as `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' . It is unknown if the two piano players were with the band at this time . The exact time is unknown , but the musicians later moved to the boat deck level where they played before moving outside onto the deck itself . Part of the enduring folklore of the Titanic sinking is that the musicians played the hymn `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' as the ship sank , but this appears to be dubious . The claim surfaced among the earliest reports of the sinking , and the hymn became so closely associated with the Titanic disaster that its opening bars were carved on the grave monument of Titanic 's bandmaster , Wallace Hartley , one of those who perished . Violet Jessop said in her 1934 account of the disaster that she had heard the hymn being played . In contrast , Archibald Gracie emphatically denied it in his own account , written soon after the sinking , and Radio Operator Harold Bride said that he had heard the band playing ragtime then `` Autumn '' , by which he may have meant Archibald Joyce 's then - popular waltz `` Songe d'Automne '' ( Autumn Dream ) . George Orrell , the bandmaster of the rescue ship , Carpathia , who spoke with survivors , related : `` The ship 's band in any emergency is expected to play to calm the passengers . After Titanic struck the iceberg the band began to play bright music , dance music , comic songs -- anything that would prevent the passengers from becoming panic - stricken ... various awe - stricken passengers began to think of the death that faced them and asked the bandmaster to play hymns . The one which appealed to all was ' Nearer My God to Thee ' . '' According to Gracie , who was near the band until that section of deck went under , the tunes played by the band were `` cheerful '' but he did n't recognise any of them , claiming that if they had played ' Nearer , My God , to Thee ' as claimed in the newspaper `` I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic . '' Several survivors who were among the last to leave the ship claimed that the band continued playing until the slope of the deck became too steep for them to stand , Gracie claimed that the band stopped playing at least 30 minutes before the vessel sank . Several witnesses support this account including A.H. Barkworth , a first - class passenger who testified : `` I do not wish to detract from the bravery of anybody , but I might mention that when I first came on deck the band was playing a waltz . The next time I passed where the band was stationed , the members had thrown down their instruments and were not to be seen . '' Bride heard the band playing as he left the radio cabin , which was by now awash , in the company of the other radio operator , Jack Phillips . He had just had a fight with a man who Bride thought was `` a stoker , or someone from below decks '' , who had attempted to steal Phillips ' lifebelt . Bride wrote later : `` I did my duty . I hope I finished ( the man ) . I do n't know . We left him on the cabin floor of the radio room , and he was not moving . '' The two radio operators went in opposite directions , Phillips aft and Bride forward towards collapsible lifeboat B . Archibald Gracie was also heading aft , but as he made his way towards the stern he found his path blocked by `` a mass of humanity several lines deep , covering the boat deck , facing us '' -- hundreds of steerage passengers , who had finally made it to the deck just as the last lifeboats departed . He gave up on the idea of going aft and jumped into the water to get away from the crowd . Others made no attempt to escape . The ship 's designer , Thomas Andrews , was reportedly last seen in the first - class smoking room , having removed his lifebelt , staring at the painting above the fireplace . Captain Smith 's fate is unclear as there are conflicting accounts of his death ; he either entered the wheelhouse on the bridge and died there when it was engulfed or jumped into the water just before the bridge was submerged and subsequently perished in the water , possibly near Collapsible B . Last minutes of sinking ( 02 : 15 -- 02 : 20 ) ( edit ) `` Nearer , My God , To Thee '' -- cartoon of 1912 At about 02 : 15 , Titanic 's angle in the water began to increase rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches . Her suddenly increasing angle caused what one survivor called a `` giant wave '' to wash along the ship from the forward end of the boat deck , sweeping many people into the sea . The parties who were trying to lower collapsible boats A and B , including Chief Officer Henry Wilde , First Officer Murdoch , Second Officer Charles Lightoller and Colonel Archibald Gracie , were swept away along with the two boats ( boat B floated away upside - down with Harold Bride trapped underneath it , and boat A ended up partly flooded and with its canvas not raised ) . Bride , Gracie and Lightoller made it onto boat B , but Murdoch and Wilde perished in the water . Lightoller opted to abandon his post to escape the growing crowds , and dived into the water from the roof of the officers ' quarters . He was sucked into the mouth of a ventilation shaft but was blown clear by `` a terrific blast of hot air '' and emerged next to the capsized lifeboat . The forward funnel collapsed under its own weight , crushing several people as it fell into the water and only narrowly missing the lifeboat . It closely missed Lightoller and created a wave that washed the boat 50 yards ( 46 m ) clear of the sinking ship . Those still on Titanic felt her structure shuddering as it underwent immense stresses . As first - class passenger Jack Thayer described it : Occasionally there had been a muffled thud or deadened explosion within the ship . Now , without warning she seemed to start forward , moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees . This movement with the water rushing up toward us was accompanied by a rumbling roar , mixed with more muffled explosions . It was like standing under a steel railway bridge while an express train passes overhead mingled with the noise of a pressed steel factory and wholesale breakage of china . Eyewitnesses saw Titanic 's stern rising high into the air as the ship tilted down in the water . It was said to have reached an angle of 30 -- 45 degrees , `` revolving apparently around a centre of gravity just astern of midships , '' as Lawrence Beesley later put it . Many survivors described a great noise , which some attributed to the boilers exploding . Beesley described it as `` partly a groan , partly a rattle , and partly a smash , and it was not a sudden roar as an explosion would be : it went on successively for some seconds , possibly fifteen to twenty '' . He attributed it to `` the engines and machinery coming loose from their bolts and bearings , and falling through the compartments , smashing everything in their way '' . After another minute , the ship 's lights flickered once and then permanently went out , plunging Titanic into darkness . Jack Thayer recalled seeing `` groups of the fifteen hundred people still aboard , clinging in clusters or bunches , like swarming bees ; only to fall in masses , pairs or singly as the great afterpart of the ship , two hundred fifty feet of it , rose into the sky . '' `` Sinking of the Titanic '' by Henry Reuterdahl Titanic 's final moments ( 02 : 20 ) ( edit ) Titanic was subjected to extreme opposing forces -- the flooded bow pulling her down while the air in the stern kept her to the surface -- which were concentrated at one of the weakest points in the structure , the area of the engine room hatch . Shortly after the lights went out , the ship split apart . The submerged bow may have remained attached to the stern by the keel for a short time , pulling the stern to a high angle before separating and leaving the stern to float for a few minutes longer . The forward part of the stern would have flooded very rapidly , causing it to tilt and then settle briefly until sinking . The ship disappeared from view at 02 : 20 , 2 hours and 40 minutes after striking the iceberg . Thayer reported that it rotated on the surface , `` gradually ( turning ) her deck away from us , as though to hide from our sight the awful spectacle ... Then , with the deadened noise of the bursting of her last few gallant bulkheads , she slid quietly away from us into the sea . '' Titanic 's surviving officers and a number of prominent survivors testified that the ship had sunk in one piece , a belief that was affirmed by the British and American inquiries into the disaster . Archibald Gracie , who was on the promenade deck with the band ( by the second funnel ) , stated that `` Titanic 's decks were intact at the time she sank , and when I sank with her , there was over seven - sixteenths of the ship already under water , and there was no indication then of any impending break of the deck or ship '' . Ballard argued that many other survivors ' accounts indicated that the ship had broken in two as it was sinking . As the engines are now known to have stayed in place along with most of the boilers , the `` great noise '' heard by witnesses and the momentary settling of the stern were presumably caused by the break - up of the ship rather than the loosening of her fittings or boiler explosions . After they went under , the bow and stern took only a few minutes to sink 3,795 metres ( 12,451 ft ) , spilling a trail of heavy machinery , tons of coal and large quantities of debris from Titanic 's interior . The two parts of the ship landed about 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) apart on a gently undulating area of the seabed . The streamlined bow section continued to descend at about the angle it had taken on the surface , striking the seabed prow - first at a shallow angle at an estimated speed of 25 -- 30 mph ( 40 -- 48 km / h ) . Its momentum caused it to dig a deep gouge into the seabed and buried the section up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) deep in sediment before it came to an abrupt halt . The sudden deceleration caused the bow 's structure to buckle downwards by several degrees just forward of the bridge . The decks at the rear end of the bow section , which had already been weakened during the break - up , collapsed one atop another . The stern section seems to have descended almost vertically , probably rotating as it fell . Empty tanks and cofferdams imploded as it descended , tearing open the structure and folding back the steel ribbing of the poop deck . The section landed with such force that it buried itself about 15 metres ( 49 ft ) deep at the rudder . The decks pancaked down on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides . Debris continued to rain down across the seabed for several hours after the sinking . Passengers and crew in the water ( 02 : 20 -- 04 : 10 ) ( edit ) Pocket watch retrieved from an unknown victim of the disaster , stopped showing a time of 2 : 28 In the immediate aftermath of the sinking , hundreds of passengers and crew were left dying in the icy sea , surrounded by debris from the ship . Titanic 's disintegration during her descent to the seabed caused buoyant chunks of debris -- timber beams , wooden doors , furniture , panelling and chunks of cork from the bulkheads -- to rocket to the surface . These injured and possibly killed some of the swimmers ; others used the debris to try to keep themselves afloat . With a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , the water was lethally cold . Second Officer Lightoller described the feeling of `` a thousand knives '' being driven into his body as he entered the sea . Some of those in the water would have died almost instantly from heart attacks caused by the sudden stress on their cardiovascular systems . Others progressed through the classic symptoms of hypothermia : extreme shivering at first , followed by a slowing and weakening pulse as body temperature dropped , before losing consciousness and dying . Those in the lifeboats were horrified to hear the sound of what Lawrence Beesley called `` every possible emotion of human fear , despair , agony , fierce resentment and blind anger mingled -- I am certain of those -- with notes of infinite surprise , as though each one were saying , ' How is it possible that this awful thing is happening to me ? That I should be caught in this death trap ? ' '' Jack Thayer compared it to the sound of `` locusts on a summer night '' , while George Rheims , who jumped moments before Titanic sank , described it as `` a dismal moaning sound which I wo n't ever forget ; it came from those poor people who were floating around , calling for help . It was horrifying , mysterious , supernatural . '' The noise of the people in the water screaming , yelling , and crying was a tremendous shock to the occupants of the lifeboats , many of whom had up to that moment believed that everyone had escaped before the ship sank . As Beesley later wrote , the cries `` came as a thunderbolt , unexpected , inconceivable , incredible . No one in any of the boats standing off a few hundred yards away can have escaped the paralysing shock of knowing that so short a distance away a tragedy , unbelievable in its magnitude , was being enacted , which we , helpless , could in no way avert or diminish . '' Colonel Archibald Gracie , one of the survivors who made it to collapsible lifeboat B. He never recovered from his ordeal and died eight months after the sinking . Only a few of those in the water survived . Among them were Archibald Gracie , Jack Thayer and Charles Lightoller , who made it to the capsized collapsible boat B. Around 12 crew members climbed on board Collapsible B , and they rescued those they could until some 35 men were clinging precariously to the upturned hull . Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them , they paddled slowly away , ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board . In his account , Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water ; `` In no instance , I am happy to say , did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance ... ( one refusal ) was met with the manly voice of a powerful man ... ' All right boys , good luck and God bless you ' . '' Several other swimmers ( probably 20 or more ) reached Collapsible boat A , which was upright but partly flooded , as its sides had not been properly raised . Its occupants had to sit for hours in a foot of freezing water , and many died of hypothermia during the night . Farther out , the other eighteen lifeboats -- most of which had empty seats -- drifted as the occupants debated what , if anything , they should do to rescue the swimmers . No. 4 boat , having remained near the sinking ship , seems to have been closest to the site of the sinking at around 50 metres ( 160 ft ) away ; this had enabled two people to drop into the boat and another to be picked up from the water before the ship sank . After the sinking , seven more men were pulled from the water , though two later died . Collapsible D rescued one male passenger who jumped in the water and swam over to the boat immediately after it had been lowered . In all the other boats , the occupants eventually decided against returning , probably out of fear that they would be capsized in the attempt . Some put their objections more bluntly ; Quartermaster Hichens , commanding lifeboat No. 6 , told the women aboard his boat that there was no point returning as there were `` only a lot of stiffs there . '' After about twenty minutes , the cries began to fade as the swimmers lapsed into unconsciousness and death . Fifth Officer Lowe , in charge of lifeboat No. 14 , `` waited until the yells and shrieks had subsided for the people to thin out '' before mounting an attempt to rescue those in the water . He gathered together five of the lifeboats and transferred the occupants between them to free up space in No. 14 . Lowe then took a crew of seven crewmen and one male passenger who volunteered to help , and then rowed back to the site of the sinking . The whole operation took about three - quarters of an hour . By the time No. 14 headed back to the site of the sinking , almost all of those in the water were dead and only a few voices could still be heard . Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon , recalled after the disaster that `` the very last cry was that of a man who had been calling loudly : ' My God ! My God ! ' He cried monotonously , in a dull , hopeless way . For an entire hour there had been an awful chorus of shrieks , gradually dying into a hopeless moan , until this last cry that I speak of . Then all was silent . '' Lowe and his crew found four men still alive , one of whom died shortly afterwards . Otherwise , all they could see were `` hundreds of bodies and lifebelts '' ; the dead `` seemed as if they had perished with the cold as their limbs were all cramped up . '' In the other boats , there was nothing the survivors could do but await the arrival of rescue ships . The air was bitterly cold and several of the boats had taken on water . The survivors could not find any food or drinkable water in the boats , and most had no lights . The situation was particularly bad aboard collapsible B , which was only kept afloat by a diminishing air pocket in the upturned hull . As dawn approached , the wind rose and the sea became increasingly choppy , forcing those on the collapsible boat to stand up to balance it . Some , exhausted by the ordeal , fell off into the sea and were drowned . It became steadily harder for the rest to keep their balance on the hull , with waves washing across it . Archibald Gracie later wrote of how he and the other survivors sitting on the upturned hull were struck by `` the utter helplessness of our position . '' Some swimmers who had reached collapsible A had not enough strength to come aboard , and had to cling to the boat 's sides . The bodies of the majority of the people who died during the night were lowered into the sea to make more room for the survivors . Rescue and departure ( 04 : 10 -- 09 : 15 ) ( edit ) Collapsible lifeboat D photographed from the deck of Carpathia on the morning of 15 April 1912 . Titanic 's survivors were rescued around 04 : 00 on 15 April by the RMS Carpathia , which had steamed through the night at high speed and at considerable risk , as the ship had to dodge numerous icebergs en route . Carpathia 's lights were first spotted around 03 : 30 , which greatly cheered the survivors , though it took several more hours for everyone to be brought aboard . The 30 or more men on collapsible B finally managed to board two other lifeboats , but one survivor died just before the transfer was made . Collapsible A was also in trouble and was now nearly awash ; many of those aboard ( maybe more than a half ) had died overnight . The remaining survivors -- an unknown number of men , estimated to be between 10 -- 11 and more than 20 , and one woman -- were transferred from A into another lifeboat , leaving behind three bodies in the boat , which was left to drift away . It was recovered a month later by the White Star liner Oceanic , with the bodies still aboard . Those on Carpathia were startled by the scene that greeted them as the sun came up : `` fields of ice on which , like points on the landscape , rested innumerable pyramids of ice . '' Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia saw ice all around , including 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic . It appeared to Carpathia 's passengers that their ship was in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs appearing like hills in the distance . As the lifeboats were brought alongside Carpathia , the survivors came aboard the ship by various means . Some were strong enough to climb up rope ladders ; others were hoisted up in slings , and the children were hoisted in mail sacks . The last lifeboat to reach the ship was Lightoller 's boat No. 12 , with 74 people aboard a boat designed to carry 65 . They were all on Carpathia by 09 : 00 . There were some scenes of joy as some families and friends were reunited , but in most cases hopes died as loved ones failed to reappear . At 09 : 15 , two more ships appeared on the scene -- Mount Temple and Californian , which had finally learned of the disaster when her radio operator returned to duty -- but by then there were no more survivors to be rescued . Carpathia had been bound for Fiume , Austria - Hungary ( now Rijeka , Croatia ) , but as she had neither the stores nor the medical facilities to cater for the survivors , Rostron ordered that a course be calculated to return the ship to New York , where the survivors could be properly looked after . Carpathia departed the area , leaving the other ships to carry out a final , fruitless , two - hour search . Aftermath ( edit ) Grief and outrage ( edit ) According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York . When Carpathia arrived at Pier 54 in New York on the evening of 18 April after a difficult voyage through pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas , some 40,000 people were standing on the wharves , alerted to the disaster by a stream of radio messages from Carpathia and other ships . It was only after Carpathia docked -- three days after Titanic 's sinking -- that the full scope of the disaster became public knowledge . Even before Carpathia arrived in New York , efforts were getting underway to retrieve the dead . Four ships chartered by the White Star Line succeeded in retrieving 328 bodies ; 119 were buried at sea , while the remaining 209 were brought ashore to the Canadian port of Halifax , Nova Scotia , where 150 of them were buried . Memorials were raised in various places -- New York , Washington , Southampton , Liverpool , Belfast and Lichfield , among others -- and ceremonies were held on both sides of the Atlantic to commemorate the dead and raise funds to aid the survivors . The bodies of most of Titanic 's victims were never recovered , and the only evidence of their deaths was found 73 years later among the debris on the seabed : pairs of shoes lying side by side , where bodies had once lain before eventually decomposing . The prevailing public reaction to the disaster was one of shock and outrage , directed against a number of issues and people : why were there so few lifeboats ? Why had Ismay saved his own life when so many others died ? Why did Titanic proceed into the ice field at full speed ? The outrage was driven not least by the survivors themselves ; even while they were aboard Carpathia on their way to New York , Beesley and other survivors determined to `` awaken public opinion to safeguard ocean travel in the future '' and wrote a public letter to The Times urging changes to maritime safety laws . In places closely associated with Titanic , the sense of grief was deep . The heaviest losses were in Southampton , home port to 699 crew members and also home to many of the passengers . Crowds of weeping women -- the wives , sisters and mothers of crew -- gathered outside the White Star offices in Southampton for news of their loved ones . Most of them were among the 549 Southampton residents who perished . In Belfast , churches were packed , and shipyard workers wept in the streets . The ship had been a symbol of Belfast 's industrial achievements , and there was not only a sense of grief but also one of guilt , as those who had built Titanic came to feel they had been responsible in some way for her loss . Public inquiries and legislation ( edit ) Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic , British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic , and Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic `` Time to get busy '' by `` Fisher '' , 1912 . Public outrage at the disaster led politicians to impose new regulations on the shipping industry . In the aftermath of the sinking , public inquiries were set up in Britain and the United States . The US inquiry began on 19 April under the chairmanship of Senator William Alden Smith , while the British inquiry commenced in London under Lord Mersey on 2 May 1912 . They reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate ; Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings ; the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed ; and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a danger area at too high a speed . Captain Lord of Californian was strongly criticised by both inquiries for failing to render assistance to Titanic . Neither inquiry found negligence by the International Mercantile Marine Co. ( the parent company ) or the White Star Line ( which owned Titanic ) to be a factor . The US inquiry concluded that those involved had followed standard practice , and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an `` act of God '' , and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe ( the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 73 lives ) and concluded that he had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' . The British inquiry also warned that `` What was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future . '' The disaster led to major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) ; both measures are still in force today . Cultural impact and wreckage ( edit ) Further information : RMS Titanic in popular culture and Wreck of the RMS Titanic Wreck of the RMS Titanic Titanic 's sinking has become a cultural phenomenon , commemorated by artists , film - makers , writers , composers , musicians and dancers from the time immediately after the sinking to the present day . On 1 September 1985 a joint US - French expedition led by Robert Ballard found the wreck of Titanic , and the ship 's rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in Titanic 's story . Numerous expeditions have been launched to film the wreck and , controversially , to salvage objects from the debris field . The first major exhibition of recovered artefacts was held at London 's National Maritime Museum in 1994 -- 95 . In 1997 , James Cameron 's eponymous film became the first movie ever to take $1 billion at the box office , and the film 's soundtrack became the best selling soundtrack recording of all time . The wreck is steadily decaying , turning to oxide at a rate of 0.5 -- 1 ton per day ( assuming one ten - thousandth of an inch per day on all surfaces ) . Eventually Titanic 's structure will collapse , and she will be reduced to a patch of rust on the seabed , with any remaining scraps of the ship 's hull mingled with her more durable fittings , like the propellers , bronze capstans , compasses and the telemotor . Casualties and survivors ( edit ) Further information : Passengers of the RMS Titanic and Crew of the RMS Titanic The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors , including confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The figures below are from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . Passengers Number aboard Percentage by total onboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Percentage saved by total onboard Percentage lost by total onboard Children First Class 6 0.3 % 5 83 % 17 % 0.2 % 0.04 % Second Class 24 1.1 % 24 0 100 % 0 % 1.1 % 0 % Third Class 79 3.6 % 27 52 34 % 66 % 1.2 % 2.4 % Total 109 4.9 % 56 53 51 % 49 % 2.5 % 2.4 % Women First Class 144 6.5 % 140 97 % 3 % 6.3 % 0.2 % Second Class 93 4.2 % 80 13 86 % 14 % 3.6 % 0.6 % Third Class 165 7.4 % 76 89 46 % 54 % 3.4 % 4.0 % Crew 23 1.0 % 20 87 % 13 % 0.9 % 0.1 % Total 425 19.1 % 316 109 74 % 26 % 14.2 % 4.9 % Men First Class 175 7.9 % 57 118 33 % 67 % 2.6 % 5.3 % Second Class 168 7.6 % 14 154 8 % 92 % 0.6 % 6.9 % Third Class 462 20.8 % 75 387 16 % 84 % 3.3 % 17.4 % Crew 885 39.8 % 192 693 22 % 78 % 8.6 % 31.2 % Total 1,690 75.9 % 338 1,352 20 % 80 % 15.2 % 60.8 % Total All 2224 100 % 710 1514 32 % 68 % 31.9 % 68.1 % Less than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . Of the groups shown in the table , 49 % of the children , 26 % of the female passengers , 82 % of the male passengers and 78 % of the crew died . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic , especially among women and children . Although less than 10 percent of first - and second - class women ( combined ) were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The only first - class child to perish was Loraine Allison , aged 2 . Proportionately , the heaviest losses were suffered by the second - class men , of whom 92 % died . Additionally , among the pets brought aboard three survived the sinking . See also ( edit ) Disasters portal List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland Sinking of the RMS Lusitania Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : At the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . Jump up ^ The 3rd was to be the RMS Britannic which never saw service as a liner ; instead she was requisitioned directly into service as His Majesty 's Hospital Ship ( HMHS ) Britannic ( during WWI ) . Jump up ^ Radio telegraphy was known as `` wireless '' in the British English of the period . ^ Jump up to : The dictionary definition of growler at Wiktionary : `` A small iceberg or ice floe which is barely visible over the surface of the water . '' Jump up ^ Despite later myth , featured for example in the 1997 film Titanic , the ship Titanic was not attempting to set a transatlantic speed record ; the White Star Line had made a conscious decision not to compete with their rivals Cunard on speed , but instead to focus on size and luxury . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 27 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Howells 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 43 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1985 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Fire Down Below - by Samuel Halpern . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 122 - 126 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1985 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1985 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1985 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Mowbray 1912 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 2000 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/science/a-new-look-at-natures-role-in-the-titanics-sinking.html Jump up ^ https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipWhereIsIcebergAlley Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brown 2000 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Peter , Stanford ( 21 Sep 2010 ) . `` The truth about the sinking of the Titanic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 Jul 2016 . In a review of Patten , Louise ( 2010 ) . Good as Gold . Quercus Publishing . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hoffman & Grimm 1982 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Testimony of Edward Wilding '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Broad 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2008 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Materials Today , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Broad 2008 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven 2007 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Ewers 2008 . Jump up ^ Mills 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Mrs J Stuart White at the US Inquiry '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 67 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Mersey 1912 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 118 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Beesley 1960 , pp. 32 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1912 , p. 141 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , pp. 250 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Cox 1999 , pp. 50 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Cox 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Gleicher 2006 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1976 , pp. 73 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Gleicher 2006 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Henry James Moore at the US Inquiry '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1976 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , pp. 91 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Akers - Jordan & Behe 2011 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Regal 2005 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Arthur Bright '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Hugh Woolner '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . A&C Black . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 9781852855000 . ^ Jump up to : Howells 1999 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Richards 2001 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Richards 2001 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Turner 2011 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , pp. 138 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Harold Bride at the US Inquiry '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Eleanor Widener , first class passenger '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shots in the dark '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Edward John Smith '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ A Night to Remember . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1998 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Winocour 1960 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , p. 299 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Gleicher 2006 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Beesley 1960 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Mowbray 1912 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Sinking CGI '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Kuntz 1998 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Uchupi , Ballard & Lange 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Aldridge 2008 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Barratt 2010 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Thomas Ranger '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 226 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 144 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 1912 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , pp. 240 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1976 , pp. 196 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 296 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 293 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Björkfors 2004 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Beesley 1960 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 221 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 191 , 196 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Foster 1997 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Portman 12 November 1994 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Mersey 1912 , pp. 110 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Copping , Jasper ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Lost child of the Titanic and the fraud that haunted her family '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Georgiou 2000 , p. 18 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2010 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beesley , Lawrence ( 1960 ) ( 1912 ) . `` The Loss of the SS . Titanic ; its Story and its Lessons '' . The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors . London : Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20610 - 3 . Björkfors , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` The Titanic Disaster and Images of National Identity in Scandinavian Literature '' . In Bergfelder , Tim ; Street , Sarah . The Titanic in myth and memory : representations in visual and literary culture . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 431 - 3 . Brown , David G. ( 2000 ) . The Last Log of the Titanic . New York : McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 136447 - 8 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - class ships : Olympic , Titanic , Britannic . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Cox , Stephen ( 1999 ) . The Titanic Story : Hard Choices , Dangerous Decisions . Chicago : Open Court Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9396 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 868 - 1 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Everett , Marshall ( 1912 ) . Wreck and Sinking of the Titanic . Chicago : Homewood Press . OCLC 558974511 . Foster , John Wilson ( 1997 ) . The Titanic Complex . Vancouver : Belcouver Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9699464 - 1 - 0 . Georgiou , Ioannis ( 2000 ) . `` The Animals on board the Titanic '' . Atlantic Daily Bulletin . Southampton : British Titanic Society . ISSN 0965 - 6391 . Gittins , Dave ; Akers - Jordan , Cathy ; Behe , George ( 2011 ) . `` Too Few Boats , Too Many Hindrances '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Gleicher , David ( 2006 ) . The Rescue of the Third Class on the Titanic : A Revisionist History . Research in Maritime History , No. 31 . St. John 's , NL : International Maritime Economic History Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9738934 - 1 - 0 . Gracie , Archibald ( 1913 ) . The Truth about the Titanic . New York : M. Kennerley . Also published as : Gracie , Archibald ( 2009 ) . Titanic : A Survivor 's Story . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 4702 - 2 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Hoffman , William ; Grimm , Jack ( 1982 ) . Beyond Reach : The Search For The Titanic . New York : Beaufort Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8253 - 0105 - 6 . Howells , Richard Parton ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22148 - 5 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Kuntz , Tom ( 1998 ) . The Titanic Disaster Hearings . New York : Pocket Book . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 748 - 6 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1987 ) . The Night Lives On . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81452 - 7 . Lynch , Donald ( 1998 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 86401 - 0 . Marcus , Geoffrey ( 1969 ) . The Maiden Voyage . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 45099 - 2 . Marshall , Logan ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters . Philadelphia : The John C. Winston Co . OCLC 1328882 . McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . Mills , Simon ( 1993 ) . RMS Olympic -- The Old Reliable . Dorset : Waterfront Publications . ISBN 0 - 946184 - 79 - 8 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Regal , Brian ( 2005 ) . Radio : The Life Story of a Technology . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33167 - 1 . Richards , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . Imperialism and Music : Britain , 1876 -- 1953 . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6143 - 1 . Turner , Steve ( 2011 ) . The Band that Played On . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 219 - 8 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) . Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Winocour , Jack , ed. ( 1960 ) . The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors . London : Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20610 - 3 . Zumdahl , Steven S. ; Zumdahl , Susan A. ( 2008 ) . Chemistry . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 12532 - 9 . Journal articles `` What really sank the Titanic ? '' . Materials Today . Elsevier . 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Maltin , Tim ( March 2012 ) . `` Did the Titanic Sink Because of an Optical Illusion ? '' . Smithsonian . Smithsonian Institution . Olson , Donald W. ; Doescher , Russell L. ; Sinnott , Roger W. ( April 2012 ) . `` Did the Moon Sink the Titanic ? '' ( PDF ) . Sky & Telescope . Cambridge , MA : Sky & Telescope Media LLC. 123 ( 4 ) : 34 -- 9 . Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . Uchupi , Elazar ; Ballard , Robert D. ; Lange , William N. ( Fall 1986 ) . `` Resting in Pieces : New Evidence About Titanic 's Final Moments '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 29 ( 3 ) : 53 -- 60 . News reports Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Broad , William J. ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` The Iceberg Was Only Part of It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Ewers , Justin ( 25 September 2008 ) . `` The Secret of How the Titanic Sank '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Investigations `` Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic '' . United States Senate Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . Portman , Jamie ( 12 November 1994 ) . `` U.K. Titanic exhibit an off - season draw '' . The Toronto Star . `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Description of Damage ) . 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinking of the RMS Titanic . Wikisource has original text related to this article : RMS Titanic Encyclopedia Titanica : facts and research about the ship and her sinking Sinking of the Titanic Flooding by Compartment ( Samuel W. Halpern ) TimesMachine browser -- The New York Times , Tuesday , April 16 , 1912 Full - length animation of the Titanic sinking on YouTube RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano , Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=806883640 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic International maritime incidents Ship collisions with icebergs 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States 1910s in Newfoundland April 1912 events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from April 2012 Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Română Русский کوردی Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the titanic hit the iceberg and sink | [
"The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean, four days into the ship's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The largest passenger liner in service at the time, Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23:40 (ship's time)[a] on Sunday, 14 April 1912. Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02:20 (05:18 GMT) on Monday, 15 April resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people, which made it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history."
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"14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912"
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-5578325905575536060 | Ariel (The Tempest) | Ariel ( the Tempest ) - wikipedia Ariel ( the Tempest ) character in The Tempest For other uses , see Ariel . Ariel The Tempest character Priscilla Horton as Ariel , 1838 . The part was played by women from the mid-1600s to about 1930 . From that time , both men and women played the role . Created by William Shakespeare Information Associate ( s ) Prospero Ariel is a spirit who appears in William Shakespeare 's play The Tempest . Ariel is bound to serve the magician Prospero , who rescued him from the tree in which he was imprisoned by Sycorax , the witch who previously inhabited the island . Prospero greets disobedience with a reminder that he saved Ariel from Sycorax 's spell , and with promises to grant Ariel his freedom . Ariel is Prospero 's eyes and ears throughout the play , using his magical abilities to cause the tempest in Act One which gives the play its name , and to foil other characters ' plots to bring down his master . Ariel 's name means Lion of God . Ariel may also be a simple play on the word `` aerial '' . Scholars have compared him to sprites depicted in other Elizabethan plays , and have managed to find several similarities between them , but one thing which makes Ariel unique is the human edge and personality given him by Shakespeare . Because the stage directions in The Tempest are so precise , critics and historians are better able to see how this play may have originally been performed than with other Shakespeare plays . Several of the scenes involving magic have clear instructions on how to create the illusion required , causing critics to make connections and guesses as to exactly what sort of technology would have been used in Shakespeare 's troupe to stage Ariel 's role in the play . Also , a line by Ariel in Act IV allows scholars to ask if the original actor for Ariel also played the part of Ceres , due to a shortage of boy actors . Ariel is widely viewed as a male character , although this view has wavered over the years , especially in the Restoration , when , for the most part , women played the role . Ariel has also been involved , though lightly , in the debate over the colonialist nature of the play , as scholars have tried to determine how he compares to the more rebellious Caliban in terms of service to the European Prospero . Whenever Caliban desired not to obey the command of Prospero , Ariel would persuade him to do the work , either by using magical powers or by using force . Contents 1 Role in the play 2 Sources 3 Staging Ariel 4 Criticism 4.1 Ariel 's gender 4.2 Post-colonialism 5 In popular culture 6 References Role in the play ( edit ) Ariel first appears in the second scene of the play to report to Prospero on his success in carrying out his command to shipwreck the King of Naples and his crew in a violent tempest . Ariel adds that , as commanded , he saw that none of the group were harmed , but that all landed safely on the island , scattered and separated along the coast . After being praised by Prospero , Ariel pleads for his freedom from the magician 's service in return . Prospero declines , reminding him of the state he was in before Prospero rescued him : Ariel had been trapped by the witch Sycorax in a `` cloven pine '' as a punishment for resisting her commands . After 12 years of pain ( and the death of Sycorax ) , Ariel was released from his prison by Prospero , who pressed the spirit into his service . The magician denies Ariel 's request for freedom at this time , but promises that on the condition he follows the rest of his commands , he will grant his wish in two days . For the rest of the play , Ariel is Prospero 's eyes and ears -- spying on the shipwrecked sailors in invisible form , but only Prospero can see Ariel . In the second act Ariel briefly appears to stop a conspiracy to kill Alonso , King of Naples , whose brother ( and heir to the dukedom ) , Sebastian , plots to kill him in his sleep . Ariel sings in the ear of Gonzalo , a councillor to Alonso , to wake him and foils the plot . Ariel also appears in Act Three to foil Caliban 's plot to turn the sailors against Prospero and murder him . Later in the same act , he appears with a clap of thunder and rebukes those who were involved in the plot to banish Prospero to the island , displaying his fearful power to the men . He is later called on to gather the spirits of the island before Miranda and Ferdinand , and to bring Trinculo , Stephano , and Caliban before Prospero for judgement . In the final act , Ariel releases the prisoners of Prospero and awakens what is left of the crew of the ship from a deep slumber . Thanks to Ariel 's work , Ferdinand and Miranda have fallen in love . Prospero is so impressed by Ariel 's matchmaking that he says that he would set Ariel free for that one act . Thus , having fulfilled Prospero 's tasks , and Prospero himself now being free to leave the island , Ariel is set free . Sources ( edit ) The source from which Shakespeare got the idea for Ariel is not known , though there have been many candidates proposed by scholars . Sprites or demons such as Ariel were viewed during the Renaissance from either religious or scientific points of view : religion seeing them as either agents of the devil or agents of God , and science viewing them as neutral subjects which could be brought under the control of the wise . Some scholars compare Ariel to demons of the air described in Renaissance demonology , while others claim that he is an archetype of a more neutral category of sprites . Several of these proposals are outlined below : `` ( Aerial spirits ) can descend to lower regions quicker than thought , and , having taken on bodies from the denser air , appear visibly at times ... These spirits often disturb the air , stir up tempests and thunders . They do not retain one form , but take on various forms ... '' -- Randall Hutchins , on the nature of sprites in Shakespeare 's day . The ' - el ' ending of Shakespeare 's name translates in Hebrew as ' God ' , placing Ariel inline with more benevolent spirits , many of which were listed in sorcery books published in Shakespeare 's day with similar suffixes . Jewish demonology , for example , had a figure by the name of Ariel who was described as the spirit of the waters . Another spirit , Uriel , is also comparable . In Isaiah 29 , an Ariel is mentioned as another name for Jerusalem . In the Geneva Bible , which Shakespeare and others of the time would have known , the entry carries an interesting footnote describing this Ariel as the `` Lyon of God . '' Further descriptions of this Ariel as having power to confuse and weaken his enemies with sounds and tempests increase the parallel . The name Ariel might also be a simple derivation of aerial , though the character 's abilities stretch beyond those of a typical air demon , encompassing fire and water demon abilities as well . Other scholars propose that the ca . 1589 play John a Kent and John a Cumber contains a character which may have been Shakespeare 's inspiration . The character , named Shrimp , is also an air demon controlled by a magician . A few scenes of the play feature this demon performing tasks nearly identical to those Shakespeare 's Ariel performed . Since it is very likely Shakespeare was familiar with the play , it is possible that Ariel is based on Shrimp , but evidence remains inconclusive . Though the actual source Shakespeare used has not yet been determined , it seems clear that Shakespeare 's Ariel and his relationship with Prospero reflects more closely the Renaissance idea of a neutral spirit under the control of a magician than the religious idea of a sprite . Shakespeare , however , refuses to make Ariel a will-less character , infusing him with desires and near - human feelings uncharacteristic of most sprites of this type . Staging Ariel ( edit ) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel , by John Everett Millais , 1850 The text of The Tempest contains more stage directions than most of Shakespeare 's plays , giving scholars an opportunity to see into the portrayal of characters such as Ariel in Shakespeare 's time . In Act III , Scene III , for example , when Ariel , as a harpy , is directed to clap his wings on a banquet table , he causes the food to disappear by a `` quainte device '' . Scholars have tried to discover just what sort of `` quainte device '' would have been used by the King 's Men in portraying this scene . Ariel 's actor would have been unable to hide the food himself , having harpy wings over his arms which cumbered movement . The actor would not even have been able to sweep the food into a receptacle behind the table , since the theatre had seating on three sides . What was needed was some sort of device to act on the signal of Ariel slapping his wings on the table . This device was probably a false table top which could be tripped by a boy underneath while the harpy 's wings covered the food . When the wings lifted , the food would be gone , apparently by magic . Later in act three , when Ariel appears and disappears with thunder , another trick was probably used , involving some sort of basket on wires , covered in cloud designs , which the Globe theatre then had . Ariel may have descended from the air in this device as a harpy , spoken his lines , and ascended in the same device . Ariel may have descended on the back of an eagle , rather than clouds , or with no device at all -- wires being attached to his harpy wings . Later Act IV , Scene 1 , Ariel says : `` when I presented Ceres / I thought to have told thee of it / but I feared lest I might anger thee . '' Earlier in the same scene , Ceres , along with Iris and Juno , had appeared at Prospero 's command in a Masque . Scholars have wondered whether Shakespeare originally intended the actor for Ariel to cover Ceres ' role , and give it away in this line . The need for a dual role may have been caused by a shortage of boys capable of playing female parts ( boys usually played all female roles in Shakespeare 's day ) as there are many female roles in The Tempest . This changing of parts requires a change in costume , which explains a lot of Ariel 's delay in scene four in carrying out Prospero 's orders . Time is allowed for the character to change from Ariel to Ceres and back . On the other side , Ceres may have been associated , by Shakespeare , to the Kairos figure , related to rhetorics , personating the opportune moment to present the convincing argument in a speech . Early critics were sceptical of the idea , saying that `` presented Ceres '' could merely mean that Ariel introduced Ceres to the gathering . More recent studies , however , have revealed that , given the small number of boys travelling with the King 's Men and the large number of parts for them to fill , there would have been little choice in the matter . The entire scene comes together in a way that leads scholars to believe that the Masque scene with the three goddesses was added as an afterthought to work around costuming and role - playing issues . Criticism ( edit ) Ariel 's gender ( edit ) Ariel taking on an illusionary form , at Prospero 's command , depicted by William Hamilton In all textual versions Ariel is referred to with the male pronoun ' his ' twice in the entire play . One example is in the stage directions at III. iii. around 52 : `` Thunder and lightning . Enter ARIEL , like a harpy ; claps his wings upon the table ; and , with a quaint device , the banquet vanishes . '' The other gender pronoun used in the dialogue at I. ii. 190 - 93 , when Ariel responds to Prospero saying : All hail , great master ! grave sir , hail ! I come To answer thy best pleasure ; be 't to fly , To swim , to dive into the fire , to ride On the curl 'd clouds ; to thy strong bidding task Ariel and all his quality . Originally , the role would have been assumed by a boy - player , but beginning in Restoration adaptations it would have been played by a woman . Since the male actor Leslie French played the part in 1930 , the role has been played by both men and women . In the 2010 Julie Taymor film version of the play , Ariel is played by Ben Whishaw , but in that same year 's Stratford Shakespeare Festival version of the play , also filmed and available on DVD , Ariel is played by Julyana Soelistyo . In the Summer of 2013 Colin Morgan played Ariel in the Globe Theatre in London . Post-colonialism ( edit ) Beginning in about 1950 , with the publication of Psychology of Colonization by Octave Mannoni , The Tempest was viewed more and more through the lens of post-colonial theory . This new way of looking at the text explored the effect of the coloniser ( Prospero ) on the colonised ( Ariel and Caliban ) . Though Ariel is often overlooked in these debates in favour of the more intriguing Caliban , he is still involved in many of the debates . The French writer Aimé Césaire , in his play Une Tempête , sets The Tempest in Haiti ; Ariel is portrayed as a mulatto who , unlike the more rebellious Caliban , feels that negotiation and partnership is the way to freedom from the colonizers . Fernandez Retamar sets his version of the play in Cuba , portraying Ariel as a wealthy Cuban ( in comparison to the lower - class Caliban ) who also must choose between rebellion or negotiation . Although scholars have suggested that his dialogue with Caliban in Act two , Scene one , contains hints of a future alliance between the two when Prospero leaves , in general , Ariel is viewed by scholars as the good servant , in comparison with the conniving Caliban -- a view which Shakespeare 's audience would have shared . Ariel is used by some postcolonial writers as a symbol of their efforts to overcome the effects of colonisation on their culture . Michelle Cliff , for example , a Jamaican author , has said that she tries to combine Caliban and Ariel within herself to create a way of writing that better represents her culture . Such reference to Ariel in postcolonial thought is not uncommon ; Ariel is even the name of a scholarly journal covering post-colonial criticism . In popular culture ( edit ) The character of Ariel , as played by David Brandon , appears in the 1978 film Jubilee as a guide for Queen Elizabeth I visiting Queen Elizabeth II 's England . Jubilee 's director , Derek Jarman , subsequently directed a film of The Tempest in 1979 . Ariel appears in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen as part of the first incarnation of the group , Prospero 's Men , alongside her master and Caliban . Ariel appears in the song `` La Romance d'Ariel '' with music by Claude Achille Debussy ( 1884 ) and text by Paul Bourget . In Aldous Huxley 's dystopian novel Brave New World , the character John Savage remarks that `` Ariel could put a girdle ' round the Earth in forty minutes '' when shown the elaborate equipment in the World State in chapter 11 . However , this line is in fact said by Puck from Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , making the quote inaccurate . A monster in the 2007 video game Silent Hill : Origins is named after and inspired by Ariel . A Titan in the Huntik : Secrets & Seekers franchise is named after and inspired by Ariel . In the 2012 series Grandma 's House , the character played by Simon Amstell is offered the part of Ariel . The novel series Théâtre Illuminata , by Lisa Mantchev , stars Ariel as one of the main characters , and he persists as so throughout the trilogy . Sylvia Plath 's most famous book of poetry is called Ariel . It is named so because she considered the poem to be the best in the book . Many readers know that the title of the poem was changed to `` The Horse '' for the less discerning newspaper readers and think the poem Ariel is simply about her riding a wild horse . Others , however , such as Nick Mount on YouTube , consider Plath 's earlier childhood fascination with The Tempest 's character Ariel and view the poem as talking about creativity and the dangerous direction her creativity was taking her . Ariel Durant , wife of historian Will Durant and joint winner of the 1968 Pulitzer prize and the 1978 Presidential Medal of Freedom , took her name from Ariel in The Tempest . One of the castaways in Lemony Snicket 's novel The End is named Ariel ; the book contains other allusions to The Tempest . Ariel appears in the second season of The Librarians . She is presented as an actual fairy , having been sucked into The Tempest by Prospero when Shakespeare wrote her into the play . For most of the season , she appears as a small blue sprite imprisoned within Prospero 's pocket watch . However , in the episode `` And the Happily Ever Afters '' , she disguises herself as a human ( Hayley McLaughlin ) , with the watch on her necklace . She helps free the Librarians from Prospero 's illusions , and is subsequently freed when the watch is destroyed in the real world . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson , W. Stacy . `` The Genesis of Ariel . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . ( July 1951 ) 2.3 pgs. 205 -- 210 Jump up ^ Reed , Robert R. Jr . `` The Probable Origin of Ariel . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . ( Jan 1960 ) 11.1 pgs. 61 -- 65 Jump up ^ Adams , John C. `` The Staging of The Tempest , III . iii . '' The Review of English Studies . ( Oct 1938 ) 14.56 pgs. 404 -- 419 Jump up ^ Smith , Irwin . `` Ariel as Ceres . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . ( July 1958 ) 9.3 pgs. 430 -- 432 Jump up ^ Smith , Irwin . `` Ariel and the Masque in The Tempest . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . ( July 1970 ) 21.3 pgs. 213 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : Button , Anne . `` Ariel . '' The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare . Ed . Michael Dobson and Stanley Wells . Oxford University Press , 2001 . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 3 July 2007 Oxford Reference Online ^ Jump up to : Cartelli , Thomas . `` After ' The Tempest : ' Shakespeare , Postcoloniality , and Michelle Cliff 's New , New World Miranda . '' Contemporary Literature . ( Apr 1995 ) 36.1 pgs. 82 -- 102 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Caribbean and African Appropriations of ' The Tempest ' . '' Critical Inquiry . ( Apr 1987 ) 13.3 pgs. 557 -- 578 Jump up ^ Dolan , Frances E. `` The Subordinate ( 's ) Plot : Petty Treason and the Forms of Domestic Rebellion . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . ( Oct 1992 ) 43.3 pgs. 317 -- 340 William Shakespeare 's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates , Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne 's Essays Ovid 's Metamorphoses Erasmus 's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1911 1963 1979 1980 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs ( Vaughan Williams ) The Tempest ( Sullivan ) The Tempest ( Sibelius ) The Tempest ( Tchaikovsky ) The Tempest ( ballet ) ( Nordheim ) `` Do n't Pay the Ferryman '' ( 1982 ) Screen Yellow Sky ( 1948 ) Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) Tempest ( 1982 ) The Journey to Melonia ( 1989 ) Prospero 's Books ( 1991 ) Painting Scene from Shakespeare 's The Tempest ( Hogarth ) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel ( Millais ) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest ( Dryden ) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest ( 1674 Duffet ) Une Tempête ( 1969 Césaire ) The Sea ( play ) ( 1973 ) I 'll Be The Devil ( 2008 ) Opera The Tempest ( 1756 Smith ) Die Geisterinsel ( libretto 1796 ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1798 Reichardt ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1805 Zumsteeg ) Der Sturm ( 1955 Martin ) Noises , Sounds & Sweet Airs ( 1991 Nyman ) The Tempest ( Adès 2004 ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 Sams ) Poetry and prose fiction `` Caliban upon Setebos '' ( Browning ) `` The Sea and the Mirror '' ( Auden ) Indigo ( Warner ) A Midsummer Tempest ( Anderson ) Island ( Rogers ) Hag - Seed ( Atwood ) Phrases `` Ariel 's Song '' `` Full fathom five '' `` What 's past is prologue '' Sculpture The Tempest ( 1966 ) LCCN : sh2008001587 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariel_(The_Tempest)&oldid=862491549 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1611 Shakespearean characters Fictional fairies and sprites Male Shakespearean characters Fictional slaves Hidden categories : Articles with short description EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français Ido Italiano Latina Nederlands Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 18 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where was ariel before prospero set him free | [
"Ariel is a spirit who appears in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Ariel is bound to serve the magician Prospero, who rescued him from the tree in which he was imprisoned by Sycorax, the witch who previously inhabited the island. Prospero greets disobedience with a reminder that he saved Ariel from Sycorax's spell, and with promises to grant Ariel his freedom. Ariel is Prospero's eyes and ears throughout the play, using his magical abilities to cause the tempest in Act One which gives the play its name, and to foil other characters' plots to bring down his master.\n"
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"the tree"
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1379148295473614225 | Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon | Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon - Wikipedia Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon Ultra Sun Pokémon Ultra Moon North American packaging artwork for Ultra Moon , depicting the Dawn Wings form of legendary Pokémon Necrozma Developer ( s ) Game Freak Publisher ( s ) Nintendo The Pokémon Company Director ( s ) Kazumasa Iwao Producer ( s ) Junichi Masuda Shigeru Ohmori Shin Uwai Takanori Sowa Takato Utsunomiya Hitoshi Yamagami Artist ( s ) Maiko Fujiwara Writer ( s ) Toshinobu Matsumiya Ryota Muranaka Hitomi Sato Composer ( s ) Minako Adachi Go Ichinose Junichi Masuda Tomoaki Oga Series Pokémon Platform ( s ) Nintendo 3DS Release WW : November 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Pokémon Ultra Sun and Pokémon Ultra Moon are role - playing video games developed by Game Freak , published by The Pokémon Company , and distributed by Nintendo for Nintendo 3DS . The paired games were released worldwide on 17 November 2017 . Announced in June 2017 , the titles are enhanced versions of Pokémon Sun and Moon with a modified storyline , similar to previous `` upper versions '' like Yellow , Crystal , Emerald , and Platinum . The games are the second installments in the seventh generation and the last planned installment of the main series Pokémon games for Nintendo 3DS . The games are set in the Hawaii - based Alola region with an alternate storyline and introduce several new characters , Pokémon , forms , and gameplay features . As with previous titles in the series , the game follows a young trainer in a Pokémon - training journey across the region . The games feature new forms of the legendary Pokémon Necrozma as version mascots . Reviews for the game are generally positive , with an aggregate score of 85 at Metacritic . Similar to previous `` upper versions '' , reviewers praised the additional features the game included while criticizing the game 's similarity to Sun and Moon . In terms of sales , the game sold over 1.2 million copies in Japan alone within three days of release and by the end of 2017 had sold over 7 million copies worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 4 Promotion and release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main article : Pokémon Sun and Moon § Gameplay Similar to previous games in the series , the games are role - playing video games with adventure elements . While set in an alternate Alola region , the mechanics and graphics remain largely the same as Pokémon Sun and Moon , with the primary differences being its modified storyline now including the Ultra Recon Squad . The player character designs are different with the first games , though they remain customizable . `` Global Missions '' , where players across the world work towards a collective goal , also made a return . Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon introduce new Ultra Beasts : Stakataka , Blacephalon and Poipole ( which evolves into Naganadel ) . In addition , there are new forms for the legendary Pokémon Necrozma , dubbed `` Dusk Mane '' and `` Dawn Wings '' forms , which are achieved by absorbing legendary Pokémon Solgaleo and Lunala , respectively ( similar to Black / White Kyurem from Black 2 and White 2 and Lusamine 's mutated form from the original Sun and Moon ) . These forms act as cover mascots for the games . Also , a new Lycanroc form , Dusk Lycanroc , is added . Players can now travel around the Alola Region to collect Totem Stickers , which allow the player to receive a Totem Pokemon . Three new activities are added : Mantine Surf , which allows the player to surf across the region 's seas ; Alola Photo Club , which allows the player to take pictures of their player character with Pokémon in various poses ; and Ultra Warp Ride , which allows the player to travel through varying Ultra Wormholes and encounter Ultra Beasts in their own worlds . New Z - Moves are available for multiple Pokémon , including Solgaleo , Lunala , Lycanroc and Mimikyu . A new upgrade to the Rotom Pokédex adds Roto - Loto , which allows the player to use boosts ( akin to O - Powers from the previous generation ) , and Z - Rotom Power , which allows the player to use Z - Moves a maximum of twice per battle . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Main article : Pokémon Sun and Moon § Setting The game puts an emphasis on the Legendary Pokémon Necrozma which , in these versions , takes Lusamine 's place as the primary antagonist of the games . Similar to the original versions , the game is set in the Alola region , based on the Hawaii islands . Although largely the same , the new games feature additional buildings and locations in comparison to the first installments . Multiple main characters featured in Sun and Moon , such as Lusamine and her children , return in the game with significant changes . A new group , the Ultra Recon Squad , is introduced with differing characters in the two games . Ultra Megalopolis , a vast city where Necrozma has robbed all of its light sources , is located within Ultra Space and is accessible through the Ultra Wormholes . Another antagonist group , Team Rainbow Rocket , is featured within a post-game story and includes all of the antagonist group leaders of the previous installments in the series , ranging from Giovanni ( Pokémon Red and Blue ) to Lysandre ( Pokémon X and Y ) . Legendary Pokémon from previous generations are also included . Plot ( edit ) See also : Pokémon Sun and Moon § Plot Similar to Sun and Moon , the player character is an eleven - year old moving to Melemele Island in Alola with their mother . During their travels in Alola following the region 's traditional island challenges , they completed trials which involved battles with powered Pokémon ( known as Totem Pokémon ) and had numerous encounters with a villainous group known as Team Skull ( led by a man named Guzma ) , a more charitable one known as the Aether Foundation ( led by a lady named Lusamine ) , and a group called the Ultra Recon Squad , who came from a different dimension , the Ultra Megalopolis , where Necrozma has stolen its light . The story revolved around a special Pokémon , nicknamed Nebby , whom transformed into a legendary Pokémon ( Solgaleo in Ultra Sun and Lunala in Ultra Moon ) and Necrozma , who attempted to seize the light from Alola . During the climax , Lusamine uses Nebby to create a wormhole to the Ultra Megalopolis , where she and Guzma attempts to fight Necrozma for the sake of the Ultra Recon Squad . However , they fail , and are thrown back into their dimension later on in the story , with Necrozma following them . Necrozma captures Nebby , now a Solgaleo in Ultra Sun or Lunala in Ultra Moon , and unleashes the Ultra Beasts upon Alola before fighting the player , but is defeated . Necrozma escapes into the Ultra Megalopolis , taking Alola 's light with it while the player , with the help of the Ultra Recon Squad , travels on a Lunala in Ultra Sun or Solgaleo in Ultra Moon through Ultra Space to reach the Ultra Megalopolis . There , the player battles Necrozma for the fate of the world , this time in its true form , and defeats it once more , bringing light back to Alola . As with traditional Pokémon games , the player has rivals : Hau , a friendly boy who joins the player during his journey , and Gladion , the estranged son of Lusamine . After completing these trials , the player proceeded to battle a newly established Elite Four and later defeats Hau to become Alola 's first Pokémon League Champion . In the post-game , the player encountered Team Rainbow Rocket , a dimensionally displaced group based off Team Rocket from Red , Blue and Yellow . The aforementioned group seized control of Aether Foundation 's headquarters and took Lusamine hostage , before a counterattack by the player , a reformed Guzma , Lillie ( who had been Nebby 's caretaker throughout the whole game until its transformation ) , and former Team Plasma Leader Colress . Battling through villainous team leaders from the past games ( Maxie and Archie from Ruby , Sapphire and Emerald , Cyrus from Diamond , Pearl and Platinum , Lysandre from X and Y and Ghetsis from Black , White , Black 2 and White 2 ) , the player finally encounteres Giovanni , leader of Rainbow Rocket who had a Mewtwo at his disposal . After the player 's victory , Giovanni vanishes , wondering `` what new world shall he unleash his evil schemes upon '' . Development ( edit ) Shigeru Ohmori , one of the game 's producers , stated that Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon were worked on by younger staff members while veterans worked on the upcoming Pokémon game for the Nintendo Switch , although some more experienced members , such as Shigeki Morimoto were assigned to it . He also stated that Game Freak was treating Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon as the `` culmination of our work with the 3DS system '' . The development team of 80 was approximately half that of Pokémon Sun and Moon despite Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon having a script twice as long as Sun and Moon . In a separate interview , Ohmori also described an idea to develop the Ultra installments formed late during the development of Sun and Moon , with the titles intended to take advantage of the momentum gained by the Pokémon series following the massively successful release of the mobile game Pokémon Go . Game director Kazumasa Iwao was in charge of the battle systems in Sun and Moon . In the post-game , the game included a tribute to former Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata , mentioning his part in the development of Gold and Silver . The game received its first patch in December 2017 , fixing several bugs . Promotion and release ( edit ) Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon were revealed in a Pokémon Direct on 6 June 2017 . Initial clerical errors in the Pokémon website showed that the games ' release date for the Nintendo Switch were `` TBA '' , although The Pokémon Company later clarified that the games were exclusive to the Nintendo 3DS . Similar with its predecessor , the game 's files were leaked in the internet before its official release , allowing software pirates to play the full game and data miners to find previously unannounced information including a new form for Necrozma , a new Ultra Beast , a new Mythical Pokémon and more . Less than a week before the game 's release , the mobile game Pokémon Go released an update which enables its players to customize their ingame avatars in the style of player characters from Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon , marking the first time the app had been used to promote a main series game . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 85 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 9 / 10 Famitsu 36 / 40 Game Informer 8.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 9 / 10 Nintendo Life 10 / 10 Nintendo World Report 8 / 10 Ultra Sun and Moon received `` generally favorable '' reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic . Review site IGN remarked that the games were `` full of smart improvements '' . Other reviewers made similar points , with GameSpot noting that despite similarities with Sun and Moon , `` Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon make enough changes to stand apart as the definitive version of the seventh generation games '' . On the other hand , Polygon criticized that the aforementioned changes were only present at the end , with the bulk of the gameplay being the same as its predecessor . Prior to release , both games were among the most highly anticipated titles for the Nintendo 3DS in 2017 , according to Nielsen . Sales ( edit ) Following release , the two games sold 1.2 million physical copies ( excluding digital copies purchased from the Nintendo eShop ) within the first three days in Japan . By the end of the year , the two games have sold over 2 million copies in Japan alone , making it the best - selling video game in the country for 2017 . Sales from Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon allowed the cumulative sales of the franchise to exceed the 300 million copies milestone . According to Amazon , Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon were their seventh - best selling video game ( or 25th for Ultra Sun and 28th for Ultra Moon , when other video game - related products and console variations are accounted for ) in 2017 . As of December 31 , 2017 , total sales reached 7.17 million copies , making it the ninth -- best selling 3DS game of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon ( ポケットモンスター ウルトラ サン ・ ウルトラ ムーン , Poketto Monsutā Urutora San ・ Urutora Mūn , `` Pocket Monsters : Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon '' ) Jump up ^ Known as Dusk Mane Necrozma and Dawn Wings Necrozma , respectively fusions with the Pokémon Solgaleo featuring in Ultra Sun and Lunala featuring in Ultra Moon Jump up ^ Stakataka only appears in Ultra Moon while Blacephalon only appears in Ultra Sun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Ultra Sun & Moon Is n't A Sequel , Has A Different Main Story With Other Worlds To Visit - Siliconera '' . Siliconera. 2017 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Matthew ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` New ' Pokemon Ultra Sun ' , ' Moon ' Trailer Teases Return Of A Beloved Lost Feature '' . WWG . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapsell , Chris ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Ultra Sun Ultra Moon Global Missions - rewards , how to register and Global Mission targets explained '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Allegra ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon get dark -- literally -- in new trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Valens , Ana ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon trailer shows off new features '' . Dot Esports . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffer , Christian . `` Mewtwo is Catchable in Pokemon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon , Other Details Revealed '' . WWG . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knezevic , Kevin ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Ultra Sun And Moon Let You Use Two Z - Moves Per Battle '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Story Details Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon 's trailer shows off a very different Alola '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Ultra Sun / Ultra Moon details - Team Rainbow Rocket , Legendary Pokemon , Battle Agency , more - Nintendo Everything '' . Nintendo Everything . 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Pokemon For Switch Is Helped By Ultra Sun And Moon , Says Dev '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Will Be the Last Pokemon RPGs for 3DS '' . IGN . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` How Pokémon Go helped shape the upcoming Ultra Sun and Moon on Nintendo 3DS '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Hide a Lovely Satoru Iwata Reference '' . IGN . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Gets an Update to Fix Bugs '' . WWG . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Ultra Sun and Moon Only Announced For 3DS Later This Year ( Update ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon dataminers leak new , rare Pokémon '' . Polygon . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Go update brings a little Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon into the game '' . Polygon . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pokemon Sun for Ultra 3DS Reviews -- Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pokemon Ultra Moon for 3DS Reviews -- Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1511 - Gematsu '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Moon : Destination Vacation '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Defreitas , Casey ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` POKEMON ULTRA SUN AND ULTRA MOON REVIEW '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Review : Pokemon Ultra Moon '' . Destructor . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Koopman , Dan ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Ultra Moon ( 3DS ) Review '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Craddock , Ryan ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Review : Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Review - 3DS '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plagge , Kallie ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Pokemon Ultra Sun And Ultra Moon Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Are Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon worth the return trip ? '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday 2017 : The Most Anticipated Video Games '' . www.nielsen.com . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan : Pokemon Ultra Sun and Pokemon Ultra Moon sell 1.2 million copies in first three days - Nintendo Everything '' . Nintendo Everything . 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dealessandri , Marie ( 15 January 2018 ) . `` Pokémon , Splatoon 2 and Dragon Quest dominate 2017 charts in Japan '' . MCV UK . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Pokémon passes 300 million games sold as it eyes Super Mario GamesBeat '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com Best Sellers of 2017 in Video Games '' . www.amazon.com . Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Title Sales Units as of 31 December 2017 '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . 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"Pokémon Ultra Sun and Pokémon Ultra Moon[a] are role-playing video games developed by Game Freak, published by The Pokémon Company, and distributed by Nintendo for Nintendo 3DS. The paired games were released worldwide on 17 November 2017. Announced in June 2017, the titles are enhanced versions of Pokémon Sun and Moon with a modified storyline, similar to previous \"upper versions\" like Yellow, Crystal, Emerald, and Platinum. The games are the second installments in the seventh generation and the last planned installment of the main series Pokémon games for Nintendo 3DS."
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5640170271919683440 | Battle of Borodino | Battle of Borodino - wikipedia Battle of Borodino `` Borodino '' redirects here . For other uses , see Borodino ( disambiguation ) . For the 1941 battle during World War II , see Battle of Moscow . For the World War II battle that was part of the Battle of Moscow , see Battle at Borodino Field . Battle of Borodino Part of the French invasion of Russia Battle of Moscow , 7th September 1812 , 1822 by Louis - François Lejeune Date 7 September 1812 Location Borodino , Russia 55 ° 31 ′ N 35 ° 49 ′ E / 55.517 ° N 35.817 ° E / 55.517 ; 35.817 Coordinates : 55 ° 31 ′ N 35 ° 49 ′ E / 55.517 ° N 35.817 ° E / 55.517 ; 35.817 Result French tactical victory Territorial changes Napoleon captures Moscow Belligerents France Duchy of Warsaw Italy Confederation of the Rhine Russian Empire Commanders and leaders Napoleon Michel Ney Joachim Murat Louis - Nicolas Davout Eugène de Beauharnais Józef Poniatowski Mikhail Kutuzov Pyotr Bagration ( DOW ) Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Strength 130,000 -- 190,000 men 587 guns 120,000 -- 160,000 men 624 guns Casualties and losses 28,000 -- 35,000 dead , wounded and captured ( inc. 47 generals , 480 officers ) 40,000 -- 45,000 dead , wounded , and captured ( inc. 23 generals , 211 officers ) French invasion of Russia Mir Ekau Saltanovka Riga Ostrovno Kobrin Vitebsk Klyastitsy Inkovo Swolna Gorodechno 1st Krasnoi Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Dahlenkirchen Shevardino Borodino Neschwitz Luboml Mesoten Muchavietz Biala Podlaska Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Liaskowa Smoliani Wolkowisk Kaidanowo 2nd Krasnoi Borisov Loschniza Berezina The Battle of Borodino ( Russian : Бороди́нское сраже́ние , tr . Borodínskoye srazhéniye ; French : Bataille de la Moskova ) was a battle fought on 7 September 1812 in the Napoleonic Wars during the French invasion of Russia . The fighting involved around 250,000 troops and left at least 70,000 casualties , making Borodino the deadliest day of the Napoleonic Wars . Napoleon 's Grande Armée launched an attack against the Russian army , driving it back from its initial positions but failing to gain a decisive victory . Both armies were exhausted after the battle and the Russians withdrew from the field the following day . Borodino represented the last Russian effort at stopping the French advance on Moscow , which fell a week later . However , the French had no clear way of forcing Czar Alexander to capitulate because the Russian army was not decisively defeated , resulting in the ultimate defeat of the French invasion following the retreat from Moscow in October . After a series of Russian retreats at the beginning of the campaign , the nobility grew alarmed about the advancing French troops and forced the Tsar to dismiss the army 's commander , Barclay de Tolly . Mikhail Kutuzov was appointed as his replacement . In a final attempt to save Moscow , the Russians made a stand near the village of Borodino , west of the town of Mozhaysk . They fortified their positions and waited for the French to attack . The Russian right wing occupied ideal defensive terrain , so the French tried to press the Russian left for much of the battle . The highlight of the fighting became the bloody struggle for the large Raevsky redoubt near the village of Borodino . The French managed to capture this redoubt late into the day , gradually forcing the rest of the Russian army to pull back as well . The Russians suffered terrible casualties during the fighting , losing over a third of their army . French losses were also heavy , exacerbating the logistical difficulties that Napoleon encountered in the campaign . The exhaustion of the French forces , and the lack of information on the condition of the Russian army , persuaded Napoleon to remain on the battlefield with his army instead of ordering the kind of vigorous pursuit reminiscent of previous campaigns . Napoleon 's Imperial Guard , the only unit on the battlefield that saw no fighting , was available to swing into action at a moment 's notice . In refusing to commit the Guard , some historians believe , he lost his one chance to destroy the Russian army and to win the campaign . The capture of Moscow proved a pyrrhic victory , since the Russians had no intention of negotiating with Napoleon for peace . The French evacuated Russia 's spiritual capital in October and conducted a difficult retreat that lasted until December , by which point the remainder of the Grande Armée had largely unraveled . Historical reports of the battle differed significantly depending on whether they originated from supporters of the French or Russian side . Factional fighting among senior officers within each army also led to conflicting accounts and disagreements over the roles of particular officers . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Napoleon 's invasion of Russia 1.2 Battle of Shevardino Redoubt 2 Opposing forces 3 Battle 3.1 Position 3.2 Bagration 's flèches 3.3 First attacks on the Raevsky redoubt 3.4 The Cossack raid on the northern flank 3.5 Final attack on Raevsky redoubt 3.6 Utitsa 3.7 Napoleon 's refusal to commit the Guard 4 End of the battle 4.1 Historiography 5 Casualties 6 Aftermath 7 Legacy 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Napoleon 's invasion of Russia ( edit ) Main article : French invasion of Russia The French Grande Armée began its invasion of Russia on 16 June 1812 . In response , Emperor Alexander I proclaimed a `` Patriotic War '' and prepared to face the French . According to the plan of German general Karl Ludwig von Phull , the Russian troops under the command of Count Michael Barclay de Tolly had to face the Grande Armée in the Vilnius region ; the remaining troops under general Pyotr Bagration would launch an attack to the French southern flank and rear . However , Phull 's plan soon proved to be a fatal mistake , as the enormous Grande Armée was more than enough to separate and crush both Russian armies at the same time . Furthermore , the participation of Tsar Alexander I as commander caused more chaos in the Russian army . The Russian forces which were massed along the Polish frontier were obliged to fall back in the face of the swift French advance . Napoleon I on the Borodino Heights , by Vasily Vereshchagin ( 1897 ) Napoleon advanced from Vitebsk , hoping to catch the Russian army in the open where he could annihilate it . The French army was not positioned well for an extended overland campaign ; it was 925 km ( 575 mi ) from its nearest supply base at Kovno ( Kaunas ) . French supply lines were vulnerable and Cossacks , light cavalry , guerrilla forces and even French deserters attacked and seriously depleted French supply columns . The central French force under Napoleon 's direct command had crossed the Niemen with 286,000 men but by the time of the battle was reduced to 161,475 , mostly through starvation and disease . Nonetheless , the prospect of a decisive battle lured Napoleon deeper into Russia and further stretched his supply lines . Infighting between Barclay 's subordinates repeatedly prevented the Russian commander from committing his forces to battle . Barclay 's fellow generals and the Russian court viewed the constant retreat as a reluctance to fight ; consequently , he was removed from command and replaced by Prince Mikhail Kutuzov on 29 August 1812 . Although the 67 - year - old General Kutuzov was not seen by his contemporaries as the equal of Napoleon , he possessed the ability to muster a good defence . He was favoured over Barclay because he was Russian whereas Barclay was of Scottish descent and officers subordinate to Barclay could accept Kutuzov , thereby uniting the army . On 18 August Kutuzov arrived at Sarevo to greet the army . After taking over the army , Kutuzov organized a strong rearguard under the command of General Konovnytsyn and then ordered the army to prepare for battle . Kutuzov understood that Barclay 's decision to retreat was correct , but the Russian troops could not accept further retreat . A battle had to occur in order to preserve the morale of the soldiers . The new commander had still not managed to establish a defensive position when the armies were within 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) of Moscow . He then ordered another retreat to Gzhatsk ( Gagarin ) on 30 August , by which time the ratio of French to Russian forces had shrunk from 3 : 1 to 5 : 4 . The time to fight had arrived . Napoleon 's Grande Armée made its final approach to Moscow from the WSW along the Smolensk Roads with the Moscow River on its left flank . A defensive line was established in the best available position along this path before Moscow near the village of Borodino . Although the Borodino field was too open and had too few natural obstacles to protect the Russian center and the left flank , it was chosen due to the protection provided by the Kolocha river , because it blocked both Smolensk -- Moscow roads and because there were simply no better locations . Starting on 3 September , Kutuzov strengthened the line with earthworks , including the Raevski Redoubt in the center - right of the line and three open , arrow - shaped `` Bagration flèches '' ( named after Pyotr Bagration ) on the left . Battle of Shevardino redoubt ( edit ) The initial Russian position , which stretched south of the new Smolensk Highway ( Napoleon 's expected route of advance ) , was anchored on its left by a pentagonal earthwork redoubt erected on a mound near the village of Shevardino . The Russian generals soon realized that their left wing was too exposed and vulnerable . So the Russian line was moved back from this position , but the Redoubt remained manned , Kutuzov stating that the fortification was manned simply to delay the advance of the French forces . Historian Dmitry Buturlin reports that it was used as an observation point to determine the course of the French advance . Historians Witner and Ratch , and many others , reported it was used as a fortification to threaten the French right flank , despite being beyond effective reach of guns of the period . The Chief of Staff of the Russian 1st Army , Aleksey Yermolov , related in his memoirs that the Russian left was shifting position when the French Army arrived sooner than expected ; thus the Battle of Shevardino became a delaying effort to shield the redeployment of the Russian left . The construction of the redoubt and its purpose is disputed by historians to this day . The conflict began on September 5 when Marshal Joachim Murat 's French forces met Konovnitzyn 's Russians in a massive cavalry clash , the Russians eventually retreating to the Kolorzkoi Cloister when their flank was threatened . Fighting resumed the next day but Konovnitzyn again retreated when Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais ' Fourth Corps arrived , threatening his flank . The Russians withdrew to the Shevardino Redoubt , where a pitched battle ensued . Murat led Nansouty 's First Cavalry Corps and Montbrun 's Second Cavalry Corps , supported by Compans 's Division of Louis Nicolas Davout 's First Infantry Corps against the redoubt . Simultaneously , Prince Josef Poniatowski 's Polish infantry attacked the position from the south . Fighting was heavy and very fierce , as the Russians refused to retreat until Kutuzov personally ordered them to do so . The French captured the redoubt , at a cost of 4,000 -- 5,000 French and 6,000 Russian casualties . The small redoubt was destroyed and covered by the dead and dying of both sides . The unexpected French advance from the west and the fall of the Shevardino redoubt threw the Russian formation into disarray . Since the left flank of their defensive position had collapsed , Russian forces withdrew to the east , constructing a makeshift position centered around the village of Utitsa . The left flank of the Russian position was thus ripe for a flanking attack . Opposing forces ( edit ) See also : Russian Army order of battle ( 1812 ) Battle of Borodino , by Peter von Hess , 1843 . In the center it shows Bagration after being wounded . A series of reforms to the Russian army had begun in 1802 , creating regiments of three battalions , each battalion having four companies . The defeats of Austerlitz , Eylau , and Friedland led to important additional reforms , though continuous fighting in the course of three wars with France , two with Sweden , and two with the Ottoman Empire had not allowed time for these to be fully implemented and absorbed . A divisional system was introduced in 1806 , and corps were established in 1812 . Prussian influence may be seen in the organizational setup . By the time of Borodino the Russian army had changed greatly from the force which met the French in 1805 - 07 . Russian forces present at the battle included 180 infantry battalions , 164 cavalry squadrons , 20 Cossack regiments , and 55 artillery batteries ( 637 artillery pieces ) . In total , the Russians fielded 155,200 troops . There were 10,000 Cossacks as well as 33,000 Russian militiamen in the area who did not participate in the battle . After the battle the militia units were broken up to provide reinforcements to depleted regular infantry battalions . Of the 637 Russian artillery pieces , 300 were held in reserve and many of these were never committed to the battle . According to historian Alexander Mikaberidze , the French army remained the finest army of its day by a good margin . The fusion of the legacy of the Ancien Régime with the formations of the French revolution and Napoleon 's reforms had transformed it into a military machine that had dominated Europe since 1805 . Each corps of the French army was in fact its own mini-army capable of independent action . French forces included 214 battalions of infantry , 317 squadrons of cavalry and 587 artillery pieces totaling of 128,000 troops . However , the French Imperial Guard , which consisted of 30 infantry battalions , 27 cavalry squadrons and 109 artillery pieces -- a total of 18,500 troops -- was never committed to action . Battle ( edit ) Position ( edit ) The ground taken up by the left wing presented no particular advantages . Some hillocks with a gentle slope , and perhaps twenty feet high , together with strips of shrubby wood , formed so confused a whole , that it was difficult to pronounce which party would have the advantage of the ground . Thus , the best side of the position , the right wing , could be of no avail to redeem the defects of the left . The whole position too strongly indicated the left flank to the French as the object of the operation , to admit to their forces being attracted to the right . -- Carl von Clausewitz , The Battle of Borodino , Mikaberidze , Alexander p. 26 Map of the battle The Russian position at Borodino consisted of a series of disconnected earthworks running in an arc from the Moskva River on the right , along its tributary , the Kolocha ( whose steep banks added to the defense ) , and towards the village of Utitsa on the left . Thick woods interspersed along the Russian left and center ( on the French side of the Kolocha ) made the deployment and control of French forces difficult , aiding the defenders . The Russian center was defended by the Raevsky Redoubt , a massive open - backed earthwork mounting nineteen 12 - pounder cannons which had a clear field of fire all the way to the banks of the Kolocha stream . Kutuzov was very concerned that the French might take the New Smolensk Road around his positions and on to Moscow so placed the more powerful 1st Army under Barclay on the right , in positions which were already strong and virtually unassailable by the French . The 2nd Army under Bagration was expected to hold the left . The fall of Shevardino unanchored the Russian left flank but Kutuzov did nothing to change these initial dispositions despite the repeated pleas of his generals to redeploy their forces . Thus , when the action began and became a defensive rather than an offensive battle for the Russians , their heavy preponderance in artillery was wasted on a right wing that would never be attacked , while the French artillery did much to help win the battle . Toll and others would make attempts to cover up their mistakes in this deployment and later attempts by historians would compound the issue . Indeed , Clausewitz also complained about Toll 's dispositions being so narrow and deep that needless losses were incurred from artillery fire . The Russian position therefore was just about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) long with about 80,000 of the 1st Army on the right and 34,000 of the 2nd Army on the left . Bagration 's flèches ( edit ) Main article : Bagration flèches Nansouty 's heavy cavalry attacks squares of Russian guardsmen to the left of Semyanovskaya ( background ) to support Ney 's attack . Detail from the Borodino Panorama by Franz Roubaud , 1912 . Russian Leib - Guard attacking at Borodino The first area of operations was on the Bagration flèches , as had been predicted by both Barclay de Tolly and Bagration . Napoleon , in command of the French forces , made errors similar to those of his Russian adversary , deploying his forces inefficiently and failing to exploit the weaknesses in the Russian line . Despite Marshal Davout 's suggestion of a maneuver to outflank the weak Russian left , the Emperor instead ordered Davout 's First Corps to move directly forward into the teeth of the defense , while the flanking maneuver was left to the weak Fifth Corps of Prince Poniatowski . The initial French attack was aimed at seizing the three Russian positions collectively known as the Bagration flèches , four arrow - head shaped , open - backed earthworks which arced out to the left en échelon in front of the Kolocha stream . These positions helped support the Russian left , which had no terrain advantages . There was much to be desired in the construction of the flèches , one officer noting that the ditches were much too shallow , the embrasures open to the ground , making them easy to enter , and that they were much too wide exposing infantry inside them . The flèches were supported by artillery from the village of Semyanovskaya , whose elevation dominated the other side of the Kolocha . The battle began at 06 : 00 with the opening of the 102 - gun French grand battery against the Russian center . Davout sent Compans 's Division against the southernmost of the flèches , with Dessaix 's Division echeloned out to the left . When Compans exited the woods on the far bank of the Kolocha , he was hit by massed Russian cannon fire ; both Compans and Dessaix were wounded , but the French continued their assault . Davout , seeing the confusion , personally led the 57th Line Regiment ( Le Terrible ) forward until he had his horse shot from under him ; he fell so hard that General Sorbier reported him as dead . General Rapp arrived to replace him , only to find Davout alive and leading the 57th forward again . Rapp then led the 61st Line Regiment forward when he was wounded ( for the 22nd time in his career ) . By 07 : 30 , Davout had gained control of the three flèches . Prince Bagration quickly led a counterattack that threw the French out of the positions , only to have Marshal Michel Ney lead a charge by the 24th Regiment that retook them . Although not enamoured of Barclay , Bagration turned to him for aid , ignoring Kutuzov altogether ; Barclay , to his credit , responded quickly , sending three guard regiments , eight grenadier battalions , and twenty - four 12 - pounder cannon at their best pace to bolster Semyаnovskaya . Colonel Toll and Kutuzov moved the Guard Reserve units forward as early as 09 : 00 hours . Ney 's infantry push Russian grenadiers back from the flèches ( which can be seen from the rear in the background ) . Detail from the Borodino Panorama . During the confused fighting , French and Russian units moved forward into impenetrable smoke and were smashed by artillery and musketry fire that was horrendous even by Napoleonic standards . Infantry and cavalrymen had difficulty maneuvering over the heaps of corpses and masses of wounded . Murat advanced with his cavalry around the flèches to attack Bagration 's infantry , but was confronted by Duka 's 2nd Cuirassier Division supported by Neverovsky 's infantry . The French carried out seven assaults against the flèches and each time were beaten back in fierce close combat . Bagration in some instances was personally leading counterattacks , and in a final attempt to push the French completely back he got hit in the leg by cannonball splinters somewhere around 11 : 00 hours . He insisted on staying on the field to observe Duka 's decisive cavalry attack . This counter-punch drove Murat to seek the cover of allied Württemberger infantry . Barclay 's reinforcements , however , were sent into the fray only to be torn to pieces by French artillery , leaving Friant 's Division in control of the Russian forward position at 11 : 30 . Dust , smoke , confusion , and exhaustion all combined to keep the French commanders on the field ( Davout , Ney , and Murat ) from comprehending that all the Russians before them had fallen back , were in confusion , and ripe for the taking . The 2nd Army 's command structure fell apart as Bagration was evacuated from the battlefield and the report of him being hit quickly spread and caused morale collapse . Napoleon , who had been sick with a cold and was too far from the action to really observe what was going on , refused to send his subordinates reinforcements . He was hesitant to release his last reserve , the Imperial Guard , so far from France . First attacks on the Raevsky redoubt ( edit ) Saxon cuirassiers and Polish lancers of Latour - Maubourg 's cavalry corps clash with Russian cuirassiers . The rise of Raevsky redoubt is on the right , the steeple of Borodino church in the background . Detail from the Borodino Panorama . Prince Eugène de Beauharnais advanced his corps against Borodino , rushing the village and capturing it from the Russian Guard Jägers . However , the advancing columns rapidly lost their cohesion ; shortly after clearing Borodino , they faced fresh Russian assault columns and retreated back to the village . General Delzons was posted to Borodino to prevent the Russians retaking it . Morand 's division then crossed to the north side of the Semyenovka stream , while the remainder of Eugène 's forces crossed three bridges across the Kolocha to the south , placing them on the same side of the stream as the Russians . He then deployed most of his artillery and began to push the Russians back toward the Raevsky redoubt . Broussier and Morand 's divisions then advanced together with furious artillery support . The redoubt changed hands as Barclay was forced to personally rally Paskevitch 's routed regiment . Kutuzov ordered Yermolov to take action ; the general brought forward three horse artillery batteries that began to blast the open - ended redoubt , while the 3rd Battalion of the Ufa Regiment and two Jäger regiments brought up by Barclay rushed in with the bayonet to eliminate Bonami 's Brigade . The Russian reinforcements ' assault returned the redoubt to Russian control . French and Russian cavalry clash behind the Raevsky redoubt . Details from Roubaud 's panoramic painting . Eugène 's artillery continued to pound Russian support columns , while Marshals Ney and Davout set up a crossfire with artillery positioned on the Semyonovskaya heights . Barclay countered by moving the Prussian General Eugen over to the right to support Miloradovich in his defense of the redoubt . The French responded to this move by sending forward General Sorbier , commander of the Imperial Guard artillery . Sorbier brought forth 36 artillery pieces from the Imperial Guard Artillery Park and also took command of 49 horse artillery pieces from Nansouty 's Ist Cavalry Corps and La Tour Maubourg 's IV Cavalry Corps , as well as of Viceroy Eugène 's own artillery , opening up a massive artillery barrage . When Barclay brought up troops against an attacking French brigade , he described it as `` a walk into Hell '' . During the height of the battle , Kutuzov 's subordinates were making all of the decisions for him ; according to Colonel Karl von Clausewitz , famous for his work On War , the Russian commander `` seemed to be in a trance . '' With the death of General Kutaisov , Chief of Artillery , most of the Russian cannon sat useless on the heights to the rear and were never ordered into battle , while the French artillery wreaked havoc on the Russians . The Cossack raid on the northern flank ( edit ) General Uvarov behind French lines ; by Auguste - Joseph Desarnod On the morning of the battle at around 07 : 30 , patrols of Don Cossacks from Matvei Platov 's pulk had discovered a ford across the Kolocha river , on the extreme Russian right ( northern ) flank . Seeing that the ground in front of them was clear of enemy forces , Platov saw an opportunity to go around the French left flank and into the enemy 's rear . He at once sent one of his aides to ask for permission from Kutuzov for such an operation . Platov 's aide was lucky enough to encounter Colonel von Toll , an enterprising member of Kutuzov 's staff , who suggested that General Uvarov 's Ist Cavalry Corps be added to the operation and at once volunteered to present the plan to the commander - in - chief . Together , they went to see Kutuzov , who nonchalantly gave his permission . There was no clear plan and no objectives had been drawn up , the whole manoeuvre being interpreted by both Kutuzov and Uvarov as a feint . Uvarov and Platov thus set off , having just around 8000 cavalrymen and 12 guns in total , and no infantry support . As Uvarov moved southwest and south and Platov moved west , they eventually arrived in the undefended rear of Viceroy Eugène 's IV Corps . This was towards midday , just as the Viceroy was getting his orders to conduct another assault on the Raevski redoubt . The sudden appearance of masses of enemy cavalry so close to the supply train and to the Emperor 's Headquarters caused panic and consternation and prompted Eugène to immediately cancel his attack and pull back his entire Corps westwards to deal with this alarming situation . Meanwhile , the two Russian cavalry commanders tried to break what French infantry they could find in the vicinity . Having no infantry of their own , the poorly coordinated Russian attacks came to nothing . Unable to achieve much else , Platov and Uvarov moved back to their own lines and the action was perceived as a failure by both Kutuzov and the Russian General Staff . As it turned out , the action had the utmost importance in the outcome of the battle , as it delayed the attack of the IV Corps on the Raevski redoubt for a critical two hours . During these two hours , the Russians were able to reassess the situation , realize the terrible state of Bagration 's 2nd Army and send reinforcements to the front line . Meanwhile , the retreat of Viceroy Eugène 's Corps had left Montbrun 's II French Cavalry Corps to fill the gap under the most murderous fire , which used and demoralized these cavalrymen , greatly reducing their combat effectiveness . The delay contradicted a military principle the Emperor had stated many times : `` Ground I may recover , time never . '' The Cossack raid contributed to Napoleon 's later decision not to commit his Imperial Guard to battle . Final attack on Raevsky redoubt ( edit ) French cuirassiers charge into the Raevsky redoubt . At 14 : 00 , Napoleon renewed the assault against the redoubt , as Broussier 's , Morand 's , and Gérard 's divisions launched a massive frontal attack , with Chastel 's light cavalry division on their left and the II Reserve Cavalry Corps on their right ; At the Russian sides , 24th Division of Likhachov was sent into the battle . The Russian fought bravely under Likachev 's motto : `` Brethren , behind us is Moscow ! '' But the French troops approached too close for the cannons to fire , and the cannoneers had to use everything to fight against their foes . General Caulaincourt ordered Watier 's cuirassier division to lead the assault . Barclay watched Eugène 's assault preparations and countered it , moving his forces against it . The French artillery , however , began bombarding the assembling force even as it gathered . Caulaincourt led the attack of Watier 's cuirassiers into the opening at the back of the redoubt and met his death as the charge was stopped cold by Russian musketry . General Thielmann then led eight Saxon and two Polish cavalry squadrons against the back of the redoubt , while officers and sergeants of his command actually forced their horses through the redoubt 's embrasures , sowing confusion and allowing the French cavalry and infantry to take the position . The battle had all but ended , with both sides so exhausted that only the artillery was still at work . At 15 : 30 , the Raevsky redoubt fell with most of the 24th Division 's troops . All the Russian cannoneers in Raevsky also died right next to their cannons , and General Likhachev was captured by the French . But , besides the dead Russian troops were the corpses of 1000 Caulaincourt 's cuirassiers , including Caulaincourt himself . However , the fall of the Raevsky redoubt did not have much meaning . The Russian troops successfully moved to the rear without being destroyed ( despite suffering heavy losses ) . So , in spite of losing some areas in the battlefield , the Russian formation was prevented from collapsing . On the French side , the gain of the Raevsky redoubt cost them large casualties and , after that , Napoleon himself ordered his troops to retreat to the starting line . The Russians then reoccupied their previous positions . Utitsa ( edit ) The third area of operations was around the village of Utitsa . The village was at the southern end of the Russian positions and lay along the old Smolensk road . It was rightly perceived as a potential weak point in the defense as a march along the road could turn the entire position at Borodino . Despite such concerns the area was a tangle of rough country thickly covered in heavy brush well suited for deploying light infantry . The forest was dense , the ground marshy and Russian Jaeger were deployed there in some numbers . Russian General Nikolay Tuchkov had some 23,000 troops but half were untrained Opolchenye ( militia ) armed only with pikes and axes and not ready for deployment . Poniatowski had about 10,000 men , all trained and eager to fight , but his first attempt did not go well . It was at once realized the massed troops and artillery could not move through the forest against Jaeger opposition so had to reverse to Yelnya and then move eastward . Tuchkov had deployed his 1st Grenadier Division in line backing it with the 3rd division in battalion columns . Some four regiments were called away to help defend the redoubts that were under attack and another 2 Jaeger regiments were deployed in the Utitsa woods , weakening the position . The Polish contingent contested control of Utitsa village , capturing it with their first attempt . Tuchkov later ejected the French forces by 08 : 00 . General Jean - Andoche Junot led the Westphalians to join the attack and again captured Utitsa , which was set on fire by the departing Russians . After the village 's capture , Russians and Poles continued to skirmish and cannonade for the rest of the day without much progress . The heavy undergrowth greatly hindered Poniatowski 's efforts but eventually he came near to cutting off Tuchkov from the rest of the Russian forces . General Barclay sent help in the form of Karl Gustav von Baggovut with Konovnitzyn in support . Any hope of real progress by the Poles was then lost . Napoleon 's refusal to commit the Guard ( edit ) Towards 15 : 00 , after hours of resistance , the Russian army was in dire straits , but the French forces were exhausted and had neither the necessary stamina nor the necessary will to carry out another assault . At this crucial juncture , Murat 's chief of staff , General Augustin Daniel Belliard rode straight to the Emperor 's Headquarters and , according to General Ségur who wrote an account of the campaign , told him that the Russian line had been breached , that the road to Mozhaysk , behind the Russian line , was visible through the gaping hole the French attack had pierced , that an enormous crowd of runaways and vehicles were hastily retreating , and that a final push would be enough to decide the fate of the Russian army and of the war . Generals Daru , Dumas and Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier also joined in and told the Emperor that everyone thought the time had come for the Guard to be committed to battle . Given the ferocity of the Russian defense , everyone was aware that such a move would cost the lives of thousands of Guardsmen , but it was thought that the presence of this prestigious unit would bolster the morale of the entire army for a final decisive push . A notable exception was Marshal Bessières , commander of the Guard cavalry , who was one of the very few senior generals to strongly advise against the intervention of the Guard . As the general staff were discussing the matter , general Rapp , a senior aide - de-camp to the Emperor , was being brought from the field of battle , having been wounded in action . Rapp immediately recommended to the Emperor that the Guard be deployed for action at which the Emperor is said to have retorted : `` I will most definitely not ; I do not want to have it blown up . I am certain of winning the battle without its intervention . '' Determined not to commit this valuable final reserve so far away from France , Napoleon rejected another such request , this time from Marshal Ney . Instead , he called the commander of the `` Young Guard '' , Marshal Mortier and instructed him to guard the field of battle without moving forward or backward , while at the same time unleashing a massive cannonade with his 400 guns . End of the battle ( edit ) Napoleon went forward to see the situation from the former Russian front lines shortly after the redoubts had been taken . The Russians had moved to the next ridge - line in much disarray ; however , that disarray was not seen from that distance with the dust and haze raised by an army on the move . Kutuzov ordered the Russian Guard to hold the line and so it did . All of the artillery that the French army had was not enough to move it . Those compact squares made good artillery targets and the Russian Guard stood in place from 4pm to 6pm unmoving under its fire resulting in huge casualties . All he could see were masses of troops in the distance and thus nothing more was attempted . Neither the attack , which relied on brute force , nor the refusal to use the Guard to finish the day 's work showed any brilliance on Napoleon 's part . M.I. Kutuzov and his staff in the meeting at Fili village , when Kutuzov decided that the Russian army had to retreat from Moscow . Painting by Aleksey Kivshenko . Only the misplacement of Russian forces by Kutuzov over both Bagration 's and Barclay 's protest prevented the ruin of the French army that day ; both the Prussian Staff Officer Karl von Clausewitz , the historian and future author of On War , and Alexander I of Russia noted that the poor positioning of troops in particular had hobbled the defense . Barclay communicated with Kutuzov in order to receive further instructions . According to Ludwig von Wolzogen ( in an account dripping with sarcasm ) , the commander was found a half - hour away on the road to Moscow , encamped with an entourage of young nobles and grandly pronouncing he would drive Napoleon off the next day . Despite his bluster , Kutuzov knew from dispatches that his army had been too badly hurt to fight a continuing action the following day . He knew exactly what he was doing : by fighting the pitched battle , he could now retreat with the Russian army still intact , lead its recovery , and force the weakened French forces to move even further from their bases of supply . The dénouement became a textbook example of what a hold logistics placed upon an army far from its center of supply . On September 8 , the Russian army moved away from the battlefield in twin columns to Semolino , allowing Napoleon to occupy Moscow and await for 5 weeks a Russian surrender that would never come . Kutuzov would proclaim over the course of several days that the Russian Army would fight again before the wall of Moscow . In fact , a site was chosen near Poklonnaya Gora within a few miles of Moscow as a battle site . However , the Russian Army had not received enough reinforcements , and it was too risky to cling to Moscow at all cost . Kutuzov understood that the Russian people never wanted to abandon Moscow , the city which was regarded as Russia 's `` second capital '' ; however he also believed that the Russian Army did not have enough force to protect that city . Kutuzov then called for a council of war at the night of September 12 at Fili village . In a heated debate that split five to four to give battle , Kutuzov , after listening to each General , endorsed retreat . Thus passed the last chance of battle before Moscow was taken . Historiography ( edit ) Estimates of the sizes of opposing forces made at different times by different historians Historian French Russian Year Buturlin 190,000 132,000 1824 Segur 130,000 120,000 1824 Chambray 133,819 130,000 1825 Fain 120,000 133,500 1827 Clausewitz 130,000 120,000 1830s Mikhailovsky - Danilivsky 160,000 128,000 1839 Bogdanovich 130,000 120,800 1859 Marbot 140,000 160,000 1860 Burton 130,000 120,800 1914 Garniich 130,665 119,300 1956 Tarle 130,000 127,800 1962 Grunward 130,000 120,000 1963 Beskrovny 135,000 126,000 1968 Chandler 156,000 120,800 1966 Thiry 120,000 133,000 1969 Holmes 130,000 120,800 1971 Duffy 133,000 125,000 1972 Tranie 127,000 120,000 1981 Nicolson 128,000 106,000 1985 Troitsky 134,000 154,800 Vasiliev 130,000 155,200 Smith 133,000 120,800 1998 Zemtsov 127,000 154,000 1999 Hourtoulle 115,000 140,000 2000 Bezotosny 135,000 150,000 It is not unusual for a pivotal battle of this era to be difficult to document . Similar difficulties exist with the Battle of Waterloo or battles of the War of 1812 in North America , while the Battle of Borodino offers its own particular challenges to accuracy . Modern historian Adam Zamoyski noted : `` No other campaign in history has been subjected to such overtly political uses . '' Personal accounts of the battle frequently magnified an individual 's own role or minimised those of rivals . The politics of the time were complex and complicated by ethnic divisions between native Russian nobility and those having second and third - generation German descent , leading to rivalry for positions in command of the army . Not only does a historian have to deal with the normal problem of a veteran looking back and recalling events as he or she would have liked them to have been , but in some cases outright malice was involved . Nor was this strictly a Russian event , as bickering and sabotage were known amongst the French marshals and their reporting generals . To `` lie like a bulletin '' was not just a French affair either , with Kutuzov in particular promoting an early form of misinformation that has continued to this day . Further distortions occurred during the Soviet years , when an adherence to a `` formula '' was the expectation during the Stalin years and for some time after that . The over-reliance of western histories on the battle and of the campaign on French sources , has been noted by later historians . The views of historians of the outcome of the battle changed with the passage of time and the changing political situations surrounding them . Kutuzov proclaimed a victory both to the army and to Emperor Alexander . While many a general throughout history claimed victory out of defeat ( Ramses II of Egypt did so ) and in this case , Kutuzov was the one man to whom the entire Russian Army could give its allegiance , but it was an army that , despite the huge losses , considered itself undefeated . Announcing a defeat would have removed Kutuzov from his command , and further damaged an army that had endured much and still stood proud . While Alexander was not deceived by the announcement , it gave him the justification needed to allow Kutuzov to march his army off to rebuild the Russian forces and later complete the near utter destruction of the French army . As such , what was said by Kutuzov and those supporting his views was allowed to pass into the histories of the time unchecked . Histories during the Soviet era raised the battle to a mythic contest with serious political overtones and had Kutuzov as the master tactician on the battlefield , directing every move with the precision of a ballet master directing his troupe . Kutuzov 's abilities on the battlefield were , in the eyes of his contemporaries and fellow Russian generals , far more complex and often described in less than flattering terms . Noted author and historian David G. Chandler writing in 1966 , echoes the Soviet era Russian histories in more than a few ways , asserting that General Kutuzov remained in control of the battle throughout , ordered counter-moves to Napoleon 's tactics personally rather than Bagration and Barclay doing so and put aside personal differences to overcome the dispositional mistakes of the Russian army . Nor is the tent scene played out ; instead Kutuzov remains with the army . Chandler also has the Russian army in much better shape moving to secondary prepared positions and seriously considering attacking the next day . Later historians Riehn and Mikaberidze have Kutuzov leaving most of the battle to Bagration and Barclay de Tolly , leaving early in the afternoon and relaying orders from his camp 30 minutes from the front . His dispositions for the battle are described as a clear mistake leaving the right far too strong and the left much too weak . Only the fact that Bagration and Barclay were to cooperate fully saved the Russian army and did much to mitigate the bad positioning . Nothing would be more damning than 300 artillery pieces standing silent on the Russian right . Casualties ( edit ) Dead soldiers of the Grande Armée on the Kolocha river bridge by Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur . The casualties of the battle were staggering : according to French General Staff Inspector P. Denniee , the Grande Armée lost approximately 28,000 soldiers : 6,562 ( including 269 officers ) were reported as dead , 21,450 as wounded . But according to French historian Aristid Martinien , at least 460 French officers ( known by name ) were killed in battle . In total , the Grande Armée lost 1,928 officers dead and wounded , including 49 generals . The list of slain included French Generals of Division Auguste - Jean - Gabriel de Caulaincourt , Louis - Pierre Montbrun , Jean Victor Tharreau and Generals of Brigade Claude Antoine Compère , François Auguste Damas , Léonard Jean Aubry Huard de Saint - Aubin , Jean Pierre Lanabère , Charles Stanislas Marion , Louis Auguste Marchand Plauzonne , and Jean Louis Romeuf . Suffering a wound on the Borodino battlefield was effectively a death sentence , as French forces did not possess enough food for the healthy , much less the sick ; consequently , equal numbers of wounded soldiers starved to death , died of their injuries , or perished through neglect . The casualties were for a single day of battle , while the Russian figures are for the 5th and the 7th , combined . Using the same accounting method for both armies brings the actual French Army casualty count to 34,000 -- 35,000 . Some 52,000 Russian troops were reported as dead , wounded or missing , including 1,000 prisoners ; some 8,000 men were separated from their units and returned over the next few days , bringing the total Russian losses to 44,000 . Twenty - two Russian generals were killed or wounded , including Prince Bagration , who died of his wounds on 24 September . Historian Gwynne Dyer compared the carnage at Borodino to `` a fully - loaded 747 crashing , with no survivors , every 5 minutes for eight hours . '' Taken as a one - day battle in the scope of the Napoleonic conflict , this was the bloodiest battle of this series of conflicts with combined casualties between 72,000 and 73,000 . The next nearest battle would be Waterloo , at about 55,000 for the day . In the historiography of this battle , the figures would be deliberately inflated or underplayed by the generals of both sides attempting to lessen the impact the figures would have on public opinion both during aftermath of the battle or , for political reasons , later during the Soviet period . Aftermath ( edit ) Although the Battle of Borodino can be seen as a victory for Napoleon , some scholars and contemporaries described Borodino as a Pyrrhic victory . Russian historian Oleg Sokolov posits that Borodino constituted a Pyrrhic victory for the French , which would ultimately cost Napoleon the war and his crown , although at the time none of this was apparent to either side . Sokolov adds that the decision to not commit the Guard saved the Russians from an Austerlitz - style defeat and quotes Marshal Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr , one of Napoleon 's finest strategists , who analyzed the battle and concluded that an intervention of the Guard would have torn the Russian army to pieces and allowed Napoleon to safely follow his plans to take winter quarters in Moscow and resume his successful campaign in spring or offer the Tsar acceptable peace terms . Digby Smith calls Borodino ' a draw ' but believes that posterity proved Napoleon right in his decision to not commit the Guard so far away from his homeland . According to Christopher Duffy , the battle of Borodino could be seen as a new Battle of Torgau in the 18th century , when both of the sides sustained terrible losses but neither could achieve their tactical goals , and the battle itself did not have a clear result , although both sides claimed the battle as their own victory . However , in a long term war of attrition , the battle was just one more source of losses to the French when they were losing two men to one . Both the French and the Russians suffered terribly but the Russians had reserve troops , and a clear advantage in the logistics war . The French Army supplies came over a long road lined with hostile forces . According to Rhien , so long as the Russian Army existed the French continued to lose . This victory ultimately cost Napoleon his army , as it allowed the French emperor to believe that the campaign was winnable , exhausting his forces as he went on to Moscow to await a surrender that would never come . Historian Rhiem notes that the Borodino victory allowed Napoleon to move on to Moscow , where -- even allowing for the arrival of reinforcements -- the French Army only possessed a maximum of 95,000 men , who would be ill - equipped to win a battle due to a lack of supplies and ammunition . The Grande Armée suffered 66 % of its casualties by the time of the Moscow retreat ; snow , starvation , and typhus ensured that only 23,000 men crossed the Russian border alive . Furthermore , while the Russian army suffered heavy casualties in the battle , they had fully recovered by the time of Napoleon 's retreat from Moscow ; they immediately began to interfere with the French withdrawal , costing Napoleon much of his surviving army . Legacy ( edit ) 1987 Soviet commemorative coin , reverse Historical reenactment of 1812 battle near Borodino , 2011 Historical reenactment of 1812 battle near Borodino , 2011 Poet Mikhail Lermontov romanticized the battle in his poem Borodino . The battle was famously described by Count Leo Tolstoy as `` a continuous slaughter which could be of no avail either to the French or the Russians '' in the culminating books X and XI of his novel War and Peace . The Imperial Russian Navy named a battleship after the battle . A huge panorama representing the battle was painted by Franz Roubaud for the centenary of Borodino and installed on the Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow to mark the 150th anniversary of the event . Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky also composed his 1812 Overture to commemorate the battle . In Russia , the Battle of Borodino is reenacted yearly on the first Sunday of September . On the battlefield itself , the Bagration flèches are preserved ; a modest monument has been constructed in honour of the French soldiers who fell in the battle . There are also remnants of trenches from the seven - day battle fought at the same battlefield in 1941 between the Soviet and German forces ( which took fewer human lives than the one of 1812 ) . A commemorative 1 - ruble coin was released in the Soviet Union in 1987 to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino , and four million were minted . A minor planet 3544 Borodino , discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1977 was named after the village Borodino . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Several states belonging to the Confederation of the Rhine provided military contingents during this battle : the kingdoms of Bavaria , Westphalia , Württemberg , Saxony and the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Jump up ^ Note that although no official flag existed during this period , the tricolour represents the officer sash colours and the Double Eagle represents the Tsar 's official state symbol . Jump up ^ See the aftermath section Jump up ^ Richard K. Riehn , Napoleon 's Russian Campaign , John Wiley & Sons , 2005 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Herman Lindqvist . Napoleon , p. 368 , chapter 20 , ' The battle of Borodino , the bloodiest of them all ' ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , p. 392 . Jump up ^ 26 August in the Julian calendar then used in Russia . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 255 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Lê Vinh Quốc ( chủ biên ) , Nguyễn Thị Thư , Lê Phụng Hoàng , Các nhân vật Lịch sử Cận đại , Tập II : Nga . NXB Giáo dục , Tp . Hồ Chí Minh 1997 ; Chương IV : Cutudốp . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 237 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 33 Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze p. 57 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 479 . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 26 , 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 243 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze , Biographies , Peter Bagration : The Best Georgian General of the Napoleonic Wars , Chapter XII : Chapter 12 : Borodino -- the Final Glory ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Hourtoulle , François - Guy ( 2000 ) . Borodino -- La Moskowa : La Bataille des Redoutes . Histoire et collections . p. 44 . ISBN 2 - 908182 - 95 - 5 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 249 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Smith , `` Great Cavalry Charges ... '' , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Smith , `` Great Cavalry Charges ... '' , pp. 122 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Duffy , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Riehn , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 137 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Sokolov , pp. 454 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Pigeard , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Riehn , pp. 253 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 221 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Mikaberidze , pp. xi -- xii . Jump up ^ `` Out in the Cold '' . The Washington Post . August 8 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Napoleon was in the habit of issuing regular bulletins describing his campaigns . ' To lie like a bulletin ' was a recognised phrase amongst his troops . Herold , J. Christopher ( 1969 ) . The Mind of Napoleon , A Selection from His Written and Spoken Words . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08523 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ The Campaigns of Napoleon , Volume 1 By David G. Chandler , pp. 806 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 198 . Jump up ^ P. Denniee . Itineraire de l'Empereur Napoleon . Paris , 1842 . ^ Jump up to : Martinien A. Tableaux par corps et par batailles des officiers tues et blesses pendant les guerres de l'Empire ( 1805 -- 1815 ) . P. , 1899 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 391 Jump up ^ Riehn , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts . Napoleon and Wellington : the Battle of Waterloo and the great commanders who fought it . Simon and Schuster , 2001 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2832 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2832 - 9 , p. 254 ; Theodore Ayrault Dodge . Napoleon ; a History of the Art of War : From the beginning of the Peninsular war to the end of the Russian campaign , with a detailed account of the Napoleonic wars . Volume 3 of Napoleon ; a History of the Art of War , Great captains Houghton , Mifflin and company , 1907 , p. 583 ; David Avrom Bell . The first total war : Napoleon 's Europe and the birth of warfare as we know it . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 34965 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 34965 - 4 , p. 295 ; Alistair Horne . How Far from Austerlitz ? : Napoleon 1805 -- 1815 . Macmillan , 1998 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 18724 - 8 / ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 18724 - 8 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Smith , `` Great Cavalry Charges ... '' , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Christopher Duffy , Frederick the Great : A Military Life , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Christopher Duffy , Borodino and the War of 1812 , p. 11 . Seeley , Service , 1972 , trang 11 ; ISBN 0 - 85422 - 077 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : a political , social , and military history , Tập 1 , trang 174 . Jump up ^ Text of Borodino in Russian . Jump up ^ Добро пожаловать на сервер `` Монетный двор '' . Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz D. ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of Minor Planet Names ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Springer Verlag . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . References ( edit ) Chandler , David G. ( 1995 ) . The Campaigns of Napoleon . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 523660 - 8 . Chandler , David G. ( 1999 ) ( First published 1993 ) . Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars . Ware , UK : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84022 - 203 - 6 . Chandler , David ; Nafziger , George F. ( 1988 ) . Napoleon 's Invasion of Russia . Novato CA : Presidio Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89141 - 661 - 6 . Duffy , Christopher ( 1972 ) . Borodino and the War of 1812 . London : Cassell & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35278 - 4 . Dyer , Gwynne ( 1988 ) . War . Crown Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 55615 - 3 . Haythornthwaite , Philip ( 2012 ) . Borodino 1812 ; Napoleon 's great gamble . Osprey Publishing ; Campaign Series # 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 696 - 7 . Hourtoulle , F.G. ( 2000 ) . Borodino : The Moskova . The Battle for the Redoubts . Paris : Histoire & Collections . ISBN 978 - 2 - 908182 - 96 - 5 . Mikaberidze , Alexander ( 2007 ) . The Battle of Borodino : Napoleon Against Kutuzov . London : Pen & Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 404 - 9 . Markham , David ( 2005 ) . Napoleon for Dummies . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 9798 - 5 . ( in French ) Pigeard , Alain ( 2004 ) . Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon . Tallandier , Bibliothèque Napoléonienne . ISBN 2 - 84734 - 073 - 4 . ( in Russian ) Razin , Eugene A. ( 1966 ) . История военного искусства ( History of Military Art ) . Moscow : Воениздат . Riehn , Richard K. ( 2001 ) . 1812 : Napoleon 's Russian Campaign . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 54302 - 2 . Smith , Digby ( 1998 ) . The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 276 - 7 . Smith , Digby ( 2003 ) . Charge ! Great Cavalry Charges of the Napoleonic Wars . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 541 - 6 . ( in French ) Sokolov , Oleg ( 2005 ) . L'armée de Napoléon . Éditions Commios . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9518364 - 1 - 9 . ( in Russian ) Troitsky , Nikolai ( 2003 ) . Фельдмаршал Кутузов : Мифы и Факты ( Field Marshal Kutuzov : Myths and Facts ) . Moscow : Центрполиграф . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Borodino . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Borodino . First - hand account of the battle by Louis - François , Baron Lejeune a French aide - de-camp A very detailed description of the battle Borodino : maps , diagrams , illustrations The celebration of the centennial anniversary of Victory in the Patriotic war of 1812 . Emperor Nicholas II on Borodinsky celebrations 1912 . The Battle of Borodino , situation at 12.30 p.m. Visual tour of Borodino Panorama by Franz A. Roubaud The battle of Borodino reconstruction. 195 Anniversary Photos Order of Battle of the Imperial Russian Armies French Army , Battle of Borodino , 5 -- 7 September 1812 ( George Nafziger collection ) Russian Army , Battle of Borodino , 5 -- 7 September 1812 ( George Nafziger collection ) Napoleonic Wars Third Coalition Fourth Coalition Peninsular War Fifth Coalition French Invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition Seventh Coalition Belli - gerents France , client states and allies France Polish Legions Italy Holland Etruria Swiss Confederation Naples Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark -- Norway Ottoman Empire Persia Spain Coalition forces United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia Spain Portugal Sicily Papal States Ottoman Empire Persia Sardinia Sweden Netherlands Brunswick Hanover Nassau French Royalists Major battles Prelude French Revolution First Coalition Second Coalition 18 Brumaire Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Duc d'Enghien Execution Coronation of Napoleon 1805 Diamond Rock Cape Finisterre Wertingen Günzburg Haslach - Jungingen Elchingen Ulm Verona Trafalgar Caldiero Cape Ortegal Amstetten Dürenstein Schöngrabern Austerlitz 1806 Gaeta Campo Tenese Maida Schleiz Saalfeld Jena -- Auerstedt Erfurt Halle Magdeburg Prenzlau Pasewalk Stettin Waren - Nossentin Lübeck Greater Poland uprising Hamelin Czarnowo Golymin Pułtusk 1807 Mohrungen Stralsund Eylau Ostrołęka Kolberg Danzig Mileto Guttstadt - Deppen Heilsberg Friedland Copenhagen Invasion of Portugal 1808 Dos de Mayo Bruch Rosily Squadron Cabezón 1st Zaragoza Valencia Medina de Rioseco Bailén Roliça Vimeiro Pancorbo Valmaseda Burgos Espinosa Tudela Somosierra 2nd Zaragoza Sahagún Benavente 1809 Castellón Uclés Corunna Valls Tyrolean Rebellion Villafranca Yevenes / Yébenes Ciudad Real 1st Porto Medellín Bergisel Sacile Teugen - Hausen Raszyn Abensberg Landshut Eckmühl Ratisbon Neumarkt - Sankt Veit Dalmatian Campaign Ebelsberg Gerona Piave River Grijó 2nd Porto Wörgl Tarvis Aspern - Essling Alcañiz Sankt Michael Stralsund Raab María Graz Wagram Korneuburg Stockerau Gefrees Hollabrunn Schöngrabern Armistice of Znaim Talavera Walcheren Campaign Ölper Almonacid Tamames Ocaña Alba de Tormes 1810 Cádiz Astorga Ciudad Rodrigo Barquilla Côa Almeida Bussaco 1811 Gebora Barrosa Pombal Redinha Casal Novo Campo Maior Sabugal Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Tarragona Albuera Usagre Saguntum Arroyo dos Molinos Valencia 1812 Ciudad Rodrigo Badajoz Villagarcia Almaraz Maguilla Mir Ekau Salamanca García Hernández Saltanovka Ostrovno Vitebsk Kobryn Klyastitsy Majadahonda Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Mesoten Borodino Burgos Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Venta del Pozo Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Smoliani Krasnoi Berezina 1813 Castalla Lützen Bautzen Tarragona Luckau Vitoria San Sebastián Pyrenees Sorauren Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden 1st Kulm San Marcial Dennewitz 2nd Kulm Göhrde Bidassoa Leipzig Hanau Nivelle Bornhöved Sehested 1814 Brienne La Rothière Mincio River Champaubert Montmirail Château - Thierry Vauchamps Garris Mormant Montereau Orthez Bar - sur - Aube Laon Reims Craonne Arcis - sur - Aube Fère - Champenoise Saint - Dizier Montmartre Paris Toulouse Bayonne 1815 Panaro Occhiobello Carpi Casaglia Ronco Cesenatico Pesaro Scapezzano Tolentino Ancona Castel di Sangro San Germano Gaeta Quatre Bras Ligny Waterloo Wavre Rocheserviere La Suffel Rocquencourt Issy Info French and ally military and political leaders Napoleon Louis - Alexandre Berthier Joachim Murat Louis - Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Michel Ney Jean - de-Dieu Soult Marshal Victor Jean - Baptiste Bessières Pierre - Charles Villeneuve Joseph I Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Prince Poniatowski Prince Eugène Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I of Saxony Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick VI of Denmark Coalition military and political leaders Duke of Wellington Rowland Hill John Moore Horatio Nelson Thomas Cochrane Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor Manuel Lapeña Archduke Charles Prince von Schwarzenberg Archduke John of Austria Alexander I of Russia Mikhail Kutuzov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Count Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration Frederick William III of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII of Spain Miguel de Álava Maria I of Portugal Prince Regent John of Portugal Count of Feira William , Prince of Orange Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Prince Charles John of Sweden Louis XVIII of France Related conflicts Anglo - Russian War Anglo - Spanish War Anglo - Swedish War Anglo - Turkish War English Wars Gunboat War Dano - Swedish War Finnish War Pomeranian War ( Franco - Swedish War ) Russo - Persian War Russo - Turkish War Spanish American wars of independence Swedish -- Norwegian War War of 1812 Treaties Campo Formio Lunéville Amiens Artlenburg Pressburg Finckenstein Tilsit Cintra Schönbrunn Paris ( 1810 ) Paris ( 1812 ) Tauroggen Ried Chaumont Kiel Mantua Casalanza Paris ( 1815 ) Miscellaneous Bibliography Bourbon Restoration Casualties Congress of Erfurt Continental System Conference of Dresden England expects that every man will do his duty Grande Armée Longwood House Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&oldid=856829099 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1812 Battles of the Napoleonic Wars Battles involving Poland Battles involving Russia History of Moscow Oblast Battles involving France 1812 in the Russian Empire Battles involving the Kingdom of Italy ( Napoleonic ) September 1812 events Battles of the French invasion of Russia Hidden categories : Good articles Articles containing French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the battle of borodino in 1812 | [
"Battle of BorodinoPart of the French invasion of RussiaBattle of Moscow, 7th September 1812, 1822 by Louis-François LejeuneDate7 September 1812LocationBorodino, Russia55°31′N 35°49′E / 55.517°N 35.817°E / 55.517; 35.817Coordinates: 55°31′N 35°49′E / 55.517°N 35.817°E / 55.517; 35.817Result\nFrench tactical victory[3]Territorialchanges\nNapoleon captures MoscowBelligerents\n France\n\n Duchy of Warsaw\n Italy\nConfederation of the Rhine[1]\n Russian Empire[2]Commanders and leaders\n\n Napoleon\n Michel Ney\n Joachim Murat\n Louis-Nicolas Davout\n Eugène de Beauharnais\n Józef Poniatowski\n\n\n Mikhail Kutuzov\n Pyotr Bagration (DOW)\n Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly\nStrength\n130,000–190,000 men587 guns[4]\n120,000–160,000 men624 gunsCasualties and losses\n28,000–35,000 dead, wounded and captured[5] [6](inc. 47 generals, 480 officers)\n40,000–45,000 dead, wounded, and captured[6][7] (inc. 23 generals, 211 officers)"
] | [
"France"
] |
-2055749844548164197 | Degrassi: The Next Generation | Degrassi : the Next Generation - Wikipedia Degrassi : the Next Generation Jump to : navigation , search `` Degrassi ( TV series ) '' redirects here . For other series , see Degrassi ( franchise ) . Not to be confused with Degrassi : Next Class . Degrassi : The Next Generation Logo used in seasons 1 -- 5 & 8 -- 9 Also known as Degrassi ( seasons 10 -- 14 ) Genre Teen drama Created by Yan Moore Linda Schuyler Starring Main Cast Theme music composer Jody Colero Jim McGrath Stephen Stohn Opening theme `` Whatever It Takes '' Composer ( s ) Jim McGrath Tim Welch Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 385 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Linda Schuyler Stephen Stohn Brendon Yorke Producer ( s ) David Lowe Stefan Brogren Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Editor ( s ) Gordon Thorne Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Epitome Pictures DHX Media Bell Media Distributor Entertainment One ( Canada ) DHX Media ( International ) Release Original network CTV ( 2001 -- 09 ) MuchMusic ( 2010 -- 13 ) MTV Canada ( 2013 -- 15 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV Season 1 -- 3 ) 1080i ( HDTV Season 4 -- 14 ) Original release October 14 , 2001 -- August 2 , 2015 Chronology Preceded by School 's Out Degrassi High Degrassi Junior High Followed by Degrassi : Next Class Related shows The Kids of Degrassi Street Degrassi Talks External links Website degrassi.tv Degrassi : The Next Generation ( later renamed Degrassi for seasons ten through fourteen ) is a Canadian teen drama television series set in the Degrassi universe , which was created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979 . It is the fourth series in the Degrassi franchise , following The Kids of Degrassi Street , Degrassi Junior High , and Degrassi High . Like its predecessors , the series follows an ensemble cast of students at the fictional Degrassi Community School who face various challenges often seen as taboo such as graffiti , sex , teen pregnancy , bullying , date rape , drug abuse , self image , homosexuality , self - injury , suicide , abortion , domestic violence , death , racism and many other issues . The series was initially created by Linda Schuyler and Yan Moore , and is produced by Epitome Pictures ( a subsidiary of DHX Media ) in association with Bell Media . The current executive producers are Schuyler , her husband Stephen Stohn and Brendon Yorke . The series is filmed at Epitome 's studios in Toronto , Ontario , rather than on the real De Grassi Street from which the franchise takes its name . Degrassi : The Next Generation has been a critical success and has often received favourable reviews from Entertainment Weekly , The New York Times and AfterElton.com . In its initial years , it was frequently the most watched domestic drama series in Canada , and one of the highest - rated shows on TeenNick in the United States . In 2004 , one episode received just under a million viewers in Canada , and over half a million viewers in the US . The series has won numerous awards , from the Geminis , Writers Guild of Canada and Directors Guild of Canada , and internationally from the Teen Choice Awards , Young Artist Awards , and Prix Jeunesse . The series premiered on CTV on October 14 , 2001 . During the ninth season in 2010 , the series moved to MuchMusic . The tenth season marked a change in production style , which saw the series become a telenovela , a daily soap opera - style format , during the summer months , while the rest of the season aired during the standard fall - spring schedule on a weekly basis . The thirteenth season reverted to a weekly schedule and , part way through , moved to MTV Canada . The series has been syndicated on cable television , and episodes are available on DVD and in new media download formats from Puretracks , the iTunes Store , and the Xbox Live Marketplace . Internationally , Degrassi : The Next Generation has been highly successful in the US , where it was broadcast on TeenNick , as well as being broadcast in 140 other countries . The Next Generation aired its final episode on August 2 , 2015 , after MTV Canada and TeenNick announced the show 's cancellation . However , in January 2016 , the show , re-titled Degrassi : Next Class , was moved to Family Channel in Canada and stream on Netflix in the United States as well as all other countries where the service is available ( excluding Australia , France , and Canada until later 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Concept 1.2 Executive producers , script - writers and directors 1.3 Episode format 1.4 Opening sequence 1.5 Music 1.6 Filming locations 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main roles 3.2 Main 3.3 Guest roles 4 Broadcast and distribution 4.1 First run broadcast 4.2 Post-broadcast distribution 4.3 DVD and other new media releases 5 Impact 5.1 Television ratings 5.2 Awards 5.3 Critical reception 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) Further information : Production of pilot episode `` Mother and Child Reunion '' The Degrassi universe was created in 1979 by Playing With Time , a production company owned by former school teacher Linda Schuyler and her partner Kit Hood . The franchise began with The Kids of Degrassi Street , which was spawned out of three half - hour short films . Degrassi Junior High followed in 1987 , Degrassi High premiered in 1989 , and the television movie School 's Out aired in 1992 . Schuyler and original Degrassi series head writer Yan Moore began developing a new television drama in 1999 . As the months progressed , they began to think about what had happened to the characters of Degrassi High to develop a school - reunion theme . However , they decided that a series would not work effectively if based around adults instead of children . Moore realized that the character Emma Nelson , born at the end of Degrassi Junior High 's second season , would soon be entering junior high school , and development for the series took a new direction by focusing on Emma and her school experiences . Schuyler 's husband Stephen Stohn suggested Degrassi : The Next Generation as the name for the new sequel series , borrowing the concept from Star Trek : The Next Generation , of which he was a fan . The project was pitched to CTV in May 2000 , with the originally planned reunion episode serving as the pilot to the new series . Executive producers , Script - writers and Directors ( edit ) Produced by Epitome Pictures Inc , in association with CTVglobemedia , renamed Bell Media in 2011 , Degrassi receives funding from Canadian Television Fund and BCE the Shaw Rocket Fund , Mountain Cable Program and the Royal Bank of Canada , the Bell Broadcast and New Media Fund , and the Cogeco Program Development Fund . Linda Schuyler and Stephen Stohn have served as executive producers since the series began . Other Epitome Pictures employees and series crew members have also been credited with the title , including Sara Snow , Brendon Yorke , James Hurst , Aaron Martin , and Sarah Glinski . Sarah Glinski and Matt Huether are the current story editors , a position previously filled by Shelley Scarrow , James Hurst , Aaron Martin , and Sean Reycraft . Frequent directors include Phil Earnshaw , Stefan Scaini and Bruce McDonald . When production of season three began , a user on the official Degrassi : The Next Generation website with the alias `` ExecProducer '' began a forum thread titled `` Shooting Season 3 '' , revealing production details , guest actors , scheduling information and DVD release details . He referred to himself as `` Stephen Stohn '' in one post , although it was not until the release of Degrassi : Generations - The Official 411 in 2005 , that Stohn confirmed he was the poster and it was not an imposter . Episode format ( edit ) Book : Seasons of Degrassi : The Next Generation Each episode of Degrassi is written following the same formula with two or three storylines ( Plot A , Plot B and Plot C ) . The main storyline , A , opens and closes the episode and is usually driven by a single character . Plot B is usually more comedic in tone and sometimes slightly intertwined with the other stories , often moving story arcs forward . Plot C was usually used sporadically in a season - long arc , but is now used in every episode as comedic relief . The problems and issues presented in the episode are not always resolved by the end of the episode , and are carried over to the next , or create a mini-arc over several episodes . The majority of episodes are named after songs from the 1980s , and since the tenth season , episodes are named after songs from the 1990s to the present , representing the entering of a new decade and a completely different cast from the earlier seasons . For the first nine seasons , Degrassi : The Next Generation had been produced as a weekly half - hour teen comedy - drama series , with each season consisting of between fifteen and twenty - four episodes . Due to falling viewing figures between seasons six and nine , the series developed a daily soap opera format for the summer run of the tenth season , and increased the number of episodes to forty - four . The tenth season also dropped the tagline `` The Next Generation '' , with only one original cast member remaining , and due to the young audience unfamiliar with the past generation , referring to the series as `` Degrassi '' . Season 13 reverted to airing episodes weekly , but still produced more episodes than prior to the soap opera format , airing a block in the summer of 2013 and also the summer of 2014 . Opening sequence ( edit ) Logo used in seasons 13 - 14 The Degrassi opening sequence follows a two - to three - minute cold open . During the first five seasons these credits showed the characters on the school premises and followed a mini storyline . Seasons six and seven featured titles with the actors breaking the fourth wall and facing the camera , over a montage of character videos from past seasons , saturated with blue colour and gold outlines . The montages behind the characters depicting a major event in that character 's storyline . For the eighth season , the show abandoned the style of titles used for the previous two seasons and returned to the original form of showing the characters at school while participating in school - related activities . Season thirteen dropped the opening credits , replacing it with an eleven - second montage . This continued into season fourteen . Instead of listing every ensemble actor , after the montage , season thirteen and fourteen episodes credit only the regular actors appearing in that episode . The theme music , `` Whatever It Takes '' , was composed by Jim McGrath , with lyrics written by Jody Colero and Stephen Stohn . The song include lines such as , `` Whatever it takes , I know I can make it through / Be the best , the best I can be '' , to convey what Colero calls , `` a sense of joy and optimism . '' Lisa Dalbello performed the lyrics with a children 's choir over an 1980s pop music style tune during the first three seasons . Dave Ogilvie and Anthony Valcic of Canadian industrial - pop group Jakalope reworked and performed the song with a heavier sound , reflecting the growing maturity of the characters in season four . For seasons six and seven , the theme -- still performed by Jakalope -- was remixed and stripped of vocals . A fourth version of the theme song , with lyrics sung by Damhnait Doyle , was introduced for the eighth season , and a fifth version of the theme , performed by the in - show band `` Stüdz '' is used for the ninth and tenth seasons . For seasons eleven and twelve , a sixth version of the theme song is used , performed by Alexz Johnson . Seasons thirteen and fourteen featured a truncated version of the Alexz Johnson theme . Music ( edit ) Jim McGrath creates the musical score for each episode using an instrumental version of the theme music . He also works with actors such as Jake Epstein , Melissa McIntyre and Jamie Johnston , when writing music for their characters Craig Manning , Ashley Kerwin , and Peter Stone to perform in the bands Downtown Sasquatch , Paige Michalchuk and the Sexkittens ( PMS ) , Hell Hath No Fury , and Stüdz . In addition to being scored , Degrassi features a mix of original emo , alternative rock and pop music . Popular songs are used sparingly in the series , mainly because of budget constraints . Usually , music supervisor Jody Colero selects songs from little - known , unsigned Canadian artists . When these songs are included , they originate from a diegetic source . Examples of this can be seen in the first - season episode `` Jagged Little Pill '' , when well - known songs are played during Ashley 's house party , at the wedding reception in the fifth - season episode `` Weddings , Parties , Anything '' , and during the party scene in the seventh - season episode `` Everything She Wants '' . Filming locations ( edit ) The Degrassi universe is set on De Grassi Street in Toronto , Ontario . The four previous series were filmed on and near the street . However , Degrassi is filmed at Epitome Pictures ' four soundstages and backlot located at the company 's 100,000 - square - foot ( 9,300 m ) production studios in Toronto . The facade of Degrassi Community School is the exterior of Studio C , and uses the same colours and glass pattern as Centennial College , which was used to depict the school during Degrassi High . The area in front of this facade features a `` hoarding area '' where students gather , a street , and a bus stop across the road . The studio 's backlot is used for exterior shots of the characters ' houses , which is one unit dressed differently for each house , and The Dot Grill . The building for The Dot is the only one on the backlot large enough to allow filming inside ; scenes taking places inside the school and house interiors are filmed on one of four sound stages . Studio A contains sets for the school 's hallways , washrooms , cafeteria and classrooms . The hallways are stenciled with phrases such as `` the perfect human being is all human '' , which were found at the Etobicoke School for the Arts , one of the many schools that set designers used during their original research . The washroom set has graffiti on the walls to look authentic , and is used for the girls ' and boys ' room ; urinals are installed and removed as needed . The set used for the cafeteria is `` purposefully bland to take the edge off the rest of the school looking so beautiful . '' It is also used as the studio 's cafeteria where the cast and crew eat . In addition to being used as the exterior of the school , Studio C holds sets for the school 's entrance foyer , the gymnasium , the media lab and a hallway with lockers . As the series progressed and the budget increased , a stairway and balcony was installed in the foyer in an attempt to get characters off the floor and not all appear in the same geometric plane . For the first few seasons , the gym floor was made of real wooden floorboards ; due to warping , it was replaced by concrete painted to look like wood . Studio B contains the sets for the characters ' houses and The Core newspaper office which was introduced in season six . It also held sets for Instant Star , another Epitome Pictures production . The fourth studio , Studio D , houses all the production offices , dressing rooms , and make - up and hair departments . The pool hall and university campus club sets were built in Studio D for the seventh season . York University 's Keele Campus in Toronto served as the location for various sites at Smithdale University . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Degrassi : The Next Generation episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 15 October 14 , 2001 March 3 , 2002 22 September 29 , 2002 February 23 , 2003 22 September 17 , 2003 April 5 , 2004 22 September 7 , 2004 February 14 , 2005 5 19 September 19 , 2005 March 20 , 2006 6 19 September 29 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 7 24 October 5 , 2007 June 23 , 2008 8 22 October 5 , 2008 August 14 , 2009 9 23 October 4 , 2009 July 16 , 2010 10 44 July 19 , 2010 April 22 , 2011 11 45 July 18 , 2011 May 18 , 2012 12 40 July 16 , 2012 June 21 , 2013 13 40 July 11 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 14 28 October 28 , 2014 August 2 , 2015 Cast ( edit ) Main roles ( edit ) Main article : List of Degrassi : The Next Generation characters Further information : Casting of pilot episode `` Mother and Child Reunion '' Main ( edit ) Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Count Archie Simpson Main 189 Spinner Mason Main Guest 139 Emma Nelson Main 138 Manny Santos Main 128 Liberty Van Zandt Main Guest 92 Paige Michalchuk Main Main 100 Jimmy Brooks Main Guest 100 J.T Yorke Main 83 Toby Isaacs Main Main Recurring Guest 88 Ashley Kerwin Main Guest Main Recurring 71 Sean Cameron Main Main Guest 62 Dan Raditch Main 51 Terri McGreggor Main 34 Joey Jeremiah Guest Main 35 Spike Nelson Recurring Main Guest 51 Caitlin Ryan Guest Recurring Main Guest 24 Hazel Aden Recurring Main 58 Craig Manning Main Main Guest Main 69 Marco Del Rossi Recurring Main Main Guest 82 Ellie Nash Recurring Main Main 73 Daphne Hatzilakos Recurring Main Guest Recurring 68 Jay Hogart Recurring Main Main Main 57 Alex Nunez Recurring Main Recurring 41 Darcy Edwards Recurring Main Guest 40 Danny Van Zandt Recurring Main 71 Chantay Black Guest Recurring Guest Main 64 Peter Stone Main 70 Derek Haig Recurring Main 35 Mia Jones Recurring Main Guest 35 Damian Hayes Guest Main 9 Clare Edwards Guest Main 181 Anya MacPherson Guest Recurring Main 81 Johnny DiMarco Guest Recurring Main Guest 32 Holly J. Sinclair Main 99 Jane Vaughn Main 34 Sav Bhandari Recurring Main 91 Bruce the Moose Recurring Main 25 Alli Bhandari Main 162 Connor Deslauriers Main 106 K.C Guthrie Main 71 Riley Stavros Main 35 Leia Chang Main 17 Blue Chessex Main 11 Kelly Ashoona Main Guest 11 Jenna Middleton Main 118 Dave Turner Main 94 Fiona Coyne Main 96 Declan Coyne Main 26 Zane Park Guest Main 19 Wesley Betenkamp Guest Main 37 Mo Mashkour Guest Main 37 Drew Torres Main 136 Eli Goldsworthy Main 113 Bianca DeSousa Main 65 Adam Torres Main 78 Winnie Oh Main 49 Owen Milligan Main 40 Marisol Lewis Recurring Main 59 Imogen Moreno Main 95 Maya Matlin Main 102 Tristan Milligan Main 86 Zig Novak Main 70 Katie Matlin Main 55 Jake Martin Main 50 Tori Santamaria Main 36 Becky Baker Main 59 Luke Baker Main 28 Mike Dallas Main 73 Campbell Saunders Main 20 Frankie Hollingsworth Main 44 Miles Hollingsworth Main 53 Grace Cardinal Main 36 Jack Jones Main 23 Winston `` Chewy '' Chu Main 51 Zoe Rivas Main 55 Hunter Hollingsworth Recurring Main 22 Tiny Bell Recurring Main 23 Jonah Haak Main 7 Lola Pacini Main 20 Shay Powers Main 18 ^ 1 Lauren Collins , Stacey Farber , Jake Epstein , and Adamo Ruggiero appear in the four - part `` Degrassi Goes Hollywood '' only and are credited as main cast members while Mike Lobel is credited as a main cast member only in `` Degrassi Goes Hollywood '' . ^ 2 Mike Lobel is only credited as a main cast member in `` Degrassi Takes Manhattan '' . ^ 3 Ehren Kassam did not receive `` Starring '' credits but was considered a Series Regular by Epitome Pictures and DHX Media . ^ 4 Uncredited appearances by the actors . ^ 5 Jake Epstein , Jake Goldsbie , and Melissa McIntyre are only credited for episodes they appear in . For the new generation of students , producers auditioned over six hundred school - aged children in an attempt to provide characters to which the teenaged target - audience could relate . The decision to cast age - similar actors was purposeful to contrast the series from other shows of the same period such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Dawson 's Creek , which had cast actors in their twenties as teenagers . Eleven children were given star billing in the first season . Sarah Barrable - Tishauer portrayed the lonely high - achiever Liberty Van Zandt . Daniel Clark played bad - boy Sean Cameron . Lauren Collins was cast as Paige Michalchuk , the school 's head cheerleader and queen bee . Ryan Cooley portrayed class clown James Tiberius `` J.T. '' Yorke , with Jake Goldsbie cast as J.T. 's best friend , Toby Isaacs , a computer geek . Aubrey `` Drake '' Graham portrayed basketball star Jimmy Brooks , who is from a wealthy family . Shane Kippel played school bully Gavin `` Spinner '' Mason . Miriam McDonald was cast as Emma Nelson , an environmental rights activist , with Cassie Steele cast in the role of Emma 's best friend , Manuela `` Manny '' Santos . Melissa McIntyre portrayed Ashley Kerwin , the perfect girl who attracts the popular boys , and who the other girls are jealous of . Christina Schmidt portrayed the overweight and insecure Terri McGreggor . Providing ties to the previous series in the Degrassi universe , Stefan Brogren was approached to play his old character Archie `` Snake '' Simpson , now working at the school as the media immersion teacher . Dan Woods reprised his role as English teacher Mr. Raditch , now promoted to school principal , and Pat Mastroianni returned to his role as Joey Jeremiah . Amanda Stepto also returned to the franchise to play her character Christine `` Spike '' Nelson in a recurring role . In the pilot episode , former Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High actors Danah Jean Brown ( Trish Skye ) , Darrin Brown ( Dwayne Myers ) , Michael Carry ( Simon Dexter ) , Irene Courakos ( Alexa Pappadopoulos ) , Chrissa Erodotou ( Diana Economopoulos ) , Anais Granofsky ( Lucy Fernandez ) , Rebecca Haines ( Kathleen Mead ) , Sarah Holmes ( Alison Hunter ) , Neil Hope ( Derek `` Wheels '' Wheeler ) , Kyra Levy ( Maya Goldberg ) , Cathy Keenan ( Liz O'Rourke ) , Stacie Mistysyn ( Caitlin Ryan ) , and Siluck Saysanasy ( Yick Yu ) reprised their roles for the class reunion storyline . In season two , Mastroianni returned to the Degrassi franchise in a starring role as Joey Jeremiah , a car salesman and single father of two children . Joey 's stepson , musician Craig Manning , played by Jake Epstein , is a new student at Degrassi Community School . Three other new characters were introduced in season two in recurring roles . Stacey Farber played Ellie Nash , a goth whose home life is in turmoil , and Adamo Ruggiero portrayed Marco Del Rossi , who is struggling to accept the reality that he is homosexual . Melissa Di Marco was cast as science and gym teacher Daphne Hatzilakos . Mistysyn also returned to her former Degrassi role as Joey 's ex-high school sweetheart , Caitlyn Ryan , who in the years following graduation has become a world - renowned journalist . In season three , Farber , Ruggiero and Mistysyn were given regular roles , as were Andrea Lewis ( Hazel Aden ) and Stepto , who had held recurring roles since the first season . Mike Lobel ( Jay Hogart ) , Deanna Casaluce ( Alex Nuñez ) , Ephraim Ellis ( Rick Murray ) and John Bregar ( Dylan Michalchuk ) were introduced in recurring roles as new students . Towards the end of the season , Schmidt 's character , Terri McGreggor , was written out of the show when her possessive boyfriend Rick pushed her to the ground and knocked her head against a rock , causing her to fall into a coma . Some of the cast of season eight make an appearance at the eTalk Festival Party during the Toronto International Film Festival Over the course of the ten seasons of Degrassi : The Next Generation , there have been several departures from the series . Season six depicted the first death of one of the show 's main characters when J.T. Yorke was stabbed and killed . Clark 's character Sean Cameron has been written out of the show twice . He left the series during the fourth season in the wake of the death of Rick Murray , and returned for the sixth season , but departed the series again at the end of the season . At the end of season five several main characters graduated from Degrassi Community School , and either left the series or went on to university . Six new characters were introduced in season seven in a storyline where nearby rival high school Lakehurst merged with Degrassi following a fire . Season eight saw many changes when many of the existing cast members , including Collins , Farber , Graham , Stepto , Ruggiero , and DiMarco either moved to recurring status or left the series entirely . The exodus of several major cast members was reportedly an executive decision that left the actors and producers on bad terms , with Graham stating in an interview with Vibe that `` ( the producers ) did us foul . '' Thirteen actors were added to the main cast to replace them . By season nine , Brogren , McDonald , Steele and Kippel were the only actors from season one who remained in the series as storylines began to focus on a new generation of children attending the school . This was done to avoid moving the show to a primarily college setting , as the first generation cast aged or `` graduated '' out of Degrassi Community School into college . As of season 10 , none of the characters from the earlier seasons remain , with the exception of Brogren , whose character has been promoted to the principal of Degrassi Community School ; the series now centres on the new generation of Degrassi students . Guest roles ( edit ) Besides Brogren , Mistysyn , Stepto , and Mastroianni having starring roles , other actors from Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High have returned to guest star in their old roles throughout Degrassi : The Next Generation 's run . As well as the pilot episode featuring the return of many Degrassi alumni , Granofsky made a second guest appearance during the second season in the episode `` White Wedding '' when her character attends the wedding of Spike and Snake . In a fifth - season episode , Keenan and Hope guest star when their characters return to console Spike and Snake after their marriage breaks down . Movie director Kevin Smith has been a fan of the Degrassi series from the early 1990s , when he worked at a convenience store in Leonardo , New Jersey . Actor Jason Mewes was his co-worker at the store and also became a fan . Every Sunday morning at work , Smith and Mewes watched episodes of Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High on Public Broadcasting Service . Smith enjoyed the earlier series and has acknowledged an infatuation with Stacie Mistysyn . He has also paid homage to Degrassi by referring to it in several of his films . He named a Clerks character Caitlin Bree after Mistysin 's Degrassi character , Caitlin Ryan , wrote Shannen Doherty 's character Rene wearing a Degrassi jacket throughout his Mallrats film , and had Jason Lee 's character in Chasing Amy specifically mention Degrassi Junior High as a TV show he wants to watch , rather than going out . Smith and Mewes guest starred as themselves in the final three episodes of the fourth season . The plot for these episodes involves the pair working on Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian , Eh ! , a fictional feature film in the View Askewniverse , using Degrassi Community School as a filming location . Singer Alanis Morissette , who had worked with Smith , also guest stars in `` Going Down the Road Part One '' as herself , acting as the school principal in Smith 's film . Smith and Mewes return to Degrassi : The Next Generation as themselves for two episodes in season five . The storyline in the episodes was of the premiere of Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian , Eh ! Alanis Morissette made a cameo appearance as the school principal when scenes from the film were shown during its premiere screening . Smith and Mewes guest starred a third time for four episodes in season eight when many of the characters travelled to Hollywood , Los Angeles . In the episodes , Mewes is the writer - director and protagonist of Mewesical High , which stars a number of Degrassi Community School students . Smith appears in the episodes to support Mewes as he makes his directorial debut . Other actors to appear in Degrassi : The Next Generation include Jayne Eastwood as Sean Cameron 's mother , Billy Ray Cyrus as Duke , a limousine driver who gets arrested , the result of which leaves Jimmy , Hazel , Paige , and Spinner stranded in the street . Season seven featured appearances from Shirley Douglas as a university professor , Free The Children founder Craig Kielburger , and English pop singer Natasha Bedingfield as themselves . Jonathan Torrens guest starred as Emma 's father , Shane , in the two - part season three premiere . The character had been played by Bill Parrott in the original series , but he decided not to return the former role . In season 10 , ballroom dancer Jean - Marc Généreux appears as a teacher , in the episodes Adam 's transgender secret is revealed . After moving to MuchMusic cameos became more frequent , including Keke Palmer , Ben Mulroney , Chaz Bono , Hedley , and Fefe Dobson . Broadcast and distribution ( edit ) First run broadcast ( edit ) See also : List of Degrassi : The Next Generation episodes While the earlier Degrassi series aired in Canada on CBC , Degrassi is broadcast on Bell Media - owned stations . Until mid-season nine , it aired on the CTV Television Network , but due to a decline in viewing figures since season seven , it moved to sister channel MuchMusic in 2010 . In 2013 , following a revamp of MuchMusic 's schedule , the show moved to the Canadian version of MTV . In the United States , where the earlier Degrassi series aired on PBS , Degrassi aired on digital cable network TeenNick ( previously The N ) , and is the longest - running program on the channel , having aired since the channel 's launch in 2002 . Seasons six and seven premiered on The N before they aired on CTV . In June 2015 , both MTV Canada and TeenNick announced that they would not renew the show . On June 9 , 2015 , Epitome Pictures announced that a sequel , Degrassi : Next Class , would premiere on Family Channel , a pay channel owned by DHX Media , in January 2016 . In the United States ( and internationally ) , first - run episodes will move to Netflix . Episodes will become available on Netflix in Canada following the conclusion of the season . In Australia , ABC1 screened the first three seasons in 2002 in its `` ABC Kids '' line - up and after that the storylines were considered too adult for the late afternoon timeslot . The entire series was aired on ABC3 in 2010 in a primetime slot , also broadcast on Nickelodeon then later MTV . In South Africa , Degrassi is set to air in October 2016 on SABC 1 . Post-broadcast distribution ( edit ) In Canada , strip repeats of Degrassi : The Next Generation have aired on CTV Two and MTV2 , which are owned by Bell Media . In the United States , independent distributor Program Partners and Sony Pictures Television , announced on September 24 , 2006 that they acquired the syndication rights to the first 119 episodes of the show in the United States , and any subsequent new episodes . In December 2006 , Program Partners had reached agreements with the Tribune Company for every station it owned , The CW Plus affiliated stations , and many other stations owned by major media conglomerates . Degrassi : The Next Generation was cleared in 60 % of the country including all five of the top five media markets . By March 2007 , Program Partners had cleared it in over 70 % of the country after stations owned by Hearst - Argyle Television , Capitol Broadcasting Company , and ACME Communications purchased the syndication . The series meets the American FCC 's educational and informational guidelines towards children 's programming . DVD and other New Media Releases ( edit ) The first twelve seasons of Degrassi : The Next Generation have been released on DVD . The box sets are released in Canada by Alliance Home Entertainment . In the United States , FUNimation Entertainment released the first six seasons and Echo Bridge Entertainment released seasons seven through twelve . Each season boxset includes extra features such as pictures , karaoke sessions , audition tapes , bloopers , deleted scenes and more . In Australia , seasons 1 to 4 were released by Umbrella Entertainment in 2010 and 2011 . These DVDs are compatible with the region 4 code , which is in use in Australia , New Zealand , Oceania , Mexico , and Central and South America . The three - episode story arc from the fourth season in which Kevin Smith and Jason Mewes guest star has also been released as a single disc Region 1 DVD . FUNimation Entertainment released the disc on November 8 , 2005 , in two versions : the first subtitled as `` Uncut , Uncensored and Unrated '' , and the second , `` Rated . '' Each release has the same DVD extras , including an interview with Kevin Smith , bloopers and a Jay and Silent Bob Photo Album , except the Unrated release also features episode commentaries by Kevin Smith , Jason Mewes , Stacie Mistysyn , the associate producer Jim Jackman and writer Aaron Martin . Degrassi : The Next Generation is also available in various new media formats . Episodes are streamed on the websites of MuchMusic and TeenNick to viewers with Canadian or US IP addresses . Registered users of the Canadian and American iTunes Stores can purchase episodes for playback on home computers and certain iPods . In Canada , Puretracks also offers episodes for download . They are issued as a Windows Media 10 file , and the purchaser owns them forever , although the episodes can only be burned onto a disc three times and copied to a device three times . In the US , Zune and the Xbox Live Marketplace sell every episode of the series . As of July 2016 , the first two seasons were uploaded to YouTube on the official Degrassi channel , and are free to view . Complete Season DVD Release Release Ep # Release dates Special Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Canada United States Season One 15 October 19 , 2004 September 28 , 2004 N / A May 3 , 2007 Degrassi Karaoke , Degrassi Photo Album , Character Descriptions , Cast Biographies , Deleted Scenes , Oops and Bloopers , Original Television Promos , and Audition Tapes . Season Two 22 June 21 , 2005 N / A September 8 , 2010 130 + Deleted / Extended Scenes and Bloopers , Cast Audition Tapes , Season 2 Second Call Back Tapes , `` Poor Thing '' Karaoke , Interactive Fan Quiz , Degrassi Yearbook , Snake and Spike 's Wedding Album , Student and Adult Profiles , and Cast Biographies . Note : Region 4 DVD Release Only Has 72 Deleted Scenes Season Three 22 March 28 , 2006 N / A April 13 , 2011 Audio Commentaries ( `` Accidents Will Happen '' and `` Pride '' ) , Deleted Scenes , `` Rock and Roll High School '' Karaoke , Season 3 Interactive Quiz , CTV Degrassi Promo , Degrassi Yearbook , and Character and Cast Biographies . Season Four 23 October 24 , 2006 November 28 , 2006 N / A April 13 , 2011 Audio Commentaries ( `` Time Stands Still '' and `` Secret '' ) , Deleted Scenes , Blooper Reel , Original Cast Auditions , Season 4 Interactive Quiz , Character and Cast Biographies , Jay and Silent Bob Flipbook , Degrassi Yearbook , and PAX Gun Violence Prevention Public Service Announcements . Note : Audio Commentary on `` Secret '' is only available on the United States release . Season Five 19 July 3 , 2007 N / A N / A Deleted Scenes , Blooper Reel , Original Cast Auditions , Interview with Cassie Steele , Character and Cast Biographies , Degrassi Yearbook , Simple Plan Music Video and Interview , and Trailers . Season Six 19 May 27 , 2008 N / A N / A Deleted Scenes , Bloopers , Original Auditions , Character and Cast Biographies , Degrassi Yearbook , and Trailers . Season Seven 24 May 26 , 2009 March 17 , 2009 N / A N / A Bloopers , Deleted Scenes , Photo Gallery , Webisodes , and `` On The Set '' . Season Eight 23 September 1 , 2009 N / A N / A `` Degrassi Goes Hollywood '' The Movie , Bloopers , Deleted Scenes , Podcasts , Webisodes , `` On The Set '' Webisodes , and `` My Window '' Music Video . Season Nine 23 July 20 , 2010 N / A N / A `` Degrassi Takes Manhattan '' The Movie , Bloopers , Deleted Scenes , Webisodes and Minis , and Music Videos . Season Ten 44 October 18 , 2011 September 13 , 2011 N / A N / A Episode Commentaries ( `` My Body Is A Cage '' and `` Umbrella '' ) , Music Videos , Bloopers , and Webisodes . Season Eleven 45 December 3 , 2013 N / A N / A Meet the New Kids , The Gallery Shoot , Set Tour , Parking Lot Tour , From Rehearsal to Shooting , Goodbyes , Behind the Scenes , Deleted Scenes , Bloopers , and Webisodes . Season Twelve 40 October 29 , 2013 N / A N / A Back to Degrassi , New Kids on the Block , Shooting the Opening Sequence , 300th Episode Celebration , A Day with the Ice Hounds , Goodbye Uniforms , Inside Fiona 's Birthday Brawl , Say Cheese : Photoshoot with Demetrius , Vanessa and Justice , The Making of Romeo & Jules , Bloopers , The Inside Look and The Table Read - Bitter Sweet Symphony , Graduation Day , Prom Night , The One and Only - Dylan Everett , Eli 's Short Film - LIFE , Eli 's Short Film - NYU Portfolio , Video Yearbook , and Episode Commentary . Season Thirteen 40 N / A N / A N / A N / A To Be Announced Season Fourteen 28 N / A N / A N / A N / A To Be Announced Impact ( edit ) Television ratings ( edit ) With characters from Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High appearing in Degrassi : The Next Generation , viewers of the earlier series who are in their 20s and 30s make up a dedicated fan base of the current incarnation . Approximately 40 % of the series ' viewers are outside of Degrassi : The Next Generation 's 13 - to 17 - year - old target audience . Degrassi : The Next Generation averaged 365,000 viewers aged 13 -- 20 years old in season one , and became the most watched domestic drama in Canada . By the end of season two , it had become the most popular Canadian show for the three youngest age groups ( children aged 2 -- 12 , teenagers aged 13 -- 17 and young adults aged 18 -- 34 ) . In the third season , Degrassi : The Next Generation was again the most - watched all - Canadian drama series , and the most watched Canadian drama among adults 18 -- 49 . A season four episode that features a school shooting received 930,000 viewers ; at that time it was the programme 's highest - ever rating . A second episode in the same season that features a storyline about oral sex also earned just under 1,000,000 viewers . Overall , the season averaged 600,000 viewers , and was again the top Canadian drama for teens aged 13 -- 17 , and adults in three age brackets 18 -- 34 , 18 -- 49 and 25 -- 54 . It averaged 250,000 viewers in the US in 2004 and was the highest rated digital cable series in the US in 2006 . While that figure is still far lower than successful shows on the `` big four '' networks ( ABC , CBS , Fox and NBC ) , the premiere episodes of earlier seasons have achieved higher audience figures with females aged 13 -- 34 . 2004 also saw the school - shooting episode receive more than half a million US viewers . The fifth season drew in an average of 767,000 viewers , with episode two of the season being watched by 1,000,000 viewers . In the most recent seasons , however , the audience figures have dropped considerably . In Canada , season six was watched by fewer viewers than had watched season five ; episode fourteen was the highest - viewed episode of the season , with a total of 645,000 viewers . The season finale was watched by 520,000 viewers , and the season overall averaged 522,000 viewers . The average viewing figures fell again during the seventh season . The season premiere achieved the highest figures with 585,000 viewers . This progressively dropped over the coming weeks , from 446,000 total viewers for the third episode , to 407,000 total viewers for the fifth episode , and continued to fall to a low of 314,000 viewers by the tenth episode . Overall , the first twelve episodes of the season averaged 455,000 viewers , 45,000 less than the same number of episodes from the season six . Viewing figures continued to fall throughout season eight ; Bill Brioux , the television columnist for The Canadian Press , was surprised that Degrassi : The Next Generation had even reached its eighth season with such poor ratings , asking `` What other show in the history of Canadian or American television has so consistently drawn so few viewers yet gets renewed year after year ? '' The season premiere was watched by 398,000 viewers , almost 200,000 viewers fewer than what the premiere of season seven achieved . Viewing figures continued to drop when episodes two and six were both watched by an average of 220,000 viewers . At the time they were the lowest figures Degrassi : The Next Generation has ever received ; however , they continued to fall and by episode eleven , overnight ratings indicated it had received 139,000 viewers . The overall number of viewers rose slightly for the thirteenth episode , the first of a two - parter , when it was watched by 157,000 people , but the viewing figures for the key 18 -- 34 demographics was at a low of 81,000 . The following week , the episode that concluded the two - parter picked up viewers , reaching an estimated total of 206,000 . Brioux commented again about Degrassi : The Next Generation still being on the schedules , wondering when CTV was going to announce its cancellation and noting that The Amazing Race , which follows it in the scheduling , was watched by ten times the number of Degrassi 's viewers . That pattern was repeated the following week , when Degrassi : The Next Generation was watched by 222,000 viewers , compared to 1,834,000 viewers for The Amazing Race , 1,579,000 viewers for Desperate Housewives and 1,106,000 viewers for The Mentalist , which were broadcast by CTV later in the evening . CTV aired two episodes back - to - back in the first half of season nine , and the scheduling had improved ratings . The first two episodes earned a combined figure of 471,000 viewers , and the third and fourth episodes retained them ; they were watched by a combined 475,000 viewers . The following week , the total viewing figures for episodes five and six had increased to 608,000 , and remained high as the season went into hiatus in November with 572,000 total viewers . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by the Degrassi franchise Degrassi : The Next Generation has won over fifty awards , and has been nominated for many others . The Writers Guild of Canada has awarded its Canadian Screenwriting Awards to the writers of two episodes . In 2004 , Aaron Martin , James Hurst and Shelley Scarrow won the `` Best Youth Script Award '' for `` Pride '' . The following year , the Scarrow - penned episode `` Secret '' vied with `` Mercy Street '' , written by James Hurst and Miklos Perlus for the `` Best Youth Script Award '' . `` Mercy Street '' won . The series has been nominated for fourteen Directors Guild of Canada Awards . In the `` Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series -- Children 's '' group category , the Bruce McDonald helmed `` Mother and Child Reunion '' ( nominated 2002 ) and `` When Doves Cry '' ( nominated 2003 ) were winners . `` White Wedding '' , also directed by McDonald , won the award in 2003 for `` Outstanding Achievement in Direction -- Television Series '' . McDonald 's `` Holiday '' ( nominated 2004 ) , and Stefan Scaini 's `` Time Stands Still , part 2 '' ( nominated 2005 ) won the group categories for `` Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series -- Family '' . `` Ca n't Hardly Wait '' and `` Pass the Dutchie '' were also nominated in that category in 2007 and 2008 , respectively , but failed to win the awards . Stephen Withrow has picked up two awards in the `` Outstanding Achievement in Picture Editing '' category , for `` Mother and Child Reunion '' in 2002 and `` When Doves Cry '' in 2003 . Degrassi : The Next Generation has won seventeen Gemini Awards since 2002 , and has been nominated in twenty - six other categories . In 2010 , producer Linda Schuyler received the Academy Achievement Award . Linda Schuyler and Jordan Todosey holding award at the 70th Annual Peabody Awards Degrassi : The Next Generation has also seen awards success internationally . It was nominated for a `` Best Children 's Television Programme '' Prix Jeunesse in Germany in 2004 , and has been nominated at the GLAAD Media Awards four times . In 2004 , the show received a nomination in the Outstanding Drama Series category , but lost to the sports drama Playmakers . It was nominated in the same category again in 2008 , but lost to Brothers & Sisters . In 2005 , Degrassi : The Next Generation won the Television Critics Association Award for `` Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming . '' It was only the second time that a non-United States series has won an award in this category ( the first time was Degrassi Junior High in 1988 ) . The Young Artist Awards has been recognising actors in the Degrassi franchise since 1987 . Degrassi : The Next Generation was nominated for four awards in its first year . Ryan Cooley and Jake Goldsbie were nominated in the `` Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Comedy Series '' category , but lost to Frankie Muniz from Malcolm in the Middle . The series won the award for `` Best Ensemble in a Comedy or Drama TV Series '' category . A year later , Jake Epstein won the Young Artist Award in the category for `` Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Comedy Series '' . In 2005 , Christina Schmidt tied with Alia Shawkat of Arrested Development to win the award for `` Best Supporting Young Actress Performance in a TV Comedy Series '' , and Jamie Johnston won the 2008 category for `` Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Series '' . Young Artist Awards were awarded again in 2012 , with both Cristine Prosperi and A.J. Saudin winning awards in the Lead Young Actress and Recurring Young Actor categories respectively . However , they both tied with another in their category . At the Teen Choice Awards , children aged between twelve and nineteen vote for each category 's winner . The series has been nominated three times in the `` Choice Summer TV Show '' category , and has won twice , in 2005 and 2007 . The episode `` My Body Is a Cage '' , where Adam 's transgender secret is revealed , earned a Peabody Award , and a Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination in 2011 . Critical reception ( edit ) Degrassi : The Next Generation has received generally positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly has called it `` a cult hit '' , and The New York Times named it `` Tha Best Teen TV N da WRLD ( The best teen TV in the world ) '' . Of the first season , The Ottawa Citizen 's Tony Atherton had mixed feelings of the new incarnation , saying it `` has a cleaner , more polished look , has lost its edge ( and offers ) nothing new to viewers familiar with the groundbreaking preceding series , nor to anyone else who has watched the deluge of teen dramas since ... there is a sense of déjà vu with regards to the plots and characters '' . He did , however , praise the show for having `` the same simple narrative told from a kid 's viewpoint , and the same regard for unvarnished reality ( as Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High ) '' . Before its debut in the United States , The Seattle Times ' Melanie McFarland wondered whether the series would do well , writing : `` soft - pedaling through the issues might work for today 's family of viewers , but what 's gentle enough for Mom and Dad 's peace of mind might not be enough to hook Junior or the original Degrassi 's older fans '' . The issues that the characters experience have often been commented on in the media . It has been noted that the series never attempts to hide from depicting honest accounts of the trials and tribulations that real teenagers may often experience . Sarah Liss from CBC News said that despite often being corny and soap opera - y , Degrassi : The Next Generation tackles issues that other genre series prefer to gloss over , and was part of her essential viewing . She named the series one of `` the ( ten ) most important television shows of the 2000s '' , and was the only children 's series , and the only Canadian television series , to appear on the list , which included Mad Men , Lost , the CSI franchise , and Sex and the City . In 2008 , Jeffrey Bento - Carrier described one storyline that showed a teacher being accused of sexually assaulting one of his students as `` shock ( ing ) '' , adding that `` Degrassi is not for everyone , mainly because it 's an honest account what it 's like to be a teen in a society which values cliques and confrontation over truth and real growth . '' Brian Orloff of the St. Petersburg Times echoed the sentiments , and praised the series for `` stay ( ing ) in touch with teens ' lives '' . In spite of these comments , The N held back one of the more controversial episodes of the first season , which showed a character losing control after taking an ecstasy pill , and refused to broadcast it until it was presented with an edited copy from the producers . The N also refused to broadcast two episodes from the second season that featured a storyline about date - rape until suitable edits could be made , and withheld other episodes from season three that showed a fourteen - year - old character having an abortion after having consensual sexual intercourse with her boyfriend , and feeling no regrets . The decision caused an uproar amongst fans who organized a petition that caught the attention of the New York Times , as well as CBC , the National Post and the London Free Press in Canada . The episodes eventually aired three years later as part of an `` every episode ever '' marathon , with very little advertisement from the network . Another storyline was featured in the media after ten children from a Québécois school were found to have a number of cuts on their bodies . They said they had copied the show when one character began cutting herself in an episode . Comparisons between Degrassi : The Next Generation and other genre specific series have also been made throughout the run . Jake Surette , a writer with AfterElton.com , a website which focuses on the portrayal of homosexual and bisexual men in the media , reported on the portrayal of two Degrassi : The Next Generation gay characters . `` Degrassi features ongoing stories of real - life teen dilemmas -- including intense gay and lesbian storylines -- and does it without the righteous , ' On a Very Special Blossom ' endings that many teen dramas and sitcoms thrive on . '' Kevin Thompson of The Palm Beach Post said the series `` is told from a teenager 's point of view since the writers have no interest in appealing to a broad - based demographic like the writers on , say , Fox 's The O.C. ... it connects with teens on their level '' . PopMatters 's Jodie Janella Horn also compared it with The O.C. , saying that while scenes from Degrassi could be `` actual scenes from my actual teenage life ... The O.C. will never remind me of anything in my life '' , adding that it is the most unnervingly accurate series ever of the high school genre . The San Jose Mercury News has said `` If they ( Everwood , The O.C. , and One Tree Hill ) want to be taken seriously , the shows could take a cue from Canadian drama Degrassi : The Next Generation , which ... addresses the same gritty teen issues without being far - fetched '' , the New York Times has also made favourable reviews of the series in comparison to Everwood , The O.C. , and One Tree Hill , as well as Beverly Hills , 90210 , Gilmore Girls , Dawson 's Creek , and adult series such as Sex and the City , Maude , and Six Feet Under . AOL TV ranked it as the sixth TV 's Biggest Guilty Pleasure . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What 's Shooting ? '' . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Degrassi ' tackles transgender storyline '' . CTV News . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 8 -- 13 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : `` How It All Happened '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stohn , Stephen ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` Shooting Season 3 '' ( Note : Requires registration ) . Epitome Pictures . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BCE - CTV Benefits '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission . 2003 . p. 12 . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Fuelled Projects 2007 '' . Shaw Rocket Fund . 2007 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Funded Projects '' . Bell Broadcast and New Media Fund . October 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation Credits '' . Epitome Pictures . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Stohn , Stephen ( May 23 , 2003 ) . `` Shooting Season 3 '' ( Note : Requires registration ) . Epitome Pictures . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 176 -- 189 ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Patricia ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` CTV ups its order for Degrassi '' . Playback . Toronto , Ontario : Brunico Communications . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Brioux , Bill ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` CBC Throws in Designer Towel on Steven and Chris '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Canuck Broadcasters Add Episodes For Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Guy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` A Double Dose of Teen Angst '' . The Globe & Mail . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yan Moore ( co-creator ) ; Linda Schuyler ( co-creator , executive producer ) ; Stephen Stohn ( executive producer ) ( 2001 -- 2006 ) . Degrassi : The Next Generation ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) ( DVD ) . Alliance Atlantis . Jump up ^ Yan Moore ( co-creator ) ; Linda Schuyler ( co-creator , executive producer ) ; Stephen Stohn ( executive producer ( 2006 -- 2008 ) . Degrassi : The Next Generation ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) . Alliance Atlantis / Echo Bridge Entertainment . Jump up ^ Yan Moore ( co-creator ) ; Linda Schuyler ( co-creator , executive producer ) ; Stephen Stohn ( executive producer ( 2009 ) . Degrassi : The Next Generation ( Season 8 ) . Echo Bridge Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , p. 128 ^ Jump up to : James Hurst ( writer ) ; Brendon Yorke ( writer ) ; Phil Earnshaw ( director ) ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Here Comes Your Man '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 6 . Episode 1 . The N . Jump up ^ Lisa ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` See the new Degrassi intro - Right now . '' . Blog . Teennick.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Epstein ( Craig ) '' . Degrassi Unscripted . Episode 4 . September 17 , 2004 . The N . Jump up ^ `` Melissa McIntyre ( Ashley ) '' . Degrassi Unscripted . Episode 8 . June 17 , 2005 . The N . Jump up ^ The - Mary ( host ) ; The - Seth ( host ) ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Jamie Johnston Cares About Your Feet '' . The N - Sider . TeenNick . Jump up ^ Aaron Martin ( story , teleplay ) ; James Hurst ( story ) ; Bruce McDonald ( director ) ( March 3 , 2002 ) . `` Jagged Little Pill '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 1 . Episode 15 . CTV . Jump up ^ James Hurst ( story , teleplay ) ; Alexandra Zarowny ( story ) ; Phil Earnshaw ( director ) ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Weddings , Parties , Anything '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 5 . Episode 5 . CTV . Jump up ^ James Hurst ( story , teleplay ) ; Alexandra Zarowny ( story ) ; Phil Earnshaw ( director ) ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` Everything She Wants '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 7 . Episode 21 . CTV . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 106 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : `` Epitome Pictures '' ( Flash ( User must select the `` Studios '' link ) ) . Epitome Pictures . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 116 -- 117 ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 112 -- 114 Jump up ^ `` YFile '' Degrassi transforms York 's Keele campus into a television set `` . Jump up ^ Atherton , Tony ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` Degrassi High Cast Set To Return This Fall '' . Ottawa Citizen . Canwest . Some of the original teen cast , now in their late ' 20s , were on hand yesterday to offer advice to the 11 youngsters chosen from among 600 who auditioned for the series of half - hour shows . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Stephanie ( September 21 , 2001 ) . `` Degrassi 's Got a Whole New Student Body '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2002 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Carol ( October 14 , 2001 ) . `` Local Actor 's Role Links New and Old Degrassi '' . Beaver Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Honey , Kim ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` CTV 's high - school reunion '' . The Globe and Mail . Yesterday Morning Was Devoted To Degrassi , With Appearances By ... Miriam Mcdonald , Who Plays Spike 's Daughter , Emma , As Well As Ryan Cooley , Jake Goldsbie and Cassie Steele , All Of Whom Were Just Signed Last Week . Jump up ^ Scapillato , Joan ( October 14 , 2001 ) . `` Port Teen Wins Lead Role in Degrassi 's Next Generation '' . Welland Tribune . Osprey Media . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi Sequel Is Big Break For K-W 's Chrissy Schmidt '' . Kitchener - Waterloo Record . Torstar . October 14 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 52 -- 59 , 66 -- 71 , 74 -- 77 , 80 -- 82 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Landau , Emily ( September 2012 ) . `` Teenage Dreams '' . The Walrus . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Brown , Dan ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` The Sopranos , Degrassi Highlights of CTV Lineup Jason Alexander 's New Show Also Gets a Look - In '' . National Post . Canwest . Jump up ^ Palmer , Karen ( October 11 , 2001 ) . `` Kids of Degrassi Street Grow Up : Next Generation , Debuting Sunday , Slicker Than Beloved Original '' . Canadian Press . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Martin ( story ) ; Yan Moore ( story , teleplay ) ; Bruce McDonald ( director ) ( October 14 , 2001 ) . `` Mother and Child Reunion '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 1 . Episode 1 . CTV . Jump up ^ Atherton , Tony ( December 27 , 2002 ) . `` Degrassi High Steps Into the Next Television Generation '' . The Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa , ON : Canwest . Jump up ^ Faulder , Liane ( September 29 , 2002 ) . `` Degrassi 's Joey Returning , But Show Is an Original Aeries , Though He 's Older , Wiser and Without Hair '' . Edmonton Journal . Canwest . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 62 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 60 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` Rock This Town '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 6 . Episode 11 . January 9 , 2007 . CTV . Jump up ^ Aaron Martin ( writer ) ; Miklos Perlus ( writer ) ; Ron Murphy ( director ) ( October 19 , 2004 ) . `` Back In Black '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 4 . Episode 8 . CTV . Jump up ^ `` Do n't You Want Me , Part Two '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 6 . Episode 19 . May 17 , 2007 . CTV . Jump up ^ Jancelwicz , Chris ( January 7 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : ' Degrassi : TNG 's ' Nina Dobrev Talks Mia '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Standing in the Dark , Part One '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 7 . Episode 1 . October 5 , 2007 . The N . Jump up ^ Garraud , Tracy ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Drake Day '' . Vibe . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Get Ready As A New Class Of Degrassi Students Enroll On The New Season Of CTV 's Hit Teen Drama , Degrassi : The Next Generation , Friday , 10 Oct. , At 8 : 00 p.m. ( ET ) '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` DeGrassi Enrols a New Class '' . Toronto Star . Torstar . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Aaron Martin ( story , teleplay ) ; Tassie Cameron ( story ) ( September 29 , 2002 ) . `` White Wedding '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 2 . Episode 12 . CTV . Jump up ^ Aaron Martin ( story ) ; Brendon Yorke ( story ) ; Stefan Scaini ( director ) ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` I Against I '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 5 . Episode 14 . CTV . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Salem , Rob ( August 30 , 2009 ) . `` Degrassi Love Affair All Started At the Quick Stop ... '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Actor / Writer / Director Kevin Smith Guests Stars On Three - Part Season Finale of The N 's Degrassi : The Next Generation '' ( Press release ) . View Askew Productions . July 12 , 2005 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kevin Smith ( actor , writer , director ) ; Scott Mosier ( producer ) ( October 20 , 1995 ) . Mallrats ( Motion picture ) . Gramercy Pictures . Jump up ^ Kevin Smith ( actor , writer , director ) ; Scott Mosier ( producer ) ( April 4 , 1997 ) . Chasing Amy ( Motion Picture ) . Miramax Films . Jump up ^ `` West End Girls '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 4 . Episode 20 . January 31 , 2005 . CTV . Jump up ^ `` Going Down the Road , Part One '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 4 . Episode 21 -- 22 . February 7 -- 14 , 2005 . CTV . Jump up ^ Kevin Smith ( actor , writer , director ) ; Scott Mosier ( producer ) ( November 12 , 1999 ) . Dogma ( Motion picture ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kevin Smith ( actor , writer , director ) ; Scott Mosier ( producer ) ( August 22 , 2001 ) . Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft ( story , teleplay ) ; Kate Miles Melville ( story ) ; Phil Earnshaw ( director ) ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` The Lexicon of Love Part One '' . Degrassi : The Next Generation . Season 5 . Episode 11 . CTV . ^ Jump up to : Ellis 2005 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Peesker , Saira ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Epstein Set For Real - Life Graduation '' . CTV . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shirley Douglas Guest Stars On Degrassi '' . CTV . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Warner , Tyrone ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` Natasha Bedingfield Talks Degrassi '' . CTV . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 24 , 1999 ) . `` Back To Degrassi St . '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fall is Fresh on Much with Exclusive Season Premieres of Hit Series TOSH. 0 and SOUTH PARK , beginning September 3 '' . Bell Media Press Room . 2013 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi to warp the concept of reality on MTV Canada '' . Canada.com . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The N 's Degrassi : The Next Generation Premieres Friday , September 29 '' ( Press release ) . Epitome Pictures . September 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Drag Racing , Drug Abuse , Exotic Dancing , Prison and -- For the First Time In the Series ' History -- A Major Character Is Murdered . '' ( Press release ) . CTV . November 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DHX Media buys Degrassi TV studio '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Next Class to debut on Family Channel , Netflix '' . CBC News . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A TV Schedule '' . A. Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Jim ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Degrassi Kids Get Stripped '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Program Partners to Syndicate Degrassi : The Next Generation '' ( Press release ) . Program Partners . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Break - Out Drama Tops 60 % Clearance for September 2007 Launch '' ( Press release ) . Program Partners . December 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Program Partners Clears Degrassi : The Next Generation in Over 70 % of the U.S. '' ( Press release ) . Program Partners . March 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Degrassi ' Renewed Through 2011 In 60 % Of Country '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Releases for Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation Season 9 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Umbrella Entertainment '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degrassi : The Next Generation -- Jay and Silent Bob Do Degrassi ( Director 's Cut : Uncut , Uncensored and Unrated ) DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation -- Jay and Silent Bob Do Degrassi ( Director 's Cut ) DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi On Demand '' . CTV . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TeenNick : The Click '' . TeenNick . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation '' ( Note : Requires iTunes software ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , fans can download `` Degrassi '' episodes '' ( Press release ) . CTV . August 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . Zune . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ages , Jonathan ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` Channel Surfing for Nostalgia '' . NYU Livewire . New York University . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Kevin ( December 7 , 2001 ) . `` Degrassi Keeps On Growing '' . Calgary Sun . Sun Media . Jump up ^ Faulder , Liane ( January 5 , 2002 ) . `` Snake and Spike Get Hitched : Surprise In Store as Degrassi Favourites Head For the Altar '' . Edmonton Journal . Canwest . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi Pushes the Limits Even Further for Season 4 , Premiering 7 September on CTV '' . CTV . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Magazine Declares `` DGrassi is tha Best Teen TV N da WRLD ! '' '' ( Press release ) . CTV . March 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` School 's Back at Degrassi : TV 's Most - Watched Canadian Drama Returns Sept. 19 on CTV '' . CTV. April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Jennifer ( October 1 , 2004 ) . `` Fast Times at Degrassi High '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sabrina is Making Magic in New York ! ! '' ( Press release ) . Cynopsis Media . December 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation 100th episode '' ( Press release ) . CTV . March 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Marise ( April 3 , 2007 ) . `` Juno ratings plunge , but by how much ? '' . Playback . Toronto , Ontario : Brunico Communications . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Degrassi Myth '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` jPod gets jPasted '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` MVP Needs Performance Enhancement '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Mercer Tops CBC Winter Numbers '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brioux , Bill ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Degrassi : The Lost Generation '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brioux , Bill ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Wheels Fall off Degrassi '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Grace Park Behind Border Jump '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Global 's Grammy no Whammy '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Trump Fires Up Canadian Numbers Game '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Single Female Voter Wins in a Landslide '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` Two Million Catch Battle of the Blades Debut '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` CBC Gives Thanks As Blades Stays Sharp '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` Canuck TV Scores With Flash , Blades , Heart '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` CBC Battles On Without Blades '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Winners '' . Writers Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation -- What 's New '' . CTV . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Winners '' . Writers Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 Directors Guild of Canada Awards '' . Directors Guild of Canada . 2002 . Archived from the original ( Flash ) on November 23 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd Directors Guild of Canada Award Winners Announced '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . October 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation -- Awards '' . CTV . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 DGC Awards '' . Directors Guild of Canada . 2007 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 DGC Awards Nominees '' . Directors Guild of Canada . 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Awards Database History '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Gemini Awards Presented in Drama , Children 's and Youth , Comedy , and Variety Categories '' ( PDF ) . Gemini Awards . November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CTV 's Prime Time Drama , Degrassi : The Next Generation Named Best Family Television Series '' ( Press release ) . May 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 15th Annual GLAAD Media Awards '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . December 8 , 2003 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Banderas , John Waters , Bend it Like Beckham , Angels in America , Honored at 15th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by ABSOLUT VODKA in Los Angeles '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . March 28 , 2004 . Retrieved October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- Complete List of Award Recipients '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ugly Betty ' & ' Desperate Housewives ' Among GLAAD Awards Nominees '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners of the TCA Awards '' . Television Critics Association . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . 2002 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations & Special Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Awards . 2012 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian First : Degrassi : The Next Generation Wins Teen Choice Award as Series Gears Up for 25th Anniversary Season on CTV '' . CTV . August 16 , 2005 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi Wins Teen Choice Award '' . CTV . August 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 70th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding children 's program 2011 '' . 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . Emmys . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neihart , Ben ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` DGrassi Is tha Best Teen TV N da WRLD ! '' . The New York Times . p. 5 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Atherton , Tony ( October 14 , 2001 ) . `` Degrassi Returns With New , Old Faces : Unfortunately , the Stories Are Stuck In the Same Old Ruts '' . The Ottawa Citizen . Canwest . p . A12 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( March 30 , 2002 ) . `` Degrassi Back In a New Generation '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Liss , Sarah ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Essential Viewing : The 10 Most Important Television Shows of the 2000s '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bento - Carrier , Jeffrey ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Degrassi Is Our Greatest Television Export '' . The Tribune . Brunswick News . p . B4 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McKay , John ( July 7 , 2003 ) . `` Degrassi stays in touch with teens ' lives '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2003 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gayle , MacDonald ( October 31 , 2002 ) . `` For a Few Bucks , We 'll Launder Your Movie For You '' . The Globe and Mail . CTVglobemedia . p . R1 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation '' ( Press release ) . ABC . November 1 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degrassi Abortion Episode Sparks Fan Outcry in US '' . CBC . July 20 , 2004 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McKay , John ( July 19 , 2004 ) . `` American Teen Channel Delays Abortion - Themed Degrassi Episode '' . National Post . Jump up ^ Kok , Dina ( September 2004 ) . `` Abortion Issue On Popular TV Show '' . The Interim . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McKay , John ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` Degrassi Episode Causes Stir in US '' . The London Free Press . London , ON : Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Drumming , Neil ( June 11 , 2004 ) . `` Cutting Class '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Czekaj , Laura ( May 29 , 2004 ) . `` Mutilation Blamed On TV Show '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Surette , Jake ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` Degrassi : The Next Generation : Television 's Best Portrayal of Gay Teens '' . AfterElton.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kevin D. ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` Teen - Focused Drama Degrassi Connects With Teens On Their Level '' . The Palm Beach Post . Cox Enterprises . Jump up ^ Horn , Jodie Janella ( June 2 , 2005 ) . `` The Armchair Anthropologist : High School of Hard Knocks '' . PopMatters . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unreality TV '' . San Jose Mercury News . MediaNews Group . May 18 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2004 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( July 18 , 2004 ) . `` Television 's Most Persistent Taboo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Biggest Guilty Pleasures '' . AOL TV . Aol , Inc. 2 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . References ( edit ) Ellis , Kathryn ( September 2005 ) . `` Degrassi : Generations - The Official 411 '' . New York , New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 1680 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Degrassi : The Next Generation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Degrassi : The Next Generation . Official MTV Canada website ( Canada ) Official TeenNick website ( United States ) Degrassi : The Next Generation on IMDb ( hide ) Degrassi franchise The Kids of Degrassi Street Ida Makes a Movie Degrassi Junior High Degrassi High Characters Joey Jeremiah Caitlin Ryan Episodes Degrassi Talks School 's Out Degrassi : The Next Generation Degrassi Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Episodes `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Accidents Will Happen '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` High Fidelity '' `` Paradise City '' `` The Rest of My Life '' `` My Body Is a Cage '' Films Degrassi Goes Hollywood Degrassi Takes Manhattan See also Characters J.T. Yorke Soundtracks Degrassi : Next Class Episodes Season Characters See also Awards and nominations Locations De Grassi Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation&oldid=800028041 '' Categories : 2000s Canadian television series 2010s Canadian television series 2001 Canadian television series debuts 2015 Canadian television series endings Canadian children 's television series Canadian LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Canadian high school television series Teen dramas Teenage pregnancy in television Lesbian - related television programmes Sequel television series Serial drama television series Transgender - related television programs Television series produced in Toronto Funimation Television series by DHX Media Television series by Bell Media Television series by Entertainment One CTV Television Network shows Gemini Award - winning programs Peabody Award - winning television programs Degrassi : The Next Generation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Use Canadian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Use mdy dates from June 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did degrassi the next generation come out | [
"The series premiered on CTV on October 14, 2001. During the ninth season in 2010, the series moved to MuchMusic. The tenth season marked a change in production style, which saw the series become a telenovela, a daily soap opera-style format, during the summer months, while the rest of the season aired during the standard fall-spring schedule on a weekly basis.[2] The thirteenth season reverted to a weekly schedule and, part way through, moved to MTV Canada. The series has been syndicated on cable television, and episodes are available on DVD and in new media download formats from Puretracks, the iTunes Store, and the Xbox Live Marketplace. Internationally, Degrassi: The Next Generation has been highly successful in the US, where it was broadcast on TeenNick, as well as being broadcast in 140 other countries."
] | [
"October 14, 2001"
] |
5362424637129840251 | Coat of arms of Berlin | Coat of arms of Berlin - wikipedia Coat of arms of Berlin Jump to : navigation , search Coat of arms of Berlin Versions Escutcheon - only version Details Armiger City of Berlin Crest A city coronet Or with five leaves and a gate Escutcheon Argent a bear rampant Sable langued and armed Gules Use The state logo may be used by the general public while the coat of arms proper is only eligible for use with authorities . The coat of arms of Berlin is used by the German city state as well as the city itself . Introduced in 1954 for West Berlin , it shows a black bear on a white shield . On top of the shield is a special crown , created by the amalgamation of the mural crown of a city with the so - called people 's crown ( Volkskrone ) , used in Germany to denote a republic . Berlin 's various boroughs use their own emblems . The bear has been used as a charge in the Berlin coat of arms since 1709 , formerly alongside the eagles of Brandenburg and Prussia . A bear occurs on seals , coins and signet rings from as early as the late 12th century ( but not as heraldic charge before 1709 ) , presumably due to a canting association with the city 's name . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 State logo 3 Legal status 4 Symbol of Berlin 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The oldest preserved and known seal of Berlin is from 1253 . It depicts the Brandenburg Eagle spreading its wings in a clover - shaped archway . The text on the seal is SIGILLVM DE BERLIN BVRGENSIVM ( seal of Berlin 's citizens ) . It supposedly was the seal of Berlin 's first mayor Marsilius . A later seal dated to 1280 shows bears as supporters of the Brandenburg coat of arms . The bear appears to have risen in popularity during the 17th century , with an early depiction on a coat of arms in a signet ring dated 1603 , and it was adopted as a heraldic charge in 1709 . The shield was now divided in three parts , showing the bear below the eagles of Brandenburg and Prussia . Heraldist Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt in 1883 designed a number of proposals for a new coat of arms . One of these was the simplified azure a bear rampant sable with a mural crown in the crest . This was in use as minor coat of arms from 1920 , and was adopted as the only coat of arms of West Berlin in 1954 , while East Berlin continued to use the design of 1935 . The oldest known Berlin town seal of 1253 copied to the obverse of a Klippe medal by Deutscher Kulturbund , the cultural association of the GDR . Guild Seal of Berlin , 1280 Seal of 1338 Signet ring of Berlin , 1603 The arms of Berlin , 1709 Lesser coat of arms ( 1883 ) Coat of arms of the city of Berlin as rendered by Hugo Gerhard Ströhl , Deutsche Wappenrolle , 1897 Coat of arms of Greater Berlin 1920 -- 1934 Seal of Berlin as the capital of the Weimar Republic Coat of arms 1935 -- 1954 and of East Berlin , 1954 - 1990 . Coat of arms of West Berlin , 1954 - 1990 . State logo ( edit ) To enable civilians and non-governmental institutions to express their affinity with Berlin , the Senate of the Interior and Sports provided a logo which features the arms ' shield without the crown in black and white or coloured versions . Legal status ( edit ) The coat of arms was laid down in a law of 1954 : § 1 ( 1 ) The coat of arms shows on a silver ( white ) shield , a black bear rampant with tongue and claws in red . On the shield rests a golden five leaved crest coronet , whose tiara of brickwork is provided with a gate in the center ... § 4 Decisive for the design of the state 's coat of arms , the state 's flag ... are the patterns , added to this law . According to the state 's coat of arms , an artistic design is reserved to special purposes . -- Federal Government , Law on the State Symbols of the State of Berlin of 13 May 1954 ( GVBl . S. 289 ) Symbol of Berlin ( edit ) The bear has come to be used as the mascot of Berlin , and was used almost excessively by local authorities , so that Hans Brendicke , editor of the journal of the Historical Society of Berlin , in 1896 remarked on the ubiquity of badly designed bears in Berlin . A member of the Historical Society went on to collect a total of 273 different representations of bears in Berlin . Hildebrandt in 1915 again complained about the excesses of variation in the bear , especially deviation from the Prussian tincture of black on white . The bear has remained the city 's mascot , and in 2001 has been developed into the so - called Berlin Buddy Bears , fiberglass sculptures of bears first introduced in 2001 , have been used to promote the qualities of `` tolerance '' and Weltoffenheit ( cosmopolitanism ) associated with the city . Giant Romeo Britto Friendship Bear The Berlin Buddy Bear Bear themed T - shirts , from 1984 . Graffiti in Berlin See also ( edit ) Heraldry portal Berlin portal Flag of Berlin Berolina , personification of Berlin Origin of the coats of arms of German federal states Coat of arms of Bern References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Senatsverwaltung für Inneres und Sport . `` Der Bär im Berliner Wappen - ein geschichtlicher Abriss '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Konrad Berlin , `` Berliner Bär und Mäuseturm '' , Muttersprache 1958 , pp. 271 - 273 . The name Berlin is of Slavic origin and unrelated to the word bear , but the area was settled by German speakers from as early as the 12th century . Reinhard E. Fischer : Die Ortsnamen der Länder Brandenburg und Berlin . Alter -- Herkunft -- Bedeutung . be. bra wissenschaft verlag , Berlin - Brandenburg 2005 , ISBN 3 - 937233 - 30 - X , S. 25 . Jump up ^ Gesetz über die Hoheitszeichen des Landes Berlin Jump up ^ Schriften des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins vol. 50 ( 1915 ) , cited after Werner Vogel , Berlin und seine Wappen . Ullstein , Berlin 1987 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Eva Soirova , `` The Bear - the symbol of Berlin '' ( berlindividedcity.wordpress.com ) 6 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Coats of arms of Berlin at Wikimedia Commons Berlin topics Administration Politics Coat of arms Flag Subdivisions Elections Parliament Senate Governing Mayor Police Culture Culture Music Architecture Buildings Media Movies Sports Football Society History timeline Geography Dialect Demographics Economy Education Transport People Religion Other topics Metro Region Sights Castles Museums Places of worship Universities Parks and gardens Main category Berlin portal Coats of arms of Germany German states Baden - Württemberg Bavaria Berlin Brandenburg Bremen Hamburg Hesse Lower Saxony Mecklenburg - Vorpommern North Rhine - Westphalia Rhineland - Palatinate Saarland Saxony Saxony - Anhalt Schleswig - Holstein Thuringia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Berlin&oldid=796690172 '' Categories : German coats of arms Municipal coats of arms in Germany Culture in Berlin History of Berlin Coats of arms with bears Coats of arms with crowns Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español עברית Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 14 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the significance of the bear in berlin | [
"The bear has come to be used as the mascot of Berlin, and was used almost excessively by local authorities, so that Hans Brendicke, editor of the journal of the Historical Society of Berlin, in 1896 remarked on the ubiquity of badly designed bears in Berlin. A member of the Historical Society went on to collect a total of 273 different representations of bears in Berlin. Hildebrandt in 1915 again complained about the excesses of variation in the bear, especially deviation from the Prussian tincture of black on white.[4]"
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"the mascot of Berlin"
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387796376437655634 | America's Next Top Model | America 's Next Top Model - Wikipedia America 's Next Top Model For the recently concluded season , see America 's Next Top Model ( season 24 ) . America 's Next Top Model America 's Next Top Model 's logo used since season 23 Also known as ANTM Genre Reality television Created by Tyra Banks Developed by Ken Mok Kenya Barris Presented by Tyra Banks Rita Ora Judges Tyra Banks Janice Dickinson Kimora Lee Simmons Beau Quillian Nigel Barker Eric Nicholson Nolé Marin J. Alexander Twiggy Paulina Porizkova André Leon Talley Kelly Cutrone Rob Evans Rita Ora Ashley Graham Drew Elliott Law Roach Theme music composer David Thomas Les Pierce Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 24 No. of episodes 304 Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyra Banks Producer ( s ) Ken Mok Anthony Dominici Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) 10 by 10 Entertainment Bankable Productions ( 2003 -- 12 ) The Tyra Banks Company ( 2012 -- present ) Anisa Productions Pottle Productions Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network UPN ( 2003 -- 06 ) The CW ( 2006 -- 15 ) VH1 ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2003 -- 11 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2012 -- present ) Original release Original series : May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) -- December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) Revived series : December 12 , 2016 -- present External links Website America 's Next Top Model ( abbreviated ANTM and Top Model ) is an American reality television series and interactive competition in which a number of aspiring models compete for the title of `` America 's Next Top Model '' and a chance to begin their career in the modeling industry . Created by Tyra Banks , who also serves as an executive producer , and developed by Ken Mok and Kenya Barris , the series premiered in May 2003 , and was aired semiannually until 2012 , then annually from 2013 . The first six seasons ( referred to as `` cycles '' ) were aired on UPN , before UPN merged with The WB to create The CW in 2006 . The following sixteen cycles were aired on The CW until the series was first cancelled in October 2015 . The series has since been revived , with cycle 24 currently airing on VH1 . The series was among the highest - rated programs on UPN , and was the highest - rated show on The CW from 2007 to 2010 . Advertisers paid $61,315 per 30 - second slot during the 2011 -- 12 television seasons , the highest of any series on The CW . The first 22 cycles of the series and cycle 24 were presented by Banks , with cycle 23 being presented by Rita Ora . The series also employs a panel of two or three additional judges , a creative director and a runway coach . Cycles 1 -- 16 , 19 and 23 -- 24 each consisted of a cast of between 10 and 15 female contestants with no previous participation on the series . Cycle 17 's cast consisted entirely of previous participants , while cycle 18 's had seven new contestants and seven former Britain 's Next Top Model participants . Cycles 20 -- 22 featured male contestants in the contest , including two male winners . As of April 2018 , 24 people have won the competition . Winners typically receive a feature in a magazine and a contract with a modeling agency among other prizes . The series is the originator of the international Top Model franchise . Over thirty versions of the series have been produced internationally . Contents 1 Background 2 Format 3 Judges and other staff members 3.1 List of judges 4 Series overview 5 Partnerships 6 Reception 6.1 Impact in pop culture 6.2 U.S. television ratings 6.3 Criticism 7 Broadcast history 7.1 International broadcasts 7.2 Spin - off 8 Distribution 9 Sponsors 10 Contestants ' crossover appearances 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background It was announced on January 24 , 2006 , that Top Model would be part of the new The CW network , a merge between UPN and The WB , when the seventh cycle started in September airing on Wednesdays . The series became the first series among regular programming to air on the network . Prior to the announcement of merging with The WB , UPN had committed to renewing the series through its ninth cycle on January 20 , 2006 , for which casting was conducted throughout mid-2006 . America 's Next Top Model was the only show left on the network that was originally from UPN . On July 21 , 2006 , the writers of America 's Next Top Model went on strike while working on cycle 7 , set to premiere on the new CW Network in September 2006 . The writers sought representation through the Writers Guild of America , West , which would allow them regulated wages , access to portable health insurance , and pension benefits . These benefits would be similar to those given to writers on scripted shows . The strike was the focus of a large rally of Hollywood writers coinciding with the premiere of the new network on September 20 , 2006 . The dispute was chronicled in a July 24 interview on the website Television Without Pity with Daniel J. Blau , a former recapper on the site who covered the series , and at the time was an America 's Next Top Model show producer . In November 2006 , the writers on strike were taken off payroll . To celebrate its tenth cycle , America 's Next Top Model aired a special installment called America 's Next Top Model : Exposed in two parts on the CW on Wednesday , February 6 & 13 , 2008 . It reviewed the best cat fights , mishaps and most memorable photoshoots , personalities , defining moments and contained other segments about the show since cycles 1 to 9 , and featured a special opening fusing all three openings together . Camille McDonald ( cycles 2 and 17 ) , Toccara Jones ( cycle 3 ) , Eva Pigford ( cycle 3 winner ) , Bre Scullark ( cycles 5 and 17 ) , Cassandra Whitehead ( cycle 5 ) , Joanie Dodds ( cycle 6 ) , Jael Strauss ( cycle 8 ) , Dionne Walters ( cycle 8 ) , Heather Kuzmich ( cycle 9 ) , and Bianca Golden ( cycles 9 and 17 ) all returned to comment on events that happened in their or other cycles . After announcing that the seventeenth season would be an All - Stars version , Banks said on The CW upfronts in May 2011 , that there would n't be a `` normal '' season of the show anymore . With the start of the eighteenth British Invasion cycle , the program converted to high definition , becoming the second - to - last primetime show on the five major English - language broadcast networks in the United States to make the switch , and the last to air in the regular season to do so . The show is syndicated to NBCUniversal 's cable division , with Oxygen as well as Style Network carrying the series , usually in marathon form throughout the daytime period on either network , and running through most of or an entire cycle . Bravo , MTV , and VH1 have also aired the series in the past . E ! also currently airs reruns of ANTM . Format Main article : Top Model § Format description Show 's logo used from 2003 -- 2015 . Each season of America 's Next Top Model has from 9 -- 16 episodes and starts with 10 -- 16 contestants . Contestants are judged weekly on their overall appearance , participation in challenges , and best shot from that week 's photo shoot ; each episode , one contestant is eliminated , though in rare cases a double elimination or non-elimination was given by consensus of the judging panel . Makeovers are administered to contestants early in the season ( usually after the first or second elimination in the finals ) and a trip to an international destination is scheduled about two - thirds of the way through the season . Judges and other staff members The series employs a panel of judges who critique contestants ' progress throughout the competition . Throughout its broadcast , the program has employed seventeen different judges . The original panel consisted of Banks ( who also serves as its presenter ) , Janice Dickinson , Kimora Lee Simmons , and Beau Quillian . Quillian and Simmons were replaced by Nigel Barker and Eric Nicholson in cycle 2 , before Nicholson was replaced by Nolé Marin in cycle 3 . After cycle 4 , Marin and Dickinson were replaced by J. Alexander and Twiggy in cycle 5 . Paulina Porizkova joined the panel in cycle 10 , in place of Twiggy . After cycle 12 , Porizkova was fired by Banks and the panel was left with three judges ( Banks , Alexander and Barker ) in cycle 13 . In cycle 14 , Alexander left the panel and was replaced by André Leon Talley , but continued as the series ' runway coach . In cycle 18 , Kelly Cutrone replaced Talley . After cycle 18 , Banks fired long - standing cast members Barker , Alexander and photo shoot director Jay Manuel . Barker was replaced by Rob Evans in cycle 19 , and Manuel by Johnny Wujek . Alexander returned to the panel in cycle 21 in place of Evans . For cycle 23 the entire panel , including Banks , was replaced with Rita Ora , Ashley Graham , Drew Elliott and Law Roach while Stacey McKenzie replaced Alexander as runway coach . For the 24th cycle , Banks returned as the main judge and presenter , replacing Ora , while the rest of the personnel remained unchanged . In the first eighteen cycles , an additional guest judge was welcomed to the panel each week . For the nineteenth and twentieth cycles , public voting was represented on the panel by Bryanboy . For the twenty - first cycle public voting was simply presented on screen doing call - out . Though not a judge , Jay Manuel served as the creative director during contestants ' photo shoots for the first to eighteenth cycles . During the nineteenth and twentieth cycles , Johnny Wujek replaced Manuel as the creative director of all the shoots , and Yu Tsai replaced Wujek in the twenty - first and twenty - second cycles . Elliot served as both judge and creative director in cycle 23 and 24 . List of judges Judge Season ( cycle ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hosts Tyra Banks Main Guest Main Rita Ora Main Judging panelists Janice Dickinson Main Guest Kimora Lee Simmons Main Beau Quillian Main Guest J. Alexander Recurring Main Recurring Main Nigel Barker Main Guest Eric Nicholson Main Nolé Marin Recurring Main Guest Twiggy Main Paulina Porizkova Main André Leon Talley Main Kelly Cutrone Main Rob Evans Main Ashley Graham Main Drew Elliott Main Law Roach Main Creative director Jay Manuel Main Johnny Wujek Main Yu Tsai Guest Main Drew Elliott Main Series overview The first three seasons of America 's Next Top Model were filmed in New York City , and was relocated back and forth in seasons 10 , 12 , 14 and 23 . Los Angeles has been the primary filming location of most of the seasons since the fourth season . Season ( cycle ) Premiere date Winner Runner - up Other contestants in order of elimination Number of contestants Destination ( s ) May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) Adrianne Curry Shannon Stewart Tessa Carlson , Katie Cleary , Nicole Panattoni , Ebony Haith , Giselle Samson , Kesse Wallace , Robin Manning , Elyse Sewell 10 Paris January 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 13 ) Yoanna House Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Anna Bradfield , Bethany Harrison , Heather Blumberg , Jenascia Chakos , Xiomara Frans , Catie Anderson , Sara Racey - Tabrizi , Camille McDonald , April Wilkner , Shandi Sullivan 12 Milan , Como & Verona September 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 22 ) Eva Pigford Yaya DaCosta Magdalena Rivas , Leah Darrow , Julie Titus , Kristi Gromment , Jennipher Frost , Kelle Jacob , Cassie Grisham , Toccara Jones , Nicole Borud , Norelle Van Herk , Ann Markley , Amanda Swafford 14 Montego Bay Tokyo March 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 02 ) Naima Mora Kahlen Rondot Brita Petersons , Sarah Dankelman , Brandy Rusher , Noelle Staggers , Lluvy Gomez , Rebecca Epley & Tiffany Richardson , Tatiana Dante , Michelle Deighton , Christina Murphy , Brittany Brower , Keenyah Hill 14 Cape Town 5 September 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 21 ) Nicole Linkletter Nik Pace Ashley Black , Ebony Taylor , Cassandra Whitehead ( quit ) , Sarah Rhoades , Diane Hernandez , Coryn Woitel , Kyle Kavanagh , Lisa D'Amato , Kim Stolz , Jayla Rubinelli , Bre Scullark 13 London 6 March 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 08 ) Danielle Evans Joanie Dodds Kathy Hoxit , Wendy Wiltz , Kari Schmidt , Gina Choe , Mollie Sue Steenis - Gondi , Leslie Mancia , Brooke Staricha , Nnenna Agba , Furonda Brasfield , Sara Albert , Jade Cole 13 Bangkok & Phuket 7 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) CariDee English Melrose Bickerstaff Christian Evans , Megan Morris , Monique Calhoun , Megg Morales , A.J. Stewart , Brooke Miller , Anchal Joseph , Jaeda Young , Michelle Babin , Amanda Babin , Eugena Washington 13 Barcelona 8 February 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) Jaslene Gonzalez Natasha Galkina Kathleen DuJour , Samantha Francis , Cassandra Watson , Felicia Provost , Diana Zalewski , Sarah VonderHaar , Whitney Cunningham , Jael Strauss , Brittany Hatch , Dionne Walters , Renee DeWitt 13 Sydney 9 September 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) Saleisha Stowers Chantal Jones Mila Bouzinova , Kimberly Leemans , Victoria Marshman , Janet Mills , Ebony Morgan ( quit ) , Sarah Hartshorne , Ambreal Williams , Lisa Jackson , Heather Kuzmich , Bianca Golden , Jenah Doucette 13 St. John 's Shanghai & Beijing 10 February 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ) Whitney Thompson Anya Kop Kim Rydzewski ( quit ) , Atalya Slater , Allison Kuehn , Amis Jenkins , Marvita Washington , Aimee Wright , Claire Unabia , Stacy - Ann Fequiere , Lauren Utter , Katarzyna Dolinska , Dominique Reighard , Fatima Siad 14 Rome 11 September 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) McKey Sullivan Samantha Potter Sharaun Brown , Nikeysha Clarke , Brittany Rubalcaba , Hannah White , Isis King , Clark Gilmer , Lauren Brie Harding , Joslyn Pennywell , Sheena Sakai , Elina Ivanova , Marjorie Conrad , Analeigh Tipton 14 Amsterdam 12 March 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 04 ) Teyona Anderson Allison Harvard Isabella Falk , Jessica Santiago , Nijah Harris , Kortnie Coles , Sandra Nyanchoka , Tahlia Brookins , London Levi , Natalie Pack , Fo Porter , Celia Ammerman , Aminat Ayinde 13 São Paulo 13 September 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) Nicole Fox Laura Kirkpatrick Lisa Ramos , Rachel Echelberger , Courtney Davies , Lulu Braithwaite , Bianca Richardson , Ashley Howard , Kara Vincent , Rae Weisz , Brittany Markert , Sundai Love , Jennifer An & Erin Wagner 14 Maui 14 March 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) Krista White Raina Hein Gabrielle Kniery , Naduah Rugely , Ren Vokes , Simone Lewis , Tatianna Kern , Brenda Arens , Anslee Payne - Franklin , Alasia Ballard , Jessica Serfaty , Angelea Preston & Alexandra Underwood 13 Auckland & Queenstown 15 September 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) Ann Ward Chelsey Hersley Anamaria Mirdita , Terra White , Sara Blackamore , Rhianna Atwood , Lexie Tomchek , Kacey Leggett , Kendal Brown , Esther Petrack , Liz Williams , Chris White , Kayla Ferrel & Jane Randall 14 Venice , Milan , Como & Verona 16 February 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) Brittani Kline Molly O'Connell Angelia Alvarez , Ondrei Edwards ( quit ) , Nicole Lucas , Dominique Waldrup , Sara Longoria , Dalya Morrow , Monique Weingart , Mikaela Schipani , Jaclyn Poole , Kasia Pilewicz , Alexandria Everett , Hannah Jones 14 Marrakesh 17 September 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) Lisa D'Amato Allison Harvard Brittany Brower , Sheena Sakai , Isis King , Camille McDonald , Bre Scullark , Kayla Ferrel & Bianca Golden , Alexandria Everett , Shannon Stewart , Dominique Reighard , Laura Kirkpatrick , Angelea Preston ( disqualified ) 14 Crete & Santorini 18 February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) Sophie Sumner Laura LaFrate Jasmia Robinson , Mariah Watchman , Louise Watts ( quit ) , Candace Smith , Ashley Brown , AzMarie Livingston , Kyle Gober , Seymone Cohen - Fobish , Catherine Thomas , Eboni Davis , Alisha White ( quit ) , Annaliese Dayes 14 Toronto Macau Hong Kong 19 August 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 24 ) Laura James Kiara Belen Jessie Rabideau , Maria Tucker ( quit ) , Darian Ellis , Destiny Strudwick , Yvonne Powless , Allyssa Vuelma , Brittany Brown , Victoria Henley , Kristin Kagay , Nastasia Scott , Leila Goldkuhl 13 Ocho Rios & Montego Bay 20 August 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) Jourdan Miller Marvin Cortes Bianca Alexa , Chris Schellenger , Chlea Ramirez , Mike Scocozza , Kanani Andaluz , Jiana Davis , Phil Sullivan , Alex Agro , Don Benjamin , Nina Burns , Jeremy Rohmer , Renee Bhagwandeen , Chris Hernandez , Cory Wade Hindorff 16 Bali 21 August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) Keith Carlos Will Jardell Ivy Timlin , Romeo Tostado ( disqualified ) , Ben Schreen , Kari Calhoun , Matthew Smith , Denzel Wells , Mirjana Puhar , Raelia Lewis , Chantelle Young , Shei Phan , Lenox Tillman , Adam Smith 14 Seoul 22 August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) Nyle DiMarco Mamé Adjei Delanie Dischert , Stefano Churchill , Ava Capra , Ashley Molina , Courtney DuPerow , Bello Sanchez , Justin Kim , Dustin McNeer , Hadassah Richardson , Devin Clark , Mikey Heverly & Lacey Rogers 14 None 23 December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) India Gants Tatiana Price Justine Biticon , Cherish Waters , Giah Hardeman , Krislian Rodriguez , Kyle McCoy , Binta Dibba , Marissa Hopkins , Paige Mobley , Tash Wells , Cody Wells , Courtney Nelson , Cory Anne Roberts 14 None 24 January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Kyla Coleman Jeana Turner Maggie Keating , Ivana Thomas , Liz Woodbury ( quit ) , Rhiyan Carreker , Coura Fall , Liberty Netuschil , Christina McDonald , Sandra Shehab , Brendi K Seiner ( quit ) , Erin Green , Rio Summers , Shanice Carroll , Khrystyana Kazakova 15 None Notes Jump up ^ For season 9 , all of the semi-finalists traveled by boat from San Juan to St. John 's for casting week , before returning to the United States to start the competition . Partnerships America 's Next Top Model was also connected with Banks ' talk show , on which several contestants have appeared , most notably Natasha Galkina ( cycle 8 ) , who worked as a correspondent for the show . The show 's stage was also used for the cycle 5 reunion show . In 2008 , Banks launched a new reality show inside the Tyra Show , called Modelville which featured past contestants Renee DeWitt ( cycle 8 ) , Bianca Golden ( cycle 9 ) , Dominique Reighard , Fatima Siad and Lauren Utter ( all cycle 10 ) vying for a $50,000 contract with Carol 's Daughter . The competition was ultimately won by Reighard . The ANTM franchise released a clothing and accessories line based on the television show , which is sold at most Walmart stores . It ranges from cosmetic products to handbags . Dolls were also released based on the show that were made by MGA Entertainment . Reception Impact in pop culture The show has been referred to in many series , such as ABC Family 's GREEK , CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , and Fox 's Family Guy . It also had its own E ! True Hollywood Story episode , featuring past contestants Ebony Haith , Giselle Samson , Elyse Sewell ( all cycle 1 ) , Adrianne Curry ( cycle 1 winner ) , Camille McDonald ( cycles 2 & 17 ) , April Wilkner , Mercedes Scelba - Shorte ( both cycle 2 ) , Toccara Jones , Ann Markley , Amanda Swafford ( all cycle 3 ) , Eva Pigford ( cycle 3 winner ) , Michelle Deighton ( cycle 4 ) , Brittany Brower ( cycles 4 & 17 ) , Naima Mora ( cycle 4 winner ) , Ebony Taylor ( cycle 5 ) , Lisa D'Amato ( cycle 5 & cycle 17 winner ) , Kim Stolz ( cycle 5 ) and Bre Scullark ( cycles 5 & 17 ) as well as judges & personals Janice Dickinson , Tyra Banks , Nigel Barker , J. Alexander , Jay Manuel , Ken Mok and Michelle Mock - Falcon . It covered the first five cycles and recently re-aired with a few added minutes of footage which cover cycles 6 to 10 and Stylista . In 2009 , Oxygen Network aired a series based on the show called Top Model Obsessed , featuring past contestants Lisa D'Amato ( cycle 5 & cycle 17 winner ) , CariDee English ( cycle 7 winner ) and Bianca Golden ( cycles 9 & 17 ) . US television Ratings For the 2006 -- 2009 and 2010 -- 2011 television seasons , America 's Next Top Model was the No. 1 show in average viewers on The CW . Network Season ( cycle ) No. of episodes First aired Last aired TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season averages Date Viewers ( million ) Date Viewers ( million ) Viewership ranking Viewers ( million ) 18 - 49 rating ( rounded ) UPN 8 May 20 , 2003 2.90 July 8 , 2003 4.50 2003 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm N / A 3.66 1.9 11 January 13 , 2004 4.90 March 23 , 2004 5.89 2003 -- 04 122 6.26 3.0 13 September 22 , 2004 3.60 December 15 , 2004 6.50 2004 -- 05 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 108 5.04 2.4 12 March 2 , 2005 5.08 May 18 , 2005 5.11 106 5.11 2.4 5 12 September 21 , 2005 4.77 December 7 , 2005 6.44 2005 -- 06 113 5.18 2.5 6 11 March 8 , 2006 5.26 May 17 , 2006 5.86 113 4.94 2.4 The CW 7 12 September 20 , 2006 5.26 December 6 , 2006 6.19 2006 -- 07 112 5.16 2.5 8 11 February 28 , 2007 5.36 May 16 , 2007 5.86 112 5.28 2.5 9 13 September 19 , 2007 5.22 December 12 , 2007 5.50 2007 -- 08 148 4.78 2.3 10 12 February 20 , 2008 3.81 May 14 , 2008 4.75 168 3.93 1.9 11 11 September 3 , 2008 3.51 November 19 , 2008 4.84 2008 -- 09 140 4.00 2.0 12 11 March 4 , 2009 3.92 May 13 , 2009 4.31 142 3.88 1.8 13 11 September 9 , 2009 3.24 November 18 , 2009 3.69 2009 -- 10 108 3.81 1.8 14 10 March 10 , 2010 3.66 May 14 , 2010 3.77 109 3.70 1.7 15 12 September 8 , 2010 2.84 December 1 , 2010 3.36 2010 -- 11 122 3.47 1.7 16 12 February 23 , 2011 2.25 May 18 , 2011 1.81 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( 9 -- 12 ) 133 2.52 17 12 September 14 , 2011 1.96 December 7 , 2011 2.39 2011 -- 12 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 142 2.42 18 13 February 29 , 2012 1.17 May 30 , 2012 1.42 151 1.52 0.7 19 12 August 24 , 2012 1.09 November 16 , 2012 1.34 2012 -- 13 Friday 8 : 00 pm 141 1.72 0.7 20 15 August 2 , 2013 1.55 November 15 , 2013 1.29 2013 Friday 9 : 00 pm 163 1.66 Unknown 2013 -- 14 21 16 August 18 , 2014 1.11 December 5 , 2014 1.16 2014 Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 6 ) 176 1.56 0.6 2014 -- 15 Friday 9 : 00 pm ( 7 -- 16 ) 22 16 August 5 , 2015 1.15 December 4 , 2015 1.16 2015 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 8 ) 176 1.59 0.6 2015 -- 16 Friday 9 : 00 pm ( 9 -- 16 ) VH1 23 15 December 12 , 2016 1.28 March 8 , 2017 0.86 2016 -- 17 Monday 10 : 00 pm N / A 24 15 January 9 , 2018 0.86 April 10 , 2018 0.87 2017 -- 18 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Criticism Yahoo ! 's Shine lifestyle website said the show contained cruelty and elements of humiliation , and that some critiques from the judges are `` really cruel and cringe - inducing '' , claiming that the show `` humiliates and degrades young women . '' The site created the list `` 10 reasons why ' America 's Next Top Model ' is bad for women , humans '' , citing such things as giving the contestants and women viewers unrealistic visions of life as a model , and `` always espousing empowerment and female strength and then forcing the contestants into embarrassing scenarios far outside the realm of real - life modeling '' . One such scenario highlighted was when cycle 12 's final two contestants `` were made to wear bikinis so skimpy that the producers had to blur out Allison Harvard 's butt cheeks '' , and performed a `` creepily sexual mud fight , '' after which contestant and winner Teyona Anderson was `` commended for taking her weave in her hand and whipping it around on the runway like a sexy feather boa . '' Allure magazine criticized the show in its October 2006 issue , saying that ANTM `` has n't exactly produced any actual supermodels . '' Ken Mok and Banks noticed that most of cycle 8 's girls were unusually heavy smokers . `` Tyra and I understand the influence ' Top Model ' has on a generation of young people , and we want to make sure we get the right message to our audience , '' Mok said , which then prompted the `` green '' theme of cycle 9 . The winner of cycle 9 , Saleisha Stowers , was discovered to have been in a Wendy 's commercial , on a catwalk in the cycle 6 show and an episode of Tyra Banks Show prior to her participation . The rules of the competition stated that a contestant must not have appeared as a model in a national campaign during the five years prior to the production of the cycle in which they participate . The CW network said she had revealed her role in the Wendy 's commercial , and `` after reviewing the commercial , it was determined that her appearance did not amount to ' modeling ' experience , and therefore did not exclude her from participating in the show . '' After filming cycle 10 , the producers of America 's Next Top Model were served with a lawsuit from Michael Marvisi , the owner of the loft used as the Top Model house . The lawsuit claimed that the contestants as well as the production crew caused an estimated $500,000 in damages to the loft . Marvisi claims the contestants engaged in food fights , made holes in the walls , caused water damage to the bathroom , damaged a $15,000 chandelier beyond repair , and caused $90,000 worth of damage to an electrical store . Also , the production crew was accused of damaging the flooring and making holes in the ceiling for lighting equipment . Broadcast history International broadcasts America 's Next Top Model is currently shown on TV internationally in 170 countries and regions , namely : Australia , the United Kingdom , Japan , Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan and the whole of Southeast Asia ( except Timor - Leste ) . The following table shows countries and regions that have aired this show : The channel in bold also broadcast their own version of Top Model . Country Channel First aired Last aired Cycle ( s ) Episodes Australia Fox8 present 1 -- 21 ( cycle 21 currently airing ) 137 Austria Puls 4 2009 2009 10 13 Brazil Canal Sony TBA 1 -- 17 TBA Bulgaria GTV 2005 2009 1 - 7 237 BTV Cinema 2011 2011 8 BTV Lady 2012 present 9 -- 17 Fox Life 2018 present 21 - 22 Canada MuchMusic CTV Two 2003 ( Citytv ) 2008 ( CTV ) 2012 ( MuchMusic & CTV Two ) 2011 ( CTV ) All All MusiquePlus 2008 present 4 -- 17 182 Chile Canal 13 TBA TBA TBA China CCTV - 2 TBA present All All Estonia Kanal 2 Kanal 11 TBA 2012 2011 1 -- 13 1 -- 12 TBA Finland Nelonen January 6 , 2004 present 1 -- 13 TBA France Téva Direct Star June 2005 ( Téva ) 2011 ( Direct Star & June ) 2007 ( Téva ) 2012 ( Direct Star ) present ( June ) 3 - 4 ( Téva ) 5 -- 11 ( Direct Star ) 1 - 20 ( June ) TBA Germany VIVA 2007 2011 1 -- 8 TBA Greece Skai TV 2006 2013 1 -- 20 TBA Hong Kong TVB Pearl 2003 TBA All TBA Channel V Star World India AXN 2015 Present 20 - 22 48 Colors Infinity 2017 Present 23 - 24 30 Italy Sky Uno 2007 present 1 -- 15 169 Japan Fuji TV , TV Tokyo , YTV , Nihon Television , TV Asahi 2004 ( C1 - 5 Fuji TV ) , 2007 ( C6 - 9 TV Tokyo ) , 2009 ( C10 - 11 YTV ) , 2011 ( C12 - 13 NTV ) , 2011 -- present ( C14 -- present TV Asahi ) -- All TBA Latin America Sony Entertainment Television TBA 1 -- 17 TBA Lithuania TV6 TBA TBA 1 -- 13 150 Netherlands Yorin RTL 5 May 31 , 2004 August 18 , 2005 August 11 , 2005 -- 1 -- 4 ( Yorin ) 4 -- 21 ( RTL 5 ) 202 New Zealand TV3 1 -- 13 215 Four 2011 Present 14 -- ( cycle 21 currently airing ) Philippines Studio 23 ( now ABS - CBN Sports + Action ) , ETC , Star World , Velvet 2004 ( Studio 23 now ABS - CBN Sports + Action ) , 2006 ( ETC ) , 2006 ( STAR World ) , 2008 ( Velvet ) 2005 ( Studio 23 now ABS - CBN Sports + Action ) , 2013 ( Velvet ) All TBA Poland TVN September 8 , 2010 1 -- 13 Portugal SIC Mulher 2009 Present 7 -- 22 TBA Puerto Rico WAPA - TV August 17 , 2009 May 20 , 2011 September 8 , 2010 -- 1 -- 14 15 -- 16 182 -- Russia Muz - TV U February 1 , 2010 September 17 , 2012 present 1 -- 20 All Serbia B92 August 1 , 2012 present 2 -- 7 TBA Singapore Channel 5 TBA TBA 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 13 , 15 -- 16 TBA Slovenia TV3 Slovenia TBA TBA Taiwan Channel V 2005 2009 3 -- 11 141 + Star World October 12 , 2008 present 11 , 13 -- 21 Ukraine Novyi Kanal 2013 present 1 ( cycle 1 is now airing ) 26 + United Kingdom Sky Living present 1 -- 20 204 Vietnam Star World 2009 present 16 -- ( cycle 23 is now airing ) 100 + Spin - off For a list of international spin - offs of the series that follow the same or a similar format , see Top Model § International Top Model series . In October 2008 , The CW announced that it had ordered a spin - off pilot of America 's Next Top Model , titled Operation Fabulous . The proposed show would have starred ANTM creative director Jay Manuel and runway coach Mrs. J. Alexander as they travel the country to provide makeovers to everyday women . Tyra Banks and Ken Mok would have served as executive producers for the new show . However , The CW ultimately declined to pick up the show . Distribution Until 2012 , only cycle 1 had been released domestically on DVD . This is because the home video license was formerly held by UPN , and was distributed for them by Paramount Home Entertainment . Since the series is now independently produced , the video rights to the remaining seasons have , until recently , been open for acquisition ( and therefore , the remaining seasons had yet to be issued on DVD or Blu - ray ) . However , on May 30 , it was announced on the CW that cycles 2 and 3 were available to pre-order on DVD via new licensee CBS Home Entertainment . They are now available for purchase on Amazon.com . Additionally , cycles 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 were also made into DVDs and sold on the website . Sponsors For cycle 1 , Revlon sponsored this show with the products and prizes . For cycle 2 , Sephora replaced Revlon as the commercial sponsor . Through cycles 3 - 18 , CoverGirl replaced Sephora as the continuation on products and prizes . For cycle 19 , shoe retailer Nine West and Smashbox sponsored with campaigns , but the cosmetics sponsorship has ended . For cycle 20 , Guess sponsored with a US $100,000 ad campaign for the winner . Contestants ' crossover appearances In cycle 3 , Taye Diggs from Kevin Hill appeared in the acting challenge . While Yaya DaCosta won the challenge , it was cycle 3 winner Eva Pigford who guest - starred on the show . She later starred on other UPN / CW shows such as Smallville . Naima Mora ( winner of cycle 4 ) , Kim Stolz ( cycle 5 ) , and Furonda Brasfield ( cycle 6 ) were given guest - starring roles on episodes of Veronica Mars . Kim and Furonda 's roles were cameos in the same series . CariDee English ( cycle 7 winner ) , who won the acting challenge in Episode 9 , guest - starred in an episode of One Tree Hill , and later had a cameo appearance in an episode of Gossip Girl . English hosted Oxygen reality TV series Pretty Wicked . For cycle 8 , the acting - themed episode had Tia Mowry of CW 's The Game give the girls a crash course in acting , although the `` crossover '' was limited to Mowry 's appearance , as the challenge winner was not given a guest role as a prize . Instead , Renee DeWitt , who won the challenge , got a surprise visit from her husband and son which she shared with Dionne Walters , whose family also showed up for a surprise visit . Several other contestants have landed roles on other UPN / CW shows , such as Mercedes Scelba - Shorte ( cycle 2 ) , Ann Markley ( cycle 3 ) , Toccara Jones ( cycle 3 ) and Cassandra Whitehead ( cycle 5 ) . Analeigh Tipton and Samantha Potter ( both cycle 11 ) were featured in an episode of The Big Bang Theory which featured the main characters locating the top model house . At the E ! News preshow for the 81st Academy Awards five contestants were featured modeling Oscar gowns : Ambreal Williams ( cycle 9 ) and Saleisha Stowers ( cycle 9 winner ) , Samantha Potter ( cycle 11 ) , Nijah Harris and Natalie Pack ( both cycle 12 ) On May 12 , 2010 , Angelea Preston , Jessica Serfaty , and Simone Lewis ( all cycle 14 ) appeared on a Jay Walking All - Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . On February 24 , 2012 , Brittany Brower ( cycle 4 ) , Bre Scullark ( cycle 5 ) ( both cycle 17 ) , and Lisa D'Amato ( cycle 5 and cycle 17 winner ) appeared on a Jay Walking All - Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . On November 21 , 2012 , Allyssa Vuelma , Jessie Rabideau , and Kiara Belen ( all cycle 19 ) appeared on a Jay Walking All - Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Jenascia Chakos ( cycle 2 ) appeared in 2010 in an episode of Wheel of Fortune . Analeigh Tipton ( cycle 11 ) played Jessica Riley in the romantic comedy Crazy , Stupid , Love . Courtney Davies ( cycle 13 ) appeared in the ABC family TV series Pretty Little Liars as Quinn in a recurring role for 2 episodes in 2011 . Leslie Mancia ( cycle 6 ) , Lisa Jackson ( cycle 9 ) , Aminat Ayinde ( cycle 12 ) , Nastasia Scott ( cycle 19 ) and Shei Phan ( cycle 21 ) all competed on Project Runway or Project Runway All Stars as models paired with a designer . Lisa ( paired with designer Michelle Lesniak Franklin ) was the winner of the 11th season of Project Runway . Nyle DiMarco ( cycle 22 ) was a contestant on , and the winner of season 22 of Dancing with the Stars , dancing with Peta Murgatroyd . Will Jardell ( cycle 21 ) is currently a contestant on an online game called Sequester which is produced by Audrey Middleton of Big Brother fame . See also List of America 's Next Top Model contestants List of reality television show franchises America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Make Me a Supermodel ( 2008 ) References Jump up ^ `` Shows -- About America 's Next Top Model '' . The CW . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lo , Danica ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Kelly Cutrone on Judging America 's Next Top Model : `` If I Keep Smacking Down , We Might Not Have Any Girls Left . '' `` . Glamour . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top Model Takes Strikers Off Payroll '' . The Business of Television . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tyra Banks promises no more ' normal ' seasons of ' Top Model ' -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' America 's Next Top Model '' Returns with a Familiar Face - J. Alexander ! `` . The Futon Critic . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Laura . `` The ' America 's Next Top Model ' Cycle 23 Cast Is Full Of Fresh & Fierce Faces '' . Bustle . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tyra Banks Will Return as Host of America 's Next Top Model '' . VH1 . Viacom . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tyra Banks episodes '' . TV Guide . 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December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpotVault - America 's Next Top Model ( CW ) - Spring 2009 '' . Spotted Ratings . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpotVault - America 's Next Top Model ( CW ) - Fall 2009 '' . Spotted Ratings . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpotVault - America 's Next Top Model ( CW ) - Spring 2010 '' . Spotted Ratings . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpotVault - America 's Next Top Model ( CW ) - Fall 2010 '' . Spotted Ratings . December 8 , 2011 . 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Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . 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Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- WAPA TV Puerto Rico '' . Wapa.tv . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model '' Spinoff `` Operation Fabulous '' . Popcrunch.com . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : america 's next top model dvd - DVD : Movies & TV '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : America 's Next Top Model Media related to America 's Next Top Model at Wikimedia Commons Official website America 's Next Top Model on IMDb America 's Next Top Model at TV.com `` List of America 's Next Top Model Episodes '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . 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"\n\n\nSeason(cycle)\n\nPremiere date\n\nWinner\n\nRunner-up\n\nOther contestants in order of elimination\n\nNumber of contestants\n\nDestination(s)\n\n\n1\n\nMay 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)\n\nAdrianne Curry\n\nShannon Stewart\n\nTessa Carlson, Katie Cleary, Nicole Panattoni, Ebony Haith, Giselle Samson, Kesse Wallace, Robin Manning, Elyse Sewell\n\n10\n\nParis\n\n\n2\n\nJanuary 13, 2004 (2004-01-13)\n\nYoanna House\n\nMercedes Scelba-Shorte\n\nAnna Bradfield, Bethany Harrison, Heather Blumberg, Jenascia Chakos, Xiomara Frans, Catie Anderson, Sara Racey-Tabrizi, Camille McDonald, April Wilkner, Shandi Sullivan\n\n12\n\n Milan, Como & Verona\n\n\n3\n\nSeptember 22, 2004 (2004-09-22)\n\nEva Pigford\n\nYaya DaCosta\n\nMagdalena Rivas, Leah Darrow, Julie Titus, Kristi Gromment, Jennipher Frost, Kelle Jacob, Cassie Grisham, Toccara Jones, Nicole Borud, Norelle Van Herk, Ann Markley, Amanda Swafford\n\n14\n\n Montego Bay Tokyo\n\n\n4\n\nMarch 2, 2005 (2005-03-02)\n\nNaima Mora\n\nKahlen Rondot\n\nBrita Petersons, Sarah Dankelman, Brandy Rusher, Noelle Staggers, Lluvy Gomez, Rebecca Epley & Tiffany Richardson, Tatiana Dante, Michelle Deighton, Christina Murphy, Brittany Brower, Keenyah Hill\n\n14\n\n Cape Town\n\n\n5\n\nSeptember 21, 2005 (2005-09-21)\n\nNicole Linkletter\n\nNik Pace\n\nAshley Black, Ebony Taylor, Cassandra Whitehead (quit), Sarah Rhoades, Diane Hernandez, Coryn Woitel, Kyle Kavanagh, Lisa D'Amato, Kim Stolz, Jayla Rubinelli, Bre Scullark\n\n13\n\n London\n\n\n6\n\nMarch 8, 2006 (2006-03-08)\n\nDanielle Evans\n\nJoanie Dodds\n\nKathy Hoxit, Wendy Wiltz, Kari Schmidt, Gina Choe, Mollie Sue Steenis-Gondi, Leslie Mancia, Brooke Staricha, Nnenna Agba, Furonda Brasfield, Sara Albert, Jade Cole\n\n13\n\nBangkok & Phuket\n\n\n7\n\nSeptember 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)\n\nCariDee English\n\nMelrose Bickerstaff\n\nChristian Evans, Megan Morris, Monique Calhoun, Megg Morales, A.J. Stewart, Brooke Miller, Anchal Joseph, Jaeda Young, Michelle Babin, Amanda Babin, Eugena Washington\n\n13\n\nBarcelona\n\n\n8\n\nFebruary 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)\n\nJaslene Gonzalez\n\nNatasha Galkina\n\nKathleen DuJour, Samantha Francis, Cassandra Watson, Felicia Provost, Diana Zalewski, Sarah VonderHaar, Whitney Cunningham, Jael Strauss, Brittany Hatch, Dionne Walters, Renee DeWitt\n\n13\n\n Sydney\n\n\n9\n\nSeptember 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)\n\nSaleisha Stowers\n\nChantal Jones\n\nMila Bouzinova, Kimberly Leemans, Victoria Marshman, Janet Mills, Ebony Morgan (quit), Sarah Hartshorne, Ambreal Williams, Lisa Jackson, Heather Kuzmich, Bianca Golden, Jenah Doucette\n\n13\n\nSt. John's[a] Shanghai & Beijing\n\n\n10\n\nFebruary 20, 2008 (2008-02-20)\n\nWhitney Thompson\n\nAnya Kop\n\nKim Rydzewski (quit), Atalya Slater, Allison Kuehn, Amis Jenkins, Marvita Washington, Aimee Wright, Claire Unabia, Stacy-Ann Fequiere, Lauren Utter, Katarzyna Dolinska, Dominique Reighard, Fatima Siad\n\n14\n\n Rome\n\n\n11\n\nSeptember 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)\n\nMcKey Sullivan\n\nSamantha Potter\n\nSharaun Brown, Nikeysha Clarke, Brittany Rubalcaba, Hannah White, Isis King, Clark Gilmer, Lauren Brie Harding, Joslyn Pennywell, Sheena Sakai, Elina Ivanova, Marjorie Conrad, Analeigh Tipton\n\n14\n\n Amsterdam\n\n\n12\n\nMarch 4, 2009 (2009-03-04)\n\nTeyona Anderson\n\nAllison Harvard\n\nIsabella Falk, Jessica Santiago, Nijah Harris, Kortnie Coles, Sandra Nyanchoka, Tahlia Brookins, London Levi, Natalie Pack, Fo Porter, Celia Ammerman, Aminat Ayinde\n\n13\n\n São Paulo\n\n\n13\n\nSeptember 9, 2009 (2009-09-09)\n\nNicole Fox\n\nLaura Kirkpatrick\n\nLisa Ramos, Rachel Echelberger, Courtney Davies, Lulu Braithwaite, Bianca Richardson, Ashley Howard, Kara Vincent, Rae Weisz, Brittany Markert, Sundai Love, Jennifer An & Erin Wagner\n\n14\n\nMaui\n\n\n14\n\nMarch 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)\n\nKrista White\n\nRaina Hein\n\nGabrielle Kniery, Naduah Rugely, Ren Vokes, Simone Lewis, Tatianna Kern, Brenda Arens, Anslee Payne-Franklin, Alasia Ballard, Jessica Serfaty, Angelea Preston & Alexandra Underwood\n\n13\n\nAuckland & Queenstown\n\n\n15\n\nSeptember 8, 2010 (2010-09-08)\n\nAnn Ward\n\nChelsey Hersley\n\nAnamaria Mirdita, Terra White, Sara Blackamore, Rhianna Atwood, Lexie Tomchek, Kacey Leggett, Kendal Brown, Esther Petrack, Liz Williams, Chris White, Kayla Ferrel & Jane Randall\n\n14\n\n Venice, Milan, Como & Verona\n\n\n16\n\nFebruary 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)\n\nBrittani Kline\n\nMolly O'Connell\n\nAngelia Alvarez, Ondrei Edwards (quit), Nicole Lucas, Dominique Waldrup, Sara Longoria, Dalya Morrow, Monique Weingart, Mikaela Schipani, Jaclyn Poole, Kasia Pilewicz, Alexandria Everett, Hannah Jones\n\n14\n\nMarrakesh\n\n\n17\n\nSeptember 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)\n\nLisa D'Amato\n\nAllison Harvard\n\nBrittany Brower, Sheena Sakai, Isis King, Camille McDonald, Bre Scullark, Kayla Ferrel & Bianca Golden, Alexandria Everett, Shannon Stewart, Dominique Reighard, Laura Kirkpatrick, Angelea Preston (disqualified)\n\n14\n\n Crete & Santorini\n\n\n18\n\nFebruary 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)\n\nSophie Sumner\n\nLaura LaFrate\n\nJasmia Robinson, Mariah Watchman, Louise Watts (quit), Candace Smith, Ashley Brown, AzMarie Livingston, Kyle Gober, Seymone Cohen-Fobish, Catherine Thomas, Eboni Davis, Alisha White (quit), Annaliese Dayes\n\n14\n\n Toronto Macau Hong Kong\n\n\n19\n\nAugust 24, 2012 (2012-08-24)\n\nLaura James\n\nKiara Belen\n\nJessie Rabideau, Maria Tucker (quit), Darian Ellis, Destiny Strudwick, Yvonne Powless, Allyssa Vuelma, Brittany Brown, Victoria Henley, Kristin Kagay, Nastasia Scott, Leila Goldkuhl\n\n13\n\n Ocho Rios & Montego Bay\n\n\n20\n\nAugust 2, 2013 (2013-08-02)\n\nJourdan Miller\n\nMarvin Cortes\n\nBianca Alexa, Chris Schellenger, Chlea Ramirez, Mike Scocozza, Kanani Andaluz, Jiana Davis, Phil Sullivan, Alex Agro, Don Benjamin, Nina Burns, Jeremy Rohmer, Renee Bhagwandeen, Chris Hernandez, Cory Wade Hindorff\n\n16\n\n Bali\n\n\n21\n\nAugust 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)\n\nKeith Carlos\n\nWill Jardell\n\nIvy Timlin, Romeo Tostado (disqualified), Ben Schreen, Kari Calhoun, Matthew Smith, Denzel Wells, Mirjana Puhar, Raelia Lewis, Chantelle Young, Shei Phan, Lenox Tillman, Adam Smith\n\n14\n\n Seoul\n\n\n22\n\nAugust 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)\n\nNyle DiMarco\n\nMamé Adjei\n\nDelanie Dischert, Stefano Churchill, Ava Capra, Ashley Molina, Courtney DuPerow, Bello Sanchez, Justin Kim, Dustin McNeer, Hadassah Richardson, Devin Clark, Mikey Heverly & Lacey Rogers\n\n14\n\nNone\n\n\n23\n\nDecember 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)\n\nIndia Gants\n\nTatiana Price\n\nJustine Biticon, Cherish Waters, Giah Hardeman, Krislian Rodriguez, Kyle McCoy, Binta Dibba, Marissa Hopkins, Paige Mobley, Tash Wells, Cody Wells, Courtney Nelson, Cory Anne Roberts\n\n14\n\nNone\n\n\n24\n\nJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)\n\nKyla Coleman\n\nJeana Turner\n\nMaggie Keating, Ivana Thomas, Liz Woodbury (quit), Rhiyan Carreker, Coura Fall, Liberty Netuschil, Christina McDonald, Sandra Shehab, Brendi K Seiner (quit), Erin Green, Rio Summers, Shanice Carroll, Khrystyana Kazakova\n\n15\n\nNone\n"
] | [
"January 9"
] |
1995260952169187169 | The Walking Dead (season 3) | The Walking Dead ( season 3 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the third season of the television series . For the third season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead : A New Frontier . The Walking Dead ( season 3 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) -- March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of The Walking Dead episodes The third season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 14 , 2012 , and concluded on March 31 , 2013 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Kirkman , Glen Mazzara , David Alpert , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season . The third season was very well received by critics . It was nominated for multiple awards and won two , including Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series , at the 39th Saturn Awards . This season adapts material from issues # 13 -- 38 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters , including Michonne ( Danai Gurira ) , Axel ( Lew Temple ) , The Governor ( David Morrissey ) and Tyreese Williams ( Chad L. Coleman ) . It also marks the return of Merle Dixon ( Michael Rooker ) , the volatile older brother of Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) , who went missing in the first season , and also features the return of Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) , the first survivor Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) encountered and befriended , who he lost contact with in season one . As in the comics , this season is mainly set in both an abandoned prison and an active rural town of survivors . Set eight months after the killing of Shane Walsh and onslaught of the Greene Family Farm , with the world growing increasingly more dangerous and Lori 's ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) pregnancy advancing , the season continues the story of Rick Grimes , who has assumed a dictatorial - like leadership over his group of survivors as they survive in a post-apocalyptic world infested with flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After discovering a potential safe haven , the group takes refuge and inhabits a large , fortified federal prison , but this security is threatened by a nearby community -- Woodbury -- led by a nefarious man known as The Governor , who takes an interest in Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) as she remains , after the burning of the farm , separated and unaware of the main group 's status . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Woodbury 1.2. 2 The Prisoners 1.2. 3 Tyreese 's group 1.2. 4 Miscellaneous 2 Production 2.1 Webisodes 2.2 Talking Dead 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media releases 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the third season include ( from left to right ) : Lori , Carl , Daryl , Carol , T - Dog , Beth , Hershel , Rick , Maggie , Glenn , The Governor , Michonne , and Andrea ; Absent : Merle Main cast ( edit ) The third season features ten actors receiving opening credits billing , with eight returning from the previous season and two new cast members introduced ; six are listed as main cast members in the second season , while Lauren Cohan , Michael Rooker and Scott Wilson were promoted from recurring status , while Danai Gurira and David Morrissey were added to the main cast as Michonne and The Governor , respectively . However , Wilson and McBride are credited as `` Also starring '' . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and a former sheriff 's deputy , who has established himself as the group 's leader . Rick has become a more cold and calculating leader , willing to leave strangers to die and abandon group members if it means everyone else survives , and comes into conflict with The Governor . Rick has also become distant , resentful of Lori for her affair with Shane . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's wife and Carl 's mother , who is 9 months pregnant but is resented by Rick and Carl for her affair with Shane and the problems it led to . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former successful civil rights attorney , who was separated from the group at the end of the second season . She befriends Michonne and forms a relationship with The Governor . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , an antihero - like Southern redneck , who 's also the group 's primary hunter . He has become Rick 's right - hand man and closest ally since Shane 's death . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy and Maggie 's boyfriend . Glenn has found something in Maggie that he does n't want to lose and has become very protective of her . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene , Hershel 's strong - willed and determined elder daughter and Glenn 's girlfriend . Maggie has come to terms with the walker virus and has since become a good fighter and an integral member of the core group . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's young son , who has also become more cold and brutal following his father 's example , but is often frustrated when he is forbidden to contribute more often , as the elder members of the group seek to retain his innocence . Danai Gurira as Michonne , the katana - wielding hooded figure , who saves Andrea in the season two finale . Michonne is a quiet and seemingly ruthless survivalist , who immediately dislikes The Governor . She forms a bond with Rick 's son Carl and begins to shed her brutality for a healthier mindset . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , an unruly Southern redneck and Daryl 's older brother , who disappeared in the first season . Merle is the right hand of The Governor , but Daryl , being his brother , could change that . David Morrissey as The Governor , leader of the town of Woodbury , father of Penny , and the primary antagonist of the season . The Governor is a ruthless , paranoid , and dangerous sociopath , who will murder anyone he sees as a threat to his community , and seeks to eliminate Rick 's group when they move into the prison nearby . Also starring ( edit ) Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a former victim of domestic abuse , who is now the last surviving member of her family , having lost her daughter Sophia last season . Carol also has a close bond with Daryl , and dislikes his brother Merle for his influence over him but sees Daryl 's potential in him too . Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , a religious farmer , trained veterinarian , and father of Maggie and Beth , as well as a father figure to Glenn . He serves as the group 's primary moral compass and Rick 's main adviser . Supporting cast ( edit ) Emily Kinney as Beth Greene , Hershel 's soft - spoken younger daughter and Maggie 's half - sister , who has accepted the world 's new state , having previously tried to kill herself , and has become more skilled at killing walkers . She often tries to boost morale by singing . IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a survivor of the original Atlanta group , who struggles to prove his worth to the group , but is a brave individual willing to risk his life for everyone else 's sake . Woodbury ( edit ) Jose Pablo Cantillo as Caesar Martinez , one of The Governor 's men . Martinez is a loyal , slightly egotistical , member of Governor 's forces , but is reasonable and has honor , and is even disturbed by The Governor 's actions but is willing to do what is needed to stay alive . Dallas Roberts as Milton Mamet , a scientist and old friend of The Governor , who studies the walkers believing there can be a way to restore their humanity , but is reluctant to accept The Governor for the monster he is as he knew him before the outbreak . Travis Love as Shumpert , a silent bow using member of the Woodbury army , who is very loyal to The Governor and a good friend of Martinez . Melissa Ponzio as Karen , a former teacher and Woodbury citizen , who disagrees with The Governor 's plan to raise an army from the Woodbury citizens , which includes the children . Alexa Nikolas as Haley , a cocky and overly confident female Woodbury guard . Lawrence Kao as Tim , a member of the Woodbury army . Arthur Bridgers as Crowley , a member of the Woodbury army . Donzaleigh Abernathy as Dr. Stevens , a doctor living in Woodbury . The prisoners ( edit ) Nick Gomez as Tomas , a violent convict and the leader of a group of prisoners , who survived within the prison . Lew Temple as Axel , a convict and survivor , found by the group in the prison , who tries to keep the peace but often speaks more than needed . He also forms a friendship with Carol . Vincent Ward as Oscar , a survivor found in the prison and Axel 's best friend , who is very honorable and brave , even in the face of death , and is willing to risk his life to help those in need . Markice Moore as Andrew , the smallest and weakest of the prisoners which Rick 's group encounters , who is also the most mischievous and cunning of them . Theodus Crane as Big Tiny , the largest of Tomas ' group of prisoners but is also the most kind , who has trouble killing walkers . Tyreese 's group ( edit ) Chad L. Coleman as Tyreese Williams , a survivor leading a small group of people to safety , who finds the group in the prison , but is tossed out by a mentally unstable Rick against everyone else 's advice . He eventually joins Woodbury , unaware of The Governor 's true nature . Tyreese is a man of morals and principles willing to do what it takes the earn his place and to find a safe haven for his sister and friends , but is hesitant to hurt people even if needed . Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams , Tyreese 's sister , who is trying to find shelter with her brother and finds the group in the prison but is tossed out by a mentally unstable Rick , against everyone else 's advice , and joins Woodbury unaware of The Governor 's true nature . Unlike Tyreese , Sasha has a colder survival mindset which sometimes puts her into conflict with her brother , but she is still compassionate enough to avoid unnecessary bloodshed . Daniel Thomas May as Allen , part of Tyreese 's group , father of Ben , and husband of Donna , who is a survivalist willing to kill innocent people even if they show him compassion . He also has a feud with Tyreese as Donna became smitten with him after he saved her from walkers . Tyler Chase as Ben , Allen 's teenage son , who is willing to do what his father tells him regardless of how dark these actions are . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first person Rick encountered and befriended after awakening from his coma who , along with his son Duane , were believed dead . Though a kind and moral father , Morgan has suffered a psychological break after his son was killed by his undead wife after Morgan failed to shoot her earlier . Morgan now believes his life 's purpose is to clear Rick 's hometown of all walkers and people and unintentionally almost kills Rick . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , the second season 's primary antagonist and Rick 's former fellow sheriff 's deputy and best friend , who had an affair with Lori and lost his sanity , due to his obsession with Lori . He was killed by Rick whilst trying to murder him in the second season , and reappears as a hallucination to Rick during the Woodbury battle . Emma Bell as Amy ( voice ) , Andrea 's younger sister and a former member of the group , who was bit and was put down by Andrea ; heard in Rick 's hallucinations over the phone . Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui ( voice ) , a former employee of the City of Atlanta , and former member of the group , who committed suicide after losing hope by staying in CDC with Dr. Edwin Jenner as it exploded from fail - safes ; heard in Rick 's hallucinations over the phone . Andrew Rothenberg as Jim ( voice ) , a former member of the group , who was bit and , per his request , left to reanimate ; heard in Rick 's hallucinations over the phone . Julio Cesar Cedillo as Lt. Welles , a member of a group of military personnel , who are involved in a helicopter crash , and saved , but eventually slaughtered by The Governor while Welles himself is decapitated and has his head placed in a fish tank . Production ( edit ) AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a third season on October 25 , 2011 after the season two premiere broke cable ratings records in the 18 - 49 demographic . On January 14 , 2012 , AMC announced that the third season will contain 16 episodes . Filming for the season began in May 2012 in Coweta County , Georgia , with the city of Senoia being used as the filming location for the town of Woodbury . Ernest Dickerson directed the season premiere episode . Greg Nicotero , co-executive producer and special make - up FX artist on the series , directed the fifth episode of season 3 after already having directed the season 2 episode `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' . He also returned as a zombie in the episode `` The Suicide King '' , after portraying two different zombies in the first season . In November 2012 , Glen Mazzara announced that Ernest Dickerson would direct the season finale . After the conclusion of the third season , Mazzara stepped down from his position as showrunner and executive producer for the series , in a mutual agreement by both Mazzara and AMC . The press release read , `` Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward , and conclude that it is best to part ways . '' Webisodes ( edit ) Following the Torn Apart series in 2011 , another set of webisodes titled Cold Storage were produced and debuted on October 1 , 2012 , prior to the premiere of Season 3 . Talking Dead ( edit ) Main article : Talking Dead A second season had been commissioned in May 2012 . To coincide with a marathon of the show , a special episode was aired in July 2012 following the marathon 's end , featuring a tour of the various props / sets used in the third season , as well as cast / crew interviews , and a snippet of exclusive footage featuring the newly introduced character Michonne . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 20 `` Seed '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara October 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) 10.87 Eight months after abandoning Hershel 's farmstead , and Lori at the end of her pregnancy , Rick leads the group into securing a prison presently overrun with walkers . While clearing out the cells , Hershel is bitten on the foot by a walker , and they are forced to amputate it to save his life , discovering that five surviving prisoners are present . Meanwhile , Michonne watches over an ailing Andrea . 21 `` Sick '' Billy Gierhart Nichole Beattie October 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 21 ) 9.55 Rick 's group discuss what to do with the five prison survivors , and initially lock them in a separate but walker - free part of the prison . When the prisoners agree to help them clear walkers , Rick allows them to come , but finds their leader Tomas unstable and is forced to kill him , while abandoning another , Andrew , in a yard full of walkers . The others tend carefully to Hershel 's health to make sure he does not turn . 22 `` Walk with Me '' Guy Ferland Evan Reilly October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 10.51 Andrea and Michonne witness a group of men investigate a helicopter crash , but are captured by Merle and taken to the fortified town of Woodbury , where they meet The Governor , of whom Michonne is distrustful . One of the survivors of the crash tells The Governor of where their group is based out of , and The Governor leads his men to kill the other group and secure their weapons and vehicles for themselves . 23 `` Killer Within '' Guy Ferland Sang Kyu Kim November 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 9.27 As Hershel recovers , the prison 's alarms go off , and walkers , lured by the sound , overwhelm Rick 's group , and they are forced to scatter within the prison , while T - Dog sacrifices himself to protect Carol . Rick , aided by surviving prisoners Oscar and Axel in shutting down the alarms , discovers the walkers were lured through a breach in the prison fence by Andrew , and kills him . Lori , Carl , and Maggie secure themselves in a boiler room as Lori goes into labor . Maggie is forced to perform a Caesarean section to deliver her daughter but which is fatal to Lori , and Carl shoots her to prevent reanimation . As the survivors regroup , Rick is devastated to discover Lori 's death . 24 5 `` Say the Word '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 10.37 Michonne discovers The Governor 's secret captivity of walkers , and decides to leave Woodbury , despite Andrea staying behind and learning more about The Governor from his second - hand man , Milton . The Governor , on learning of her departure , has Merle and a group of men try to find her . Meanwhile , Rick is still emotionally upset about his loss when he gets a phone call . 25 6 `` Hounded '' Dan Attias Scott M. Gimple November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) 9.21 Rick , still in mourning , seems to receive phone calls in the boiler room from where Lori died , from previous survivors that had died . While evading capture , Michonne witnesses Glenn and Maggie scavenging for baby supplies for Lori 's child before they are captured by Merle , who recognizes Glenn as one of the members of his former group that abandoned him in Atlanta . Michonne , having deduced where Glenn and Maggie originated from , takes the supplies to the prison and encounters Rick there . 26 7 `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' Dan Sackheim Frank Renzulli November 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 25 ) 10.43 Though distrustful of her , Rick has Michonne 's wounds tended to while she explains Glenn and Maggie 's capture and Woodbury . At Woodbury , The Governor harshly interrogates Glenn and Maggie to learn where they are from , and when he threatens to kill Glenn , Maggie reveals the group is at the prison . The Governor sends Merle to scout the prison , while Rick , Daryl , Oscar , and Michonne approach Woodbury . 27 8 `` Made to Suffer '' Billy Gierhart Robert Kirkman December 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) 10.48 Rick 's party invade Woodbury and rescue Glenn and Maggie , where Daryl learns Merle is still alive . Michonne , attempting to kill The Governor , finds he keeps his reanimated daughter Penny still chained up and kills her ; The Governor discovers Michonne and they fight , which ends when she stabs him in the eye . Oscar is killed in covering their escape while Daryl is captured and forced into fighting Merle . Meanwhile , a new group of survivors led by Tyreese and Sasha enter the prison through the fence breach . 28 9 `` The Suicide King '' Lesli Linka Glatter Evan Reilly February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) 12.26 While Daryl and Merle fight , Rick and Maggie return to Woodbury to free Daryl . They are forced to bring Merle along , which Rick and Glenn fear will harm them , and Daryl and Merle go on their own . The residents of Woodbury begin to question their safety , and Andrea tries to calm The Governor down from taking drastic action . At the prison , the survivors discover Tyreese and Sasha 's group , and though wary , allow them to stay . When Rick returns , he is still seeing visions of Lori and becomes angry and violent , and Glenn suggests it is best for the new group to leave . 29 10 `` Home '' Seith Mann Nichole Beattie February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) 11.05 Though distrustful of her , The Governor offers to give leadership of Woodbury to Andrea . The Governor secretly leads a group of his men to attack the prison , killing Axel , and breaching the outer fence to allow walkers in . The survivors hold back the attack , forcing The Governor to retreat , while Daryl and Merle , having decided it is best to stay part of the group , arrive to save the other survivors . 30 11 `` I Ai n't a Judas '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang February 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 24 ) 11.01 Andrea learns of the attack on the prison , and demands to go there to try to calm the situation . The Governor allows her to go but with Milton along . En route , they find Tyreese and Sasha 's group , and Milton takes them back to Woodbury , where they offer to give The Governor the layout of the prison in exchange for being allowed to stay . At the prison , Andrea explains the situation and that The Governor really wants Michonne , and the group suggests she try to kill The Governor herself before all - out war breaks out . Back in Woodbury , Andrea finds she can not come to kill The Governor . 31 12 `` Clear '' Tricia Brock Scott M. Gimple March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 11.30 Rick , Carl , and Michonne travel back to Rick 's home in King County to gather more weapons for the pending battle , and discover Morgan Jones is still alive , though has lost his son Duane . Rick tries to convince Morgan to return with them , while Michonne protects Carl while he recovers supplies and a personal photograph from a bar . As they return , Rick and Carl realize Michonne is an asset to their group . 32 13 `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' David Boyd Ryan C. Coleman March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 11.46 Andrea arranges a face - to - face meeting between The Governor and Rick , where The Governor demands they turn over Michonne to him . Believing that The Governor wants to kill them regardless , Rick and The Governor prepare their respective groups for combat . 33 14 `` Prey '' Stefan Schwartz Glen Mazzara & Evan Reilly March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.84 Andrea learns of The Governor 's duplicity and intent to kill Rick 's group from Milton , and manages to escape Woodbury to warn Rick , but The Governor is able to capture her just before she reaches the prison . While they are gone , someone burns all of the captured walkers that The Governor has kept , and he suspects either Milton or Tyreese . 34 15 `` This Sorrowful Life '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.99 Rick decides on his own to deliver Michonne to The Governor , discreetly asking Merle for help , but Merle insists he do it alone . As Merle takes Michonne to the spot , Merle becomes sympathetic towards her , and lets her go . Merle uses the opportunity to lead a group of walkers to the meeting point , and then to attack The Governor , but is eventually killed . Michonne returns to the prison and on her way back she meets Daryl telling him that Merle let her go . Daryl goes to the meeting point and finds Merle , now reanimated , before he kills him . Michonne finally arrives back at prison . 35 16 `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 12.42 The Governor , no longer trusting of anyone , fatally wounds Milton and locks him in the room he has kept Andrea , expecting him to turn and kill her ; Milton manages to keep his wits long enough to explain to her how to escape . The Governor leads an attack on the prison , but Rick 's group is prepared and ambushes them , forcing The Governor and stragglers to flee ; he later kills his own people when they do not want to return and continue the fight . Rick and the others return to Woodbury , and are too late to save Andrea , having been bitten by Milton . She kills herself , and the surviving residents of Woodbury are brought to the prison . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The third season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 82 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 19 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 88 % with an average rating of 8.12 out of 10 , based on 30 reviews , and an average episode score of 85 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The palpable terror and visceral thrills continue in the third season of The Walking Dead , along with a deeper sense of the people who inhabit its apocalyptic landscape . '' The Walking Dead ( season 3 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 39th Saturn Awards , the third season of The Walking Dead received four nominations and two wins . The wins were for Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series and Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Laurie Holden ) . The nominations were for Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) and Best Supporting Actor on Television ( David Morrissey ) . The season also received a nomination for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards ( `` This Sorrowful Life '' ) . Additionally , the season was also nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 19th and 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards for both halves of the season , respectively . This season was also nominated for Program of the Year at the 29th TCA Awards , while Andrew Lincoln was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series at the 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Seed '' October 14 , 2012 5.8 10.87 `` Sick '' October 21 , 2012 5.1 9.55 `` Walk with Me '' October 28 , 2012 5.4 10.51 `` Killer Within '' November 4 , 2012 4.9 9.27 5 `` Say the Word '' November 11 , 2012 5.6 10.37 6 `` Hounded '' November 18 , 2012 4.9 9.21 7 `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' November 25 , 2012 5.4 10.43 8 `` Made to Suffer '' December 2 , 2012 5.4 10.48 9 `` The Suicide King '' February 10 , 2013 6.1 12.26 10 `` Home '' February 17 , 2013 5.6 11.05 11 `` I Ai n't a Judas '' February 24 , 2013 5.7 11.01 12 `` Clear '' March 3 , 2013 5.7 11.30 13 `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' March 10 , 2013 5.7 11.46 14 `` Prey '' March 17 , 2013 5.5 10.84 15 `` This Sorrowful Life '' March 24 , 2013 5.4 10.99 16 `` Welcome to the Tombs '' March 31 , 2013 6.4 12.42 Home media releases ( edit ) Limited Edition Blu - ray packaging The third season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 27 , 2013 , in region 2 on September 30 , 2013 and in region 4 on September 25 , 2013 . Special features include eight featurettes -- `` Rising Son '' , `` Evil Eye '' , `` Gone , But Not Forgotten '' , `` Heart of a Warrior '' , `` Michonne vs. The Governor '' , `` Making the Dead '' , `` Safety Behind Bars '' , and `` Guts and Glory '' . Five audio commentaries , for episodes `` Killer Within '' , `` Say the Word '' , `` Made to Suffer '' , `` The Suicide King '' , and `` This Sorrowful Life '' . Also included are 13 minutes of deleted scenes across six episodes . The third season was also released in limited edition Blu - ray packaging , a replica of The Governor 's walker head aquarium as seen in season three . The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Walking Dead @ Comic - Con : Season 3 Premiere Date Revealed ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Clayton ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` AMC Announces 16 Episode Order for The Walking Dead Season 3 '' . AMC . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , David S. ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Saturn Awards : ' Avengers , ' ' Breaking Bad ' lead sci - fi - fantasy - horror pack '' . Variety . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Lauren Cohan Upped to Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jefferey , Morgan ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Rooker on ' Walking Dead ' return : ' The wait was brutal ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Casts Sword - Wielding Heroine Michonne '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Melissa McBride Clears Up Walking Dead Contract Mystery , Declares : ' I Am a Series Regular ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for a Third Season By AMC '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` First Details On ' The Walking Dead ' Season 3 '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzara , Glen ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` We start shooting in early May . Ernest Dickerson is shooting the season premiere . He shot the S2 finale & other eps . '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Episode 309 The Suicide King : Inside The Walking Dead '' . AMC . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mazzara , Glen ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Ernest Dickerson will direct the @ WalkingDead_AMC finale . # 316 '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 4 : AMC , Glen Mazzara Part Ways For New Season '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Jonathan ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead : New Webisodes Confirmed '' . Daily Dead . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead -- Cold Storage Webisodes Now Online '' . AMC . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' Talk Show , ' Comic Book Men ' Renewed for Second Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 3 : Michonne Comes Out Swinging in New Teaser ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead ' Return Draws 10.9 Million , Sets More Basic Cable Ratings Records , Tops All Broadcast Series In 18 - 49 '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Kills it Again , + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' NFL Countdown ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Easily Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Long Island Medium ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Sofia the First ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Dominates Night , ' Soul Train Awards ' , ' Liz & Dick ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Midseason Finale Dominates Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Shahs of Sunset ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Kills the Competition + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Live from the Red Carpet ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' NBA All Star Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Bar Rescue ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' The Bible , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night + ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night + ' The Bible ' , ' Talking Dead ' , NCAA Basketball , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special - 2013 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` TCA Awards Nominees include ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Walking Dead ' & ' House of Cards ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang , Horror Story , Parks & Rec , Good Wife , The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liebman , Martin ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead : The Complete Third Season Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead -- Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead , The : Season 3 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 3 Limited Edition Blu - Ray Set Now Available for Pre-Order '' . AMC . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_3)&oldid=807228633 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was season 3 of the walking dead filmed | [
"Filming for the season began in May 2012 in Coweta County, Georgia, with the city of Senoia being used as the filming location for the town of Woodbury.[9] Ernest Dickerson directed the season premiere episode.[10] Greg Nicotero, co-executive producer and special make-up FX artist on the series, directed the fifth episode of season 3 after already having directed the season 2 episode \"Judge, Jury, Executioner\". He also returned as a zombie in the episode \"The Suicide King\", after portraying two different zombies in the first season.[11] In November 2012, Glen Mazzara announced that Ernest Dickerson would direct the season finale.[12]"
] | [
"Coweta County, Georgia"
] |
-1189231887747341244 | Nagarjuna Sagar Dam | Nagarjuna Sagar dam - Wikipedia Nagarjuna Sagar dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam నాగార్జునసాగర్ ఆనకట్ట Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Location of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in India Official name నాగార్జునసాగర్ ఆనకట్ట Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Location ( ( Nagarjuna sagar ) ( Nalgonda district ) ) , Telangana State , India Coordinates 16 ° 34 ′ 32 '' N 79 ° 18 ′ 42 '' E / 16.57556 ° N 79.31167 ° E / 16.57556 ; 79.31167 Coordinates : 16 ° 34 ′ 32 '' N 79 ° 18 ′ 42 '' E / 16.57556 ° N 79.31167 ° E / 16.57556 ; 79.31167 Construction began 10 December 1955 Opening date 1967 Construction cost 132.32 crore rupees Dam and spillways Impounds Krishna River Height 124 metres ( 407 ft ) from river level Length 1,550 metres ( 5,085 ft ) Reservoir Creates Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir Total capacity 11.56 × 10 ^ m ( 9 × 10 ^ acre ⋅ ft ) ( 405 Tmcft ) Active capacity 5.44 × 10 ^ m ( 4,410,280 acre ⋅ ft ) Catchment area 215,000 square kilometres ( 83,000 sq mi ) Surface area 285 km ( 110 sq mi ) Power Station Operator ( s ) TSGENCO Commission date 1978 - 1985 Turbines 1 x 110 MW Francis turbine , 7 x 100.8 MW reversible Francis turbines Installed capacity 816 MW ( 1,094,000 hp ) Nagarjuna Sagar Dam , one of the world 's largest and tallest Masonry dam built across the Krishna river at Nagarjuna Sagar which is in Nalgonda District , Telangana State . Construction was between 1955 and 1967 , the dam created a water reservoir with gross storage capacity of 11.472 billion cubic metres ( 405.1 × 10 ^ cu ft ) . The dam is 590 feet ( 180 m ) tall from its deepest foundation and 0.99 miles ( 1.6 km ) long with 26 flood gates which are 42 feet ( 13 m ) wide and 45 feet ( 14 m ) tall . Nagarjuna Sagar was the earliest in the series of large infrastructure projects termed as `` modern temples '' initiated for achieving the Green Revolution in India . It is also one of the earliest multi-purpose irrigation and hydro - electric projects in India . The dam provides irrigation water to the Nalgonda , Suryapet , Krishna , Khammam , West Godavari , Guntur and Prakasam districts along with hydro electricity generation . Nagarjuna Sagar dam is designed and constructed to use all the water impounded in its reservoir of 312 TMC gross storage capacity which is the second biggest water reservoir in India . Foundation stone of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Contents 1 History 1.1 Construction 2 Data 3 Utilisation 3.1 Irrigation 3.2 Power generation 4 Tourism 5 Environmental aspects 5.1 Impact on Hyderabad water security 6 Future potential 6.1 Tapping dead storage potential 6.2 Assured water supply to Hyderabad city 6.3 Godavari water transfer via Nagarjuna Sagar left canal 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) Project construction was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister ( Jawaharlal Nehru ) on 10 December 1955 and proceeded for the next twelve years . The construction of the dam submerged an ancient Buddhist settlement , Nagarjunakonda , which was the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty in the 1st and 2nd centuries , the successors of the Satavahanas in the Eastern Deccan . Excavations here had yielded 30 Buddhist monasteries , as well as art works and inscriptions of great historical importance . In advance of the reservoir 's flooding , monuments were dug up and relocated . Some were moved to Nagarjunakonda , now an island in the middle of the reservoir . Others were moved to the nearby mainland village called Anupu . The reservoir water was released into the left and right bank canals by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1967 August 4 . Construction of the hydropower plant followed , with generation increasing between 1978 and 1985 , as additional units came into service . In the year 2015 , diamond jubilee celebrations of project 's inauguration was celebrated remembering the prosperity the dam has ushered in the region . Data ( edit ) Nagarjuna Sagar right Earth Dam Catchment Area : 214,185 km ( 82,697 sq mi ) Full Reservoir Level ( FRL ) : 179.83 metres ( 590 ft ) msl Water spread area at FRL : 285 km Gross storage capacity at FRL : 312 TMC MDDL of river sluices : 137.3 metres ( 450 ft ) msl Masonry dam Spillway of dam : 471 m Non-over flow dam : 979 m Length of Masonry dam : 1450 m Maximum height : 125 m Earth dam Total Length of Earth dam : 3414 m Maximum height : 128 m Power Generation Power Units : 1 No. conventional ( 110 MW capacity ) , 7 nos Reversible ( 100 MW capacity ) Canal power house Right side : 3 units 30 MW ( each ) Left side : 2 units 30 MW ( each ) Utilisation ( edit ) Irrigation ( edit ) The right canal ( Jawahar canal ) is 203 km ( 126 mi ) long with maximum 311.5 cumecs capacity and irrigates 1.117 million acres ( 4,520 km ) of land in Guntur and Prakasam districts . The left canal ( Lalbahadur Shastri canal ) is 179 km ( 111 mi ) long with maximum 311.5 cumecs capacity and irrigates 1.008 million acres ( 4,080 km ) of land in Nalgonda , Suryapet , Krishna , West Godavari and Khamman districts . The project transformed the economy of above districts . 54 villages ( 48 in Nalgonda and 6 in Guntur ) were submersed in water and 24000 people were affected . The relocation of the people was completed by 2007 . Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation canal draws water from the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir to irrigate 0.37 million acres ( 1,500 km ) of land in Nalgonda district . This lift scheme with pump house located near Puttamgandi village on the left bank of Krishna river also supplies nearly 20 TMC water for the drinking water needs of Hyderabad city . Nearly 80 % of the Nagarjuna Sagar water used in Hyderabad city is available for irrigation use in Nalgonda district in the form of regenerated water / treated sewage water . In addition , the high level flood flow canal drawing water from the left side shore of the reservoir also supplies irrigation water in Nalgonda district . Power generation ( edit ) The hydroelectric plant has a power generation capacity of 815.6 MW with 8 units ( 1x110 MW + 7x100. 8 MW ) . First unit was commissioned on 7 March 1978 and 8th unit on 24 December 1985 . The right canal plant has a power generation capacity of 90 megawatts ( 120,000 hp ) with 3 units of 30 megawatts ( 40,000 hp ) each . The left canal plant has a power generation capacity of 60 megawatts ( 80,000 hp ) with 2 units of 30 MW each . The tail pond is under advanced stage of construction to put to use the pumped storage features of 7 x 100.8 MW units . Nagarjuna sagar dam power generation Many times , it happens that power generation from the 150 MW canal based units is not optimised when the Nagarjunasagar reservoir is overflowing on its spillway and very less water is required for irrigation from the canals during the monsoon floods. Power generation from canal based hydro units can be optimised by running these units during the flooding period by releasing the water fully into the canals . The unwanted canal water can be released into the natural stream when it is crossing the major stream . Thus run off power can be generated from the water going down unutilised into the river by the canal based power units also . The water level in the Nagarjunasagar reservoir shall be maintained above the minimum level required for these units in most of the time by releasing water from the upstream Srisailam reservoir to optimise the power generation from the canal based units during dry season . Tourism ( edit ) Nagarjunasagar Dam is one of the popular weekend getaways from Hyderabad . Thousands of tourists visit Nagarjunasagar when the dam gates are open in monsoon season ( around September / October ) . Hotel Vijay Vihar , operated by Telangana Tourism is one of the best places for accommodation in Nagarjunasagar . There are several other places around Nagarjunasagar that can be visited as a one - day trip from Hyderabad . Nagarjunakonda in Telangana - Has to be reached by a boat from boating point operated by TSTDC Anupu Ethipothala Falls near Macherla in Telangana - The water released from the Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal , the Chandravanka and Suryavanka streams keeps the water fall live or flowing during the rainy season . Evening at Nagarjuna Sagar Krishna River Environmental aspects ( edit ) The artificial lift irrigation based diversion of the river from its natural delta area into Nalgonda district caused erosion of the Florine rich volcanic rocks in Nalgonda and contaminated its ground water supply . It also caused uncertain flows of water into the Krishna river delta area and a shrinkage of the natural wonder `` The Kolleru Lake '' . The use of erosion resistant canals interfered with the natural silting process of a river to the deltas and created long term ecological issues to the health of the delta lands . Reduced flows into the sea resulted in land salination and sea encroachment of coastal lands in Diviseema . The diversion of Krishna water for 200 km to Hyderabad resulted in massive evaporation losses especially in summer and reduced the size of Krishna river . The river water needs to be lifted 1600 ft above its natural flow for it to reach Hyderabad , power consumption that is unjustifiable given that there are cheaper ways to get water to Hyderabad . Nagarjuna sagar , Srisailam , Almati and Ujjani dams together successfully halted the flow of Krishna River before it reaches the delta and is good case study of how to kill a mighty river with poor environmental oversight - the fourth largest in the country . Hamsaladeevi the point where Krishna used to meet the ocean does not have Hamsalu ( swan ) and the Deevi ( island ) will merge into the ocean in the next decade . Desertification of various flood plains is already recorded . Many forest preserves along the natural Krishna flow are now categorized as `` completely degraded '' forest areas . Krishna river once home to an ecological wonderland of fresh water fish and aquatic population is now completely depopulated . The river stopped being navigable since the year of Nagarjuna sagar construction . Impact on Hyderabad water security ( edit ) Water planning for Hyderabad city started in 1920 with the tapping of Musi river for 15 Mgd . It progressed to tapping Esi ( Himayat Sagar 1927 - 11mgd ) and Manjira ( 1965 - 1993 - Majira and Singur dams ) for another additional 130 Mgd . It took a huge leap during 1995 - 2004 with the commissioning of Krishna river water project ( Phases I - III ) at a total cost of over ten thousand crores to supply an additional 190Mgd to Hyderabad from Nagarjuna sagar away from the Krishna Delta and the Kolleru lake . The project incurs an additional evaporation and leakage loss of 64 Mgd . About 30 % of the water naturally flowing to Krishna Delta before 1995 is now diverted to Hyderabad . Future potential ( edit ) Tapping dead storage potential ( edit ) The left and right bank canals sill level is fixed at 490 feet ( 149 m ) MSL to supply irrigation water to two million acres . The unutilized storage capacity is nearly 180 TMC below the canals sill / bed level . Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir also meets the Krishna delta water requirements to the extent of 80 TMC by letting water down stream into the river . Nearly 1.3 million acres ( 5,300 km ) is irrigated under Krishna Delta Canals . There is a possibility to utilize most of this idle dead storage capacity to store the river flood water further and to use as carry over storage . Nearly 150 TMC idle storage up to 380 feet ( 116 m ) MSL , can be used leaving 30 TMC for silt settlement . This is possible by installing Water Powered Pump ( WPP ) units at the base of the dam . WPP units are to be located at the toe of the Nagarjuna Sagar dam with tail water level of 240 feet ( 73 m ) MSL on either side of the river . The WPP units can be connected below 380 feet ( 116 m ) MSL level to the reservoir with the technique called under water reservoir / lake tapping . Under water lake tapping method was implemented successfully in Koyna Hydroelectric Project to install additional hydroelectric units without emptying the Koyna reservoir . The cost would be Rs 15 billion for utilizing 150 TMC storage additionally . If the same storage is created under a new reservoir , it would cost not less than Rs 200 billion . Water can be supplied to high level canals at sill 580 feet ( 177 m ) MSL on both right and left banks without consuming electricity with WPP units to irrigate dry lands further in Nalgonda , Warangal , Khammam , and Guntur districts . As a further cheaper solution to utilise the available dead storage water partially ( up to 50 TMC ) , the existing river chutes available on both sides of the dam at sill level 450 feet ( 137 m ) MSL , can be used for providing water supply to the WPP units without the need of lake tapping . There is no need of lake tapping on the left bank side and the existing river diversion tunnel can be used to supply water to the WPP units for pumping water into Nagarjuna Sagar left canal . This option is best suitable for feeding the right canal as it is not consuming any power for pumping water and some water is to be released for Krishna delta needs by AP state . There is a cheaper possibility to pump water into the left canal when the reservoir water is below its sill level 490 feet ( 149 m ) MSL by using the reversible turbines ( 7 x 100 MW ) of existing hydro power station on the left bank of the river . Water would be released into the down stream tail pond through the hydro power station or the existing diversion tunnel . When water is to be pumped into the left canal , the water released into the downstream tail pond is pumped back into a contour canal which connects the hydro power station and the left canal intake point . This contour canal is nearly 10 km long and located inside the Nagarjunasagar reservoir area situated at 510 feet ( 155 m ) MSL . Only three units of the reversible turbines are required to feed nearly 12,000 cusecs water to the left canal at its MDDL level and rest of four reversible units can be used for power generation by releasing water into the tail pond . The pen - stock inlets of the three unit at 125 metres ( 410 ft ) MSL are to be connected with the extension piping ( 4.8 m diameter ) to feed the contour canal at 510 ft MSL . The extension piping is disconnected when water pumping to left canal is not required to restore the hydro power units normal working . When reservoir level is at its FRL level , the canal and the extension piping get submerged under water without undergoing any damage as the contour canal is away from the spillway of the dam or flood flow path . Thus both Telangana and AP states can use the reservoir dead storage water fully to ensure water supply for the command area under the left canal even during drought years . Alternatively , floating / barge mounted pumps can be installed along with associated piping on the reservoir bed to pump water from the reservoir 's dead storage into left and right bank canals and the approach channel of the existing pump house of Hyderabad water supply scheme during drought years . During the good monsoon years , when the reservoir water level is above the dead storage level , the same barge mounted pumps can be used regularly to pump water into the existing high level ( flood flow ) canal ( near 16 ° 39 ′ 27 '' N 79 ° 15 ′ 43 '' E / 16.65750 ° N 79.26194 ° E / 16.65750 ; 79.26194 ( Flood flow canal ) ) located on the left bank of the reservoir in Nalgonda district . Similarly , during the good monsoon years , a lift irrigation scheme can be taken up with the help of the same barge mounted pumps to lift water from the reservoir ( near 16 ° 21 ′ 41 '' N 79 ° 14 ′ 31 '' E / 16.36139 ° N 79.24194 ° E / 16.36139 ; 79.24194 ( Proposed lift scheme ) ) by 45 m height for irrigating nearly 200,000 acres of uplands situated adjacent to the reservoir in Guntur district . Thus all the installed barge mounted mobile pump houses can be used for regular pumping needs to maximise the water use from the reservoir every year . Another option is to separate a small portion of the reservoir by constructing a weir up to 510 feet ( 155 m ) MSL along with an underground pumping station at 16 ° 37 ′ 21 '' N 79 ° 16 ′ 01 '' E / 16.62250 ° N 79.26694 ° E / 16.62250 ; 79.26694 ( Underground pumping station ) to maintain gravity flow to the left bank canal side from the lower level dead storage water of the main reservoir . When the reservoir water level is above 510 ft MSL , the weir would get submerged and water flows to left canal without any pumping as usual . One more option is to use water transferred from Srisailam reservoir by the SRLBC tunnel to Akkampalli balancing reservoir for feeding NS left canal when the dead storage water is being used for the NS right bank needs . Water would be released downstream from the Akkampalli reservoir and picked up by a 6 km long feeder canal from a diversion weir at 16 ° 45 ′ 11 '' N 79 ° 14 ′ 01 '' E / 16.75306 ° N 79.23361 ° E / 16.75306 ; 79.23361 ( Diversion weir at Battugudam ) to feed into the NS left canal near Alwala . NS left bank side flood flow canal can also be supplied water by gravity from the Srisailam reservoir in a similar way when NS reservoir water level falls below the full supply level of the flood flow canal . The minimum draw down level ( MDDL ) of the river based hydro power units is approximately 125 metres ( 410 ft ) MSL with minimum 50 meters head available for power generation . Through the hydro power units , water can be released into the down stream river / tail pond to further pump into the existing right and left canals by installing pump houses on both sides of the river . Thus nearly 100 TMC of dead storage water available below the canals MDDL ( 155 metres ( 509 ft ) MSL ) can be utilised for irrigation purpose . However the minimum head required for the hydro power units is 75 meters to generate power at grid frequency of 50 Hz . It is technically feasible to generate power by the existing hydro turbines from lower head ( 75 to 50 meters ) at lower frequency and the lower frequency power can be upgraded / converted to normal grid frequency ( 50 Hz ) by installing HVDC converters before feeding power into the grid . The unused converter stations of HVDC Sileru -- Barsoor transmission link can be relocated and utilised for this purpose . With minor modifications to the electrical systems of hydro power units , nearly 100 TMC water available in the dead storage of the reservoir can be put to use every year . The reservoir dead storage water below the 125 m MSL can be released into the downstream river through the existing diversion tunnel which was in use to divert the river flow during the dam construction . Assured water supply to Hyderabad city ( edit ) At present nearly one Tmcft per month or 250 million gallons per day or 350 cusecs is supplied to the Hyderabad city from Nagarjuna Sagar ( NS ) reservoir . The water supply is nearly 50 % of the total city water requirement . This water pumping scheme is part of Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation project with its foreshore pumping station at Puttamgandi which has nearly 2400 cusecs pumping capacity . The water supply to the Hyderabad city is nearly 15 % of its total capacity . The approach channel from the reservoir to the Puttamgandi pump house ( PH ) is located at 16 ° 34 ′ 31 '' N 79 ° 07 ′ 51 '' E / 16.57528 ° N 79.13083 ° E / 16.57528 ; 79.13083 ( Puttangadi PH approach channel ) where the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary is joining the Krishna river . The minimum draw down level ( MDDL ) of the PH is 502 feet ( 153 m ) MSL below which water can not be pumped from NS reservoir . The reliability / dependability of the PH for supplying assured water supply to Hyderabad city , is not adequate due to meagre inflows into the NS reservoir in some years and the need to deplete the NS reservoir water below 502 ft MSL for other purposes . In these circumstances , adequate water is to be stored above the 502 ft MSL to maintain 100 % assured water source without depending totally on NS reservoir . This is possible by constructing a balancing reservoir by separating some area of the NS reservoir with a new dam across the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary at 16 ° 34 ′ 33 '' N 79 ° 06 ′ 53 '' E / 16.57583 ° N 79.11472 ° E / 16.57583 ; 79.11472 ( Proposed dam location ) just upstream of the Puttamgandi PH approach channel . This new dam with FRL 590 feet ( 180 m ) MSL , would not submerge any additional area other than the area already submerged by the NS reservoir . The water inflows from the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary joining the NS reservoir are first impounded by the new dam and if found excess over flows into the downstream NS reservoir . This new balancing reservoir 's live capacity is nearly 6 Tmcft above the 502 ft MDDL which is equal to six months water supply to the Hyderabad city . This reservoir would have provision to receive water from the Puttamgandi PH when inflows from the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary is not satisfactory and water is at adequate level in NS reservoir during monsoon months . When water level of NS reservoir goes below the 502 ft MSL , water is fed to the Puttamgandi PH approach channel from the new balancing reservoir for pumping water needs of Hyderabad city . The cost of this new dam project would be nearly 1.5 billion rupees only which will provide 100 % assured water supply to the Hyderabad city without depending on the water availability from NS reservoir during the non monsoon months and drought years . Godavari water Transfer via Nagarjuna Sagar left canal ( edit ) Nagarjuna Left Canal deep cut before entering the gravity tunnel The Nagarjuna Sagar left canal is presently supplying nearly 130 TMC water for irrigation needs in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states . This is a contour gravity canal with gradual downward gradient ( ≃ 1 : 10,000 ) along the water flow direction . This canal can be used for transferring nearly 80 TMC Godavari river water into the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir in addition to supplying the Godavari water under its entire command area . Thus total 210 TMC Godavari water can be used in the Krishna basin of Telangana state from Srisailam and Jurala reservoirs for the new projects with 100 % water dependability . Godavari water transferred into Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir / Krishna main river can also be used for the proposed Palamuru lift irrigation and Nakkalagandi lift irrigation schemes in Telangana . This is possible by re-engineering of the left canal to reverse its water flow direction from the location ( near 17 ° 22 ′ 13 '' N 80 ° 21 ′ 43 '' E / 17.37028 ° N 80.36194 ° E / 17.37028 ; 80.36194 ) where Godavari water would be pumped into this canal . The canal embankments would be raised to facilitate flow reversing towards Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and intermediate pumping stations ( with low head & high flow concrete volute pumps ) would be installed near the Paleru balancing reservoir , Pedda Devulapalli balancing reservoir , left canal head regulator on the rim of Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and the existing major aqueducts across Halia , Musi and Munneru tributaries . The cost of this canal redesigning and the associated pump houses would be one third of a new scheme to transfer Godavari river water into Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir at its FRL 590 feet ( 180 m ) MSL with least possible total pumping head . The above re-engineering of the canal is similar to modifications carried out to reverse the water flow of ancient Grand canal under Eastern Route project of South to North Water Transfer in China . See also ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh portal Telangana portal Water portal Renewable energy portal Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal List of dams and reservoirs in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India : National Register of Large Dams 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Central Water Commission . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ http://guntur.nic.in/nagarjuna_sagar.html Jump up ^ `` Nagarjunasagar '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Nagarjunakonda '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Hindu : Magazine / Focus : Taming the Krishna Jump up ^ `` Nagarjuna Sagar dam completed 60 years '' . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nagarjunasagar dam loses 25 per cent storage '' . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nagarjuna Sagar project '' . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aliminati Madhava Reddy Project ( AMRP ) '' . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expert suggests for full use of Puttamgandi pump house for Dindi project '' . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pumping station proposal in doldrums over funding delay '' . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andhra Pradesh Hydel Power plants Jump up ^ Nagarjuna Sagar Travel Guide Jump up ^ . The Hindu . The Hindu http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/worries-grow-as-kolleru-shrinks/article8235423.ece . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Provisioning of Drinking water to Hyderabad . JNU University Press . p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical data of Nagarjunasagar dam '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Nagarjuna Sagar Water Powered pump ( WPP ) Units Jump up ^ Lake tap Jump up ^ `` Converting to full - power '' . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Water to be Pumped From Dead Storage Level '' . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alimineti Project Fourth Pump Commissioned ) '' . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krishna Middle Sub-Basin map '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AP , Telangana staring at severe water crisis '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water level in Prakasam Barrage head pond dips to half '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jyothi Rao Pule Dummugudem Nagarjunasagar Sujala Sravanthi Project '' . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Route project of South to North Water Transfer in China '' . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Nagarjuna Sagar Dam at Wikimedia Commons Nagarjuna Sagar - Community Website & Photo Gallery Article on the dam in The Hindu Tale of Nagarjuna Sagar Nagarjuna Sagar documentary film Krishna basin Rivers Amarja Bhadra Bhima Dandavati Dindi Gayatri Ghataprabha Handri Indrayani Koyna Kundali Malaprabha Mula - Mutha Munneru Musi Nira Paleru Panchganga Pavana Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Vedavathi Venna Dams and barrages Almatti Dam Bhadra dam Budameru Diversion Channel Dhom Dam Dindi Ghataprabha Joorala Koil Sagar Koyna Dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Narayanpur Dam Osman Sagar Prakasam Barrage Pulichintala Raja Lakhamagowda Rajolibanda Dam Srisailam Dam Sunkesula Tungabhadra Dam Wyra Hydro power stations Almatti Dam Bhadra Joorala Kanher Dam Koyna Lower Jurala Munirabad Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Pulichintala Radhanagari dam Srisailam Dam Tungabhadra Dam Geographical features / regions Coastal Andhra Deccan Plateau Eastern Ghats Karnataka Konkan Marathwada Telangana Western Ghats Riparian districts Maharashtra Beed Kolhapur Latur Osmanabad Pune Ratnagiri Sangli Sindhudurg Solapur Karnataka Bagalkot Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chikmagalur Chitradurga Dakshina Kannada Davanagere Dharwad Gadag Gulbarga Haveri Koppal Raichur Shimoga Tumkur Udupi Uttara Kannada Telangana Hyderabad Karimnagar Khammam Mahboobnagar Medak Nalgonda Ranga Reddy Warangal Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Guntur Krishna Kurnool Prakasam Cities Bagalkot Ballary Hubli Hyderabad Karad Pune Vijayawada Ores and minerals Coal Dolomite Gold Granite Iron ore Limestone Oil / gas fields Krishna Godavari Basin Industries Bellary Thermal Power station Cement plants Jindal steel , Bellary Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project Kudremukh Iron Raichur Thermal Power Station Solapur Super Thermal Power Station Vijayawada Thermal Power Station Yermarus Thermal Power Station Transport NH4 NH4A NH5 NH7 NH9 NH13 NH14 NH18 NH48 NH63 NH202 NH204 NH206 NH218 NH221 NH234 Related topics Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Other river basins Godavari Penna Dams on the Krishna River Dhom Hippagiri Almatti Narayanpur Jurala Srisailam Nagarjuna Sagar Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Pulichinthala Prakasam Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh Coastal Bay of Bengal Coromandel Beaches Ramakrishna Mission Beach Yarada Beach Vodarevu Beach Uppada Beach Suryalanka Beach Mypadu Beach Kalingapatnam Beach Bheemili Beach Manginapudi Beach Rushikonda Beach Estuaries / Creeks Krishna estuary Narava Gedda creek Marshes Coringa Krishna delta mangrove Rivers Arani Bendi Gedda Borramma Gedda Budameru Bahuda Champavathi Cheyyeru Chitravathi Galeru Garibula Gedda Godavari Gosthani Gundlakamma Jhanjavati Kandaleru Kandivalasa Kalangi Kinnerasani Koringa Krishna Kundu Mahendratanaya Madala Maldevi Manneru Munneru Murredu Nadari Nagari Nagavali Narava Gedda Palar Paleru Papagni Pedda Gedda Peddavagu Penna Ponnaiyar Sabari Sileru Sarada Swarnamukhi Tammileru Tandava Tungabhadra Vamsadhara Varaha Vedavathi Yeleru Yerrakaluva Waterfalls Duduma Ethipothala Kailasakona Mallela Theertham Talakona Ubbalamadugu Lakes Pulicat Lake Kolleru Lake Dams Alaganoor Balimela Brahmamsagar Dowleswaram Gandikota Gotta barrage Gundlakamma Jalaput Jeedipalli Kalyani Kandaleru Kanithi Meghadri Mid Penna Mylavaram Nagarjuna Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Nellore anicut Penna Ahobilam Polavaram Prakasham Pulichinthala Raiwada Rajolibanda Sangam anicut Somasila Srisailam Sunkesula Tatipudi Thotapalli Veligallu Veligonda Veligodu Yeleru Inland waterways National Waterway 4 Ports ( Existing / proposed ) Dugarajapatnam Port Gangavaram Port Kakinada Port Krishnapatnam Port Machilipatnam Port Visakhapatnam Port Islands Sriharikota Nagarjunakonda Bhavani Lanka Hope island Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Penna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Odisha Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Karnataka Tamil Nadu Telangana Hydrography of Telangana Rivers Godavari Krishna Maner Pranhita Munneru Manjira Musi Palar Tungabhadra Bhima Penganga Wardha Dindi Taliperu Waterfalls Kuntala Bogatha Pochera Mallela Theertham Paarakaphi Savatula Gundam Sirnapally Gayatri Lakes Bhadrakali Himayat Sagar Hussain Sagar Lotus Pond Osman Sagar Pakhal Palair Ramappa Shamirpet Saroornagar Laknavaram Ramanthapur Kapra Safilguda Ramakrishnapuram Edulabad Waddepally Dams Nagarjuna Sagar Srisailam Sriram Sagar Nizam Sagar Singur Jurala Lower Manair Dam LMD Pulichinthala Yellampalli Rajolibanda Dam Icchampally Manjira Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Karnataka Maharashtra Odisha Tamil Nadu Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Lists of dams and reservoirs in India By states / union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Other List of largest reservoirs in India List of the tallest dams in India Dams and reservoirs Africa Angola Botswana Burundi Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya Liberia Malawi Mali Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Azerbaijan China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates Vietnam Australasia Australia East Timor Indonesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Netherlands Norway Serbia Spain Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Mexico United States South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Largest dams Tallest dams Reservoirs by volume Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&oldid=856810195 '' Categories : Dams completed in 1967 Energy infrastructure completed in 1985 Tourist attractions in Guntur district Tourist attractions in Nalgonda district Hydroelectric power stations in Andhra Pradesh Hydroelectric power stations in Telangana Dams in Telangana Buildings and structures in Guntur district Pumped - storage hydroelectric power stations in India Dams on the Krishna River Masonry dams 1985 establishments in India Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Telugu - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cebuano Deutsch Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 17 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many gates are there in nagarjuna sagar dam | [
"Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, one of the world’s largest and tallest[2] Masonry dam built across the Krishna river at Nagarjuna Sagar which is in Nalgonda District, Telangana State. Construction was between 1955 and 1967,the dam created a water reservoir with gross storage capacity of 11.472 billion cubic metres (405.1×10^9 cu ft). The dam is 590 feet (180 m) tall from its deepest foundation and 0.99 miles (1.6 km) long with 26 flood gates which are 42 feet (13 m) wide and 45 feet (14 m) tall.[3]\n"
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-5605525864855863792 | Imagine Dragons | Imagine Dragons - Wikipedia Imagine Dragons This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . This article is about the band . For their self - titled EP , see Imagine Dragons ( EP ) . Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons in 2017 Background information Origin Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Genres Pop rock indie rock electropop alternative rock Years active 2008 -- present Labels KIDinaKORNER Interscope Associated acts The Moth & The Flame X Ambassadors Egyptian Website imaginedragonsmusic.com Members Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Past members Andrew Tolman Brittany Tolman Theresa Flaminio Dave Lemke Andrew Beck Aurora Florence Imagine Dragons is an American pop rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds , lead guitarist Wayne Sermon , bassist Ben McKee , and drummer Daniel Platzman . The band first gained exposure with the release of single `` It 's Time '' , followed by their award - winning debut studio album Night Visions ( 2012 ) , which resulted in the chart - topping singles `` Radioactive '' and `` Demons '' . Rolling Stone named `` Radioactive '' , which holds the record for most weeks charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , the `` biggest rock hit of the year '' . MTV called them `` the year 's biggest breakout band '' , and Billboard named them their `` Breakthrough Band of 2013 '' and `` Biggest Band of 2017 '' and placed them at the top of their `` Year In Rock '' rankings for 2013 and 2017 . The band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors ( 2015 ) reached number one in the US , Canada and the UK . The album was preceded by the top 40 single `` I Bet My Life '' , and second and third singles , `` Gold '' and `` Shots '' . The band then embarked on a ten month long world tour , which led to a brief hiatus in 2016 , with occasional performances and soundtrack contributions throughout the remainder of the year . The band released their third studio album , Evolve ( 2017 ) which resulted in three chart - topping singles , `` Believer '' , `` Thunder '' , and `` Whatever It Takes '' , also making them the artist with the most weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart . The album reached the top five in most countries . While all three albums were commercially successful , critical reception was mixed . After the Evolve Tour was complete , Imagine Dragons announced their upcoming fourth studio album Origins , set to be released on November 9 , 2018 . `` Natural '' and `` Zero '' were released as singles off the album . Imagine Dragons has won three American Music Awards , nine Billboard Music Awards , one Grammy Award , one MTV Video Music Award and one World Music Award . In May 2014 , the band was nominated for fourteen Billboard Music Awards , including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award , which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres . In April 2018 , the band was nominated eleven more times for Billboard Music Awards . Imagine Dragons have sold 12 million albums and 35 million singles worldwide . Contents 1 History 1.1 2008 -- 2011 : Early years 1.2 2012 -- 2014 : Night Visions and international success 1.3 2014 -- 2016 : Smoke + Mirrors and hiatus 1.4 2016 -- 2018 : Evolve 1.5 2018 -- present : Origins 2 Musical style and influences 3 Television appearances 3.1 TV series guestings 3.2 Singles promotion 3.3 Other live performances 4 Charitable contributions 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 Awards and nominations 8 Tours 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 2008 -- 2011 : early years ( edit ) In 2008 , lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University where they were both students . Reynolds and Tolman added Andrew Beck , Dave Lemke , and Aurora Florence to play guitar , bass , and piano respectively for their band . Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group , that Reynolds stated each member approved of . The five - piece released an extended play titled Speak to Me that same year . Beck and Florence would also depart from the band 's lineup that year . In 2009 , Tolman recruited longtime high school friend Wayne Sermon , who had graduated from Berklee College of Music to play guitar . Tolman later recruited his wife , Brittany Tolman , to sing backup and play keys , and the band began to play shows together again . Lemke left the band later on , leading Sermon to recruit another Berklee music student , Ben McKee , to join the band as their bassist and complete the lineup . The band garnered a large following in their hometown of Provo , Utah , before the members moved to Las Vegas , the hometown of Dan Reynolds , where the band recorded and released their first three EPs . The band released EPs titled Imagine Dragons and Hell and Silence in 2010 , both recorded at Battle Born Studios , in Las Vegas . They returned to the studio in 2011 . The third EP , It 's Time , was made before they signed a record deal . They got their first big break when Train 's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009 . Imagine Dragons were called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people . Local accolades including `` Best CD of 2011 '' ( Vegas SEVEN ) , `` Best Local Indie Band 2010 '' ( Las Vegas Weekly ) , `` Las Vegas ' Newest Must See Live Act '' ( Las Vegas CityLife ) , Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010 , and more sent the band on a positive trajectory . In November 2011 they signed with Interscope Records and began working with English Grammy winning producer Alex da Kid . Eventually the Tolmans would leave the group and Daniel Platzman would be recruited in August 2011 by invitation from Ben McKee , prior to the signing of the band 's label deal in November 2011 , alongside keyboardist Theresa Flaminio . 2012 -- 2014 : Night Visions and International success ( edit ) Theresa Flaminio departed from Imagine Dragons in early 2012 , leaving them as a four - piece . The band worked closely with Alex da Kid , with whom they recorded their first major label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood , California . An EP entitled Continued Silence was released on Valentine 's Day ( February 14 , 2012 ) digitally and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 . The band also released an EP titled Hear Me in 2012 . Shortly after , `` It 's Time '' was released as a single and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video debuted on April 17 , 2012 on all MTV affiliates and was subsequently nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the `` Best Rock Video '' category . `` It 's Time '' was certified a double platinum single by the RIAA . The band finished recording their debut album Night Visions in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on the day after Labor Day ( September 4 , 2012 ) . It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales in excess of 83,000 copies , the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006 . The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts as well as the top ten on the Australian , Austrian , Canadian , Dutch , German , Irish , Norwegian , Portuguese , Scottish , Spanish , and United Kingdom Albums charts . It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year . Night Visions is certified platinum by the RIAA as well as in Australia , Austria , Brazil , Canada , Mexico , New Zealand , Poland , Portugal , Sweden , Switzerland , and the UK . The album produced three tracks that reached the Billboard Top 40 , four tracks in the ARIA Top 40 , and five tracks charting in the UK Top 40 . The band embarked on the Night Visions Tour in 2013 . The album 's second single `` Radioactive '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs , Billboard Rock Songs , and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than seven million singles in the United States , smashing a record by spending 87 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Radioactive '' stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record - breaking 23 weeks and ultimately became the genre 's biggest hit of 2013 . It peaked at No. 3 , becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five . It is the best - selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best - selling rock songs in digital history . By the end of 2013 , `` Radioactive '' had already sold over 3 million copies . Rolling Stone called it `` the biggest rock hit of the year '' . It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , winning the latter of the two . In 2015 , it was certified diamond by the RIAA for sales in excess of 10 million copies in the United States . Third single `` Demons '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Songs and No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has sold more than 5 million copies in the United States to date . Billboard listed them as one of `` 2012 's Brightest New Stars '' and later `` The Breakout Band of 2013 '' . Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo / Group , Top Hot 100 Artist , and Top Rock Artist . Amazon.com called the band their `` Favorite Rock artist of 2012 '' . In 2013 , Imagine Dragons returned to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour . The band announced 13 additional US summer tour dates which also sold out . The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour . The band also confirmed that they were unable to fulfill the request of acting as support for Muse . Pollstar listed the band in their Top 20 Concert Tours list by average box office gross despite their average ticket price being the third lowest on the list . The band released a live album , Live at Independent Records , in April 2013 . 2014 -- 2016 : Smoke + Mirrors and hiatus ( edit ) Imagine Dragons at Barclays Center , Brooklyn New York At Lollapalooza in Sao Paulo , Brazil , the last date on the Into the Night Tour , the band announced a rest , and complemented saying , `` This is our last show for a while , and had no better place to end this tour '' . The conclusion of the Into the Night Tour signaled the end of the Night Visions album cycle . Lead singer Dan Reynolds joked about the end of the Night Visions cycle , saying that `` We 're always writing on the road , ( so ) that second album will come , unless we die at the age of 27 next year . Hopefully we do n't die and there will be a second album . I do n't know when it will be , but it may come '' . The idea behind the second studio album , dubbed as their `` New Year 's resolution '' , was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done . Reynolds told MTV in 2014 that the band wanted to `` put out an album that we 're really happy with '' . He further said that `` we tend to be perfectionists , too hard on ourselves at times , and we do n't want to rush anything because we know how we are with things . We do n't want to put a record out until we really feel good about it , you know , and who knows how long that will take '' . Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour , the band had been writing new material for an upcoming album , and , even as early as the start of the tour , had been recording demos for the album , before entering the studio . By the time that they entered the studio to work on the album , they had amassed 50 demos to work from . The demos had been described by Reynolds as `` definitely different '' , but added that `` it 's still Imagine Dragons , but we 've got a lot of growth and maturing to do as a band . I think the new material is going to hopefully be a step in the right direction . We 're just trying to create and do what comes out and what feels right '' . Drummer Daniel Platzman added that the band are critical of themselves , with `` no room for external pressure '' . Inspired greatly by the band 's travels on both their previous tours and the Night Visions Tour , the album explored world culture as a musical item and overall motif in the album . Dan Reynolds told New Orleans - based newspaper The Times - Picayune that there was `` a lot of inspiration to be drawn from ( the world tour ) . You kind of realize that you 're a lot smaller than you think '' . In addition , Reynolds stated to music magazine Rolling Stone that the next album will be `` different '' from Night Visions , and that the band intends the album to be `` stripped back quite a bit '' . He added that `` we embraced a lot of hip - hop influences with Night Visions , but I think the next record will be more rock - driven . It 's too early to say , but there is some weird stuff going on in these songs '' . Prior to the album 's release , Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film Transformers : Age of Extinction , called `` Battle Cry '' ( June 2014 ) and song `` Warriors '' for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship ( September 2014 ) . On October 24 , they revealed the lead single to the upcoming album , `` I Bet My Life '' via several visual snippets on Facebook and Instagram . It was released on October 27 . It was sent to US Alternative radio for adds on November 3 . Imagine Dragons performed in Seoul World Cup Stadium , South Korea , at the 2014 League of Legends World Championship and the halftime show at the 102nd Grey Cup in Vancouver , British Columbia . On December 12 , 2014 , Imagine Dragons posted on social media a request that fans in the US look around their city for some surprises and post their findings . They also hinted about two locations in Las Vegas . Shortly , billboards featuring artwork , the band 's name , a hashtag ( `` # smoke + mirrors '' ) , and an additional titles , presumed to be the track names were discovered . The following titles were revealed `` Summer '' , `` Shots '' , `` Polaroid '' , `` I 'm So Sorry '' , and `` Gold '' . Next , the band direct messaged various fans puzzle pieces of the artwork for the album ( each file numbered , at least 13 in total ) . When combined , the puzzle pieces appear to reveal the cover art and album title . The title , cover art , and release date were revealed on social media two days later . Working with Metric , which did a three - song acoustic set , Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5 , 2015 . The half - hour set included the breakthrough songs `` It 's Time '' and `` Radioactive '' from Night Visions . The performance was the live debut for `` Summer '' and `` I 'm So Sorry '' , along with `` Gold '' and `` I Bet My Life '' from the album Smoke + Mirrors , which was released on February 17 , 2015 . The band 's 2015 North American summer tour began in Portland , Oregon on June 3 . During the band 's tour , Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles . `` Roots '' was released on August 26 , 2015 and `` I Was Me '' on October 12 , 2015 via iTunes . The band also released a cover of `` I Love You All the Time '' by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18 , 2015 , in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks . The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5 , 2016 in Amsterdam , The Netherlands . In an interview , Dan Reynolds told Billboard that the band would be taking a hiatus for the remainder of 2016 , stating that `` This is the year we 're going to actually take time off . We have n't stopped in , like , six years , so we 've forced ourselves to at least take a year off . '' The band released a one night only concert film , Imagine Dragons In Concert : Smoke + Mirrors , in select theaters on March 2 , 2016 . The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray under the title Imagine Dragons : Smoke + Mirrors Live . They also released the song `` Not Today '' from the soundtrack for Me Before You on April 28 . The band also appears on the soundtrack for the film Suicide Squad . The song , titled `` Sucker for Pain '' , features Lil Wayne , Wiz Khalifa , Logic , Ty Dolla Sign , and X Ambassadors . The band recorded the song `` Levitate '' for the science fiction film Passengers . The track was released on November 28 , 2016 . 2016 -- 2018 : Evolve ( edit ) Imagine Dragons performing in Sydney , Australia in May 2018 . On September 27 , 2016 , Imagine Dragons began teasing their third studio album with a tweet simply saying `` studio '' . The band continued posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months . On January 28 , 2017 , the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album 's first single . The time - lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad . Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to `` objects of same color '' . On February 1 , 2017 , Imagine Dragons released `` Believer '' as the lead single for their next album . `` Believer '' was used as part of the Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch . Imagine Dragons were part of the Wayhome summer 2017 lineup in Oro - Medonte , Ontario . On April 27 , 2017 , Imagine Dragons released `` Thunder '' as the second single from their third album . On May 8 , 2017 , Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album Evolve , as well as a new track `` Whatever It Takes '' , which was released on the same day . A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day . The tour was held across 33 countries from September 2017 through September 2018 . Evolve was released on June 23 , 2017 , worldwide . The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical reception . The band performed in NOS Alive , Portugal on July 8 . `` Whatever It Takes '' was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6 , 2017 . The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video in 2018 . On February 14 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled `` Next to Me '' on Twitter . The song was released as part of a re-issue of Evolve on February 21 , 2018 . On June 12 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced a new single in collaboration with Kygo titled `` Born to Be Yours '' on Twitter . The song was released on June 15 , 2018 . On June 22 , 2018 , in collaboration with film score composer Hans Zimmer , lead singer Dan Reynolds released a single titled `` Skipping Stones '' . The song was released in correspondence with his new documentary , Believer , a film that discusses the topic of the intersection between the LGBT community and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . All proceeds from the song go towards life - saving LGBTQ charities . 2018 -- present : Origins ( edit ) On July 12 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled `` Natural '' on Twitter . The song was released on July 17 , 2018 . The song is confirmed to be the anthem for the 2018 ESPN College Football season . On September 18 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled `` Zero '' , which was released on September 19 , 2018 . It will be used in the end credits of the upcoming Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet . On October 3 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced their fourth studio album , Origins , which is set for release on November 9 , 2018 . `` Natural '' and `` Zero '' serve as the lead singles off the album . The band has described this album as a sister album to their previous work Evolve . On October 30 , 2018 , Imagine Dragons announced that a promotional single `` Machine '' would be released on October 31 , 2018 Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` Radioactive '' `` Radioactive '' is one of the more electronically influenced tracks on Night Visions . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Imagine Dragons ' musical style has mainly been described as alternative rock , pop rock , indie rock , electronic rock , dance - pop electropop , pop , and arena rock . Their music also has some influences of folk , R&B , hip hop and EDM . Dan Reynolds cites Arcade Fire , Nirvana , Muse , The Beatles , Paul Simon , Coldplay , Linkin Park , Harry Nilsson , and U2 as some of his and the band 's artistic influences . In terms of success , Reynolds credits bands like Foster the People and Mumford & Sons for bringing alternative pop music to a new level of commercial success in recent years . Television appearances ( edit ) TV series guestings ( edit ) The band performed an exclusive show for the sixth - season finale of the TV series Live from the Artists Den ( 2013 ) . On October 24 , 2013 , Imagine Dragons guest - starred on an episode of truTV 's Impractical Jokers , where losers Joe and Sal had to perform an opening act as `` Señora Lanza '' at a packed concert in Nikon at Jones Beach Theater . Band members join Murr and Q on the hijinks . Imagine Dragons appeared on the first episode of the 2015 series The Muppets , to perform part of the song `` Roots '' . Singles promotion ( edit ) Imagine Dragons has performed `` It 's Time '' on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 2012 ) , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( 2012 ) , Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ( 2012 ) , and Conan ( 2013 ) . They performed `` Radioactive '' live on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( 2012 ) , The Late Show with David Letterman ( 2013 ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 2013 ) , Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ( 2013 ) , and the MTV Europe Music Awards ( 2013 ) . The band has performed `` I Bet My Life '' at the American Music Awards ( 2014 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2015 ) . Imagine Dragons performed a version of `` Revolution '' at The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles ( 2014 ) . They have also performed `` Shots '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 2015 ) , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( 2015 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2015 ) . They returned twice to The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2017 , performing `` Believer '' on the first visit and `` Thunder '' on the second time . They also performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . They also performed `` Believer '' and `` Thunder '' at the New Year 's Eve party 2018 in New Orleans , which was broadcast live on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . In July 2018 , the band returned to Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to perform `` Natural '' . Other Live performances ( edit ) The band also performed on Good Morning America ( 2013 and 2015 ) , American Music Awards ( 2013 ) , MTV Europe Music Awards ( 2013 ) , Grammy Awards ( 2014 ) , Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) , Billboard Music Awards ( 2014 ) , and the MuchMusic Video Awards ( 2014 ) . They also headlined the MLB 's Target All - Star Concert ( 2014 ) and the inaugural Made In America Music Festival in Los Angeles . The band collaborated with Khalid at the American Music Awards ( 2017 ) . The band headlined the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Festival on September 22 in Las Vegas , Nevada after finishing the last leg of their Evolve World Tour . Charitable contributions ( edit ) Imagine Dragons performing at the 2017 Utah LoveLoud Fest dedicated to LGBTQ+ youth . In 2013 , along with the family of Tyler Robinson , Imagine Dragons started a charity called the Tyler Robinson Foundation , helping young people battling cancer . Beginning in 2014 , the first annual Tyler Robinson Foundation Gala was held in Las Vegas . Imagine Dragons performed for `` Playing It Forward '' ( S1 E2 ) to raise $100 k for school music programs . The band partnered with mtvU to help choose four Fulbright - mtvU Fellowship recipients . They partnered with Do the Write Thing : National Campaign to Stop Violence for a fundraising event . Imagine Dragons performed as part of Amnesty International 's `` Bringing Human Rights Home '' concert in Brooklyn on February 5 , 2014 . In 2015 , Imagine Dragons released the track `` I Was Me '' for the One4 project with all proceeds going to the UN Refugee Agency to support fleeing refugees , particularly in the Middle East . Imagine Dragons also released cover track `` I Love You All The Time '' to benefit the victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris . In 2017 , the band helped organize the annual LoveLoud Festival which aims to raise awareness about LGBTQ youth and benefit LGBTQ organizations such as the Trevor Project . Band members ( edit ) Current members Dan Reynolds -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , piano , keyboards , drums , percussion ( 2008 -- present ) Wayne Sermon -- lead guitar , backing vocals , mandolin ( 2009 -- present ) Ben McKee -- bass , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals , guitar ( 2009 -- present ) Daniel Platzman -- drums , percussion , backing vocals , rhythm guitar , viola , keyboards ( 2011 -- present ) Former members Andrew Tolman -- drums , percussion , backing vocals , rhythm guitar ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Brittany Tolman -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals , rhythm guitar ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Theresa Flaminio -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Dave Lemke -- bass , backing vocals ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Aurora Florence -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals , violin ( 2008 ) Andrew Beck -- guitar , backing vocals ( 2008 ) Touring musicians Ryan Walker -- piano , keyboards , rhythm guitar , mandolin , backing vocals , tambourine ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Will Wells -- piano , keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Elliot Schwartzman -- piano , keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2017 -- present ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Imagine Dragons discography and List of songs recorded by Imagine Dragons Night Visions ( 2012 ) Smoke + Mirrors ( 2015 ) Evolve ( 2017 ) Origins ( 2018 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Imagine Dragons Tours ( edit ) Night Visions Tour ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Smoke + Mirrors Tour ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Evolve World Tour ( 2017 -- 2018 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About : Imagine Dragons '' . imaginedragonsmusic.com . 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Can You Believe `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Loses Spot as Best - Selling Rock Song ? ; Chart Watch - Yahoo Music `` . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons ' Fast , Steep Flight to the Top '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Korina Lopez , USA TODAY ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Spotify reveals 2013 's most - streamed artists '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons ' ' Radioactive ' is now RIAA Certified Diamond '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Highlights : Imagine Dragons , Eminem , Rihanna , Ricky Martin Score New No. 1s '' . Billboard. April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 's Brightest New Stars ( So Far ) : Page 2 '' . Billboard . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Best of 2012 '' . Promo.interscope.com . 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Twitter . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Firstpost Photo 1 '' . Firstpost . July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 Playlist '' . BBC . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons ( @ Imaginedragons ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` 2 / 21 the evolution begins '' . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons ( @ Imaginedragons ) ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` # BornToBeYours Friday @ KygoMusic '' . Jump up ^ Dan Reynolds ( @ DanReynolds ) ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` I did a song w the incredible @ HansZimmer for my upcoming @ HBO doc `` Believer '' that premiers this Monday ( June 25th ) . It 's called `` Skipping Stones '' . All proceeds from the song go towards life saving LGBTQ charities `` . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons ( @ Imaginedragons ) ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` NATURAL 7 / 17 '' . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Release Pump - Up ESPN College Football Season Anthem ' Natural ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons ( @ Imaginedragons ) ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` * * * NEW SONG COMING * * * hear it TOMORROW as the @ ZaneLowe World Record @ Beats1. 9 : 00 AM LA / 12 : 00 PM NYC / 5 : 00 PM LDN apple.co/Beats1TuneIn '' . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Imagine Dragons Announce New Album ' Origins ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Imaginedragons ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` new music coming ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons '' . Viacom . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Brandi ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Grammy - Winning Rock Band Imagine Dragons '' . Eonline . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Monger , James . `` Imagine Dragons Bio '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons 's Concert History '' . Concert archives . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons head back to town '' . The Nation . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMAs Favorite Duo / Group -- Pop / Rock : The Chainsmokers or Imagine Dragons ? '' . The Tylt . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hannah ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons : Evolve review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koster , Rick ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pop - rockers Imagine Dragons thrill their target demographic at Sun '' . The Day . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , Bill ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Indie rockers Imagine Dragons make Tacoma a stop Friday on Smoke and Mirrors tour '' . The Olympian . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indie rock group Imagine Dragons announce Tulsa stop '' . Tulsaworld . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons treated like home team at EnergySolutions show '' . Deseretnews.com . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Alex ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Album Review : Imagine Dragons -- Night Visions '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons ' arena rock is here to stay '' . The Key . March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Evolve ' review : Imagine Dragons blur boundaries of rock and pop , again '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons on Twitter about Linkin Park Twitter Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Go ' Radioactive ' on the Charts '' . Rollingstone . Jump up ^ LIVE FROM THE ( ( ( ARTISTS DEN ) ) ) Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . - A Lucky Life Jump up ^ Impractical Jokers - Awful Band Tanks At Packed Concert on YouTube ( uploaded October 25 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Muppets ' : Watch Imagine Dragons Perform `` Roots '' On ' Up Late With Miss Piggy ' `` . idolator . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bianca Gracie ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke , Imagine Dragons & Afrojack Added To MTV Europe Music Awards Lineup Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on '' . Idolator.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Rock AMAs With New Single ' I Bet My Life ' '' . Billboard . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine Dragons to Perform on ' Good Morning America ' , ' Ellen ' '' . Headline Planet . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry , Pharrell & Imagine Dragons Rock Beatles Tribute : Here 's Who Sang What '' . Fuse.tv . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News ' `` Good Morning America '' Announces Sizzling Hot 2013 Summer Concert Line Up `` . ABC News . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo to Stream Billboard Music Awards Red Carpet Show '' . Billboard . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons set to perform 2014 MMVAs '' . Mmva.muchmusic.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Made in America live in L.A. : Kanye West , Imagine Dragons , more '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes . `` Rob Riggle takes over Lagasse 's Stadium ; Imagine Dragons go acoustic ; Steve Wynn snaps up Kenny Rogers ' old estate '' . LasVegasSun.com . Jump up ^ `` Watch Playing It Forward Online Free - Crackle '' . Crackle . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of State Announces Fulbright - mtvU Fellowship Winners '' . State.gov . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Meet & Greet Benefit -- Do The Write Thing : Help Stop the Violence ( National Campaign to Stop Violence ) '' . Dtwt.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna , Imagine Dragons Pay Tribute To Pussy Riot At Amnesty International Concert '' . MTV . February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Priestley , Theo . `` SAP , Apple and Imagine Dragons Collaborate To Support Refugee Humanitarian Project '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Play It Forward - Eagles of Death Metal '' . Playitforwardeodm.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walden , Eric ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` LoveLoud Fest was an important chance to ' change the dialogue ' between LGBT and Mormon communities , Imagine Dragons frontman says '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ryan Walker '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Wells ( @ WilliamFWells ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will Wells ( @ WilliamFWells ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golfen , Joe ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons end ' Night Visions ' tour in Phoenix '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan Reed ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Announce 2014 Arena Tour Dates Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Announces ' Into The Night ' 2014 Tour '' . Billboard . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Da'Shan ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Are Ready to ' Evolve ' With Upcoming Album & Tour , Share New Song ' Whatever It Takes ' '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Imagine Dragons Wikimedia Commons has media related to Imagine Dragons . Official website Tyler Robinson Foundation Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Night Visions Smoke + Mirrors Evolve Origins Live albums Live at Independent Records Night Visions Live EPs Imagine Dragons Hell and Silence It 's Time Continued Silence EP Hear Me It 's Time Remixes The Archive iTunes Session Singles `` It 's Time '' `` Radioactive '' `` Hear Me '' `` Demons '' `` On Top of the World '' `` Monster '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Warriors '' `` I Bet My Life '' `` Gold '' `` Shots '' `` Roots '' `` I Was Me '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Believer '' `` Thunder '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Next to Me '' `` Born to Be Yours '' `` Natural '' Promotional singles `` Amsterdam '' `` Round and Round '' `` I 'm So Sorry '' `` Walking the Wire '' Other songs `` Tiptoe '' `` Bleeding Out '' `` Who We Are '' Tours Night Visions Tour Smoke + Mirrors Tour Evolve World Tour WorldCat Identities BNF : cb167239929 ( data ) GND : 1033727563 LCCN : no2012071834 MusicBrainz : 012151a8 - 0f9a - 44c9 - 997f - ebd68b5389f9 SUDOC : 185068588 VIAF : 300070275 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imagine_Dragons&oldid=866526103 '' Categories : Imagine Dragons 2008 establishments in Nevada Alternative rock groups from Nevada Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Musical groups established in 2008 Musical groups from the Las Vegas Valley Musical quartets Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2012 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2018 Use American English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did imagine dragons first song come out | [
"The band released EPs titled Imagine Dragons[18] and Hell and Silence[19] in 2010, both recorded at Battle Born Studios, in Las Vegas. They returned to the studio in 2011.[20][21][22] The third EP, It's Time, was made before they signed a record deal.[23]\n"
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"2010"
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-2491284680236345652 | Boston Massacre | Boston Massacre - wikipedia Boston Massacre Jump to : navigation , search This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the baseball event nicknamed the `` Boston Massacre '' , see Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . For the 2013 terrorist attack , see Boston Marathon bombing . Boston Massacre Part of the American Revolution This famous depiction of the event was engraved by Paul Revere ( copied from an engraving by Henry Pelham ) , colored by Christian Remick , and printed by Benjamin Edes . The Old State House is depicted in the background . Location Boston , Massachusetts , British America ( now State Street , Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. ) Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 26 '' W / 42.35879 ° N 71.05717 ° W / 42.35879 ; - 71.05717 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 26 '' W / 42.35879 ° N 71.05717 ° W / 42.35879 ; - 71.05717 Date March 5 , 1770 ; 247 years ago ( 1770 - 03 - 05 ) Attack type Massacre Weapons Flintlock muskets Deaths 5 Non-fatal injuries 6 Perpetrators British Army infantrymen This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 - 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Boston Massacre , known as the Incident on King Street by the British , was an incident on March 5 , 1770 , in which British Army soldiers shot and killed people while under attack by a mob . The incident was heavily publicized by leading Patriots , such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams , to encourage rebellion against the British authorities . British troops had been stationed in Boston , capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , since 1768 in order to protect and support crown - appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation . Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers , a mob formed around a British sentry , who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment . He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers , who were subjected to verbal threats and repeatedly hit by clubs , stones and snowballs . They fired into the crowd , without orders , instantly killing three people and wounding others . Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident . The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry , but the crowd re-formed the next day , prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island . Eight soldiers , one officer , and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder . Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams , six of the soldiers were acquitted , while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences . The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand . Depictions , reports , and propaganda about the event , notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere ( shown at top - right ) , further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Incident 3 Aftermath 3.1 Investigation 3.2 Propaganda battle 3.3 Trial 4 Legacy 4.1 Contribution to American Revolution 4.2 Commemorations 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Background Main article : American Revolution View of the Old State House , Boston , Massachusetts , the seat of British colonial government from 1713 to 1776 . The Boston Massacre took place in front of the balcony , and the site is now marked by a cobblestone circle in the square ( photo 2009 ) Massacre Site Boston , the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and an important shipping town , was a major center of resistance to unpopular acts of taxation by the British Parliament in the 1760s . In 1768 , the Townshend Acts were placed upon the colonists , by which a variety of common items that were manufactured in Britain and exported to the colonies were subjected to import tariffs . Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural , charter , and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies . The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George III asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act . The House also sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to other colonial assemblies , asking them to join the resistance movement , and called for a boycott of merchants importing the affected goods . In Great Britain , Lord Hillsborough , who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary , was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House . In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America , instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter . He also ordered Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to direct the Massachusetts House to rescind the letter . The house refused to comply . Boston 's chief customs officer , Charles Paxton , wrote to Hillsborough , asking for military support because `` the Government is as much in the hands of the people as it was in the time of the Stamp Act . '' Commodore Samuel Hood responded by sending the fifty - gun warship HMS Romney , which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768 . On June 10 , 1768 , customs officials seized Liberty , a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock , on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling . Bostonians , already angry because the captain of Romney had been impressing local sailors , began to riot . Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection . Daniel Calfe declares , that on Saturday evening the 3d of March , a camp - woman , wife to James McDeed , a grenadier of the 29th , came into his father 's shop , and the people talking about the affrays at the ropewalks , and blaming the soldiers for the part they had acted in it , the woman said , `` the soldiers were in the right ; '' adding , `` that before Tuesday or Wednesday night they would wet their swords or bayonets in New England people 's blood . '' -- Excerpt from A Short Narrative , suggesting the soldiers were contemplating violence against the colonists Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts , Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief , North America , to send `` such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston '' . On October 1 , 1768 , the first of four British Army regiments began disembarking in Boston . Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769 , but the 14th and the 29th Regiments of Foot remained . The Journal of Occurrences , an anonymously written series of newspaper articles , chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers while troops were stationed in Boston , feeding tensions with its sometimes exaggerated accounts of the events . Tensions rose markedly after Christopher Seider , `` a young lad about eleven Years of Age '' , was killed by a customs employee on February 22 , 1770 . Seider 's death was glorified in the Boston Gazette , and his funeral was described as one of the largest of the time in Boston . The killing and subsequent propaganda inflamed tensions , with gangs of colonists looking for soldiers to harass , and soldiers also on occasion looking for confrontation . Incident This 19th - century lithograph is a variation of Revere 's famous engraving . Produced soon before the American Civil War , this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks , who had by then become an important symbol for abolitionists . ( John Bufford after William L. Champey , circa 1856 ) On the evening of March 5 , Private Hugh White , a British soldier , stood on guard duty outside the Custom house on King Street , today known as State Street . A young wigmaker 's apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer , Captain - Lieutenant John Goldfinch , that Goldfinch had not paid a bill due to Garrick 's master . Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult . Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer . Garrick exchanged insults with Private White . Then , after Garrick started poking the officer in the chest with his finger , the officer left his post , challenged the boy , and struck him on the side of the head with his musket . As Garrick cried in pain , one of his companions , Bartholomew Broaders , began to argue with White . This attracted a larger crowd . Henry Knox , a 19 - year - old bookseller ( who would later serve as a general in the revolution ) , came upon the scene and warned White , `` if he fired he must die for it . '' An 1868 print by Alonzo Chappel , showing a more chaotic scene contrary to most earlier representations . As the evening progressed , the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous . Church bells were rung , which usually signified a fire , bringing more people out . Over fifty Bostonians pressed around White , led by a mixed - race runaway slave named Crispus Attucks , throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon . White , who had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House , sought assistance . Runners alerted the nearby barracks and Captain Thomas Preston , the officer of the watch . According to his report , Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates of the 29th Regiment of Foot , with fixed bayonets , to relieve White . The soldiers Preston sent were Corporal William Wemms , Hugh Montgomery , John Carroll , William McCauley , William Warren , and Matthew Kilroy . Accompanied by Preston , they pushed their way through the crowd . En route , Henry Knox , again trying to reduce tensions , warned Preston , `` For God 's sake , take care of your men . If they fire , you must die . '' Captain Preston responded `` I am aware of it . '' When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs , the soldiers loaded their muskets , and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation . Preston shouted at the crowd , estimated to number between three and four hundred , to disperse . Boston Massacre grave marker in the Granary Burying Ground The crowd continued to press around the soldiers , taunting them by yelling , `` Fire ! '' , by spitting at and throwing snowballs and other small objects at them . Richard Palmes , a local innkeeper who was carrying a cudgel , came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers ' weapons were loaded . Preston assured him they were , but that they would not fire unless he ordered it , and ( according to his own deposition ) that he was unlikely to do so , since he was standing in front of them . A thrown object then struck Private Montgomery , knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket . He recovered his weapon , and was thought to angrily shout `` Damn you , fire ! '' , then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given . Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery , hitting his arm , and then at Preston . He narrowly missed Preston 's head , striking him on the arm instead . There was a pause of uncertain length ( eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes ) , after which the soldiers fired into the crowd . Rather than a disciplined volley ( Preston gave no orders to fire ) , a ragged series of shots was fired , which hit eleven men . Three Americans -- ropemaker Samuel Gray , mariner James Caldwell , and Crispus Attucks -- died instantly . Samuel Maverick , an apprentice ivory turner of seventeen , was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd , and died a few hours later , in the early morning of the next day . An Irish immigrant , Patrick Carr , died two weeks later . Christopher Monk , another apprentice , was one of those seriously wounded in the attack . Although he recovered to some extent , he was crippled and eventually died in 1780 , purportedly due to the injuries he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier . The crowd moved away from the immediate area of the custom house , but continued to grow in nearby streets . Captain Preston immediately called out most of the 29th Regiment , which adopted defensive positions in front of the state house . Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson was summoned to the scene , and was forced by the movement of the crowd into the council chamber of the state house . From its balcony he was able to minimally restore order , promising there would be a fair inquiry into the shootings if the crowd dispersed . Aftermath Investigation Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair , and by morning , Preston and the eight soldiers had been arrested . In a meeting of the governor 's council held late the morning after the shootings , Boston 's selectmen asked Hutchinson to order the removal of troops from the city to Castle William on Castle Island , while a town meeting at Faneuil Hall met to discuss the affair . The governor 's council was at first opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal , with Hutchinson correctly claiming he did not have the authority to order the troops to move . Lieutenant Colonel William Dalrymple , commander of the troops , did not offer to move them . The town meeting , however , became more restive when it learned of this . Under an imminent threat of further violence , the council changed its position , and unanimously ( `` under duress '' , according to Hutchinson 's report ) agreed to request the troops ' removal . Secretary of State Andrew Oliver reported that , had the troops not been removed , `` that they would probably be destroyed by the people -- should it be called rebellion , should it incur the loss of our charter , or be the consequence what it would . '' This decision left the governor without effective means to police the town . The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later , with the 29th following shortly after . The first four victims were buried amid great ceremony on March 8 ; Patrick Carr , the fifth and final victim , died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17 . Mr. John Gillespie , in his deposition , ( No. 104 ) declares that , as he was going to the south end of the town , to meet some friends at a public house , he met several people in the streets in parties ( armed with clubs ) , to the number , as he thinks , of forty or fifty persons ; and that while he was sitting with his friends there , several persons of his acquaintance came in to them at different times , and took notice of the numbers of persons they had seen in the street armed in the above manner . ( ... ) About half an hour after eight the bells rung , which ( Gillespie ) and his company took to be for fire ; but they were told by the landlord of the house that it was to collect the mob . Mr. Gillespie upon this resolved to go home , and in his way met numbers of people who were running past him , of whom many were armed with clubs and sticks , and some with other weapons . At the same time a number of people passed by him with two fire - engines , as if there had been a fire in the town . But they were soon told that there was no fire , but that the people were going to fight the soldiers , upon which they immediately quitted the fire - engines , and swore they would go to their assistance . All this happened before the soldiers near the custom - house fired their muskets , which was not till half an hour after nine o'clock ; and it ( shows ) that the inhabitants had formed , and were preparing to execute , a design of attacking the soldiers on that evening . -- Excerpt from A Fair Account , suggesting the colonists planned the attack on the soldiers On March 27 the eight soldiers , Captain Preston , and four civilians who were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots , were all indicted for murder . Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents . General Gage , convinced the troops were doing more harm than good , ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May . Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the ongoing high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year . Propaganda battle In the days and weeks following the incident , a propaganda battle was waged between Boston 's radicals and supporters of the government . Both sides published pamphlets that told strikingly different stories , which were principally published in London in a bid to influence opinion there . The Boston Gazette 's version of events , for example , characterized the massacre as part of an ongoing scheme to `` quell a Spirit of Liberty '' , and harped on the negative consequences of quartering troops in the city . Henry Pelham 's engraving copied by Paul Revere A young Boston artist , Henry Pelham , half - brother of the celebrated portrait painter John Singleton Copley , depicted the event . Silversmith and engraver Paul Revere closely copied Pelham 's image , and is often credited as its originator . In order to further public outrage , the engraving contained several inflammatory details . Captain Preston is shown ordering his men to fire , and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office , which is labeled `` Butcher 's Hall . '' Artist Christian Remick hand - colored some prints . Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face , matching descriptions of Attucks ; others show no victim as a person of color . The image was published in the Boston Gazette , circulating widely , and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda . The image of bright red `` lobster backs '' and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses across New England . Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives . A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre , published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting , was principally written by James Bowdoin , a member of the governor 's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy , along with Samuel Pemberton , and Joseph Warren . It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful , law - abiding inhabitants , and was , according to historian Neal Langley York , probably the most influential description of the event . The account it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event , and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm . In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool , city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet , but sent copies to other colonies and to London , where they knew depositions collected by Governor Hutchinson were en route . A second pamphlet , Additional Observations on the Short Narrative , furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials ( one of whom had left Boston to carry Hutchinson 's gathered depositions to London ) were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties . The depositions that Hutchinson collected and sent to London were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston . Drawn mainly from depositions by soldiers , its account of affairs sought to blame selfish Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws . It also blamed the city 's hoodlums and gangs for the lawlessness preceding the event , and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers . However , as it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London , it ended up having a much smaller impact on the public debate there . Trial John Adams defended the soldiers six of whom were acquitted The Part I took in Defence of Cptn . Preston and the Soldiers , procured me Anxiety , and Obloquy enough . It was , however , one of the most gallant , generous , manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life , and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country . Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches , anciently . As the Evidence was , the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right . This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre , nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister , who caused them to be sent here . But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies . -- John Adams , on the third anniversary of the massacre The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so moderates would not be alienated from the Patriot cause . After several lawyers with Loyalist leanings refused to defend him , Preston sent a request to John Adams , pleading for him to work on the case . Adams , who was already a leading Patriot and who was contemplating a run for public office , agreed to help , in the interest of ensuring a fair trial . Adams was joined by Josiah Quincy II after the latter was assured that the Sons of Liberty would not oppose his appointment , and by Robert Auchmuty , a Loyalist . They were assisted by Sampson Salter Blowers , whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool , and Paul Revere , who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial of the British soldiers held responsible . Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney Robert Treat Paine , hired by the town of Boston , handled the prosecution . Preston was tried separately in late October 1770 . He was acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered the troops to fire . The trial of the eight soldiers opened on November 27 , 1770 . Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact the soldiers were British . He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob , which he called `` a motley rabble of saucy boys , negroes , and molattoes , Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs ( i.e. sailors ) '' , they had the legal right to fight back , and so were innocent . If they were provoked but not endangered , he argued , they were at most guilty of manslaughter . The jury agreed with Adams and acquitted six of the soldiers after two and one - half hours ' deliberation . Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd . The jury 's decisions suggest that they believed the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd , but should have delayed firing . Patrick Carr , the fifth victim , corroborated this with deathbed testimony delivered to his doctor . The convicted soldiers were granted reduced sentences by invoking Benefit of clergy , which reduced their punishment from a death sentence to branding of the thumb in open court . The four civilians were tried on December 13 . The principal prosecution witness , a servant of one of the accused , made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses . In the face of this weak testimony , as well as waning public interest , the prosecution allegedly failed to press its case very hard . The civilians were all acquitted , and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury , whipped , and banished from the province . Legacy Contribution to American Revolution The Boston Massacre is considered one of the most important events that turned colonial sentiment against King George III and British Parliamentary authority . Howard Zinn argues that Boston was full of class anger . He reports that in 1763 , the Boston Gazette published that `` a few persons in power '' were promoting political projects `` for keeping the people poor in order to make them humble . '' John Adams wrote that the `` foundation of American independence was laid '' on March 5 , 1770 , and Samuel Adams and other Patriots used annual commemorations ( Massacre Day ) of the event to fulminate against British rule . Christopher Monk , the boy who was wounded in the attack and died in 1780 , was paraded before the crowds as a reminder of British hostility . Later events , such as the Boston Tea Party , further illustrated the crumbling relationship between Britain and its colonies . Although five years passed between the massacre and outright revolution , and direct connections between the massacre and the later war are ( according to historian Neil Langley York ) somewhat tenuous , it is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the violent rebellion that followed . Commemorations Massacre memorial on the Boston Common See also : Massacre Day and Freedom Trail The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by William Cooper Nell , an African American abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War . Partly because of this activism , artwork commemorating the massacre was produced that changed the color of a victim 's skin to black ( which in Revere 's original engraving was white ) to emphasize Attucks ' claimed martyrdom . In 1888 , a monument was erected on the Boston Common to the men killed in the massacre , and the five victims , along with Christopher Seider , were reinterred in a prominent grave in the Granary Burying Ground . The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5 under the auspices of the Bostonian Society . The Old State House , the massacre site , and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston 's Freedom Trail , connecting sites important in the city 's revolutionary - era history . See also Boston portal List of massacres in Massachusetts Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) References ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , 24 . Jump up ^ Antal , `` 7 Leadership Lessons of the American Revolution '' , 40 . Jump up ^ The Boston Massacre Jump up ^ The American Past : A Survey of American History ; Joseph Conlin P. 133 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda . Martin J. Manning Page 33 ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey , From Loyalist to Founding Father , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey , From Loyalist to Founding Father , p. 93 . Jump up ^ A Short Narrative , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 75 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , pp. 208 -- 210 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , The Hub , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , The Boston Massacre , 11 . Jump up ^ Zobel , The Boston Massacre , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Allison , The Boston Massacre , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Archer , As if an Enemy 's Country , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Archer , As if an Enemy 's Country , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , 195 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : A Short Narrative , 11 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , 191 . Jump up ^ Archer , As If an Enemy 's Country , 196 . Jump up ^ Allison , The Boston Massacre , x . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Origins of the American Revolution , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 201 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Bailyn , Ordeal , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 205 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ordeal , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Bailyn , Ordeal , p. 161 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 64 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 66 . Jump up ^ A Fair Account , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 229 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jane ( April 1975 ) . `` Paul Revere -- Patriot Engraver '' . Early American Life : 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Walett , pp. 330 -- 33 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 70 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 72 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 74 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Adams and Butterfield , Diary , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Cumming , The Fate of a Nation , p. 24 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 243 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Zinn , A People 's History of the United States , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 285 -- 86 , 298 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 84 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Zinn 1980 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 301 -- 02 . Jump up ^ York , The Boston Massacre , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Woods , Exploring American History , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Wheeler et al , Discovering the American Past , pp. 101 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Nell et al , William Cooper Nell , 515 . Jump up ^ Fitz , Karsten ( 2005 ) . `` Commemorating Crispus Attucks : Visual Memory and the Representations of the Boston Massacre , 1770 -- 1857 '' . American Studies ( Volume 50 , No. 3 ) : 463 -- 484 . JSTOR 41158169 . ^ Jump up to : York , The Boston Massacre , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Massacre '' . The Freedom Trail Foundation . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Massacre Reenactment Registration '' . Bostonian Society . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , p. 20 Sources A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston . London : B. White . 1770 . OCLC 535966548 . Original printing of the governor 's account . A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre . London : W. Bingley. 1770 . OCLC 510892519 . Original printing of the colonists ' account . Adams , John ( 1962 ) . Butterfield , L.H. , ed . Diary and Autobiography of John Adams , vol. 2 . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . OCLC 19993300 . Allison , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . The Boston Massacre . Beverly , MA : Applewood Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933212 - 10 - 4 . OCLC 66392877 . Archer , Richard ( 2010 ) . As if an Enemy 's Country : the British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538247 - 1 . OCLC 313664751 . Bailyn , Bernard ( 1974 ) . The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 64160 - 0 . OCLC 6825524 . Cumming , William P. ; Rankin , Hugh F. ( 1975 ) . The Fate of a Nation : The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes . New York : Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 1644 - 9 . OCLC 1510269 . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508847 - 2 . OCLC 263430392 . Knollenberg , Bernhard ( 1975 ) . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 917110 - 3 . OCLC 1416300 . Middlekauff , Robert ( 2007 ) . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 . OCLC 496757346 . Miller , John ( 1959 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804705936 . OCLC 180556929 . Nell , William Cooper ; Wesley , Dorothy Porter ; Uzelac , Constance Porter ( 2002 ) . William Cooper Nell , Nineteenth - Century African American Abolitionist , Historian , Integrationist : Selected Writings from 1832 -- 1874 . Baltimore , MD : Black Classic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57478 - 019 - 2 . OCLC 50673509 . O'Connor , Thomas H ( 2001 ) . The Hub : Boston Past and Present . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 474 - 5 . OCLC 248309644 . Ross , Betsy McCaughey ; McCaughey , Elizabeth P. ( 1980 ) . From Loyalist to Founding Father : the Political Odyssey of William Samuel Johnson . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 04506 - 3 . OCLC 479827879 . Triber , Jayne ( 1998 ) . A True Republican : The Life of Paul Revere . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 139 - 7 . OCLC 171052850 . Walett , Francis ( September 1950 ) . `` James Bowdoin , Patriot Propagandist '' . The New England Quarterly ( Volume 23 , No. 3 ) . JSTOR 361420 . Wheeler , William Bruce ; Becker , Susan Becker ; Glover , Lorri ( 2011 ) . Discovering the American Past : A Look at the Evidence : To 1877 . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 79984 - 9 . OCLC 664324291 . Woods , Thomas ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . New York : Associated University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7746 - 4 . OCLC 302384920 . York , Neil Longley ( 2009 ) . `` Rival Truths , Political Accommodation , and the Boston ' Massacre ' '' . Massachusetts Historical Review ( Volume 11 ) : 57 -- 95 . JSTOR 40345980 . York , Neil Longley ( 2010 ) . The Boston Massacre : a History with Documents . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87348 - 2 . OCLC 695944958 . Young , Alfred ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Revolution in Boston ? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail '' ( PDF ) . The Public Historian ( Volume 25 , No. 2 ) : 17 -- 41 . Zinn , Howard ( 1980 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019448 - 2 . OCLC 42420960 . Zobel , Hiller B ( 1970 ) . The Boston Massacre . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31483 - 0 . OCLC 243696768 . Further reading Reid , John Phillip ( 1974 ) . `` A Lawyer Acquitted : John Adams and the Boston Massacre '' . American Journal of Legal History ( Volume 18 , No. 3 ) : 189 -- 207 . ISSN 0002 - 9319 . Ritter , Kurt W ( 1977 ) . `` Confrontation as Moral Drama : the Boston Massacre in Rhetorical Perspective '' . Southern Speech Communication Journal ( Volume 42 , No. 1 ) : 114 -- 136 . ISSN 0361 - 8269 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Massacre . Library resources about Boston Massacre Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Texts on Wikisource : `` Boston Massacre , The '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Boston Massacre '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Boston Massacre '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . An oration delivered April 2d , 1771 , at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston ( 1771 ) by James Lovell The Boston Massacre Historical Society Boston National Historical Park Official Website Massachusetts Historical Society Massacre Exhibit Boston Massacre investigative game by the Bostonian Society , stagers of the annual reenactment Preceded by Old State House Locations along Boston 's Freedom Trail Site of the Boston Massacre Succeeded by Faneuil Hall John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Massacre&oldid=804642804 '' Categories : 1770 crimes 1770 in the Thirteen Colonies 1770 riots American Revolution Conflicts in 1770 Financial District , Boston Disasters in Massachusetts Massacres committed by Great Britain Massacres in the Thirteen Colonies Massachusetts in the American Revolution 18th century in Boston Boston Massacre 1770 in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Articles needing POV - check from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2013 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox civilian attack with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the trial of the boston massacre | [
"The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry, but the crowd re-formed the next day, prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island. Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder. Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams, six of the soldiers were acquitted, while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences. The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand. Depictions, reports, and propaganda about the event, notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere (shown at top-right), further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies."
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"John Adams"
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2062932614360388753 | List of highest paid Major League Baseball players | List of highest paid Major League baseball players - Wikipedia List of highest paid Major League baseball players Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Alex Rodriguez earned the highest salary in MLB in 2013 at $29,000,000 . He also has the highest career earnings in MLB history . The highest paid player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from the 2013 season is New York Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez with an annual salary of $29,000,000 , $4 million higher than the second - highest paid player , Cliff Lee . MLB does not have a hard salary cap , instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season . Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s , allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries . Babe Ruth , widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever , earned an estimated $910,696 ( $14,654,832 inflation - adjusted from 1931 dollars ) over his entire playing career . When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ( $1,171,952 inflation - adjusted ) , while the president , Herbert Hoover , had a $75,000 salary , Ruth famously remarked , `` What the hell has Hoover got to do with it ? Besides , I had a better year than he did . '' Rodriguez has signed two record - breaking contracts over the course of his career . First , he signed a $252 million , 10 - year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ( $358,107,826 inflation - adjusted from 2000 dollars ) . Sandy Alderson called the deal `` stupefying '' , while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez 's early salaries under the contract ( $21 million ) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ( $15.8 million ) . The deal was the largest sports contract in history , doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett 's $126 million National Basketball Association contract ( the previous record holder ) and more than doubling Mike Hampton 's $121 million contract , the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before . The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season , though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract . Despite this , he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million , 10 - year agreement with the Yankees , breaking his own record for the largest sports contract . Under this deal , Rodriguez also receives $6 million each if and when he ties the career home run totals of Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Babe Ruth ( 714 ) , Hank Aaron ( 755 ) , and Barry Bonds ( 762 ) , along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds ' mark . First base was the highest paid position in 2010 ; regular starters at that position earned an average salary of $9,504,165 in compared to an overall average of $3,014,572 . Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million , signing a $4.5 million , 4 - year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979 . Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989 , while 2010 was the first season where the MLB average salary rose above that same mark . Five of the twenty highest paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees . Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490 , roughly $12 million above the second - largest Los Angeles Dodgers . The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll , with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Highest annual salaries in 2017 3 Career earnings 4 Salary progression 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Key ( edit ) Key Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop LF Left fielder CF Center fielder RF Right fielder Catcher SP Starting pitcher RP Relief pitcher DH Designated hitter Highest annual salaries in 2017 ( edit ) This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone , not the overall average value of the contract . Rank Name Position Team ( s ) Salary Ref Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $33,000,000 Zack Greinke SP Arizona Diamondbacks $31,876,966 David Price SP Boston Red Sox $30,000,000 Miguel Cabrera 1B Detroit Tigers $28,000,000 Justin Verlander SP Detroit Tigers / Houston Astros $28,000,000 6 Jason Heyward OF Chicago Cubs $26,055,288 7 Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $26,055,288 8 Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $25,857,143 9 Jon Lester SP Chicago Cubs $25,000,000 9 CC Sabathia SP New York Yankees $25,000,000 Career earnings ( edit ) Though retired since 2007 , Barry Bonds ' career earnings of over $188 million still ranks fifth highest overall in MLB history . Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2013 season . Name Team ( s ) Position Years Earnings Ref Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers New York Yankees SS , 3B 1994 -- 2016 $396,416,252 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS 1995 -- 2014 $265,159,364 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals Houston Astros New York Mets San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees Houston Astros CF , RF 1998 -- 2017 $221,952,782 Ramirez , Manny Manny Ramirez Cleveland Indians Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago White Sox Tampa Bay Rays LF 1993 -- 2011 $206,827,769 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates San Francisco Giants LF 1986 -- 2007 $188,245,322 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Montreal Expos Seattle Mariners Houston Astros Arizona Diamondbacks New York Yankees San Francisco Giants SP 1988 -- 2009 $175,550,019 Hunter , Torii Torii Hunter Minnesota Twins Los Angeles Angels Detroit Tigers CF 1997 -- 2015 $171,055,000 Rivera , Mariano Mariano Rivera New York Yankees RP 1995 -- 2013 $169,441,825 Jones , Chipper Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves 3B 1993 -- 2012 $168,552,133 Sheffield , Gary Gary Sheffield Milwaukee Brewers San Diego Padres Florida Marlins Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves New York Yankees Detroit Tigers New York Mets RF 1988 -- 2009 $168,008,550 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners New York Yankees Miami Marlins RF 2001 -- $166,331,483 Helton , Todd Todd Helton Colorado Rockies 1B 1998 -- 2013 $161,490,000 Santana , Johan Johan Santana Minnesota Twins New York Mets SP 2000 -- 2012 $155,997,269 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres SP 1986 -- 2008 $153,845,000 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners Cincinnati Reds Chicago White Sox CF 1988 -- 2010 $151,703,682 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox Toronto Blue Jays New York Yankees Houston Astros SP 1984 -- 2007 $150,601,000 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay Toronto Blue Jays Philadelphia Phillies SP 1998 -- 2013 $148,991,666 Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia Cleveland Indians Milwaukee Brewers New York Yankees SP 2001 -- $146,357,142 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays Florida Marlins New York Mets 1B 1993 -- 2009 $146,299,000 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers Montreal Expos Boston Red Sox New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies SP 1992 -- 2009 $146,259,585 Salary Progression ( edit ) Nolan Ryan ( pictured ) became the first player to earn an average salary above $1 million in 1979 . Precisely 17 years later Albert Belle became the first player to average above $10 million a year . This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts / contract extensions . Average annual salary Date signed Name Team Position Contract duration ( Years ) Ref ( s ) $ 01170000 ! 1,170,000 01 ! November 19 , 1979 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan Houston Astros SP 03 ! 3 $ 02500000 ! 2,500,000 02 ! December 15 , 1980 Winfield , Dave Dave Winfield New York Yankees RF 10 $ 02600000 ! 2,600,000 03 ! September 4 , 1985 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles 1B 05 ! 5 $ 02633333 ! 2,633,333 03.1 ! February 16 , 1989 Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers SP 03 ! 3 $ 02970000 ! 2,970,000 04 ! November 17 , 1989 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals SP 03 ! 3 $ 03000000 ! 3,000,000 05 ! November 22 , 1989 Puckett , Kirby Kirby Puckett Minnesota Twins CF 03 ! 3 $ 03200000 ! 3,200,000 06 ! December 1 , 1989 Langston , Mark Mark Langston California Angels SP 05 ! 5 $ 03250000 ! 3,250,000 07 ! December 11 , 1989 Davis , Mark Mark Davis Kansas City Royals SP 04 ! 4 $ 03500000 ! 3,500,000 08 ! January 17 , 1990 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics SP 02 ! 2 $ 03750000 ! 3,750,000 09 ! January 22 , 1990 Clark , Will Will Clark San Francisco Giants 1B 04 ! 4 $ 03860000 ! 3,860,000 10 ! April 9 , 1990 Mattingly , Don Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B 05 ! 5 $ 04700000 ! 4,700,000 11 ! June 28 , 1990 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics RF / DH 05 ! 5 $ 05380000 ! 5,380,000 12 ! February 2 , 1991 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox SP 04 ! 4 $ 05800000 ! 5,800,000 13 ! December 2 , 1991 Bonilla , Bobby Bobby Bonilla New York Mets 3B / RF 05 ! 5 $ 07100000 ! 7,100,000 14 ! March 2 , 1992 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 04 ! 4 $ 07290000 ! 7,290,000 15 ! December 6 , 1992 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 06 ! 6 $ 08500000 ! 8,500,000 16 ! January 31 , 1996 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners CF 04 ! 4 $ 11000000 ! 11,000,000 17 ! November 19 , 1996 Belle , Albert Albert Belle Chicago White Sox LF 05 ! 5 $ 11450000 ! 11,450,000 18 ! March 20 , 1997 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 02 ! 2 $ 11500000 ! 11,500,000 19 ! August 10 , 1997 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves SP 05 ! 5 $ 12500000 ! 12,500,000 20 ! December 10 , 1997 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox SP 06 ! 6 $ 13000000 ! 13,000,000 21 ! October 26 , 1998 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza New York Mets 07 ! 7 $ 13333333 ! 13,333,333 22 ! November 25 , 1998 Vaughn , Mo Mo Vaughn Anaheim Angels 1B 06 ! 6 $ 15000000 ! 15,000,000 23 ! December 12 , 1998 Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers SP 07 ! 7 $ 15450000 ! 15,450,000 24 ! August 11 , 2000 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens New York Yankees SP 02 ! 2 $ 17000000 ! 17,000,000 25 ! October 20 , 2000 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays 1B 04 ! 4 $ 25200000 ! 25,200,000 26 ! December 10 , 2000 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS 10 $ 27500000 ! 27,500,000 27 ! December 13 , 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees 3B 10 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Business and economics portal Highest - paid NBA players by season List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries Footnotes ( edit ) `` Earnings '' as discussed here refers to salaries paid to players under MLB contracts and does not include advertising or other sources of income . All values are listed in nominal dollars . `` Average annual value '' is calculated as the total value of a contract ( less bonuses ) divided by the number of years . A $20 million / 2 year contract would have an average annual value of $10 million , even if the player actually received $9 million one season and $11 million in the other . This also does not include contracts for less than a season prorated in value for a full season such as Roger Clemens ' 2006 and 2007 contracts . All values are listed in nominal dollars . Dave Winfield initially negotiated a 10 - year deal in 1980 worth a projected $25 million ( $2.5 million per year ) . However , Yankees ' owner George Steinbrenner reportedly had not fully understood a cost of living adjustment provision in it and the 10 - year contract was renegotiated a few months later . The final precise value is unclear , although it fell between $20 and $25 million in total value ( $2 -- $2.5 million a year ) . Hershiser and Frank Viola both won the 1988 Cy Young Award and Viola signed an identically - sized $7.9 million , 3 - year contract two months after Hershiser . Rickey Henderson signed a $12 million , 4 - year contract with the Oakland Athletics on November 28 , 1989 , 6 days after Puckett signed his $9 million , 3 - year contract . Roger Clemens signed a contract extension during the 2000 season covering 2001 and 2002 along with a player option for 2003 . Clemens was paid $10.3 million each year for 2001 and 2002 , with the same $10.3 million available if he elected to play in 2003 under his option . However , Clemens also received $10.3 million if he rejected the option . As a result , he could effectively collect the full $30.9 million of contract value for only two years of play ( $15.45 million annually ) . However , the Yankees valued this deal as a $10.3 million annually , three - year deal . He became a free agent after the 2002 season and ultimately re-signed with the Yankees for a new , one - year contract in which they bought out the previous option . References ( edit ) Bibliography `` USA Today Salaries Database -- Top 25 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . `` Highest Career and Single - Season Salaries '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` MLB players , owners announce five - year labor deal '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Fehr does not foresee a salary cap '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Wilborn ( 2009 ) . Babe Ruth : A twentieth - century life . New York : Viking . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 06305 - 5 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Wayne ( 2006 ) . Babe Ruth : A biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33596 - 6 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` $252,000,000 : A-Rod , Rangers agree to richest deal in sports history '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Selig gives blessing to mega-merger '' . ESPN.com . February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB 's average salary eclipses $3 M for first time '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Belth , Alex ( December 2 , 2005 ) . `` From Catfish to A-Rod : Landmark moments from baseball 's free - agent era '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MLB Salaries by team '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Parity ? Yankees , Red Sox loom large for smaller market teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Edginess Over the Yankees ' Payroll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Kershaw '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Greinke '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Price '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Heyward '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Lester '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manny Ramirez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torii Hunter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Sheffield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Helton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Santana Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Halladay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlos Delgado Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro Martinez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Baseball - Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 11 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 -- via CNNSI.com . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Winfield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Yanks Sign Winfield for up to $25 million ; $1.5 million for first year Winfield becomes Yankee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 6 , 1985 ) . `` Eddie Murray 's new contract surpasses all others '' . Anchorage Daily News . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orel Hershiser Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Another record for Hershiser : $7.9 million Dodger contract '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Saberhagen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saberhagen highest paid in baseball '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . November 18 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Puckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 23 , 1989 ) . `` Puckett hits the Jackpot : First $3 million man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Langston Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 2 , 1989 ) . `` Angels and Langston agree on $16 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( December 12 , 1989 ) . `` Mark Davis signs with Royals for $13 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart agrees to contract '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . Associated Press . January 18 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark package zooms to $15 million '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 23 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Mattingly Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 11 , 1990 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; Mattingly : Yankees ' last tradition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard ( June 28 , 1990 ) . `` Canseco gets his pitch : $23.5 million from A 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 9 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; Clemens signs for more than $5 million a year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Bonilla Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 3 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; How Bonilla got Mets to empty their pockets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryne Sandberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( March 3 , 1992 ) . `` Sandberg becomes highest - paid player , for now '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 1992 ) . `` Baseball ; Giants make investment : $43 million in Bonds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` Baseball ; Griffey becomes the first $8 million dollar man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( November 20 , 1996 ) . `` Belle signs the richest deal : 5 years , $55 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Extension gives Bonds top salary '' . The New York Times . February 21 , 1997 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jerry ( August 11 , 1997 ) . `` Maddux 's deal heads salary list '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` Baseball ; Martinez 's $75 million for 6 years raises bar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball ; The Mets agree to make Piazza baseball 's richest player ; Leiter says he is close to a $32 million deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 27 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : On baseball ; Boston , with Vaughn gone , now ca n't win for signing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Brown Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 13 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : Brown becomes the richest in baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( August 12 , 2000 ) . `` Clemens ' New Deal is most unusual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 21 , 2000 ) . `` Plus : Baseball ; Delgado becomes top - paid player '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket relaunch : Clemens rejoins Astros '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens 2006 Pitching Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` If inclined , Yankees would need Rocket 's OK on trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` Dave Winfield finds baseball and business the perfect mix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winfield finishes business with Yankees and Padres '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Richman , Milton ( February 15 , 1981 ) . `` Today 's Sport Parade '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Viola gets big pact , loss '' . Spokane Chronicle . Associated Press . April 20 , 1989 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Henderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying it forward : The Mets ' cash troubles are epitomized by the story of Bobby Bonilla '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens staying put in pinstripes : Yankees ' ace re-signs in pursuit of win No. 300 '' . Edmonton Journal . December 31 , 2002 . ( hide ) Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_Major_League_Baseball_players&oldid=821339026 '' Categories : Baseball labor relations Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 21 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the most paid player in mlb | [
"The highest paid player in Major League Baseball (MLB) from the 2013 season is New York Yankees' third baseman Alex Rodriguez with an annual salary of $29,000,000, $4 million higher than the second-highest paid player, Cliff Lee. MLB does not have a hard salary cap, instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season.[1][2] Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s, allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries. Babe Ruth, widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever, earned an estimated $910,696 ($14,654,832 inflation-adjusted from 1931 dollars) over his entire playing career.[3] When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ($1,171,952 inflation-adjusted), while the president, Herbert Hoover, had a $75,000 salary, Ruth famously remarked, \"What the hell has Hoover got to do with it? Besides, I had a better year than he did.\"[4][5]"
] | [
"Alex Rodriguez"
] |
7705531625191045786 | List of Detroit Tigers seasons | List of detroit Tigers seasons - wikipedia List of detroit Tigers seasons Contents 1 Best seasons in Detroit Tigers history 2 Worst seasons in Detroit Tigers history 3 Record season - by - season 4 Record by decade 5 See also 6 External links Best seasons in Detroit Tigers history ( edit ) Best Seasons in Detroit Tigers History Rank Year Wins Losses Win % Finish 1934 101 53 . 656 Lost 1934 World Series to Cardinals 1915 100 54 . 649 2nd in AL behind Red Sox 1909 98 54 . 645 Lost 1909 World Series to Pirates 1984 104 58 . 642 Won 1984 World Series over Padres 5 1968 103 59 . 636 Won 1968 World Series over Cardinals 6 1961 101 61 . 623 2nd in AL behind Yankees 7 1950 95 59 . 617 2nd in AL behind Yankees 8 1935 93 58 . 616 Won 1935 World Series over Cubs 9 1907 92 58 . 613 Lost 1907 World Series to Cubs 10 98 64 . 605 Lost 1987 ALCS to Twins 11 1946 92 62 . 597 2nd in AL behind Red Sox 12 1908 90 63 . 588 Lost 1908 World Series to Cubs 13 2006 95 67 . 586 Lost 2006 World Series to Cardinals 13 2011 95 67 . 586 Lost 2011 ALCS to Rangers 15 1940 90 64 . 584 Lost 1940 World Series to Reds 16 1911 89 65 . 578 2nd in AL behind A 's 16 1937 89 65 . 578 2nd in AL behind Yankees 18 1945 88 65 . 575 Won 1945 World Series over Cubs 19 2013 93 69 . 574 Lost 2013 ALCS to Red Sox 20 1944 88 66 . 571 2nd in AL behind Browns Worst seasons in Detroit Tigers history ( edit ) Worst Seasons in Detroit Tigers History Rank Year Wins Losses Win % 2003 43 119 . 265 1952 50 104 . 325 53 109 . 327 2002 55 106 . 342 5 57 102 . 358 6 1989 59 103 . 364 Record season - by - season ( edit ) The following table describes a season - by - season listing of the Tigers win - loss record . World Series champions † AL champions * Division champions ( 1969 -- present ) ^ Wild card berth ( 1995 -- present ) ¤ Season Level League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Post-Season Awards 1901 MLB AL 3rd 74 61 . 548 81⁄2 1902 MLB AL 7th 52 83 . 385 301⁄2 1903 MLB AL 5th 65 71 . 478 25 1904 MLB AL 7th 62 90 . 408 32 1905 MLB AL 3rd 79 74 . 516 151⁄2 1906 MLB AL 6th 71 78 . 477 21 1907 MLB AL * 1st 92 58 . 613 -- Lost World Series ( Cubs ) 4 -- 0 * 1908 MLB AL * 1st 90 63 . 588 -- Lost World Series ( Cubs ) 4 -- 1 * 1909 MLB AL * 1st 98 54 . 645 -- Lost World Series ( Pirates ) 4 -- 3 * Ty Cobb ( TC ) 1910 MLB AL 3rd 86 68 . 558 18 1911 MLB AL 2nd 89 65 . 578 131⁄2 Ty Cobb ( MVP ) 1912 MLB AL 6th 69 84 . 451 361⁄2 1913 MLB AL 6th 66 87 . 431 30 1914 MLB AL 4th 80 73 . 523 191⁄2 1915 MLB AL 2nd 100 54 . 649 21⁄2 1916 MLB AL 3rd 87 67 . 565 1917 MLB AL 4th 78 75 . 510 211⁄2 1918 MLB AL 7th 55 71 . 437 20 1919 MLB AL 4th 80 60 . 571 8 1920 MLB AL 7th 61 93 . 396 37 1921 MLB AL 6th 71 82 . 464 27 1922 MLB AL 3rd 79 75 . 513 15 1923 MLB AL 2nd 83 71 . 539 16 1924 MLB AL 3rd 86 68 . 558 6 1925 MLB AL 4th 81 73 . 526 161⁄2 1926 MLB AL 6th 79 75 . 513 12 1927 MLB AL 4th 82 71 . 536 271⁄2 1928 MLB AL 6th 68 86 . 442 33 1929 MLB AL 6th 70 84 . 455 36 1930 MLB AL 5th 75 79 . 487 27 1931 MLB AL 7th 61 93 . 396 47 1932 MLB AL 5th 76 75 . 503 291⁄2 1933 MLB AL 5th 75 79 . 487 25 1934 MLB AL * 1st 101 53 . 656 -- Lost World Series ( Cardinals ) 4 -- 3 * Mickey Cochrane ( MVP ) 1935 MLB † AL * 1st 93 58 . 616 -- Won World Series ( Cubs ) 4 -- 2 † Hank Greenberg ( MVP ) 1936 MLB AL 2nd 83 71 . 539 191⁄2 1937 MLB AL 2nd 89 65 . 578 13 Charlie Gehringer ( MVP ) 1938 MLB AL 4th 84 70 . 545 16 1939 MLB AL 5th 81 73 . 526 261⁄2 1940 MLB AL * 1st 90 64 . 584 -- Lost World Series ( Reds ) 4 -- 3 * Hank Greenberg ( MVP ) 1941 MLB AL 4th 75 79 . 487 26 1942 MLB AL 5th 73 81 . 474 30 1943 MLB AL 5th 78 76 . 506 20 1944 MLB AL 2nd 88 66 . 571 Hal Newhouser ( MVP ) 1945 MLB † AL * 1st 88 65 . 575 -- Won World Series ( Cubs ) 4 -- 3 † Hal Newhouser ( MVP , TC ) 1946 MLB AL 2nd 92 62 . 597 12 1947 MLB AL 2nd 85 69 . 552 12 1948 MLB AL 5th 78 76 . 506 181⁄2 1949 MLB AL 4th 87 67 . 565 10 1950 MLB AL 2nd 95 59 . 617 1951 MLB AL 5th 73 81 . 474 25 1952 MLB AL 8th 50 104 . 325 45 1953 MLB AL 6th 60 94 . 390 401⁄2 Harvey Kuenn ( ROY ) 1954 MLB AL 5th 68 86 . 442 43 1955 MLB AL 5th 79 75 . 513 17 1956 MLB AL 5th 82 72 . 532 15 1957 MLB AL 4th 78 76 . 506 20 1958 MLB AL 5th 77 77 . 500 15 1959 MLB AL 4th 76 78 . 494 18 1960 MLB AL 6th 71 83 . 461 26 1961 MLB AL 2nd 101 61 . 623 8 1962 MLB AL 4th 85 76 . 528 101⁄2 1963 MLB AL 5th 79 83 . 488 251⁄2 1964 MLB AL 4th 85 77 . 525 14 1965 MLB AL 4th 89 73 . 549 13 1966 MLB AL 3rd 88 74 . 543 10 1967 MLB AL 3rd 91 71 . 562 1968 MLB † AL * 1st 103 59 . 636 -- Won World Series ( Cardinals ) 4 -- 3 † Denny McLain ( MVP , CYA ) Mickey Lolich ( WS MVP ) 1969 MLB AL East 2nd 90 72 . 556 19 Denny McLain ( CYA ) 1970 MLB AL East 4th 79 83 . 488 29 1971 MLB AL East 2nd 91 71 . 562 12 1972 MLB AL East ^ 1st 86 70 . 551 -- Lost ALCS ( Athletics ) 3 -- 2 1973 MLB AL East 3rd 85 77 . 525 12 MLB AL East 6th 72 90 . 444 19 MLB AL East 6th 57 102 . 358 371⁄2 1976 MLB AL East 5th 74 87 . 460 24 Mark Fidrych ( ROY ) 1977 MLB AL East 4th 74 88 . 457 26 1978 MLB AL East 5th 86 76 . 531 131⁄2 Lou Whitaker ( ROY ) 1979 MLB AL East 5th 85 76 . 528 18 1980 MLB AL East 5th 84 78 . 519 19 1981 MLB AL East 4th 31 26 . 544 31⁄2 3rd 29 23 . 558 11⁄2 1982 MLB AL East 4th 83 79 . 512 12 MLB AL East 2nd 92 70 . 568 6 1984 MLB † AL * East ^ 1st 104 58 . 642 -- Won ALCS ( Royals ) 3 -- 0 Won World Series ( Padres ) 4 -- 1 † Willie Hernández ( MVP , CYA ) Sparky Anderson ( MOY ) Alan Trammell ( WS MVP ) 1985 MLB AL East 3rd 84 77 . 522 15 1986 MLB AL East 3rd 87 75 . 537 81⁄2 MLB AL East ^ 1st 98 64 . 605 -- Lost ALCS ( Twins ) 4 -- 1 Sparky Anderson ( MOY ) 1988 MLB AL East 2nd 88 74 . 543 1989 MLB AL East 7th 59 103 . 364 30 1990 MLB AL East 3rd 79 83 . 488 9 1991 MLB AL East 2nd 84 78 . 519 7 1992 MLB AL East 6th 75 87 . 463 21 1993 MLB AL East 4th 85 77 . 525 10 1994 MLB AL East 5th 53 62 . 461 18 Playoffs canceled 1995 MLB AL East 4th 60 84 . 417 26 MLB AL East 5th 53 109 . 327 39 1997 MLB AL East 3rd 79 83 . 488 19 1998 MLB AL Central 5th 65 97 . 401 24 1999 MLB AL Central 3rd 69 92 . 429 271⁄2 2000 MLB AL Central 3rd 79 83 . 488 16 2001 MLB AL Central 4th 66 96 . 407 25 2002 MLB AL Central 5th 55 106 . 342 39 2003 MLB AL Central 5th 43 119 . 265 47 MLB AL Central 4th 72 90 . 444 20 2005 MLB AL Central 4th 71 91 . 438 28 2006 MLB AL * Central 2nd ¤ 95 67 . 586 Won ALDS ( Yankees ) 3 -- 1 Won ALCS ( Athletics ) 4 -- 0 Lost World Series ( Cardinals ) 4 -- 1 * Justin Verlander ( ROY ) Jim Leyland ( MOY ) 2007 MLB AL Central 2nd 88 74 . 543 8 2008 MLB AL Central 5th 74 88 . 457 141⁄2 2009 MLB AL Central 2nd 86 77 . 528 MLB AL Central 3rd 81 81 . 500 13 2011 MLB AL Central ^ 1st 95 67 . 586 -- Won ALDS ( Yankees ) 3 -- 2 Lost ALCS ( Rangers ) 4 -- 2 Justin Verlander ( MVP , CYA , TC ) 2012 MLB AL * Central ^ 1st 88 74 . 543 -- Won ALDS ( Athletics ) 3 -- 2 Won ALCS ( Yankees ) 4 -- 0 Lost World Series ( Giants ) 4 -- 0 * Miguel Cabrera ( MVP , TC ) 2013 MLB AL Central ^ 1st 93 69 . 574 -- Won ALDS ( Athletics ) 3 -- 2 Lost ALCS ( Red Sox ) 4 -- 2 Miguel Cabrera ( MVP ) Max Scherzer ( CYA ) 2014 MLB AL Central ^ 1st 90 72 . 556 -- Lost ALDS ( Orioles ) 3 -- 0 2015 MLB AL Central 5th 74 87 . 460 201⁄2 2016 MLB AL Central 2nd 86 75 . 534 8 Michael Fulmer ( ROY ) 2017 MLB AL Central 5th 64 98 . 395 38 Record by decade ( edit ) The following table describes the Tigers ' MLB win -- loss record by decade . Decade Wins Losses Pct 1900s 683 632 . 519 1910s 790 704 . 529 1920s 760 778 . 494 1930s 818 716 . 533 1940s 834 705 . 542 1950s 738 802 . 479 1960s 882 729 . 547 1970s 789 820 . 490 1980s 839 727 . 536 1990s 702 852 . 452 2000s 729 891 . 450 2010s 607 522 . 538 All - time 9171 8878 . 508 See also ( edit ) History of the Detroit Tigers External links ( edit ) Tigers Year - By - Year Results at MLB.com Tigers Postseason Results at MLB.com Major League Baseball season - by - season team history American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Detroit Tigers Established in 1901 Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Bennett Park Tiger Stadium Comerica Park Spring training : Whittington Park Plant Field Bosse Field Henley Field Joker Marchant Stadium Culture Paws `` Detroit Rock City '' `` The Bird '' One in a Million : The Ron LeFlore Story Magnum , P.I. Tiger Town For Love of the Game Bless You Boys `` The Singing Hot Dog Man '' Lore 1910 Chalmers Award Disco Demolition Night 2009 AL Central tie - breaker game 28 - out perfect game Important figures Hall of Fame members Sparky Anderson Ty Cobb Mickey Cochrane Sam Crawford Charlie Gehringer Hank Greenberg Harry Heilmann Hughie Jennings Al Kaline George Kell Heinie Manush Jack Morris Hal Newhouser Alan Trammell Ford C. Frick Award recipient Ernie Harwell J.G. Taylor Spink Award recipients Joe Falls Tom Gage H.G. Salsinger Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Toledo Mud Hens AA : Erie SeaWolves A Adv. : Lakeland Flying Tigers A : West Michigan Whitecaps Short A : Connecticut Tigers Rookie : GCL Tigers West GCL Tigers East DSL Tigers 1 DSL Tigers 2 Key personnel Owner : Christopher Ilitch General Manager : Al Avila Manager : Ron Gardenhire World Series championships ( 4 ) 1935 1945 1968 1984 American League pennants ( 11 ) American League : 1907 1908 1909 1934 1935 1940 1945 1968 1984 2006 2012 Division titles ( 7 ) East : 1972 1984 Central : 2011 2012 2013 2014 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2006 Broadcasters TV : Fox Sports Detroit Mario Impemba Rod Allen Kirk Gibson Radio : Detroit Tigers Radio Network WXYT WXYT - FM Dan Dickerson Jim Price History : List of Detroit Tigers broadcasters Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Detroit_Tigers_seasons&oldid=852622213 '' Categories : Detroit Tigers seasons Major League Baseball teams seasons Detroit Tigers lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the tigers made the playoffs | [
"\n\nSeason\n\nLevel\n\nLeague\n\nDivision\n\nFinish\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\nWin%\n\nGB\n\nPost-Season\n\nAwards\n\n\n1901\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n74\n\n61\n\n.548\n\n8½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1902\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n7th\n\n52\n\n83\n\n.385\n\n30½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1903\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n65\n\n71\n\n.478\n\n25\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1904\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n7th\n\n62\n\n90\n\n.408\n\n32\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1905\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n79\n\n74\n\n.516\n\n15½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1906\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n71\n\n78\n\n.477\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1907\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n92\n\n58\n\n.613\n\n—\n\nLost World Series (Cubs) 4–0 *\n\n\n\n\n1908\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n90\n\n63\n\n.588\n\n—\n\nLost World Series (Cubs) 4–1 *\n\n\n\n\n1909\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n98\n\n54\n\n.645\n\n—\n\nLost World Series (Pirates) 4–3 *\n\nTy Cobb (TC)\n\n\n1910\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n86\n\n68\n\n.558\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1911\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n89\n\n65\n\n.578\n\n13½\n\n\n\nTy Cobb (MVP)\n\n\n1912\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n69\n\n84\n\n.451\n\n36½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1913\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n66\n\n87\n\n.431\n\n30\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1914\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n80\n\n73\n\n.523\n\n19½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1915\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n100\n\n54\n\n.649\n\n2½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1916\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n87\n\n67\n\n.565\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1917\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n78\n\n75\n\n.510\n\n21½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1918\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n7th\n\n55\n\n71\n\n.437\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1919\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n80\n\n60\n\n.571\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1920\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n7th\n\n61\n\n93\n\n.396\n\n37\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1921\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n71\n\n82\n\n.464\n\n27\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1922\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n79\n\n75\n\n.513\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1923\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n83\n\n71\n\n.539\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1924\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n86\n\n68\n\n.558\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1925\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n81\n\n73\n\n.526\n\n16½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1926\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n79\n\n75\n\n.513\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1927\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n82\n\n71\n\n.536\n\n27½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1928\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n68\n\n86\n\n.442\n\n33\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1929\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n70\n\n84\n\n.455\n\n36\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1930\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n75\n\n79\n\n.487\n\n27\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1931\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n7th\n\n61\n\n93\n\n.396\n\n47\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1932\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n76\n\n75\n\n.503\n\n29½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1933\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n75\n\n79\n\n.487\n\n25\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1934\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n101\n\n53\n\n.656\n\n—\n\nLost World Series (Cardinals) 4–3 *\n\nMickey Cochrane (MVP)\n\n\n1935\n\nMLB †\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n93\n\n58\n\n.616\n\n—\n\nWon World Series (Cubs) 4–2 †\n\nHank Greenberg (MVP)\n\n\n1936\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n83\n\n71\n\n.539\n\n19½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1937\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n89\n\n65\n\n.578\n\n13\n\n\n\nCharlie Gehringer (MVP)\n\n\n1938\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n84\n\n70\n\n.545\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1939\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n81\n\n73\n\n.526\n\n26½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1940\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n90\n\n64\n\n.584\n\n—\n\nLost World Series (Reds) 4–3 *\n\nHank Greenberg (MVP)\n\n\n1941\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n75\n\n79\n\n.487\n\n26\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1942\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n73\n\n81\n\n.474\n\n30\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1943\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n78\n\n76\n\n.506\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1944\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n88\n\n66\n\n.571\n\n1\n\n\n\nHal Newhouser (MVP)\n\n\n1945\n\nMLB †\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n88\n\n65\n\n.575\n\n—\n\nWon World Series (Cubs) 4–3 †\n\nHal Newhouser (MVP, TC)\n\n\n1946\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n92\n\n62\n\n.597\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1947\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n85\n\n69\n\n.552\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1948\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n78\n\n76\n\n.506\n\n18½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1949\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n87\n\n67\n\n.565\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1950\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n95\n\n59\n\n.617\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1951\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n73\n\n81\n\n.474\n\n25\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1952\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n8th\n\n50\n\n104\n\n.325\n\n45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1953\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n60\n\n94\n\n.390\n\n40½\n\n\n\nHarvey Kuenn (ROY)\n\n\n1954\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n68\n\n86\n\n.442\n\n43\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1955\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n79\n\n75\n\n.513\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1956\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n82\n\n72\n\n.532\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1957\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n78\n\n76\n\n.506\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1958\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n77\n\n77\n\n.500\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1959\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n76\n\n78\n\n.494\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1960\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n6th\n\n71\n\n83\n\n.461\n\n26\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1961\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n101\n\n61\n\n.623\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1962\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n85\n\n76\n\n.528\n\n10½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1963\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n5th\n\n79\n\n83\n\n.488\n\n25½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1964\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n85\n\n77\n\n.525\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1965\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n4th\n\n89\n\n73\n\n.549\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1966\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n88\n\n74\n\n.543\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1967\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n91\n\n71\n\n.562\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1968\n\nMLB †\n\nAL *\n\n\n\n1st\n\n103\n\n59\n\n.636\n\n—\n\nWon World Series (Cardinals) 4–3 †\n\nDenny McLain (MVP, CYA)Mickey Lolich (WS MVP)\n\n\n1969\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n90\n\n72\n\n.556\n\n19\n\n\n\nDenny McLain (CYA)\n\n\n1970\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n79\n\n83\n\n.488\n\n29\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1971\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n91\n\n71\n\n.562\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1972\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast ^\n\n1st\n\n86\n\n70\n\n.551\n\n—\n\nLost ALCS (Athletics) 3–2\n\n\n\n\n1973\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n85\n\n77\n\n.525\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1974\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n6th\n\n72\n\n90\n\n.444\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1975\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n6th\n\n57\n\n102\n\n.358\n\n37½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1976\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n74\n\n87\n\n.460\n\n24\n\n\n\nMark Fidrych (ROY)\n\n\n1977\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n74\n\n88\n\n.457\n\n26\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1978\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n86\n\n76\n\n.531\n\n13½\n\n\n\nLou Whitaker (ROY)\n\n\n1979\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n85\n\n76\n\n.528\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1980\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n84\n\n78\n\n.519\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1981\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n31\n\n26\n\n.544\n\n3½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3rd\n\n29\n\n23\n\n.558\n\n1½\n\n\n1982\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n83\n\n79\n\n.512\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1983\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n92\n\n70\n\n.568\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1984\n\nMLB †\n\nAL *\n\nEast ^\n\n1st\n\n104\n\n58\n\n.642\n\n—\n\nWon ALCS (Royals) 3–0Won World Series (Padres) 4–1 †\n\nWillie Hernández (MVP, CYA)Sparky Anderson (MOY)Alan Trammell (WS MVP)\n\n\n1985\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n84\n\n77\n\n.522\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1986\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n87\n\n75\n\n.537\n\n8½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1987\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast ^\n\n1st\n\n98\n\n64\n\n.605\n\n—\n\nLost ALCS (Twins) 4–1\n\nSparky Anderson (MOY)\n\n\n1988\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n88\n\n74\n\n.543\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1989\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n7th\n\n59\n\n103\n\n.364\n\n30\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1990\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n79\n\n83\n\n.488\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1991\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n84\n\n78\n\n.519\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1992\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n6th\n\n75\n\n87\n\n.463\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1993\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n85\n\n77\n\n.525\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1994\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n53\n\n62\n\n.461\n\n18\n\nPlayoffs canceled\n\n\n\n\n1995\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n60\n\n84\n\n.417\n\n26\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1996\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n53\n\n109\n\n.327\n\n39\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1997\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n79\n\n83\n\n.488\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1998\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n5th\n\n65\n\n97\n\n.401\n\n24\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n3rd\n\n69\n\n92\n\n.429\n\n27½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2000\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n3rd\n\n79\n\n83\n\n.488\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2001\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n4th\n\n66\n\n96\n\n.407\n\n25\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2002\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n5th\n\n55\n\n106\n\n.342\n\n39\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2003\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n5th\n\n43\n\n119\n\n.265\n\n47\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2004\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n4th\n\n72\n\n90\n\n.444\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2005\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n4th\n\n71\n\n91\n\n.438\n\n28\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2006\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\nCentral\n\n2nd ¤\n\n95\n\n67\n\n.586\n\n1\n\nWon ALDS (Yankees) 3–1Won ALCS (Athletics) 4–0Lost World Series (Cardinals) 4–1 *\n\nJustin Verlander (ROY)Jim Leyland (MOY)\n\n\n2007\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n2nd\n\n88\n\n74\n\n.543\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n5th\n\n74\n\n88\n\n.457\n\n14½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2009\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n2nd\n\n86\n\n77\n\n.528\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2010\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n3rd\n\n81\n\n81\n\n.500\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2011\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral ^\n\n1st\n\n95\n\n67\n\n.586\n\n—\n\nWon ALDS (Yankees) 3–2Lost ALCS (Rangers) 4–2\n\nJustin Verlander (MVP, CYA, TC)\n\n\n2012\n\nMLB\n\nAL *\n\nCentral ^\n\n1st\n\n88\n\n74\n\n.543\n\n—\n\nWon ALDS (Athletics) 3–2Won ALCS (Yankees) 4–0Lost World Series (Giants) 4–0 *\n\nMiguel Cabrera (MVP, TC)\n\n\n2013\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral ^\n\n1st\n\n93\n\n69\n\n.574\n\n—\n\nWon ALDS (Athletics) 3–2Lost ALCS (Red Sox) 4–2\n\nMiguel Cabrera (MVP)Max Scherzer (CYA)\n\n\n2014\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral ^\n\n1st\n\n90\n\n72\n\n.556\n\n—\n\nLost ALDS (Orioles) 3–0\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n5th\n\n74\n\n87\n\n.460\n\n20½\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2016\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n2nd\n\n86\n\n75\n\n.534\n\n8\n\n\n\nMichael Fulmer (ROY)\n\n\n2017\n\nMLB\n\nAL\n\nCentral\n\n5th\n\n64\n\n98\n\n.395\n\n38\n\n\n\n\n"
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1664342992299403891 | Voyager 1 | Voyager 1 - wikipedia Voyager 1 Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Voyager 1 ( disambiguation ) . Voyager 1 Voyager 1 , artist 's impression Mission type Outer planetary , heliosphere , and interstellar medium exploration Operator NASA / JPL COSPAR ID 1977 - 084A SATCAT no . 10321 Website voyager.jpl.nasa.gov Mission duration 40 years , 3 months and 28 days elapsed Planetary mission : 3 years , 3 months , 9 days Interstellar mission : 37 years and 19 days elapsed ( continuing ) Spacecraft properties Manufacturer Jet Propulsion Laboratory Launch mass 825.5 kg ( 1,820 lb ) Power 420 W Start of mission Launch date September 5 , 1977 , 12 : 56 : 00 ( 1977 - 09 - 05UTC12 : 56Z ) UTC Rocket Titan IIIE Launch site Cape Canaveral LC - 41 Flyby of Jupiter Closest approach March 5 , 1979 Distance 349,000 km ( 217,000 mi ) Flyby of Saturn Closest approach November 12 , 1980 Distance 124,000 km ( 77,000 mi ) Flyby of Titan ( atmosphere study ) Closest approach November 12 , 1980 Distance 6,490 km ( 4,030 mi ) Flagship ← Voyager 2 Galileo → Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5 , 1977 . Part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System , Voyager 1 launched 16 days after its twin , Voyager 2 . Having operated for 40 years , 3 months and 28 days as of January 2 , 2018 , the spacecraft still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and return data . At a distance of 141 AU ( 2.11 × 10 km ) , approximately 13 billion miles ( 21 billion km ) , from the Sun as of January 2 , 2018 , it is the farthest spacecraft and human - made object from Earth . The probe 's objectives included flybys of Jupiter , Saturn and Saturn 's large moon , Titan . While the spacecraft 's course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby , exploration of the moon , which was known to have a substantial atmosphere , took priority . It studied the weather , magnetic fields and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons . After completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on November 20 , 1980 , Voyager 1 became the third of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System . On August 25 , 2012 , Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the heliopause and enter the interstellar medium . In a further testament to the robustness of Voyager 1 , the Voyager team completed a successful test of the spacecraft 's `` trajectory correction maneuver '' ( TCM ) thrusters on November 28 , 2017 . The last time these backup thrusters were fired up was in November of 1980 , 37 years prior . Voyager project manager Suzanne Dodd anticipates that successful utilization of the TCM thrusters will extend the Voyager mission by an additional `` two to three years '' . Voyager 1 's extended mission is expected to continue until around 2025 when its radioisotope thermoelectric generators will no longer supply enough electric power to operate its scientific instruments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission background 1.1 History 1.2 Spacecraft components 1.2. 1 Communication system 1.2. 2 Power 1.2. 3 Computers 1.2. 4 Scientific instruments 2 Mission profile 2.1 Timeline of travel 2.2 Launch and trajectory 2.3 Flyby of Jupiter 2.4 Flyby of Saturn 3 Exit from the heliosphere 3.1 Termination shock 3.2 Heliosheath 3.3 Heliopause 4 Interstellar medium 5 Future of the probe 6 Golden record 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Mission background ( edit ) History ( edit ) In the 1960s , a Grand Tour to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s . Information gathered by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager 's engineers design Voyager to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter . Initially , Voyager 1 was planned as `` Mariner 11 '' of the Mariner program . Due to budget cuts , the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter - Saturn probes . As the program progressed , the name was later changed to Voyager , since the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions . Spacecraft components ( edit ) Main article : Voyager program § Spacecraft design The 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) diameter high gain dish antenna used on the Voyager craft Voyager 1 was constructed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory . It has 16 hydrazine thrusters , three - axis stabilization gyroscopes , and referencing instruments to keep the probe 's radio antenna pointed toward Earth . Collectively , these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem ( AACS ) , along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters . The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects such as planets as it travels through space . Communication System ( edit ) The radio communication system of Voyager 1 was designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the Solar System . The communication system includes a 3.7 - meter ( 12 ft ) diameter parabolic dish high - gain antenna to send and receive radio waves via the three Deep Space Network stations on the Earth . The craft normally transmits data to Earth over Deep Space Network Channel 18 , using a frequency of either 2.3 GHz or 8.4 GHz , while signals from Earth to Voyager are broadcast at 2.1 GHz . When Voyager 1 is unable to communicate directly with the Earth , its digital tape recorder ( DTR ) can record about 64 kilobytes of data for transmission at another time . Signals from Voyager 1 take over 19 hours to reach Earth . Power ( edit ) Voyager 1 has three radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( RTGs ) mounted on a boom . Each MHW - RTG contains 24 pressed plutonium - 238 oxide spheres . The RTGs generated about 470 W of electric power at the time of launch , with the remainder being dissipated as waste heat . The power output of the RTGs declines over time ( due to the 87.7 - year half - life of the fuel and degradation of the thermocouples ) , but the craft 's RTGs will continue to support some of its operations until 2025 . Diagram of RTG fuel container , showing the plutonium - 238 oxide spheres Diagram of RTG shell , showing the power - producing silicon - germanium thermocouples Model of an RTG unit As of January 2 , 2018 , Voyager 1 has 72.71 % of the plutonium - 238 that it had at launch . By 2050 , it will have 56.5 % left . Computers ( edit ) Unlike the other onboard instruments , the operation of the cameras for visible light is not autonomous , but rather it is controlled by an imaging parameter table contained in one of the on - board digital computers , the Flight Data Subsystem ( FDS ) . Since the 1990s , space probes usually have completely autonomous cameras . The computer command subsystem ( CCS ) controls the cameras . The CCS contains fixed computer programs such as command decoding , fault detection and correction routines , antenna pointing routines , and spacecraft sequencing routines . This computer is an improved version of the one that was used in the 1970s Viking orbiters . The hardware in both custom - built CCS subsystems in the Voyagers is identical . There is only a minor software modification for one of them that has a scientific subsystem that the other lacks . The Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem ( AACS ) controls the spacecraft orientation ( its attitude ) . It keeps the high - gain antenna pointing towards the Earth , controls attitude changes , and points the scan platform . The custom - built AACS systems on both Voyagers are the same . Scientific instruments ( edit ) Main article : Voyager program Instrument Name Abr . Description Imaging Science System ( disabled ) ( ISS ) Utilized a two - camera system ( narrow - angle / wide - angle ) to provide imagery of Jupiter , Saturn and other objects along the trajectory . More ( hide ) Filters Narrow Angle Camera Filters Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity Clear 280 -- 640 nm UV 280 -- 370 nm Violet 350 -- 450 nm Blue 430 -- 530 nm ' ' ' Green 530 -- 640 nm ' ' ' Orange 590 -- 640 nm ' ' ' Wide Angle Camera Filters Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity Clear 280 -- 640 nm ' ' ' Violet 350 -- 450 nm Blue 430 -- 530 nm CH - U 536 -- 546 nm Green 530 -- 640 nm Na - D 588 -- 590 nm Orange 590 -- 640 nm CH - JST 614 -- 624 nm Principal investigator : Bradford Smith / University of Arizona ( PDS / PRN website ) Data : PDS / PDI data catalog , PDS / PRN data catalog Radio Science System ( disabled ) ( RSS ) Utilized the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites ( ionospheres , atmospheres , masses , gravity fields , densities ) and the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn 's rings and the ring dimensions . More Principal investigator : G. Tyler / Stanford University PDS / PRN overview Data : PDS / PPI data catalog , PDS / PRN data catalog ( VG_2803 ) , NSSDC data archive Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer ( disabled ) ( IRIS ) Investigates both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition . Vertical temperature profiles are also obtained from the planets and satellites as well as the composition , thermal properties , and size of particles in Saturn 's rings . More Principal investigator : Rudolf Hanel / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( PDS / PRN website ) Data : PDS / PRN data catalog , PDS / PRN expanded data catalog ( VGIRIS_0001 , VGIRIS_002 ) , NSSDC Jupiter data archive Ultraviolet Spectrometer ( disabled ) ( UVS ) Designed to measure atmospheric properties , and to measure radiation . More Principal investigator : A. Broadfoot / University of Southern California ( PDS / PRN website ) Data : PDS / PRN data catalog Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer ( active ) ( MAG ) Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn , the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetospheres of these planets , and the magnetic field of interplanetary space out to the boundary between the solar wind and the magnetic field of interstellar space . More Principal investigator : Norman F. Ness / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( website ) Data : PDS / PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive Plasma Spectrometer ( defective ) ( PLS ) Investigates the microscopic properties of the plasma ions and measures electrons in the energy range from 5 eV to 1 keV . More Principal investigator : John Richardson / MIT ( website ) Data : PDS / PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument ( active ) ( LECP ) Measures the differential in energy fluxes and angular distributions of ions , electrons and the differential in energy ion composition . More Principal investigator : Stamatios Krimigis / JHU / APL / University of Maryland ( JHU / APL website / UMD website / KU website ) Data : UMD data plotting , PDS / PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive Cosmic Ray System ( active ) ( CRS ) Determines the origin and acceleration process , life history , and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays , the nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic - ray sources , the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium , and the trapped planetary energetic - particle environment . More Principal investigator : Edward Stone / Caltech / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( website ) Data : PDS / PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation ( disabled ) ( PRA ) Utilizes a sweep - frequency radio receiver to study the radio - emission signals from Jupiter and Saturn . More Principal investigator : James Warwick / University of Colorado Data : PDS / PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive Photopolarimeter System ( defective ) ( PPS ) Utilized a telescope with a polarizer to gather information on surface texture and composition of Jupiter and Saturn and information on atmospheric scattering properties and density for both planets . More Principal investigator : Arthur Lane / JPL ( PDS / PRN website ) Data : PDS / PRN data catalog Plasma Wave System ( active ) ( PWS ) Provides continuous , sheath - independent measurements of the electron - density profiles at Jupiter and Saturn as well as basic information on local wave -- particle interaction , useful in studying the magnetospheres . More Principal investigator : Donald Gurnett / University of Iowa ( website ) Data : PDS / PPI data catalog For more details on the Voyager space probes ' identical instrument packages , see the separate article on the overall Voyager Program . Images of the spacecraft Voyager 1 in a space simulator chamber Gold - Plated Record is attached to Voyager 1 Edward C. Stone , former director of NASA JPL , standing in front of a Voyager spacecraft model Location of the scientific instruments indicated in a diagram Media related to the Voyager spacecraft at Wikimedia Commons Mission profile ( edit ) Timeline of travel ( edit ) Voyager 1 's trajectory from the earth , diverging from the ecliptic in 1981 at Saturn and now heading into the constellation Ophiuchus Date Event 1977 - 09 - 05 Spacecraft launched at 12 : 56 : 00 UTC . 1977 - 12 - 10 Entered asteroid belt . 1977 - 12 - 19 Voyager 1 overtakes Voyager 2 . ( see diagram ) 1978 - 09 - 08 Exited asteroid belt . 1979 - 01 - 06 Start Jupiter observation phase . ( show ) Time Event 1979 - 03 - 05 Encounter with the Jovian system . 0006 : 54 Amalthea flyby at 420,200 km . 0012 : 05 : 26 Jupiter closest approach at 348,890 km from the center of mass . 0015 : 14 Io flyby at 20,570 km . 0018 : 19 Europa flyby at 733,760 km . 1979 - 03 - 06 0002 : 15 Ganymede flyby at 114,710 km . 0017 : 08 Callisto flyby at 126,400 km . 1979 - 04 - 13 Phase end 1980 - 08 - 22 Start Saturn observation phase . ( show ) Time Event 1980 - 11 - 12 Encounter with the Saturnian system . 0005 : 41 : 21 Titan flyby at 6,490 km . 0022 : 16 : 32 Tethys flyby at 415,670 km . 0023 : 46 : 30 Saturn closest approach at 184,300 km from the center of mass . 1980 - 11 - 13 0001 : 43 : 12 Mimas flyby at 88,440 km . 0001 : 51 : 16 Enceladus flyby at 202,040 km . 0006 : 21 : 53 Rhea flyby at 73,980 km . 0016 : 44 : 41 Hyperion flyby at 880,440 km . 1980 - 12 - 14 Phase end 1980 - 12 - 14 Begin extended mission . Extended mission 1990 - 02 - 14 Final images of the Voyager program acquired by Voyager 1 to create the Solar System Family Portrait . 1998 - 02 - 17 Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from the Sun , at 69.419 AU . Voyager 1 is moving away from the Sun at over 1 AU per year faster than Pioneer 10 . 2004 - 12 - 17 Passed the termination shock at 94 AU and entered the heliosheath . 2007 - 02 - 02 Terminated plasma subsystem operations . 2007 - 04 - 11 Terminated plasma subsystem heater . 2008 - 01 - 16 Terminated planetary radio astronomy experiment operations . 2012 - 08 - 25 Crossed the heliopause at 121 AU and entered interstellar space . 2014 - 07 - 07 Further confirmation probe is in interstellar space . 2016 - 04 - 19 Terminated Ultraviolet Spectrometer operations . 2017 - 11 - 28 `` Trajectory correction maneuver '' ( TCM ) thrusters are tested in their first use since November of 1980 . Launch and trajectory ( edit ) Voyager 1 lifted off with a Titan IIIE The Voyager 1 probe was launched on September 5 , 1977 , from Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , aboard a Titan IIIE launch vehicle . The Voyager 2 probe had been launched two weeks earlier , on August 20 , 1977 . Despite being launched later , Voyager 1 reached both Jupiter and Saturn sooner , following a shorter trajectory . Flyby of Jupiter ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Jupiter Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979 . Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5 , 1979 , at a distance of about 349,000 kilometers ( 217,000 miles ) from the planet 's center . Because of the greater photographic resolution allowed by a closer approach , most observations of the moons , rings , magnetic fields , and the radiation belt environment of the Jovian system were made during the 48 - hour period that bracketed the closest approach . Voyager 1 finished photographing the Jovian system in April 1979 . Discovery of active volcanic activity on the moon Io was probably the greatest surprise . It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the Solar System . It appears that activity on Io affects the entire Jovian system . Io appears to be the primary source of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere -- the region of space that surrounds the planet influenced by the planet 's strong magnetic field . Sulfur , oxygen , and sodium , apparently erupted by Io 's volcanoes and sputtered off the surface by impact of high - energy particles , were detected at the outer edge of the magnetosphere of Jupiter . The two Voyager space probes made a number of important discoveries about Jupiter , its satellites , its radiation belts , and its never - before - seen planetary rings . Play media Voyager 1 time - lapse movie of Jupiter approach ( Link to full - size video ) Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , an anti-cyclonic storm larger than Earth , as seen from Voyager 1 View of sulfur - rich lava flows radiating from the volcano Ra Patera on Io The eruption plume of the volcano Loki rises 160 km ( 100 mi ) over the limb of Io Europa 's lineated but un-cratered face , evidence of currently active geology , at a distance of 2.8 million km . Ganymede 's tectonically disrupted surface , marked with bright impact sites , from 253,000 km . Media related to the Voyager 1 Jupiter encounter at Wikimedia Commons Flyby of Saturn ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Saturn The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were successfully carried out by both Voyagers , and the two spacecraft went on to visit Saturn and its system of moons and rings . Voyager 1 encountered Saturn in November 1980 , with the closest approach on November 12 , 1980 , when the space probe came within 124,000 kilometers ( 77,000 mi ) of Saturn 's cloud - tops . The space probe 's cameras detected complex structures in the rings of Saturn , and its remote sensing instruments studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its giant moon Titan . Voyager 1 found that about seven percent of the volume of Saturn 's upper atmosphere is helium ( compared with 11 percent of Jupiter 's atmosphere ) , while almost all the rest is hydrogen . Since Saturn 's internal helium abundance was expected to be the same as Jupiter 's and the Sun 's , the lower abundance of helium in the upper atmosphere may imply that the heavier helium may be slowly sinking through Saturn 's hydrogen ; that might explain the excess heat that Saturn radiates over energy it receives from the Sun . Winds blow at high speeds in Saturn . Near the equator , the Voyagers measured winds about 500 m / s ( 1,100 mph ) . The wind blows mostly in an easterly direction . The Voyagers found aurora - like ultraviolet emissions of hydrogen at mid-latitudes in the atmosphere , and auroras at polar latitudes ( above 65 degrees ) . The high - level auroral activity may lead to the formation of complex hydrocarbon molecules that are carried toward the equator . The mid-latitude auroras , which occur only in sunlit regions , remain a puzzle , since bombardment by electrons and ions , known to cause auroras on Earth , occurs primarily at high latitudes . Both Voyagers measured the rotation of Saturn ( the length of a day ) at 10 hours , 39 minutes , 24 seconds . Voyager 1 's mission included a flyby of Titan , Saturn 's largest moon , which had long been known to have an atmosphere . Images taken by Pioneer 11 in 1979 had indicated the atmosphere was substantial and complex , further increasing interest . The Titan flyby occurred as the spacecraft entered the system to avoid any possibility of damage closer to Saturn compromising observations , and approached to within 6,400 km ( 4,000 mi ) , passing behind Titan as seen from Earth and the Sun . Voyager 's measurement of the atmosphere 's effect on sunlight , and Earth - based measurement of its effect on the probe 's radio signal were used to determine the atmosphere 's composition , density , and pressure . Titan 's mass was also measured by observing its effect on the probe 's trajectory . Thick haze prevented any visual observation of the surface , but the measurement of the atmosphere 's composition , temperature , and pressure led to speculation that lakes of liquid hydrocarbons could exist on the surface . Because observations of Titan were considered vital , the trajectory chosen for Voyager 1 was designed around the optimum Titan flyby , which took it below the south pole of Saturn and out of the plane of the ecliptic , ending its planetary science mission . Had Voyager 1 failed or been unable to observe Titan , Voyager 2 's trajectory would have been altered to incorporate the Titan flyby , precluding any visit to Uranus and Neptune . The trajectory Voyager 1 was launched into would not have allowed it to continue on to Uranus and Neptune , but could have been altered to avoid a Titan flyby and travel from Saturn to Pluto , arriving in 1986 . Crescent Saturn from 5.3 million km , four days after closest approach Voyager 1 image of Saturn 's narrow , twisted and braided F Ring . Mimas at a range of 425,000 km ; the crater Herschel is at upper right Tethys , with its giant rift valley Ithaca Chasma , from 1.2 million km . Fractured ' wispy terrain ' on Dione 's trailing hemisphere . The icy surface of Rhea is nearly saturated with impact craters . Titan 's thick haze layer is shown in this enhanced Voyager 1 image . Layers of haze , composed of complex organic compounds , covering Saturn 's satellite Titan . Media related to the Voyager 1 Saturn encounter at Wikimedia Commons Exit from the heliosphere ( edit ) The Family Portrait of the Solar System acquired by Voyager 1 On February 14 , 1990 , Voyager 1 took the first ever `` family portrait '' of the Solar System as seen from outside , which includes the image of planet Earth known as Pale Blue Dot . Soon afterward its cameras were deactivated to conserve power and computer resources for other equipment . The camera software has been removed from the spacecraft , so it would now be complex to get them working again . Earth - side software and computers for reading the images are also no longer available . The Pale Blue Dot image showing Earth from 6 billion kilometers appearing as a tiny dot ( the blueish - white speck approximately halfway down the brown band to the right ) within the darkness of deep space On February 17 , 1998 , Voyager 1 reached a distance of 69 AU from the Sun and overtook Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from Earth . Travelling at about 17 kilometers per second ( 11 mi / s ) it has the fastest heliocentric recession speed of any spacecraft . As Voyager 1 headed for interstellar space , its instruments continued to study the Solar System . Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists used the plasma wave experiments aboard Voyager 1 and 2 to look for the heliopause , the boundary at which the solar wind transitions into the interstellar medium . As of 2013 , the probe was moving with a relative velocity to the Sun of about 17030 m / s . With the velocity the probe is currently maintaining , Voyager 1 is traveling about 325 million miles per year ( 520 million kilometers per year ) , or approximately half a light - year per ten millennia . Termination shock ( edit ) Close flybys of gas giants gave gravity assists to both Voyagers Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory think that Voyager 1 entered the termination shock in February 2003 . This marks the point where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speeds . Some other scientists expressed doubt , discussed in the journal Nature of November 6 , 2003 . The issue would not be resolved until other data became available , since Voyager 1 's solar - wind detector ceased functioning in 1990 . This failure meant that termination shock detection would have to be inferred from the data from the other instruments on board . In May 2005 , a NASA press release said that the consensus was that Voyager 1 was then in the heliosheath . In a scientific session at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans on the morning of May 25 , 2005 , Dr. Ed Stone presented evidence that the craft crossed the termination shock in late 2004 . This event is estimated to have occurred on December 15 , 2004 at a distance of 94 AU from the Sun . Heliosheath ( edit ) On March 31 , 2006 , amateur radio operators from AMSAT in Germany tracked and received radio waves from Voyager 1 using the 20 - meter ( 66 ft ) dish at Bochum with a long integration technique . Retrieved data was checked and verified against data from the Deep Space Network station at Madrid , Spain . This seems to be the first such amateur tracking of Voyager 1 . It was confirmed on December 13 , 2010 that Voyager 1 had passed the reach of the radial outward flow of the solar wind , as measured by the Low Energy Charged Particle device . It is suspected that solar wind at this distance turns sideways because of interstellar wind pushing against the heliosphere . Since June 2010 , detection of solar wind had been consistently at zero , providing conclusive evidence of the event . On this date , the spacecraft was approximately 116 AU or 10.8 billion miles ( 17.3 billion kilometers ) from the Sun . Voyager 1 was commanded to change its orientation to measure the sideways motion of the solar wind at that location in space on March 2011 . A test roll done in February had confirmed the spacecraft 's ability to maneuver and reorient itself . The course of the spacecraft was not changed . It rotated 70 degrees counterclockwise with respect to Earth to detect the solar wind . This was the first time the spacecraft had done any major maneuvering since the Family Portrait photograph of the planets was taken in 1990 . After the first roll the spacecraft had no problem in reorienting itself with Alpha Centauri , Voyager 1 's guide star , and it resumed sending transmissions back to Earth . Voyager 1 was expected to enter interstellar space `` at any time '' . Voyager 2 was still detecting outward flow of solar wind at that point but it was estimated that in the following months or years it would experience the same conditions as Voyager 1 . The spacecraft was reported at 12.44 ° declination and 17.163 hours right ascension , and at an ecliptic latitude of 34.9 ° ( the ecliptic latitude changes very slowly ) , placing it in the constellation Ophiuchus as observed from the Earth on May 21 , 2011 . On December 1 , 2011 , it was announced that Voyager 1 had detected the first Lyman - alpha radiation originating from the Milky Way galaxy . Lyman - alpha radiation had previously been detected from other galaxies , but because of interference from the Sun , the radiation from the Milky Way was not detectable . NASA announced on December 5 , 2011 , that Voyager 1 had entered a new region referred to as a `` cosmic purgatory '' . Within this stagnation region , charged particles streaming from the Sun slow and turn inward , and the Solar System 's magnetic field is doubled in strength as interstellar space appears to be applying pressure . Energetic particles originating in the Solar System decline by nearly half , while the detection of high - energy electrons from outside increases 100-fold . The inner edge of the stagnation region is located approximately 113 AU from the Sun . Heliopause ( edit ) Plot showing a dramatic increase in the rate of cosmic ray particle detection by the Voyager 1 spacecraft ( October 2011 through October 2012 ) Plot showing a dramatic decrease in the rate of solar wind particle detection by Voyager 1 ( October 2011 through October 2012 ) NASA announced in June 2012 that the probe was detecting changes in the environment that were suspected to correlate with arrival at the heliopause . Voyager 1 had reported a marked increase in its detection of charged particles from interstellar space , which are normally deflected by the solar winds within the heliosphere from the Sun . The craft thus began to enter the interstellar medium at the edge of the Solar System . Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the heliopause in August 2012 , then at a distance of 121 AU from the Sun , although this was not confirmed for another year . As of September 2012 , sunlight took 16.89 hours to get to Voyager 1 which was at a distance of 121 AU . The apparent magnitude of the Sun from the spacecraft was − 16.3 ( less than 30 times the brightness of the full moon ) . The spacecraft was traveling at 17.043 km / s ( 10.590 mi / s ) relative to the Sun . It would need about 17,565 years at this speed to travel a light - year . To compare , Proxima Centauri , the closest star to the Sun , is about 4.2 light - years ( 7016396434357355000 ♠ 2.65 × 10 AU ) distant . Were the spacecraft traveling in the direction of that star , 73,775 years would pass before Voyager 1 reaches it . ( Voyager 1 is heading in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus . ) In late 2012 , researchers reported that particle data from the spacecraft suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause . Measurements from the spacecraft revealed a steady rise since May in collisions with high energy particles ( above 70 MeV ) , which are thought to be cosmic rays emanating from supernova explosions far beyond the Solar System , with a sharp increase in these collisions in late August . At the same time , in late August , there was a dramatic drop in collisions with low - energy particles , which are thought to originate from the Sun . Ed Roelof , space scientist at Johns Hopkins University and principal investigator for the Low - Energy Charged Particle instrument on the spacecraft declared that `` Most scientists involved with Voyager 1 would agree that ( these two criteria ) have been sufficiently satisfied . '' However , the last criterion for officially declaring that Voyager 1 had crossed the boundary , the expected change in magnetic field direction ( from that of the Sun to that of the interstellar field beyond ) , had not been observed ( the field had changed direction by only 2 degrees ) , which suggested to some that the nature of the edge of the heliosphere had been misjudged . On December 3 , 2012 , Voyager project scientist Ed Stone of the California Institute of Technology said , `` Voyager has discovered a new region of the heliosphere that we had not realized was there . We 're still inside , apparently . But the magnetic field now is connected to the outside . So it 's like a highway letting particles in and out . '' The magnetic field in this region was 10 times more intense than Voyager 1 encountered before the termination shock . It was expected to be the last barrier before the spacecraft exited the Solar System completely and entered interstellar space . In March 2013 , it was announced that Voyager 1 might have become the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space , having detected a marked change in the plasma environment on August 25 , 2012 . However , until September 12 , 2013 , it was still an open question as to whether the new region was interstellar space or an unknown region of the Solar System . At that time , the former alternative was officially confirmed . In 2013 Voyager 1 was exiting the solar system at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year , while Voyager 2 is going slower , leaving the solar system at 3.3 AU per year . Each year Voyager 1 increases its lead over Voyager 2 . Voyager 1 reached a distance of 135 AU from the Sun on May 18 , 2016 . By September 5 , 2017 that had increased to about 139.64 AU from the Sun , or just over 19 light - hours , and at that time Voyager 2 was 115.32 AU from the Sun . Its progress can be monitored at NASA 's website ( see : External links ) . Voyager 1 and the other probes that are in or on their way to interstellar space Interstellar medium ( edit ) On September 12 , 2013 , NASA officially confirmed that Voyager 1 had reached the interstellar medium in August 2012 as previously observed , with a generally accepted date of August 25 , 2012 , the date durable changes in the density of energetic particles were first detected . By this point most space scientists had abandoned the hypothesis that a change in magnetic field direction must accompany crossing of the heliopause ; a new model of the heliopause predicted that no such change would be found . A key finding that persuaded many scientists that the heliopause had been crossed was an indirect measurement of an 80-fold increase in electron density , based on the frequency of plasma oscillations observed beginning on April 9 , 2013 , triggered by a solar outburst that had occurred in March 2012 ( electron density is expected to be two orders of magnitude higher outside the heliopause than within ) . Weaker sets of oscillations measured in October and November 2012 provided additional data . An indirect measurement was required because Voyager 1 's plasma spectrometer had stopped working in 1980 . In September 2013 , NASA released audio renditions of these plasma waves . The recordings represent the first sounds to be captured in interstellar space . While Voyager 1 is commonly spoken of as having left the Solar System simultaneously with having left the heliosphere , the two are not the same . The Solar System is usually defined as the vastly larger region of space populated by bodies that orbit the Sun . The craft is presently less than one seventh the distance to the aphelion of Sedna , and it has not yet entered the Oort cloud , the source region of long - period comets , regarded by astronomers as the outermost zone of the Solar System . Future of the probe ( edit ) Image of Voyager 1 's radio signal on February 21 , 2013 Voyager 1 is expected to reach the theorized Oort cloud in about 300 years and take about 30,000 years to pass through it . Though it is not heading towards any particular star , in about 40,000 years , it will pass within 1.6 light - years of the star Gliese 445 , which is at present in the constellation Camelopardalis . That star is generally moving towards the Solar System at about 119 km / s ( 430,000 km / h ; 270,000 mph ) . NASA says that `` The Voyagers are destined -- perhaps eternally -- to wander the Milky Way . '' Provided Voyager 1 does not collide with anything and is not retrieved , the New Horizons space probe will never pass it , despite being launched from Earth at a faster speed than either Voyager spacecraft . New Horizons is traveling at about 15 km / s , 2 km / s slower than Voyager 1 , and is still slowing down . When New Horizons reaches the same distance from the Sun as Voyager 1 is now , its speed will be about 13 km / s ( 8 mi / s ) . In December of 2017 it was announced that NASA had successfully fired up all four of Voyager 1 's trajectory correction maneuver ( TCM ) thrusters . The TCM thrusters will be used in the place of a degraded set of jets which were used to help keep the probe 's antenna pointed towards the Earth . Use of the TCM thrusters will allow Voyager 1 to continue to transmit data to NASA for two to three more years . Year End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations 2007 Termination of plasma subsystem ( PLS ) 2008 Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment ( PRA ) 2016 Termination of scan platform and Ultraviolet Spectrometer ( UVS ) observations 2018 approx Termination of Data Tape Recorder ( DTR ) operations ( limited by ability to capture 1.4 kbit / s data using a 70 m / 34 m antenna array ; this is the minimum rate at which the DTR can read out data ) 2019 - 2020 approx Termination of gyroscopic operations ( previously 2017 , but backup thrusters active for continuation of gyroscopic operations . ) 2020 Start shutdown of science instruments ( as of October 18 , 2010 the order is undecided but the Low - Energy Charged Particles , Cosmic Ray Subsystem , Magnetometer , and Plasma Wave Subsystem instruments are expected to still be operating ) 2025 -- 2030 Will no longer be able to power any single instrument . Golden record ( edit ) A child 's greeting in English recorded on the Voyager Golden Record Voyager Golden Record Main article : Voyager Golden Record Each Voyager space probe carries a gold - plated audio - visual disc in case the spacecraft should ever be found by intelligent life forms from other planetary systems . The disc carries photos of the Earth and its lifeforms , a range of scientific information , spoken greetings from people such as the Secretary - General of the United Nations and the President of the United States and a medley , `` Sounds of Earth , '' that includes the sounds of whales , a baby crying , waves breaking on a shore , and a collection of music , including works by Mozart , Blind Willie Johnson , Chuck Berry , and Valya Balkanska . Other Eastern and Western classics are included , as well as various performances of indigenous music from around the world . The record also contains greetings in 55 different languages . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Solar System portal Astronomy portal Interstellar probe List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System List of missions to the outer planets Local Interstellar Cloud Rings of Jupiter Space exploration Space probe Specific orbital energy of Voyager 1 Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes Voyager 2 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA / NSSDC . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 '' . N2YO . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyager - Mission Status '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . NASA . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyager -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . NASA . February 14 , 1990 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Horizons conducts flyby of Pluto in historic Kuiper Belt encounter '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What If Voyager Had Explored Pluto ? '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` In a Breathtaking First , NASA Craft Exits the Solar System '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Voyager 1 Just Fired Up its Backup Thrusters for the 1st Time in 37 Years '' . Space.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1960s '' . JPL . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pioneer missions '' . NASA . 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mack , Pamela . `` Chapter 11 '' . From engineering science to big science : The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy research project winners . History Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 049640 - 0 . Jump up ^ Landau , Elizabeth ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Voyager 1 becomes first human - made object to leave solar system '' . CNN . CNN . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space '' . NASA . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . NASA 's Voyager 1 spacecraft officially is the first human - made object to venture into interstellar space . Jump up ^ `` Viking : Trailblazer for All Mars Research '' . NASA . June 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . All of these missions relied on Viking technologies . As it did for the Viking program team in 1976 , Mars continues to hold a special fascination . Thanks to the dedication of men and women working at NASA centers across the country , the mysterious Mars of our past is becoming a much more familiar place . ^ Jump up to : `` VOYAGER 1 : Host Information '' . JPL. 1989 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High Gain Antenna '' . JPL . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Roger ; Taylor , Jim ( March 2002 ) . `` Voyager Telecommunications '' ( PDF ) . DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series . NASA / JPL . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASA News Press Kit 77 -- 136 '' . JPL / NASA . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Furlong , Richard R. ; Wahlquist , Earl J. ( 1999 ) . `` U.S. space missions using radioisotope power systems '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear News . 42 ( 4 ) : 26 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Spacecraft Lifetime '' . JPL . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pds - rings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tomayko , James ( April 1987 ) . `` Computers in Spaceflight : The NASA Experience '' . NASA . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` au.af '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` airandspace '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description '' . NASA . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 Wide Angle Camera Description '' . NASA . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greicius , Tony ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Voyager 1 Fires Up Thrusters After 37 Years '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encounter with Jupiter '' . NASA . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planetary voyage '' . NASA . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encounter with saturn '' . NASA . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Bell ( February 24 , 2015 ) . The Interstellar Age : Inside the Forty - Year Voyager Mission . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 698 - 18615 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : David W. Swift ( January 1 , 1997 ) . Voyager Tales : Personal Views of the Grand Tour . AIAA . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56347 - 252 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Caption '' . Public Information Office . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 now most distant man - made object in space '' . CNN . February 17 , 1998 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stuart ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Voyager 1 leaving solar system matches feats of great human explorers '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen ( October 4 , 2002 ) . If the Universe is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY ? : Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95501 - 8 . Jump up ^ Darling , David . `` Fastest Spacecraft '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 in heliopause '' . JPL . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Mission Operations Status Report # 2013 - 09 - 06 , Week Ending September 6 , 2013 '' . JPL . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Official ! Voyager 1 Spacecraft Has Left Solar System '' . Space.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Kate ( November 5 , 2003 ) . `` Spacecraft reaches edge of Solar System '' . CNN . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Len A. ( 2003 ) . `` Planetary Science : Over the edge ? '' . Nature . 426 ( 6962 ) : 21 -- 2 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 426 ... 21F . doi : 10.1038 / 426021a . PMID 14603294 . Jump up ^ Krimigis , S.M. ; Decker , R.B. ; Hill , M.E. ; Armstrong , T.P. ; Gloeckler , G. ; Hamilton , D.C. ; Lanzerotti , L.J. ; Roelof , E.C. ( 2003 ) . `` Voyager 1 exited the solar wind at a distance of ∼ 85 au from the Sun '' . Nature . 426 ( 6962 ) : 45 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 426 ... 45K . doi : 10.1038 / nature02068 . PMID 14603311 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Frank B. ; Stone , Edward C. ; Cummings , Alan C. ; Heikkila , Bryant ; Lal , Nand ; Webber , William R. ( 2003 ) . `` Enhancements of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock '' . Nature . 426 ( 6962 ) : 48 -- 51 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 426 ... 48M . doi : 10.1038 / nature02066 . PMID 14603312 . Jump up ^ Burlaga , L.F. ( 2003 ) . `` Search for the heliosheath with Voyager 1 magnetic field measurements '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 30 ( 20 ) . Bibcode : 2003GeoRL ... 30.2072 B . doi : 10.1029 / 2003GL018291 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Enters Solar System 's Final Frontier '' . NASA . May 24 , 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyager crosses termination shock '' . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Timeline '' . NASA / JPL . February 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARRL article '' ( in German ) . AMSAT - DL . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2006 . `` ARRL article '' . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 Sees Solar Wind Decline '' . NASA . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimigis , S.M. ; Roelof , E.C. ; Decker , R.B. ; Hill , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Zero outward flow velocity for plasma in a heliosheath transition layer '' . Nature . 474 ( 7351 ) : 359 -- 361 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 474 ... 359K . doi : 10.1038 / nature10115 . PMID 21677754 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Voyager near Solar System 's edge '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` Voyager -- The Interstellar Mission '' . NASA . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager : Still dancing 17 billion km from Earth '' . BBC News . March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Probes Detect `` invisible '' Milky Way Glow `` . National Geographic . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spacecraft enters ' cosmic purgatory ' '' . CNN . December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Voyager 1 Spacecraft Nears Interstellar Space '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Data From NASA 's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future '' . NASA . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , J. - R.C. ; Agle , D.C. ; Brown , D. ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space '' . NASA . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ghose , Tia ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Voyager 1 Really Is in Interstellar Space : How NASA Knows '' . Space.com . TechMedia Network . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cowen , R. ( 2013 ) . `` Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.13735 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , R.A. ( 2013 ) . `` It 's Official -- Voyager Has Left the Solar System '' . Science . 341 ( 6151 ) : 1158 -- 1159 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 341.6151. 1158 . PMID 24030991 . ^ Jump up to : Gurnett , D.A. ; Kurth , W.S. ; Burlaga , L.F. ; Ness , N.F. ( 2013 ) . `` In Situ Observations of Interstellar Plasma with Voyager 1 '' . Science . 341 : 1489 -- 1492 . Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 341.1489 G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1241681 . PMID 24030496 . ^ Jump up to : Peat , Chris ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Spacecraft escaping the Solar System '' . Heavens - Above . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wolchover , Natalie . `` Did NASA 's Voyager 1 Spacecraft Just Exit the Solar System ? '' . livescience . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matson , John ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Despite Tantalizing Hints , Voyager 1 Has Not Crossed into the Interstellar Medium '' . Scientific American . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 Can ' Taste ' the Interstellar Shore '' . Discovery News . Discovery Channel . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oakes , Kelly ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Voyager 1 is still not out of the Solar System '' . Basic Space Blog . Scientific American . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 probe leaving Solar System reaches ' magnetic highway ' exit '' . Daily News & Analysis . Reuters . December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 has entered a new region of space , sudden changes in cosmic rays indicate '' . American Geophysical Union . March 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , J. - R ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space ? '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Swisdak , M. ; Drake , J.F. ; Opher , M. ( 2013 ) . `` A Porous , Layered Heliopause '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 774 : L8 . arXiv : 1307.0850 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 774L ... 8S . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 774 / 1 / L8 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` NASA confirms Voyager 1 has left the Solar System '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Voyage 1 Records `` Sounds '' of Interstellar Space `` . Space.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Signal Spotted By Earth Radio Telescopes '' . NASA . NASA TV . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Catalog Page for PIA17046 '' . Photo Journal . NASA . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Voyager 1 Is Now In Interstellar Space '' . UniverseToday . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyager -- Mission -- Interstellar Mission '' . NASA . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Future '' . NASA . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Horizons Salutes Voyager '' . New Horizons . August 17 , 2006 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Irish Times . ( Dec. 4 , 2017 ) . `` Voyager 1 spacecraft thrusters fire up after decades idle '' , Accessed at : https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/voyager-1-spacecraft-thrusters-fire-up-after-decades-idle-1.3315654 Jump up ^ NASA . ( Dec. 2 , 2017 ) . `` Voyager 1 Fires Up Thrusters After 37 Years '' , Accessed at : https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/voyager-1-fires-up-thrusters-after-37 Jump up ^ `` Voyger : Spacecraft Lifetime '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . NASA . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status Jump up ^ `` Voyager -- Spacecraft -- Spacecraft Lifetime '' . NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . shutdown order has not been determined Jump up ^ Ferris , Timothy ( May 2012 ) . `` Timothy Ferris on Voyagers ' Never - Ending Journey '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Golden record '' . JPL . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voyager 1 . NASA Voyager website Voyager 1 Mission Profile by NASA 's Solar System Exploration Position of Voyager 1 ( Live - Counter ) Voyager 1 ( NSSDC Master Catalog ) Heavens-above.com : Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System -- current positions and diagrams We Are Here : The Pale Blue Dot . A short film on the Pale Blue Dot picture taken by Voyager 1 . Narrated by Carl Sagan . JPL Voyager Telecom Manual Voyager 1 Has Outdistanced the Solar Wind Gray , Meghan . `` Voyager and Interstellar Space '' . Deep Space Videos . Brady Haran . WebGL - based 3D artist 's view of Voyager @ SPACECRAFTS 3D Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft or propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle or sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven railed motorcycle or production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) British ) Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records Voyager program Spacecraft Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Components MHW - RTG Cosmic Ray Subsystem ( CRS ) Voyager Golden Record ( Contents ) Work Pale Blue Dot Family Portrait Voyager team Stamatios Krimigis Carolyn Porco Raymond Heacock Jim Blinn Edward C. Stone Timothy Ferris Related Gravity assist Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Specific orbital energy of Voyager 1 Titan IIIE Grand Tour program Observation Targets Enceladus Masubi ( volcano ) Exploration of Jupiter Exploration of Saturn Exploration of Uranus Prometheus ( volcano ) Exploration of Io Rings of Neptune Dunyazad ( crater ) Surt ( volcano ) Shahrazad ( crater ) Pele ( volcano ) Spacecraft missions to Jupiter Orbiters Galileo Juno Descent probes Galileo Probe Flybys Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Ulysses Cassini -- Huygens New Horizons Planned missions Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) Europa Clipper ( 2025 ) Proposed flybys Uranus Orbiter Proposed missions FIRE ( 2024 ) Io Volcano Observer ( 2021 ) Jupiter Trojan Asteroid Explorer ( 2027 ) Laplace - P ( 2023 ) Smara ( 2030 ) Cancelled / Concepts Argo ( proposed ) Cassini - Huygens ( retirement ) Europa Jupiter System Mission - Laplace Jupiter Europa Orbiter Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter Jupiter and Trojan Asteroid Explorer Europa Lander Europa Orbiter Innovative Interstellar Explorer Jovian Europa Orbiter Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Neptune Orbiter New Horizons 2 Pioneer H Tsiolkovsky mission Program overviews Pioneer program Voyager program Related topics Exploration of Jupiter Atmosphere of Jupiter Magnetosphere of Jupiter Moons of Jupiter Io Exploration Europa Colonization Ganymede Callisto Rings of Jupiter Deep Space Network Missions to the outer planets Colonization of the outer Solar System Spacecraft missions to Saturn Orbiters Cassini -- Huygens timeline retirement Landers Huygens ( Titan ) Flybys Pioneer 11 Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Proposed missions AVIATR Dragonfly Enceladus Life Finder ( Enceladus only ) Enceladus Explorer ( Enceladus only ) Explorer of Enceladus and Titan Journey to Enceladus and Titan Kronos Life Investigation For Enceladus ( Enceladus only ) Oceanus ( Titan only ) Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe Saturn Ring Observer SPRITE TALISE ( Titan only ) Titan Mare Explorer ( Titan only ) Titan Saturn System Mission Former plans Soviet mission plan There are no ongoing missions to Saturn NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI SWIFT THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists Astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Commons Portal 21st - century space probes Active space probes Moon ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars ExoMars TGO Mangalyaan Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey MAVEN MER Opportunity MRO MSL Curiosity Minor planets Chang'e 2 Dawn Hayabusa 2 / MASCOT New Horizons OSIRIS - REx PROCYON Solar science ACE DSCOVR SDO SOHO STEREO WIND Others Akatsuki Gaia IKAROS Juno THEMIS Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Completed after 2000 by termination date NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan - 1 SELENE LCROSS Hayabusa MER Spirit 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5 - T1 2015 MESSENGER Chang'e 3 / Yutu 2016 Rosetta / Philae ExoMars Schiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini List of Solar System probes List of missions to the Moon List of space telescopes ← 1976 Orbital launches in 1977 1978 → Kosmos 888 Meteor - 2 No. 2 Kosmos 889 Kosmos 890 NATO 3B Kosmos 891 OPS 3151 Soyuz 24 Kosmos 892 Molniya - 2 - 17 Kosmos 893 Tansei 3 Kosmos 894 Unnamed Kiku 2 Kosmos 895 Kosmos 896 Kosmos 897 Palapa A2 OPS 4915 Kosmos 898 Molniya - 1 - 36 Kosmos 899 Kosmos 900 Meteor - M No. 39 Kosmos 901 Kosmos 902 Kosmos 903 Kosmos 904 GEOS - 1 Kosmos 905 Kosmos 906 Molniya - 3 No. 19 Kosmos 907 OPS 9437 OPS 9438 Kosmos 908 Kosmos 909 Kosmos 910 OPS 9751 Kosmos 911 Kosmos 912 Intelsat IVA F - 4 Kosmos 913 Kosmos 914 OPS 5644 Kosmos 915 Kosmos 916 Kosmos 917 GOES 2 Signe 3 Kosmos 918 Kosmos 919 Kosmos 920 NTS - 2 Molniya - 1 No. 45 Kosmos 921 OPS 4800 Meteor - Priroda No. 2 - 2 Kosmos 922 Kosmos 923 Kosmos 924 Kosmos 925 Kosmos 926 Kosmos 927 Kosmos 928 Himawari 1 Kosmos 929 Kosmos 930 Kosmos 931 Kosmos 932 Kosmos 933 Gran ' No. 13L Kosmos 934 Kosmos 935 Kosmos 936 TKS - VA No. 009P TKS - VA No. 009A Unnamed HEAO - 1 Voyager 2 Kosmos 937 Kosmos 938 Kosmos 939 Kosmos 940 Kosmos 941 Kosmos 942 Kosmos 943 Kosmos 944 Kosmos 945 Kosmos 946 Sirio 1 Kosmos 947 Molniya - 1 - 38 Kosmos 948 Voyager 1 Kosmos 949 Kosmos 950 Kosmos 951 OTS - 1 Kosmos 952 Kosmos 953 Kosmos 954 Kosmos 955 Ekran No. 12L Prognoz 6 OPS 7471 Kosmos 956 Interkosmos 17 Salyut 6 Intelsat IVA F - 5 Kosmos 957 Soyuz 25 Kosmos 958 Kosmos 959 ISEE - 1 ISEE - 2 Kosmos 960 Kosmos 961 Molniya - 3 No. 18 Transat Kosmos 962 Meteosat 1 Kosmos 963 Unnamed Kosmos 964 Kosmos 965 OPS 8781 OPS 8781 SSU - 1 OPS 8781 SSU - 2 OPS 8781 SSU - 3 Soyuz 26 OPS 4258 Kosmos 966 Kosmos 967 Meteor - 2 No. 3 Sakura 1 Kosmos 968 Kosmos 969 Kosmos 970 Kosmos 971 Kosmos 972 Kosmos 973 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ) . GND : 4658791 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyager_1&oldid=818270747 '' Categories : Voyager program NASA space probes NASA programs Missions to Saturn Missions to Jupiter Radio frequency propagation Spacecraft escaping the Solar System 1977 in spaceflight 1977 in the United States 1977 events in the United States 1977 robots Nuclear - powered robots Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets Spacecraft launched in 1977 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the distance from earth to voyager 1 | [
"Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977. Part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System, Voyager 1 launched 16 days after its twin, Voyager 2. Having operated for 40 years, 3 months and 28 days as of January 2, 2018, the spacecraft still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and return data. At a distance of 141 AU (2.11×1010 km), approximately 13 billion miles (21 billion km), from the Sun as of January 2, 2018,[3] it is the farthest spacecraft and human-made object from Earth."
] | [
"approximately 13 billion miles (21 billion km), from the Sun as of January 2, 2018"
] |
-6801429815301175888 | Robot (Lost in Space) | Robot ( Lost in Space ) - wikipedia Robot ( Lost in Space ) Robot Lost in Space character Robot with Jonathan Harris as Dr. Smith Created by Robert Kinoshita Portrayed by Bob May Voiced by Dick Tufeld Information Aliases The Robot , Robot B - 9 Model Class B - 9 - M - 3 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot The Class B - 9 - M - 3 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot , known simply as Robot , is a fictional character in the television series Lost in Space . His full designation was only occasionally mentioned on the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features and abilities 3 After Lost In Space 4 References History ( edit ) Although a machine endowed with superhuman strength and futuristic weaponry , he often displayed human characteristics , such as laughter , sadness , and mockery , as well as singing and playing the guitar . With his major role often being to protect the youngest member of the crew , the Robot 's catchphrases were `` It does not compute '' and `` Danger , Will Robinson ! '' , accompanied by flailing his arms . The Robot was performed by Bob May in a prop costume built by Bob Stewart . The voice was primarily dubbed by Dick Tufeld , who was also the series ' narrator , and Jorge Arvizu for the Spanish dubbing . The Robot was designed by Robert Kinoshita , who also designed Forbidden Planet 's Robby the Robot . Robby appears in Lost in Space episode # 20 `` War of the Robots '' and in episode # 60 `` Condemned of Space '' . The Robot did not appear in the unaired pilot episode , but was added to the series once it had been greenlit . Initially , the bellows - covered legs were articulated , and were moved separately by the actor inside . However , the metal edges inside the suit cut actor Bob May 's legs , so changes were made . The legs were bolted together , and the robot was pulled along by a wire instead of walking as it had done before . A new lower section was constructed with the legs cut off at the knee . This was filmed either in close - up or behind something to obscure the actor 's feet protruding out the bottom ; this version of the suit was informally referred to by the cast and crew as `` the Bermuda shorts . '' Features and abilities ( edit ) Robot consisted , from top down , of A glass bubble sensor unit with moving antennae ; A fluted , translucent ring collar ( actually an arrangement of shaped ribs , through which performer Bob May could see ) ; A cylindrical , rotating trunk section with extending bellows arms that terminated in red mechanical claws . The trunk section had controls , indicators , a small sliding translucent door through which data tapes , similar to punched tape , could be accessed ( `` The Hungry Sea '' ) , a removable power pack and a signature chest light that illuminated in synchrony with the Robot 's speech ( May had a key inside the suit that he would tap in time with his speech to illuminate the light , resulting in some scenes where one of the claws can be seen moving in time with the light ) ; Bellows legs that were understood to move with some agility but which , due to real - world practical limitations , were rarely seen on camera to move separately ; and Trapezoidal continuous track units at the bottom of each leg . These normally paired as a single locomotive device , but they also could function as individual feet . The leg and tractor sections apparently could be readily detached , allowing the Robot to be positioned in the rear of the Chariot ATV , although the actual disconnect operation was depicted only once . According to the series The Robot possessed powerful computers that allowed him to make complex calculations and to deduce many facts ; He had a variety of sensors that detected numerous phenomena and dangers ; He was programmed with extensive knowledge on many subjects , including how to operate the Jupiter 2 spaceship ; His construction allowed him to function in extreme environments and in the vacuum of space ; He was extremely strong , giving him utility both in performing difficult labor and in fighting when necessary . Moreover , his claws could fire laser beams and , most frequently , a powerful `` electro - force '' that was similar to arcing electricity . In one first season episode , Dr. Smith was seen to remove the robot 's programming tapes , which resemble a small reel of magnetic tape , from a hatch below the robot 's chest panel . After Lost in Space ( edit ) Two versions of the robot were used during Lost in Space filming -- a `` hero robot '' costume worn by Bob May , and a static , `` stunt robot '' prop that was used for distant or hazardous shots . Both versions fell into disrepair after the series , but these have since been discovered and restored . The `` hero '' is privately owned by TV and film producer Kevin Burns , who commissioned a replica in the early 1990s for touring and conventions . The `` stunt robot '' is in storage at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle , Washington . Like Robby the Robot , the B - 9 Robot prop costume was re-used on at least one other show . On the Saturday morning children 's show Mystery Island , it was modified to make the primary character `` P.O.P.S. '' There it had different domes , different color scheme , and an added rectangular skirt of gold - colored tubes , covering the rubber bellows legs and base . Full - size replicas of the robot are available commercially . Other versions have been built by hobbyists around the world , who have built at least 15 detailed full - size replicas of the Robot . In the 2018 Netflix series , the Robot is an alien AI which bears few resemblances with earlier versions , such as his famous line and loyalty to Will . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robot ( Lost in Space ) . Jump up ^ `` 90 Autographed Original Lost In Space Scripts '' . The Irwin Allen News Network . Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( September 1 , 2006 ) . Science Fiction in the Media . Edina , Minnesota : ABDO Publishing . p. 13 . ISBN 9781596799943 . OCLC 69021016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mumy , Bill ; Dutkiewicz , Michal ; Zahler , Thomas F. ; Allen , Irwin ( 2005 ) . Lost in Space : Voyage to the Bottom of the Soul . Olathe , Kansas : Bubblehead Publishing . ISBN 9780976543602 . OCLC 153921250 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Romano ( March 2016 ) . `` 5 . It Does Not Compute '' . Make : FPGAs . Maker Media . ISBN 9781457187841 . Some of us remember hearing the phrase ' It does not compute ' used by the robot from the hit 1960s television series Lost in Space . When it comes to contemplating what a computer really is , I think many of us can honestly say ' It does not compute ' or even ' Danger , Will Robinson ! ' Jump up ^ staff ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` June Lockhart To Star At Museum Robofest '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Palm Beach , Florida . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( June 1 , 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 403 . ISBN 9780740751189 . OCLC 57316726 . Jump up ^ Raucci , Richard ( 1999 ) . Personal Robotics : Real Robots to Construct , Program , and Explore the World . Natick , Massachusetts : AK Peters , Ltd . ISBN 9781568810898 . OCLC 491860916 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 ... Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) , designed by Robert Kinoshita , who would later create the familiar Robot ( B - 9 ) for the Lost in Space television series ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Newman , Richard ( 2010 ) . `` HighTechScience.org Lost in Space Robot '' . Richard Newman . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ICONS ( 1998 ) . `` B - 9 Robot Bob May Interview . An Interview with Robot Actor Bob May '' . B9 Robot Builders Club . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` B9 Robot Builders Club '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Geranios , Nicholas K. ( May 23 , 2002 ) . `` Robot Hut takes visitors for a trip back in time '' . The Seattle Times . Seattle , Washington : Frank A. Blethen . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . hide Lost in Space Original series Episodes `` No Place to Hide '' Robot Discography Remakes Lost in Space ( film ) Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot_(Lost_in_Space)&oldid=840779119 '' Categories : Lost in Space Fictional humanoid robots Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where did the robot come from in lost in space | [
"In the 2018 Netflix series, the Robot is an alien AI which bears few resemblances with earlier versions, such as his famous line and loyalty to Will.\n"
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5514178460170062128 | Mark-Paul Gosselaar | Mark - Paul Gosselaar - wikipedia Mark - Paul Gosselaar Jump to : navigation , search Mark - Paul Gosselaar Gosselaar in 2008 Mark - Paul Harry Gosselaar ( 1974 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1974 ( age 44 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Hart High School Occupation Actor , Model Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Lisa Ann Russell ( m . 1996 -- 2011 ) Catriona McGinn ( m . 2012 ) Children Mark - Paul Harry Gosselaar ( / ˈɡɒslər / ; born March 1 , 1974 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles as Zack Morris in Saved by the Bell , Detective John Clark in NYPD Blue , and Peter Bash in Franklin & Bash . He was the lead in the 1998 film Dead Man on Campus , and recently starred in FOX television show Pitch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Gosselaar was born in Panorama City , California , the son of Paula ( van den Brink ) , a homemaker and hostess for KLM , and Hans Gosselaar , a plant supervisor for Anheuser - Busch . His Dutch father is of German and Dutch Jewish descent . Gosselaar 's Jewish paternal great - grandparents , Hertog and Hester Gosselaar , were killed at the Sobibor extermination camp during the Holocaust . His mother , who is of Indonesian and Dutch descent , is from Bali , Indonesia . At one point , Gosselaar was fluent in Dutch ( his older siblings were born in the Netherlands ) . Gosselaar 's parents later separated . Gosselaar 's mother worked as his manager . He began modeling at the age of 5 . As a child , he appeared in commercials for Oreo cookies and Smurf merchandise , and later won guest spots on television series . He spent his teenage years in the Santa Clarita Valley in Southern California , where he attended Hart High School . Career ( edit ) Gosselaar first came to public notice as the star of the hit television comedy series Saved by the Bell , in which he played Zack Morris , and which aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993 . His character was adapted from the short - lived Disney Channel sitcom Good Morning , Miss Bliss ; although that show was cancelled after one season , NBC executives believed that a similar show , with Zack Morris as the series lead , had potential for success . He reprised the role in two TV movies and a less - successful spin - off , Saved by the Bell : The College Years . In 1994 , he appeared as Zack Morris in a second spin - off series Saved by the Bell : The New Class in the episode `` Goodbye , Bayside -- Part 2 '' , along with Mario López as A.C. Slater and Lark Voorhies as Lisa Turtle . In 1996 , he appeared in the TV - film She Cried No as a college student who date - rapes his best friend 's sister at a fraternity party . In 1998 , he starred in the feature film , Dead Man on Campus . Later that same year , Gosselaar played the central character in the TV drama Hyperion Bay , which lasted 17 episodes . In 2001 , he starred in the movie The Princess and the Marine , with Marisol Nichols . He also starred in the short - lived WB series D.C. From 2001 - 05 , he played Detective John Clark on ABC 's NYPD Blue . After the series ended , he joined the cast of ABC 's Commander in Chief , which lasted only one season . He appeared on the HBO series John from Cincinnati . He then gained the starring role of defense attorney Jerry Kellerman in the Steven Bochco - produced Raising the Bar , which debuted on September 1 , 2008 , on TNT , then it was canceled in November 2009 after two seasons . On June 8 , 2009 , Gosselaar appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in character as Zack Morris to promote his show Raising the Bar , indicating that the name Mark - Paul Gosselaar is his stage name and declaring , as Zack , that he would participate in a Saved by the Bell `` Class '' reunion that is being spearheaded by Fallon . He has since agreed to participate in the reunion being organized by Jimmy Fallon on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon along with four fellow castmembers to date . On February 4 , 2015 , Gosselaar reunited with Mario Lopez , Elizabeth Berkley , Dennis Haskins and Tiffani Thiessen on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where they appeared in a Saved by the Bell sketch with Fallon . In October 2009 , he made his Off - Broadway stage debut in Theresa Rebeck 's play The Understudy with The Roundabout Theatre Company . The show extended its limited New York run until January 17 , 2010 . Gosselaar began filming the TNT series Franklin & Bash on March 28 , 2010 . The series premiered on June 1 , 2011 . On November 11 , 2014 , it was announced that the series was canceled , after four seasons . The FOX series Pitch cast Gosselaar in the main role of Mike Lawson , star catcher and team captain , in February 2016 , and premiered on September 22 , 2016 . On May 1 , 2017 , it was announced that the series was canceled , after one season . He appeared in 1 episode of Dinner at Tiffani 's . Personal life ( edit ) In a July 2009 interview with People , Gosselaar revealed that when Saved By the Bell was in production , he dated , at different times , his three female co-stars : Lark Voorhies , Tiffani Thiessen and Elizabeth Berkley . He remains friends with his Saved by the Bell cast mates . In 1996 , Gosselaar married former model Lisa Ann Russell . Together they have two children : son Michael Charles ( born 2004 ) and daughter Ava Lorenn ( born 2006 ) . After 14 years of marriage , Gosselaar and Russell announced their separation in early June 2010 . Gosselaar filed for divorce June 18 , 2010 , and it became final in May 2011 . Gosselaar was engaged to advertising executive Catriona McGinn in August 2011 . They married July 28 , 2012 at the Sunstone winery in Santa Ynez , California . They have a son Dekker ( born 2013 ) , and a daughter Lachlyn ( born 2015 ) . Gosselaar is a sports car enthusiast , race car driver , track cyclist , dirt biker and pilot . In 2005 , he competed in the Far West Championships for track cycling . He won the Category 4 / 5 Sprint Championship event at the Encino Velodrome . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes White Wolves : A Cry in the Wild II Scott James 1994 St. Tammany Miracle , The The St. Tammany Miracle Carl 1995 Twisted Love D.J. Specimen Mike Hillary Sticks & Stones Dale Kounterfeit Paco / Danny 1998 Dead Man on Campus Cooper Frederickson 2001 Beer Money Tim 2015 Heist Marconi 2016 Precious Cargo Jack Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Highway to Heaven Rolf Baldt Episode : `` The Torch '' 1986 Stingray Eric Murray Episode : `` Below the Line '' 1986 Twilight Zone , The The Twilight Zone Tim Conrad Episode : `` What Are Friends For ? '' 1988 Necessary Parties Chris Mills Movie 1988 Wonder Years , The The Wonder Years Brad Gaines Episode : `` Dance with Me '' 1988 Punky Brewster Walker Wimbley Episode : `` One Plus Tutor Is Three '' 1988 Charles in Charge Philip Episode : `` Runaround Charles '' 1988 -- 89 Good Morning , Miss Bliss Zack Morris Lead role ( 13 episodes ) 1989 -- 93 Saved by the Bell Zack Morris Lead role ( 86 episodes ) Murphy Brown Wes Episode : `` I Want My FYI '' 1992 Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style Zack Morris Movie 1992 Blossom Kevin Episode : `` Losing Your ... Religion '' 1993 -- 94 Saved by the Bell : The College Years Zack Morris Lead role ( 19 episodes ) 1994 For the Love of Nancy Tommy Walsh Movie 1994 Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas Zack Morris Movie 1994 Saved by the Bell : The New Class Zack Morris Episode : `` Goodbye Bayside '' Brothers of the Frontier Hiram Holcomb Movie She Cried No Scott Baker Movie ; also known as Freshman Fall 1997 Dying to Belong Steven Tyler Movie 1997 Born Into Exile Chris Movie 1998 -- 99 Hyperion Bay Dennis Sweeny Main role ( 17 episodes ) 2000 D.C. Pete Komisky Main role ( 7 episodes ) 2001 Princess and the Marine , The The Princess and the Marine Jason Johnson Movie 2001 Beer Money Tim Maroon Movie 2001 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Wesley Jansen / Peter Ivanhoe Episode : `` Sacrifice '' 2001 -- 05 NYPD Blue Det . John Clark , Jr . Main role ( 76 episodes ) 2002 Alikes 2002 Atomic Twister Dep . Jake Hannah Movie 2002 Hitched Michael Unsold pilot 2005 Over There John Moffet Two episodes 2005 -- 06 Commander in Chief Richard ' Dickie ' McDonald Recurring role ( 10 episodes ) 2006 House Next Door , The The House Next Door Kim Movie 2007 Law Dogs Evan Marlowe Unsold pilot 2007 John from Cincinnati Jake Ferris 3 episodes 2008 Robot Chicken Zack Morris / Employee ( voice ) Episode : `` Boo Cocky '' 2008 -- 09 Raising the Bar Jerry Kellerman Main role ( 25 episodes ) Rizzoli & Isles Garrett Fairfield Episode : `` Money For Nothing '' Weeds Jack Episode : `` Gentle Puppies '' 2011 -- 14 Franklin & Bash Peter Bash Lead role ( 40 episodes ) 2011 12 Dates of Christmas Miles Movie 2012 Do n't Trust the B -- -- in Apartment 23 Himself Episode : `` A Reunion '' 2013 Men at Work Tim Episode : `` Weekend at PJ 's '' ( uncredited ) 2013 Happy Endings Chase Episodes : `` The Ex Factor '' , `` Un-sabotagable '' 2014 Flipping Out Himself Episode : `` Due Date '' 2014 -- 15 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Jared Briscoe / Paul Winthrop Recurring roles ( 4 episodes ) 2015 Truth Be Told Mitch Main role 2016 Pitch Mike Lawson Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Young Artist Award 1989 : Nominated , Best Young Actor in a Cable Family Series -- Good Morning , Miss Bliss 1990 : Nominated , Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast -- Saved by the Bell 1991 : Best Young Actor Starring in an Off - Primetime Series -- Saved by the Bell 1992 : Nominated , Best Young Actor Starring in an Off - Primetime Series -- Saved by the Bell 1993 : Nominated , Best Young Actor Starring in an Off - Primetime Series -- Saved by the Bell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NLS Other Writings : Say How '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott - Gregory , Sophronia ; Rizzo , Monica ( October 12 , 1998 ) . `` To Bell and Back '' . People . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Luaine ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gosselaar , now all grown up , back on TV '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parenteel van Nathan Godslaars ( Gosselaar family genealogy ) ; Gosselaar 's paternal grandfather , Aron ( Arie ) Gosselaar , was a Dutch Jew , and Gosselaar 's paternal grandmother , Ida Ferdinanda `` Itty '' Kosel , was German . Jump up ^ `` Hertog Gosselaar '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hester Gosselaar '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Gosselaar , Mark - Paul ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Catching up with ... Mark - Paul Gosselaar '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rohit , Parimal M. ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Discusses Franklin and Bash '' . Santa Monica Mirror . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar ... From Outrageous Con Man To Reluctant Icon ! '' . Mark - Paul Gosselaar.net. 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Joanne ; Tomashoff , Craig ( April 16 , 1990 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar , Teen Star of NBC 's Saved by the Bell Learns That Fame Takes a Toll '' . People . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jennifer ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` TNT Cancels Mark - Paul Gosselaar 's Raising the Bar '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Zack Attacks Late Night With Jimmy Fallon '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Watch a Glorious Saved by the Bell Reunion Courtesy of Jimmy Fallon '' . Time . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon assembled the cast of ' Saved by The Bell ' for an epic reunion '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon reunites most of the ' Saved by the Bell ' cast '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Understudy , Starring White , Kirk and Gosselaar , Extends '' . Broadway Buzz . November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Franklin & Bash ' Cancelled By TNT After Four Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Cancelled By Fox After One Season ( No Season Two ) '' . TVSeriesFinale . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Lisa ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Saved by the Bell '' . People . 76 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar , Wife Have a Girl '' . People . May 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar and Wife Split '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Oh , Eunice ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Files for Divorce '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Elizabeth ; Rizzo , Monica ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Is Engaged '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Is Married ! '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Welcomes Son '' . People . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Welcomes Daughter Lachlyn Hope '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Encino Velodrome : 2005 Far West Championships '' . September 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark - Paul Gosselaar . Mark - Paul Gosselaar on IMDb Mark - Paul Gosselaar on Twitter Mark - Paul Gosselaar Speaks at Emory 's Class Day VIAF : 66660542 LCCN : n91066844 ISNI : 0000 0000 3420 6462 BNF : cb139908006 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark-Paul_Gosselaar&oldid=829982714 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American child models American male child actors American male film actors American people of German descent American people of Dutch - Jewish descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American people of Indonesian descent American male television actors Male actors from Los Angeles Male models from California Barber Pro Series drivers 21st - century American racing drivers Racing drivers from California Sportspeople from Los Angeles People from Panorama City , Los Angeles Models from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played zack from saved by the bell | [
"Mark-Paul Harry Gosselaar (/ˈɡɒslər/;[1] born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Zack Morris in Saved by the Bell, Detective John Clark in NYPD Blue, and Peter Bash in Franklin & Bash."
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"Mark-Paul Harry Gosselaar"
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-2303735185326138125 | History of the Panama Canal | History of the Panama canal - wikipedia History of the Panama canal Jump to : navigation , search Miraflores Locks in 2004 The idea of the Panama canal dates back to 1513 , when Vasco Núñez de Balboa first crossed the isthmus . The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal , a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . The earliest European colonists recognized this potential , and several proposals for a canal were made . By the late nineteenth century , technological advances and commercial pressure allowed construction to begin in earnest . Noted canal engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps led an initial attempt by France to build a sea - level canal . Beset by cost overruns due to the severe underestimation of the difficulties in excavating the rugged Panama land , heavy personnel losses in Panama due to tropical diseases , and political corruption in France surrounding the financing of the massive project , the project succeeded in only partially completing the canal . Interest in a U.S. - led canal effort picked up as soon as France abandoned the project . Initially , the Panama site was politically unfavorable in the U.S. for a variety of reasons , including the taint of the failed French efforts and the Colombian government 's unfriendly attitude towards the U.S. continuing the project . The U.S. first sought to construct a completely new canal through Nicaragua instead . French engineer and financier Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla played a key role in changing U.S. attitudes . Bunau - Varilla had a large stake in the failed French canal company , and stood to make money on his investment only if the Panama Canal was completed . Extensive lobbying of U.S. lawmakers coupled with his support of a nascent independence movement among the Panamanian people led to a simultaneous revolution in Panama and the negotiation of the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty which secured both independence for Panama and the right for the U.S. to lead a renewed effort to construct the canal . Colombia 's response to the Panamanian independence movement was tempered by U.S. military presence ; the move is often cited as a classic example of the era of gunboat diplomacy . U.S. success hinged on two factors . First was converting the original French sea - level plan to a more realistic lock - controlled canal . The second was controlling disease which decimated workers and management alike under the original French attempt . Initial chief engineer John Frank Stevens built much of the infrastructure necessary for later construction ; slow progress on the canal itself led to his replacement by George Washington Goethals . Goethals oversaw the bulk of the excavation of the canal , including appointing Major David du Bose Gaillard to oversee the most daunting project , the Culebra Cut through the roughest terrain on the route . Almost as important as the engineering advances was the healthcare advances made during the construction , led by William C. Gorgas , an expert in controlling tropical diseases such as yellow fever and malaria . Gorgas was one of the first to recognize the role of mosquitoes in the spread of these diseases , and by focusing on controlling the mosquitoes greatly improved worker conditions . On 7 January 1914 the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley became the first to make the traverse , and on 1 April 1914 the construction was officially completed with the hand - over of the project from the construction company to the Canal Zone government . The outbreak of World War I caused the cancellation of any official `` grand opening '' celebration , and the canal officially opened to commercial traffic on 15 August 1914 with the transit of the SS Ancon . During World War II , the canal proved a vital part of the U.S. military strategy , allowing ships to transfer easily between the Atlantic and Pacific . Politically , the Canal remained a territory of the United States until 1977 , when the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties began the process of transferring territorial control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama , a process completed on 31 December 1999 . The Panama Canal continues to be a viable commercial venture and a vital link in world shipping , and continues to be periodically updated and maintained . The Panama Canal expansion project started construction in 2007 and began commercial operation on 26 June 2016 . The new locks allow transit of larger Post-Panamax and New Panamax ships , which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks could accommodate . Contents ( hide ) 1 French project 1.1 Conception 1.2 Construction 1.3 New Panama Canal Company 1.4 Results 2 Nicaraguan canal 3 United States 3.1 Takeover 3.2 Workforce 3.3 Living conditions 3.4 US construction 3.5 Culebra Cut 3.6 Dams 3.7 Locks 3.8 Opening 3.9 Summary 4 Third - lane plans 5 Transfer to Panama 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Contemporary magazines 10 External links French project ( edit ) 1888 German map of a projected Panama Canal ( above ) and an alternate Nicaragua route ( below ) The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century . In 1819 , the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it . Although the project stalled for some time , a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875 . They indicated that the two most - favorable routes were across Panama ( then part of Colombia ) and Nicaragua , with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option . The Nicaraguan route was surveyed . Conception ( edit ) Part de Fondateur of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama , issued 29 . November 1880 After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal , France thought that an apparently - similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty . In 1876 an international company , La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique , was created to undertake its construction ; two years later , it obtained a concession from the Colombian government ( since Panama was a Colombian province ) to dig a canal across the isthmus . Ferdinand de Lesseps , who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction , headed the project . His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project . However , despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer . The Suez Canal , essentially a ditch dug through a flat , sandy desert , presented few challenges . Although Central America 's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama , it is still 110 meters ( 360.9 ft ) above sea level at its lowest crossing point . The sea - level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock , rather than Suez ' sand . Less - obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal , particularly the Chagres ( which flows strongly during the rainy season ) . Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal , a sea - level canal would require the river 's diversion . The most serious problem was tropical disease , particularly malaria and yellow fever , whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time . The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them , but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes ( carriers of the diseases ) . The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise . In May 1879 , an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris . Of its 136 delegates , only 42 were engineers ; the others were speculators , politicians and friends of de Lesseps . He was convinced that a sea - level canal , dug through the mountainous spine of Central America , could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal . The engineering congress estimated the project 's cost at $214 million ; on February 14 , 1880 , an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million . De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice , with no apparent justification : on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million . The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal ; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years ( the Suez Canal required ten ) . The proposed sea - level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters ( 29.5 ft ) , a bottom width of 22 meters ( 72.2 ft ) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters ( 90.2 ft ) ; the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m ( 157,000,000 cu yd ) . A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River , with channels to drain water away from the canal . However , the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved . Construction ( edit ) The Culebra Cut in 1885 Construction of the canal began on January 1 , 1881 , with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22 . A large labor force was assembled , numbering about 40,000 in 1888 ( nine - tenths of whom were afro - Caribbean workers from the West Indies ) . Although the project attracted good , well - paid French engineers , retaining them was difficult due to disease . The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000 , of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens . By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea - level canal was impractical , and an elevated canal with locks was preferable ; de Lesseps resisted , and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887 . By this time increasing mortality rates , as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides , indicated that the project was in serious trouble . Work continued under the new plan until May 15 , 1889 , when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended . After eight years the canal was about two - fifths completed , and about $234.8 million had been spent . Construction of the canal The company 's collapse was a scandal in France , and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair . One hundred and four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption , and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893 . New Panama canal company ( edit ) It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project . A new concession was obtained from Colombia , and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal . To comply with the terms of the contract , work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project . They eventually settled on a plan for a two - level , lock - based canal . The new effort never gained traction , mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless . The most men employed on the new project was 3,600 ( in 1896 ) , primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition . The company had already begun looking for a buyer , with an asking price of $109 million . In the US , a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route . In November 1901 , the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million . The recommendation became law on June 28 , 1902 , and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price . Results ( edit ) Although the French effort was , to a large extent , doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties , it was not entirely futile . The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m ( 78,146,960 cu yd ) of material , of which 14,255,890 m ( 18,646,000 cu yd ) was taken from the Culebra Cut . The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa , and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side ( known as the French canal ) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún . Detailed surveys and studies ( particularly those carried out by the new canal company ) and machinery , including railroad equipment and vehicles , aided the later American effort . The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters ( 17 ft ) , from 64 to 59 metres ( 210 to 194 ft ) . An estimated 22,713,396 m ( 29,708,000 cu yd ) of excavation , valued at about $25.4 million , and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans . Nicaraguan canal ( edit ) Main article : Nicaragua Canal The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would - be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans . In 1887 , a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua . Two years later , the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua . The company lost money in the panic of 1893 , and its work in Nicaragua ceased . In 1897 and 1899 , the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction ; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times . Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project , increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project . A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed . United States ( edit ) See also : Panama -- Colombia separation and Gunboat diplomacy Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US - controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country . This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15 , 1898 . Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal , Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort . George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location . The purchase of the French - held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28 , 1902 Spooner Act . Since Panama was then part of Colombia , Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights . In early 1903 the Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations , but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty . Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted , the US Navy would assist their fight for independence . Panama declared its independence on November 3 , 1903 , and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference . The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23 , 1904 , for $10 million in accordance with the November 18 , 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty . Takeover ( edit ) 1923 elevation map of the canal , showing the region 's topography The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4 , 1904 , when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony . The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission ( ICC ) during construction . The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration . The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order . The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings , infrastructure and equipment , much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment . There were no facilities in place for a large workforce , and the infrastructure was crumbling . Cataloguing assets was a large job ; it took many weeks to card - index available equipment . About 2,150 buildings had been acquired , many of which were uninhabitable ; housing was an early problem , and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay . However , much equipment ( such as locomotives , dredges and other floating equipment ) was still serviceable . General George Washington Goethals Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction , red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC . He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay , and Wallace resigned in 1905 . He was replaced by John Frank Stevens , who arrived on July 26 , 1905 . Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway , improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón , renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing . He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction . Stevens ' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later . He improved drilling and dirt - removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency , revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal . No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea - level one ; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case . In late 1905 , President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time . Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea - level canal , Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan ; Stevens ' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred . In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal 's progress , the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president . Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial . Bids for the canal 's construction were opened in January 1907 , and Knoxville , Tennessee - based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder . Stevens disliked Oliver , and vehemently opposed his choice . Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor , he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer ( under Stevens ' direction ) in February 1907 . Stevens , frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement , resigned and was replaced by Goethals . Workforce ( edit ) The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal . High - level engineering jobs , clerical positions , skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans , with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor . These jobs were initially filled by Europeans , primarily from Spain , Italy and Greece , many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe . The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies , and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal . Living conditions ( edit ) Main article : Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons ; as a result , alcohol abuse was a great problem . The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year . A program of improvements was implemented . Clubhouses were built , managed by the YMCA , with billiard , assembly and reading rooms , bowling alleys , darkrooms for camera clubs , gymnastic equipment , ice cream parlors , soda fountains and a circulating library . Member dues were ten dollars a year , with the remaining upkeep ( about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses ) paid by the ICC . The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games ; a competitive league soon developed . Semimonthly Saturday - night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli , which had a spacious ballroom . These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone ; alcohol abuse fell , with saloon business declining by 60 percent . The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly . US construction ( edit ) Culebra Cut in 1907 The work done thus far was preparation , rather than construction . By the time Goethals took over , the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest . Goethals divided the project into three divisions : Atlantic , Central and Pacific . The Atlantic Division , under Major William L. Sibert , was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay , the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km ( 3.5 mi ) approach channel , and the Gatun Dam . The Pacific Division ( under Sydney B. Williamson , the only civilian division head ) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal , including a 4.8 km ( 3.0 mi ) breakwater in Panama Bay , the approach channel , and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams . The Central Division , under Major David du Bose Gaillard , was responsible for everything in between . It had arguably the project 's greatest challenge : excavating the Culebra Cut ( known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000 ) , which involved cutting 8 miles ( 13 km ) through the continental divide down to 12 meters ( 40 ft ) above sea level . By August 1907 , 765,000 m3 ( 1,000,000 cubic yards ) per month was being excavated ; this set a record for the rainy season ; soon afterwards this doubled , before increasing again . At the peak of production , 2,300,000 m3 ( 3,000,000 cubic yards ) were being excavated per month ( the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 31⁄2 months ) . Culebra Cut ( edit ) Main article : Culebra Cut 1923 diagram illustrating the elevations through which the canal cuts across the isthmus One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide , which originally rose to 110 metres ( 360.9 ft ) above sea level at its highest point . The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project . Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers . Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal 's Central Division , which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam , and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut ( as it was then known ) excavated . The scale of the work was massive . Six thousand men worked in the cut , drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t ( 60,000,000 lb ) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock ( which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day ) . Landslides were frequent , due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock 's underlying iron strata . Although the scale of the job and the frequent , unpredictable slides generated chaos , Gaillard provided quiet , clear - sighted leadership . On May 20 , 1913 , Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom . The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres ( 193.6 ft ) over a relatively narrow width ; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres ( 39.4 ft ) above sea level over a greater width , and had excavated over 76,000,000 m ( 99,000,000 cu yd ) of material . About 23,000,000 m ( 30,000,000 cu yd ) of this material in addition to the planned excavation , in the form of landslides . Dry excavation ended on September 10 , 1913 ; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m ( 2,000,000 cu yd ) of earth , but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded . Dams ( edit ) Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal : Gatun and Miraflores Lakes . Four dams were constructed to create them . Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake , and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut ( essentially an arm of Lake Gatun ) . The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River , creating Gatun Lake . The Miraflores dams are an 825 - metre ( 2,707 ft ) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150 - metre ( 492 ft ) concrete spillway dam east of the locks . The concrete dam has eight floodgates , similar to those on the Gatun spillway . The earthen , 430 - metre ( 1,411 ft ) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock . Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level . The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam . This earthen dam , 640 metres ( 2,100 ft ) thick at the base and 2,300 metres ( 7,546 ft ) long along the top , was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened . Locks ( edit ) Pedro Miguel Locks under construction during the early 1910s , looking north , showing the center wall and intakes Main article : Panama Canal locks Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24 , 1909 . The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake , requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m ( 4,970,212 cu yd ) of material ( mostly rock ) . The locks were made of 1,564,400 m ( 2,046,158 cu yd ) of concrete , with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock - construction sites . The Pacific - side locks were finished first : the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911 , and Miraflores in May 1913 . The seagoing tugboat Gatun , an Atlantic - entrance tug used to haul barges , traversed the Gatun locks on September 26 , 1913 . The trip was successful , although the valves were controlled manually ; the central control board was not yet ready . Opening ( edit ) On October 10 , 1913 , the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished ; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington . On January 7 , 1914 , the Alexandre La Valley , an old French crane boat , became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction . As construction wound down , the canal team began to disperse . Thousands of workers were laid off , and entire towns were disassembled or demolished . Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas , who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines , became surgeon general of the Army . On April 1 , 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded , and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor ; the first governor was George Washington Goethals . Although a large celebration was planned for the canal 's opening , the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair . The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon , piloted by Captain John A. Constantine ( the canal 's first pilot ) , made the first official transit on August 15 , 1914 . With no international dignitaries in attendance , Goethals followed the Ancon 's progress by railroad . Summary ( edit ) International Space Station photo showing ( right to left ) the Miraflores locks , Miraflores Lake , the Pedro Miguel locks and the Centennial Bridge The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US . It changed world shipping patterns , removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn . The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles ( 12,600 km ) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco . Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II , when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet . Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers , particularly Essex class ; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them , the lampposts along the canal had to be removed . The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million , including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company . Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time , it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal 's width . An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications . Missouri traverses the Panama Canal en route to the United States in October 1945 A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project ; at the peak of construction , there were 40,000 workers . According to hospital records , 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era . A total of 182,610,550 m ( 238,845,582 cu yd ) of material was excavated in the American effort , including the approach channels at the canal ends . Adding the work by the French , the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m ( 268,000,000 cu yd ) ( over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project ) . Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period , Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening . However , William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time . Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt 's secretary of war and twice as president . He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens ' replacement . Taft became president in 1909 , when the canal was half finished , and was in office for most of the remainder of the work . However , Goethals later wrote : `` The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt '' . The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal 's administration building in Balboa : It is not the critic who counts , not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled , or where the doer of deeds could have done them better . The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena ; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood ; who strives valiantly , who errs and comes short again and again ; who knows the great enthusiasms , the great devotions , and spends himself in a worthy cause ; who , at the best , knows in the end the triumph of high achievement ; and who , at the worst , if he fails , at least fails while daring greatly , so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat . David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5 , 1913 , at age 54 . Promoted to colonel only a month earlier , Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed . The Culebra Cut ( as it was originally known ) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27 , 1915 , in his honor . A plaque commemorating Gaillard 's work stood over the cut for many years ; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building , near a memorial to Goethals . Third - lane plans ( edit ) As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s , the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans . The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks , and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing . These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1 , 1936 , authorizing a study of improving the canal 's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels . A special engineering section was created on July 3 , 1937 , to carry out the study . The section reported to Congress on February 24 , 1939 , recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate . On August 11 , Congress authorized the work . Three new locks were planned , at Gatún , Pedro Miguel and Miraflores , parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels . The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal , with each chamber 1,200 ft ( 365.76 m ) long , 140 ft ( 42.67 m ) wide and 45 ft ( 13.72 m ) deep . They would be ⁄ mi ( 805 m ) east of the existing Gatún locks and ⁄ mi ( 402 m ) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks . The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1 , 1940 , following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24 , 1940 . The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19 , 1941 . Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned , and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores . In 2006 , the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá ( the Panama Canal Authority , or ACP ) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals . Following a referendum , work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26 , 2016 . After a two - year delay , the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships ( which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle ) . The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship , the Chinese - owned Cosco Shipping Panama . The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion . Transfer to Panama ( edit ) Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing Play media Jimmy Carter 's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty , September 7 , 1977 Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing Audio - only version Problems playing these files ? See media help . After construction , the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States . On September 7 , 1977 , US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos - Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama . The treaty became effective on October 1 , 1979 , providing for a 20 - year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31 , 1999 . Since then , the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority ( Autoridad de Canal de Panama , or ACP ) . The treaty was controversial in the US , and its passage was difficult . The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports , at either end of the canal , which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong - based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa . According to US Republicans , the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military . However , the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing . Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces . Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos shake hands moments after the signing of the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer , Panama has exercised good stewardship . According to ACP figures , canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 ( the first year under Panamanian control ) to $1.4 billion in 2006 . Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006 . The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005 . Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours , about the same as during the late 1990s . Canal expenses have increased less than revenue , from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006 . On October 22 , 2006 , Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal . Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt , who served from 2002 to 2005 , said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been `` outstanding '' . `` The international shipping community is quite pleased '' , Watt added . See also ( edit ) Corozal `` Silver '' Cemetery -- a cemetery near Panama City dedicated to workers on the Panama Canal . Latin America -- United States relations Notes ( edit ) ^ The French Failure , from CZ Brats ^ DuVal , Miles P. ( 1947 ) And the Mountains Will Move : The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal . Stanford University Press . ^ Robert H. Zieger . `` Builders and Dreamers . '' Reviews in American History 38 , no . 3 ( 2010 ) : 513 -- 519 . ^ For an excellent book on these early years see : Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . ^ On the Panama Scandal , speech by Jean Jaurès , 1893 ( at Marxists.org Internet Archive ) ^ The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 - 1914 , David McCullough , Simon & Schuster , 1978 ( a comprehensive history of the building of the canal ) ^ The Panama Canal , what it is , what it means , J. Barrett , 1913 ^ The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective , Walter LaFeber , Oxford , 1990 ( a survey of U.S. diplomatic , legal , political , economic , and military involvement with the canal ) ^ The Panama Canal , Frederic J. Haskin ^ Enlarging the Panama Canal , Alden P. Armagnac , CZ Brats ^ Enlarging the Panama Canal for Bigger Battleships , notes from CZ Brats ^ Prize Possession : The United States and the Panama Canal 1903 -- 1979 , John Major , Cambridge University Press , 1993 ( a comprehensive history of U.S. policy , from Teddy Roosevelt to Jimmy Carter ) ^ China company grabs power over Panama Canal , Rowan Scarborough , The Washington Times ( at The Conservative Caucus ) ^ Transfer heavy on symbolism , light on change , Steve Nettleton , CNN Interactive ^ At Last , Terrorist Threat to Panama Canal is Recognized , at The Conservative Caucus ^ Huge Panama Canal Is Carved Out of the Jungle , from Engineering News - Record ^ A History of the Panama Canal , from the Panama Canal Authority ^ The Case Of The Traveling Plaque , about the plaque dedicated to Colonel David du Bose Gaillard ^ Panama delivers a lesson to isolationists by Andrés Oppenheimer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Lydia . `` Panama Canal 100th Anniversary '' . International Business Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Panama Canal Opens $5 B Locks , Bullish Despite Shipping Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 , David McCullough , Simon & Schuster , 1978 ( a comprehensive history of the building of the canal ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=M6JAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2598&lpg=PA2598&dq=2148+buildings+panama+canal&source=bl&ots=dFkpYoqYC_&sig=_KnYM4ss4TsR3guH8eH1wZHerY8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1DQtVcS_C8WtyATiwoHACQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=2148%20buildings%20panama%20canal&f=false Further reading ( edit ) Collin , Richard H. Theodore Roosevelt 's Caribbean : The Panama Canal , the Monroe Doctrine , & the Latin American Context ( Louisiana State U. Press , 1990 ) , 520pp Greene , Julie . ( 2009 ) . The Canal Builders : Making America 's Empire at the Panama Canal . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 201 - 8 Lafeber , Walter . The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective ( 3rd ed. 1990 ) , the standard scholarly account of diplomacy Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers , OCLC 138568 Mellander , Gustavo A. , Mellander , Nelly , `` Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . '' Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . ( 1999 ) McCullough , David . ( 1977 ) . The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 - 1914 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22563 - 4 Parker , Matthew . ( 2008 ). Panama Fever : The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time -- The Building of the Panama Canal . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385515344 Williams , Mary Wilhelmine . Anglo - American Isthmian Diplomacy , 1815 -- 1915 ( 1916 ) online Contemporary magazines ( edit ) Lyle , Jr. , Eugene P. ( November 1905 ) . `` The Real Conditions at Panama '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XI : 6858 -- 6892 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Includes c. 1905 construction photos . Thorp , William ( March 1904 ) . `` The Control of the Approach to the Panama Canal '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . VII : 4594 -- 4599 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Vose , Edward Neville ( August 1912 ) . `` How Panama Will Alter Trade : The Shift Of Routes Of Ocean Traffic '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXIV : 418 -- 433 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) National Archives of Japan : Report of the Foreign Resident , photos ( 1913 ) 1904 Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama ( the Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty ) Open Collections Program : Contagion , Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal , 1904 -- 1914 Panama Canal Management Panama Canal Authority Structures Locks Panamax Gatun Dam Gatun Lake Chagres River Culebra Cut Centennial Bridge Bridge of the Americas Panama Canal Railway Atlantic Bridge Locations Atlantic side Colón Cristóbal port Rainbow City Limon Bay Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport Gatún Passage Gatun Lake Culebra Cut Pacific side Balboa Albrook Airport Gamboa Panama City Expansion 2006 referendum Atlantic Bridge New Panamax / Post-Panamax History People Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla John G. Claybourn Ephraim S. Claybourn William Nelson Cromwell David du Bose Gaillard George Washington Goethals William Crawford Gorgas Ferdinand de Lesseps John Frank Stevens Construction 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty 1921 Thomson -- Urrutia Treaty Isthmian Canal Commission ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Health measures Panama Canal Museum Box 25 US Canal Zone ( 1904 -- 1979 / 99 ) World War II 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties Former US military installations Airfields Albrook AFB France Field Howard AFB Forts Amador Clayton Davis De Lesseps Grant Gulick Kobbe Randolph Sherman Ports Coco Solo Rodman Naval Station Radio Galeta Island Balboa Naval Station History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Panama_Canal&oldid=841272568 '' Categories : History of Panama Industrial history Panama Canal Panama -- United States relations Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 21 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the french start the panama canal | [
"Construction of the canal began on January 1, 1881, with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22.[1] A large labor force was assembled, numbering about 40,000 in 1888 (nine-tenths of whom were afro-Caribbean workers from the West Indies). Although the project attracted good, well-paid French engineers, retaining them was difficult due to disease. The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000, of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens.[3]"
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"January 1, 1881"
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